Full text of "English synonyms explained in alphabetical order. With copious illus. and examples drawn from the best writers"

ENGLISH SYNONYMS

EXPLAINED

WOBKS OF BEFEBENCE,
UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME.

DISRAELI'S CURIOSITIES OF LITERATURE.
CRUDEN'S CONCORDANCE TO THE BIBLE.
TEN THOUSAND WONDERFUL THINGS.
WALKER'S RHYMING DICTIONARY.
BARTLETT'S FAMILIAR QUOTATIONS.
THE FAMILY DOCTOR.
LEMPRIERE'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY.

ENGLISH SYNONYMS

EXPLAINED

IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER

WITH

COPIOUS ILLUSTRATIONS AND EXAMPLES

DRAWN FROM THE BEST WRITERS

GEORGE CRABB, A.M.

AUTHOR OF THE UNIVERSA^ TECHNOLOGICAL DICTIONARY.

Sed cum idem frequentissime plura significant, quod vva<t//i/ vocatur, Jam
sunt aliis alia honestiora, sublimiora, nitidiora, jucundiora, vocaliora.

QUINTIL. INST. ORAT. lib. ix.

LONDON

GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS

BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL
GLASGOW, MANCHESTER, AND NEW YORK

ityl
C7

PREFACE.

IT may seem surprising that the English, who have employed their talents success-
fully in every branch of literature, and in none more than in that of philology,
should yet have fallen helow other nations in the study of their synonyms : it
cannot, however, be denied that, whilst the French and Germans have had several
considerable works on the subject, we have not a single writer who has treated it in
a scientific manner adequate to its importance: not that I wish by this remark to
depreciate the labours of those who have preceded me ; but simply to assign it as a
reason why I have now been induced to come forward with an attempt to fill up what
is considered a chasm in English literature.

In the prosecution of my undertaking, I have profited by everything which has
been written in any language upon the subject ; and although I always pursued my
own train of thought, yet whenever I met with anything deserving of notice I adopted
it, and referred it to the author in a note. I had not proceeded far before I found
it necessary to restrict myself in the choipe of my materials ; and accordingly laid it
down as a rule not to compare any words together which were sufficiently distin-
guished from each other by striking features in their signification, such as abandon
and quit, which require a comparison with others, though not necessarily with them-
selves ; for the same reason I was obliged to limit myself, as a rule, to one authority
for each word, unless where the case seemed to require farther exemplification. But
notwithstanding all my care in this respect, I was compelled to curtail much of what
I had written, for fear of increasing the volume to an inconvenient size.

Although a work of this description does not afford much scope for system and
arrangement, yet I laid down to myself the plan of arranging the words according to
the extent or .universality of their acceptation, placing those first which had the most
general sense and application, and the rest in order. By this plan I found myself
greatly aided in analyzing their differences, and I trust that the reader will
thereby be equally benefited. In the choice of authorities I have been guided by
various considerations ; namely, the appropriateness oil the examples ; the classic
purity of the author ; the justness of the sentiment ; and, last of all, the variety of
the writers ; but I am persuaded that the reader will not be dissatisfied to find that
I have shown a decided preference to such authors as Addison, Johnson, Dryden,
Pope, Milton, &c. At the same time it is but just to observe that this selection of
authorities has been made by an actual perusal of the authors, without the assistance
of Johnson's Dictionary.

4 PREFACE.

For the sentiments scattered through this work I offer no apology, although I am
aware that they will not fall in with the views of many who may be competent to decide
on its literary merits. I write not to please or displease any description of persons ; but
I trust that what I have written according to the dictates of my mind will meet the
approbation of those whose good opinion I am most solicitous to obtain. Should any
object to the introduction of morality in a work of science, I beg them to consider,
that a writer, whose business it was to mark the nice shades of distinction between
words closely allied, could not do justice to his subject without entering into all the
relations of society, and showing, from the acknowledged sense of many moral and
religious terms, what has been the general sense of mankind on many of the most
important questions which have agitated the world. My first object certainly has
been to assist the philological inquirer in ascertaining the force and comprehension of
the English language ; yet I should have thought my work but half completed had I
made it a mere register of verbal distinctions. While others seize every opportunity
unblushingly to avow and zealously to propagate opinions destructive of good order,
it would ill become any individual of contrary sentiments to shrink from stating his
convictions, when called upon as he seems to be by an occasion like that which has
now offered itself. As to the rest, I throw myself on the indulgence of the public,
with the assurance that having used every endeavour to deserve their approbation, I
shall not make an appeal to their candour in vain.

ENGLISH SYNONYMS

EXPLAINED.

To Abandon, Desert, Forsake,
Relinquish.

THE idea of leaving or separating one's self
from an object is common to these terms,
which differ in the circumstances or modes of
leaving. The two former are more solemn
acts than the two latter.

Abandon, from the French abandonner, is
a concretion of the words donner a. ban, to give
up to a public ban or outlawry. To abandon
then is to expose to every misfortune which
results from a formal aud public denunci-
ation ; to set out of the protection of law and
government ; and to deny the privileges of
citizenship.

Desert, in Latin desertus, participle of
desero, that is, de privative and sero to sow, sig-
nifying unsown, implanted, cultivated no
longer. To desert then is to leave off cultivat-
ing ; and as there is something of idleness
and improvidence in ceasing to render the soil
productive, ideas of disapprobation accompany
the word in all its metaphorical applications.
He who leaves off cultivating a farm usually
removes from it ; hence the idea of removal
and blameworthy removal, which usually
attaches to the term.

Forsake, in Saxon forsecan, is com-
pounded of the primitive for and sake, seek
secan, signifying to seek no more, to leave off
seeking that which has been an object of
search.

Relinquish, in Latin relinquo, is com-
pounded of re or retro behind and linquo to
leave, that is, to leave what we would fain
lake with us, to leave with reluctance.

To abandon is totally to withdraw ourselves
from an object ; to lay aside all care and con-
cern for it ; to leave it altogether to itself :
to desert is to withdraw ourselves at certain
times when our assistance or co-operation is
required, or to separate ourselves from that to
which we ought to be attached : to forsake-is
to withdraw our regard for and interest in an
object, to keep at a distance from it : to relin-
quish is to leave that which has once been an
object of our pursuit.

Abandon and defert are employed for persons
or things ; forsake for persons or places ; relin-
quish for things only.

With regard to persons these terms express

moral culpability in a progressive ratio down-
wards : abandon comprehends the violation of
the most sacred ties ; desert, a breach of
honour and fidelity ; forsake, a rupture of the
social bond.

We abandon those who are entirely depend-
ent upon us for protection and support ; they
are left in a helpless state exposed to every
danger ; a child is abandoned by its parent :
we desert those with whom we have entered
into coalition ; they are left to their own
resources ; a soldier deserts his comrades ; a
partisan deserts his friends : we forsake those
with whom we have been in habits of inti-
macy ; they are deprived of the pleasures and
comforts of society : a man forsakes his com-
panions ; a lover forsakes his mistress.

We are bound by every law human and
divine not to abandon ; we are called upon by
every good principle not to desert ; we ara
impelled by every kind feeling not to forsake.

Few animals except man will abandon their
young until they are enabled to provide for
themselves. Interest, which is but too often
the only principle that brings men together,
will lead them to desert each other in the time
of difficulty. We are enjoined in the gospel
not to forsake the poor and needy.

When abandoned by our dearest relatives,
deserted by our friends, and forsaken by the
world, we have always a resource in our
Maker.

He who abandons his offspring, or corrupts them by
his example, perpetrates a greater evil than a murderer.
HAWKESWOBTH.

After the death of Stella, Swift's benevolence was con-
tracted, and his severity exasperated; he drove his
acquaintance from his table and wondered why he was
deterted JOHNSON.

Forsake me not thus, Adam ! MILTON.

With regard to things (in which sense the
word relinquish is synonymous) the character
of abandoning varies with the circumstance 1 !
and motives of the action, according to which
it is either good, bad, or indifferent ; deserting
is always taken in an unfavourable or bad
sense; the act of forsaking is indifferent ; that
of relinquishing is prudent or imprudent.

A captain may abandon his vessel when he
has no means of Baring it, except at the risk
of his life ; but an upright statesman will
never desert his post when his country is in
danger, nor a true soldier dtsert his colours.

ABANDON.

ABASE.

Birds will mostly forsake their nests when
th a y discover them to have been visited. Men
often inadvertently relinquish the fairest pros-
pects in order to follow some favourite scheme
which terminates hi their ruin.

No wise man will abandon his house when
it is on fire. It is the common consequence
of war that the peaceable and well-disposed
are compelled to desert their houses and their
homes. Animils that are pursued by the
sportsman will forsake their haunts, when
they find themselves much molested. It is
sometimes better to rdinquitk our claims than
to contend for them at the expense of our

Having abandoned their all, they/oraoot the
place which gave them birth, and relinqv.isJt.ed
the advantages which they might have ob-
tained from their rank and family.

neglected Nature pines

A bandoncd. COWPEK.

He who at the approach of evil betrays his trust, or
drtrrti his post, is branded with cowardice. HAWKES-
WOBTH.

When learning, abilities, and what is excellent in the
world, fortake the church, we may easily foretell its ruin
without the gift of prophecy. SOUTH.

Men are wearied with the toil which they hear, but
cannot find in their hearts to rtlinquith it. STEELE.

To Abandon, Resign, Renounce,
Abdicate.

The idea of giving up is common to these
terms, which signification, though analogous
to the former, admits, however, of a distinc-
tion ; as in the one case we separate ourselves
from an object, in the other we send or cast it
from us.

Abandon, v. To abandon, desert.

Resign, from re and signo, signifies to sign
away or buck from one's self.

Renounce, in Latin renuneio, from nuncio
to tell or declare, is to declare off from a thing.

Abdicate, from aft from, and dico to
speak, signifies likewise to call or cry off from
a thing.

We abandon and resign by giving up to
another ; we renounce by sending away from
ourselves : we abandon a thing by transferring
our power over to another ; in this manner a
debtor abandons his goods to his creditors : we
resign a thing by transferring our possession of
it to another ; iu this manner we resign a place
to a friend : we renounce a thing by simply
ceasing to hold it ; in this manner we renounce
a claim or a profession As to renounce signi-
fied originally to give up by word of moxith,
and to resign to Rive up by signature, the
former is consequently a less formal action than
the latter : we may renounce by implication ;
wo resign in direct terms : we renounce the
pleasures of the world when we do not seek to
enjoy them ; we resign a pleasure, a profit, or
advantage, of which we expressly give up the
enjoyment.

To abdicate is a species of informal res'grja-
tion. A monarch abdicates his throne who
simply declares his wi 1 to cease to reign ; but
a miniHter resigns his office when he gives up
the seals by which he held it.

An humane commander will not abandon a
town to the rapine of his soldiers. The
motives for resignation.* are various. Discon-
tent, disgust, and the love of repose, are the

ordinary inducements for men to resign honour-
able and lucrative employments. Men are not so
ready to renounce the pleasures that are within
their reach, as to seek for those which are out
of their reach. The abdication of a throne is
not always an act of magnanimity, it may
frequently result from caprice or necessity.

Charles the Fifth abdicated his crown, and
his minister resigned his office on the very
same day, when both renounced the world with
its allurements and its troubles.

The passive Gods beheld the Greeks deflle
Their temples, and abandon to the spoil
Their own abodes. DBYDEX.

It would be a good appendix to " the art of living and
and dviag." if any one would write " the art of growing
old " and teach men to resign their pretensions to the
pleasures of youth. STEFJ.E.

For ministers to be silent in the cause of Christ is to
tnounce it, and to fly is to desert it. SOUTH.
Much gratitude is due to the Nine from their favoured
poets and much hath been paid, for even to the present
hour they are invoked and worshipped by th, sous of
verse, whilst all the other deities of Olympus have either
abdicated their thrones, or been dismissed from them
with contempt. CUMBERLAND.

We abandon notuing but that over which we
have had an entire and lawful com rol ; we
abdicate nothing but that which we have held
by a certain right ; but we may resign or re-
nounce that which may be in our possession
only by an act of vi ,lence. A usurper cannot
abandon his people, because he has no peop e
over whom he can exerc a lawful authority ;
still less can he abdicate a throne, because he
has no throne to abdicate, but he may resign
supreme power, because power may be un-
justly held ; or he may renounce his preten-
sions to a throne, because pretensions may be
fallacious or extravagant.

Abandon and resign are likewise used in a re-
flective sense ; the former to express an invol-
untary or culpable action, the latter that which
is voluntary and proper. The soldiers of
Hannibal abandoned themselves to effeminacy
during their winter quarters at Capua.

It is the part of every good man's religion to retign
himself to Ood's will. CUMBERLAND.

To Abandon, v. To give up, abandon.
Abandoned, v. Profligate.

To Abase, Humble, Degrade, Dis-
grace, Debase.

To Abase xpresses the strongest degree of
self-humiliation, from the French abaisser, to
bring down or make low, which is compoun-
ded of the intensive syllable a or ad and baisser
from bos low, in Latin basis the base, which
is the lowest part of a column. It is at present
used principally in the Scripture language, or
in a metaphorical style, to imply the laying
aside all the high pretensions which distin-
guish us from our fellow-cretures, the des-
cending to a state comparatively low and mean.

To Humble, in French humiiier, from the
Latin humilis humble, and humus the ground,
naturally marks a prostration to the ground,
and figuratively a lowering the thoughts and
feelings.

According to the principles of Christianity
whoever abaselh himself shall be exalted, and
according to the same principles whoever re-
flects on his own littleness and unworthinesa
will daily humble himself before his Maker.

To Degrade, in French degrader, from tha

f ABASH \

Latin gradus a step, signifies to bring a step
lower ; figuratively, to lower in the estimation
of others. It supposes already a state of
elevation either in outward circumstances or
in public opinion.

Disgrace is compounded of the privative
dis and the noun grace or favour. To disgrace
properly iinplies to put out of favour, which is
always attended more or less with circum-
stances of ignominy, and reflects contempt on
the object.

Debase is compounded of the intensive
syllable dc and the adjective base, signifying to
make very base or low.

The modest man abases himself by not in-
sisting on the distinctions to which he may be
justly entitled ; the penitent man humbles
himself by confessing his errors the man of
rank degrades himself by a too familiar deport-
ment with his inferiors ; he disgraces himself
by Lis meannesses and irregularities, and
debases his character by his vices.

We can never be a boxed by abasing ourselves,
but we may be humbled by unseasonable hum-
iliations, or improper concessions ; we may be
degraded by descending from our rank, and
disgraced by the exposure of our unworthy
actions.

The great and good man may be abased and
humbled, but never degraded or disgraced : his
glory follows him in his abasement or humilia-
tion ; his greatness protects him 'rom degrada-
tion, and his virtue shields him from disgrace.

It is necessary to abase those who will exalt
themselves ; to humble those who have lofty
opinions of themselves ; to degrade those whc
act inconsistently with their rank and station ;
to disgrace those who are debased by vice and
profligacy.

Tis immortality, 'tis that alone
Amidst life's pains, abatement, emptiness,
The soul can comfort. YOUNG.
My soul is Justly humbled in the dust. ROWE.
It is very disingenuous to level the best of mankind
with the worst, and for the faults of particulars to
degrade the whole species. HUGHES.

You'd think no fools disgraced the former reign,
Did not some grave examples still remain. POPE.
The great masters of composition know very well that
many an elegant word becomes improper for a poet or an
orator wheu it has been debated by commoii use.
ADUISOM.

To Abash, Confound, Confuse.

Abash, is an intensive of abase, signifying
to abase thoroughly in spirit.

Confound and Confuse are derived from
different parts of the same Latin verb con-
fundo and its participle confusus. Confundo is
compounded of con and fundo to pour together.
To confound and confute then signify properly
to melt together or into one mass what ought
to be distinct ; and figuratively, as it is here
taken, to derange the thoughts in such manner
as that they seem melted together.

Abash expresses more than confound, and
confound more than confuse.

Shame contributes greatly to abashment;
what is sudden and unaccountable serves to
confound; bashfulness and a variety of
emotions give rise to confusion.

The haughty man is abashed when he is hum-
bled in the eyes of others ; the wicked man is
confounded when his villainy is suddenly de-

ABATE.

tected ; ft modest person may be confused in
the presence of his superiors.

Abash is always taken in a bad sense :
neither the scorn of fools, nor the taunts of
the oppressor, will abash him who has a con-
science void of offence towards God and man.
To be confounded is not always the consequence
of guilt : superstition and ignoi ance are liable
to be confounded by extraordinary phenomena ;
and Providence sometimes thinks fit to con-
found tue wisdom of the wisest by signs and
wonders, far above the reach of human com-
prehension. Confusion is at the best an infir-
mity more or less excusable according to the
nature of the cause : a steady mind and a clear
head are not easily confused, but persons of
quick sensibility cannot always preserve a
perfect collection of thought in trying situa-
tions, and those who have any consciousness
of guilt, and are not very hardened, will be
soon thrown into confusion by close interro-
gatories.

If Peter was so (frothed when Christ gave him a look
after his Uemal , if there was so much dread in his jooks
wheu he was a prisoner; how much greater will it be
wheu he sits as a Judge ? SOUTH.

Alas ! I am afraid they have awaked,
And 'tis not done : th attempt and not the deed,
Confoundt us ! SHAKSPKABK.

The varioui evils of disease and poverty, pain and
sorrow, are frequently derived from others ; but shame
and confiuion are supposed to proceed from ourselves,
and to be incurred only by the miscouduct which they
furnish. HAWK ESWOKTH.

To Abate, Lessen, Diminish,
Decrease.

Abate from the French abattre, signified
originally to beat down, in the active sense ;
to come down, in the neuter sense.

Diminish, or, as it is sometimes written,
minish, from the Latin diminuo, and minuo to
lessen, and minus less, expresses, like the verb
Lessen, the sense of either making less or
becoming less.

Decrease is compounded of the privative
de and crease, in Latin cresco, to grow, signi-
fying to grow less.

The first three are used transitively or in-
transitively , the latter only intransitively.

Abate respects the rigour of action : a per-
son's fever is abated or abates; the violence of
the storm abates ; pain and anger abatt.

Lessen and diminish are both applied to size,
quantity, and number, but the former mostly
in the proper and familiar sense, the latter in
the figurative and higher acceptation ; the
size of a room or garden is lessened; the credit
and respectability of a person is diminished.

Nothing is so calculated to abate the ardour
of youth as grief and disappointment ; an evil
may be lessened when it cannot be removed by
the application of remedies ; noihing dimin-
ishes the lustre of great deeds more than
cruelty.

The passion of an angry man ought to be
allowed to abate before any appeal is made to
his understanding ; we may lessen the number
of our evils by not dwelling upon ihem.

Objects apparently diminish according to the
distance from which they are observed.

To decrease is to diminish fora continuance ;
a retreating army will decrease rapidly when,
exposed to all the privations and hardships
attendant on forced marches, it is compelled

ABDICATE.

to fight for its safety : some things decrease so
gradually that it is some time belore they are
observed to be diminished.

In the abstract sense the word lessening is
mostly supplied by diminution: it will be no
abateine-iit of sorrow to a generous mind to
know that the diminution of evil to itself has
been produced by the abridgment of good to
another.

My wonder abated, when upon looking around me. I
saw mot of them attentive to three Syrens clothed like
goddesses, and distinguished by the name of Sloth,
Ignorance, and Pleasure. ADDISOX.

Tully was the first who observed that friendship im-
proves happiness and abatet misery. ADDISON.
He sought fresh fountains in a foreign soil ;
The pleasure leaentd the attending toil. ADDISON.

If Partheuissa can now possess her own mind, and
think as little of her beauty, as she ought to have done
w hen she had it. there will be no great diminution of her
ciiaruii HUGHES.

These leaks shall then decrease ; the sails once more

Direct our course to some relieving shore. FALCONER.

To Abate, v. To subside.
Abbreviation, v. Contraction.
To Abdicate, v. To abandon.

To Abdicate, Desert

The following celebrated speech of Lord
Rorners, in 16S3, on King James's vacating
the throne, may be admitted as a happy eluci-
dation of these two important words ; but I
am not inclined to think that they come suffi-
ciently close in signification to render any
comparison necessary.

" What is appointed me to speak to ; s your
Lordships' first amendment by which the
word abdicated in the Commons' vote is
changed into tne word deserted, and I am to
acquaint your Lordships what some of the
grounds are that induced the Commons to
insist on the word abdicated, and not to agree
to your amendment.

" The first reason your Lordships are pleased
to deliver for your changing the word is, that
the word abdicated your Lordships do not find
is a word known to the common law of Eng-
land, and therefore ought not to be used. The
next is that the common application of the
word amounts to a voluntary express renun-
ciation, which is not in this case, nor will
follow from the premises.

" My Lords, as to the first of these reasons,
if it be an objection that the word abdicated
hath not a known sense in the common law
of England, there is the same objection
against the word deserted ; so that your Lord-
f hips' first reason hath the same force against
your own amendment, as against the term
used by the Commons.

"The words are both Latin words, and used
in the best authors, and both of a known
signification ; their meaning is very well
understood, though it be true the ; r meaning
is not the same. The word abdicate doth
naturally and properly signify, entirely to
renounce, throw off, disown, relinquish any
thing or person, so as to have no further to do
with it ; and that whether it be done by ex-
press words or in writing (which is the sense
your Lordships put upon it, and which is
properly called resignation or cession), or by
doing such acts as are inconsistent with the
holding and retaining of the thing, which the

ABDICATE. m

Commons take to be the present case, and
therefore make choice of the word abdicate,
as that which they thought did above all
others express that meaning. And in this
latter sense it is taken by others ; and that
this is the true signification of the word I
shall show your Lordships out of the best
authors.

" The first I shall mention is Grotius, De
Jure Belli et Pacis, 1. 2, c. 4, 4. Venit enim
hoc non ex jure civili, sed ex jure naturali,
quo quisque suuru potest abdicare. et ex
naturali prsesumptione, qua voluisse quis
creditur quod sufficieuter significavit. And
then he goes on : Recusari hsereditas, noa
tantum verbis sed etiam re, potest, et quovis
indicio voluntatis.

" Another instance which I shall mention,
to show that for abdicating a thing it is suffi-
cient to do an act which is inconsistent with
retaining it, though there be nothing of ex-
press renunciation, is out of Calvin's Lexicon
Juridicum, where he says, beiierum abdicat
qui sponsam repudiat. Here is an abtlication
without express words, but it is by doing t-uch
an act as doth sufficiently signify his purpose.

" The next author 1 shall quote is Bris-
sonius, De Verborum Significatione, who hatli
this passage : Homo liber qui seipsum vendit
abdicat se statu suo. That is, he who sells
himself hath thereby done sued an act as
cannot consist with his former state of free-
dom, and is thereby said properly se abdicate
statu suo.

" Budaeus, In his Commentaries De Origit:e
Juris ad Lgem Secundam, expounds the
words in the same sense Abdicare se mauis-
tratu est idem quod abire penitus magistratu.
He that goes out of his office of magistracy,
let it be in what manner he will, has abdicated
the magistracy

" And Grotius, in his book Pe Jure Belli et
Pacis, 1. 1, c. 4, 9, seems to expound the
word abdicare by manifeste haberepro derelicto ;
that is, he who hath abdicated anything hath
so far relinquished it, that he hath no right
of return to it And that is the sense the
Commons put upon the word. It is an entire
alienation of the thing abdicated, and so stands
in opposition to dicare. Dicat qui proprium
aliquot faciat, abdicat qui alien at ; so says
Pralejus in his Lexicon Juris. It is therefore
insisted on as the proper word by the
Commons.

" But the word deserted (which is the word
used in the amendment made by your Lord-
ships) hath not only a very doubtful significa-
tion, but in the common acceptance both of
the civil and canon law, doth signify only a
bare withdrawing, a temporary quitting of a
thing, and neglect only, which leaveth the
p*rty at liberty of returning to it again.
Jieserlum pro neglecto, siys Spigelius in his
Lexicon. But the difference between deserere
and derelinquere is expressly laid down by
Bartolus on the 8th law of the 58th title of
the llth book of the Code, and his words are
these : Nota diligenter ex hac lege. quod aliud
est agrum deserere, aliud derehnquere ; qui
enim derelinquit ipsum ex pcenitentii non
revocare, sed qui detent, intra biennlum
potest.

" Whereby it appears, my Lords, that is

ABETTOR.

ABHOR.

called dcMrfton which is temporary and re-
lievable , that is called dereliction, where there
is no power or right to return.

" So in the best Latin authors, and in the
civil law, deserere exercitum is used to signify
soldiers leaving their colours : and in the
canon law to desert a benefice signifies no move
than to be a non-resident.

" In both cases the party hath not only a
right of returning, but is bound to return
again ; which, my Lords, as the Commons do
not take to be the present case, s-o they cannot
think that your Lordship* do, because it is
expressly said, in one of your reasons given
in defence of the last amendment, that your
Lordsbips have been and are willing to secure
the nation against the return of King James,
which your Lordships would not in justice do,
if you did look upon it to be no more than a
negligent withdrawing, which leaveth a
liberty to the party to return.

For which reasons, my Lords, the Com-
mons cannot agree to the first amendment, to
insert the word deserted instead of abdicated ; j
because it doth not in any sort come up to i
their sense of the thing, so they apprehend it
rloth not reach your Lordships' meaning as it
is expressed in your reasons, whereas they
look upon the word abdicated to express pro-
perly what is to be inferred from that part of
the vote to which your Lordships have agreed,
viz., ' That King James II. by going about to
subvert the constitution, and by breaking the
original contract between king and people,
and by violating the fundamental laws, and
withdrawing himself out of the kingdom,
hath thereby renounced to be a king according
to the constitution.' By avowing to govern
according to a despotic power unknown to the
constitution, and inconsistent therewith, he
hath renounced to be a king according to the
law ; such a king as he swore to be at the
coronation ; such a king to whom the allegi-
ance of an English subject is due ; and hath
set up another kind of dominion ; which is to
all intents an abdication or abandoning of his
legal title as fully as if it had been done by
express words.

" And, my Lords, for these reasons the
Commons do insist upon the word abdicated,
and cannot agree to the word deserted."

Without all this learned verbosity it will be
obvious to every person that the two words
are widely distinct from each other : abdica-
tion being a pure act of discretion for which a
man is answerable to himself only ; but deser-
tion an act which involves more or less a
breach of moral obligation.

Abettor, Accessary, Accomplice.

Abettor, or one that abets, gives aid and
encouragement by counsel, promises, or re-
wards. An Accessary, or one added and
annexed, takes an active, though subordinate
p:\rt. An Accomplice, from the word
accomplish, implies the principal in any plot,
who takes a leading part and brings it to
perfection.

Abettors propose, accessaries assist, accom-
plices execute.

The abettor and accessary, or the abettor and
ii,Tii,iij>lice, may be one atd the same person ;
but not so the accessary and accomplice.

In every grand scheme there must be abet-
tors to set it on foot, accessaries to co-operate,
and accomplices to put it into execution : in
the gunpowder plot there were many secret
abettors, some noblemen who were accessaries,
and Guy Fawkes the principal accomplice.

1 speak tliia with an eye to those cruel treatments
which men of all sides are apt to nive the characters of
those who do not agree with them. How many men of
honour are exposed to public ohloquy and reproach !
Tliose therefore who are either the instruments or
abettor* in such infernal dealings ought to be looked
upon as persons who make use of religion to support tlieit
cause, not theit cause to promote religion. ADDISOX.
Why are the French obliged to lend us a part of their
tongue before we can know they are conquered? They
must, ne made accettaries to their own disgrace ; as the
BnnT.s were formerly so artificially wrought in the cur-
tain ot the Roman theatre, that they seemed to draw it
up if order tc ime the spectators an opportunity of seeing
their CTJ defeat celebrated on the stage. AD DISON.
Either he nicks a purse, or robs a house,
Ot Is accomplice with some knavish gang. CUMBERLAND.

To Abhor. Detest, Abominate, Loath.

These terms equally denote a sentiment of
aversion.

Abhor, in Latin abliorreo, compounded of
ab from and horrto to stiffen with horror,
signifies to start from with a strong emotion
of horror.

Detest, in Latin detestor, compounded of
dt from or against and testor to bear witness,
signifies to condemn with indignation.

Abominate, in Latin abominatus, parti-
ciple of abominoi-, compounded of ab from or
agaicst, and ominor to wish ill luck, signifies
to hold in religious abhorrence, to detest in
the highest possible degree.

Loath, in Saxon lathen, may possibly be a
variation of load, in the sense of overload,
because it expresses the riausea which com-
monly attends an overloaded stomach. In the
moral acceptation it is a strong figure of speech
to mark the abhorrence and disgust which the
sight of offensive objects produces.

What we abhor is repugnant to our moral
feelings ; what we detest contradicts our moral
principle; what we abominate dots equal vio-
lence to our religious and moral sentiments ;
what we loath acts upon us physically and
mentally.

Inhumanity and cruelty are objects of ab-
horrence : crimes and injustice of detestation;
impiety and profaneness of abomination ;
enormous offenders, of loathing.

The tender mind will abhor what is base
and atrocious ; the rigid moralist will detest
every violent infringement on the rights of
his fellow creatures : the conscientious man
will abominate every breach of the Divine law ;
the agonised mind loot /is the sight of every
object which recalls to its recollection the sub-
ject of its distress.

The chaste Lucretia abhorred the pollution
to which she had been exposed, and would
have loathed the sight of the atrocious perpe-
trator : Brutus detested the oppression and the
oppressor.

The lie that flatters I abJior the most. COWPER.
This thirst of kindred blood my sons deleft. DRYDEN r .

The passion that is excited in the fabl* of the S.Vk Kit*
is terror; the object of which is the despair of him who
perceives himself to be dying, and haa reason to fear that
his very prayer is an abomination. HAWKESWOKTH.

No costly lords the sumptuous banquet deal.

To make him loath his vegetable meal. GOLDSMITH.

ABIDE.

ABILITY.

Revolving In hi mind the stem command,

He longsto fly, and loalhet the charming land. DKYDEN.

To Abide, Sojourn, Dwell, Reside,
Inhabit.

Abide in Saxon abitan, old German beiten,
conies from the Arabic or Persian but, or bit,
to pass the night, that is, to make a partial
stay.

Sojourn, in French sejourner, from sub
and diaritus in the day time, signifies to pass
the day, that is, a certain portion of one's
time, in a place.

Dwell, from the Danish dicelger to abide
and the Saxon dwdian, Dutch dicalen to
wander, conveys the idea of a moveable
habitation, such as was the practice of liv-
ing formerly in tents. At present it implies
a perpetual stay, which is expressed in com-
mon discourse by the word live, for passing
one's life.

Reside, from the Latin re and sideo to Bit
down, conveys the full idea of a settlement.

Inhabit, from the Latin habito, a frequen-
tative of kabeo, signifies to have or occupy for
a permanency.

The length of stay implied in these terms is
marked by a certain gradation.

Abide denotes the shortest stay ; to sojourn
is of onger continuance ; dwell comprehends
the idea of perpetuity, but reside and inhabit
are partial and local we dtcell only in one
spjt, but we may reside at or inJiabit many
pliees.

These words have likewise a reference to
the state of society.

Abide and sojourn relate more properly to
the wandering habits of men in a primitive
state of society.

Direll, as implying a stay under a cover, is
universal in its application ; for we may dwell
either in a palace, a house, a cottage, or any
shelter.

Lice, reside, and inhabit, are confined to a
civilized state of society ; the former apply-
ing to the abode* of the inferior orders, the
latter to those of the higher classes. The word
inhabit is never used but in connection with
the place inltabited.

The Easterns abode with each other, sojourned
in a country., and dicelt in tents.

Toe Angels abode with Lot that night ;
Abram sojourned in the land of Canaan ; the
Israelites dicelt in the land of Goshen.

savages either dwell in the cavities which
nature has formed for them, or in some rude
structure erected for a temporary purpose ;
but as men increase in cultivation they build
places for themselves which they can inhabit :
the poor have their cottages in which they c,tn
lice; the wealthy provide themselves with
superb buildings in which they reside.

From the first to the last of man's abode on earth, the
discipline most never be relaxed of guarding the heart
from the dominion uf passion. BLAIR.

By the Israelites' tojouming in Eijypt, God made way
for their bondage there, and their bondage for a glorious
deliverance through those prodigious manifestations of
the Divine power. SOUTH.

Hence from my sight ! Thy father cannot bear thee ;

Fly with thy infamy to some dark cell.

Where on the confines of eternal night.

Mourning, misfortunes, cares, and anguish dwell.

MASSINGER.

Being obliged to remove my habitation, I was led by

my evil genius to a convenient house In the street where
.he nobility retide. JOHKSoN.

By good company, in the place which T have the m!
fortune tu inluibit. we understand not a
whom good can be learned. JOHNSON.

ays those frou

Ability, Capacity.

Ability, iu French habilile, Latin habilitas,
cou>e* from able, habile, habilis, and habeo to
have, because possession and power are in-
separable.

Capacity, in French capacity, Latin capa-
citor, from capax and capio to receive, marks
the abstract quality of being able to receive or
hold.

Ability is to capacity as the genus to the
species. Ability comprehends the power of
doing in general, without specifying the
quality or degree ; capacity is a particular kind
of ability.

Ability may be either physical or mental,
capacity is mental only.

Ability respects action, capacity respects
thought. Ability always supposes something
able to be done ; capacity is <t mental endow-
ment, and always supposes something ready
to receive or hold. Hence we say an able
commander; an able statesman; a man of a
capacious mind ; a great capacity of thought.

Ability is no wise limited in its extent ; it
may be small or great : capacity of itself al-
ways implies a positive and superior degree
of power, although it may be modified by
epithets to denote different degrees ; a boy of
capacity will have the advantage over hia
schoolfellows, particularly if he be classed
with those of a dull capacity.

A person may be able to write a letter, who
is not capable of writing a book.

Abilities, when used in the plural only, is
confined to the signification of mental endow-
merts, and comprehends the operations of
thought in gei-eral ; capacity on the other
hind is that peculiar endowment, that en-
largement of understanding, that exalts the
possessor above the rest of mankind.

Many men have the abilities for managing
the concerns of others, who would not have
the capacity for conducting a concern of their
own.

We should not judge highly of that man's
abilities who could only mar the plans of others,
but had no capacity for conceiving and pro-
posing anything better in their stead.

A vivid imagination, a retentive memory,
an exuberant flow of language, are abilities
which may be successfully em ploy din attract-
ing popular applause ; but that capacity which
embraces a question in all iti bearings, which
surveys with a discriminating eye the mixed
multitude of objects that demand attention,
which is accompanied with coolness in reflect-
ing, readiness in combining, quickness in in-
venting, firmness in deciding, promptitude in
action, and penetration in discerning, that is
the capacity to direct a state, which is the gift
of but few.

Though a man has not the abilitiet to distinguish him-
self in the most shining parts of a great character, he
has certainly the i/mcity of being just, faithful, modest,
and temperate. AUDI SOX.

I look upon an able statesman out of business like a
huge whale, that will endeavour to overturn the ship
unless he has an empty cask to play with. STKELE.

The object is too big for our capacity, when we would
comprehend the circumference of a world. ADDISOS.

. ABJURE. 1

Sir Francis Bacon's capacity seemed to have grasped all
that was revealed in books before. HUGHES.

Ability, v. Dexterity.
Ability, v. Faculty.
Abject, . Law.

To Abjure, Recant, Retract, Revoke,
RecaU.

Abjure, in Latin abjuro, is compounded
of the privative aft and jv.ro to swear, signify-
ing to swear to the contrary, or give up with
an o.ith.

Recant, in Latin recanto, is compounded
of the privative re and canto to sing or declare,
sigiiif3'ing to unsay, to contradict by a couuter
declaration.

Retract, in Latin retractus, participle of
retraho, is compounded of re back, and traho
to draw, signifying to draw back what has
been let go.

Revoke and Recall have the same
original sense as recant, with this difference
only, that the word call, which is expressed
also by voice, or in Latin voco, implies an action
more suited to a multitude than the word
canto to sing, which may p iss in solitude.

We abjure a religion, we recant a doctrine,
we retract a promise, we revoke a command,
we recall an expression.

What has been solemnly professed is re-
nounced by abjuration ; what has been publicly
maintained as a settled point of belief is given
up by recanting ; what h<s been pledged so as
to gain credit is contradicted by retracting ;
what has been pronounced by an act of autho-
rity is rendered null by revocation : what has
been mis-spoken through inadvertence or
mistake is rectified by recalling the words.

Although Archbishop Cranmer recanted the
principles of the reformation, yet he soon
after recalled his wolds, and died boldly lor
his faith.

Henry IV. of France abjured Calvinism, but
he did not retract the promise which he had
made to the Calvinists of his protection.
Louis XIV. drove many of his best subjects
from France by revoking the edict of Nantes.

Interest but too often leads men to abjure
their faith ; the fear of shame or punishment
leads them to recant their opinions ; the want
of principle dictates the retracting of cne's
promise ; instability is the ordinary cause for
revoking decrees ; a love of precision commonly
induces a speaker or writer to recall a false
expression.

The pontiff saw Britannia's golden fleece.

Once all his own, invest her worthier sous 1

Her verdant valleys, and her fertile plains.

Yellow with grain, abjure his hateful sway. SHEXSTONE.

A false satire ought w be recanted for the sake of him
whose reputation may tie injured. JOHNSON.

When any scholar will convince me that these were
futile and malicious tales against Socrates, I wul retract
all credit in them, and thank him for the conviction.
CUMBERLAND.

All ! who the flight of ages can revoke I

The free bom spirit of her sous is broke ;

They bow to Ottoman's imperious yoke ! FALCONER.

That society hath before consented, without revoking
the same after. HOOKER.
Tis done, and since 'tis done 'tis past recall,
And since 'tis past recall must be forgotten.- DRVDEN.

To Abolish, Abrogate, Repeal, Re-
voke, Annul, Cancel.
Abolish, in French abolir, Latin aboleo,
ts compounded of ab and oleo to lose the smell,

CANCEL.

fcigLifying to lose every trace of former ex-
istence.

Abrogate, in French abroger, Latin abro-
gates, participle of abrogo, compounded of ab
and rogo to ask, signifying to ask away, or to
ask that a thing may be done away ; in allu-
sion to the custom of the Romans, among
whom no law was valid unless the consent of
the people was obtained by asking, and in like
manner no law was unmade without asking
their consent.

Repeal, in French rappeler, from the Latin
words re and appello, signifies literally to call
back or unsay what has been said, which is
in like manner the original meaning of re-
voke.

Ann-ill, in French annuller, comes from
nul, in Latin nihil, signifying to reduce to
nothing.

Cancel, in French canceller, comes from
the Latin cancello to cut crosswise, signifying
to strike out crosswise, that is, to cross out.

Abolish is a more gradual proceeding than
abrogate or any of the other actions. Disuse
abolishes; a positive interference is necessary
to abrogate. The former is employed with
regard to customs : the latter with regard
to the authorised transactions of mankind.

Laws are repealed or abrogated; but the
former of these terms is mostly in modern use,
the latter is applied to the proceedings of the
ancients. Edicts are revoked. Official pro-
ceedings, contracts, &c., axe annulled. Deeds,
bonds, obligations, debts, <fcc., are cancelled.

Tne introduction of new customs will cause
the abolition of the old. None can repeal but
those who have the power to make laws ; the
revocation of any edict is the individual act of
one who has the power to publish ; to annul
may be the act of superior authority, or an
agreement between the parties from whom
the act emanated ; a reciprocal obligation is
annulled by the mutual consent of those who
have imposed it on each other ; but if the
obligation be an authoritative act, the annul-
ment must be so too : to cancel is the act of an
individual towards another on whom he has
a legal demand ; an obligation may be can-
celled, either by a resignation of right on the
part of the one to whom it belonged, or a
satisfaction of the demand on the part of the
obliged person.

A change of taste, aided by political circum-
stances, has caused the abolition of jousts and
tournaments and other military sports in
Europe. The Roman people sometimes abro-
gated from party spirit what the magis-
trates enacted for the good of the republic ;
the same restless temper would lead many to
wish for the repeal of the most salutary acts
of our parliament.

Caprice, which has often dictated the pro-
clamation of a decree in arbitrary governments,
has occasioned its revocation after a short in-
terval.

It is sometimes prudent to annul proceed-
ings which have been decided upon hastily.

A generous man may be willing to cancel a
debt ; but a grateful man preserves the debt in
his mind, and will never suffer it to be cancelled.

Or wilt thou thyself
Abolith thy creation, and unmake
.For him what for thy glory thou hast made ! MILTON.

ABOMINABLE.

ABRIDGE.

On the parliament's part it was proposed that all the
I.HI..I* di%iii. anil chapters might be immediately taken
away and abolithed. CLARENDON.

If the Presbyterians should obtaiu their ends, I could
not be sorry to flud them mistakeu in tlie point which
Hx-y have most at heart, by the repeal ot the test; I
mean the benefit of employments SWIFT.

Solon abrogated all Draco's sanguinary laws except
those that affected murder. CUMBERLAND.

When we abrogate a law as being ill made, the whole
t-iuse for which 'it was made still remaining, do we not
fc-rein revoke our own deed, and upbraid ourselves with
IjllyT HOOKEB.

I will innnil,

By the high power with which the laws invest me,
Those guilty forms in which yon have eutrap'd,
Basely entrap'd. to thy detested nuptials,
My queen betroth'd. THOMSON.
This hour make friendships which he breaks the next.
And every breach supplies a vile pretext,
Basely to cancel all concessions past,
If in a thousand you deny the last CUMBF.Ki.AXD.

Abominable,* Detestable, Execrable.

The primitive idea of these terms, agreeable
to their derivation, is thit of badness in the
highest degree ; conveying by themselves the
strongest signification, and excluding the
necessity for every other modifying epithet.

The abominable thing excites aversion ;
the detestable thing, hatred and revul-
sion ; the execrable thing, indignation and
horror.

These sentiments are expressed against
what is abominable by strong ejaculations,
against what is detestable by animadversion
and reprobation, and against what is execrable
by imprecations and anathemas.

In the ordinary acceptation of these terms,
they serve to mark a degree of excess in a
very bad thing ; abominable expressing less
than detestable, and that less than execrable.
This gradation is sufficiently illustrated in the
following example. Dionysius, the tyrant,
having been informed that a very aged woman
prayed to the gods every day for his preserva-
tion, and wondering that any of his subjects
should be so interested for his safety, inquired
of this woman respecting the motives of her
conduct, to which she replied, " In my infancy
I lived under an abominable prince, whoso
death I desired ; but when he perished, he
was succeeded by a detestable tyrant worse
than himself. I offered up my vows for his
death also, which were in like manner an-
swered ; but we have since had a worse tyrant
than he. This execrable monster is yourself,
whose life I have prayed for, lest, if it be
possible, you should be succeeded by one even
more wicked."

The exaggeration conveyed by these expres-
sions has given rise to their abuse in vulgar
discourse, where they are often employed
indifferently to serve the humour of the
speaker.

This abominable endeavour to suppress or lessen every
thing that is praiseworthy is as frequent among the nieii
as among the women. STF.F.LE.

Nothing can atone for th want of modesty, without
which beauty is ungraceful, and wit detettable. STEELE.
All vote to leave that execrable shore.
Polluted with the blood of Polydore. DRYDEX.

To Abominate, v. To abhor.
Abortion, v. Failure.

Vide Abbe Ron baud's Synonymes; " Abominable
detestable, execrable."

Above, Over, Upon, Beyond.

When an object is above another, it ex-
ceeds it in height ; when it is over another,
it extends along its superior surface ; when
it is upon another, it comes in contact with
its superior surface ; when it is beyond
another, it lies at a greater distance. Trees
frequently grow above a wall, and sometimes
the branches hang over the wall or rest upon
it, but they seldom stretch much beyond it.

In the figurative sense the first is mostly
employed to convey the idea of superiority ;
the second of authority ; the third of imme-
diate influence ; and the fourth of extent.
Every one should be aboi-e falsehood, but
particularly those who are set orer others,
who may have an influence on their minds
beyond all calculation.
So when with crackling flames a caldron f/ics,
The bubbling waters from the bottom ris>
Abore the brims they force their fiery way.
Black vapours climb aloft and cloud the day. DEYDEN.
The geese fly o'er the barn, the bees in arms
Drive headlong from their waxen cells in swarms.

DBYDEX.

As I did stand my watch upon the hill
I look'd toward Birnam. and anon methought
The wood began to move. SHAKSPKAUE.
He that sees a dark and shady (trove
Stays not, but looks beyond it on the sky. HERBERT.
The public power of all societies is above every soul
contained in the same societies HOOKF.K.

The church has over her, bishops able t silence the
factious, no less by their preaching than their authority.
SOUTH.

This is thy work. AlmigV- Providence.

Whose power beyond the stretch of human thought

Revolves the orbs of empire. THOMSON.

To Abridge, Curtail, Contract.

Abridge, in French abrtfger, Latin abbre-
viare, is compounded of the intensive syllable
a!> -and breviare, from brevis short, signifying
to make short.

Curtail, in French courte short and tailler
to cut, signifies to diminish in length by cut-
ting.

Contract, in Latin contracting, participle of
contraho, is compounded of con and traho, sig-
nifying to draw close together.

By abridging, in the figurative as well as the
literal sense, the quality is diminished ; by
curtailing, the magnitude or number is re-
duced ; by contracting, a thing is brought within
smaller compass.

Privileges are abridged, pleasures curtailed,
and powers contracted.

When the rights of the subject are too much
abridged, the enjoyments of life become cur-
tailed, as the powers of acting and thinking,
according to the genuine impulse of the mind,
are thereby considerably contracted.

It is ungenerous to abridge the liberty of any
one, or curtail him of his advantages, while he
makes no improper use of them ; otherwise it
is advisable, in order to contract his means of
doing mischief.

This would very much abridge the lover's pains in this
way of writing a letter, as it would enable him to express
the most useful and significant word* with a single touch
of he needle. ADDISOX.

I remember several ladies who were once very near
seven foot high, that at present want some-inches of five :
how they came to be thus curtailed 1 cannot learn.
ADDISOX.

He that rises up early and goes to bed late only to
receive addresses is really as much tied and abridyed i>)

- ABRIDGEMENT.

ABSENT.

his freedom as he that waits all that time to present one.
SOUTH.

God has given no man a body as strong as his appetites ;
but has corrected the boundlessness 01 his voluptuous
desires, by stinting his strength and contracting his
capacities. SOUTH.

To Abridge, v. To debar.

Abridgement, Compendium, Epitome,
Digest, Summary, Abstract.

The first four terms are applied to a distinct
work, the latter two to parts of a work.

An Abridgement is the reduction of a
work into a smaller compass. A Compen-
dium is a general and concise view of any
pcienee ; as geography or astronomy. An
Epitome is a similarly general and concise
view of historical events. A Digest is any
materials digested in order. A Summary
comprehends the heads and subdivisions of a
work. An Abstract includes a brief but
comprehensive view of any particular part.

Abridgements often surpass the originals in
value when they are made with judgment.
Compendiums are fitted for young persons to
commit to memory on commencing the study
of any science. There is perhaps not a better
epitome than that of the Universal History by
Bossuet, nor a better digest than that of the
laws made by order of Justinian. Syste-
matic writers give occasional summariesof what
they have been treating upon. It is frequently
necessary to make abstracts of judicial pro-
ceedings when they are excessively volu-
minous.

I shall lay before my readers an abridgement of some
few of their extravagancies, in hopes that they will in
time accustom themselves to dream a little mure to the

purpose. SPECTATOR.

Indexes and dictionaries are the compendium of all
knowledge. POPE.

The face is the epitmne of the whole man. and the eyes
are as it were tlie epitome of the face. HUGHES.

If we had a complete digest of Hindu and Mahomme-
dan laws after the model of Justinian's celebrated Pan-
dects, we should rarely be at a los- for principles and
rules of law applicable to the cases before us. SIR W.
JON'ES.

As the Theseida, upon which Chaucer's Knight's Tale
is founded, is very rarely to be met with, it may not be
unpleasing to the reader to see here a short nummary of
it. TYKWH1TT.

Though Mr. Halhed performed his part with fidelity,
yet the Persian interpreter had supplied him only with a
loose, injudicious epitome of the original Sanscrit: in
which abstract many essential passages are omitted.
SIP. W. JONES.

To Abrogate, v. To abolish.
Abrupt, Rugged, Rough.

Abrupt, in Latin abruptus, participle of
abrumpo to break off, signifies the state of
be ng broken off.

Rugged in Saxon hrugge, comes from the
Lai in rugosus full of wrinkles.

Rough, is in Saxon reoh, high German
rank, low German rug, Dutch ruig, in Latin
rudis uneven.

These words mark different degrees of un-
evenness. What is abrupt has greater cavities
and protuberances than what is rugged; what
is rugged has greater irregularities than what
is rough. In the natural sense abrupt is op-
posed to what is unbroken, rugged to what is
even, and rough to what is smooth.

A precipice is abrupt, a path is rugged, a
plank is rough.

The abruptness of a body is generally occa-
sioned by a violent concussion and separation
of its parts ; ruggedness arises from natural,
but less violent causes ; roughness is mostly a
natural property, although sometimes pro-
duced by friction.

In the figurative sense the distinction is
equally clear.

Words and manners are abrupt when they
are sudden and unconnected ; the temper is
rugged which is exposed to frequent ebullitions
of angry humour ; actions are rough when per-
formed with violence and incaution.

An abrupt behaviour is the consequence of
an agitated mind ; a rugged disposition is in-
herent in the character ; a rough deportment
arises from an undisciplined state of feeling.

An habitual steadiness and coolness of re-
flection is best fitted to prevent or correct any
abruptness of manners ; a cultivation of the
Christian temper cannot fail of smoothing
down all ruggedness of humour ; an intercourse
with polished society will inevitably refine
down all roughness of behaviour.

The precipice abrupt,
Projecting horror on the blackened flood,
Softens at thy return. THOMSON'S SUMMER.
The evils of this life appear like rocks and precipices,
rugged and barren at a distance ; but at our nearer
approach we find them little fruitful spots. SPECTATOR.
Not the rough whirlwind, that deforms
Adria's black gulf, and vexes it with storms,
The stubborn virtue of his soul can move. FRANCIS.

Abscond, Steal Away,
One's Self.

Secrete

Abscond, in Latin abscondo, is compounded
of abs and condo, signifying to hide from the
view, which is the original meaning of the
other words ; to abscond is to remove one's self
for the sake of not being discovered by those
with whom we are acquainted.

To Steal Away is to get away so as to
elude observation.

To Secrete One's Self is to get into a
place of secrecy without being perceived.

Dishonest men abscond, thieves steal away
when they dread detection, and fugitives
secrete themselves.

Those who abscond will have frequent occa-
sion to steal away, and still more frequent
occasion to secrete themselves.

Absent, Abstracted, Diverted, Dis-
tracted.

Absent, in French absent, Latin absent,
comes from ab from and sum to be, signifying
away or at a distance from all objects.

Abstracted in French abstrait, Latin
abstractus, participle of abstraho, or ab from
and traho to draw, signifies drawn or separated
from all objects.

Diverted, in French divertir, Latin diverto,
compounded of dt or dis asundtr and verto to
turn, signifies to turn aside from the object
that is present.

Distracted of course implies drawn asun-
der by different objects.

A want of attention is implied in all these
terms, but in different degrees and under dif-
ferent circumstances.

Absent and abstracted denote a total exclu-
sion of present objects ; diverted and distracted

ABSOLVE.

ABSOLUTE.

a misapplied attention to surrounding objects,
an attention to such things as are not the im-
mediate object of concern.

Absent and abstract nl differ less in sense
than in application ; the former is an epithet
expressive either of a habit or a state, and pre-
cedes the noun ; the latter expresses a state
only, and is never adjoined to ihe noun ; wa
say, a man is absent or an absent man ; he is
abstracted, but not an abstracted man.

We are absent or abstracted when not think-
ing on what passes before us ; we are diverted
when we listen to any other discourse than
that which is addressed to us ; we are distracted
when we listen to the discourse of two persons
at the same time.

The absent man has his mind and person
never in the same place : he is abstracts from
all the surrounding scenes ; his senses are
locked up from all the objects that seek for
admittance ; he is often at Rome while walk-
ing the streets of London, or solvinga problem
of Euclid in a social party. The man who is
diverted seeks to be present at everything;
he is struck with everything, and ceases to
be attentive to one thing in order to direct
his regards to another ; he turns from the
right to the left, but does not stop to think on
any one point. The distracted man can be
present at nothing, as all objects strike him
with equal force ; his thoughts are in a state
of vacillation and confusion.

A habit of profound study sometimes causes
absence ; it is well for such a miud to be some-
times diverted; the ardent contemplation of any
one subject occasions frequent abstractions ;
if they are too frequent, or ill-timed, they are
reprehensible : t&e juvenile and versatile
mind is most prone to be diverted; it follows
the bias of the senses which are caught by the
outward surface of things ; it is impelled by
curiosity to look rather than to think : a well-
regulated mind is rarely exposed to distrac-
tions, which result from contrariety of feeling
as well as thinking, peculiar to persons of
strong susceptibility or dull comprehension.

The absent man neither derives pleasure
from society, nor imparts aijy to it ; his re-
sources are in himself. The mau who is easily
diverted is easily pleased ; but he may run the
risk of displeasing others by the distractions
of his mind. The d stracted man is a burden
to himself and others.

Theophrastus culled one who barely rehearsed his
tpeecb, with hrs eye* fixed, an " absent actor." HUGHES.
A voice, than human more, th' abttracted ear
Of fancy strikes. " Be not afraid of us,
FOOT kindred man." THOMSON.

The mind is refrigerated by interruption ; the thoughts
are diverted from the principal subject; the reader is
weary he knows not why. JOHNSON'S PBEFACE TO
8HAKSPEAKE.

He used to rare for his Marianne, and call upon her in
his diffracted fits. ADDISON.

To Absolve, Acquit

Absolve, in Latin absolve, is compounded
of ab from and solvo to loose, signifying to
loose from that with which one is bound.

Acquit, in French acquitter, is com-
pounded of the intensive syllable ac or ad, and
quit, quitter, in Latin quietus quiet, signifying
to mane easy by the removal of achaige.
. These two words convey an important dis-

tinction between the act of the Creator and
the creature.

To absolve is the free act of an omnipotent
and merciful being towards sinners ; to acquit
is the act of an earthly tribunal towards sup-
posed offenders.

By absolution we are released from the bond-
age of sin, and placed in a state of favour
with God ; by an acquittal we are released
from the charge of guilt, and re-instated in
the good estimation of our fellow creatures.

Absolution is obtained u>>t from our own
merits, but the atoning merits of a Redeemer ;
acquittal is an act of justice due to tue inno-
cence of the individual.

Absolution is the work of God only ; by him
alone it can be made known to the penitent
offender : acquittal is the work of man only ;
by him alone it is pronounced.

Although but few individuals miy have
occasion for acquittal; yet we all stand iu daily
and hourly need of absolution at the hands of
our Creator and Redeemer.

Yet to be secret, make not sin the less ;
Tis only hidden from the vulgar view.
Maintains indeed the reverence due to princes.
But not abioloet the conscience from the crime. Dr. YDF.X.
The fault of Mr. Savage was rather negligence than
ingratitude; but Sir Richard Steele must likewise be
acquitted of severity ; for who is there that can patiently
bear contempt from one whom he has relieved and sup-
ported t-JOHNSOJJ.

To Absolve, Acquit, Clear.

Absolve, Acquit, v. To absolve.

To clear is to make clear.

One is absolved from au oath, acquitted of a
charge, and cleared from actual guilt.

No one can absoh-e from an oath but he to
whom the oath is made ; no one can acquit
another of a charge but he who has the right
of substantiating the charge ; yet any one
may clear himself or another from guilt or
the suspicion of guilt, who has adequate
proofs of innocence to allege.

The Pope has assumed to himself the right
of absolving subjects at pleasure from
their oath of allegiance to their sovereign ;
but as an oath is made to God only, it must
be his immediate act to cancel the obligation
which binds men's consciences.

It is but justice to acquit a man of blame,
who is enabled to clear himself from the
appearance of guilt.

Those who are truly learned will acquit me in this

rint, in which I have been so far from offending, that
have been scrupulous perhaps to a fault in quoting
the authors of several passages which I might have made
uiy own. ADDISOX. r**

In vain we attempt to clear our conscience by affecting
to compensate for fraud or cruelty by acts of strict re-
ligious nomage towards God. BLAIR.

To Absolve, v. To forgive.

Absolute, Despotic, Arbitrary,
Tyrannical

Absolute, in Latin absolutus, paiticiple
of absolvo, signifies absolved or set at liberty
from all restraint as it regards persons ; un-
cond tional, unlimited, as it regards things.

Despotic, from despot in Greek SeoTronj a
master or lord, iipplies b-iog like a lord, un-
controlled.

ABSORB.

Arbitrary, in French arbitraire, from the
Latm arbitriu.ni will, implies belonging to the
will of one independent of that of others.

Tyrannical signifies being like a tyrant.

Absolute power is independent of and supe-
r'or to all other power : an absolute monarch is
uncontrolled uoc only by men but things ;
he is above all law except what emanates
from himself. When this absolute power is
assigned to any one according to the constitu-
tion of a government, it is despotic. Despotic
power is therefore something less than absolute
power : a prince is absolute of himself; he is
despotic by the consent of others.

In the early ages of society, monarchs were
absolute, and among the Eastern nations they
still retain the absolute form of government,
though much limited by established usage.
In the more civilized stages of society the
power of despots has been considerably re-
stricted by prescribed laws, insomuch that
despotism is now classed among the regular
forms of government.

Arbitrary and tyrannical do not respect the
power itself, so much as the exercise of power:
tke latter is always taken in a had sense, the
fermer sometimes in an indifferent sense.
With arbitrariness is associated the idea of
caprice and selfishness ; for where is the indi-
vidual whose uncontrolled will may not
oftener be capricious than otherwise ? With
tyranny is asaociated the idea of oppression
and injustice. Among the Greeks the word
rapa-wos, a tyrant, implied no more than what
we now understand by despot, namely, a pos-
sessor of unlimited power ; but from the
natural abuse of such power it has acquired
the signification now attached to it, namely,
of exercising power to the injury of another.

Absolute power should be granted to no one
man or body of men ; since there is no secur-
ity that it will not be exercised arbitrarily,
In despotic governments the tyrannical pro-
ceedings of the suboidinate officers are often
more intolerable than those of the Prince.
Unerring power I

Supreme and abtolute of these your ways,
You render no account. LILLO.

An honest private man often grows cruel and aban-
doned, when converted into an abtolute prince.
ADDISON.

Whatever the will commands, the whole man must do :
the empire of the will over all the faculties beiug abso-
lutely overruling and despotic. SOUTH.

Such an history as that of Suetonius is to me an un-
answerable argument against despotic power. ADDISON.
Our sects a more tyrannic power assume.
And would for scorpions change the rod of Rome.
KOSCOMMON.

Absolute, v. Positive.

To Absorb, Swallow up, Ingulf,
Engross.

Absorb, in French absorber, Latin absorbeo,
is compounded of ab and sorbeo to sup up, in
distinction from swallow up ; the former
denoting a gradual consumption ; the latter
a sudden envelopment of tne whole object.
The excessive heat of the sun absorbs all the
nutritious fluids of bodies animal and vege-
table. The gaming table is a vortex in which
the principle of every man is swallowed up
with his es'.ate.

Ingulf, compounded of in and gulf, signi-
fies to be inclosed in a great gulf, which, is a

JI5 ABSTAIN.

strong figurative representation for being
swallowed up. As it applies to grand and
sublime objects, it is used only in the higher
style.

Engross, which is c mpounded of tho
French words en gros whole, signifies to pur-
cbase wholesale, so as to swallow up the profits
of others. In the moral application theref.ro
it is very analogous to absorb.

The mind is absorbed in the contemplation
of any subject, when all its powers are so bent
upon it as not to admit distraction. The
mind is engrossed by any subject when the
thoughts of it force themselves up< n its con-
templation to the exclusion of others which
should engage the attention.

Absorbed in that immensity I see,

I shrink abased, and yet aspire to thee. COWPEE.
Surely the bare remembrance that a man was formerly
rich or great cannot make him at all happier there,
where au infinite happiness or an infinite misery shall
equally swallow up the sense of these poor felicities.

SOUTH.

Ingulf d, all helps of art we vainly try

To weather leeward shores alas ! too nigh. FALCONER.

This inconvenience the politician must expect from
others, as well as they have felt from him, unless he
thinks that he can engross this principle to himself, and
i false and atheistical as himself.

To Abstain, Forbear, Refrain.

Abstain in French abstenir, Latin 06-
stineo, is compounded of ab or uls fr.iin and
teneo to keep, signifyirg to keep one's self
from a thing.

Forbear is compounded of the preposition
for, or from, and the verb to bear or carry,
signifying to carry or take one's self from a
thing.

Refrain, in French refrener, Latin refrceno,
is compounded of re back and frceno, from
frcenum a bridle, signifying to keep baek aa it
were by a bridle, to bridle in.

The first of these terms marks the leaving
a thing, and the two others the omission of
an action. We abstain from any object by not
making use of it : we forbear to do or refrain
from doing a thing by not taking any part in
it.

Abstaining and forbearing are outward
actions, but refraining is connected with the
operations of the mind. We may abstain
from the thing we desire, or forbear to do the
thing which we wish to do ; but we can never
refrain from any action without in some
measure losing our desire to do it.

We abstain from whatever concerns our
food and clothing; ve forbear to do what we
may have particular motives for doing ; re-
frain from what we desire to do, or have been
in the habit of doing.

It is a part of the Mahometan faith to
abstain from the use of wine ; but it is a
Christian duty to forbear doing an injury-
even in return for an injury ; and to refrain
from all swearing and evil speaking.

Abstinence is a virtue when we abstain from
that which may be hurtful to ourselves or
injurious to another ; forbearance is essential
to preserve peace and good will betwixt man
and man. Everyone is too liable to offend,
not to have motives for forbearing to deal
harshly with the offences of his neighbour.
If we rrfrain from uttering with the lips the

ABSTINENCE.

ABSTRACT.

first dictates of an angry mind, we shall bo
saved much repentance in future.

Though a man cannot abstain Irom being weak, he may
from being vicious. AUD1SON.

By forbearing to do -what may be innocently done, we
may add hourly new vigour and resolution, and secure the
power of resistance when pleasure or interest shall lend
their charms to guilt. JOHNSON.

If we conceive a being, created with all his faculties
and senses, to open his eyes in a most delightful plain, to
view for the first time the serenity of the sky. the
splendour of the sun. the verdure of the fields and woods.
the glowing colours of the flowers, we can hardly believe
it possible that he should refrain from bursting into an
ecstasy of joy, and inuring out his praises to the Creator
of those wonders. SIK WILLIAM JONES.

Abstemious, v. Abstinent.

Abstinence, Fast.

Abstinence is a general term, applicable
to any object from which we abstain ; Past
is a species of abstinence, namely, an abstain-
ing from food : the general term is likewise
used in the particular sense, to imply a partial
abstinence from particular food ; but fast signi-
fies an abstinence from food altogether.

Fridays are appointed by the Church as days of absti-
nence ; and Good Friday as a day of fatt. TAYLOR

I am verily persuaded that if a whole people were to
enter into a course of abttincnce, and eat nothing but
water gruel for u fortnight, it would abate the rage and
ammusityof partis

Such a fatt would have the natural tendency to the
procuring of those ends for which a fatt is proclaimed.
ADDISON.

Abstinent, Sober, Abstemious,
Temperate.

The first of these terms is generic, the rest
specific.

Abstinent (v. To abstain) respects every-
thing that acts ou the senses, and in a limited
sense applies particularly to solid food.

Sober, from the Latin sobrius, or scbriiis,
that is, fine ebrius, not drunk, implies an
abstinence from excessive drinking.

Abstemious, from the Latin abstemius,
compounded of atis and temetum wine, implies
the abstaining from wine or strong liquor in
general.

Temperate, in Latin temperatus, parti-
ciple of tempera to moderate or regulate,
implies a well regulated abstinence in all
manner of sensual indulgence.

We may be aostinent without being sober,
sober without being abstemious, and all to-
gether witho at being temperate.

An abstinent man does not eat or drink so
much as he could enjoy ; a sober man may
drink much without being affected.* An
abstemious man drinks nothing strong. A
temperate man enjoys all in a due proportion.

A particular passion may cause us to be
abstinent either partially or totally : sobriety
may often depend upon the fitrength of the
constitution, or be prescribed by prudence :
necessity may dictate abstemiousness, but
nothing short of a well disciplined mind will
enable us to be temperate. Diogenes practised
the most rigorous abstinence : some men have
unjustly obtained a character for sobriety,
whose habit of body has enabled them to
resist the force of strong liquor even when
taken to excess : it is not uncommon for
persons to practise abstemiousness to that

Vide Tnuler : " Sober, temperate, abstemious,"

degree, as not to drink anything but water
all their lives : Cyrus was as distinguished by
his temperance as his other virtues ; he shared
all hardships with his soldiers, and partook
of their frugal diet.

Unlimited abstinence is rather a vice than a
virtue, for we are taught to enjoy the things
which Providence has set before us : sobriety
ought to be highly esteemed among the lower
orders, where the abstinence from vice is to be
regarded as positive virtue : abstemiousness is
sometimes the only means of preserving
health ; but habitual temperance is the most
efficacious means of keeping both body and
mind in the most regular state.

To set the mind above the appetites is the end of
abitinence. which one of the fathers observes to be not a
virtue, but the groundwork of virtue. JOHNSON.

Cratinus carried bis love of wine to such an excess, that
he got the name of 4>iAo7roTO, launching out in praise of
drinking, and rallying all tobriety out of countenance.
CUMBEBLAND.

The strongest oaths are straw
To th' fire i' th' blood ; be more abttemlmu,
Or else good night your vow. SHAKSPEARE.

If we 'consider the life of these ancient sages, a great
part of whose philosophy consisted ill a temperate and
abttenaout course of life, one would think th' life of a
philosopher and the life of a man were of two different
dates. ADDISON.

To Abstract, Separate, Distinguish.

Abstract, v. Absent.

Separate in Latin separates, participle
of separo, is compounded of se and paro to
dispose apart, signifying to put things
asunder, or at a distance from each other.

Distinguish in French distinguer, Latin
distinguo, is compounded of the separative
preposition dis and lingo to tinge or colour,
signifying to give different marks to things,
by which they may be known from each other.

Abstract is used in the moral sense only:
separate mostly in a physical sense : distin-
guish either in a moral or physical sense : we
abstract what we wish to regard particularly
and individually ; we separate what we wish
not to be united ; we distinguish what we wish
not to confound. The mind performs the
office of abstraction for itself ; separating and
distinguishing are exerted on external objects.*
Arrangement, place, time, and circumstances
serve to separate : the ideas formed of things,
the outward marks attached to them, the
qualities attributed to them, serve to dis-
tinguish.

By the operation of abstraction the mind
creates for itself a multitude of new ideas :
in the act of separation bodies are removed
from each other by distance of place : in the
act of distinguishing objects are discovered to
be similar or dissimilar. Qualities are ab-
stracted from the subjects in which they are
inherent : countries are separated by moun-
tains or seas : their inhabitants are distin-
guished by their dress, language, or manners.
The mind is never less abstracted from one's
friends than when separated from them by
immense oceans : it requires a keen eye to
distinguish objects that bear a great resem-
blance to each other. Volatile persons easily
abstract their minds from the most solemn
scenes to fix them on trifling objects that pass

i ', Vide Abb Girard : " Distiugner. seprer."

ABUSE.

ACCEDE.

before them : an unsocial temper leads some
men to separate themselves from all their
companions : an absurd ambition leads others
to distinguish themselves by their eccentri-
cities.

We ought to abstract oar minds from tbe observation
of an excellence in those we converse with, till we have
received some Rood information, of the disposition of
their minds. STEELE.

Fouteuelle, in his panegyric on Sir Isaac Newton,
closes a long enumeration of that philosopher's virtues
and attainments with an observation that he was not
distinguished, from other men by any singularity either
natural or atfeeted.

It is an eminent instance of Newton's superiority to
the rest of mankind that he was able to separate know-
ledge from those weaknesses by which knowledge is
generally disgraced. JOHNSON.

Abstract, v. Abridgement.

Abstracted v. Absent.

Absurd, v. Irrational.

Abundant, v. Plentiful.

To Abuse, Misuse.

Abuse, in Latin abusus, participle of
abutor, compounded of ab from and utor to
xise, signifies to use away or wear away with
using; in distinction from Misuse, which
signifies to use amiss.

Every thing is abused whiih receives any
sort of injury ; it is misused, if not used at all,
or turned to a wrong use. Young people are
too prone to abuse books for want of setting a
proper value on their contents ; they do not
always avoid misusing them ia their riper
years, when they read for amusement only
instead of improvement. Money is abused
when it is clipped, or its value any way les-
sened ; it is misused when it is spent in excess
and debauchery.

I know no evil so great, as the abuse of the understand-
ing, and yet there is no one vice more common. STEELE.

God requires not men to wrong or misuse their faculties
for him, nor to lie to others or themselves for his sake.

LOCKE.

Abuse, Invective.

Abuse (e. To abuse) is here taken in the
metaphorical application for ill-treatment of
persons.

Invective, from tbe Latin inveho, signi-
fies to bear upon or against. Harsh and un-
seemly censure is the idea common to these
terms : but the former is employed more pro-
perly against the person, the latter against
the thing.

Abuse is addressed to the individual, and
mostly by word of mouth : invective is com-
municated mostly by writing. Abuse is dic-
tated by anger, which throws off all constraint
and violates all decency : invective is dictated
by party spirit, -or an intemperate warmth of
feeling in matters of opinion. Abuse is always
resorted to by the vulgar in their private
quarrels : invective is the ebullition of zeal and
ill-nature in public concerns.

The more rude and ignorant the man, the
more liable he is to indulge in abuse : the
more restless and opinionated the partisan,
whether in religion or politics, the more ready
he is to deal in invective. We must expect to
meet with abuse from the vulgar whom we
offend ; and if in high stations, our conduct
will draw forth invective from busy bodies whom
spleen has converted into oppositionists.

At an entertainment given by Pisiatratui to some oj
his intimates, Thrasippus, a man of violent passion and
inflamed with wine, took some occasion, not recorded, to
break out into the most violent abute and insult.
CUMBERLAND.

This is the true way of examining a libel ; and when
men consider that no man living thinks the better at
tbeir heroes and patrons for the panegyric given them,
none can think themselves lessened by their invective.
STEELE.

Abusive, v. Reproachful.
Abyss, v. Gulf.
Academy, v. School.

Accede, Consent, Comply,
Acquiesce, Agree.

Accede, in Latin accedo, compounded of
ac or ad and cedo to go or come, signifies to
come or fall into a thing.

Consent, in French consentir, Latin con-
sentio, compounded of con together and sentio
to feel, signifies to feel in unison with another.

Comply comes probably from the French
complaire, Latin complaceo, signifying to be
pleased in unison with another.

Acquiesce, in French acquiescer, Latin
acquiesco, compounded of ac or ad and quiesco,
signifies to be easy about or contented with a
thing.

Agree, in French agreer, is most probably
derived from the Latin gruo, in the word con-
gruo, signifying to accord or suit.

We accede to what others propose to us, by
falling in with their ideas : we consent* to what
others wish, \>y authorising it : we comply with
what is asked of us, by allowing it, or not
hindering it : we acquiesce in what is insisted
by accepting it, and conforming to it : we
agree to what is proposed by admitting and
embracing it.

We object to those things to which we do
not accede : we refuse those things to which
we do not consent, or with which we will not
comply : we oppose those things in which we
will not acquiesce : we dispute that to which
we will not agree.

To accede is tke unconstrained action of an
equal ; it is a matter of discretion : consent and
comply suppose a degree of superiority, at least
the power of preventing ; they are acts of good
nature or civility : acquiesce implies a degree
of submission, it is a matter of prudence or
necessity : agree indicates an aversion to dis-
putes ; it respects the harmony of social inter-
course.

Members of any community ought to be
willing to accede to what is the general will of
their associates : parents should never be in-
duced to consent to any thing which may prove
injurious to their children : people ought not
to comply indiscriminately with what is re-
quested of them : in all matters of difference
it is a happy circumstance when the parties
will acquiesce in the judgment of an umpire,
whica is the greatest proof of their willing-
ness to agree.

At last persuasion, menaces, and the impending pres-
sure of necessity, conquered her virtue, and she acceded
to the fraud. CUMBERLAND.

My poverty, but not my will consents. SHAKSPEARE.

Inclination will at length come over to reason, though

Vide Abbe Girard : " Consentir, acquiescer, adherer;
tomber d'accord."

ACCEPTABLE.

ACCIDENTAL.

we c.in never force reuon to comply with inclination.
ADDISON.

This we ought to acquietce in, that the Sovereign Being,
the great Author of Nature, has in him all possible per-
fection. ADWSOX .

We agreed to adopt the infant as the orphan sou of a
distant relation of our own name. CUMBEKLAND.

To Accelerate, v. To hasten.

Accent, *. Stress.

To Accept, v. To Receice.

Acceptable, Grateful, Welcome.

Acceptable signifies worthy to be ac-
cepted.

Grateful, from the Latin gratia pleasing,
signifies altogether pleasing ; it is that which
recommends itself. The acceptable is a relative
good ; the grateful is positive : the former de-
pends upon our external condition, the latter
on our feelings and taste : a gift is acceptable
to a poor nun, which would be refused by one
less needy than himself ; harmonious sounds
are always grateful to a musical ear.

Welcome signifies come well or in season
for us

Acceptable and welcome both apply to exter-
nal circumstances, and are therefore relatively
employed ; but the former is confined to surh
things as are offered for our choice, the latter
refers to whatever happens according to our
wishes: we may not always accept that which is
acceptable, but we shall never reject that which
is welcome : it is an insult to offer any fiing
by way of a gift to another which is not ac-
ceptable; it is a grateful task to be the bearer
of welcome intelligence to our friends.

I cannot but think the following letter from the Em-
peror of China to the Pope of Rome, proposing a coalition
f the Chinese and Roman Churches, will be acceptable to
the curious. STF.ELE.

The kids wi-h pleasure browze he bushy plain :

The showers &K grateful to the swelling grain.

DKYDCN.

Whatever is remote from common appearances is always
welcome to vulgar aa to childish credulity. JOHNSON.

Acceptance, Acceptation.

Though both derived from the verb accept,
have this difference, that the former is employed
to express the abstract action generally ; the
latter only in regard to the single object of
words. A book, or whatever else is offered to
us, may be worthy of our acceptance or not. A
word acquires its acceptation from the manner
in which it is generally accepted by the learned.
It is not necessary to refuse benefits from a bad man,
when the acceptance implies no approbation of hia
crimes. JOHN SOX.

M. ?*? 1 *! 8 !!^"* 1 * d"> I may add >-y way of caution
that the ladies would do well not to forget themselves I
do not mean this in the common acceptt,on of ths
S^te*lfAc% metimes ^enient *

Acceptation, i: Acceptance.
Access, v. Admittance.
Ac Cession, v. Increase.
Accessary, v. Abettor.

Accident, Chance.

Accident, In French accident, Latin acci-
dent, participle of accido to happen, compoun-
ded of ac or ad and cado to fall, signifies the
thing falling out.

Chance, in French chance, most probably

comes f r-m the Latin cadens, and tignifies like
the forniw the thing falling out.

Accident is said of things that have been ;
chance of things that are to be. That is an
accident which is done without intention ; that
is a chance which cannot be brought about by
the use of means. It is an accident when a
house falls : it is a chance when and how it
may fall.

Accidents cannot be prevented : chances can-
not be calculated upon. Accidents may some-
tunes be remedied ; chances can never be con-
trolled : accidents give rise to sorrow, they
mostly occasion mischief ; chances give rise to
hope ; they often produce disappointment ; it
is wise to dwell upon neither.

That little accident of Alexander's taking a fancy to
bathe himself caused the interrupt ion of his luarch;
and that interruption aye occasion of that great vic-
tory that founded the third monarchy of the world.
SOUTH.

Surely there could not be a greater chance than that
which brought to light the Powder-Treason. SOUTH.

Accident, Contingency, Casualty.

Accident, v. Accident, chance.
Contingency, in French contingence,
Latin contingent, participle of contingo, com-
pounded of con and tango, to touch oi.e
another, signifies the falling out or happening
together ; or the thing that happens in Con-
junction with another.

Casualty, in French casualte, from the
Latin caxualis, and cado to fall or happen,
signifies the thing that happens in the court e
of events.

All these words imply whatever takes place
independently of our intentions. Accidents
express more than contingencies ; the former
comprend events with thtir causes and conse-
quenci s ; the latter respect collateral actions,
or circumstances appended to events ; casual-,
ties have regard simply to circun stancis.
Accidents are frequently occasioned by care-
lessness, and contingencies by trivial mistakes ;
but casualties are altogether independent of
ourselves.

The over! urning a carriage is an accident;
our situation in a carriage, at the time, is a
contingency wl it-h may occasion us to be more
or less hurt ; the passing of any one at the
time is a casualty. We are all exposed to the
most calamitous accidents ; aud our happiness
or misery depends upon a thousand contin-
gencies: the best concerted scheme may be
thwarted by casualties, which no human
foresight can prevent.

This natural impatience to look into futurity, and to
know what accident! may happen to us hereafter, has
given birth to many ridiculous arts and inventions.
ADDISON.

Nothing less than infinite wisdom can have an absolute
command over fortune ; the highest degree of it which
man can possess is by no means equal to fortuitousevents.
and to such contingencies as may rise in the prosecution
of our affairs, ADDISON.

Men are exposed to more catualtlri than women, as
battles, sea-voyages, with several dangerous trades and
professions. ADDISON.

Accident, v. Event.

Accidental, Incidental, Casual,

Contingent.
Accidental, v. Accident.
Incidental, from incident, in Latin i/v

ACCOMPANIMENT.

ACCOMPANY,

cidens and incido or in and codo to fall upon,
signifies belonging to a thing by chance.

Casual, v. Casualty.

Contingent, v. Contingency.

Accidental is opposed to what is designed or
planned, incidental to what is premeditated,
casual to what is constant and regular, contin-
gent to what is definite and fixed. A meetiug
may be accidental, an expression incidental, a
look, expression, Sic., casual, an expense or
circumstance contingent. We do not expe t
what is accidental ; we do not suspect or guard
against what is incidental ; we do not heed
what is casual; we are not prepared for what
is contingent. Many of the mosc fortunate and
important occurrences in t,ur lives are acci-
dental ; many remarks, seemingly incidental,
do iu reality conceal a settled intent ; &casual
remark in the course of conversation will
sometimes make a strongtr impression on the
minds of children than the most eloquent
and impressive discourse or repeated counsel ;
in the prosecution of any plan we ought to
be prepared for the numerous contingencies
which we may meet with to interfere with
our arrangement '.

This book fell accidentally into the hands of one who
had uever seen it before. AD DISON.

Savage lodged as much by accident and passed the
night sometimes in mean houses, which are set open at
night to any casual wanderers. JOHNSON.

The distempers of the mind may be figuratively classed
under the several characters of those maladies which are
incidental to the body. CUMBERLAND.

We see how a contingent event baffles man's knowledge
and evades his power. SOUTH.

Acclamation, v. Applause.
To Accommodate, v. To f-t.

Accompaniment, Companion, Con-
comitant.

Accompaniment is properly a collective
term to express whatgo'-s in company, ana is
applied only to things ; Companion, which
also signifies what ii in the company, is
applied either to persons or to things.

Concomitant, from the intensive syllable
con and comes a companion, implies what is
attached to an object, or goes in its train, and
Is applied only to things.

When said in relation to things, accompani-
ment implies a necessary connection ; com-
panion an incidental connection : the former
is as a part to a whole, the latter is as one
whole to another : the accompaniment belongs
to the thing accompanied inasmuch as it
serves to render it more or less complete ; the
companion belongs to the thing accompanied
inasmuch as they correspond : in this manner
singing is an accompaniment in Instrumental
music ; subordinate ceremonies are the accom-
paniments in any solemn service ; but a picture
may be the companion of another picture
from their fit ess to stand together.

The concomitant is as much of an appendage
as the accompaniment, but it is applied only
to moral objects : thus mora'ity is a concomi-
tant to religion.

We may well believe that the ancient heathen bards,
who were chiefly Asiatic Greeks, performed religious
rites and seremonies in metre with accompaniment! of
music, to which they weie devoted iu the extreme.
<JCIBERLAND.

As the beauty of the body ac'.ompaniet the health of
it, so certainly is decency concomitant to virtu.-.
HUGHES.

Aliis, my soul ! thon pleasing companion of this body,
thou fleeting thing that art now deserting it, whither art
thou flying If STEELE.

To Accompany, Attend, Escort.

Accompany, in French accompagner, is
compounded of ac or ad and compagner, in
Latin compayino to put or join together,
signifying to give one's company and pre-
sence to any object, to join one's self to its
company.

Attend, in French attendre, compounded
of at or ad and tendo To tend or incline to-
wards, signifies to direct one's notice or care
towards any object

Escort, in French escorter, from the Latin
cokors a cohort or band of soldiers that
attended a magistrate on his going into a pro-
vince, signifies to accompany by way of safe-
guard.

We accompany* those with whom we wish
to go ; we attend those whom we wish to
serve ; we escort those whom we are called
upon to protect or guard. We accompany our
equals, we attend our superiors, and escort
superiors or inferiors. The desire of pleasing
or being pleased actuates in the first case ; the
desire of serving or being served, in the second
case ; the fear of danger or the desire of
security, in the last place.

One is said ' o have a numerous company, a
crowd of attendants, and a strong escort; but
otherwise one person only may accompany or
attend, though several are wanting for an
escort. Friends accompany each other in their
excursions ; princes are attended with a con-
siderable retinue whenever they appear in
public, and with a strong escort when they
travel through unfrequented and dangerous
roads. Creiisa the wife of ^Eneas accompanied
her husband on his leaving Troy ; Socrates
was attended by a number of illustiious pupils,
whom he instructed by his example and his
doctrines ; St. Paul was escorted as a prisoner
by a band of three hundred men.

This account in some measure excited our curiosity,
and at the entreaty of the ladies I was prevailed upon to
accompany them to the playhouse, which was no other
than a barn. GOLDSMITH.

When the Marquis of Warton was appointed Lord
Lieutenant of Ireland, Addisou attended him as his
secretary. JOHNSON.

He very prudently called up four or five of the ostlers
that belonged to the yard, and engaged them to enlist
under his command as an etcort to the coach. HA WKIS-
WOKTH.

Accompany and attend may likewise be said
of persons as well as things. In this case the
former is applied to what, goes with an object
so as to foim a part of it ; the latter to that
which follows an object as a dependant upon
it. Piide ia often accompanied with meanness,
and attended with much inconvenience to the
possessor.

The old English plainness and sincerity, that genernui
integrity of nature and honesty of disposition, which
always argues true greatness of mind, and is usually
accompanied with umUunted courage and resolution, is
in a great measure lost among us. TILLOTSON.

Humility lodged in a worthy mind is always attended
with a certain homage, which no haughty soul, with all
the arts imaginable, can purchase. HUGHES.

The practice of religion will not only be attended with

Vide Qirard : " Accompagner, etcorter."

ACCOMPLISH.

ACCOST.

that pleasure which naturally accompanist those actions
to which we are habituated, but with those supernu-
merary joys that rise from the consciousness of such a
pleasure. ADDISON.

Acomplice, v. Abettor.
Accomplice, v. Confederate.

To Accomplish, Effect, Execute,
Achieve.

Accomplish, in French accornplir, is com-
pounded ofthe intensive syllable ac or ad and
complir, in Latin compleo to complete, signify-
ing to complete to the end.

Effect, in Latin effectus, participle olefficio,
compounded of ef and ex out of or up, and
facio to make, signifies to make up until
nothing rennins to be done.

Execute, in Latin executus, participle of
exequor, compounded of examd. sequor to follow,
signifies to follow up or carry through to the
end.

Achieve, in French achever, from chef
a chief, signifies to perform as a chief.

We accomplish an object, effect a purpose,
execute a project, achieve an enterprise. Perse-
verance is requisite for accomplishing, means
for effecting, abilities for executing, and spirit
for achieving. Some persons are always striv-
ing to attain an end without ever accomplish-
ing what they propose. It is the part of wis-
dom to suit tho means to the end when we
have any scheme to effect. Those who are
readiest in forming projects are not always
the fittest for carrying them into execution.
That ardour of character which impels to the
achievement of arduous undertakings belongs
but to very few.

We should never give up what we have the
least chance of accomplishing, if it be worth the
labour ; nor pursue any plan which affords us
no prospect of effecting what we wish ; nor
undertake what we do not feel ourselves com-
petent to execute, particularly when there is
anything extraordinary to ach ieve. The friends
of humanity exerted their utmost endeavours
in behalf of the enslaved Africans, and after
many years' noble struggle at length accom-
plished their wishes, as far as respects Great
Britain, by obtaining a legislative enactment
against the slave trade ; but they have not yet
been able to effect the total abolition of this
nefarious traffic : the vices of individuals still
interfere with the due execution of the laws of
their country : yet this triumph of humanity,
as far as it has been successful, exceeds in
greatness the boldest achievements of antiquity.

It is the first rule in oratory that a man must appear
such as he would persuade others to be ; and that can
be accomplished only by the force of his life. SWIFT.

Reason considers the motive, the means, and the end ;
and honours courage only when it is employed to effect
the purpose of virtue. HA WKESWOBTH.

We are not to indulge our corporeal appetites with
pleasures that impair our^intellectual vigour, nor gratify
our minds with schemes which we know our lives must
fail in attempting to execute. JOHSSOX.

It is more than probable, that In case our freethinkers
could once achieve their glorious design of sinking the
credit of the Christian Religion, and causing the revenues
to be withdrawn which their wiser forefathers had ap-
pointed to the support and encouragement of its teachers,
in a little time the Shaster would be as intelligible as the
Greek Testament. BERKELEY.

To Accomplish, v. Tofuljtt.

Accomplished,* Perfect.

These epithets express an assemblage of all
the qualities suitable to the subject ; and mark
the qualification in the highest degree. Ac-
complished refers only to the artificial re-
finements of the min ; Perfect is said of
things in general, whether natural or artificial,
mental or corporeal.

An acquaintance with modern languages and
the ornamental branches of the arts and
sciences constitutes a person accomplished :
the highest possible degree of skill in any art
constitutes a man a perfect artist. An accom-
plished man needs no moral endowment to en-
title him to the oame : a perfect man, if such an
one there could be, must be free from every
moral imperfection, and endowed with every
virtue. Accomplished, is applied only to per-
sons ; perfect is applicable not only to persons
but to works, and everything elsa as occasion
requires ; it may likewise be employed in a
bad sense to magnify any unfavourable quality.

The English nation in the time of Shakspeare was yet
struggling to emerge from barbarity ; and to be able to
read and write was au accomplishment still valued for its
rarity. JOHNSON.

A man endowed with great perfections, without good
breeding, is like one who has his tucket full of gold, hut
always wants change for his ordinary occasions.
STEELE.

Accomplishment, v. Qualification.
To Accord, v. To Agree.
Accordance, v. Harmony.
Accordant, c. Consonant.
Accordingly, v. Therefore.

To Accost, Salute, Address.

Accost, in French accoster, is compounded
of ac or ad, and the Latin cotta a rib or side,
signifying to come by the side of a person.

Salute, in Latin saluto, from saint health,
signifies to bid good speed.

Address, in French addresser, is com-
pounded of ad and dresser, from the Latin
direxi, preterite of dirigo to direct or apply,
signifying to direct one's discourse to a person.

We accost a stranger whom we casually meet
by the way ; we salute our friends on re meet-
ing ; we address indifferent persot.s in com-
pany. Curiosity or conveniMice prompt m< n
to accost; good- will or intimacy to salute;
business or social communication to address.
Rude people accost every one whom they meet ;
familiar people salute those with whom they
are barely acquainted ; impertinent people
address those with whom they have no busi-
ness.

We must accost by speaking ; but we may
salute by signs as well as words ; and addresf
by writing as well as by speaking.

When ^Eneas is sent by Virgil to the shades, h meeta
Dido the Queen of Carthage, whom his perfidy had hur-
ried to the grave ; he accottt her with tenderness and
excuses, but the lady turns away like Ajax ill mute dis-
dain. JOHNSON*.

I was harassed by the multitude of eager talutntiont,
d returned the common civilities with hesitation and
impropriety JOHNSON.

I still continued to stand in the way, having scarcely
itrength to walk farther ; when another soon addrctsed
me in the same manner. JOHNSON.

* Vide Abbe Cirard : " Accompli, parfait."

ACCOUNT.

ACCURATE.

Account, Reckoning, Bill.

Account, compounded of ac or ad and
count, signifies to count to a person, or for a
thing ; an account is the thiug so counted.

Reckoning 1 , from the verb to reckon, sig-
nifies the thing reckoned up.

Bill, in Saxon bill, in all probability comes
from the Swedish byla, to build, siguifying a
written contract for building vessels, which in
German is still called a beilbrief ; hence it has
been employed to express various kinds of
written documents. These words, which are
very similar in signification, may frequently
be substituted fur one another.

Account is the generic, the others the specific
terms : a reckoning and bill is an account,
though not always vice versA : account expresses
th-* details, with the sum of them counted up ;
reckoning implies the register and notation of
the things to be reckoned up ; bill denotes the
details, with their particular charges. An
account should be correct, containing neither
more nor less than is proper ; a reckoning should
be explicit, leaving nothing unnoticed as to
dates and names ; a bill should be fair.

We speak of keeping an account, of coming
to a reckoning, of sending in a bill. Customers
have an account with their tradespeople ;
masters have a reckoning with their work-
people ; tradesmen send in their bills at stated
periods.

Account, from the extensive use of the term,
is applicable to every thing that is noted
down ; the particulars of which are considered
worthy of notice, individually or collectively :
merchants keep their accounts ; an account is
taken at the Custom House of all that goes in
and out of the kingdom ; an account is taken of
all transactions, of the weather, of natural
phenomena, and whatever is remarkable.
Reckoning, as a particular term, is more partial
in its use : it is mostly confined to the dealings
of men with one another ; in which sense it is
superseded by the preceding term, and now
serves to express only an explanatory enume-
ration, which may be either verbal or written.
Bill, as implying something charged or en-
gaged, is used not only in a mercantile, but a
legal sense : hence we speak of a bill of lading ;
a bill of parcels ; a bill of exchange; a bill of
Indictmeut, or a bill in Parliament.
At many times I brought in my accounts,
Laid them before you ; you would throw them off;
And say you found them in my honesty.

SHAKSPEARE.

Merchant with some rudeness demanded a room, and
was told that there was a good fire in the next parlour,
which the company were about to leave, beiug then pay-
Ing their reckoning. J OHNSON.

Ordinary expense ought to be limited hy a man's estate,
and ordered to the best, that the bills may be less than
the estimation abroad.~BACON.

Account, Narrative, Description.

Account, v. Account, reckoning.

Narrative, from narrate, is in Latin nar-
ratus, participle of narro or gnaro, which sig-
nifies to make known.

Description, from describe, in Latin de-
gcribo or de and scribo, signifies to write down.

Account is the most general of these terms ;
whatever is noted as worthy of remark is an
account : narrative is an account narrated :
description, an account described. Account has

no reference to the person giving the account ;
a narrative must have a narrator ; a description
must have a describer. An account may come
from one or several quarters, or no specified
quarter ; but a narrative and description be-
speak themselves as the production of some
individual. An account may be the statement
of a single fact only ; a narrative must always
consist of several connected incidents ; a de-
scription, of several unconnected particulars
respecting some common object. An account
and a description may be communicated either
verbally or in writing ; a narrative is mostly
written. An account may be given of political
events, natural phenomena, and domestic oc-
currences ; as the signing of a treaty, the
march of an army, the death and funeral of an
iudividual: a narrative is mostly personal,
respecting the adventures, the travels, the
dangers, and the escapes of some particular
person : a description does not so much em-
brace occurrences, as characters, appearances,
beauties, defects, and attributes in general.
Accounts from the armies are anxiously looked
for in time of war: whenever a narrative is
interesting, it is a species of reading eagerly
sought after : the descriptions which are given
of the eruptions of volcanoes are calculated
to awaken a strong degree of curiosity. An
account may be false or true ; a narrative clear
or confused ; a description lively or dull.

A man of business, in good company, who gives an
account of his abilities and dispatches, in hardly morn
insupportable than her they call a notable woman.
STEKI.E.

Few narratives will, either to men or women, appear
more incredible than the histories of the Amazons.
JOHNSON.

Most readers, I believe, arc more charmed with Milton's
description of Paradise than o hell. ADDISON.

Account, tf. Sake.
Accountable, v. Answerable.
To Accumulate, v. To heap.

Accurate, Exact, Precise.

Accurate, in French accurate, Latin ac-
curatus, participle of accuro, compounded of
tbe intensive ac or ad ai.d euro to take care of,
signifying done with great care.

Exact, in French exacte, Latin exactus,
participle of cxigo to finish or complete, de-
notes the quality of completeness, the absence
of defect.

Precise, in French precis, Latin prcecisus,
participle of prcecido to cut by rule, signifies
the quality of doing by rule.

A man is accurate when he avoids faults ;
exact, when he attends to every minutia, and
leaves nothing undone ; precise, when he does
it according to a certain measure. These
epithets, therefore, bear a comparative rela-
tion to each other ; exact expresses more than
accurate, and precise more than exact. An
account is accurate in which there is no mis-
representation ; it is exact when nothing essen-
tial is omitted ; it is precise when it contains
particular details of time, place, and circum T
stance.

Accuracy is indispensable in all our con-
cerns, be they ever so ordinary; exactness is
of peculiar importance in matters of taste ;
and in some cases, where great results flow
from trifling causes, the greatest precision be-

ACCUSE.

ACKNOWLEDGE.

66mes requisite : we may, however, be too
precise when we dwell on unimportant parti-
culars ; but we never can be too accurate or
exact. Hence the epithet precise is sometimes
taken in the unfavourable sense for affectedly
exact. An accurate man will save himself
much trouble ; an exact man will gain himself
much credit; and a precise nun will take
much pains only to render himself ridiculous.
Young people should strive to do everything
accurately, which they think worth doing at
all, aud thus they will learn to be exact, or
precise, as occasion may require.

Accuracy, moreover, concerns our mechanical
labours, and the operations of our senses and
understandings ; exactness respects our deal-
ings with others ; precision is applied to our
habits and manners in society. We write, we
see, we think, we judge accurately.- we are
exact in our payments ; we are precise in our
modes of dress. Some men are very accurate
in th-^ir particular line of business, who are
not very exact iu fulfilling their engagements,
nor very precise in the hours which they keep.

An eminent artist who wrought up his pictures with
the greatest accuracy, and gave them all those delicate
touches which are apt to please the nicest eye, is repre-
sented as tuning a theorbo. ADDISON".

This lady is the most exact economist, without appear-
ing busy. COXGREVE.

An apparent desire of admiration, a reflection upon
their own merit, and AprecUe behaviour iu their general
conduct, are almost inseparable accidents in beauties.
HUGHES.

An aptness to Jumble things together, wherein can be
found any likeness, hinders the mind from accurate con-
ceptions of them. LOCKE.

Angels and spirits, in their several degrees of elevation
above us, may be endowed wi h more compreiiensive
faculties ; and roine of them, perhaps, have perfect and
exact views of all finite beings that come under their
consideration. LOCKE.

A definition is the only way whereby the precite mean-
ing of moral words can be known. LOCKB.

Accurate, v. Correct.
Accusation, v. Complaint.

To Accuse, Charge, Impeach,
Arraign.

Accuse, in Latin accuio, compounded of
ac or ad and causa a cause or trial, signifies to
bring to trial.

Charge, from the w. rd cargo a burden,
signifies to lay on :< bun leu.

Impeach, in French empecher to hinder
or disturb, compounded of em or in and pes the
foot, signifies to set one's foot or one's self
against ano'her.

Arraign, compounded of ar or ad and
raign or range, signifies to range, or set at the
bar of a tribunal

The idea of assertirg the guilt of another
is common to these terms. Accuse in the pro-
per sense is applied particularly to crimes, but
it is also applied to every species of oflence ;
charge may be applied to crimes, but is used
more Cjmmonly for breaches of moral con-
duct : we accuse a person of murder ; we charge
him with dishonesty.

Accuse is properly a formal action ; charge is
an informal action : criminals are accused, and
Iheir accusation is proved in a court of judica-
ture to be true or false ; any person may be
charged, and the charge may be either sub-
stantiated or refuted'in the Judgment of a
th'rd person.

The Countess of Hertford, demanding an audience -I
the Queen, laid before her the whole series of his mother's
cruelty, exposed the improbability of an aceiuatiun, liy
winch he was charged with an intent to commit a murder
tl a could produce no advantage. JuH.Vso.VS LIFK OF
SAVAGE.

Nor was this irregularity the only charge which Lord
Tyrconnel brought against him. Having given him a
collection of valuable books stamped with his own arms,
he had the mortification to see them in a short time ex-
posed for sale. JOHNSON'S LIFE OF SAVAGE.

Impeach and arraign are both species of
accusing ; the former in application to states-
men and state concerns, the latter in regard
to the general conduct or principles ; with
this difference, that he who impeaches only
asserts the guilt, but does not determine it ;
but those who arraign also take upon them-
selves to decide : statesmen are impeached lor
misdemeanours in the administration of
gpvernmeut : kings arraign governors of pro-
vinces and subordinate princes, and in this
manner kings are sometimes arraigned before
mock tribunals: our Saviour was arraigned
before Pilate ; and creatures in the madness
of presumption arraign the'r Crtator.

Aristogiton, with revengeful cunning, impeached
several courtiers and intimates of the tyrant. CUMBER-
LAND.

O the inexpressible horror that will seize upon a poor
sinner, when he stands arraigned at the bar of divine
justice. SOUTH.

To Accuse, Censure.

Accuse, v. To accuse, charge.

Censure, in French censure, in Latin cen-
sura, is derived from censor, a Roman magis-
trate who took cognizance of the morals and
manners of the citizens, as also of the domestic
arrangements of the city. It signifies not
only file office of censor, but, in an extended
sense, the act of blaming or punishing
offenders against morality, which formed a
prominent feature in his office.

To accuse is only to assert the guilt of
another; to censure is to take that guilt for
granted.

We accuse only to make known the offence,
to provoke inquiry ; we censure in order to
inflict a punishment.

An accusation may be false or true ; a cen-
sure mild or severe.

It is extremely wrong to accuse another
without sufficient grounds; but still worse
to censure him without the most substantial
grounds.

Every one is at liberty to accuse another of
offences which he knows him for a certainty
to have committed ; but none can censure who
are not authorized by their age or station.

Mr. Locke acciuet those of great negligence who dis
course of moral things with the least obscurity in the
terms they make use of. BUDCELL.

If any man measure his words by his heart, and speak
as he thinks, and do not express more kindness to every
man than men usually have for any man. he can hardly
escape the cemure of the want of breeding. TlLLOTsox,

To Achieve, v. To accomplish.
Achievement, r. Deed.

To Acknowledge, Own, Confess,
Avow.

Acknowledge, compounded of o: or ad
and knowledge, implies to bring to knowledge,
to make known.

Own, is a familiar figure, signifying to take

ACQUAINTANCE.

to one's self, to make one's own : it is a common
substitute for confess.

Confess, in French confesser, Latin con-
fessus, participle of confiteor, compounded of
con and fateor, signifies to impart to any one.

Avow, in French avouer, Latin advoveo,
signifies to vow, or protest to any one.

Acknowledging is a simple declaration ; con-
fessing or owning is a specific private commu-
nication ; avowal is a public declaration. We
acknowledge f<.cts ; confess or own faults ; avow
motives, opinions, <fec.

We acknowledge in consequence of a ques-
tion ; we confess in consequence of an accusa-
tion ; we own in consequence of a charge ; we
avow voluntarily. We acknowledge having been
concerned in a transaction ; we confess our guilt ;
we own that a thing is wrong ; but we are
ashamed to avow our motives. Candour leads
to an acknowledgment ; repentance produces a
confession ; the desire of forgiveness leads
to owning; generosity or pride occasions an
avowal.

An acknowledgment oi what is not demanded
may be either politic or impolitic according to
circumstances : a confession dictated merely
by fear is of avail only in the sight of man ;
those who are most ready to own themselves
in an error are not always the first to amend :
an avowal of the principles which actuate the
conduct is often the greatest aggravation of
guilt.

I must acknowledge, for my own part, that I take greater
pleasure in considering the works of the creation in their
immensity than iu their minuteness. ADDISON.

And now my dear, cried she to me, I will fairly own
that it was I that instructed my girls to encourage our
landlord's addresses GOLDSMITH.

Spite of herself e'en envy must confett,

That I the friendship of the great possess. FRANCIS.

Whether by their settled and avowed scorn of thought-
less talkers, the Persians were able to diffuse to ai.y great
extent the virtue of fciciturnity, we are hindered by the
distance of those times from being able to discover.
JOHNSON.

To Acknowledge, v. To recognize,
To Acquaint, v. To inform.

Acquaintance, Familiarity, Inti-
macy.

Acquaintance corres from acquaint,
which is compounded of the intensive f-yllable
ac or ofiand quaint, in old French coint, Teut.
gekannl known, signifying known to one.

Familiarity comes from familiar, in
Latin famittaris and familia, signifying
known as one of the family.

Intimacy, from intimate, in Latin intima-
tus, participle of intimo to love entirely, from
inlimus inneimost, signifies known to the
inn rmost recesses of the heart.

These terms mark different degrees of close-
ness in the social intercourse ; acquaintance
expressing less than familiarity ; and that less
than intimacy.

A slight knowledge of any one constitutes an acquaint
ance : to bt familiar requires an acquaintance of somt
standing; intimacy supposes such an acquaintance as is
supported by friendship. TRUSLER.

Acquaintance springs from occasional inter-
course ; familiarity is produced by a daily
i' tetcourse, which wears off all constraint,
and binis-hes all ceremony ; intimacy arises
not merely from frequent intercourse, but

unreserved communication. An acquaintance
will be occasionally a guest ; but cne that is
on terms of familiarity has easy access to our
table ; and an intimate, likewise, lays claim t
a share at least of our confidence. An ac-
quaintance with a person affords but little op-
purtuniiy for knowmg his character ; famili-
arity puts us in the way of seeing his foibles,
rather than his virtues ; but intimacy enables
us to appreciate his worth.

Those who are apt to be familiar on a slight acquaint-
nee, will never acquire any degree of intimacy.

TKUSLEK.

A simple acquaintance is the most desirable
footing on which to stand with all persons
however deserving. If it have not the plea-
sures of familiarity or intimacy, it can claim
the privilege of being exempted from tht ir
pains. " Too much familiarity," according to
the old proverb, " breeds contempt." The
unlicensed freedom which commonly attends
familiarity affords but too ample scope for the
indulgence of the selfish and unamiable pas-
tions. Intimacies begun in love often end in
hatred, as iil-cboseu friends commonly become
the bitterest enemies. A man may have a
thousand acquaintance, and not one whom he
should make his intimate.

Acquaintance grew; th' acquaintance they improve
To friendship; friendship ripen 'd into love. EUSUEN.

The intimacy between the father of Eugenio and
Agrestis produced a tender friendship between his sister
and Amelia. HAWKE.SWOK1H.

An acquaintance is a being who meets us with a smile
and salute, who tells us with the same breath that he is
glad and sorry for the most trivial good and ill that befalls
us. HAWKESWOKTH.

His familiar! were his entire friends, and could have
no interested views in courting his acquaintance.'
STEELE.

At an entertainment given by Pisistratus to some of
his intimate*. Thrasippus took some occasion, not re-
corded, to break out into the most violent abuse. CUM-
BERLAND.

These terms may be applied to things as
well as persons, in which case they bear a
similar analogy. An acquaintance with a sub-
ject is opposed to entire ignorance upon it ;
familiarity with it is the consequence of fre-
quent repetition ; and intimacy of a steady
and thorough research. In our intercourse
with the world we bee me daily acquainted
with freth subjects to engage our attention.
Some men have by extraordinary diligence
acquired a considerable familiarity with more
than one language and science ; but few, if
any, can boast of having possessed an intimate
acquaintance with all the particulars of even
one language or science. When we can trans-
late the authors of any foreign language we
may claim an acquaintance with it ; when we
c m speak, or write it freely, we may brf said
to be familiar with it ; but an intimate ac-
quaintance comprehends a thorough critical
intimacy with a'l the niceties and subtleties of
its structure.

With Homer's heroes we have more than historica
acquaintance : we are made intimate with their habits
and manners. CUMBERLAND.

The frequency of envy makes it BO familiar, that it
escape* our notice. J OHXSON.

To Acquiesce, v. To accedt

ACQUIRE.

ACRIMONY.

To Acquire, Obtain, Gain, Win,
Earn.

Acquire, in French acquirer, Latin ac-
i/ni i-o, is compounded of ac or ad and quaro
to seek, signifying to seek or get to one's self.

Obtain, in French ohUiiir, Latin obtineo, is
compounded of ob and teneo to hold, signifying
to lay hold or secure witLin one's reach.

Gain and win are derived from the same
-'Mirce ; namely, the French gagner, German
yrp.-iMnen, Saxon itinnen, from tbe Latiu vinco,
Greek Katro/xeu or vixia to conquer, signifying
to get the mastery over, to get into one's pos-
sosion.

Earn comes from the Saxon tharnan,
German erndten, Friezlandish arnan to reap,
which is connected with tbe Greek api-v^ai to
take c r get.

The idea of getting is common to these terms,
but the circumstances of the action vary. We
acquire by our own efforts ; we obtain by the
efforts ot others as well as ourselves ; we gain or
win by striving ; we ea m by labour. Talents and
industry are requisite for acquiring ; what we
acquire comes gradually to us in consequence
of the regular exercise of our abilities ; in this
manner knowledge, honour, and reputation
are acquired. Things are obtained by all means,
honest or dishonest ; whatever comes into our
possession agreeable to our wishes is obtained;
favours and requests are always obtained.
Fortune assists in both gaining and winning,
but particular.y in the latter case : a subsis-
tence, a superiority, a victory or bittle, is
gained : a game or a prize in the lottery is
won. A good constitution and full emp'oy-
ment are all that is necessary for earning a
livelihood. Fortunes are acquired after a
course of yeirs ; they are obtained by inherit-
ance, or gained in trade; they are sometime j
icon at the gaming table, but seldom earned.

What is acquired is solid, and produces
lasting benefit : what is obtained may often be
injurious to one's health, one's interest, or
one's morals : what is gained or icon is often
only a partial advantage, and transitory in
its nature ; itispainerf or won only to be lost :
what is earned serves only to supply the ne-
cessity of the momei.t ; it is hardly got and
quickly spent. Scholars acquire learning,
obtain rewards, gain applause, and win prizes,
which are often hardly earned by the loss of
health.

It is Sallnst's remark upon Cato. that the less he coveted
glory, tbe more he acquired it ADDISON.

Were not this desire of fame very strong, the difficulty
of obtaining it, and the danger of losing it when obtained,
would he sufficient to deter a man from so vain a pursuit,
ADDISON.

He whose mind is engaged by the acquisition or im-
provement of a fortune, not only escapes the insipidity of
indifference and the tediousness of inactivity, but yaint
enjoyments wholly unknown to those who live lazily on
the toils of others. -JOHNSON.

Where the danger ends, the hero ceases : when he has
von an einp re, or gained his mistress, the rest of his
tury is not worth relating. STEKLE.

An honest man may freely take his own ;

The goat was mine, hy singing fairly von. DRYDEJf.

They who have rarn*d their fortune by a laborious and
industrious life are naturally tenacious of what they have
gainfully acquired. BLAIR.

To Acquire, Attain.
Acquire, r. To acquire, obtain.

Attain, in Latin attineo, is compounded of
ab or ad and teneo to hold, signifying to rest at
a thing.

To acquire is a progressive and permanent
action ; to attain is a perfect and finishing
action : we always go on acquiring ; but we
stop when we have attained. What is acquired
is something got into the possession ; what is
attained is the point arrived at. We acquire a
language ; we attain to a certain degree of
perfection.

By abilities and perseverance we may
acquire a considerable fluency in speaking
several languages ; but we can scarcely expect
to attain to the perfection of a native in any
foreign language. Ordinary powers coupled
with diligence will enable a person to acquire
whatever is useful but we cannot attain to
superiority without extraordinary talents and
determined perseverance. Acquirements are
always serviceable ; attainments al-vays credit-
able.

Inquiries after happiness, and rules for attaining it,
are not so necessary and useful to mankind as the arts of
consolation, and supporting one's self under affliction.
8HEPHABD.

Acquirement, Acquisition.

Two abstract nouns, from the same verb,
denoting the thing acquired.

Acquirement implies the thing acquired
for and by ourselves ; acquisition, that
which is acquired for another, or to the ad-
vantage of another.

People can expect to make but slender ac-
quirements without a considerable share of
industry ; and in such case they will be no
acquisition to the community to which they
have attached themselves.

Acquirement respects rather the exertions
employed ; acquisition the benefit or gain
accruing. To learn a language is an acquire-
ment ; to gain a class or a degree, an acquisi-
tion. The acqv.i rements of literature far exceed
in value the acquisitions of fortune.

Men of the greatest application and acquirement* can
look hack upon many vacant spaces and neglected parts

of time. -HUGHES.

To tne, who have taken pains to look at beauty, ab-
stracted from the consideration of its being an o ject of
desire; at power only as it sits upon another without any
hoprs of partaking any share of it ; at wisdom and ca|ia-
city without any pretension to rival or envy its acquisi-
tion* ; the world is not only a mere scene, but a pleasant
one. STEF.I.E.

Acquisition, r. Acquirement.

To Acquit, . To absolve. /

Acrimony, Tartness, Asperity,
Harshness.

These epithets are figuratively employed to
denote sharpness of feelinsr corresponding 10
the quality in natural bodies.

Acrimony, in Latin acrimonia, from accr
sharp, is the characteristic of garlic, mustard,
and pepper, that is. a biting sharpness.

Tartness, from tart. >s not improbably
derived from tartar, the quality of which it in
some degree resembles ; it is a high degree of
acid peculiar to vinegar.

Asperity, in Latin aspcritax. from asper,
and the Greek cunrpos fallow, without culture

ACT. 25

and without fruit, signifying land that is too
hard and rough to be tilled.

Harshness, from /tank., in German and
Teutonic herbe, herbisch, Swedish kerb, Latin
acerbus, denotes the sharp rough taste of un-
ripe fruit.

A quick tense produces acrimony : it is too
frequent among disputants, who embitter
each other's fetliugs. An acute sensibility
coupled with quickness of intellect produces
tartness : it is too frequent among females.
Acrimony is a transient feeling that discovers
itself by the words ; tartness is an habitual
irritability that mingles itself witn the tone
and looks. An acrimonious reply frequently
gives rise to much ill-will ; a tart reply isoften
treated with indifference, as indicative of the
natural temper, lather than of any unfrieudly
feeling.

Asperity and harshness respect one's con-
duct to inferiors ; th-t latter expresses a strong
degree of the former. Asperity is opposed to
mildness and forbearance; harshness to kind-
ness. A reproof is conveyed with asperity,
when the words and looks convey strong dis-
pleasute ; a treament is harsh when it wounds
the feelings, and does violence to the affec-
tions. Mistresses sometimes chide their ser-
vants with asperity ; parents deal harshly with
their children.

The genius even when he endeavours only to entertain
or instruct, yet suffers persecution from innumerable
criticks. whose acrimony is excited merely by the pain ot
seeing others pleased. JOHNSON.

Cowley seems to have possessed the power of writing
easily beyond any other of our poets, yet his pursuit of
remote thoughts led him often into harthnesi of expres-
sion JOHXSOX.

The nakedness and asperity of the wintery world always
fills the beholder with pensive and profound astonish-
ment. JOHNSON.

ACTION.

To Act, do.

Act, in Latin actus, from ago to direct,
signifies the putting in motion.

Do, in German thun, comes probably from
the Greek Seii/cu to put, signifying to dispose,
put in order, or bring to pass.

We act whenever we do any thing ; but we
may act without doing any thing. The first
of these words is intransitive, and the second
transitive : we. do not act a thing, but we
always do a thing. The first approaches
nearest to the idea of move : it is properly the
exertion of power corporeal or mental : the
second is closely allied to effect ; it is the pro-
ducing an effect by such an exertion. They
act very unwisely who attempt to do more
than their abilities will enable them to com-
plete : whatever we do, let us be careful to act
considerately.

We have made this a maxim, "That a man who is
commonly called good-natured is hardly to be thanked
for what he doet, because half that is acted about him
is done rather by his sufferance than approbation,"
8TEELE.

Action, Act, Deed.

The words action, act, and deed, though de-
rived from the preceding verbs, have an
obvious distinction in their meaning.

Action, in FreLch action, Latin actio,
Signifies doing.

Act, in French acle, Latin actum, denotes
the thing done : ihe former implies a process :
the latter a result.

We mark the degrees of action* which indi-
cate energy ; we mark the number of acts
which may serve to designate a habit or
character : we tpeak of a lively, vehement, or
impetuous action ; a man of action, in distinc-
tion from a mere talker or an idler; whatever
rests without influence or movement has lost
its action; we speak of many rtcis of a parti-
cular kind ; we call him a fool who commits
continued acts of folly ; and h'm a niggard
who commits nothing but acts of meanness.

Action is a continued exertion of power : act
is a single exertion of power ; the physical
movement ; the simp'e acting. Our actions
are our works in the strict sense of the word ;
our acts are the operations of our faculties.
The character of a man must be judged by his
actions ; the merit of actions depends on the
motives that give rise to them : the act of
speaking is peculiar to man ; but the acts of
walking, running, tating, &c., are common to
all animals.

Actions may be considered either singly or
collectively ; acts are regarded only indivi-
Qually and specifically: we speak of all a
man's actions, but not of all his acts ; we say a
good action, a virtuous action, a charitable
action ; but an act, not an action of goodness,
an act of virtue, an act of faith, an act of
charity, and the like. It is a good action to
conceal the faults of our neighbours ; but a
rare act of charity among men. Many noble
actions are done in private, the consciousness
of which is the only reward of the doer ; the
wisest of men may occasionally commit acts
of folly, which are not imputable to their
general character. Nothing can be a greater
act of imprudence than not to take an occa-
sional review of our past actions.

Action t is a term applied to whatever is
done in general ; act to that which is remark-
able or that requires to be distinguished. The
sentiments of the heart are eatier to be dis-
covered by one's actions, than by one's words :
it is an heroic act to forgive our enemy, when
we are in a condition to be revenged on
him. The good man is cautious in all his
actions to avoid even the appearance of evil :
a great prince is anxious to mark every
year by some distinguished act of wisdom or
virtue.

Act and deed are both employed for what is
remarkable ; but act denou s only one single
thing done ; deed implies some complicated
performance, somethiog achieved : we display
but one quality or power in performing an
act ; we display many, both physical and
mental, in performing a deed. A prince dis-
tinguishes himself by acts of mercy ; the com-
mander of an army by martial deeds. Acts of
disobedience in youth frequently lead to the
perpetration of the foulest deeds in more
advanced life.

Many of those actiont which are apt to procure fame
are not in their nature conducive te our ultimate happi-
ness. ADDISON.

I desire that the same rule may be extended to the
whole fraternity of heathen gods ; it being my design to

Rouband ; " Acte, action."
t Girard ; " Action, acte."

ACTION. !

condemn every poem to the flames, in which Jupiter
thunders or exercises any act of authority which dots not
belong to him. ADDISON.

All with united force combine to drive
The lazy drones from the laborious hive ;
With envy stung they view each other's deeds,
With diligence the fragrant work proceeds. UEVDEN.

Action, Gesture, Gesticulation,
Posture, Attitude.

Action, v. To act.

Gesture> in French geste, Latin gestut,
p .rticiple of gero to carry one's self, signifies
the manner of carrjiug one's body.

Gesticulation, in Latin gesticulatio comes
from gesticulor to make many gestures.

Posture, in French posture, Latin positura
a position, comes from positus, participle of
pono, signifying the manner of placing one's
self.

Attitude, in French attitude, Italian atti-
tudine, is changed from aptitude, signifying a
propriety as to disposition.

All these terms are applied to the stite of
the body ; the former three indicating a state
of motion ; the latter two a state of rear.
Action respects the movements of the body
in general; gesture is an action indicative of
some particular state of mind ; gesticulation is
a species of artificial gesture. Raising the arm
is an action : bowing is a gesture.

Actions may be ungraceful ; gestures inde-
cent. A suitable action sometimes gives great
force to the words that are uttered ; gestures
often supply the place of language between
people of different nations. Actions charac-
terize a man as vulgar or well-bred ; gestures
mark the temper of the mind. There are
many actions which it is the object of educa-
tion to prevent from growing into habits :
savages express the vehement passions of the
mind by vehement gestures on every occasion,
even in their amusements. An extravagant
or unnatu-al gesture is termed a gesticulation ;
a sycophant, who wishes to cringe into favour
with the great, deals largely in gesticulation to
mark his devotion ; a buffoon who attempts to
imitate the gestures of another will use gesticu-
lation ; and the monkey who apes the actions
of human beings does so by means of gesticu-
lations.

Posture* is a mode of placing the body more
or less differing from the ordinary habits ;
attitude is the manner of keeping the body
more or less suitable to the existing circum-
stances. A posture, however convenient is
never assumed without exertion ; it is there-
fore willingly changed : an attitude, though
not usual, is still according to the nat"re
of things ; it is therefore readily pre-
served. A posture is singular ; it has some-
thing in it which departs from the ordinary
carriage of the body, and makes it remark-
able : an attitude is striking ; it is the natural
expression of character or impression. A
brave man will put himself into a posture of
defence, without assuming an attitude of de-
fiance.

Strange and forced positions of the body are
termed postures : noble, agreeable, and expres-
sive fotms of carriage, are called attitudes:
mountebanks and clowns put themselves into

Eoubaud ; " Posture, attitude,"

5 ACTIVE.

ridiculous postures in order to excite laughter;
actors assume graceful attitudes to represent
their characters. Postures are to the body
what grimaces are to the face ; attitudes are
to the body what air is to the figure : he who in
attempting to walk assumes the attitude of a
dancer, puts himself into a ridiculous posture ;
a graceful and elegant attitude in dancing be-
comes an affected and laughable posture in
another case.

Postures are sometimes usefully employed hi
stage dancing ; attitudes are necessarily em-
ployed by painters, sculptors, dancing masters,
and other artists. Posture is said of the whole
body : the rest, of particular limbs or parts.
Attitude and posture are figuratively applied to
other objects Decides the body : armies assume
a menacing attitude: in a critical posture of
affairs, extraordinary skill is required on the
part of the government.

Cicero concludes his celebrated book ' de Oratore with
some precepts for pronunciation and action, without
which part he affirms that the best orator in the woild
can never succeed. HUGHES.

Our best actors are somewhat at a loss to support them-
selves with proper gesture, as they move from any con-
siderable distance to the front of the stage. STEELE.

Neither the Judges of our laws, nor the representatives
of the people, would be much affected by laboured
gesticulation, or believe any man the more, because he
rolled his eyes, or puffed his cheeks JOHNSON.

Falsehood in a short time found by experience that her
superiority consisted only in the celerity of her course
and the change of her potture. JOHNSON.

When I entered his room, he was sitting in a contem-
plative posture, with his eyes fixed upon the ground ;
after he had continued in his reverie near a quarter of an
hour, he rose up and seemed by his gesture* to take leave
of some invisible guest. HAWKESWOKTH.

Falsehood always endeavoured to copy the mien and
attitudes of truth JOHNSON.

Action, Agency, Operation.

Action, v . To act.

Agency, v. To act.

Operation, in Latin operatio, from opera
labour and opus need, signifies the work that
is needful.

Action is the effect, agency the cause.
Action is inherent in the subject : agency
is something exterior ; it is, in fact, putting
a thing into action ; in this manner the whole
world is in action through the agency of the
Divine Being. Operation is action for a specific
end, and according to a rule ; as the operation
of nature in the article of vegetation.

It is better, therefore, that the earth should move about
its own centre, and make those useful vicissitudes of
night and day, than expose always the same side to the
action of the sun. BENTLEY.

A few advances there are in the following papers tend-
ing to assert the superintendence and agency of Provi-
dence in the natural world. WOODWARD.
The tree whose operation brings
Knowledge of good and ill, shun thou to taste.

MILTON.

Active, Diligent, Industrious, As-
siduous, Laborious.

Active, from the verb to act, implies a
propensity to act, to be doing something
without regard to the nature of the object.

Diligent, in French diligent, Latin dili-
gens, participle of diligo, to rhoose or like,
implies an attachment to an object, and con-
sequent attention to it.

Industrious, in French industrieux,

ACTIVE. 27

Latin industrius, is probably changed from
endostruus, that ia endo or intro within, and
ttruo to build, make, or do, signifying an
inward or thorough inclination to be engaged
in some seiiuus work.

Assiduous, in French assidw, in Latin
assidwvs, is compounded of as or ad, and
siduus from sedeo to tit, signifying to sit close
to a thing.

Laborious, in French laborieux, Latin
laboriosus, from labor, implies belonging to
labour, or the inclination to labour.

We are active if we are only ready to exert
our powers, whether to any end or not. We
we diligent when we are active for some
specific end. We are industrious when no
time is left unemployed in some serious

gursuit. We are assiduous if we do not
save a thing until it is finished. We are
laborious when the bodily or mental powers
are regularly employed in some hard Ubour.

A man may be active without being diligent,
since he may employ himself in what is of no
importance ; but he can scarcely r be diligent
without being active, tince diligence supposes
some degree of activity in one's application to
a useful object. A man may be diligent with-
out being industrious, for he may diligently
employ himself about a particular favourite
object without employing himself constantly
in the same way ; and he may be industrious
without being diligent, since diligence implies
a free exercise of the mental as well as
corporeal powers, but industry applies prin-
cipally to manual labour. Activity and dili-
gence are therefore commonly the property of
lively or strong minds, but industry may be
associated with moderate talents. A man
may be diligent without being assiduous ; but
he cannot be assiduous without being diligent,
for assiduity is a sort of persevering diligence.
A man may be industrious, without being
laborious, but not vice versa ; for laboriousness
is a severer kind of industry.

The active man is never easy without an
employment; the diligent man is contented
with the employment he has ; the industrious
man goes from one employment to the other ;
the assiduous man seeks to attain the end of
his employment ; the laborious man spares no
pains or labour in following his employment.

Activity is of great importance for those who
have the management of public concerna :
diligence in business contributes greatly to
success : industry is of great value in obtain-
ing a livelihood : without assiduity no ad-
vances can be made in science or literature ;
and without laborious exertions, considerable
attainments are not to be expected in many
literary pursuits.

Active minds set on foot inquiries to which
the industrious, by assiduous application, and
diligent if not laborious research, often afford
satisfactory answers.

A const-int and unfailing obedience is above the reach
of terrestrial diligence. JOHNSON.

It has been observed by wr'tera of morality, that in
order to quicken human induttry. Providence has so con-
trived that our daily food is not to be procured without
much pains and labour. ADDISOtf .

If ever a cure is performed on a patient, where quack*
are concerned, they can claim no greater share in it thau

ACTIVE.

Virgil's lapis in the curing of ^Eueas ; he tried his skill,
was very auiduout about the wound, and indeed was the
only visible means that relieved the hero ; but the poet
assures us it was the particular assistance of a deity that
speeded the operation. PEAKCK.

If we look into the brute creation, we find all its indi-
viduals engaged in a painful and lalniriout way of life
to procure a necessary subsistence for themselves.
ADDISOX.

Active, Brisk, Agile, Nimble.

Active, v. Active, diligent.

Brisk has a common origin with fresh,
which is in Saxon fersli, Dutch frisch or bersk,
Danish frisk, fersk, &c.

Agile, in Latin agilis, comes from the
same verb aa active, signifying a fitness, a
readiness to act or move.

Nimble, is probably derived from the
Saxon nemen to take, implying a fitness
or capacity to take any thing by a celerity
c f movement.

Activity respects one's transactions ; brisk-
ness, one's sports : ineu are active in carrying
on business ; children are brisk in their play.
Agility refers to the light and easy carriage of
the body in springing ; nimbleness to its quick
and gliding movements in running. A rope
dancer is agile ; a female moves nimbly.

Activity results from ardour of mind ; brisk-
ness from vivacity of feeling: agility is pro-
duced by corporeal vigour, and habitual strong
exertion ; nimbleness results from an habitual
effort to move lightly.

There is not a more painful action of the mind than
invention . yet in dreams it works with that ease and
activity, that we are not sensible when the faculty is em-
ployed. AUD1SON.

I made my next application to a widow, and attacked
her so britkly that I thought myself within a fortnight of
her. BUDGELL.

When the Prince touched his stirrup, and was going to
speak, the officer, with an incredible agility, threw him-
self on the earth and kissed his feet. STEELE.

O friends, I hear the tread of nimble feet
Hasting this way. MILTON.

Active, Busy, Officious.

Active, v. Active, diligent.

Busy, in Saxon gebysgod, from bisgian,
beschafftigt, from beschafftigen to occupy, and
schaffen to make or do, implies a propensity V*
be occupied.

Officious, in French officieux, Latin ojfi-
ciosus, from officium duty or service, signifies
a propensity to perform some service or office.

Active respects the habit or disposition of the
mind ; busy and officious, either the disposition
of the mind, or the employment of the mo-
ment : the former regards every species of
employment ; the latter only particular kinds
of employment. An active person is ever
ready to be employed ; a person is busy, when
he is actually employed in any object ; he is
officious, when he is employed for others.

Active is always taken in a good, or at least
an indifferent sens* ; it. is opposed to lazy:
busy, as it respects occupation, is mostly in a
gocd sense ; it is opposed to being at leisure ;
as it respects disposition, it is always in a bad
sense ; officious is never taken in a good sense ;
it implies being busy without discretion. To
an active disposition, nothing is more irksome
than inaction ; but it is not concerned to in-
quire into the utility of the action. It is better

ACTOR.

ACTUATE.

for a person to be busy than quite unemployed ;
but a busy person will employ himself about
the concerns of others, when he has none of
his own sufficiently important to engage his
attention : an officious person is as unfortunate
as he is troublesome ; when he strives to serve
he has the misfortune to annoy.

The pursuit* of the active part of mankind are either
in the paths of religion aiid virtue, or, on the other hand,
in the roads to wealth, honour, or pleasures. ADDISOX.

We see multitudes ftiwy in the pursuit of riches at the
expense of wisdom ami virtue JOHNSON.

The air-purnp, the barometer, the quadrant, aud the
like inventions, were thrown out to those buty spirits
(politicians), as tubs and barrels are to a whale, that he
may let the ship sail on without disturbance. ADDISON.

I was forced to quit my first lodgings by reason of an
offlciout landlady, that would be asking me every morn-
ing how I had slept. ADDISOX.

Actor, Agent.

These terms vary according to the different
senses of the verb from which they are drawn.

Actor is used for one who act* a part, or
who represents the actions and characters of
others, whether real or feigned. Agent is
said of those who simply ast for or in the
stead of another.

Actors require the power of imitating actions;
agents the power of performing them. Actors
serve for the diversion of others; agents are
employed for the benefit of others.

Of 'all the patriarchal histories, that of Joseph and
his brethren is the most remarkable, for the characters
of the actors, and the instruc.ive nature of the events.
BLAIR.

I expect that no pagan agent shall be introduced into
the poem, or any fart related which a man cannot give
credit to with a good conscience. ADDISON.

Actor, Player.

The Actor and Player both perform on
a stage ; but the former is said in relation to
the part that is acted, the letter to the pro-
fession that is followed. We may be actors
occasionally without being players profession-
ally, but we may be players without deserving
the name of actors. Those who personate char-
acters for their amusement are actors but not
players ; those who do the same for a livelihood
are players as well as actors ; hence we speak
of a company of players, not actors. So like-
wise in the figurative sense, whoever acts a
part real or fictitious, that is, on the stage of
life, or the stage of a theatre, is an actor ; but
he only is & player who performs the fictitious
part ; hence the former is taken* in a bad or
good sense, according to circumstances ; but
the player is always taken in a less favourable
sense, from the artificiality which attaches to
his profession.

Our orators (says Cicero) are as it were the actm-i of
truth itself; and the playert the imitators of truth.
HUGHES.

All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely playert.

SHAKSPEABE.

Actual, Real, Positive.

Actual, in French actuel, Latin actualis,
from actio a deed, signifies belonging to the
thing done.

. Vide Giiard ; " Acteur, coruedien."

Real, in French reel, Latin rcalis, from res,
signifies belonging to the thing as it is.

Positive, in French positif, Latin positivus,
from poiio to place or fix, signifies the state or
quality of being fixed, established.

What is actual has proof of its existence
within itself, and may be exposed to the eye ;
what is real may be satisfactorily proved to
exist ; and what is positive precludes the
necessity of a proof. Actual is opposed to the
supposititious, conceived or reported ; real to
the feigned, imaginary ; positive to the uncer-
tain, doubtful.

Whatever is the condition of a thing for the
time being is- the actual condition ; sorrows
are real which flow from a substantial cause ;
proofs are positive which leave the mind in no
uncertainty. The actual state of a nation
is not to be ascertained by individual instances
of poverty or the reverse ; there are but few,
if any, real objects of compassion among com-
mon beggars; many positive facts have been
related of the deception which they have prac-
tised. By an actual survey of human life we
are alone enabled to form just opinions of man-
kind ; it is but too frequent for men to di.-guie
their real sentiments, although it is not always
possible to obtain positive evidence of their in-
sincerity.

The very notion of any duration being pant implies
that it was once present ; for the idea of being once pre-
sent is actually included in the idea of its being past.
ADDISON.

We may and do convene with God in person realty, and
to all the purposes of giving and receiving though not
visibly. SOUTH.

Dissimulation is taken for a man's potitively proteasing
himself to be what he is not. SOUTH.

To Actuate, Impel, Induce.

Actuate, from the Latin actum an action,
implies to call into action.

Impel, in Latin impello, is compounded of
in towards, and pello to drive* signifying -to
drive towards an object.

Induce, in Latin induce, is compounded of
in and duco, signifying to lead into an object.

One is actuated by motives, impelled by pas-
sions, and induced by reason or inclination.

Whatever, actuates is the result of reflection ;
it is a steady and fixed principle : whatever
impels is momentary and vehement, and
often precludes reflection ; whatever inducts
is not vehement, though often momentary.

We seldom repent of the thing to which we
are actuated ; as the principle, whether good
or bad, is not liable to change : but we may
frequently be impelled to measures which cause
serious repentance : the thing to which we are
induced is seldom of sufficient importance to
call for repentance.

Revenge actuates men to commit the most
horrid deeds ; anger impels them to the most
imprudent actions ; phlegmatic people are not
easily induced to take any one measure in pre-
ference to another.

It is observed by Cicero, that men of the greatest and
the most shilling parts are most actuated by ambition.
ADDISON.

When youth impett'd him. and when love inspir'd.
The listening nymphs his Doric lays admirM.

SIR WM. JONES.

InOutxd by such examples, some have taught
That bees have portions of ethereal thought DBYDEN.

ACUTE. 29

Acute, Keen, Shrewd.

Acute, in French acute, Latin acutus, from
acus a needle, signifies the quality of sharpness
and pointediiess peculiar to a needle.

Keen, in Saxon cent, probably comes from
snidan to cut ; signifying the quality of being
able to cut.

Shrewd, probably from the Teutonic bes~
chreyen to enchant, signifies inspired or en-
dowed with a strong portion of intuitive in-
tellect.

In the natural sense, a fitness to pierce is
predominant in the word acute ; and that of
cutting, or a fitness for cutting, in the word
teen. The same difference is observable iu
their figurative acceptation.

An acute understanding is quick at discover-
ing truth in the midst of falsehood ; it fixes
itself on a single point with wonderful celerity.
A keen understanding cuts or removes away
the artificial veil under which the truth lies
hidden from the view. A shrewd understand-
ing is rather quick at discovering new truths,
than at distinguishing truth from falsehood.

Acuteness is requisite in speculative and ab-
struse discussions ; keenness in penetrating
characters and springs of action ; shrewdness
in eliciting remarks and new ideas. The acute
man detects errors, aud the keen man false-
hoods ; the shrewd man exposes follies. Argu-
ments may be acute, reproaches keen, and re-
plies or retorts shreicd. A polemic, or a lawyer,
must be acute, a satirist keen, and a wit shrewd.

His aculeneu woo inosl eminently eiglialized at the

masquerade, where he discovered his acquaintance
through their disguises with such wonderful facility.
JOHNSON.

The Tillage songs and festivities of Bacchus gave a
scope to the wildest extravagancies of mummery and
grimace, mixed with coarse but keen raillery. UUMBEK-
LAND.
You statesmen are so thread in forming schemes !

JEFFREJ.

Acute, v. Sharp.
Acuteness, v. Penetration.
Adage, v. Axiom.
To Adapt, v. To fit.

To Add, Join, Unite, Coalesce.

Add, in Latin addo, compounded of ad and
do, signifies to put to an object.

Join, in French joindre, Latin jungo, comes
from jugum a yoke, and the Greek fei/yw to
yoke, signifying to bring into close contact.

Unite, in Latin unitus, participle of unio,
from unv.s one, implies to make into one.

Coalesce, in Latin coalesco, compounded
of co or con, and alesco for cresco, signifies tj
grow or form one's self together.

We add by affixing a part of one thing to
another, so as to make one whole ; we join
by attaching one whole to another, so that
they may adhere in part ; we unite by putting
one thing to another, so that all their parts
may adhere to each other ; things coalesce by
coming into an entire cohesion of all their
parts

Adding is either a corporeal or spiritual
action ; joining is mostly said of corporeal ob-
jects; uniting and coalescing of spiritual objects.
We add a wing to a house by a mechanical pro-

ADDICT.

cesa, or we add quantities together by calcu-
lation ; we join two houses together, or two
armies, by placing them on the same spot :
people are united who are bound to each other
by similarity of opinion or sentiment : parties
coalesce when they agree to lay aside their
leading distinctions of opinion, so as to co-
operate.

Nothing can be added without s r >me agent
to perform the act of adding ; but things may
be joined by casually coining in contact ; and
Ihings will unite of themselves which have an
aptitude to accordance ; coalition is that species
of union which arises mostly from external
agency. The addition of quantities produces
vast sums ; the junction of streams forms great
rivets ; the union of families or states consti-
tutes their principal strength ; by the coalition
of sounds diphthongs are formed. Bodies are
enlarged by the addition of other bodies ;
people are sometimes joined in matrimony who
are not united in affection ; no two things can
coalesce, between which there is an essential
difference, or the slightest discordance.

Addition is opposed to subtraction ; junction
and union, to division ; coalition, to distinction

Now, best of kings, since you propose to send
Such bounteous presents to your Trojan friend,
Add yet a greater at owe joint request,
One which lie values more than all the rest :
Give him the fair Laviuia for his bride. DRYDEN.

The several great bodies which compose the solar system
are kept trom joining together at the common centre of
gravity by the rectilinear motions the Author of nature
has impressed on each of them.. BERKELEY.

Two Englishmen meeting at Rome or (Constantinople
soon run into familiarity. And iu China or Japan,
Europeans would think their being so a sufficient reason
for their uniting in particular converse. BERKELEY.

The Danes had been established during a longer period
in England than in France ; and though the similarity of
their original language to that of the Saxons invited
them to a more early coalition with the natives, they had
found as yet so little example of civilized manners
among the English, that they retained all their ancient
ferocity. HUME.

To Addict, Devote, Apply.

Addict, in Latin addictus, participle of
addico, compounded of ad and dico, signifies
to speak or declare in favour of a thing, to
exert one's self in its favour.

Devote, in Latin devotus, participle of
devoveo, signifies to vow or make resolutions
for a thing.

Apply, in French appliquer, Latin applico,
is compounded of ap or ad, and plico, signify-
ing to knit or join one's self to a thing.

To addict is to indulge on='s self in any par-
ticular practice ; to devote is to direct one's
powers and means to any particular pursuit ;
to apply is to employ one's time or attention
about any object. Men are addicted to vices :
they devote their talents to the acquirement of
any art or science : they apply their minds to
the investigation of a subject.

Children begin early to addict themselves to
lying when they have any thing to conceal.
People who are devoted to their appetites are
burdensome to themselves, and to all with
whom they are connected. Whoever applies
his mind to the contemplation of nature, and
the works of creation, will feel himself im-
pressed with sublime and reverential ideas of
the Creator.

ADDRESS.

We are addicted to a thing from an irresisti-
ble passion or propensity : we are devoted t ->
a thing from a strong but settled attackment
to it : we apply to a thing from a sense of ita
utility. We addict ourselves to study by
yielding to our passion for it : we devote our-
selves to the service of our king and country
by employing all our powers to their benefit :
we o.pply to business by giving it all the time
and attention that it requires.

Addict is seldomer used in a good than in a
bad sense ; derate is mostly employed in a good
sense ; apply in an indifferent sense.

As the pleasures of luxury are very expensive, they put
those who are addicted to them upon raising fresh sup-
plies of money by all the methods of rapaciutisness and
corruption. ADDISON.

Persons who hare devoted themselves to God are vener-
able to all who fear him. BEKKEI.EV

Tally has observed that a lamb no sooner falls from its
mother, but immediately, and of its own accord, it
awliet itself to the teat. ADD1SON.

Addition, *. Increase.
To Address, v. To accost.

To Address, Apply.

Address is compounded of ad and dress,
in Spanish derecar, Latin direxi, preterjte of
dirigo to direct, signifying to direct one's self
to an object.

Apply, v. To addict.

An address is immediately directed from one
party to the other, either persobally or by
writing ; an application may be made through
the medium of a third person. An address
may be made for an indifferent purpose or
without any express object ; but an applica-
tion is always occasioned by some teiious cir-
cumstance.

We address those to whom we speak or wi ite ;
but we apply to those to whom we wish to
communicate some object of person >1 interest.
An address therefore may be made without an
application ; and an application may be made
by means of an address.

It is a privilege of the British Constitution,
that the subject may address the monarch, and
apply for a redress of grievances. We cinnot
pass through the fctreets of the metropolis
without being continually addressed by beg-
gars, who apply for the relief of artificial more
than of real wants. Mtn in power are always
exposed to be publicly addressed by persons
who with to obtrude their opinions upon them,
and to have perpetual applications from those
who solicit favours.

An address may be rude or civil, an applica-
tion may be frequent or urgent. It is imperti-
nent to address any one with whom we are not
acquainted, unless we have any reason for
making an application to them.

Many are the inconveniences which happen from the
improper manner of addreu, in common speech, between
persons of the same or different quality. STEELE.

Thus all the words of lordship, honour and grace, are
only repetitions to a man that the King has ordered him
to be called so, but no evidences that there is any thing in
himself that would give the man, who appliet to him.
those ideas without the creation of his master. STEKLE.

Address, Speech, Harangue, Oration.

Address, v. To address.

Speech, from speak, signifies the thing
spoken.

J50 ADDUCE.

Harangue, probably conies from ara an
altar, where harangues used to be delivered.

Oration, from the Latin oro to beg or
entreat, signifies that which is said by way of
entreaty.

All these terms denote a &et form of words
directed or supposed to be directed to some
person ; an address in this sense is always
written, but the rest are really spoken or sup-
posed to be so ; a speech is in general that
which is addressed in a formal manner to one
person or more ; an harangue is a noisy tumul-
tuous speech addressed to many ; an oration is
a solemn speech, for any purpose.

Addresses are frequently sent up to the
throne by public bodies. Speeches in Parlia-
ment, like harangues at elections, are often
little better than the crude effusions of party
spirit. The orations of Demosthenes and
Cicero, which have been so justly admired,
received a polish from the correcting hand of
their authors, before they were communicated
to the public.

Addresses of thanks are occasionally pre-
sented to persons in high stations by those
who are anxious to express a sense of their
merits. It is customary for the King to
deliver speeches to both houses of parliament
at their opening. In all popular governments
there is a set of persons who have a trick of
making harangues to the populace, in order to
render them dissatisfied with those in power.
Funeral orations are commonly spoken over
the grave.

When Louis of France had lost the battle ol ronteuuy,
the addrettet to him at that time were full of his forti-
tude. HUGHES.

Every circumstance in their tpeeehet and actions is
with justice and delicacy adapted to the persons who speak
and act. ADDISON ON MILTON.

There is scarcely a city in Great Britain but has one of
this tribe who takes it into his protection, and on the
market days harangue* the good people of the place with
aphorisms and recipes. PEABCE ON QUACKS.

How cold and nnaflecting the best oration in the world
would be without the proper ornaments of voice and
gesture, there are two remarkable instances in the case at
Idgarius and that of Milo. SWIFT.

Address, v. Dexterity,
Address, v. Direction.

To Adduce, Alledge, Assign,
Advance.

Adduce, in Latin adduco, compounded of
ad and duco to lead, signifies to bring for-
wards, or for a thing.

Alledge, in French alleguer, in Latin
allego, compounded of al or ad and lego, in
Greek Aryw to speak, signifies to speak for a
thing.

Assign, in French assigner, Latin assigno,
compounded of as or ad and tigim to si^n or
mark out, signifies to set apart for a purpose.

Advance comes from the Lat>n advenw,
compounded of ad and i-enio to come, or cause
to come, signifying to bring forward a thing.

An argument is adduced ; a fact or a charge
is allfdged ; a reason is assigned; a position or
an opinion is advanced. What is adduced tends
to corroborate or invalidate ; what is alledged
tends to criminate or exculpate ; what ia
assigned tends to justify; what is advanced

ADHERE. 81_

tends to explain and illustrate. Whoever
discusses disputed points must have argu-
ments to adduce in favour of his principles :
censures should not be passed where nothiug
improper can be alledged : a conduct is absurd
for which no reason can be assigned : those
who adcance what they cannot maintain ex-
pose their ignorance as much as their folly.

The reasoner addresses facts in proof of
what he has advanced. The accuser ailedges
circumstances in support of his charge. The
philosophical investigator assigns causes for
particular phenomena.

We may controvert what is adduced or ad-
vanced ; we may deny what is allcdgtd, and
question what is assigned.

1 have said that Celsus adducet neither oral nor written
authority agaiuet Christ's miracles. CUMBERLAND.

The criminal alledged in his defence, that what he
had done was to raise mirth, and to avoid ceremony.
ADD1SON.

If we consider what providential reasons may be
cutigned for these three particulars, we shall film that
the numbers of the Jews, their dispersion and adherence
to their religion, have furnished every age, and every
nation of the world, with the strongest arguments lor the
Christian faith. ADDISON.

I have heard of one that, having advanced some
erroneous doctrines of philosophy, refused to see the ex-
periments by which they were confuted. JOHNSON.

Adequate, r. Proportionate.

ADMIT.

To Adhere, Attach.

Adhere, from the French adhei'er, Latin
at/hcereo, is compounded of ad and hosreo to
stick close to.

Attach, in French attacker, is compounded
of at or ad and tack or touch, both which
come from the Latin tango to touch, signify-
ing to come so near as to touch.

A thing is adherent by the union which
nature produces ; it is attacked by arbitrary
ties which keep it close to another thing.
Glutinous bodies are apt to adhere to every-
thing they touch : a smaller building Is some-
times attacked to a larger by a passage, or
some other mode of communication.

What adheres to a thing is closely joined to
its outward surface ; but what is attacked
may be fastened to it by the intervention of
a third body. There is an universal adhesion
in all the particles of matter one to another ;
the sails of a vessel are attached to a mast by
means of ropes.

In a figurative sense the analogy is kept up
in the use of rhese two words. Adherence is a
mode of conduct ; attachment a state of feeling.
We adhere to opinions which we are deter-
mined not to renounce ; we are attached to
opinions for which our feelings are strongly
prepossessed. It is the character of obstinacy
to adhere to a line of conduct after it is proved
to be injurious : some persons are not to be
attacked by the ordinary ties of relationship
or friendship.

The firm adherence of the Jews to their religion is no
less remarkable than their numbers and dispersion.
ADDISON.

The play which this pathetic prologue was attached to
was a comedy, in which Laberius took the character of a
ilve. CUMBERLAND.

The conqueror seems to have been fully apprized of the

strength which the new government might derive from i
clergy more closely attached to himself. TVKWHJTT.

Adhere, v. To stick.
Adherence, r. Adhesion.
Adherent, v. Follower.

Adhesion, Adherence.

These terms are both derived from the verb
adhere, one expressing the proper or figurative
sense, and the other the moral sense or
acceptation.

There is a power of adhesion in all glutinous
bodies ; a disposition for adherence in steady
minds.

We suffer equal pain from the pertinacious aahetion of
unwelcome images, as from the evanescence of those
which are pleasing and useful JOHNSON.

Shakspeire's adherence to general nature has exposed
him to the censure of criticks, who form their judgements
upon narrower principles JOHNSON.

Adjacent, Adjoining, Contiguous.

Adjacent, in Latia adjicienn, participle of
adjicio, is compounded of ad and jacio to lie
near.

Adjoining-, as the woids imply, signifies
being joined together.

Contiguous, in French contigu, Latin
contiguus, comes from contingo or con and
tango, signifying to touch close.

What is adjacent may be separated altogether
by the intervention of some third object ;
what is adjoining must touch in some part ;
and what is contiguous must be fitted to touch
entirely on one side. Lands are adjacent to a
bouse or a town ; fields are adjoining to each
other ; and houses contiguous to each other.

They have been beating up for volunteers at York, and
the towns udjuwnt : but uubody will list. liKANVILLE.

As he happens to have no estate adjoining equal to his
own, his oppressions are often borne without resistance.

JOHNSON.

We arri ved at the utmost boundaries of a wood which
lay contiguout to a plain. STF.ELE.

Adjective, v. Epithet.

Adj oiningr, v. Adjacent.

To Adjourn, v. To prorogue.

To Adjust, v. To Jit.

To Administer, v. To minister.

Administration, v. Government.

Admiration, v. Wonder.

To Admire, v. To wonder.

Admission, v. admittance.

To Admit,* Eeceive.

Admit, in French admettre, Latin admitto,
compounded of ad and mitto, signifies to send
or suffer to [ ass into.

Receive, in French recevoir, Latin recipio,
compounded of re and capio, signifies to take
back or to one's self.

To admit is a general term, the sense of
which depsnds upon what follows ; to receive
has a complete sense in itself : we cannot

* Qirard j " Amettre, recevoir."

ADMIT.

speak of admitting, without associating with
it an idea of the object to which one is ad-
mitted ; but receive includes no relative idea
of the receiver or the received.

Admitting is an act of relative import ; re-
ceiving is always a positive measure : a person
may be admitted into a house, who is not pre-
vented from entering ; he is received only by
the actual consent of some individual.

We may be admitted in various capacities ;
wo are received only as guests, friends, or in-
mates. Persons are admitted to the tables,
and into the familiarity or confidence of
others ; they are hospitably received by those
who wish to be their entertainers.

We admit willingly or reluctantly ; we re-
ceive politely or rudely. Foreign ambassadors
are admitted to an audience, and received at
court. It is necessary to be cautious not to
admit any one into our society, who may not
be agreeable and suitable companions ; but
still more necessary not to receive any one into
our houses whose character may reflect dis-
grace on ourselves.

Whoever is admitted as a member of any
community should consider himself as bound
to conform to its regulations : whoever is re-
ceived into the service of another should study
to make himself valued and esteemed. A
winning address, and agreeable manners, gain
a person admittance into the genteelest circles :
the talent for affording amusement procures a
person a good reception among the mass of
mankind.

The Tyrian train, admitted to the feast,
Approach, and on the painted couches rest. DRYDEX.
He star'd aud roll'd his haggard eyes around ;
Then said, ' Alas ! what earth remains, what sea
Is open to receive unhappy me ? ' DRYDEN.
Somewhat is sure design'd by fraud or force :
Trust not their presents, nor admit the horse. DKYDEN.
The thin-leav'd arbute hazel-grafts receives,
And planes huge apples bear, that bore but leavM.
DRYUEN.

To Admit, Allow, Permit, Suffer,
Tolerate.

Admit, v. To admit, receive.

Allow, in French allouer, compounded of
the intensive syllable al or ad and loiter, in
German loben, old German laulzan, low Ger-
man laven, Swedish lofiea, Danish lore, &c.
latin laus praise, laudare to praise, signifies to
give consent to a thing.

Permit, in French permtltre, Latin per-
mitto, is compounded of per through or away,
and mitto to send or let go, signifiying to let it
go its way.

/ Suffer, in French touffrir, Latin suffero, is
compounded of sub and fero, signifying to bear
with.

Tolerate, in Latin toleratus, participle of
tolero, from the Greek rAo> to sustain, signi-
fying also to bear or bear with.

The actions denoted by the first three are
more or less voluntary ; those of the last two
are involuntary : admit is less voluntary thin
alloiv ; and that than permit. We admit what
we profess not to know, or seek not to pre-
vent ; we allow what we know, and tacitly
consent to ; we permit what we authorise by a
formal consent ; we suffer and tolerate what we

object to, but do not think proper to prevent.
We admit of things from inadvertence, or tha
want of inclination to prevent them ; we allow
of things from easiness of temper, or the want
of resolution to oppose them ; we permit things
from a desire to oblige, or a dislike to refuse ;
we suffer things for want of ability to remove
them ; we tolerate things from motives of dis
cretion.

What is admitted, allowed, suffered, or tolerated
has already been done ; what is permitted is'
desired to be done. To admit, suffer, and toler~
ate, are said of what ought to be avoided ; allow
and permit of things good, bad, or indifferent.
Suffer is employed, mostly with regard to pri-
vate individuals ; tolerate with respect to the
civil power. It is dangerous to admit of famil-
iarities from persons in a subordinate station,
as they are apt to degenerate into impertinent
freedoms, which though not allowable cannot
be so conveniently resented : in this case we
are often led to permit what we might other-
wise prohibit : it is a great mark of weakness
and blindness in parents to suffer that in their
children which they condemn in others : opin-
ions, however absurd, in matters of religion,
must be tolerated by the civil authority, rather
than violate the liberty of conscience.

A well regulated society will be careful not
to admit any deviation from good order, which
may afterwards become injurious as a practice ;
it frequently happens that what has been al-
lowed from indiscretion is afterwards claimed
as a right : no earthly power can permit that
which is prohibited by the divine law : when
abuses are suffered to creep in, and to take
deep root in any established institution, it is
difficult to bring about a reform without en-
dangering the existence of the whole ; when
abuses therefore are not very grievous, it is
wiser to tolerate them than run the risk of
producing a greater evil.

Both Houses declared that they could admit of no
treaty with the king, till he took down his standard and
recalled his proclamations, in which the Parliament
supposed themselves to be declared traitors. HUME.

Plutarch says very finely, that a man should not aUoa
himself to hate even his enemies. ADDISON.

Permit our ships a shelter on your shores.
Refitted from your woods with planks aud oars ;
That if our prince be safe, we may renew
Our destin'a course, and Italy pursue. DRYDEJT.

No man can be said to enjoy health, who is only not
sick, without he feel within himself a lightsome and
Invigorating principle, which will not tuffer him to re-
main idle. SPECTATOR.

No man ought to be tolerated in an habitual humour,
whim, or particularity of behaviour, by any who do not
wait upon him for bread. STEELE.

To Admit, Allow, Grant.

Admit, v. to admit, receive.

Allow, v. To admit, allow.

We admit the tmth of a position ; allow the
propriety of a remark ; grant what is desired.
Some men will not readily admit the possi-
bility of overcoming bad habits : it is ungen-
erous not to allow that some credit is due to
those who effect any reformation in them-
selves : it is necessary, before any argument
can be commenced, that something should be
taken for granted on both sides.

ADMITTANCE,

ADMONITION.

Though the fallibility of man's reason, and the narrow-
ness of his knowledge, are very liberally confessed, yet
the conduct of those who so willingly admit the weakness
of human nature seems to discover that this acknow-
ledgement is not sincere JOHNSON.

The zealots in atheism are perpetually teasing their
friends to come over to them, although they allow that
neither of them shall get anything L>y the bargain.
ADD1SON.

I take it at the same time tor granted that the immor-
tality of the soul is sufficiently established by other argu-
ment*. STEULE.

Admittance, Access.

Admittance marks the act or liberty of
admitting (v. To admit, receivt).

Access from accedo to approach or come
up to, marks the act or liberty of approaching.

We get admittance into a place or a society ;
wo have access to a person.

Admittance may be open or excluded ; access
may be free or difficult.

We have admittance when we enter ; we have
access to him whom we address.

There can be no access where there is no ad-
mittance ; but there may be admittance without
access.

Servants or officers may grant us admittance
into the palaces of princes ; but the latter only
can allow us access to their persons.

As my pleasures are almost wholly confined to those of
the sight, I take it for a peculiar happiness that I have
always had an easy and familiar admittance to the fair
Bex. STEELE.

Do not be surprised, most holy father, at seeing, instead
of a coxcomb to laugh at, your old friend who has taken
this way of acceu to admonish you of your own folly.

Admittance, Admission.

These words differ according to the different
acceptations of the primitive from which they
are both derived : the former being taken in
the proper sense or familiar style, and the
latter in the figurative sense or in, the grave
style.

The Admittance to public places of enter-
tainment is on particular occasions difficult.
The Admisson of irregularities, however
trifling in the commencement, is mostly at-
tended with serious consequences.

Assurance never failed to get admittance into the bouses
of the great. MOORE.

The gospel has then only a free admittion into the
assent of the understanding, when it brings a passport
from a rightly disposed will. SOUTH.

To Admonish, Advise.

Admonish, in Latin admoneo, is com-
pounded of the intensive ad and moneo to ad-
vise, signifying to put seriously in mind.

Advise is compounded of the Latin ad and
vitut, particrple of video, to see, signifying to
make to see or to shew.

Admonish mostly regards the past ; adrlce
respects the future. We admonish a person on
the errors he has committed, by representing
to him the extent and consequences of his
offence ; we advise a person as to his future
conduct, by giving him rules and instructions.
Those who are most liable to transgress require
to be admonished ; those who are most inexpe-
rienced require to be advised. Admonition

serves to put people on their guard against evil ;
advice to direct them in the choice of good.

The present writing is only to admonuh the world that
they shall not lind iue an idle but a busy spectator.
8TEELK.

My worthy friend, tiie clergyman, told ILI, that he
wondered any order of persons should think themselves
too considerable to be advised. ADD1SON.

Admonition, Warning, Caution.

Admonition, v. To admonish.
"Warning, in Saxon warnein, German tear-
nen probably from tcahren, to perceive, signifies
making to see.

Caution, from caveo to beware, signifies
the making beware.

A guarding against evil is common to these
terms ; but admonition expresses more than
warning, and that more than caution.

An admonition respects the moral conduct ;
it comprehends reasoning and remonstrance ;
warning and caution respect the personal in-
terest or safety ; the former comprehends a
strong forcible representation of the evil to be
dreaded ; the latter a simple apprisal of a
future contingency. Admonition may there-
fore frequently comprehend -warning; and
warning may comprehend caution, though
not vice versa. We admonish a person against
the commission of any offence ; we team him
against danger ; we caution him against any
misfortune.

Admonitions and warnings are given by those
who are superior in age and station, cautions
by any who are previously in possession of in-
formation. Parents give admonitions ; min-
isters of the gospel give warnings ; indifferent
persons giro cautiont. It is necessary to ad-
monish those who have once offended to
abstain from a similar offence ; it is necessary
to warn those of the consequences of sin who
seem determined to persevere in a wicked
course ; it is necessary ^to caution those against
any false step who are going in a strange path.
Admonitions are given by persons only ;
warnings and cautions are given by things.
The young are admonished by the old ; the
death of friends or relatives serve as a warning
to the survivors ; the unfortunate accidents of
the careless serve as a caution to others to
avoid the like error. Admontt ions should be
given with mildness and gravity ; warnings
with impressive force and warmth ; cautions
with clearness and precision. The young re-
quire frequent admonitions; the ignorant and
self -deluded solemn warnings; the inexperi-
enced timely cautions.

Admonitions ought to be listened to with
sorrowful attention ; warnings should make a
deep and lasting Impression ; cautions should
be borne in mind ; but admonitions are too
often rejected, -learnings despised, and cautions
slighted.

At the same time that I am talking of the cruelty of
urging people's faults with severity, cannot but bewail
some which men are guilty of for want of admonition.

Not e'en Philander had bespoke his shroud,

Nor had he cause a miming was denied. YOUXO.

You caution'd me against their charms,

But never gave me equal arms ;

Your lessons found the weakest part,

Aim'd at the head, but reached the heart. SWIFT.

ADORE. ;

To Adore, Worship.

A<3 ore, In French adorer, Latin adoro, that
la ad and oro to pray to.

Worship, in Saxon weorthscype, is con-
tracted from icorthship, implying either the
object that is worth, or the worth itself ;
whence it has been employed to designate the
action of doing suitable homage to the object
which has worth, and, by a just distinction,
of paying homage to our Maker by religious
rites.

Adoration is the service of the heart towards
a Superior Being, in which we acknowledge
our dependence and obedience, by petition
and thanksgiving : worship consists in the out-
ward form of showing reverence to some sup-
posed superior being. Adoration can with
propriety be paid only to the one true God ;
but worship is offered by heathens to stocks
iii' 1 stones.

We may adore our Maker at all times and in
all places, whenever the heart is lifted up to-
wards Him ; but we worsliip Him only at
stated times, and according to certain rules.
Outward signs are but secondary in the act of
adoration : and in divine worship there is often
nothing existing but the outward form. We
seldom adore without worshipping ; but we too
frequently worship without adoring.

Henander says, that " Uod, the Lord and Father of all
things, is alone worthy of our humble adoration, liein^
At once the maker and giver of all blessings." CUMBER-
LAND.

To Adore, Reverence, Venerate, Re-
vere.

Adore, v. To adore, worship.

Reverence, in Latin referenda reverence
or awe, implies to show reverence, from rece-
reor to stand in awe of.

Venerate, in Latin venerat us, part'ciple of
veneror, probably from veneit beauty, signifying
to hold iu very high esteem for its superior
qualities.

Revere is another firm of the same ve'b.

Adoration has been before considered only
in relation to our Maker ; it is here employed
in an improper and extended application to
express in the strongest possible manner the
devotion of the mind towards sensible objec's.

Reverence is equally engendered by the con-
templation of superiority, whether of the
Supreme Being, as our Creator, or of any
earthly being, ai our parent. It differs, how-
ever, from adoration, in as much as it has a
mixture of fear arising from the consciousness
of weakness and dependence, or of obligation
for favours received.

To revere and venerate are applied only to
human beings, and that not so much from the
relation we stand in to them, as from their
characters and endowments ; on which ac-
count these two latter terms are applicable to
inanimate as well as animate objects.

Adoration in this case, as in the former, re-
quires no external form of expression ; it is
not properly to be expressed but by the de-
votion of the individual to the service of him
whom he adores : reverencing our Maker is al-

ADULATE.

together an inward feeling ; but reverencing
our parents includes in it au outward expres-
sion of our sentiments by our deportment
towards them : revering and venerating are con-
fined to the breast of the individual, but they
may sometimes display themselves in suitable
acts of homage.

Good princes are frequently adored by their
subjects : it is a part of the Christian character
to reverence our spiritual pastors and masters,
as well as all temporal authorities : we ought
to venerate all truly good men while living, and
to revere their memories when they are deid.

" There is no end of his greatness." The most exalted
creature he has made is only capable of adoring it ; nun*
but himself can comprehend it. ADDISON.

The war protracted, and the siege delay'd.
Were due to Hector's and this hero's hand,
Both brare alike and equal in command ;
.*:n.-*s. not inferior iu the field,
In pious reverence to the gods excell'd. DRYDEN.
It seems to me remarkable that death increase* our
veneration for the good, and extenuates oar hatred of the
bad. JOHNSON.

And had not men the hoary head reter'd,
And boys paid rerercnct when a man appear'd,
Both must have died, though richer skins they wore.
And saw more heaps of acorns in their store. CHEECH.

To Adorn, Decorate, Embellish.

Adorn, in Latin adorno, is compounded of
the intensive syllable ad and orno, in Greek
wpa cw to make beautiful, signifying to dispose
for the purpose of ornament.

Decorate, in Latin decm-atus, participle of
decora, from decorus becoming, signifies to
make becoming.

Embellish, in French emlellir, is com-
pounded of the intensive syllable em or in and
bellir or bel, in Latin bellus handsome, signify-
iug to make handsome.

We adorn by giving the best external ap-
pearance to a thing ; we decorate by annexing
something to improve its appearance ; we ewi-
lellish by giving a finishing stroke to a thing
that is well executed. Females adorn their
persons by the choice and dispo-al of their
dress : a head dress is decorated with flower?,
or a room with paintings ; fine writing is
embellished by suitable flourishes.

Adorn and embellish are figuratively em-
ployed ; decorate only in the proper sense.
The mind is adorned by particular virtues
which are implanted in it : a narrative is
embellished by the introduction cf some striking
incidents.
As vines the trees, as grapes the vines adorn. DRYDEX.

A few years afterwards (1751) by the death of his father.
Lord Lyttleton inherited a baronet's title, with a larje
estate, which though perhaps he did not augment, he wag
careful to adorn by a house of great elegance, and by
much attention to the decoration of his park. JOHNSON.

I shall here present my reader with a letter from a pro-
jector, concerning a new office which he thinks may very
much contribute to the emotltuhment of the city.
ADU1SON.

Adroit, v. Clever.

To Adulate, Flatter, Compliment.

Adulate, in Latin adulatus. participle ot
ad v lor, is changed from adoleo to offer ii.cen.se.

Platter, in French flatter, comes from the
Latin flatus, wind or" air, signifying to say
what is airy and unsubstantial.

ADVANCE.

ADVANTAGE.

Compliment comes from comply, e.nd the
Latin complaceo to please greatly.

We adulate by discovering in our actions an
entire subserviency ; vreflatter simply by words
expressive of an unusual admiration ; we com-
pliment by fair language <>r respectful civilities.
An adulatory address is couched in terms of
feigned devotion to the object ; a flattering ad-
dress is filled with the fictitious perfections of
the object ; a complimentary address is suited
to the sfcition of the individual and the occa-
sion which gives lise to it. Courtiers are
guilty of adulation ; lovers are addicted to
Hattery ; people of fashion indulge themselves
in a profusion of compliments.

Adulation can never be practised without
falsehood ; its means are hypocrisy and lying,
its end private interest ; ttattery always ex-
ceeds the truth ; it is extravagant praise dic-
tated by an overweening partiality, or, what
is more fn-quenr, bj a disingenuous temper
comp/ij)iii.sareDOtincompatible with siucerity,
unless they are dictated from a mere compli-
ance to the prescribed rules of politeness or
the momentary desire of pleasing. Adulation
may be fulsome, flattery gross, compliments un-
meaning. Adulation inspires a person with an
immoderate conceit of his own importance ;
flattery makes him in love with himself ; com-
pliments make him in good humour with
himself.

The servile and excessive adulation of the senate soon
convinced Tiberius that the Roman spirit had suffered
a total change under Augustus. CUMBERLAND.

You may be sure a woman lores a man when she uses

This gives a secret delight: for imitation is a kind of
artless flattery, and mightily favours the principle of
self-love. SPECTATOR.

I have known a hero complimented upon the decent
majesty and state he assumed after victory. POPE.

To Advance, v. To adduce.

To Advance, Proceed.

Advance, in French arancer, from the
Latin advenio, signifies to come near or toward.

Proceed, in Latin proccdo, signifies to go
forward.

To advance is to po towards some point; to
proceed is to go onward in a certain course.
The same distinction is preserved between
them in their figurative acceptation. A person
advances in the world, who succeeds in his
transactions and raises himself in society ; he
proceeds in his business, when he carries it on
as he has done before.

We advance by proceeding, and we proceed in
order to advance. Some people pass their lives
in the same situation without advancing ; some
are always doing without proceeding. Those
who make considerable progress in learning
stand the fairest chance of being advanced to
dignity and honour.

It is wonderful to observe by what a gradual progress
the world of life advances through a prodigious variety
of species, before a creature is formed that is complete in
all its senses. ADDISON.

If the scale of being rises by such a regular progress so
high as man, we may by a parity of reason supi>ose thai
it still proceed* gradually through those beings which are
pi a superior nature to him. ADDISON.

To Advance, r. To encourage.
Advance, v. Progress.
Advancement, v. Progress.

Advantage, Benefit, Utility, Service.

Advantage in French arantage, probably
comes from the Latin adventum, participle of
advenio, compounded of ad and renio to come
to, signifying to come to any one according to
his desire, or agreeable to his jjurp- se.

Benefit in French bienfait, Latin benefac-
tv.m, compounded of bene well, ai;d facttnn
done, signifies done or made 1o one's wishes.

TJtiliiy, in French utilite, Latin v.tilitas,
and utilis useful, from utor to use, signifies
the quality of being able to be used.

Service, in French service, Latin gerritum,
from servio to serve, signifies the quality of
serving one's purpose.

Advantage respects external or extrinsic cir-
cumstances of profit, honour, and convenience ;
benefit respects the c< nsequences of actions and
events; utility and service respect the good
which can be drawn fiom the use of any ob-
ject. Utility implies the intrinsic good quality
which renders a thing fit lor use ; service the
actual state of a thing which may fit it for
immediate use ; a thing has its utility and is
made of service.

A large house has its advantages : suitable
exercise is attended with benefit .- sun-dials
have their utility in ascertaining the hour pre-
citely by the sun ; and may be made service-
able at times in lieu of watches. Things are
fold to advantage; persons ride or walk for
the benefit of their health ; they purchase
articles for their utility, and retain them when,
they are found serviceable.

A good education has always its advantages,
although every one cannot derive the same
benefit from the cultivation of bis talent*, as
all have not the happy art of employing their
acquirements to the right objects : riches are
of no utility unless rightly employed : and
edge tools are of no service which are not pro-
perly sharpened. It is of great advantage to
young people to form good connexions on their
entrance into life : it is no less beneficial to
their morals to be under the guidance of the
aged and experienced, from whom they may
draw many useful directiuns for their future
conduct, and many serviceable hints by way of
admonition.

It is the great advantage of a trading nation, that there
are very few in it so dull and heavy, who may not be
placed in stations of life, which may tfive them an oppor-
tunity of making their fortunes. ADDISON.

For the benefit of the gentle reader, I will show what
to turn over unread, and what to peruse. STEELE.

If the gibbet does not produce virtue, it is yet of such
incontestihle utility that I believe those gentlemen would
be-veryunwillmg that it should l>e removed, who are not-
withstanding so zealous to steel every breast against
damnation. HAWK ESWOKTH.

Advantage, v. Good.
Advantage, Profit.

Advantage, v. Advantage, benefit.

Profit, in French profile, Latin profectut,
participle of proficio, compounded of pro fcnd
facia, signifies that which makes for one's good.

The idea common to these terms is of some
good received by a person. Advantage is

ADVERSE.

ADVERSITY

general ; it respects every thing which can
contribute to the wishes, wants, and comforts
of life : profit in its proper sense is specific ; it
regards only pecuniary advantage. Situations
have their advantages ; trade has its profits.

Whatever we estimate as an adca.nta.gt is so
to the individual ; but profits are something
real : the former is a relative term, it depends
on the sentiments of the person : what is an
advantage to one may be a disadvantage to an-
other ; the latter is an absolute term : profit is
alike to all under all circumstances.

For he in all his am'rous battles

N' advantage fiuds like goods aud chattels. BUTLER.

He does the office of a counsellor, a Judge, an executor,
mid a friend, to all his acquaintance, without the profit*
which attend such offices. STEELE.

Adventure, v. Event.
Adventurous, v. Entei-prizing.
Adventurous, v. Foolhardy.
Adversary, v. Enemy.

Adverse, Contrary, Opposite.

Adverse, in French adverse, Latin culver-
tug, participle of adverto, compounded of ad
and verto, signifies turning towards or against.

Contrary, in French cotitraire, Latin con-
trarius, comes from contra, against.

Opposite, in Latin oppositus, participle of
oppono, is compounded of of) andpono, signify-
ing placed in the way.

Adverse respects the feelings and interests of
persons ; contrary regards their plans and pur-
poses"; opposite relates to the situation and
nature of things. Fortune is ai I verse ; an event
turns out contrary to what was expected ; sen-
timents are opposite to each other. An adverse
wind comes across our wishes ; a contrary wind
lies in an opposite direction ; contrary winds
are mostly adverse to some one who is crossing
the ocean ; adverse winds need not always be
directly contrary.

Circumstances are sometimes so adverse as
to baffle the best concerted plans. Facts often
prove directly contrary to the representations
given of them. People with opposite characters
cannot be expected to act together with plea-
sure to either party. Adverse events interrupt
the peace of mind ; contrary accounts invali-
date the testimony of the narration ; opposite
principles interrupt the harmony of society.

The periodical winds which were then set in were dis-
tinctly adterte to the course which Pizarro proposed to
steer. ROBERTSON.

As I should be loth to offer none bat instances of the
abuse of prosperity. I am happy in recollecting one very
singular example of the contniry sort. CUMBERLAND.
And as -Sgseon. when with heav'n he strove.
Stood opposite in arms to uiighty Jove. DRYDEX.

Adverse, Inimical, Hostile, Repug-
nant

Adverse, v. Adverse.

Inimical, from the Latin inimicus an
enemy, signifies belonging to an enemy.

Hostile, in Latin hostilis, from hostis an
enemy, signifies the same.

Repugnant, in Latin repuynans, him
repugno, or re and pugno to fight against, sig-
nifies warring with.

Adverse may be applied to either persons or
things ; inimical and hostile to persons or
things personal ; repugnant to things only : a
person is adverse or a thing is adverse to an ob-
ject ; a person, or what is personal, is either
inimical or hostile to an object ; one thing is
repugnant to another. We are adverse to a pro-
position ; or circumstances are adverse to our
advancement. Partizans are inimical to the
proceedings of government, and hostile to the
possessors of power. Slavery i<j repugnant to
the mild temper of Christianity.

Adverse expresses simple dissent or opposi-
tion ; inimical either an acrimonious spirit or
a tendency to injure ; hostile a determined re-
sistance ; repugnant a direct relation of vari-
ance. Those who are adverse to any undertaking
will not be likely to use the endeavours which
are essential to ensure its success. Those who
dissent from the establishment are inimical
to its forms, its discipline, or its doctrine :
many of them are so hostile to it as to aim at
its subversion. The restraints which it im-
poses on the wandering and licentious imagi-
nation is repugnant to the temper of their
minds.

Sickness is adverse to the improvement of
youth. The dissensions in the Christian world
are inimical to the interests of religion, and
tend to produce many hostile measures. De-
mocracy is inimical to good order, the fomentor
of hostile parties, and repugnant to every sound
principle of civil society.

Only two soldiers were killed on the side of Cortes, and
two officers with fifteen privates of the adrerte faction.

ROBERTSON.

God hath shown himself to be favourable to virtue, and
inimical to vice and guilt. BL IB.

The exorbitant Jurisdiction of the (Scotch) ecclesiastical
courts were founded on maxims repugnant to justice*
BOBERTSON.

Adverse, Averse.

Adverse (v. Adverse), signifying turnecf
against or over against, denotes simply oppo-
sition of situation. Averse, from o and
versus, signifying turned from or away from,
denotes an active removal or separation from.
Adverse is therefore as applicable to inanimate
as to animate objects, averse only to animate
objects. When applied to conscious agents
adverse refers to matters of opinion and senti-
ment, averse to those affecting. We are adverse
to that which we think wrong ; we are averse
to that which opposes our inclinations, our
habits, or our interests. Sectarians profess to
be adverse to the doctrines and discipline of
the establishment, but the greater part of
them are still more averse to the wholesome
restraints which it imposes on the imagina-
tion.

Before you were a tyrant I was your friend, and am
now no otherwise your enemy than every Athenian must
be who is adeerte to your usurpation. CUMBERLAND.

Hen relinquish ancient habits slowly, and with reluct-
ance. They are aeerte to new experiments, and venture
upon them with timidity. ROBERTSON.

Adversity, Distress.
Adversity, v. adverse.
Distress, from the Latin distrinyo, com-

ADVERTISE.

AFFAIR.

pounded of dis twice, and stringo to bind,
signifies that which binds very tight, or
brings into a great strait.

Adversity respects external circumstances;
distress regards either external circumstances
or inward feelings. Adversity is opposed to
prosperity ; distress to ease.

Adversity is a general condition, distress a
particular state. Distress is properly the
highest degree of adversity. When a man's
affairs go altogether advene to his wishes and
hopes, when accidents deprive him of his pos-
sessions or blase his prospects, he is said to be
in adversity; but when in addition to this he
is reduced to a state of want, deprived of
friends and all prospect of relief, his situation
is that of real distress.

Adversity is trying, distress is overwhelming.
Every man is liable to adversity, although few
are reduced to distress but by their own fault.

The other extreme which these considerations should
arm the heart of a man against, is utter despondency of
mind ill a time of pressing adversity. SOUTH.

Most men, who are at length delivered from any great
Uutrrst, indeed, find that they are BO by ways they never
thought of. -SOUTH.

To Advertise, Publish.

Advertise, from the Latin adverio, com-
pounded of ad and verto to turn to, signifies
to turn the attention to a thing.

Publish, in Latin publico, that is, facere
publicum, signifies to make public.

Advertise denotes the means, and publish
the end. To advertise is to direct the public
attention to any event, by means of a printed
circular ; publish is to make known either by
oral or a printed communication.

We publish by advertising, but we do not
always advertise when we publish. Mercantile
and civil transactions are conducted by means
ot advertisements. Extraordinary circum-
stances are speedily published in a neighbour-
hood by circulating from mouth to mouth.

Every man that advertitet his own excellence should
write with some consciousness of a character which dares
to call the attention of the public, J OHNSON.

The criticisms which I have hitherto pu&litJied, have
been made with an intention rather to discover beauties
and excellences in the writers of my own time, than to
publish auy of their faults and imperfections. ADDISON.

Advice, Counsel, Instruction.

Advice, v. To admonish.

Counsel, in French conseil, Latin consilium,
comes from consilio, compounded of con and
talio to leap together, signifying to run or act
in accordance ; and in an extended sense
implies deliberation, or the thing deliberated
upon, determined, and prescribed.

Instruction, in French instruction, Latin
instrtictio, comes from in and struo to dispose
or regulate, signifying the thing laid down.

The end of all the actions implied by these
words is the communication of knowledge,
and all of them include the accessory idea of
superiority, either of age, station, knowledge
or talent. Advice flows from superior profes-
sional knowledge, or an acquaintance with
things in general; counsel regards superior
wisdom, or a superior acquaintance with moral
principles and practice ; instruction respects

superior local knowledge in particular trans-
action!. A medical man gives advice to his
patient ; a father gives counsel to his child-
ren ; a counsellor gives advice to his client
in points of law ; he receives instructions
from him in matters of fact.

Advice should be prudent and cautious;
counsel sage and deliberative ; instructions
clear and positive. Advice is given on all the
concerns of life, important, or otherwise;
counsel is employed for grave and weighty
matters ; instruc'ion is used on official oc-
casions. Men of business are best able to give
advice in mercantile transactions. In all
measures that involve our future happiness,
it is prudent to take the counsel of those who
are more experienced than ourselves. An
ambassador must not act without instructions
from his Court.

A wise king will not act without the advice
of his ministers. A considerate youth will
not take any serious step without the counsel
of his better informed friends. All diplomatic
persons are guided by particular instructions
in carrying on negotiations.

Advice and counsel are often given unasked
and undesired, but instructions are always re-
quired for the regulation of a person's conduct
in an official capacity.

In what manner can one give advice to a youth in ths
pursuit and possession of pleasure ? STEELE.

Young persons are commonly inclined to slight the
remarks and countelt of their elders. JOHNSON.

Some convey their instruction* to us in the best chosen
words. ADDISON.

Advice, v. Information.
To Advise, v. To admonish.
Advocate, v. Defender.
.ZEra, v. Time.

Affable, Courteous.

Affable, in French affable, Latin affabilit,
from a/ or ad, and fari to speak, signifies a
readiness to speak to any one.

Courteous, in French courtois, from the
word court, signifies after the refined manner
of a court.

We are affable by a mild and easy address
towards all, without distinction of rank, who
hive occasion to speak to us ; we are courteous
by a refined and engaging air to our equals or
superiors who address themselves to us. The
affable man invites to inquiry, and is ready to
gratify curiosity : the courteous man en-
courages to a communication of our wants,
and discovers in his manners a willingness to
relieve them. Affability results from, good
nature, and courteousness from fine feeling. It
is necessary to be affable without familiarity,
and courteous without officiousness.

After a short pause, Augustus appeared, looking around
him with an affable countenance.
Whereat the Elfin knight with speeches gent
Him first saluted, who, well as he might.
Him fair salutes again, as seemeth courteous knight.

Affair, Business, Concern.
Affair, in French, affaire, is compounded
of /or ad and/ai?-e, in Lathi facio to make or
do, signifying the thing that makes, does or
takes place for a person.

AFFECT.

Business, from busy (v. Active], signifies
the thing that makes or interests a person,
or with which he is busy or occupied.

Concern, in French concerner, Latin con-
cerno, compounded of con and cerno to look,
signifies the thing looked at, thought of, or
taken part in.

An affair is what happens ; a business is what
Is done ; a concern is what is felt. An affair
Is general ; it respects one, many, or all :
every business and concern is an affaii , though
not vice-versA. Business and concern are per-
sonal ; business is that which engages the
attention ; concern is that which interests the
feelings, prospects, and condition, advantage-
ously or otherwise. An affair is interesting ;
a business is serious ; a concern momentous.
The usurpation of power is an affair which
interests a nation ; the adjusting a difference
is a business most suited to the ministers of
religion ; to make our peace with our Maker
Is the concern of every individual.

Affairs axo administered ; butines* is trans-
acted ; concerns are managed. The affairs of
the world are administered by a Divine Provi-
dence. Those who are in the practice of the
law require peculiar talents to fit them for
transacting the complicated business, which
perpetually offers itself. Some men are so
involved in the affairs of this world at to
forget the concerns of the next, which ought
to be nearest and dearest to them.

I remember in Tally's epistle, in the recommendation
of a man to an affair which had no manner of relation to
money, it is said, yuu may trust him, for he is a frugal
man. STEEI.F.

We may indeed say that our part does not suit us, and
that we could perform another better; but this, says
Epictetus, is not our businest.ADDlSOX.

The sense of other men ought to prevail over us in
things of less consideration ; but not ill concern* where
truth and honour are engaged. STEELE.

To Affect, Concern.

Affect, in French affecter, Latin affeetum,
participle of officio, compounded of ad and
facio, to do or act ; signifies to act upon.

Concern, v. Affair.

Things affect us which produce any change
in pur outward circumstances ; they concern
us if only connected with our circumstances
in any shape.

Whatever affects must concern ; but all that
concerns does not affect. The price of corn
affects the interest of the seller ; and therefore
It concerns him to keep it up, without regard
to the public good or injury.

Things affect either persons or things ; but
they concern persons only. Rain affects the hay
or corn ; and these matters concern every one
more or less.

Affect and concern have an analogous mean
ing likewise, when taken for the influence on
the mind. We are affected by things when
our affections only are awakened by them : we
are concerned when our understanding an(
wishes are engaged.

We may be a ffccted either with joy or sorrow
we are concerned only in a painful manner
People of tender sensibility are easily affecttd
irritable people are concerned about trifles. I
is natural for every one to be affected at the
recital of misfortunes ; but there are peopli

>f so cold and selfish a character as not to be
oncerned about any thing which does not
mmediately affect their own persons or prc-
>erty.

We see that every different species of sensible creatures

.as its different notions of beauty, and that each of them

is affected with the beauties of its own kind. ADUISUN'.

Without concern he hears, but hears from far,

Of tumults, and descents, and distant war. ORYDEX.

To Affect, Assume.

Affect, in this sense, derives iU origin
mmediately from the Latin affecto to desire
after eagerly, signifying to aim at or aspire
after.

Assume, in Latin assv.mo, compounded of

or ail fa.iid sumo to take, signifies to take to
one's self.

To affect is to use forced efforts to appear to
have ; to assume is to appropriate to one's
self.

One affects to have fine feelings, and assumes
great importance.

Affectation springs from the desire of appear-
ing better than we really are ; assumption
frum the thinking ourselves better than we
really are. We affect the virtues which we
have not ; we assume the character which does
not belong to us.

An affected person is always thinking of
others ; an assuming person thinks only of
himself. The affected man strives to gain
applause by appearing to be what he is not ;
the assuming man demands respect upon the
ground of what he supposes himself to be.
Hypocrisy is often the companion of affecta-
tion ; self-conceit always that of assumption.

To affect is always taken in a bad sense ;
but to assume may be sometimes an indifferent
action at least, if not justifiable. Hen always
affect that which is admired by others, in order
to gain their applause ; but they sometime*
assume a name or an authority, which is no
more than their just right.

In conversation the medium is neither to affect sileno*
or eloquence. STERNE.

Laughs not the heart Then giants big with pride
Auume the pompous port, the martial part r

CHUKCH1LL.

To Affect,* Pretend To.

Affect, v. To affect, concern.

Pretend, in Latin pretendo, that isprce and
tendo, signifies to hold or stretch one thing
before another by way of a blind.

These terms are synonymous only in the bad
sense of setting forth to others what is not
real : we affect by putting on a false air ; wo
pretend by making a false declaration. Art is
employed in affecting.- assurance and self-
complacency in pretending. A person affects
not to hear what it is convenient for him not
to answer ; he pretends to have forgotten what
it is convenient for him not to recollect. One
effects the manners of a gentleman, and pre-
tends to gentility of birth. One affects the
character and habits of a scholar ; one pretends
to learning.

To affect the qualities which we have not

Vide Trusler j " To affect, pretend t*"

AFFECTION.

AFFIRM.

spoils those -which we have ; to pretend to
attainments which we have not made, obliges
us to have recourse to falsehoods in order to
etc ape detection.

Self quite put off affect* with too much art
To put on Woodward in each mangled part.

CHUKCHIIX.

There is something so natively great and good in a
person that is truly devout, that nn awkward man may as
ell irretend to be geiiteel as au hypocrite to be pious.
STEELE.

Affecting 1 , v Moving.

Affection, Love.

Affection, from the verb affect (v. To affect).
denotes the state of being' kindly affected
towards a person.

Love, in, low German leere, high German
Hebe, from the EDglish lief, low German leef,
high German licit dear or pleasing, the Latin
libel it is pleasing, and by metathesis, from
the Greek $iAos dear, signifies the state of
holding a person dear.

These words express two sentiments of the
heart which do honour to human nature ; they
are the bonds by which mankind are knit to
each other. Both imply good will : but 'affec-
tion is a tender sentiment that dwells with
pleasure on the object ; love is a lender senti-
ment accompanied with longing for the object ;
we cannot have love without affection, but we
may have affection without lore.

Lore is the natural sentiment between near
relations : affection subsists between those who
are less intimately connected, being the con-
sequeuce either of relationship, fiit-udt-hip, or
long intercourse ; it is the sweetener of human
society, which carries with it a thousand
charms, in all the varied modes of kindness
which it gives birth to ; it is not so active as
love, but it diffuses itself wider, and embraces
a larger number of objects.

Love is powerful in its effects, awakening
vivid sentiments of pleasure or pain ; it is a
passion exclusive, restless, and capricioHS.
Affection is a chastened feeling under the con-
trol of the understanding ; it promises no
more pleasure than it gives, and has but few
alloys. Marriage may begin with love ; but it
ought to terminate iu affection.

But thou, whose years are more to mine allied,
No fate my vow'd affection shrill divide
From thee, heroic youth ! DRYDEN.
The poets, the moralists, the painters, in all their des-
criptions, allegories, and pictures, have represented love
as a soft torment, a bitter sweet, a pleasing pain, or an
agreeable distress. ADDISON.

Affection, v. Attachment.

Affectionate, Kind, Fond.

Affectionate, from affection (v. Affection),
denotes the quality of having affection.

Kind, from the word kind kindred or
family, denotes the quality or feeling engen-
dered by the family tie.

Fond, from the Saxon fandianto gape, and
the German Jlnilen to find or seek, denotes a
vehement attachment to a thing.

Affectionate and fond characterise feelings;
kind is an epithet applied to outward actions,
as well as inward feelings ; a disposition is
affectionate or fond ; a behaviour is kind.

Affection is a settled state of the mind;

kindness a temporary state of feeling, mostly
discoverable by some outward sign : both are
commendable and honourable, as to the nature
of the feelings themselves, the objects of the
feelings, and the manner in which they
display themselves ; the understanding al-
ways approves the kindness which affection
dictates, or that which spring* from a tender
heart. Fondness is a less respectable feeling ;
it is sometimes the excess of affection, or an
extravagant mode of expressing it, or an at-
tachment to an inferior object.

A person is affectionate, who has the object
of his regard strongly in his mind, who parti-
cipates in bis pleasures and pains, and is
pleased with his society. A person is kind,
who expresses a tender sentiment, or does any
service in a pleasant manner. A person is
fond, who caresses an object, or makes it a
source of pleasure to himself.

Relatives should be affectionate to each
other : we should be kind to all who stand in
need of our kindness: children are fond of
whatever affords them pleasure, or of whoever
gives them indulgences.

Our salutations were very hearty on both sides, con-
sisting of many kind shakes of the hand, and affectionate
looks which we cast upon one another. ADDISON.

Riches expose a man to pride and luxury, a foolish
elation of heart, and too great /ondnest for the present
world. ADDISON.

Affinity, v. Alliance.
Affinity, v. Kindred.

To Affirm, Asseverate, Assure,
Vouch, Aver, Protest.

Affirm, in French affermex, Latin affirmo,
compounded of af or ad sa\rtj!rmo to strengthen,
signifies to give strength to what has becd
said.

Asseverate, in L'ttin a'sereratus, parti-
ciple of assevero, compr unded i.f as or ad and
severus, siguifit s to make strong and positive.

Assure, in French assurer, is compounded
of the intensive syllable a* or ad and sure,
signifying to make sure.

Vouch is probably changed from vow.

Aver, in French averer, is compounded of
the intensive syllable a or ad and rents true,
signifying to bear testimony to the truth.

Protest, in French protester, Latin protato,
is compounded of pro and testor to call to
witness as to what we think about a thing.

All these terms indicate an expression of a
pi rson's conviction.

In one sense, to affirm is to declare that a
thing is in opposition to denying or declaring
that it is not ; in the sense here chosen ic
signifies to declare a thing as a fact on our
credit. To asseverate is to declare it with con-
fidence. To vouch, is to rest the truth of
another's declaration on our own responsibility.
To aver is to express the truth of a declaration
unequivocally. To protest is to declare a thing
solemnly, and with strong marks of sincerity.

Affirmations are made of the past and pre-
sent ; a person affirms what he has seen and
what he sees. Asseverations are strong affirma-
tions, made in cases of doubt to remove every
impression disadvantageous to one's sincerity.
Assurances are made of the past, present, and
future ; they mark tha conviction of the
*

AFFIRM. 40

speaker as to what has been, or is, and his Inten-
tions as to what shall be ; they are appeals to
the estimation which another has in one's
word. Vouching is an act for another ; it is
the supporting of another's assurance by our
own. Averring is employed in matters of fact ;
we arer as to the accuracy of details ; we aver
on positive knowledge that sets aside all
question. Protestations are stronger than
either asseverations or assurances ; they are ac-
companied with every act, look, or gesture,
that can tend to impress conviction on
another.

Affirmations are employed in giving evidence,
whether accompanied with an oath or not :
liars deal much in asseverations and protesta-
tions. People asseverate in order to produce a
conviction of their veracity; they protest in
order to obtain a belief of their innocence ;
they arer where they expect to be believed.
Assurances are altogether personal ; they are
always made to satisfy some one of what they
wish to know and believe. We ought to be
sparing of our assurances of regard for an-
other, as we ought to be suspicious of such
assurances when made to ourselves. When-
ever we affirm any thing on the authority of
another, we ought to be particularly cautious
not to vouch for its veracity if it be not un-
questionable.

An infidel and fear?

Fear what ? a dream ? a fable 1 How thy dread,
Unwilling evidence, and therefore strong.

How disbelief affinnt what it denies ! YOUNG.

I Judge in this case as Charles the Second victualled his
navy, with the bread which one of his dogs chose of
several pieces thrown before him, rather than trust to the
auccerttiioni o the victuallers. STEELE.

My learned friend cutured me that the earth had lately

AFFLICT,

All the great writers of ( he Augustan age, for whom
singly we have so great an e teem, stand up together aa
voucher* for one another's reputation. ADDISON.

Among ladies, he positively averred that nonsense was
the most prevailing part of eloquence, and had so little
complaisance as to say, " a woman is never taken by her
reason, but always by her passion." STEELE.

To Affirm, Assert.

Affirm, v. To affirm, asseverate.

Assert, in Latin assertus, participle of
assero, compounded of as or ad and sero to
connect, signifies to connect words into a
proposition.

To affirm is said of facts ; to assert, of
opinions : we affirm what we know ; we assert
what we believe.

Whoever affirms what he does not know to
be true is guilty of falsehood ; whoever asserts
what he cannot prove to be true is guilty of
folly.

We contradict an affirmation ; we confute an
assertion.

That this man, wise and virtuous as he was, passed
always unentangled through the snares of life it would
be prejudice and temerity to affirm JOHNSON'S LIFE OF

It it aaerted by a tragic poet, that " est miser nemo
nisi comparatus," " no man is miserable, but as he is
compared with others happier th.in himself." This posi-
tion is not strictly and philosophically true. JOHNSON.

To Affix, Subjoin, Attach, Annex.

Affix, in Latin affixus, participle of affiyo,
compounded of af or ad arid flgo to fix, signi-
fies to fix to a thing.

Subjoin is compounded of sub and join,
signifying to join to the lower or farther ex-
tremity of a body.

Attach, v. To adhere.

Annex, in Latin annexus, participle of
annecto, compounded of an or ad and necto to
knit, signifies to knit or tie to a thing.

To affix is to p it any thing as an essential
to any whole ; to subjoin is to put any thing
as a subordinate part to a whole : in the
former case the part to which it is put is not
specified ; in the latter the syllable sub speci-
fies the extremity as the part : to attach is to
make one thing adhere to another as an ac-
companiment ; to annex is to bring things
into a general connexion with each other.

A title is affixed to a book ; a few lines are
subjoined to a letter by way of postscript ; we
attach blame to a person ; a certain territory
is annexed to a kingdom.

Letters are ajfixal t-) words in order to
modify then- sense : it is necessary to subjoin
remarks to what require * illustration : we are
apt from prejudice or particular circumstances
to attach disgraje to certain prof essions, which
are not only useful but important : pape s
are annexed by way of appendix to some im-
portant transaction.

It is improper to affix opprobrious epithets
to any community of persons on account of
their religious tenets. Men are not always
scrupulous about the means of attaching
others to their interest, when their ambitious
views are to be forwarded. Every station in
life, above that of extreme indigence, has
certain privileges annexed to it, Lut none
greater than those which are enjoyed by the
middling classes.

He that has settled in his mind determined ideas, with
names affixed to them, will be able to discern their differ-
ences one from another. LOCKE.

In justice to the opinion which I would wish to i rnpress
of the amiable character of Pisistratus, I tubjom to this
paper some explanation of the word tyrant. CUMBEK-
LAND.

As our nature is at present constituted. attacJied by so
many strong connections to the world of sense, and enjoy-
ing a communica.tion so feeble and distant with the world
of spirits, we need fear no danger from cultivating inter-
course with the latter as much as possible. BLAIR.

The evils inseparably annexed to the present condition
are numerous and afflictive. JOHNSON,

To Afflict, Distress, Trouble.

Afflict, in Latin afflictus, participle of
affligo, compounded of af or ad and fiigo, in
Greek 0A.t/3u> to press hard, signifies to bea;
upon any one.

Distress, v. Adversity.

Trouble signifies to cause a tumult, from
the Latin turba, Greek rvpffi) or flopu/Sos, a
tumult.

When these terms relate to outward circum-
stances, the first expresses more than the
second, and the second more than the third.

People are afflicted with grievous maladies.
The mariner is distressed for want of water in
the midst of the wide ocean ; or an embar-
rassed tradesman Is distressed for money to

AFFLICTION.

AFFORD.

maintain his credit. The mechanic is troubled
for want of proper tools, or the head of a
family for want of good domestics.

When they respect the inward feelings,
afflict conveys the idea of deep sorrow ; distress
that of sorrow mixed with anxiety ; trouble
that of pain in a smaller degree.

The death of a parent afflicts ; the mis-
fortunes of our family and friends distress;
crosses in trade and domestic inconveniences
trouble.

In the season of affliction prayer affords the
best consolation and surest supports. The
assistance and sympathy of friends serve to
relieve distress. We may often help ourselves
out of our troubles, and remove the evil by
patience and perseverance.

Afflictions may be turned to benefits if they
lead a man to turn inwardly into himself, and
examine the state of his heart and conscience
in the sight of his Maker. The distresses of
human life often serve only to enhance the
value of our pleasures when we regain them.
Among the troubles with which we are daily
assailed many of them are too trifling for us
to be troubled by them.

We last night received a piece of ill- news at our club
which very sensibly afflicted every one of us. I question
not but my readers themselves will be troubled at the
hearing of it. To keep them no longer in suspense, Sir
Koger de Coverly is dead. ADDISON.

While the mind contemplates dittreis, it is acted upon
and never aots, and by indulging in this contemplation it
becomes more and more unfit for action. CKAIG.

Affliction, Grief, Sorrow.

Affliction, v. To afflict.

Grief from grieve, in German grtlmen,
Swedish gramga, &c.

Sorrow, in German sorge, &c., signifies
care, as well as sorrow.

All these words mark a state of suffering
which differs either in the degree or the cause,
or in both.

Affliction is much stronger than grief; It
lies deeper in the soul, and arises from a more
powerful cause ; the loss of what is most dear,
the continued sickness of our friends, or a
reverse of fortune, will all cause affliction :
the misfortunes of others, the failure of our
favourite schemes, the troubles of our
country, will occasion us grief.

Sorrow is less than grief ; it arises from the
untoward circumstances which perpetually
arise in life. A disappointment, the loss of
a game, our own mistake, or the negligences
of others, cause sorrow.

Affliction lies too deep to be vehement ; it
discovers itself by no striking marks in the
exterior ; it is lasting, and does not cease
when the external causes cease to act : grief
may be violent, and discover itself by loud
and indecorous signs ; it is transitory, and
ceases even before the cause which gave birth
to it : sorrow discovers itself by a simple ex-
pression ; it is still more transient than grief,
not existing beyond the moment in which it
is produced.

A person of a tender mind is afflicted at the
remembrance of his sins ; he is grieved at the
consciousness of his fallibility and proneness
to error ; he is sorry for the faults which he
has committed.

Affliction is allayed : grief subsides : sorrow
is soothed.

It is indeed wonderful to consider how men are able
to raise affliction to tnemselves out of every thing
ADDISON.

The melancholy silence that follows hereupon, and con-
tinues until he has recovered himself enough to reveal
his mind to his friend, raises in the spectators a arief
that is inexpressible. ADDISO.V.

The most agreeable objects recall the torrovi for her
with whom he used to enjoy them. ADDISON.

Affluence, v. Riches.
To Afford, Yield, Produce.

Afford is probably changed from afferred,
and comes from the Latin affero, compounded
of of or ad and fero, signifying to bring to a
person.

Yield, in Saxon geldan, German gelten to
pay, restore, or give the value, is probably
connected with the Hebrew Had to breed, or
bring forth.

Produce, in Latin produco, compounded
of pro forth and duco to bring, signifies to
bring out or into existence.

With afford is associated the idea of com-
municating a part, or property of some sub-
stance, to a person ; meat affords nourishment
to those who make use of it ; the sun afford*
light and heat to all living creatures.

To yield is the natural operation of any
substance to give up or impart the parts or
properties inherent in it ; it is the natural
surrender which an object makes of itself :
trees yield fruit ; the seed yields grain ; some
sorts of grain do not yield much in particular
soils.

Produce conveys the idea of one thing caus-
ing another to exist, or to spring out of it ;
it is a species of creation, the formation of a
new substance : the earth produces a variety
of fruits ; confined air will produce an ex-
plosion.

Afford and produce have a moral application ;
but not yield : nothing affords so great a scope
for ridicule as the follies of fashion ; nothing
produces so much mischief as the vice of
drunkenness. The history of man does not
afford an instance of any popular commotion
that has ever produced such atrocities and
atrocious characters as the French revolution.

Religion is the only thing that can afford
true consolation and peace of mind in the
season of affliction, and the hour of death.
The recollection of past incidents, particu-
larly those which have passed in our infancy,
produces the most pleasurable sensations in
the mind.

The generous man in the ordinary acceptation, without
respect of the demands of his family, will soon find upon
the foot of his account that he has sacrificed to fools,
knaves, flatterers, or the deservedly unhappy, all the
opportunities of affording any future assistance where
it ought to be. STEELE.

Their vines a shadow to their race shall yield,
And the same hand that sowed shall reap the fleld.

POPE.

Their sharpen'd ends in earth their footing place,
And the dry poles produce a livinf race. DRYDEN.

To Afford, Spare.

Afford, v. To afford, yield.

Spare, in German sparen, Latin parco,'

AFFRONT.

AGGRAVATE.

Hebrew perek to preserve, signifies here to lay
apart for any particular use.

The ide* of deducting from one's property
with convenience is commou to these terms ;
but afford respects solely expenses which are
no more than commensurate with our income ;
spare is said of things in general, which we
mny part with without any sensible diminu-
tion of our comfort.

There are few so destitute that they cannot
vfford something for the relief of others, who
ate more destitute. He who lis two things
of a kind may easily spare cue.

Accept whate'er .Eneas can afford,

Uiitoncu'd thy arms, nutaken be thy sword DRYDEX.

How many men. in the common concerns of life, lend
(lima of money which they are not able to spare.
A1WISON.

To Afford, r. To give.
Affray, v. Quarrel.

Affront, Insult, Outrage.

Affront, in French affronte, from the Latin
(ul and fro/is, the forehead, signifies flying in
the face of a person.

Insult, in French insulte, comes from the
Latin imulto to dance or leap upon. The
former of these actions marks defiance, tha
latter scorn and triumph.

Outrage is compounded of out or utter
and rage or violence, signifying an act of ex-
treme violence.

An affront is a mark of reproach shown in
the presence of others ; it piques and morti-
fies : an insult is an attack made with inso-
lence ; it irritates and provokes : an outrage
combines all that is offensive ; it, wounds and
injurt s. An intentioual breach of politeness
is an affront: if coupled with any external
indication of hostility it is an imult: if it
break forth into personal violence it is an
outrage.

Captious people construe every innocent
freedom into an affront. When people are in
a state of animosity, they seek opportunities
of offering each other insults. Intoxication or
violent passion impel men to the commission
of outrages.

The person thus conducted, who was Hannibal seemed
inuch disturbed, and could not forbear complaining to
the hoard of the affront* he had met with amoug the
Boman historians. ADD1SON.

It may very reasonably be expected that the old draw
Bpon themselves the greatest part of those intulu which
Ihey so much lament, and that age is rarely despised but
when it is contemptible. JOHNSON.

This is the round of a passionate man's life; he con-
tracts debts when he is furious, which his virtue, if he
has virtue, obliges him to discharge at the return of
reason. He spends his time in outrage and reparation.
J UiiN SON.

Affront, v. Offence.

Afraid, Fearful, Timorous, Timid.

Afraid is changed from afeared, signifying
in a state of fear.

Fearful, as the words of which It is com-
pounded imply, signifies full of fear.

Timorpus ana Timid come from the
Latin timidus fearful, timor fear, and timeo to
fear.

The first denotes a temporary state, the
three last a habit of the mind.

Afraid may be used either in a physical or
moral application, either as it relates to our-
selves only or to others ; fearful and timorovt
are only applied physically and personally ;
timid is mostly used in a mral sens*.

It is the character of the fearful or timorous
person to be afraid of what he imagines would
hurt himself ; it is not necessary for the
prospect of danger to exist in order to awaken
fear in such a disposition . it is the character-
istic of the timid person to be afraid of offend-
ing or meeting with something painful from
others ; such a disposition is prevented from
following the dictates of iis own mind.

Bet ween fearful and timorous there is little
distinction, either in sense or application,
except that we say fearful of a thing, not
timorous of a thing.

To be always a/raid of losing life is, indeed, scarcely to
enjoy a life that can deserve the care of preservation.
JOHNSON.

By I know not what impatience of raillery, he is
won Jerfully fearful of being thought too great a believer.
S1EELK.

Then birds in airy space might safely move.
And tim'roiu hares uii heatlis securely rove.

DKYDEX.

He who brings with him into a clamorous multitude
the timidity of recluse speculation, will suffer himself to
be driven by a burat of laughter from the fortresses of
demonstration. J GHXSON.

After, Behind.

After respects order ; Behind recpec's
position. One runs after a person, or stands
belnnd his chair.

After is used either figuratively or literally ;
behind is used only literally.

Men hunt after amusements ; misfortunes
come after one another : a garden lies behind a
house ; a thing is concealed behind a bush.

Good after ill, and after pain delight.

Alternate, like the scenes of day and night. DRYDEN.
He first, and close behind him followed she,
For such was Proserpine's severe decree. DRYDEN,

Age, v. Generation.
Age, f. Time, period.
Aged, v. Elderly.
Agency, i\ Action, agency.
Agent, v. Actor.
Agent, v. Minister.
Agent, v. Factor.

To Aggravate, Irritate, Provoke,
Exasperate, Tantalize.

Aggravate, in Latin aggravates, parti-
ciple of aggra.ro, compounded of the intensive
syllable ag or ad and gravo to make heavy,
signifies to make very heavy.

Irritate, in Latin irritatus, participle of
irnto, which is a frequentative from ira,
signifies to excite anger.

Provoke, in French provoquer, Latin pro-
roco, compounded of pro forth, and roco to
call, signifies to challenge or defy.

Exasperate, Latin exasperatus, participle
of exaipero, is compounded of the intensive

AGITATION.

syllable ex and asper rough, signifying to
make things exceedingly rough.

Tantalize, in French tantaliser, Greek
ran-aAt^o), comes from Tantalus, a king of
Phrygia, who having offended the gods, was
destined by way of punishment to stand up
to his chin in water with a tree of fair fruit
hanging over his head, both of which, as he
attempted to allay his hunger and thirst, fled
from his touch.

All these words, except tho first, refer to
the feelings of the mind, and in familiar dis-
course that also bears the same signification ;
but otherwise respects the outward circum-
stances.

The crime of robbery is aggravated by any
circumstances of cruelty whatever comes
across the feelings irritates ; whatever awakens
anger provokes ; whatever heightens this anger
extraordinarily exasperates; whatever raises
hopes in order to frustrate them tantalizes.

An. appearance of unconcern for the offence
and its consequences aggravates the guilt of
the offender : a grating harsh sound irritates
if long continued and often repeated : angry
words provoke, particularly when spoken with
an air of defiance ; when to this be added
bitter tauuts and multiplied provocations,
they exasperate ; the weather by its frequent
changes tantalizes those who depend upon it
for amusement.

Wicked people aggravate their transgression
by violence : susceptible and nervous people
are mcst easily irritated ; proud people are
quickly provoked ; hot and fiery people are
soonest exasperated ; those who wish for much,
and wish for it eagerly, are oftenesc tantalized.

As if natiire had not sown evils enough In life, we are
OOnUauully adding gvief to grief, and aggravating tlie
common calamity uy our cruel treatment of one another.
ADD1SON.

He irritated many of his friends iu London so much
by his letters, that they withdrew their contributions.

JOHNSON'S LIFE OF SAVAGE.

The animadversions of critics are commonly such as
may easily provoke the sedatest writer to some quickness
ot resentment. JOHNSON.

Opposition retards, censure exasperates, or neglect de-
presses JOHNSON.

Can we think that religion was designed only for a
contradiction to nature; and with the greatest aud
most irrational tyranny iu the world to tantalize I
SOUTH.

To Aggravate, v. To heighten.

Aggressor, Assailant..

Aggressor, in Latin aggressus, participle
of aggredior, compounded of ag or ad, and
gredior to step, signifies to step up to, fall
upon, or attack.

Assailant, from assail, in French assailer,
compounded of as or ad, and salio to leap
upon, signifies to leap upon or attack any
one vehemently.

The characteristic idea of aggressor is that of
one person going up to another in a hostile
manner, and by a natural extension of the
sense commencing an attack ; the character-
istic idea of assailant is that of one com-
mitting an act of violence.

An aggressor offers to do some injury either
by word or deed ; an assailant actually commits
some violence : the former commences a dis-

pute, the latter carries it on with a vehement
and direct attack.

An aggressor is blameable for giving rise to
quarrels : an assailant is culpable for the mis-
chief he does.

Were there no aggressors there would be no
disputes ; were there no assailants these dis-
putes would not be serious.

An aggressor may be an assailant, or an
assailant may be an aggressor, but they are as
frequently distinct.

Where one is the aggreaor and in pursuance of his ',
first attack kills the other, the law supposes the action,
however sudden, to be malicious. JOHNSON'S LIFE OF
SAVAGE.

What ear so fortified and barr'd
Against the tuneful force of vocal charms,
But would with transport to such sweet auailantt
Surrender its attention ? MASON.

Agile, v. Active, brisk.

To Agitate, v. To shake, agitate.

Agitation, Emotion, Trepidation,
Tremor.

Agitation, in Latin agitalio, from agito,
signifies the state of being agitated.

Emotion, in Latin ernotio, from emotut,
participle of emoveo, compounded of e, out of,
and moveo, to move, signifies the state of
being moved out of rest or put in motion.

Trepidation, in Latin trepidalio, from
trepido, to tremble, compounded of tremo and
pede, to tremble with the feet, signifies the
condition of trembling in all one's limbs from
head to foot

Tremor, from the Latin tremor, signifies
originally the same s-tate of trembling.

Agitation i-efers either to body or mind,
emotion to the mind only, trepidation and
tremor to the body only.

Agitation of mind is a vehement struggle
between contending feelings ; emotion is the
awakening but one feeling; which in the
latter case is not so vehement as in the
former.

Distressing circumstances produce agita-
tion : affecting and interesting circumstances
produce emotions.

Agitations have but one character, namely,
that of violence : emotions vary with the object
that awakens them : they are emotions either
of pain or pleasure, of tenderness or anger;
they are either gentle or strong, faint or vivid.

With regard to the body, an agitation is
more than a trepidation, and the latter more
than a trenwr ; the two former attract the
notice of the bystander ; the latter is scarcely
visible.

Agitations of the mind sometimes give rise
to distorted and extravagant agitations of the
body ; emotions of terror or horror will throw
the body into a trepidation : those of fear will
cause a tremor to run through the whole frame.

The seventh hook aflects the imagination like the ocean,
in a calm, and fills the mind of the reaOer without pro-
ducing iu it anything like tumnlt or agitation.
ADDISON ON MILTON.

The description of Adam and Eve as they first appeared
to Satan, is exquisitely drawn, and sufficient to make
the fallen angel gaze upon them with all those emotiont
of envy in v.lilxu tie i* represented, ADDISON ON
lULTQJf,

AGREABLE.

AGREE.

His first action of note was in the battle of Lepanto,
where the success of that great day, in such trepidation
of the state, made every man meritorious. WOTTON.

He fell into such a universal tremor of all his joints
that when going his legs trembled uuder him. HERVEY.

Agony, V. Distress.
Agony, v. Pain.

Agreable, Pleasant, Pleasing.

The first two of these epithets approach so
near in sense and application, that they can
with propriety be used indifferently, the one
for the other ; yet there is an occasional
difference which may be clearly defined.

The Agreable is that which agrees with
or suits the character, temper, and feelings of
a person ; the Pleasant that which pleases ;
the Pleasing that which ia adapted to
please.

Agreable expresses a feeling less vivid than
pleasant; people of the soberest and gravest
character may talk of passing agrcaUe hours,
or enjoying arjreable society, if those hours
were passed agreably to their turn of mind,
or that society which suited their taste ; but
the young and the gay will prefer pleasant
society, where vivacity and mirth prevail,
suitable to the tone of then- spirits.

A man is agreable who by a soft and easy
address contributes to the amusement of
others ; a man is pleasant who to this soft-
ness adds affability and communicativeness.

Pleasing marks a sentiment less vivid and
distinctive than either. A pleasing voice has
something in it which we like ; an agreable
voice strikes with positive pleasure upon the
ear.

A pleasing countenance denotes tranquillity
and contentment ; it satisfies us when we
view it : a pleasant countenance bespeaks
happiness ; it gratifies the beholder, and in-
vites him to look upon it.

To divert me, I took up a volume of Shakspeare, where
I chanced to cast my eye upon a part in the tragedy of
Richard the Third, which filled my mind with an agre-
able horror. STEELE.

Pleatant the sun

When first on this delightful laud he spreads
His orient beams. MILTON.
Nor this alone t'indulge a vain delight,
And make a pleating prospect for the sight.

IJKYDEN.

Agreable, v. Conformable.

To Agree, Accord, Suit.

Agree is compounded of a or ad, and gree
Mr gruo, which root is found in the verb
congruo, signifying to fit to a thing.

Accord, in French accord, from the Latin
chorda the string of a harp, signifies the same
as to be in tune or join in tune.

Suit, from the Latin secutus, participle of
sequor to follow, signifies to be in a line, in the
order a thing ought to be.

An agreement between two things requires
an entire sameness ; an accordance supposes a
considerable resemblance; a suitableness im-
plies an aptitude to coalesce.

Opinions agree, feelings accord, and tempers
suit.

Two statements agree which are In all re-

spects alike : that accords with our feelings
which produces pleasurable sensations : that
suits our taste which we wish to adopt, or in
adopting gives us pleasure.

Where there is no agreement in the essentials
of any two accounts, their authenticity may
be greatly questioned : if a representation of
any thing accords with what has been stated
from other quarters, it serves to corroborate
it : it is advisable that the ages and stations
as well as tempers of the parties should be
suitable, who look forward for happiness in a
matrimonial connexion.

Where there is no agreement of opinion,
there can be no assimilation of habit ; where
there is no accordance of sound, there can be
no harmony ; where there is no suitability of
temper, there can be no co-operation.

When opinions do not agree, men must
agree to differ : the precepts of our Saviour
accord with the tenderest as well as the noblest
feelings of our nature : when the humours and
dispositions of people do not suit, they do
wisely not to have any intercourse with each
other.

The laurel and the myrtle sweets agree. DRYDEN.
Metre aids, and is adapted to, the memory ; it accord!

LAND.

ic, and is the vehicle of enthusiasm. CUMBER-

Rollo followed, in the partition of his states, the customs
of the feudal law, which was then universally established
in the southern countries of Europe, and which tutted
the peculiar circumstances of the age. HUME.

To Agree, v. To accede.

To Agree, Coincide, Concur.

In the former section agrze is compared with
terms that are employed only for things ; in
the present case it is compared with words aa
they are applied to persons only.

Agree implies a general sameness.

Coincide, from the Latin con together and
incido to fall, implies a meeting in a certain
point.

Concur, from con together and curro to
run, implies a running in the same course, an
acting together on the same principles.

Agree denotes a state of rest ; coincide and
concur a state of motion, either towards or
with another.

Agreement is either the voluntary or involun-
tary act of persons in general ; coincidence is
the voluntary but casual act of individuals,
the act of one falling into the opinion of
another ; concurrence is the intentional positive
act of individuals ; it is the act of one author-
izing the opinions and measures of another.

Men of like education and temperament
agree upon most subjects : people cannot ex-
pect others to coincide with them, when they
advance extravagant positions : the wiser part
of mankind are backward in concurring in
any schemes which are not warranted by ea
perience.

Since all agree, who both with judgment read.

Tis the same sun, and does himself succeed. TATE.

There is not perhaps any couple whose dispositions and
relish of life are so perfectly similar as that their wills
constantly coincide. HAWKESWORTH.

The plan being thus concerted, and my cousin's con-
currence obtained, it was immediately put in execution.
HAWKESWORTH.

AGREEMENT.

AIM.

Agreement, Contract, Covenant,
Compact, Bargain.

Agreement signifies what is agreed to
(vide To agree).

Contract, in French contracte, from the
Latin contractus, participle of coyitrahoto bring
close together or bind, signifies the thing thus
contracted or bound.

Covenant, in French covenants, Latin con-
ventus, participle of convenio to meet together
at a point, signifies the point at which several
meet, that is, the thing agreed upon by many.

Compact, in Latin compactus, participle
of compingo to bind close, signifies the thing
to which people bind themselves close.

Bargain, from the Welsh bargan to con-
tract or deal for, signifies the act of dealing,
or the thing dealt for.

An agreement is general, and applies to trans-
actions of every description, but particularly
such as are made between single individuals ;
in cases where the other terms are not so
applicable ; a contract is a binding agreement
between individuals ; a simple agreement may
be verbal, but a contract must be written and
legally executed : covenant and compact are
agreements among communities ; a covenant is
commonly a national and public transaction ;
a compact respects individuals as members of
a community, or communities with each other :
a bargain, in its proper sense, is an agreement
solely in matters of trade ; but applies figura-
tively in the same sense to other objects.

The simple consent of parties constitutes an
agreement ; a seal and signature are requisite
for a contract; a solemn engagement on the
one hand, and faith in that engagement on
the other hand, enter into the nature of a
covenant ; a tacit sense of mutual obligation in
all the parties gives virtue to a compact ; an
assent to stipulated terms of sale may form a
bargain.

Friends make an agreement to meet at a cer-
tain time ; two tradesmen enter into a con-
tract to carry on a joint trade ; the people of
England made a covenant with King Charles I.
entitled the solemn covenant : in the society
of Freemasons, every individual is bound to
secrecy by a solemn compact : the trading part
of the community are continually striking
bargains.

Frog had given his word that he would meet the above-
mentioned company at the Salutation, to talk of this
agreement. ARBUTHNOT'S HISTORY OF JOHN BULL.

It is impossible to see the loug scrolls in which every
contract is included, with all their appendages of seals
and attestations, without wondering at the depravity of
those beings, who most be restrained from violation of
promise by such formal and public evidences. JOHNSON.

These flashes of blue lightning gave the sign

Of covenant* broke ; three peals of thunder join.

DRYDEN.

In the beginnings and first establishment of speech,
there was an implicit compact amongst men, founded
npon common use and consent, that such and such words
or voices, actions or gestures, should be means or signs
whereby they would express or convey their thoughts one
to another. SOUTH.

We see men frequently dexterous and sharp enough in
making a bargain, who, if you reason with them about
matters of religion, appear perfectly stupid. LOCKE.

Agriculturist, v. Farmer.
To Aid, v. To help.

Aim, Object, End.

Aim is in all probability a variation of
home, in old German haim. It is the home
which the marksman wishes to reach ; it is
the thing aimed at ; the particular point to
which one's efforts are directed ; which is had
always in view, and which every thing is
made to bend to the attainment of.

Obj ect, from the Latin objectus, participle
of ob and jacio to lie in the way, is more
vague ; it signifies the thing that lies before
us ; we pursue it by taking the necessary
means to obtain it; it becomes the fruit of
our labour.

End. in the improper sense of end is still
more general, signifying the thing that ends
one's wishes and endeavours ; it is the result
not only of action, but of combined action ; it
is the consummation of a scheme ; we must
take the proper measures to arrive at it.

It is the aim of every good Christian to live
in peace ; it is a mark of dulness or folly to
act without an object ; every scheme is likely
to fail, in which the means are not adequate to
the end.

We have an aim , we propose to ourselves
an object; we look to the end. An aim is
attainable, an object worthy, an end important.

Cunning has only private, selfish aimi, and sticks at
nothing which may make them succeed. AUD1SON.

We should sufficiently weigh the object! of our hope,
whether they be such as we may reasonable expect from
them what we propose in their fruition. ADDIso.V.

Liberty and truth are not in themselves desirable, but
only as they relate to a farther end. BERKELEY.

To Aim, Point, Level.

Aim, signifying to take aim (v. Aim), is to
direct one's view towards a point.

Point, from the noun point, signifies to
direct the point to any thing.

Level, from the adjective level, signifies to
put one thing on a level with another.

Aim expresses more than the other two
words, inasmuch as it denotes a direction
towards some minute point in an object, and
the others imply direction towards the whole
objects themselves. We aim at a bird ; we
point a cannon against a wall ; we level a
cannon at a wall. Pointing is of course used
with most propriety in reference to instru-
ments that have points ; it is likewise a less
decisive action than either aiming or levelling.
A stick or a finger may be pointed at a person,
merely out of derision ; but a blow is levelled
or aimed with an express intent of committing
an act of violence.

The same analogy is kept up in their figura-
tive application.

The shafts of ridicule are but too often
aimed with little effect against the follies
of fashion : remarks which seem merely to
point at others, without being expressly ad-
dressed to them, have always a bad tendency :
it has hitherto been the fate of infidels to
lei-el their battery of sneers, declamation, and
sophistry against the Christian religion only
to strengthen the conviction of Its sublime
truths in the minds of mankind at large.

Their heads from aiming blows they bear afar.
With clashing gauntlets then provoke the w*r.

mm,

AIM. 46

The story islily pointt at you. CUMBERLAND.
He calls on Bacchus, and propound* the prize :
The groom his fellow gruum at buts defies,
And bends his bow, and Itrcli with his eye.

DKVDEX.

To Aim, Aspire.

Aim (v. Aim) Includes efforts as well as
views, in obtaining an object.

Aspire, from as or ad to or after and spiro
to breathe, comprehends views, wishes, and
hopes to obtain an object.

We aim at a certain proposed point, by
endeavouring to gala it ; we aspire after that,
which we think ourselves entitled to, and
flatter ourselves with gaining

Many men aim at riches and honour: it ia
th.e lot of but few to aspire to a throne.

We aim at what ia attainable by ordinary
efforts ; we aspire after what is great and
unusual.

An emulous youth aims at acquiring the
esteem of his teachers ; he aspires to excel all
his competitors in literary attainments.

Whether zeal or moderation be the poii.t we aim at, let
ua keep fire out of the one, aud frost out of the other.
ADDISON.

The study of those who in the time of Shakspeare
atpired to plebeian learning was laid upon adventures,
giants, dragons, aud enchantments. J ulixsox.

To Aim, v. To endeavour.
Aim, v. Teiidency.

Air, Manner.

Air, in Latin aer, Greek ajjp, comes from
the Hebrew aor, because it is the vehicle of
light ; hence in the figurative sense, in which
it is here taken, it denotes an appearance.

Manner, in French maniere, comes pro-
bably from mener to lead or direct, signifying
the direction of one's movements.

An air is inherent in the whole person ; a
manner is confined to the action or the move-
ment of a single limb. A man has the air of
a common person ; it discovers itself in all his
manners. An air has something superficial in
its nature ; it strikes at the first glance :
manner has something more solid in it ; it
developes itself on closer observation. Some
people have an air about them which dis-
pleases ; but their manner* afterwards win
upon those who have a farther intercourse
\kith them. Nothing is more common than
to suffer ourselves to be prejudiced by a
)>ereon's air, either in his favour or otherwise :
ihc manners of a man will often contribute to
his advancement in life, more than his real
merits.

An air is indicative of a state of mind ; it
may result either from a natural or habitual
mode of thinking : a manner is indicative of
the education ; it is produced by external
circumstances. An air is noble or simple, it
marks an elevation or simplicity of cfcaracter ;
a manner is rude, rustic, or awkward, for
want of culture, good society, and good ex-
ample. We assume an air, and affect a man-
ner. An assumed air of importance exposes
the littleness of the assumer, which might
otherwise pass xinnoticed : the same manners
which are becoming when natural, render a

ALARM. ^

person ridiculous when they are affected. A
prepossessing air and engaging manners have
more influence on the heart than the solid
qualities of the mind.

Tbe boy is well fashioned, and will easily fall into a
graceful manner. STKELE.

Air, Mien, Look.

Air, v. Air.

Mien, in German miene, comes, as Adelung
supposes, from mahen to move or draw, be-
cause the lines of the face which constitute
the mien in the German sense are drawn
together.

Look signifies properly a mode of looking
or appearing.

The exterior of a person is comprehended
in the sense of all these words.

Air depends not only on ttie countenance,
but the stature, carriage, and action : mien
respects the whole outward appearance, not
excepting the dress : look depends altogether
on the face and its changes. Air marks any
particular state of the mind : mien denotes
any state of the outward circumstances : look
any individual movement of the mind. We
may judge by a person's air, that he has a
confident and fearless mind : we may judge
by his sorrowful mien, that he has substantial
cause for sorrow ; and by sorrowful looks, that
he has some partial or temporary cause for
sorrow.

We talk of doing any thing with a particu-
lar air / of having a mien ; of giving a look.
An innocent man will answer his accusers
with an air of composure ; a person's whole
mien sometimes bespeaks his wretched con-
dition ; a look is sometimes given to one who
acts in concert by way of intimation.

The truth of it is, the air is generally nothing else
but the inward disposition of the mind made risible.
ADDISON.

How sleek their look*, how goodly is their mien,
When big they strut behind a doable chin. DRYDEX.
What chief is this that visits us from far.
Whose gallant mien bespeaks him train 'd to war.

STEELE,
How in the looki does conscious guilt appear. ADDISON.

Air, v. Appearance.
Alacrity, v. Alertness.

Alarm, Terror, Fright, Consternation.

Alarm, in French alanner, is compounded
of al or ad and annex arms, signifying a cry to
arms, a signal of danger, a call to defence.

Terror, in Latin terror, comes from terreo
to produce fear.

Fright, from the Germin furcht fear,
signifies a state of fear.

Consternation, in Latin consternatus,
from consterno to lay low or prostrate, ex-
presses the mixed emotion of terror and
amazement which confounds.

Alarm springs from any sudden signal that
announces the approach of danger. Terror
springs from any event or phenomenon that
may serve as a prognostic of some catastrophe.
It supposes a less distinct view of danger than

ALERTNESS.

ALLAY.

alarm, and affords room to the imagination,
which commonly magnifies objects. Alarm
therefore makes us run to our defence, and
terror disarms u.

Fright is a less vivid emotion than either,
as it arises from the simple appearance of
danger. It is more personal than either alarm
or terror ; for we may be alarmed or terrified
for others, but we are mostly frightened for
ourselves. Consternation is stronger than
either terror and affright : it springs from the
view of some very serious evil.

Alarm affects the feelings, terror the under-
standing, and fright the senses ; consternation
seizes the whole mind, and benumbs the
f culties.

Cries alarm ; horrid spectacles temfy ; a
tumult frightens : a sudden calamity fills with
consternation.

One is filled with alarm, seized with terror,
overwhelmed with fright or consternation.

We are alarmed for what we apprehend ; we
are terrified by what we imagine ; we are
frightened by what we see ; consternation may
be produced by what we learn.

None so renowu'd
With breathing brass to kindle fierce alarms. DKYDEN.

I was once in a mixt assembly, that was full of noise
and mirth, when on a sudden an old woman unluckily
observed, there were tliirteen of us in couipauy. The
remark struck a panic terror into several of us. ADDI-
80N.

I have known a soldier that has entered a breach,
affrighted at his own shadow. ADDISON.

The son of Peliat ceased ; the chiefs around

In sileuc* wrapt, in cotulernatloii drowii'd. POPE.

Alertness, Alacrity.

Alertness, from ales a wing, designates
corporeal activity or readiness for action ;
Alacrity, from acer sharp, brisk, designates
mental activity.

We proceed with alertness, when the body is
In its full vigour ; we proceed with alacrity
when the mind is in full pursuit of an object.

The wings that waft our riches out of sight
Grow on the gamester's elbows ; and the alert
And nimble motion of those restless joints
That never tire, soon fans them all away. COWPF.R.
ID dreams it is wonderful to observe with what spright-
liiiess and alacrity the soul exerte herself. ADDISOf".

Alien, v. Stranger.

To Alienate, v. Stranger.

Alike, v. Equal.

All, Whole.

All and Whole are derived from the same
source, that is, in German all and /ceil whole
or sound, Dutch all, hel, or heel, Saxon al, teal,
Danish al, aid, Greek oAos, Hebrew chol or
hoi.

All respects a number of individuals ;
whole respects a single body with its com-
ponents : we have not all, if we have not the
whole number ; we have not the whole, if we
have not all the parts of which it is composed.
It is not within th limits of human capacity
to take more than a partial survey of all the
interesting objects which the whole globe
contains.

When applied to spiritual objects in a
general senae, all is preferred to whole ; but

when the object is specific, whole is preferable :
thus we say, all hope was lost ; but, our
whole hope rested in this.

It will be asked how the drama moves If it is not
credited. It is credited with all the credit due to a
drama. JOHN SOW.

The whole story of th transactions between Edward,
Harold and the Duke of Normandy is told so differently
by ancient writers, that there are few important passages
of the English history liable to so great uncertainty.

HUME.

All, Every, Each.

All is collective ; Every single or indi-
vidual ; Each distributive.

All and every are universal in their significa-
tion ; each is restrictive : the former are used
in speaking of great numbers ; the latter is
applicable to small numbers. All men are
not born with the same talent, either in
degree or kind ; but every man has a talent
peculiar to himself : a parent divides his pro-
perty among his children, and gives to each
his due share.

Harold by his marriage broke all measures with th
Duke of Normandy. HUME.

Every man's performances, to be rightly estimated,
must be compared to the state of the age in which h
lived. JOHNSON.

Taken singly and individually, it might be difficult
to conceive how eacA event wrought for good. They muit
be viewed in their consequences and effects. BLAIR.

To Allay, Sooth, Appease, Assuage.

To Allay is compounded of al or ad, and
lay to lay to or by, signifying t j lay a thing to
rest, to abate it.

Sooth probably comes from siceet, which is
in Swedish s6t, Low German, <fec. sot, and is
doubtless connected with the Hebrew sot to
allure, invite, compose.

Appease, in French appaiser, is compoun-
ded of ap or ad and paix peace, signifying to
quiet.

Assuage is compounded of a* or ad and
suage, from the Latin tuasi perfect of suadeo to
persuade, signifying to treat with gentleness,
or to render easy.

All these terms indicate a lessening of some-
thing painful. In a physical sense a pain is
allayed by an immediate application ; it is
soothed by affording ease and comfort in other
respects, and by diverting the ruind from the
pain. Extreme heat or thirst is allayed ; ex-
treme hunger is appeased.

In a moral sense one allays what is fervid
and vehement ; one soothes what is distressed ;
one appeases what is tumultuous and boister-
ous ; one assuages grief or afflictions. Nothing
is so calculated to allay the fervour of a dis-
tempered imagination as prayer and religious
meditation : religion has everything in it
which can sooth a wounded conscience by pre-
senting it with the hope of pardon, that can
appease the angry passions by giving us a sense
of our own sinfulness and need of God's par-
don, and that can assuage the bitterest griefs
by affording us the brightest prospects of
future bliss.

Without expecting the return of hunger, they eat for an
appetite, and prepare dishes not to allay, but to excite it.
AIJDISOX.

ALLEVIATE.

ALLOT.

Nature has given all the little arts of toothing and
blandishing to the female. AD 1JISON.

Charon is no sooner appeased, and the triple-headed
dog laid asleep, but Jineas makes his entrance into the
dominions of Pluto. AUD1SON.

If I can any way atruaijc private inflammations, or
allay public ferments, I shall apply myself to it with the
utmost endeavours. ADDISON.

To Alledge, v. To adduce.
Allegorical, v. Figurative.
Allegory, v. Parable.

To Alleviate, Relieve.

Alleviate, in Latin alleviatus, participle
of allevio, is compounded of the intensive
syllable al or ad and leva to lighten, signifying
to lighten by making less.

Relieve, from the Latin relevo, is re and
leva to lift up, signifying to take away or re-
move.

A pain is alleviated by making it less burden-
some ; a necessity is relieved by supplying
what is wanted. Alleviate respects our inter-
nal feelings only ; relieve our external circum-
stances. That alleviates which affords ease and
comfort ; that relieves which removes the pain.
It is no alleviation of sorrow to a feeling mind,
to reflect that others undergo the same suffer-
ing ; a change of position is a considerable
relief to an invalid, wearied with confinement.

Condolence and sympathy tend greatly to
alleviate the sufferings of our fellow creatures ;
it is an essential part of the Christian's duty to
relieve the wants of his indigent neighbour.

Half the misery of human life might be extinguished,
would men alleviate the general curse they lie under, by
mutual offices of compassion, benevolence, and humanity.
ADDISON.

Now sinking underneath a load of grief.
From death alone she seeks her last relief. DBYDEN.

Alliance, League, Confederacy.

Alliance, in French alliance, from the
Latin alligo to knit or tie together, signifies
the moral state of being tied.

League, in French ligue, comes from the
same verb ligo to bind.

Confederacy or confederation, In Latin
eonfederatio, from con and f&dus an agreement,
or fides faith, signifies a joining together under
a certain pledge.

* Relationship, friendship, the advantages
of a good understanding, the prospect of aid
in case of necessity, are the ordinary motives
for forming alliances. A league is a union of
plan, and a junction of force, for the purpose
of effectuating some common enterprize, or
obtaining some common object. A confederacy
is a union of interest and support on particu-
lar occasions, for the purpose of obtaining
a redress of supposed wrong, or of defending
right against, usurpation and oppression.

Treaties of alliance are formed between sove-
reigns ; it is a union of friendship and con-
venience concluded upon precise terms, and
maintained by honour or good faith. Leagues
are mostly formed between parties or small
communities, as they are occasioned by cir-

Vide Girard and. Boubaud ; " Alliance, ligue, con-
federation."

cumstances of an imperative nature ; they are
in this manner rendered binding on each party.
Confederacies are formed between individuals
or communities ; they continue while the im-
pelling cause that set them in motion remains ;
and every individual is bound more by a com-
mon feeling of safety than by any express con-
tract.

History mentions frequent alliances which
have been formed between the courts of Eng-
land and Portugal The cantons of Switzer-
land were bound to each other by a famoua
league which was denominated the Helvetic
league, which took its rise in a confederacy
fornjed against the Austrian government by
William Tell and his companions.

Confederacy is always taken in a civil or poli-
tical sense : alliance and league are sometimes
employed In a moral sense : the former being
applied to marriage, the latter to plots or fac-
tions. Alliance is taken only in a good accepta-
tion ; league and confederacy frequently in rela-
tion to that which is bad. Alliances are formed
for the mutual advantage of the parties con-
cerned ; but leagues may have plunder for their
object, and confederacies may be treasonable.

Who but a fool would wars with Juno choose,
And such alliance and such gifts refuse. DRYDEN.
Bather in league* of endless peace unite,
And celebrate the hymeneal rite. ADDISON.
The history of mankind informs us that a single power
is very seldom broken by a confederacy. JOHNSON.

Though domestic misery must follow an alliance with
a gamester, matches of this sort are made every day.
CUMBERLAND.

Tiger with tiger, bear with bear, you'll find
In league! offensive and defensive Join'd. TATE.
When Babel was confounded, and the great
Confederacy of projectors wild ana vain
Was split into diversity of tongues,
Then, as a shepherd separates his flock,
These to the upland, to the valley those,
God drave asunder COWPEB.

Alliance, Affinity.

Alliance, v. Alliance, league.

Affinity, in Latin affinitas, from af or ad
and finis a border, signifies a contiguity of
borders.

Alliance is artificial ; affinity is natural : an
alliance is formed either by persons or by cir-
cumstances ; an affinity exists of itself ; an
alliance subsists Between persons only in the
proper sense, and between things figuratively ;
an affinity exists between things as well as
persons : the alliance between families is mat-
rimonial ; the affinity arises from consangui*
nity.

O horror! horror! after this alliance
Let tigers match with hinds, and wolves with sheep.
And every creature couple with its foe. DRYDEX.
It cannot be doubted but that signs were invented
originally to express the several occupations of their
owners; and to bear some affinity, in their external
designations, with the wares to be disposed of.
BATIIURST.

To Allot, Assign, Apportion, Dis-
tribute.

Allot is compounded of the Latin al or ni
and the word lot, which owes its origin to the
Saxon and other northern languages. It sig-
nifies literally to set apart as a particular lot.

ALLOT.

ALLOW.

Assign, in French assigner, Latin assigno,
is compounded of as or ad and signo to sign, or
mark to, or for, signifying to mark out for
any one.

Apportion is compounded of ap or ad and
portion, signifying to portion out for a purpose.

Distribute, in Latin distributus, participle
of dis and tribuo, signifies to bestow or portion
out to several.

To allot is to dispose on the ground of utility
for the sake of good order ; to assign is to com-
municate according to the merit of the object ;
to apportion is to regulate according to the due
proportion ; to distribute is to give in several
distinct portions.

A portion of one's property is allotted to
charitable purposes, or a portion of one's time
to religious meditation ; a prize is assigned to
the most meritorious or an honourable post to
those whose abilities entitle them to distinc-
tion ; a person's business is apportioned to
the time and abilities he has for performing
it ; his alms are distributed among those who
are most indigent.

When any complicated undertaking is to be
performed by a number of individuals, it is
necessary to allot to each his distinct task. It
is the part of a wise prince to assign the high-
est offices to the most worthy, and to apportion
to every one of his ministers an employment
suited to his peculiar character and qualifica-
tions : the business of the state thus distributed
will proceed with regularity and exactitude.

Every one that has been long dead, has a due propor-
tion of praise allotted him, in which, whilst he lived, his
friends were too profuse, and his enemies too sparing.
ABDiaOK.

I find by several hints in ancient authors, that when
the Romans were in the height of power and luxury they
auigncd out of their vast dominions an island called
Auticyra, as an habitation for madmen. STEELE.

Of the happiness and misery of our present condition,
part is dittributed by nature, and part is in a great
measure apportioned by ourselves JOHNSON.

From thence the cup of mortal man he fills,
Blessings to these, to those dittrittutet ills. POPE.

To Allot, Appoint, Destine.

Allot, v. To allot, assign.

Appoint, in French appointer, Latin
appono, that is, ap or ad and pono to place,
signifies to put by.

Destine, Latin destino, of de and stino
sto or sisto, signifies to place apart.

Allot is used only for things, appoint and
destine for persons or things. A space of
ground is allotted for cultivation ; a person is
appointed as steward or governor ; a youth
is destined for a particular profession. Allot-
ments are mostly made in the time past or
present ; appointments respect either the
present or the future ; destinations always
respect some distant purposes and include
preparatory measures. A conscientious man
allots a portion of his annual income to the
relief of the poor : when public meetings are
held it is necessary to appoint a particular day
for the purpose : our plans in life are defeated
by a thousand contingencies the man who
builds a house is not certain he will live to
use it for the purpose for which it was des-
tined.

It is unworthy a reasonable being to spend any of the
little time allotted us without some tendency, direct or
oblique, to the end of our existence. JOHNSON.

Having notified to my good friend. Sir Roger, that I
should set out for London the next day, his horses were
ready at the appointed hour. STEELE.

Look round and survey the various beauties of the
globe, which Heaven has destined for man, and consider
whether a world thus exquisitely framed could be meant
for the abode of misery and pain. JOHNSON.

To Allow, Grant, Bestow.

Allow, v. To admit, allow.

Grant is probably changed from guarantee,
in French garantir, signifying to assure any
thing to a person by one's word or deed.

Bestow is compounded of be and ttow,
which in English, as well as in the northern
languages, signifies to place ; hence to bestow
signifies to dispose according to one's wishes
and convenience.

That is allowed which may be expected, if
not directly required ; that is granted which is
desired, if not directly asked for ; that is
bestowed, which is wanted as a matter of ne-
cessity.

What is allowed is a gift stipulated as to
time and quantity, which as to continuance
depends upon the will of the giver ; what is
granted is perfectly gratuitous on the part of
the giver ; it is a pure favour, and lays the re-
ceiver under an obligation ; what is bestowed
is occasional, altogether depending on the
circumstances and disposition of both giver
and receiver.

Many of the poor are allowed a small sum
weekly from the parish. It is as improper to
grant a person more than he as>ks, as it is to
ask a person for more than he can grant.
Alms are very ill bestowed which only serve to
encourage beggary and idleness.

A grant comprehends in it something more
important than an allowance, and passes
between persons in a higher station; what
is bestowed is of less value than either. A
father allows his son a yearly sum for his
casual expenses, or a master alloics his servant
a maintenance : kings grant pensions to their
officers ; governments grant subsidies to one
another : relief is bestowed on the indigent.

In a figurative application, merit is allowed,
an indulgence or privilege is granted, applause
is bestowed.

A candid man allows merit even in his
rivals. In former times the kings of England
granted certain privileges to some towns,
which they retain to *his day. Those who
are hasty in applauding frequently bestow their
commendations on very undeserving objects.

Martial's description of a species of lawyers is full of
humour : " Men that hire out their words and auger, that
are more or less passionate as they are paid fur it, and
allow their client a quantity of wrath proportionable to
the fee which they receive from him." ADDISON.
If you in pity grant this one request
My death shall glut the hatred of his breast.

DKYDEN.

So much the more thy diligence bettota,

In depth of winter to defend the snow. DBYDEN.

To Allow, v. To admit, allow.
To Allow, v. To admit, permit.
To Allow, v. To consent.

ALLOWANCE.

ALLURE.

Allowance, Stipend, Salary, Wages,
Hire, Pay.

All these terms denote a stated sum paid
according to certain stipulations.

Allowance, from allow (v. To admit,
allow), signifies the thing allowed.

Stipend, in Latin stimndium, from slips a
piece of money, signifies money paid.

Salary, in 'French salaire, Latin salarium,
conies from sal salt, which was originally the
principal pay for soldiers.

"Wages, in French gage, Latin radium,
from the Hebrew igang labour, signifies that
which is paid for labour.

Hire expresses the sum for which one is
hired, and Pay the sum that is to be paid.

An allowance is gratuitous ; it ceases at the
pleasure of the donor ; all the rest are the
requital for some supposed service ; they
cease with the engagement made between the
parties. A stipend is more fixed and perman-
ent than a salary ; and that than wages, hire,
or pay : ^stipend depends upon the fulfilling of
an engagement, racher th.tn on tbe will of an
individual ; a salary is a matter of contract
between the giver and receiver, and may be
increased or diminished at will.

An allowance may be given in any form, or
at any stated times ; a stipend and salary are
paid yearly, or at even portions of a year ;
wages, hire, and pay are estimated by days,
weeks, or months, as well as years.

An allowance may be made by, with, and to
persons of all ranks ; a stipend and salary are
assignable only to persons of respectability ;
wages are given to labourers, hire to servants,
pay to soldiers or such as are employed under
government.

Sir Richard Steele was officiously informed that Mr.
Savage had ridiculed him ; by which he was so much
exasperated that he withdrew the allowance which he had
paid him. JOHNSON.

Is not the care of souls a load sufficient ?

Are uot your holy stipend* paid for this ? DRYDEN.

Several persons, out of a salary of five hundred pounds,
have always lived at the rate of two thousand.-- SWIFT.

The peasant and the mechanic, when they have re-
ceived the wages of the day. and procured their strong
beer and supper, have scarce a wish unsatisfied. HAWKES-
WOKTH.

I have five hundred crowns,
The thrifty hire I sav'd under your father.

SHAKSPEARE.

Come on, brave soldiers, doubt not of the day ;
And that once gotten, doubt not of large pay.

SHAKSPEAKE.

To Allude, Eefer, Hint, Suggest.

Allude, in Latin alludo, is compounded of
al or ad and ludo to sport, that is, to say any-
thing in a cursory manner.

Refer, in Latin refero, signifies to bring
back, th.it is, to bring back a person's recol-
lection to any subject by mentioning it.

Hint may very probably be changed from
hind 'or behind, in German hinten, signifying
to convey from behind, or in an obscure
manner.

Suggest, in Latin suggettus, 'participle of
suggero, is compounded of sub and gero to
bring under or near, and signifies to bring
forward in an indirect or casual manner.

To allude is not BO direct as to refer, but it

is more clear and positive than either hint or
suggest.

We allude to a circumstance by introducing
something collaterally allied to it ; we refer to
an e^ent by expressly introducing it into
one's discourse ; we hint at a person's inten-
tions by darkly insinuating what may possibly
happen ; we suggest an idea by some poetical
expressions relative to it.

There are frequent allusions in the Bible to
the customs and manners of the East. It is
necessary to refer to certain passages of a
work when we do not expressly copy them.
Ic is mostly better to be entirely silent upon
a subject than to hint at what cannot be
entirely explained. Many improvements have
owed their origin to some ideas casually
suggested in the course of conversation.

Allude and refer are always said with regard
to things that have positively happened, and
mostly such as are indifferent; hint and
suggest have mostly a personal relation to
things that are precarious. The whole drift of
a dis 'ourse is sometimes unintelligible for
want of knowing what is alluded to , although
many persons and incidents are referred to
with their proper names and dates. It is the
p.rt of the slanderer to hint at things dis-
creditable to another, when he does not dara
to speak opnly : and to suggest doubts of his
veracity which he cannot positively charge.

I need not inform my reader that the author of Hudl-
bras alludes to this strange quality in that cold climate,
when speaking of abstracted notions clothed in a visible
shape, he adds that apt simile,

"Like words congeal'd in northern air." ADDISON.

Every remarkable event, every distinguished personage
under the law, is interpreted in the New Testament, as
bearing some reference to Christ's death. BLAIK.

It is hinted that Augustus had in mind to restore the
commonwealth. CUMBERLAND.

This image of misery, in the punishment of Tantalus,
was perhaps originally suggested to some poet by the con-
duct of his patron. JOHNSON.

To Allude to, v- To glance at.

To Allure, Tempt, Seduce, Entice,
Decoy.

Allure is compounded of the intensive
syllable al or ad and lure, in French leurre, in
German luder, a lure or tempting bait, signify-
ing to hold a bait in order to catch animals,
and figuratively to present something to pleate
the senses.

Tempt, in French tenter, Latin tento to try,
comes from tentus, participle of tendo to stretcn,
signifying by efforts to impel to action.

Seduce, in French seduire, Latin seduco, is
compounded of se apart, and duco to lead,
signifying to lead any one aside.

Entice is probably, per metathesin, changed
from incite.

Decoy is compounded of the Latin de and
coy, in Dutch koy, German, <fec., koi, a cage or
enclosed place for birds, signifying to draw
into any place for the purpose of getting them
into one's power.

We are allured by the appearances of things ;
we are tempted by the words. of persons as well
as the appearances of things ; we are enticed by
persuasions : we are seduced or decoyed by the
influence and false artj of others.

ALLY.

To allure and tempt are used either in a good
or bad sense ; entice sometimes in an indifferent,
but mostly in a bad sense ; seduce and decoy are
always in a bad sense. The weather may
allure us out of doors : the love of pleasures
may allure us into indulgences that after-
wards cause repentance. We are sometimes
tempted upon very fair grounds to undertake
what turns out unfortunately in the end : our
passions are our bitterest enemies ; the devil
uses them as instruments to tempt us to sin.
When the wicked entice us to do evil, we should
turn a deaf ear to their flattering representa-
tions : those who know what is right, and are
determined to practise it, will not suffer them-
selves to be enticed into any irregularities.
Young men are frequently seduced by the com-
pany they keep. Children are decoyed away by
the evil-minded, who wish to get them into
their possession.

The country has its allurements for the con-
templative mind : the metropolis is full of
temptations. Those who have any evil project
to execute will omit no enticement in order to
teduce the young and inexperienced from their
duty. The practice of decoying children or
ignorant people into places of confinement
was formerly more frequent than at present.

Allure does not imply such a powerful in-
fluence as tempt : what allures draws by gentle
means ; it lies in the nature of the thing that
affects : what tempts acts by direct and con-
tinued efforts ; it presents motives to the
mind in order to produce decision ; it tries
the power of resistance. Entice supposes tuch
a decisive influence on the mind, as produces
a determination to act ; in which respect it
differs from the two former terms. Allure and
tempt produce actions on the mind, not neces-
sarily followed by any result ; for we may be
allured or tempted to do a thing, without neces-
sarily doing the thing ; but we cannot be
enticed unless we are led to take some step.
Seduce, and decoy, have reference to the out-
ward action, as well as the inward movements
of the mind which give rise to them : they in-
dicate a drawing aside of the person as well as
the mind ; it is a misleading by false repre-
sentation. Prospects are alluring, offers are
tempting, words are enticing, charms are seduc-
tive.

June 26, 1284, the rats and mice by which Hamelen was
infested were allured, it is said, bya piper to a contiguous
river, in which they were all drowned. ADDISON.

In our time the poor are strongly tempted to assume th<
appearance of wealth. JOHNSON.

There is no kind ol idleness by which we are so easily
educed as that which dignifies itself by the appearance
of business. JOHNSON.

There was a particular grove which was called "the
labyrinth of coquettes," where many were enticed to the
chase, but few returned with purchase. ADDISON.

I have heard of barbarians, who. when tempests drive
ships upon their coast, decoy them to the rocks that they
may plunder their lading. JOHNSON.

To Allure, v. To attract.
Allurements, v. Attractions.

Ally, Confederate.

Although derived from the preceding terms
(v. Alliance, confederacy), these words are usea
only in part of their acceptations.

_51 ALSO.

An Ally is one who forms an alliance in the
Dolitical sense : a Confederate is one who
'orms confederacies in general, but more parti-
cularly when such confederacies are unautho-
rised.

The Portuguese and English are allies.
William Tell had some few particular friends
who were his confederates ; but we should us-e
the word with more propriety in its worst
sense, for an associate in a rebellious faction,
as in speaking of Cromwell and his confede-
ates who were concerned in the death of the
king.

We could hinder the accession of Holland to France,
either as subjects with great immunities for the encour-
agement of trade, or as an inferior and dependent ally

uder their protection. TKMPLE.

Having learned by experience that they must eipect

vigorous resistance from this warlike prince, thev
entered into an alliance with the Britons of Cornwall,
and lauding two years after in that country made an
inroad with their confederatel into the county of Devon.
HUME.

Almanack, v. Calendar.

Alone, Solitary, Lonely.

Alone, compounded of all and one, signifies
altogether one, or single ; that is, by one's
self.

Solitary, in French solitaire, Latin soli-
taries, from solus alone, signifies the quality
of being alone.

Lonely, signifies in the manner of alone.

Alone marks the state of a person ; solitary
the quality of a person or thing ; lonely tbe
quality of a thing only. A person walks
alone, or takes a solitary walk in a lonely place.

Whoever likes to be much alone is of a soli-
tary turn : wherever we can be most and
oftcnest alone, that is a solitary or lonely place.

As in our form distinct, pro-eminent. YOUNG.
I would wish no man to deceive himself with opinions
which he has not thoroughly reflected upon in his lolitary
hours. (JUMBEK LAND.

Within an ancient forest's ample verge

There stands a lonely, but a healthful dwelling.

Built for convenience, and the use of life. KOWE.

Also, Likewise, Too.

Also, compounded of all and so, signifies
literally ; 11 in the same manner.

Likewise, compounded of like and wise, or
manner, signifies in like num. er.

Too, a variation of the numeral two, signifies
what may be added or joined to another thing
from its similarity.

These adverbial expressions obviously con-
vey the same idea of including or classing cer-
tain objects together upon a supposed ground
of affinity. Also is a more general icrm, and
has a more comprehensive meaning, as it im-
plies a sameness in the whole ; likewise is more
specific and limited in its acceptation ; too ifl
still more limited than either, and refers only
to a single object.

" He also was among the number " may con-
vey the idea of totality both as respects the
person and the event : " he writes likewise a
very fine hand " conveys the idea of similar
perfection in his writing as in other qualifica-
tions : " he said so too " signifies he said so in

ALWAYS. 52

addition to the others ; he said it likewise would
imply that he said the same thing, or in the
game manner.

Let us only think for a little of that reproach of modem
time*, that Kiilf of time and fortune, the passion for
gaining, which is so often the refuge of the idle eons of
pleasure, and often alto the last resource of the ruined.
BLAIR.

Loug life is of all others the most general, and seem-
ingly the most innocent object of desire. With respect to
this, too, we so frequently err. that it would have been a
blessing to many to bare had their wish denied. BLAIR.

All the duties of a daughter, a sister, a wife, and a
mother, may be well performed, though a lady should not
be the finest woman at an opera. They are liktwite COD-
istent with a moderate share of wit, a plain dress, and a
modest air. 8TEELE.

To Alter, v. To change, alter.
Altercation, v. Difference, dispute, alterca-
tion, quarrel.
Alternate, v. Successive,

AMBIGUOUS.

Always, At all times, Ever.

Always, compounded of all and ways, is
the same as, under all circumstances, through
all the ways of life, that is, uninterruptedly.

At all Times, means, without distinction
of time.

Ever, implies, for a perpetuity, without
end.

A man must be always virtuous, that is,
whether in adversity or prosperity : and at
all times virtuous, that is, in his going in and
coming out, his rising up and his lying down,
by day and by night ; he will then be ever
happy, that is, in this Life, and the life to
come.

Human life never stands still for any long time. It is
by no means a fixed and steady object, like the mountain
or the nick, which yon alwiyt find in the same situation.
BLAIR.

Among all the expressions of good nature, I shall single
nut that which goes under the general name of charity, as
it consists in relieving the Indigent : that being a trial of
tbia kind which offer* itself to us almost at all timci, and
in every place ADDISON.

Have you forgotten all the blessings you have continued
to enjoy, rer since the day that you came forth a helpless
infant into the world ? BLAIR.

To Amass, v. To heap.
To Amaze, v. To admire.

Ambassador, Envoy, Plenipotentiary,
Deputy.

Ambassador is supposed to come from
the low Latin ambasciator a waiter, although
this does not accord with the high station
which they have always held.

Envoy, from the French envoyer to send,
signifies one sent.

Plenipotentiary, from the Latin plenus
and potent, signifies one invested with full
powers.

Deputy, signifies one deputed.

Ambassadors, em-oys, and plenipotentiaries,
speak, and act in tbe name of their sovereigns,
with this difference, that the first is invested
with the highest authority, acting in all cases
as the representative ; the second appears only
as a simple authorised minister acting for an-
other, but not always representing him ; the
third is a species of envoy used by courts only
on the occasion of concluding peace or making

treaties : deputies are not deputed by sove-
reigns, although they may be deputed to sove-
reigns ; they have no power to act or speak,
but in the name of some subordinate commu-
nity, or particular body. The functions of the
first three belong to the minister, tho-ie of
the latter to the agent.

An ambassador is a resident in a country
during a state of peace ; he must maintain the
dignitf of his court by a suitable degree of
splendour ; an envoy may be a resident, but he
is more commonly employed on particular
occasions; address in negotiating forms an
essential in his character ; a plenipotentiary
is not so much connected with the court im-
mediately, as with persons in the same capacity
with himself ; he requires to have integrity,
coolness, penetration, loyalty, and patriotism.
A deputy has little or no responsibility ; and
still less intercourse with those to whom he is
deputed ; he needs no more talent than is suffi-
cient to maintain the respectability of his own
character, and that of the body to which he
belongs.

Prior continued to act without a title till the Duke of
Shrewsbury returned next year to England, and then he
assumed the style and dignity of an ambattador. JOHN-
SON.

We hear from Borne, by letters dated the 2oth of April,
that the Count de Melhos, envoy from the King of Por-
tugal, had made his public entry into that city with much
state and magnificence. STEELE.

The conferences began at Utrecht on the ist of January,
1711-12, and the English plenipotentiaries arrived on the
fifteenth. J OHNSON.

They add that the deputies of the Swiss cantons wen
returned from Soleure, where they were assembled at the
instance of the French ambauador. STEELE.

Ambiguous, Equivocal.

Ambiguous, in Latin ambiguus, from
ambigo, compounded of antbo and ago, signifies
acting both ways.

Equivocal, in French equivoque, Latin
equivocus, composed of cequus&od vox, signifies
a word to be applied equally to two or more
objects.

An ambiguity arises from a too general form
of expression, which leaves the sense of the
author indeterminate ; an equivocation lies in
the power of particular terms used, which ad-
mit of a double interpretation : the ambiguity
leaves us in entire incertitude as to what is
meant ; the equivocation misleads us in the use
of a term in the sense which we do not suspect.

The ambiguity may be unintentional, arising
from the nature both of the words and the
things ; or it may be employed to withhold
information respecting our views ; the equivo-
cation is always intentional, and may be em-
ployed for purposes of fraud. The histories of
heathen nations are full of confusion and am-
biguity : the heathen oracles are mostly veiled
by some equivocation ; of this we have a re-
markable instance in the oracle of the Persian
mule, by which Croesus was misled.

An honest man will never employ an equivocal expres-
sion , a confused man may often utter ambiguous ones
without any design. BLAIR.

We make use of an equivocation to deceive ; of an
ambiguity to keep in the dark. TRL'SLER.

Th 1 ambiguout Ood. who rul'd her lab'ring breast,
In these mysterious words his mind express'd.
Some truths reveal'd, in terms involv'd the rest.
'_ DEYDZH.

AMEND. S3

The Parliament of England is without comparison the
most voluminous author in the world, and there is such
a happy ambiguity in its works, that its students have as
much to say on the wrong side of every question as upon
the right. CUMBERLAND.

Give a man all that is in the power of the world to
bestow, but leave him at the same time under some secret
oppression or heaviness of heart ; you bestow indeed the
materials of enjoyment, but you deprive him of the
ability to extract it. Hence prosperity is so often an
equivocal word, denoting merely affluence of possession,
but unjustly applied to the possessor BLAIH.

Shakspeare is not long soft and pathetic, without some
idle conceit or contemptible equivocation. J OHNSON.

Amenable, v. Answerable,

To Amend, Correct, Reform, Rectify,
Emend, Improve, Mend, Better.

Amend, in Latin emendo, from menda the
fault of a transcriber, signifies to remove this
fault.

Correct, in Latin corrcctus, participle of
corrigo, compounded of con and rego, signifies
to set in order, to set to rights.

Reform, compounded of re and form, sig-
nifies to form afresh, or put into a new form.

Rectify, in Latin rectifico, compounded of
rectits and/ocio, signifies to make or put right.

Emend is the immediate derivative of the
Latin emendo.

Improve comes from the Latin in and
probo to prove or try, signifying to make good,
or better than it was, by trials or after experi-
ments.

Mend is a contraction of emend.

Better is properly to make better.

To amend, correct, rectify, and emend, imply
the lessening of evil ; to improve, reform, and
better, the increase of good. We amend our
moral conduct, correct errors, reform our life,
rectify mistakes, emend the readings of an
author, improve our mind, mend or better our
condition. What is amended is mostly that
which is wrong in ourselves : what is reformed
or corrected is that which is faulty in ourselves
or in others ; what is rectified is mostly wrong
in that which has been done ; that which is
improved may relate either to an individual, or
to indifferent objects.

To mend and belter are common terms, em-
ployed only on familiar occasions, correspond-
ing to the terms amend and improve. Whatever
is wrong must be amended ; whatever is faulty
must be corrected ; whatever is altogether
insufficient for the purpose must be reformed ;
whatever error escapes by an oversight must
be rectified ; whatever is obscure or incorrect
must be amended. What has been torn may
be mended, and what admits of change may be
improved, or bettered. When a person's conduct
is any way culpable, it ought to be amended ;
when his habits and principles are vicious, his
character ought to be reformed ; when he has
any particular faulty habit, it ought to be cor-
rected ; when he commits mistakes he should
not object to have them rectified . the emenda-
tions of critics frequently involve an author in
still greater obscurity : whoever wishes to
advance himself in life must endeavour to im-
prove his time and talents.

The first step to amendment is a conscious-
ness of error in ourselves ; busy politicians
are ever ready to propose a reform in the con-
stitution of their country, but they forget the

.AMIABLE.

reformation which is requisite in themselves :
the correction of the temper is of the first mo-
ment, in order to live in harmony with others :
in order to avoid the necessity of rectifying what
has been done amiss, we must strive to do
every thing with care : critics emend the pro-
ductions of the pen, and ingenious artists im-
prove the inventions of art.

The interest which the corrupt part of mankind hava
in hardening themselves against every motive to amend-
ment, has disposed them to give to contradictions, when
they can be produced against the cause of virtue, that
weight which they will not allow them in any other case.
JOHNSON.

Presumption will be easily corrected ; but timidity is
a disease of the mind more obstinate and fatal. JOHN-
SON.

Indolence is one of the vices from which those whom
it once infects are seldom reformed JOHNSON.

That sorrow which dictates no caution, that fear which
does not quicken our escape, that austerity which fjiils to
rectify our affections, are vain and unavailing. JOHNSON,

Some had read the manuscript, and rectified its itt
accuracies. JOHNSON.

That useful part of learning, which consists in emenda-
tions, knowledge of different readings, and the like, is
what in all ages persons extremely wise aud learned have
had in great veneration. ADD 1SON.

While a man, infatuated with the promises of greatness,
wastes his hours and days in attendance and solicitation,
the honest opportunities of improving his condition pass
by without his notice. ADDISON.

I then bettered my condition a little, and lived a whole
summer in the shape of a bee. AUDISON.

Amends, v. Compensation.
Amends, v. Restoration.

Amiable, Lovely, Beloved.

Amiable, in Latin amabilis, fiom amo and
habilis, signifies fit to be loved.

Lovely, compounded of love and ly or like,
signifies like that which we love.

Beloved signifies having or receiving love.

The first two express the fitness of an ob-
ject to awaken the sentiment of love ; the
latter expresses the state of being in actual
possession of that love. The amiable designates
that sentiment in its most spiritual form,, as i",
is awakened by purely spiritual objects ; the
lovely applies to the sentiment as it is awakened
by sensible objects. We are amiable according
to the qualities of the heart ; we are lovely
according to the external figure and manners ;
we are beloved according to the circumstances
that bring us into connexion' with others :
hence it is that things as well as persons may
be lovely or beloved, but persons only are
amiable.

An amiable disposition without a lovely pel
son wiD render a person beloved. It is distress-
ing to see any one who is lovely in person
unamiable in character.

Tully has a very beautiful gradation of thoughts to
show how amiable virtue is. "We love a virtuous man,"
saye he, " who lives in the remotest parts of the earth,
although we are altogether out of the reach of his virtue
and can receive from it no manner of benefiV ADDISON.

Sorrow would be a rarity most belov'd
If all could so become it. SHAKSPEABE.

AMICABLE .

AMUSE.

Amicable, Friendly.

Amicable, from amicus a friend, signifies
able or fit for a friend.

Friendly signifies like a friend. The word
amicus likewise comes from amo to love, and
friend, in the Northern languages, fromfregan
to love.

Amicable and friendly therefore both denote
the tender sentiment of good-will which all
men ought to bear one to another ; but amic-
able rather implies a negative sentiment, a
freedom from discordance . and friendly a posi-
tive feeling of regard, the absence of indiffer-
ence. We make an amicable accommodation,
and a. friendly visit. It is a happy tiling when
people who have been at variance can amicably
adjust all their disputes. Nothing adds mi re
to the charms of society than a friendly corres-
pondence.

Amicable is always slid of persons who have
been in connexion with each other ; friendly
may be applied to those who are perfect stran-
gers. Neighbours must always endeavour to
Hve amicably with each other. Travellers
should always endeavour to keep up a, friendly
intercourse with the inhabitants, wherever
they couie.

The abstract terms of the preceding
qualities admit of no variatioa but in the sig-
nification of friendship, which marks an in-
dividual feeling only. To live amicably, or in
amity with all men, is a point of Christian duty ;
but we cannot live in friendship with all men ;
since friendship must be confined to a few.

What first presents itself to be recommended is a dis-
position averse to otieu e. and desirous of cultivating har-
luouy, and amicable intercourse ill society. BLAIK.

Who slake his thirst : who spread the/rii<Wy board
To give the famish 'd Belisarius food ? 1'IIILLIFS.

Beasts of each kind their fellow spare ;
Bear lives in amity with bear. JOHNSON.

Every man might, in the multitudes that swarm about
him. find some kindred mind with which be could unite
in confidence and/ricrniiAip. JOH.NSON.

Amorous, Loving, Fond.

Amorous, from amor and the ending out.
which designates abundance, signifies full of
love.

Loving: signifies the act of loving, that is,
continually loi-iny.

Fond, from the Saxon fundan, and the
German flnden, which signify either to seek or
find. Hence fond signifies longing for, or
eagerly attached to.

These epithets are all used to mark the ex-
cess or distortion of a tender sentiment.
Amorous is taken in a criminal sense, loving
and fond in a contemptuous sense: an indis-
criminate and dishonourable attachment to
the fair sex characterizes the amorous man ; an
overweening and childish attachment to any
object marks the loving and. fond person.

Loving is less dishonourable than/ond . men
may be loving ; children and brutes may be
fond. Those who have not a well regulated
affection lor each other will be loving by fits
and starts ; children and animals who have no
control over their appetites will be apt to be
fond of those who indulge them. An amorous
temper should be suppressed ; a loving temper

should be regulated : a fond temper should b
checked.

I shall range all old amorous dotards under the denomi-
nation of grmuers. STKELE.

This place may seem for shepherds' leisure made.

So lovingly these elms unite their shade. PHILLIPS.

My impatience for your return, my anxiety for your
welfare, and my fondnea tar my dear Ulysses, were the
only distempers that preyed upon iny life. ADDISON.

Ample, Spacious, Capacious.

Ample, in French ample, Latin amplut,
probably comes from the Greek acairAcuc fulL

Spacious, in French tpacieux, Lathi spa-
ciosus, comes from spatiiiiii a space, implying
the quality of having space.

Capacious, in Latin capax, from capio to
hold, signifies the quality of being able to hold.

These epithets convey the analogous ideas of
extent in quantity, and extent hi space. Ample
is figuratively employed for whatever is exten-
ded in quantity ; spacious is literally used for
whatever is extended in space; capacious is lit-
erally and figuratively employed to express ex-
tension in buth quantity and space. Stores are
ample, room is ample, an allowance is ample : a
room, a house, or a garden is spacious : a vessel
or hollow of any kind is capacious ; the soul, the
mind, and the heart are capacious.

Ample is opposed to scanty, spacious to
narrow, capacious to small What is ample
suffices and satisfies ; it imposes no consti aint :
what is spacious is free and open, it does not
confine : what is capacious readily receives and
contains ; it is spacious, liberal, and generous.
Although sciences, arts, philosophy, and lan-
guages, afford to the mass of mankind ample
fccope for the exercise of their mental powers
without recurring to mysterious or fanciful
researches, yet this world is hardly spacious
enough for the range of the intellectual fa-
culties : the capacious m'nds of some are
no less capable of containing than they are
disposed for receiving whatever spiritual food
is offered them.

The pure consciousness of worthy actions, abstracted
from the views of popular applause, is to a generous miiid
ail ample lewani. HCGHES.
These mighty monarchies, that had o'erspread
The spacious earth, and stretch'd their couq'riug arms
From pole to pole, by ensnaring charms
Were quite consumed. MAY

Down sunk, a hallow bottom broad and deep,
Capacious bed of waters. MILTON

Ample, r. Plentiful.

To Amuse, Divert, Entertain.

To Amuse is to occupy the mind lightly,
from the Latin musa a song, signifying to
allure the attention by any thing as light and
airy as a song.

Divert, in French dirertir. Latin diverto,
is compounded of di and yerto to turn a^ide,
signifying to turn the nmd aside from an
object.

Entertain, in French enlretenir, compoun-
ded of tntre, inter, and tenir, teneo to keep,
signifies to keep the mind fixed on a thing.

We amuse or entertain by engaging the atten-
tion on some present occupation ; we divert
by drawing the attention from a present ob-

AMUSE.

AMUSEMENT.

ject ; all this proceeds by the means of that
pleasure which the object produces, which in
the first case is less vivid than in the second,
and in the second case is less durable than in
the third. Whatever amuses serves to kill time,
to lull the ficulties, and bauit-h reflection ; it
may be solitary, sedentary, and lifeless : what-
ever diverts causes mirth, and provokes Luigh-
ter ; it will be active, lively, and tumultuous :
whatever entertains acts on the senses, and
awakens the understanding ; it must be ra-
tional, and is mostly social. The bare act of
walking and changing place may amuse ; the
tricks of animals divert; conversation enter-
tains. We sit down to a card table to be
amused ; we go to a comedy or pantomime to
be diverted ; we go to a tragedy to be enter-
tained. Children are amused with looking at
pictures : ignorant people are diverted with
shows ; intelligent people are entertained with
reading.

The dullest and most vacant minds may be
imused ; the most volatile are diverted ; the
most reflective are entertained: the emperor
Domitian amused himself with killing flies the
emperor Nero diverted himself with appearing
btfore his subjects in the characters of gladia-
tor and charioteer ; Socrates entertained him-
self by discoursing on the day of his execution
with his friends on the immortality of the
soul.

I yesterday passed a whole afternoon in the church-
yard, the cloisters, and the church, amusing myself with
the tomb-stines and inscriptions that I met with iu those
several regious of the dead. AUDISON.

His dittnion on this occasion was to see the cross bows'
mistaken signs, and wrong connivances that passed amidst
BO many hrokeu and refracted rays of sight. ADDISOX.

Will. Honeycomb was very entertaining, the othernight
at the play, to a gentleman who sat on his right hand,
while I was at his left. The gentleman believed Will, was
talking to himself. ADDISON.

To Amuse, Beguile.

Amuse, v. To amuse, divert.

Beguile is compounded of be and guile,
signifying to overreach with guile.

As amuse denotes the occupation of the mind,
so beguile expresses an effect or consequence
of amusement.

When amuse and beguile express any species
of deception, the former indicates what is
effected by pewons, aud the latter that which
is effected by things. The first is a.raud upon
the understanding ; the second is a fraud upon
the memory and consciousness. We are
amused by a false story ; our misfortunes are
beguiled by the charms of fine music or fine
scenery. To suffer one's self to be amused is
an act of weakness ; to be beguiled is a relief
and a privilege. Credulous people are easily
amused by any idle tale, and thus prevented
from penetrating the designs of the artful ;
weary travellers beguile the tedium of the
journey by lively conversation.

In latter ages pious frauds were made use of to amuie
mankind. ADDISON.

With seeming innocence the crowd oeguil'd,
gut made the desperate passes when he sruil'd.

PKYDEN.

Amusement, Entertainment, Diver-
sion, Sport, Recreation, Pastime.

Amusement signifies here that which
serves to amuse (v. To amuse, divert).

Entertainment, that which serves to
entertain (v. To amuse).

Diversion, that which serves to divert (v.
To amuse, divert).

Sport, that which serves to give sport.

Recreation, that which seivts to recreate
from recreatus, participle of recrto or re and
creo to create or make alive again.

Pastime, that which serves to pass time.

Tbe first four of these terms are either
applied to objects which specifically serve the
purposes of pleasure, or to such objects as
may accidentally serve this purpose ; the last
two terms are employed only in the latter
sense.

The distinction between the first three
terms are very similar iu this as in the pre-
ceding case. Amusement is a general term,
which comprehend* little or re than the
common idea of pleasure, whether small or
great; entertainment is s species of amusement,
which is always moi e or less of an intellectual
nature ; diversions and sports *re a species of
amusements more adapted to the young and the
active, particularly the latter ; the thtatre or
the concert is an entertainment: fairs ana public
exhibitions are diversions . games of racing or
cricket, hunting, shooting, and the lik.-, are
sports.

Recreation and pastime are terms of relative
impoit ; the former is of use for those who
labour ; the Utter for tnose who are idle. A
recreation must partake more or less of the
nature of an amusement, but it is an occupation
which owes its pleasure to the relaxation of
the mind from severe exertion : in this
manner gardening may be a recreation to one
who studies ; company is a recreation to a maa
of business : the pastime is the amusement of
the leisure hour ; it may be alternately a
diversion, a sport, or a simple amusement, as
circumstances require.

As Atlas groan'd

The world beneath, we groan beneath an hour ;

We cry for mercy to the next amusement.

The next amusement mortgages our fields. YOUXG.

The stage might be made a perpetual source of the most
noble and useful entertainment! were it under proper
regulations. ADDISON.

When I was some years younger than I am at present,
I used to employ myself in a more laborious diversion,
which I learned from a Latin treatise of exercises that
i written with great erudition ; it is there called the
cr\iOfj.a\ia, or the fighting with a man's own shadow.
ADDISON.

With great respect to country i)>ortt, I may say thii
gentleman could pass his time agreeably, if there were
not a fox or a hare in his county. STEELE.

Pleasure and recreation of one kind or other are abso-
lutely necessary to relieve our minds and bodies from too
constant attention and labour ; where therefore public
diversion! are tolerated, it behoves persons of distinction,
with their power and example, to preside over them.
STEELE.

Your microscope brings to sight shoals of living crea-
tures iu a spoonful of vinegar; but we, who can dis-
tinguish them iu their different magnitudes, see among
them several huge Leviathan* that terrify the little fry
of animals about them, aud take their pfutime as in nu
ueean. ADDISON.

ANECDOTE.

ANGER.

Anathema, v. Curse.
Ancestors, v. Forefather*.
Ancient, v. Former.
Ancient, r. OH.
Anciently, v. Formerly,
Ancient times, v. Foi-merly.

Anecdote, Story.

Anecdote, v. Anecdotes.

Story, like history comes from the Greek
icrropeeo to relate.

An anecdote has but little incident, and no
plot ; a story may have many incidents, and
an important cataitrophe annexed to it : there
are many anecdotes related of Dr. Johnson,
some of which are of a trifling nature, and
others characteristic : stories are generally told
to young people of ghosts and visions, which
are calculated to act on their fears.

An anecdote is pleasing and pretty ; a story
is frightful or melancholy : an anecdote always
consults of some matter of fact ; a story is
founded on that which is real. Anecdotts are
related of some distinguished persons ; dis-
playing their characters or the circumstaicf s
of their lives : stones from life, however
striking and wonderful, will seldom impress
so powerfully as those which are drawn from
the world of spirits : anecdotes serve to amuse
men, stories to amuse children.

How admirably Bapin, the most popular among the
French critics, was qualified to sit in judgment upon
Homer aud Thucydides, Demosthenes and Plato, may be
gathered from an anecdote preserved by Menage, who
affirms upon his own knowledge that Le Fevre aud S.iumur
furnished this assuming critic with the Greek passages
which he had to cite, Rapin himself being totally ignorant
of that language. WARTON.

This story I once intended to omit, as it appears with no
great evidence ; nor have I met with any confirmation
but in a letter of Farquhar, and he only relates that the
funeral of Dryden was tumultuary and confused. JOHN-
SON.

Anecdotes, Memoirs, Chronicles,
Annals.

Anedote, from the Greek avftcSorot, sig-
nifies what is communicated in a private way.

Memoirs, in French memoires, from the
w.-rd memory, signifies what serves to help
the memory.

Chronicle, in French chronicle, from the
Greek xpoi/os time, signifies an account of the
times.

Annals, from the French annales, from the
Tatin annus, signifies a detail of what passes
in the year.

All these terms mark a species of narrative
more or less connected, that may serve as
materials for a regular history.

Anecdotes consi't of personal or detached
circumstances of a pablic or private nature,
involving one subject or more. Anecdotes
may be either moral or political, literary or
biographical : they may t erve as characteris-
tics of any individual, or of ary particular
nation or age.

Memoirs may include anecdotes, as far as
they are connected with the lea-ling subject

on which they treat ; memoirs are rather con-
nected than complete ; they are a partial nar-
rative respecting an individual, and compre-
hending matter of a public or private nature ;
they serve as memorials of what ought not to
be forgotten, and lay the foundation either for
a history or a life.

Chronicle and annals are altogether of a
public nature ; and approach the nearest to
regular and genuine history. Chronicles
register the events as they pass ; annals
digest them into order, as they occur in the
course of successive years. Chronicles are
minute as to the exact point of time ; annals
only preserve a general order within the
period of a year.

Chronicles detail the events of small as well
as large communities, as of particular districts
and cities ; annals detail only the events of
nations. Chronicles include domestic incidents,
or such things as concern individuals the
word annals, in its proper sense, relates only to
such things as affect the great body of the
public, but it is frequently employed in an
improper sense. Chronicles may be confined
to simple matter of fact ; annals may enter
into the causes and consequences of events.

Anecdotes require point and vivacity, as they
seem rather to amuse than instruct the grave
historian will always use them with caution ;
memoirs require authenticity : chronicles re-
quire accuracy ; annals require clearness of
narration, method in the disposition, impar-
tiality in the representation, with almost
every requisite that constitutes the true his-
torian.

Anecdotes and memoirs are of more modern
use : chronicles and annals were frequent in for-
mer ages ; they were the first historic monu-
ments which were stamped with the impres-
sion of the simple, frank, and rude manners
of eaily times. The chronicles of our present
times are principally to be found in news-
papers and magazines ; the annals in annual
registers or retrospects.

I allude to those papers in which I treat of the litera-
ture of the Greeks, carrying down my history in a chain
of anccdotet from the earliest poets to the death of
Menander. CUMBERLAND.

His eye was so piercing that, as ancient chronicle*
report, he could blunt the weapons of his enemies only
by looking at them. JOHNSON.

Could yon with patience hear, or I relate,
O nymph ! the tedious <uin<i!i of our fate,
Through such a train of woes if I should run.
The day would sooner than the tale be done.

DBronr.

Anger, Resentment, Wrath, Ire,
Indignation.

Anger, comes from the Latin angor vexa-
tion, ango to vex, compounded of an or ad
against, and ago to act.

Resentment, in French ressentiment from
ressentir, is compounded of re and sentir, sig-
nifying to feel again, over and over, or for a
continuance.

Wrath and Ire are derived from the same

Vide Ronbaud ; " Histoire, fastef, chroniques, aimale*.
Uiemoires, Ac."

ANGER.

ANGRY.

source, namely, -wrath, in Saxon wrath and
ire, in Latin ira anger, Greek epis contention,
all which springs from the Hebrew, kerah, or
cherah heat or anger.

Indignation, in French indignation, in
Latin indignatio, from indignor to think or
feel unworthy, marks the strong feeling
which base conduct awakens in the mind.

An impatient agitation against any one who
acts contrary to our inclinations or opinions is
the characteristic of all these terms. Resent-
ment is less vivid than anger, and anger than
wrath, ire or indignation. Anger is a sudden
sentiment of displeasure ; resentment is a con-
tinued anger ; wrath is a heightened sentiment
of anger, which is poetically expressed by the
word ire.

Anger may be either a selfish or a disinte-
rested passion ; it may be provoked by in-
juries done to ourselves, or injustice done to
others : in this latter seose of strong dis-
pleasure God is angry with sinners, and good
men may to a certain degree be angry with
those under their control, who act improperly.
Resentment is a brooding sentiment altogether
arising from a sense of personal injury ; it is
associated with a dislike of the offender, as
much as the offence, and is diminished only
by the infliction of pain in return ; in its rise,
progress, and effects, it is alike opposed to the
Christian spirit. Wrath and ire are the senti-
ment of a superior towards an inferior, and
when provoked by personal injuries discovers
itself by haughtiness and a vindictive temper :
as a sentiment of displeasure wrath is unjustifi-
able between man and man ; but the lorath of
God may be provoked by the persevering im-
penitence of sinners : the irof a heathen god,
according to the gross views of Pagans, was
but the wrath of man associated with greater
power ; it was altogether unconnected with
moral displeasure. Indignation is a sentiment
awakened by the unworthy and atrocious
conduct of others ; as it is exempt from per-
sonalty, it is not irreconcileable with the
temper of a Christian : a warmth of constitu-
tion sometimes gives rise to sallies of anger ;
but depravity of heart breeds resentment ; un-
bending pride is a great source of wrath ; but
indignation flows from a high sense of honour
and virtue.

Moralists have defined anger to be a desire of revenge
for some injury offered. STEELE.

The temperately revengeful have leisure to weigh the
merits of the cause, and thereby either to smother their
secret retentmentt, or to seek adequate reparations for
the damages they have sustained. STEELE.
Achilles' wrath, to Greece the direful spring
Of woes unnumber'd, Heavenly Goddess sing. POPE.
The prophet spoke ; when with a gloomy f rowu
The monarch started from his shining throne ;
Black choler flll'd his breast that boil'd with ire,
And from his eye-balls flash'd the living fire. POPE.
It is surely not to be observed without indignation, that
men may be found of minds mean enough to be satisfied
with this treatment ; wretches who are proud to obtain
the privileges of madmen JOHNSON.

Anger, Choler, Rage, Fury.

Anger, v. Anger, resentment.

Choler, in French colere, Latin cholera,
Greek x^ p?> comes from xoXrj bile, because
the overflowing of the bile is both the cause
and consequtnce of choler.

Rage, in French mj/e, Latin rabies madness,
and rabio to rave like a madman, comes from
the Hebrew ragaz to tremble or shake with a
violent madness.

Fury, in French furie, Latin furor, comes
probably from/erp to carry away, because one
is carried or hurried by the emotions of fury.

These words have a progressive force in their
signification. Choler expresses something more
sudden and virulent than anger ; rage is a ve-
hement ebullition of anger ; and fury is an ex-
cess of rage. Anger may be so stifled as not to
discover itself by any outward symptoms ;
clioler is discoverable by the paleness of the
visage rage breaks fonh into extravagant ex-
pressions and violent distortions ; fury takes
away the use of the understanding.

Anger is an infirmity incident to human
nature ; it ought, however, to be suppressed
on all occasions : choler is a malady too phy-
sical to be always corrected by reflection rage
and fury are distempers of the soul, which no-
thing but religion and the grace of God can
cure.

The maxim which Periander of Corinth, one of the
seven sages of Greece, left as a memorial of his know-
ledge aud benevolence, was \o\ov /cporei, be master of
thy anger. JOHNSON.

Must I give way to your rash choler t
Shall I be frighted when a madman stares t

SHAKSPEARE.

Oppose
But giv

SHAKSPEARE.

Of this kind is the fury to which many men give away
amon

f this kind is the fury to which many men giv
ong their servants and dependants. JOHNSON.

Anger, v. Displeasure, anger.
Angle, v. Corner.

Angry, Passionate, Hasty.

Angry signifies either having anger, or
prone to anger.

Passionate signifies prone to passion.

Hasty signifies prone to excess of hast,
from intemperate feeling.

Angry denotes a particular state or emotion
of the mind ; passionate and hasty express
habits of the mind. An angry man is in a
st*te of anger;- a passionate or hasty man is
habitually prone to be passionate or hasty. The
angry has less that is vehement and impetuous
in it than the passionate ; the hasty has some-
thing less vehement, but more sudden and
abrupt in it thin either.

The angry man is notalways easily provoked,
nor ready to retaliate ; but he often retains
his anger until the cause is removed : the pas-
sionate man is quickly roused, eager to repay
the offence, and speedily appeased by the in-
fliction of pain of which he afterwards prob-
ably repents : the hasty man is very soon
offended, but not ready to offend in return ;
his angry sentiment spends itself in angry
words.

It is told by Prior, in a panegyric on the Duke of
Dorset, that his servants used to put themselves in his
way when he was angry, because he was sure to recom-
pense them for any indignities which he made them
suffer. JOHNSON.

There is in tne world a certain class of mortals known,
and contentedly known by the name of passionate men,
who imagine themselves entitled by that distinction to b
provoked on every slight occasion. 3 OHNSON.

ANIMADVERSION.

ANIMATE.

The king, who saw their squadrons yet unmov'd,
With haity ardor thus the chiefs reprov'd. POPE.

Aiignish, v. Distress, anxiety.
Anguish, v . Pain

Animadversion, Criticism, Stricture.

Animadversion, in Latin animadversio,
from animadvcrtere, that is, vertere animum ad,
signifies to turn the mind to a thing.

Criticism, in French critique, Latin criticus,
Greek jcptriKof, from npivia to judge, signifies by
distinction a judgment in liteiary matters.

Stricture, in Latin strictura a glance at
any thing, comes from stringo to touch upon
lightly or in few words.

Animadversion includes censure and reproof ;
criticism implies scrutiny and judgment,
whether for or against ; and stricture compre-
hends a partial investigation mingled with
censure. We animadvert on a person's opinions
by contradicting or correcting them ; we criti-
cise a person's works by minutely and ration-
ally exposing their imperfections and beauties ;
we pass strictures on public measures by de-
scanting on them cursorily, and censuiing
them partially.

Animadversions are too personal to be im-
partial ; consequently they are seldom just ;
they are mostly resorted to by those who want
to build up one system on the ruins of an-
other : criticism is one of the most important
and honourable departments of literature ; a
critic ought justly to weigh the merits and de-
merits of authors, but of the two his office is
rather to blame than to praise ; much less in-
jury will accrue to the cause of literature from
the seveiity than from the laxity of criticism :
tinctures are mostly the vehicles of party
Bpleen ; like most ephemeral productions, they
are too superficial to be entitled to serious
notice.

These things fall under a province you have partly pur-
sued already, and therefore demands your animadversion
tor the regulating so noble an entertainment as that of
the stage. STEELK.

Just criticitm demands not only that every beauty or
blemish be minutely pointed out in its different degree
and kind, hut also that the reason and foundation of
excellences and faults be accurately ascertained.
WARTON.

To the end of most of the plays I have added short
itricturei, containing ,V general censure of faults or praise
of excellence. JOHNSON.

To Animadvert, v. To censure.

Animal, Brute, Beast.

Animal, in French animal, Latin animal,
from anima life, signifies the thing having life.

Brute is in French brute, Latin brutusdvil,
Greek /Sapvnjs , Chaldee barout, foolishness.

Beast, in French bete, Latin bestia changed
from boslirma Greek Pomtima. a beast of burden,
und /Sooxtt) to feed, signifies properly the thing
that feeds.

Animal is the geneiic, brute and beast are the
specific terms. The animal is the thing that
lives and moves. If animal be considered as
thinking, willing, reflecting, and acting, it is
confined in its signification to the human
species ; if it be regarded as limited in all the
functions which mark intelligence and will, ij

t be divested of speech and reason, it belong!
;o the brute ; if animal be considered, more-
over, as to its appetites, independent of reason,
of its destination, and consequent depeodance
on its mental powers ; it descends to the beast.
Man and brute are opposed. To man an im-
mortal soul is assigned ; but we are not autho-
rised by Scripture to extend this dignity to
the brutes. The brutes that perish is the ordi-
nary mode of distinguishing that part of the
animal creation from the superior order of
terrestrial beings who are destiued to exist in
a future world. Men cannot be exposed to a
greater degradation than to be divested of
their particular characteristics, and classed
under the general name of animal, unless we
except that which assigns to them the epithet
of brute or beast, which, as designating pecu-
liar atrocity of conduct, does not always carry
with it a reproach equal to the infamy; the
perversion of the rational faculty is at all times
more shocking and disgraceful than the ab-
sence of it by nature.

Some would be apt to fay, he is a conjurer ; for he has
found that a republic is not made up of every budy of
uni >/>, but is composed of men only and not of horses.
STEELE.

As nature has framed the several species of beings as it
ere iu a chain, so man seems to be placed as the middle
link between angels and brutet. AD1JISON.
Whom e'en the savage beattt had spar'd, they kill'd.
And strew'd his mangled limbs about the field. DBYDEN.

To Animate, Inspire, Enliven,
Cheer, Exhilarate.

Animate, in Latin animating, frona. animus
the mind, and anima the soul or vital princi-
ple, signifies in the proper sense to give life,
and in the moral sense to give spirit.

Inspire, in French inspirer, Latin inspire,
compounded of in and spiro, signifies to
breathe life or spirit into any one.

Enliven, from en or in and liven, has the
same sense.

Cheer, in French cltere, Flemish ciere the
countenance, Greek \apa joy, signifies the giv-
ing joy or spirit.

Exhilarate, in Latin exhiliratus, partici-
ple of exkitaro, from tiilaris, Greek tXapos joy-
ful, Hebrew oilcn to exult or kap for j >y,
signifies to make glad.

Animate and inspire imply the communica-
tion of the vital or mental spark ; enliven,
cheer, and exhilarate, signify actions on the
mind or body. To be animated in its physical
tense is simply to receive the first spark of
animal life in however small a degree ; for
there are animated beings in the world possess-
ing the vital power in an infinite variety of
degrees and forms : to be animated in the
moral sense is to receive the smallest portion
of the sentient or thinking faculty ; which is
equally varied in thinking beings; animation
therefore never conveys the idea of receiving
any strong degree of either physical or moral
feeling. To inspire, on the contrary, expresses
the communication of a strong moral senti-
ment or passion : hence to animate with cour-
age is a less forcible expression than to in-
spire with courage : we likewise spenk of in*
spiring with emulation or a thirst for know-
ledge ; not of animating with emulation or a

ANIMATION.

ANSWER.

thirst for knowledge. To enliven respects the
mind ; cA.ce?- relates to the heart ; exhilarate
regards the spirits, both animal and mental ;
they all denote an action on the frame by the
communication of pleasurable emotions : the
mind is enlivened by contemplating the scenes
of nature ; the imagination is enlivened by
reading poetry ; the benevolent heart is cheered
by witnessing the happiness of others ; the
spirits are exhilarated by the convivialities of
social life : conversation enlivens society ; the
conversation of a kind and considerate friend
cheers the drooping spirits in the moments of
trouble : unexpected good news is apt to ex-
hilarate the spirits.

Through subterranean cells

Where searching sunbeam* scarce cau ttiid a way,
Earth animated heaves. THOMSON.
Each gentle breast with kindly warmth she moves,
Intpiret new flames, rev ives extinguished loves.

DKYDEN ON MAY.

To grace each subject with enlivening wit. ADDISON.
Every eye bestows the cheering look of approbation
upou the humble man. CUMBERLAND.

Nor rural sights alone, but rural sounds
Exhilarate the spirit. COWPEK.

To Animate, v. To encou age.

Animation, Life, Vivacity, Spirit.

Animation and Life do not differ either
In sense or application, but the latter is more
in familiar use. They express either the par-
ticular or general state of the mind.

Vivacity and Spirit express only the
habitual nature and state of the feelings.

A person of no animation is divested of the
distinguishing characteristic of his nature,
which is mind : a person of i o vivacity is a
dull companion : a person of no spirit is unfit
to associate with others.

A person with animation takes an interest in
every tiling : a vivacious man catches at every
thing that is pleasant and interesting : a
spirited man enters into plans, makes great
exertions, and disregards difficulties.

A speaker may audress his audience with
more or less animation according to the dis-
position in which he finds it : a man of a
rii-acioits temper diffuses his viracityintoallhis
words and actions : a man of spirit suits his
measures to the exigency of his circum-
stances.

The British have a lively animated aspect. STEELE.
The very dead creation from thy touch
Assumes a mimic life.

THOMSON ON THE POWER OF THE SUN.
His vivacity is seen in doing all the offices of life, with
readiness at ipirit, and propriety iu the manner of doing
them. STEELE.

Animosity, v. Enmity.
Annals, r. Anecdotes.
To Annex, v. To affix.
Annotations, v. Kotes.

To Announce, Proclaim, Fublish.

Announce, in Latin annuncio, is com-
pounded of cm or ad and nuncio to tell to any
one.

Proclaim, in Latin proclaim, ia com-

pounded of pro and clamo to cry before, or cry
aloud.

Publish, in Latin publico, from publicus
and paputus, signifies to make public or known
to th-j people at large.

The characteristic sense of these words is
the making of a thing known to several indi-
viduals : a thing is announced to an individual
or small community ; it is proclaimed to a
neighbourhood, and published to the world.
We announce an event that is expected and
just at hand : we proclaim an event that re-
quires to be kno-vn by all the parties in-
terested ; we publish what is supposed likely
to interest all who know it.

Announcements re made verbally, or by some
well known signal ; proclamations are made
verbally, and accompanied by some appointed
signal ; publications are ordinarily marie
through the press, or by oral communication
from one individual to another. The ariiv^l
of a distii;guithed person is announced by the
ringing of the bells ; the proclamation of peace
by a herald is accompanied with certain cere-
monies calculated to dxcite notice ; the publi-
cation of news is the office of the journalist.

We might with as much reason doubt whether the sun
was intended to enlighten the earth, as whether he who
has framed the human mind intended to announce
righteousness to mankind as a law. BLAIR.

But witness, heralds ! and proclaim my vow.
Witness to gods above, and men below. POPE.

It very often happens that none are more industrious
\npublahing the blemishes of an extraordinary reputa-
tion, than such as lie open to the same censures in their
own character. ADDISOX.

To Annoy, *. Inconvenience.
To Annul, v. To abolish.

Answer, Reply, Rejoinder, Response.

Answer, in Saxcn andsicaren and varan,
Goth, award andward, German antwort, com-
pounded of ant or anti against, and wort a
word, signifies a word used against or in re-
turn for another.

Reply comes from the French repliqv.tr.
Latin replico to unfold, signifying to unfold
or enlarge upon by way of explanation.

Rej oin is compounded of re and join, signi-
fying to join or add in return.

Response, in Latin responses, participle
of respondeo, compounded of re and spondeo,
signifies to declare or give a sanction to in
return.

Under all these terms is included the idea
of using words in return for other words. An
answer is given to a question ; a reply is made
to an assertion ; a rejoinder is inaue to a reply ;
a response is made in accordance with the
words of another.

We answer either for the purpose of affirma-
tion, information, or contradiction ; we always
reply, or rejoin, in order to explain or confute :
responses are made by way of assent or confir-
mation. It ia impolite not to answer when we
are addressed : arguments are maintained by
the alternate replies and rejoinders of two
parties ; but such arguments seldom tend to
the pleasure and improvement of society : the
responses in the liturgy are peculiarly calculated
to keep alive the attention of those who tJse
a part in the devotion.

ANSWERABLE.

ANTECEDENT.

An answer may be either spoken or written :
reply and rejoinder are used in personal dis-
course only : a response may be said or surg.

The blackbird whistles from the thorny brake,
The mellow bulfluch aruvcrt from the grove.

THOMSON.

He again took some time to consider, and civilly re-
plied " L do " " if you do agree with me," rejoined I,
' in acknowledging the complaint, tell me if you wUl
concur in promoting the cure?* CUMBERLAND.

Lacedxiuon, always disposed to controul the growing
consequence of her neighbours, and sensible of the bad
of her late measures, had opened her eyes to the
of
Py thia.

policy ,

lolly of expelling Hippias oil the forged respontet of the
y thia. C U.MBEBLAS D.

Answerable, Responsible, Accounta-
ble, Amenable.

Answerable, from ansicer, signifies ready
or a^le to ansicer for.

Responsible, from respo.ideo to ansicer,
has a similar meaning in its original sense.

Accountable, from account, signifies able
or ready to give an account.

Amenable, from the French amener to
lead, signifies liable to be led.

We are answerable for a demand : responsible
for a trust; accountable for our proceedings;
and amenable to the laws. When a mans
credit is firmly established he will have occa-
sions to be answerable for those in less flourish-
ing circumstances : every one becomes re-
sponsible, more or less, in proportion to the
confidence which is reposed in his judgment
and integrity : we are all accountable beings,
either to one another, or at least to the great
Judge of all ; when a man sincerely wishes to
do right, he will have no objection to be
amenable to the laws of his country.

An honest man will not make himself
answerable for any thing which it is above his
ability to fulfil : a prudent man will avoid a
too heavy responsibility ; an upright man never
refuses to be accountable to any who are in-
vested with proper authority ; a conscientious
man makes himself amenable to the wise re-
gulations of society.

That he might render the execution of justice strict
and regular, Alfred divided all England into counties
these counties he subdivided into hundreds, and the
hundreds into tithings. Every householder was aniwer-
able for the behaviour of his family and his slaves and
even of his guests if they lived above three days in his
house. HUME.

As a person's retrmnribility bears respect to his reason,
so do human punishments bear respect to his retponti-
bility ; infants and boys are chastised by the hand of the
parent or the master ; rational adults are amenable to the
laws. CUMBERLAND.

We know that we are the subjects of a Supreme
Bighteous Governor, to whom we are accountable for
our conduct. BLAIR.

Antagonist, v. Enemy.

Antecedent, Preceding, Foregoing,
Previous, Anterior, Prior, Former.

Antecedent, in Latin antecedent, that is
ante and cedens going before.
Preceding, in Latin prcecedtns, going

Foregoing-, literally going before.
Previous, in Latin prcevius, that is prce
nd via making a way before.

Anterior the comparative of the Latin
ante before.

trior, in Latin prior, comparative of
primus first.

Former in English the comparative of
first.

Antecedent, preceding, foregoing, previous, are
employed for what goes or happens before ;
anterior, prior, former, for what is, or exists
before.

* Antecedent marks piiority of order, place,
and position, with this peculiar circumstance,
that it denotes the relation of influence, de-
pendance, and connexion established between
two objects : thus, in logic the premises are
called the antecedent, and the conclusion the
consequent ; in theology or politics, the ante-
cedent is any decree or resolution which in-
fluences another decree or action; in mathe-
matics, it is that term from which any
induction can be drawn to another ; in
grammar, the antecedent is that which requires
a particular regimen from its subsequent.

Antecedent and preceding both denote priority
of time, or the order of events ; but the
former in a more vague and indeterminate
manner than the latter. A preceding event is
that which happens immediately before the
one of which we are speaking; whereas an-
tecedent may have events or circumstances
intervening. An antecedent proposition may
be separated from its consequent by other
propositions ; but a preceding proposition is
closely followed by another. In this sense
antecedent is opposed to posterior; preceding to
succeeding.

The seventeen centuries since the birth of Christ are
antecedent to the eighteenth, or the one we live in ; but
it is the seventeenth only which we call the preceding
oiie. TRUSLER.

Preceding respects simply the succession of
times and things; but previous denotes the
succession of actions and events, with the
collateral idea of their connexion with and
influence upon each other : we speak of the
preceding day, or the preceding chapter, merely
as the day or chapter that goes before ; but
when we speak of a previous engagement or a
previous inquiry, it supposes an engagement
or inquiry preparatory to something that is to
follow , previous is opposed to subsequent :
foregoing is employed to mark the order of
things narrated or stated ; as when we speak
of the foregoing statement, the foregoing ob-
jections, or the foregoing calculation, &c. :
foregoing is opposed to following.

Anterior, prior, and former, have all a r>la-
tive sense, and are used for things that are
more before than others : anterior is a techni-
cal term to denote forwardness of position,
as in anatomy ; the anterior or fore part of the
skull, in contradistinction to the hind part ;
so likewise the anterior or fore front of a
building, in opposition to the back front:
prior is used in the sense of previous when
speaking of comparatively two or more things,
when it implies anticipation ; a prior claim
invalidates the one that is set up ; a prior en-
gagement prevents the forming of any other
that is proposed : former is employed either
with regard to times, as former times, in

^ ide Bonbaud ; " Anterieur, antecedent, precedent."

APOLOGIZE.

contradistinction to later periods, or with
regard to propositions, when the formei- or
first thing mentioned is opposed to the latter
or last mentioned.

Little attention was paid to literature by the Romans
In the early and more martial ages. I read of uo collec-
tions of books antecedent to those made by Amilius
Faulus, and Lucullus. CUMBERLAND.

Letters from Rome dated the thirteenth instant, say,
that on the preceding Sunday, his Holiness was carried
In an open chair from St. Peter's to St. Mary S.-STEELE.

A boding silence reigns

Dead through the dull expanse, save the dull sound
That from the mountain, previous to ;he storm.
Rolls o'er the muttering earth. THOMSON.

Consistently with the foregoing principles we my
define original and native poetry to be the language 01
the violent passions, expressed in exact measure. SIK W.
JONES.

Some accounts make Thamyris the eighth epic poet,
prior to Homer, an authority to which uo cretlit seems
due. CUMBERLAND.

Fanner follies pass away and are forgotten. Those
which are present strike observation and sharpen censure.

BLAIR.

Anterior, v. Antecedent.
To Anticipate, v. To prevent, anticipate.
Antipathy, v. Aversion.
Antiquated, v. Old.
Antique, v. Old.
Anxiety, . Distress, anxiety.
Anxiety, v. Care, solitude.
Any, v . Some.
Apartments, v. Lodgings.
Apathy, v. Indifference.
To Ape, v. To imitate, mimick.
Aperture, v. Opening.
Aphorism, v. Axiom,

To Apologize, Defend, Justify, Ex-
culpate, Excuse, Plead.

Apologize, from the French apologie,
Greek aTroAoyca, and a7roA.oyeo//.<u, compounded
of arro from or away, and A.y<o to speak, signi-
fies to do away by speaking.

Defend, in French defendre, Latin ilefensus,
participle of defendo, is compounded of de and
fendo, signifying to keep or ward off.

Justify, in French juslifier, Latin justifico,
is compounded of Justus, and facio, signifying
to do justice, or to put right.

Exculpate, in Latin exculpatus, participle
of exculpo, compounded of ex and culpa, signi-
fies to get out of a fault.

Excuse, in French excuser, Latin excuso,
compounded of ex and causa, signifies to get
out of any cause or affair.

Plead, in French plaider, nay either come
from placitum or placendum, or be contracted
from appellatum.

There is always Eome imperfection sup-

According to the vulgar acceptation of the term, this
Imperfection is always presumed to be real in the thing
for which we apologize : but the Bishop of LlandarT did
not use the term in this sense when he wrote his " Apulogy
for the Bible ; " by which, bearing in mind the original
meaning of the word, he wished to imply an attempt to
do away the alledged imperfections of the Bible, or to do
away the objections made to it. Whether the learned
Prelate might not have used a less classical, but more in-
telligible expression for such a work is a question which
happily for mankind it is not necessary now to decide.

posed or real which gives rise to an apology ;
with regard to persons it presupposes a con-
sciousness of impropriety, if not of guilt ;
we apologize for an error by acknowledging
ourselves guilty of it : a defence presupposes a
consciousness of innocence more or less ; we
defend ourselves against a charge by proving
its fallacy : a justification is founded on the
conviction not only of entire innocence, but
of strict propriety ; we justify our conduct
against any imputation by proving that it
was blameless : exculpation rests on the con-
viction of innocence with regard to the fact ;
we exculpate ourselves from all blame by prov-
ing that we took no part in the transaction :
excuse and plea are not grounded on any idea
of innocence ; they are rather appeals for
favour resting on some collateral circumstance
which serves to extenuate a plea is fie-
quentl* an idle or unfounded excuse, .frivolous
attempt to lessen displeasure ; we excuse our-
selves for a neglect by alleging indisposition ;
we plead for forgiveness by solicitation and
entreaty.

An apology mostly respects the conduct of
individuals with regard to each other as
equals it is a voluntary act springing out
of a regard to decorum, or the good opinion of
others. To avoid misunderstandings it is neces-
sary to apologize for any omission that wears
the appearance of neglect. A defence respects
matters of higher importance ; the violation
of laws or public morals ; judicial questions
decided in a court, or matters of opinion which
are offered to the decision of the public : no
one defends himself, but he whose conduct or
opinions are called in question. A justification
is applicable to all moral cases in common life,
whether of a serious nature or otherwise : it is
the act of individuals towards each other ac-
cording to their different stations : no one can
demand a justification from another without a
sufficient authority, and no one will attempt
to justify himself to another whose authority
he does not acknowledge : men justify them-
selves either on principles of honour, or from
the less creditable motive of concealing their
imperfections from the observation and cen-
sure of others. An exculpation is the act of an
inferior, it respects the violations of duty to-
wards the superioi ; it is dictated by necessity,
and seldom the offspring of any higher motive
than the desire to screen one's self from punish-
ment : exculpation regards offences only of
commission ; excuse is employed for those of
omission as well as commission : we excuse
ourselves oftener for what we have not done,
than for what we have done : it is the act of
persons in all stations, and arises from various
motives dishonourable or otherwise : a person
may often have substantial reasons to excuse
himself from doing a thing, or for not having
done it ; an excuse may likewise sometimes be
the refuge of idleness and selfishness. To
plead is properly a judicial act, and extended
in its sense to the ordinary concerns of life ; it
is mostly employed for the benefit of others,
rathr than ourselves.

Excuse and plea, which are mostly employed
in an unfavourable sense, are to apology, de-
fence, and exculpation, as the means to an end :
an apology la latne when, instead of an honest
confession of an unintentional error, an idle

APPARENT,

attempt is made at justification : a defence is
poor when it dees not contain sufficient to in-
v^lidate the charge : a justification is nugatory
when it applies to conduct altogether wrong :
an excuse or a plea is frivolous or idle, which
turns upon some falsehood, misrepresentation,
or irrelevant point.

There are some men who are contented to be
t v e apologists for the vices of others, bo man
should hold precepts secretly which he is not
prepared to defend openly. It is a habit with
some people contracted in early life of justify-
ing themselves on every occasion, from a re-
luctance which they feel to acknowledge them-
selves in an error. When several are involved
in a general charge each seeks to exculpate
himself. A plea of incapacity is often set up
to excuse remissness, which is in fact but the
refuge of idleness and indolence : it is the
boast of Englishmen that, in their courts of
judicature, the po r man's plea will be heard
with as much attention as that of his rich
neighbour.

But for this practice (detraction), however, vile, some
lave dared to apologize by contending that the report by
*hich they injured an absent character was true.
HAWKESWOBTH.

Attacked by great injuries, the man of mild and gentle
spirit will feel what human nature feels, and will defend,
and resent as his duty allows him. BLAIR.
Whatever private views and passions plead,
No cause cunjiutify so black a deed. THOMSON.

A good child will not seek to exculpate herself at the
expence of the most revered characters. RICHAKDSON.

The strength of the passions will never be accepted as
an acute for complying with them. SPECTATOR.

Poverty on this occasion plead* her cause very notably,
and represents ;o her old landlord that should she be
driven out of the country, all their trades, arts, and
sciences would be driven out with her. ADDISON.

Apothegm, v. Axiom.
To Appal, v. To dismay.

Apparel, Attire, Array.

Apparel, in French appareil, like the word
apparatus, comes from the Latin apparatus or
adparatus, signifying the thing fitted or
adapted for anothtr.

Attire, compounded of at or ad and tire,
in French tirer, Latin trako to draw, signifies
the thing drawn or put on.

Array is compounded of ar or atZ and ray
or rov, signifying the state of being in a row,
cr being in order.

These terms are all applicable to dress or
exterior decoration. Apparel is the dress of
every one ; attire is the dress of the great ;
array is the dress of particular persons on par-
ticular occasions ; it is the first object of every
man to provide himself with apparel suitable
to his station ; but the desire of shining forth
in gaudy attire is the property of little minds ;
on festivals and solemn occasions, it may be
proper for those who are to be conspicuous to
set themselves out with a comely array.

Apparel and attire respect the quality and
fashion of the thing ; but array has rega d to
the disposition of the things with their neat-
ness and decorum : apparel may be costly or
mean ; attire may be gay or shabby ; but
array will never be otherwise than neat or
comely.

It Is much, that this depraved custom of painting the
face should so long escape the penal laws, both of the

church and state, which have been very severe against
luxury in apparel. BACON.

A robe of tissue, stiff with golden wire,
An upper vest, ouce Helen's rich attire. DBYDEJf.
She seem'd a virgin of the Spartan blood.
With euch array Harpalyce Ixsstrode
Her Thracian courser. UKYDEX.

Apparent, Visible, Clear, Plain,
Obvious, Evident, Manifest.

Apparent, in Latin apparens, participle of
appareo to appear, signifies the quality of
appearing.

Visible, in Latin visibilis, from visus par-
ticiple of video, to see, signifies capable of
being seen.

Clear, in French clair, German, Swedish,
&c., klar, Latin clarus, Greek yAavpos, comes
from yAauoro-itu to shine.

Plain, in Latin planus even, signifies what
is so smooth and unencumbered that it can be
seen.

Obvious, in Latin obvius, compounded of
ob and via, signifies the quality of lying in
one's way, or before one's eyes.

Evident, in French evident, Latin evident,
from video, Greek eiSu, Hebrew ido, to know,
signifies as good as certain or known.

Manifest, in French manifeste, Latin
mamfeitus, compounded of manus the hand
and festus, participle of fendo to fall in, sig-
nifies the quality of being so near that it can
be laid hold of by the hand.

These words agree in expressing various
degrees in the capability of seeing ; but visible
is the only one used purely in a phj sical sense ;
apparent, clear, plain, and obvious, are used
physically and morally ; evident and manifest
solely in a moral acceptation. That which is
simply an object of sight is visible; that of
which we see only the surface is apparent :
the stars themselves are visible to us ; but
their size is apparent: the rest of these terms
denote not only what is to be seen, but what
is easily to be seen : they are all applied as
epitheta to objects of mental discernment.

What is apparent appears but imperfectly to
riew ; it is opposed to that which is real : what
is clear is to be seen in all its bearings ; it is
opposed to that which is obscure : what is
plain is Been by a plain understanding; it
requires no deep reflection nor severe study ;
it is opposed to what is intricate : what is
obvious presents itself leadily to the mind
of every one ; it is seen at the first glance
and is opposed to that which is abstruse :
what is evident is seen forcibly, and leaves no
hesitation 011 the mind ; it is opposed to that
which is dubious : manifest is a greater degree
of the evident ; it strikes on the understanding
and forces conviction ; it is opposed to that
which is dark.

A contradiction maybe apparent; on closer
observation it may be found not to be one :
a case is clear ; it is decided on immediately :
a truth is plain; it is involved in no per-
plexity ; it is not multifarious in its bearings :
a falsehood is plain ; it admits of no question :
a rea> on is obvious ; it flows out of the nature
of the case : a proof is evident ; it requires no
discussion, there is nothing in it that clashes
or contradicts ; the guilt or innocence of a

APPEARANCE.

'APPLAUSE.

person ia evident when every thing serves to
strengthen the conclusion : a contradiction or
absurdity is manifest, which is felt by all as
soon as it is perceived.

The business men are chiefly conversant in does not
only give a certain cast or turn to their minds, but is very
apparent in their outward behaviour. BUUGELL.
The vitible and present are for brutes :
A slender portion, and a narrow bound. YOUXG.

It is plain that our skill in literature is owing to the
knowledge of Greek and Latin, which that they are still
preserved among us, can be ascribed only to a religious
regard. BERKELEY.

It is obvious to remark that we follow nothing heartily
unless carried to it by inclination. UKOVE.

It is evident that fame, considered merely as the im-
inoi tality of a name, is not less likely to be the reward of
bud actions than of good. JOHNSON.

Among the many inconsistencies which folly produces
in the human mind, there has of ten been observed ^.mani-
fest and striking contrariety between the life of an author
and his writings. JOHNSON.

Apparition, v. Vision.

To Appear, v. To look, appear.

To Appear, v. To seem,

Appearance, Air, Aspect.

Appearance signifies the thing that
appears.

Air, 13. Air, manner.

Aspect, in Latin aspectus from apsicio to
look upon, signifies the thing that is looked
upon or seen.

Appearance is the generic, the rest specific
terms. The whole external form, figure, or
colours, whatever is visible to the 'eye, is its
appearance : air is a particular appearance of
any object as far as it is indicative of its
quality ir condition : an air of wretchedness
or poverty : aspect is the partial appearance of
a body as it presents one of its sides to view ;
a gloomy or cheerful aspect.

It is not safe to judge of any person or thing
altogether by appearances: the appearance
and reility ate often at variance ; the appear-
ance of the sun is that of a moving body, but
astronomers have satisfactorily proved that it
is no motion round the earth : there are par-
ticular towns, habitations, or rooms which
have always an air of comfort, or the con-
trary : this is a sort of appearance the most to
be relied on : politicians of a certain stamp are
always busy in judging for the future from
the aspect of affairs ; but their predictions,
like those of astrologers who judge from the
aspect of the heavens, turn out to the discredit
of the prophet.

Some who had the most assuming air went directly of
themselves to error without expecting a conductor.
PAKNELL.

Her motions were steady and composed, and her
aijiect serious but cheerful ; her name was Patience.
ADDISON.

Appearance, v. Show, outside,

Appease, Calm, Pacify, Quiet, Still.

Appease, v. To allay.

Calm, in French calmer, from almus bright,
Bignifies to make bright.

Pacify, in Latin pa.cif.co, compounded of

pax and facio, signifies to make peace or peace-
able.

Quiet, in French quiet, Latin quietus, from
quiets rest, signifies to put to rest.

Still, signifies to make still.

To appease is to remove great agitation ; to
calm is to bring into a tranquil state.

* The wind is appeased ; the sea is calmed.
With regard to persons it is necessary to
appease those who are in transports of passion,
and to calm those who are in trouble, anxiety
or apprehension.

Appease respects matters of force or violence,
calm those of inquietude and distress : one is
appeased by a biibmissive behaviour, and
calmed by the removal of danger. Pacify cor-
responds to appease, and quiet to calm : in
sense they are the same, but in application
they differ ; appease and calm are used only in
reference to objects of importance ; pacify and
quiet to those if a more familiar nature : the
uneasy humours of a child are pacified, or its
groundless fears are quieted.

Still is a loftier expression than any of the
former terms ; serving mostly for the grave or
poetic style : it is an onomatope'ia for restrain-
ing or putting to silence that which is noisy
and boisterous.

A lofty city by my hand is rais'd,
Pygmalion puuisn'd, and my lord appealed.

DRYDEN.

All powerful harmony, that can assuage
And calm the sorrows of the frenzied wretch.

MARSH.

My breath can ititt the winds,

Uncloud the sun, charm down the swelling sea,

And stop 'the floods of heaven. BEAUMONT.

Appellation, v . Name, appellation,
To Applaud, v. To praise.

Applause, Acclamation.

Applause, from the Latin applaudo, sig-
nifies literally to clap or stamp the feet to a
thing.

Acclamation, from acclamo, signifies a
crying out to a thing.

These ccrms express a publ'c demonstra-
tion ; the former by means of a noise with
the hands or feet ; the latter by means of
shouts and cries : the former being employed
as a testimony of approbation ; the latter as
a sanction, or an indication of respect. An
actor looks for applause; a speaker looks for
acclamation.

What a man does calls forth applause, but
the person himself is mostly received with
acclamations. At the hustings popular speeches
meet with applause, and favourite members
are greeted with loud acclamatiom.

Amidst the loud applauiei of the shore
Oyas outstripp'd the rest and sprung before.

DRYDEN.

When this illustrious person (the Duke of Marlbro')
touched on the shore, he was received by the acclamation!
of the people. STEELK.

Application, v. Attention.
To Apply, v. To addict.
To Apply, v. To Address

Vide Abbo Girard ; " Appaiiiser, calmer."
D

APPOINT.

APPREHEND.

To Appoint, v. To constitute.
To Appoint, v. To allot.

To Appoint, Order, Prescribe,
Ordain.

Appoint, v. To allot.

Order in French ordre, Latin ordino to
arrange, dispose, ordo order, Greek opxos a row
of trees, which is the symbol of order.

Prescribe, in Latin prescribe, compounded
of pnv before, and scribo to write signifies to
draw a line for a person.

Ordain is a variation of order.

To appoint is either the act of an equal or
superior : we appoint a meeting with any one
at a given tune and place ; a King appoints his
ministers. To order is the act of one invested
with a partial authority : a customer orders a
commodity from his tradesman : a master
gives his orders to his servant. To prescribe
is the act of one who is superior by virtue of
his knowledge : a physioian prescribes tc his
patient. To ordain is an act emanating from
the highest authority : kings and councils
ordain ; but their ordinances must be conform-
able to what is ordained by the Divine Being.

Appointments are made for the convenience
of individuals or communities ; but they may
be altered or annulled at the pleasure of the
contracting parties. Orders are dictated by
the superior only, bu* they presuppose a dis-
cretionary obligation on the part of the indi-
vidual to whom they are given. Prescriptions
are binding on none but such as voluntarily
admit their authorit- : but ordinances leave
no choice to those on whom they are imposed
to accept or reject them : the ordinances of man
are not less binding than those of God, so
long as they do not expressly contradict the
divine law.

Appointments are kept, ordtrs executed or
obeyed, prescriptions followed, ordinances sub-
mitted to. It is a point of politeness or honour
if not of direct moral obligation, to keep the
appointments which we have made. Interest
will lead men to execute the orders which they
receive in the course of business : duty obliges
them to obey the orders of their superiors. It
is a nice matter to prescribe to another without
hurting his pride ; this principle leads men
often to regard the counsels of their best
friends as prexcrijitwns : with children it is an
unquestionable duty to follow the priscrip-
tions of those whose age, station, or experience
authorize them to prescribe. God has ordained
all things for our good ; it rests with ourselves
to submit to his ordinances and be happy.

Majestic months
Set out with him to their appointed race. DKYDEN.

The whole course ol things is so ordered, that we
neither by au irregular and precipitate education become
men too soon; nor by a ton* and trifling indulgence be
suffered to continue children for ever. BLAIR.

Sir Francis Bacon, in his Essay upon Health, has not
(nought it unpr<'|H.-i to jirescribe to his reader a poem or
a prospect, where he pnrtlcuUrlr dissuades huu from
knotty and subtle disquimtions. ADU1SON.

It was perhaps ordained by Providence to hinder us
from tyrannizing over one another, that no individual
boukl be of such importance as to cause by his retire-
ment or death any chasm in the world. JOHNSON.

To Apportion, v. To allot.

To Appraise, or Appreciate,
Estimate, Esteem.

Appraise, Appreciate, from appredo
and appreciatus, participle of apprecio, com-
pound of op or ad and p reti i a price, signi-
fies to set a price or value on a thing.

Estimate comes from estimates, participle
of estimu to value.

To Esteem is a variation of estimate.

Appraise and appreciate are used in precisely
the same sense for setting a value on any
thing according to relative circumstances ; but
the one is used in the proper, and the other in
the figurative sense : a sworn appraiser ap-
praises goods according to the condition of the
articles, and their saleable property ; the
characters of men are appreciated by others
when their good and bad qualities are justly
put in a balance. To estimate a thing is to get
the sum of its value by calculation ; to esteem
anything is to judge its actual and intrinsic
value.

stimateis used either in a proper or a figura-
tive acceptation ; esteem only in a moral sense :
the expense of an undertaking, losses by fire,
gains by trade, are estimated at & certain sum ;
the estimate may be too high or too low : the
moral worth of men ig often estimated above or
below the reality according to the particular
bias of the estimator ; but there are individuals
of such an unquestionable worth that they
need only be known in order to be esteemed.

To the finishing of his course, let every one direct his
eye ; and let him now appreciate life according to the
value it will be found to have when summed up at the
close. BLAJH.

The extent of the trade of the Greeks, how highly
soever it may have been ettimated in ancient times, was
in proportion to the low condition of their marine.
EOBEKTSOX.

If a lawyer were to be eitecmed only as he uses his parts
in contending for justice.and were immediately despicable
when he appeared m a cause which he could not but
know was an unjust one, how honourable would liia
character be. STEELE.

To Appreciate, v. To appraise.

To Apprehend, Fear, Dread.

Apprehend, in French apprehender, Latin
apprehendo, compounded of ap and preJtendoto
lay hold of ; in a moral sense it signifies to
seize with the understanding.

Fear comes in all probability through tho
medium of the Latin pa cor and vereor, from
the Greek <j>pto-o-io to feel a shuddering.

Dread, hi Lathi territo, comes from the
Greek rapacrcria to trouble, signifying to fear
with exceeding trouble.

These words rise progressively in their im-
port ; they mark a sentiment of pain at the
prospect of evil : but the sentiment of appre-
hension is simply that of uneasiness ; that of
fear is anxiety ; that of dread is wretchedness.

We apprehend an unpleasant occurrence ; we
fear a misfortune ; we drtad a calamity. What
is possible is apprehendid ; what is probable is
feared ; the symptom or prognostic of an evil
is dreaded as if the evil itself were present.
Apprehend respects things only ; fear and dread
relate to persons as well as things : we fear the
person who has the power of inflicting pain or

APPROACH.

APPROPRIATE.

disgrace ; we dread him who has no less the
will than the power.

Fear is a salutary sentiment in society, it
binds men together in their several relations
and dependencies, and affords the fullest scope
for the exercise of the benevolent feelings ; it
is the sentiment of a child towards its parent
or instructor ; of a creature to its Creator ; it
is the companion of love and respect towards
men, of adoration in erring and sinful mortals
towards their Maker. Dread is altogether an
irksome sentiment ; with regard to our fellow
creatures, it arises out of the abuse of power :
we dread the tyrant who delights in punishing
'and tormenting ; his image haunts the breast
of the unhappy subject, his shadow awakens
terror as the approach of some direful misfor-
tune : witb regard to our Maker it springs
from a consciousness of guilt, and the prospect
of a severe and adequate punishment; the
wrath of God may justly be dreaded.

Our natural sense of right and wrong products an
apprehension of merited punishment, wheu Ve have
committed a crime. BLAIK.

That whi'h is feared may sometimes be 'avoided ; but
that which is regretted to-day may be regretted again
to-morrow. JOHNSON.

All men Ihink all men mortal but themselves.
Themselves, when some alarming shock of fate
Strikes through their wounded hearts the suddeu dread.
YOUNG.

To Apprehend, . To conceive, apprehend.
To Apprize, v. To be aware.
To Apprize, v. To inform.

To Approach, Approximate.

Approach, in French approcher, com-
poxmded of ap or ad and proche or prope, sig-
nifies to come near.

Approximate, compounded of ap and
prozimus to come nearest or next, signifies
either to draw near or bring near.

To approach is intransitive only ; a person
approaches an object. To approximate is both
transitive and intransitive ; a person approxi-
mates two objects.

Lambs push at those that approach them with their
horns baton the first budding of & liuru appears.
ADDISOM.

To approach denotes simply the moving of
an object towards another, but to approximate
denotes the gradual moving of two objects to-
wards each other : that which approaches may
come into immediate conjunction ; but bodies
may approximate for some time before they
form a junction, or may never form a junction.

An equivocation approaches to a lie. Minds
apjiro.riiMite by long intercourse.

Onii-ts. in their approacJiet towards the earth, are
imagined to cause diMoan, famines, and other such like
Judgments of God. DF.KHAM.

The apr>rr>ximatirtt and recesses of some of the little
(tar* I speak of. suit not with the observations of some
Try aueieut astronomers. DEKHAM.

Approbation, v. Assent.

To Appropriate, Usurp, Arrogate,
Assume, Ascribe.

Appropriate, in French approprier, com-
pounded of ap or ad and propriatus, participle
of proprio an old verb, from proprius proper or
own, signifies to make one's own.

"Usurp, in French usurper, Latin usurpo
from usus use, is a frequentative of utor, sig-
nifying to make use of as if it were one's own.

Arrogate, in Latin arrogatus, participle of
arrogo, signifies to ask or claim to for one's self.

Assume, in French assumer, Latin assume,
compounded of a* or ad and sumo to take, sig-
nifies to take to one's self.

Ascribe, in Latin ascribo, compounded of
as or ad and scribo to write, signifies here to
write down to one's own account.

The idea of taking something to one's self
by an act of one's own, is common to all these
terms.

Appropriate respects natural objects : we
appropriate the money, goods, or lands of an-
other to ourselves when we enjoy the fruit of
them. Usurp respects power and authority :
one usurps a government, when one exercises
the functions of arulei without a legitimate sanc-
tion. Appropriation's a, matterof convenience;
it springs from a selfish concern for ourselves,
and a total unconcern for others : usurpation
is a matter of self indulgence ; it springs from
an inordinate ambition that is gratified only
at the expense of others. Appropriation seldom
requires an effort : a person appropriates that
which casually falls into his hands. Usurpa-
tion mostly takes place in a disorganised state
of society ; when the strongest prevail, the
Most artful and the most vicious individual
invests himself with the supreme authority.
Appropriation is generally an act of in justice :
usurpation is always an act of violence.

Arrogate, Assume and ascribe, denote the
taking to one's self, but do not, like appro-
priate and usurp, imply taking from another.
Arrogate is a more violent action than assume,
and assume than ascribe. Arrogate and assi'.me
are employed either in the proper or figurative
sense, ascribe only in the figurative sense. Wo
arrogate distinctions, honours and titles ; we
assume names, rights, privileges.

In the moral sense we arrogate pro eminence,
assume importance, ascribe merit. To arrogate
is a species of moral usurpation ; it is always
accompanied with haughtiness and contempt
for others : that is arrogated to one's self to
which one has not the smallest title : an arro-
gant temper is one of the most odious features
in the human character ; it is a compound of
folly and insolence. To assume is a species of
moral appropriation ; its objects are of a less
serious nature than those of arrogating ; and
it does less violence to moral propriety : we
may assume in trifles, we arrogate only in im-
portant matters. To ascribe is oftener an act
of vanity than of injustice : many men are en-
titled to the merit which they ascribe to them-
selves ; but by this very act they les:en the
merit of their best actions.

Arrogating as an action, or arrogance as a
disposition, is always taken in a bad sense:
the former is always dictated by the most pre-
posterous pride ; the latter is associated witb
rry unworthy quality.

ARCHITECT.

ARGUE.

Assumption as an action varies in its cha-
racter according to circumstances ; it may be
either good, bad, or indifferent : it is justifiable
in certain exigencies to assume a command
where there is no one else able to direct ; it is
often a matter of indifference what name a
person assumes who does so only in conformity
t . the will of another ; but it is always bad to
tusui-iie a name as a mask to impose upon others.

As a disposition assumption is always bad,
but still not to the same degree as arrogance.
An arrogant man renders himself intolerable
to society ; an assuming man makes himself
offensive : arrogance is the characteristic of
men ; assumption is peculiar to youths : an
arrogant man can be humbled only by silent
contempt ; an assuming youth must be checked
by the voice of authority.

A conscientioui man will appropriate nothing
to himself which he cannut unquestionably
claim as bis own. Usurpers^ who violate the
laws both of God and man, are as much to be
pitied as dreaded : they generally pay the
price of their crimes in a miserable life, and a
still more miserable death. Nothing exposes
a man to greater ridicule than arrogating to
himself titles and distinctions which do not
belong to him. Although a man may some-
times innocently assume to himself the right
cf judging for others, yet he can never, with
any degree of justice, assume the right of op-
pressing them. Self-complacence leads many
to ascribe great merit to themselves for things
which are generally regarded as Irifli 'g.

A voice was heard from the clouds declaring the inten-
tion of this visit, which was to restore and appropriate to
every one what was his due. ADDISON.

II any passion has so much tuurped our understanding
as not to suffer us to enjoy advantages with the modera-
tion prescribed by reason, it is not too late to apply this
remedy : when we find ourselves sinking under sorrow,
we may then usefully revolve the uncertainty of our con-
dition, and the folly of lamenting that from which, if it
had stayed a little longer, we should ourselves have been
taken away. JOHNSON.

It very seldom happens that a man is slow enough in

enough in condescending to that of a wife. STEELE.

After having thus atcribed due honour to birth and
parentage, I must however take notice of those who arro-
gate to themselves more honours than are due to them on
thto account. A DDJSON.

Sometimes we atcribe to ourselves the merit of good
qualities, which, if justly considered, should cover us
with shame. CKAIG.

Appropriate, r. Peculiar.

To Approximate, v. To approach.

Apt, v. Fit.

Apt, v. Ready.

Arbiter, r. Judge.

Arbitrary, *. Absolute.

Arbitrator, . Judge.

Architect, Builder.

Architect, from architecture,in Latin arch-
itectKs, from architectura, Greek apxiTe<cTovunj,
compounded of apxos the chief, and re\vri art
or contrivance, signifies the chief of contrivers.

Builder, from the verb to build, denotes
the person concerned in buildings, who causes
the structure of houses, either by his money
or his personal service.

An architect is an artist, employed only to
form the plans for large buildings ; a builder ia
a simple tradesman, or even workman, who
builds common dwelling houses.

Rome will bear witness that the English artists are as
superior in talents as they are in numbers to those of all
nations besides. I reserve the mention of her architect*
as a separate class. CUMBERLAND.

ith his ready money, the builder, mason, and carpen-
are enabled to make their market of gentlemen in
his neighbourhood who inconsiderately employ them.
STEELE.

Archive, *. Record.
Ardent, r. Hot.
Ardor, i: Fervor.

Arduous, Difficult.

Arduous, in Latin arduus lofty, from
a r deo to burn or be on fire, because like the
flame of any thing it tends upwards.

Difficult, in French difficile, in Latin diffi-
cile, compounded of the privitive dis and
facilis, easy or ductile, from Jacio, signifies not
to be done without labour.

Arduous denotes a higli degree of difficulty.
What is difficult requires the efforts of ordinary
powers to surmount ; but what is arduous is
set above the reach of common intellect, and
demands the utmost stretch of power both
physical and mental. A child may have a
difficult exercise which he cannot perform
without labour and attention : the man who
strives to remove the difficulties of learners
undertakes an arduous task. It is difficult to
conquer our own passions : it is arduous to
control the unruly and contending wills of
others.

The translation of Homer was an arduous undertaking,
and the translator entered upon it with a candid confes-
sion that he was utterly incapable of doing justice to
Homer. CU MB ER LAS D.

Whatever melting metals can conspire,
Or breathing bellows, or the forming fire,
Is freely yours ; your anxious fears removft
And think no task is difficult to love. DB.YDEN.

To Argue, Dispute, Debate.

Argue, in Latin arguo, from Greek apyot
clear, manifest, signifies to make clear, that
is by adducing reasons or p/oofs.

Dispute, in French disputer, Latin disputo,
compounded of da and puto, signifies to think
differently ; in an extended sense, to assert i
different opinion.

Debate, in French dtbattre, compounded
of the intensive syllable de and battre to beat
or fight, signifies to contend for and against.

To argue is to defend one's self ; dispute tt.
oppose another; to debate to dispute in a
formal manner. To argue on a subject is to
explain the reasons or proofs in support of an
assertion ; to argue with a person is to defend
a position against him : to ditpute a thing is
to advance objections against a position ; to
dispute with a person is to start objections
against his positions, to attempt to refute
them : a debate is a disputation held by many.
To argue does not necessarily suppose a con-
viction on the part of the arguer that what he
defends is true ; nor a real difference of
opinion in his opponent ; for some men have

ARGUE.

such a* itching propensity for an argument
that they will attempt to prove what nobody
denies : to dispute always supposes an opposi-
tion to some person, but not a sincere oppo-
sition to the thing ; for we may dispute that
which we do not deny, for the sake of holding
A dispute with one who is of different senti-
ments : to debate presupposes a multitude of
clashing or opposing opinions. Men of many
words argue for the sake of talking: men
of ready tongues dispute for the sake of
victory : in parliament men often debate for
the sake of opposing the ruling party, or from
any other motive than the love of truth.

Argumentation is a dangerous propensity,
and renders a man an unpleasant companion
in society ; no one should set such a value on
his opinions as to obtrude the defence of them
on those who are uninterested in the question :
disputation, as a scholastic exercise, is well
fiti ed to exert the reasoning powers and awaken
a spirit of inquiry : debating in parliament is by
some converted into a trade : he who talks the
loudest, and makes the most vehement oppo-
sition, expects the greatest applause.

Of good and evil much they argued then. MILTON.
Thus Rodmoud, train'd by this unhallow'd crew.
The sacred social passions never knew :
tlnskill'd to argue, in ditpute yet loud,
Bold without caution, without honours proud.

FALCONER.

The murmur ceased : then from his lofty throne

The king invok'd the gods, and thus begun ;

I wish, ye Latins, what ye now debate

Had been resolv'd before it was too late. DRYDEN.

To Argue, Evince, Prove.

Argue, v. to Argue, dispute.

Evince, in Latin evinco, is compounded of
vinco to prore or make out, and e forth, signi-
fies to bring to light, to make to appear clear.

Prove, in French prouver, in Latin probo,
from probus good, signifies to make good, or
make to appear good.

These terms in general convey the idea of
evidence, but with gradations : argue denotes
the smallest, and/>rore the highest degree. To
argue is to serve as an indication amounting
to probability ; to evince denotes *n indication
so clear as to remove doubt ; to prove marks an
evidence so positive as to produce conviction.

It argues a want of candor in any man to
conceal circumstances in his statement which
are any ways calculated to effect the subject
in question : the tenor of a person's conversa-
tion may evince the refinement of his mind
and the purity of his taste : when we see men
sacrificing their peace of mind and even their
integrity of character to ambition, it proves to
us how important it is even in early life to
check this natural and in some measure laud-
able, but still insinuating and dangerous pas-
sion.

It Is not the being singular, hut being singular for
something that aryuei either extraordinary endowments
of nature or benevolent intentions to mankind, which
draws the admiration and esteem of the world. BERKE-
LEY.

The nature of the soul itself, and particularly it
immateriality, has I think beeu nuincvd almost to
dtrnonstratioii. ADDISON.

What object, what event the moon beneath,

But arguet or endears an after-scene ?

To reason prow, or wd it to desire ? YOUNQ.

87 ARISE. _

Argument, Reason, Proof.

ArgTiment, from argue (v. To argue), eig-
nifies either the thing that argues, or that
which is brought forward in arguing.

Reason, in French ra.is.on, Latin ratio,
from ratus, participle of rear to think, signifies
the thing thought or believed in support of
some other thing.

Proof, from to prove (v. To argue), signifies
the thing that proves.

An argument serves for defence ; a reason for
justification; a proof for conviction. Argument*
are adduced in support of an hypothesis or
proposition ; reasons are assigned in matters of
belief and practice ; pi-oofs are collected to as-
certain a fact.

Arguments are either strong or weak ; reason*
solid or futile ; proofs clear and positive, or
vague and indefinite. We confute an argu-
ment, overpower a reason, and invalidate a
proof. Whoever wishes to defend Christianity
will be in no want of arguments: the believer
need nevt r be at a loss to give a reason for the
hope that is in him ; but throughout the whole
of Divine Revelation there is no circumstance
that is substantiated with such irrefragable
proofs as the resurrection of our Saviour.

When the argument! press equally on both sidei In
matters that are indifferent to us, the safest method Is to
give up ourselves to neither. ADDDISON.

The reasons, with his friend's experience Join'd,
Kneourag'd much, but wore disturb'd hia wind.

DRYDEN.

Are there (still more amazing ! ) who resist
The rising thought, who smother in its birth
The glorious truth, who struggle to be brutes T
Who fight theproo/oof immortality ? YOUNG.

To Arise, or Rise, Mount, Ascend,
Climb, Scale.

Arise, in Saxon arisan, Gothic reisen, <fec.,
is possibly connected with the Latin orior to
rise, Greek aipw to lift up opps a mountain,
and the Hebrew bar mountain, with many
others.

Ascend, in Latin ascendo, compounded of
ad and scando, signifies to climb up towards
a point.

Clirnb, in German klimmen, which is pro-
bably connected with klammar a hook, signi-
fying to rise by a hook.

Scale, in French escalader, Italian scalare,
Latin scala a ladder, signifies to rise by a
ladder.

The idea of going upwards is common to all
these terms ; arise is used only in the sense of
simply getting up, but rise is employed to ex-
press a continued motion upward : a person
arises from his seat or his bed : a bird rises
in the air ; the silver of the barometer rises :
the first three of these terms convey a grada-
tion in their sense ; to arise or rise denotes :i
motijn to a less elevated height than to mount,
and to mount that which is less elevated than
ascend : a person rises from his seat, mounts a
hill, and ascends a mountain.

Arise and rise are intransitive only ; the rest
are likewise transitive : we rise from a point,
we mount and ascend to a point, or we mount
and ascend something : an air balloon rises
when it first leaves tho ground ; it mounts

ARISE. I

Ziigher and higher until it is out of sight ; but
if it ascends too high it endangers the life of the
aerial adventurer.

Climb and scale express a species of rising :
to climb is to rise step by step, by clinging to
a certain body ; to scale is to rise by an esca-
lade, or species of ladder, employed in mount-
ing the walls of fortified towns : trees and
mountains are climbed ; walls are scaled.

Th' inspected entrails could no fates foretell.
Nor, laid on altars, did pure flames arite. DRYDEN.
To contradict them, see all nature rite >
What object, what event the moon beneath,
But argues or endears an after-scene ? YOUXG.
At length the fatal fabric mountt the walls,
Big with destruction. DRYDEN.
We view a rising land like distant clouds :
The mountain tops confirm the pleasing sight,
And curling smoke atcrnding from their height.

DKYDEN.

While you (alas that I should find it so)
To shun my sight, your native soil forego,
And climb the frozen Alps, and tread the eternal snow.

DRYDEN.

But brave Messapus. Neptune's warlike son.
Broke down the pallisades, the trenches won,
And loud for ladders calls, to Kale the town. DRYDEN

To Arise, Proceed, Issue, Spring,
Flow, Emanate.

Arise (v. To arise}.

Proceed, in Latin pfocedo, that is pro and
cedo to go, signifies to go forth.

Issue, in French issue, comes from the
Latin isse or ivisse, infinitive of eo to go, and
the Hebrew itza to go out.

Spring 1 , in German springcn comes from
rinnen to run like water, and is connected
with the Greek ftpvtiv to pour out.

Flow, in Saxon fleowan, low German flo-
gan, high German fliesscn, Latin fluo, &c., all
from the Greek /3Avu> or /3Avco, which is an
onomstope'ia expressing the murmur of
waters.

Emanate, in Latin emanatus, participle
of emano, compounded of mano to flow, from
the Hebrew mini and Chaldee min waters, ex-
pressing the motion of waters.

The idea of one object voming out of another
is expressed by all these terms, but they differ
in the circumstances of the action. What
comes up out of a body and rises into exist-
ence is said to arise, as the mist which arises
out of the sea : what comes forth as it were
gradually into observation is said to proceed ;
thus the light proceeds from a certain quarter
of the heavens, or from a certain part of a
house : what comes out from a small aperture
is said to issue ; thus perspiration issues
through the pores of the skin ; water issues
sometimes from the sides of rocks : what
comes out in a sudden or quick manner, or
comes from some remote source, is said to
spring; thus blood springs from an artery
which is pricked ; water spi-ings up out of the
earth : what comes out in quantities or in a
stream is said to flow : thus blood flows from
a wound : to emanate is a species of flowing by
a natural operation.'when bodies send forth,
or seem to send forth, particles of their own
composition from themselves ; thus light
emanates from the sun.

This distinction in the signification of these

? ARMS.

terms is kept up in their moral acceptation,
where the idea of one thing originating from
another is common to them all ; but in this
case arise is a general term, which simply im-
plies the coming into existence ; but proceed
conveys also the idea of a progressive move-
ment into existence. Every object therefore
may be said to arise out of whatever produces
it ; but it proceeds from it only when it is gradu-
ally produced : evils are continually arising
in human society for which there is no specific
remedy : in complicated disorders it is not
always possible to say precisely from what the
complaint of the patient proceeds. Issue is
seldom used but in application to sensible
objects ; yet we may say, in confoumity to the
original meaning, that words issue from the
mouth : the idea of the distantsourceor origin
is kept up in the moral application of the term
spring, when we say that actions spring from
a generous or corrupt principle : the idea of a
quantity and a stream is preserved in the
moral use of the terms flow and emanate : but
the former may be said of that which is not
inherent in the body ; the latter respects that
only which forms a component part of the
body : God is the spring whence all our bless-
ings flow: all authority emanates from God,
who is the supreme source of all things : theo-
logians, when speaking of God, say that the
Son emanates from the Father, and the Holy
Ghost from the Father and the Son, and that
grace flows upon us incessantly from the in-
exhaustible treasures of Divine mercy.

From roots hard hazels, and from scions rise
Tall ash, and taller oak that mates the skies. DRYDEN.
The greatest misfortunes men fall into arite from them-
selves. STEELE.

Teach me the various labours of the moon.
And whence proceed the eclipses of the sun. DRYDEN.
But whence proceed these hopes, or whence this dread,
Jf nothing really can aflect the dead ? JEN YNS.
As when some huntsman with a flying spear
From the blind thicket wounds a stately deer.
Down his cleft side while fresh the blood distils,
He bounds aloft and scuds from hills to hills.
Till, life's warm vapour ittuing through the wound.
Wild mountain wolves the fainting beast surround.

POPE.

As light and heat/ow from the sun as their centre, so
bliss and joy flow from the Deity. BLAIR.

Providence is the great sanctuary to the afflicted who
maintain their integrity ; and often there has itsued from
this sanctuary the most seasonable relief. BLAIR.
All from utility this law approve.
As every private bliss must ipring from social love.
J EXYNS.

As in the next world so in this, the only solid blessings
are owing to the goodness of the mind, not the extent of
the capacity ; friendship here is an emanation from the
same source as beatitude there. POPE.

Arms, Weapons.

Arms from the Latin arma, is now properly
used for instruments of offence, and never
otherwise except by a poetic license of arms
for armour ; but weapons from the German
waffen, may be used either for an instrument
of offence or defence. We say fire arms, but
not fire weapons ; and weapons offensive or de-
fensive, not arms offensive or defensive. Arms
likewise, agreeably to its origin, is employed
for whatever is intentionally made as an in-
strument of offence ; iceapon, according to its
extended and indefinite application, is em-

ARMY.

ARTFUL.

ployed for whatever may be accidentally used
for this purpose : guns and swords are always
arms; stones, and brickbats, and pitchforks,
may be occasionally weapons.

Louder, and yet more loud. I hear th' alarms
Of human cries distinct and clashing arm. DEYDESt.
The cry of Talbot serves me for a sword ;
For I have loaded me with many spoils.
Using 110 other weapon than his name.

8HAKSPEAKE.

Army, Host.

An Army is an organized body of armed
men ; a Host, from hostis an enemy, is pro-
perly a body of hostile men.

Ail army is a limited body ; a host may be
unlimited, and is therefore generally con-
sidered a very large body.

The word army applies only to that which
has been formed by the rules of art for pur-
poses of war : host has been extended in its
application not only to bodies, whether of men
or angels, that were assembled for purposes of
offence, but also in the figurative sense to
whatever rises up to assail.

No more applause would on ambition -wait,
And laying waste the world be counted great :
But one good natured act more praises gain,
Thau armiet overthrown aiid thousands slain.

JENYNS.

He it was whose guile,
Stir'd up with envy and revenge, deceiv d
The mother of mankind, what time his pride
Had cast him out of lieav'u with all his host
, Of rebel angels. MILTON.
Yet true it is, survey we life around.
Whole hosts of ills on every side are found. JENYNS.

To Arraign, v. To accuse.
To Arrange, v. To dispose.
To Arrange, v. To class.
To Arrive, v. To come.

Arrogance, Presumption.

Arrogance, in French arrogance, Latin
arrogantia, signifies the disposition to arrogate
(v. To appropriate).

Presumption, from presume, Latin prce-
swuo, compounded of prce before, and sumo
to take or put, signifies the disposition to put
one's self forward.

Arrogance is the act of the great ; presump-
tion that of the little ; the arrogant man takes
upon himself to be above others ; the pre-
sumptuous man strives to be on a level with
those who are above him. Arrogance is com-
monly coupled with haughtiness ; presumption
with meanness : men arrogantly demand as a
right the homage which has perhaps before
been voluntarily granted; the creature pre-
sumptuously arraigns the conduct of the
Creator, and murmurs against the dispensa-
tions of his providence.

I must confess I was very much surprised to see so great
abody of editors, critics, commentators, and grammarians,
meet with so very ill a reception. They had formed them-
selves into a body, and with a great deal of arrogance
demanded the first station in the column of knowledge ;
but the goddess, instead of complying with their request,
clapped them into liveries. ADDISON.

In the vanity and presumption of youth, it is common
to allege the consciousness of innocence as a reason for
the contempt of censure. HAWKESWORTH.

To Arrogate, v. To appropriate.

Art, Cunning, Deceit.

Art, in Latin ars, probably comes from the
Greek ap<o to fit or dispose, Hebrew haresh to
contrive, in which action the mental exercise
of art principally consists.

Cunning is in Saxon cuning, German
kennmd knowing, in which sense the English
word was formerly used.

Deceit, in Latin deceptum, participle of
decipio or de and capio, signifies to take by
surprise or unawares.

Art implies a disposition of the mind, to use
circumvention or artificial means to attain an
end : cunning marks the disposition to practise
disguise in the prosecution of a plan : deceit
leads to the practice of dissimulation and gross
falsehood, for the sake of gratifying a desire.
Art is the property of a lively mind ; cunning
of a thoughtful and knowing mind ; deceit of
an ignorant, low, and weak mind.

Art is practised often in self-defence; as a
practice therefore it is even sometimes jus-
tifiable, although not as a disposition : cunning
has always self in view ; the cunning man seeks
his gratification without regard to others ; de-
ceit is often practised to the express injury of
another : the deceitful man adopts base means
for base ends. Animals practise art when op-
posed to their superiors in strength ; but they
are not artful, as they have not that versatility
of power which they can habitually exercise
to their own advantage like human beings ;
animals may be cunning in as much as they
can by contrivance and concealment seek to
obtain the object of their desire, but no animal
is deceitful except man : the wickedest and
stupidest of men have the power and the
will of deceiving and practising falsehood upon
others, which is unknown to the brutes.

It has been a sort of maxim that the greatest art is to
conceal art ; but I know not how, among some people we
meet with, their greatest cunning is to appear cunning.
STEELS.

Cunning can in no circumstance imaginable be a quality
worthy a man, except in his own defence, and merely to
conceal himself from such as are so, and in such cases it
is wisdom. STEELE.

Though the living man can wear a mask and carry on.
deceit, the dying Christian cannot counterfeit. CUMBER-
LAND.

Art, v. Business, trade.

Artful, Artificial, Fictitious.

Artful, compounded of art and/wZ, marks
the quality of being full of art (v. Art}.

Artificial, in Latin artificialis, from art
and/acio to do, signifies done with art.

Fictitious, in Lathi fictitious, from Jingo
to feign, signifies the quality of being feigned.

Artful respects what is done with art or
design ; artificial what is done by the exercise
of workmanship ; fictitious what is made out
of the mind. Artful and artificial are used
either for natural or moral objects ; fictitious
always for those that are moral : artful is op-
posed to what is artless, artificial to what is
natural, fictitious to what is real : the ringlets
of a lady's hair are disposed in an artful
manner ; the hair itself may be artificial : a
tale is artful which is told in a way to gain
credit ; manners are artificial which do not

ABTICLE.

seem to suit the person adopting them : a story
ia fictitious which has no foundation whatever
in truth, and is the invention of the narrator.

Children sometimes tell their stories so art-
fully as to impose on the most penetrating and
experienced. Those who have no character of
their own are induced to take an artificial
character in order to put themselves on a level
with their associates. Beggars deal in fictitious
tales of distress in order to excite compassion.

I was much surprised to see the ants' nest which I had
destroyed, very artfully repaired. ADDISON.

If we compare two nations in an equal state of civiliza-
tion, we may remark that where the greater freedom
obtains, there the greater variety of artificial wants will
obtain also. CUMBERLAND.

Among the numerous stratagems by which pride endea-
vours to recommend folly to regard, there is scarcely one
that meets with lass success than affectation, or a per-
petual disguise of the real character by fictitioiu appear-
ances. J OHXSON.

Article, Condition, Term.

Article, in French article, Latin articulus
a joint or a part of a member.

Condition, in French condition, Latin con-
ditio, from condo to build or form, signifies
properly the thing framed.

Term, in French terme, Latin terminus a
boundary, signifies the point to which one is
fixed.

These words agree in their application to
matters of compact, or understanding between
man and man. Article and condition are used
in both numbers ; terms only in the plural in
this sense : the former may be used for any
point individually.; the latter for all the points
collectively : article is employed for all matters
which are drawn out in specific articles or
points; as the articles of an indenture, of a
capitulation, or an agreement. Condition
respects any point that is admitted as a
ground of obligation or engagement : it is
used for the general transactions of men, in
which they reciprocally bind themselves to
return certain equivalents. The word terms
is employed in regard to mercantile transac-
tions ; as the terms of any bargain, the terms of
any agreement, the terms on which any thing
is bought or sold.

Articles are mostly voluntary ; they are ad-
mitted by mutual agreement : conditions are
frequently compulsory, sometimes hard : they
are submitted to from policy or necessity :
terms are dictated by interest or equity ; they
are fair, or unfair, according to the temper of
the parties ; they are submitted or agreed to.
Articles are drawn up between parties who
have to co-operate ; men undertake particular
offices on condition of receiving a stipulated
remuneration : they enter into dealings with
each other on definite and precise terms.
Clergymen subscribe to the articles of the
Established Church before they are admitted
to perform its sacred functions ; in so doing
they are presumed to be free agents ; but they
are not free to swerve from these articles while
they remain in the Church, and receive its
emoluments. In all auctions there are certain
conditions with which all must comply who
wish to receive the benefits of the sale : in the
time of war it is the business of the victor to
prescribe terms to the vanquished ; with the

70 ARTIFICE.

latter it is a matter of prudence whether they
shall be accepted or rejected.

In the mean time they have ordered the preliminary
treaty to he published, with observations on each artkle.
in order to quiet the minds of the people. STEELE.
The Trojan by his word is bound to take
The same condition* which hituself did make.

DKYDEX.

Those mountains fill'd with firs, that lower laud,
If you consent, the Trojans shall command ;
Call'd into part of what is ours, and there,
On termt agreed, the couuuou country share.

DBTDBC.

To Articulate, v. To utter.

Artifice, Trick, Finesse, Stratagem.

Artifice, in French artifice, Latin artijex
an artificer, and artem facio to execute an art,
signifies the performance of an art.

Trick, in French tricher, German triegen to
deceive.

Finesse, a word directly imported from
France with all the meaning attached to it,
which is characteristic of the nation itself,
means properly fineness ; the word fin fine,
signifying in French, as well as in the northern
languages from which it is taken, subtlety or
mental acumen.

Stratagem, in French stratageme, from
the Greek inpa-nrm^o- and arparnyeco to lead
an army, signifies by distinction to head
them in carrying on any scheme.

All these terms denote the exercise of an art
calculated to mislead others. Artifice is the
generic term ; the rest specific : the former has
likewise a particular use and acceptation dis-
tinct from the others : it expresses a ready
display of art for the purpose of extricating
one's self from a difficulty, or securing to one's
self an advantage. Trick includes in it more
of design to gain something for one's self, or to
act secretly to the inconvenience of others : *
it is rather a cheat on the senses than the
understanding, fintsse is a species of artifice
in which art and cunning are combined in the
management of a cause : it is a mixture of in-
vention, falsehood, and concealment. Stra-
tagem is a display of art in plotting and con-
triving, a disguised mode of obtaining an end.

Females who are not guarded by fixed prin-
ciples of virtue and uprightness are apt to
practise artifices upon their husbands. Men
without honour, or an honourable means of
living, are apt to practise various tricks to
impose upon others to their own advantage :
every trade therefore is said to have its tricks ;
and professions are not entirely clear from
this stigma, which has been brought upon
them by unworthy members. Diplomaiic
persons have most frequent recourse to finesse,
in which no people are more skilful practi-
tioners than those who have coined the word.
Military operations are sometimes considerably
forwarded by well-concerted and well-timed
stratagems to surprise the enemy.

An artifice may be perfectly innocent when
it serves to afford a friend an unexpeeted
pleasure. A trick is childish which only
serves to deceive or amuse children. Strata-
gems arc allowable not in war only ; the writer

Trusler ; " Cunning, finesse, device, artifice, trick.

ARTIST.

of a novel or a play may sometimes adopt a
successful stratayem to cause the reader a sur-
pr s-. finesse is never justifiable ; it carries
with it too much ot concealment and disin-
genuousness to be practised but for selfish and
unworthy purposes.

Among the several artifices which are put in practice by
t'.ie poets, to fill the minds of an audience with terror,
the first place is due to thunder and ligutniug. ADD1SON.

Where men practise falsehood and show trick* with one
another, there will l>e perpetual suspicions, evil surmis-
iugs. doubts, and jealousies. SOUTH.

On others practise thy Ligurian arts,
Th. ttratageim and triclci of little hearts
Are lost on me. DKYDEN.

Another can't forgive the paltry arts

By which he makes his way to shallow hearts,

Mere pieces 01 fineite, traps for applause.

CHURCHILL.

One of the most successful ttratageiru, whereby Maho-
met became formidable, was the assurance that impostor
gave his votaries, that whoever was slain in battle should
be immediately conveyed to that luxurious paradise his
wanton fancy had invented. STEELK.

Artifice, v. Artist.
Artificer, v. Artist.
Artificial, v. Artful.
Artisan, v. Artist.

Artist, Artisan, Artificer, Mechanic.

Artist is a practiser of the fine arts.

Artisan is a practiser of the rutgar arts.

Artificer, from ars andfacio, is one who
does or makes according to art.

Mechanic is an artisan in the mechanic
arts.

The artist ranks higher than the artisan :
the former requires intellectual refinement in
the exercise of his art ; the latter requires
nothing but to know the general rules of his
art. The musician, painter, and sculptor are
artists ; the carpenter, the sign painter, and
the blacksmith are artisans. The artificer is
an intermediate term betwixt the artist and
the artisan : manufacturers are artificers : and
South, in his sermons, calls the author of the
universe the great Artificer. The mechanic is
that species of artisan who works at arts
purely mechanical., in distinction from those
which contribute to the completion and em-
bellishment of any objects ; on this ground a
shoemaker is a Ktck.inic, but a common
painter is a simple j.rtiMn.

If ever this country saw an age of artitti, it is the pre-
sent; her painters, sculptors, and engravers, are now the
only schools properly so called. CUMBERLAND.

The merchant, tradesman, and artisan will have their
profit upon all the multiplied wants, comforts, and in-
dulgences of civilized life. CUMBF.KI.ANI>.

Man must be in a certain degree the artificer of his own
happiness ; the tools and materials may be put into his
hands by the bounty of providence, but the workmauhip
must be his own. CUMBERLAND.

The concurring iwsent of the world in preferring gentle-
men to mecAanict seems founded in that preference
which the rational part of our nature is entitled to above
the animal. BAKTELETT.

To Ascend, r. To arise, rise, mount, climb,
Kale.

Asceniency, v. Influence.

ASK.

To Ascribe, Attribute, Impute.

Ascribe, v. To appropriate.

Attribute, in Latin attributus, participle
of attribuo, compounded of ad, and tribuo,
signifies to bestow upon, or attach to a thing
what belongs to it.

Impute, compounded of im or in and pute,
Latin pv.to to think, signifies to think or judge
what is in a thing.

To ascribe is to assign any thing to a person
as his property, his possession, or the fruit of
his labour ; to attribute is to assign tilings to
others as their causes ; to impute is to assign
qualities to persons. Milton ascribes the first
use of artillery to the rebel angels ; the loss
of a vessel is attributed to the violence of the
storm ; the conduct of the captain is imputed
to his want of firmness. The letters of Junius
have been falsely ascribed to many persons in
succession, as the author to this day remains
concealed, and out of the reach of even pro-
bable conjecture ; the oracles of the heathens
are ascribed by some theologians to the devil ;
the death of Alexander the Great is attnbuled
to his intemperance : generosity has been
imputed to him from his conduct on certain
occasions, but particularly in his treatment of
the Persian princesses, the relatives of Darius.

Ascribe is mostly used in a favourable or
indifferent sense ; impute is either favourable
or unfavourable. In the doxology of the
church ritual, all honour, might, majesty, do-
minion, and power are ascribed to the three
persons in the Holy Trinity: the actions of
men are often so equivocal that it is difficult
to decide whether praise or blame ought to be
imputed to them.

Holiness is atcribed to the pope ; majesty to kings;
serenity or mildness to princes; excellence or perfection
to ambassadors ; grace to archbishops ; honour to peers.
ADDISON.

Perhaps it may appear upon examination that the most
polite ages are the least virtuous. This may be attributed
to the lolly of admitting wit and learning as merit in
themselves, without considering the application of them.
STEELE.

We who are adepts in astrology can impute it to several
causes in the planets, that this quarter of our great city is
the region of suoh as either never had, or have lost, the
use of reason. 3IEELE.

To Ascribe, v. To appropriate.

To Ask, Beg, Request.

Ask is in Saxon ascian, low German esken,
esc/ten, German heischen, Danish adske, Swedish
aeska ; these in general signify to wish for,
and come from the Greek ofiou) to think
worthy.

Beg is contracted from the word berrgo.r,
and the German begehren to desire vehemently.

Request, in Latin requisitus, participle of
require, is compounded of re and qucero to seek
or look after with indications of desire to
possess.

The expression of a wish to some one to
have something is the common idea compre-
hended in these terms. As this is the simple
signification of ask, it is the generic term ;
the other two are specific : we ask in begging
and requesting, but not i-ice versa.

Asking is peculiar to no rank or station ; In
consequence of our mutual dependance on,
. D *

ASK.

each other, it is requisite for every man to ask
something of another : the master asks of the
servant, the servant asks of the master ; the
parent asks of the child, the child asks of the
parent. Begging marks a degree of depend-
ance which is peculiar to inferiors in station :
we ask for matters of indifference ; we beg
that which we think is of importance : a
child asks a favour of his parent ; a poor man
begs the assistance of one who is able to afford
it : that is asked for which is easily granted ;
that is begged whi::h is with difficulty ob-
tained. To ask therefore requires no effort ;
but to beg is to ask with importunity : those
who by merely asking find themselves unable
to obtain what they wish will have recourse to
begging.

As ask sometimes implies a demand, and beg
a vehemence of desire, or strong degree of
necessity ; politeness has adopted another
phrase which conveys neither the imperious-
ness of the one nor the urgensy of the other ;
this is the word request. Asking carries with
it an air of superiority ; begging that of sub-
mission ; requesting has the air of independ-
ence and equality. Asking borders too nearly
on an infringement of personal liberty ; beg-
ging imposes a constraint by making an appeal
to the feelings ; requests leave the liberty of
granting or refusing unencumbered. It is the
character of impertinent people to ask without
considering the circumstances and situation
of the person asked ; they seem ready to take
without permission that which is asked, if it
be not granted : selfish and greedy people beg
witti importunity, and in a tone that admits
of no refusal : men of good breeding tender
their requests with moderation and discretion ;
they request nothing but what they are certain
can be conveniently complied with.

Ask is altogether exploded from polite life,
although beg is not. We may beg a person's
acceptance of any thing ; we may beg him to
favour or honour us with his company ; but
we can never talk of asking a person's accept-
ance, or asking him to do us an honour. Beg
in such cases indicates a condescension which
is sometimes not unbecoming, but on ordinary
occasions request is with more propriety sub-
stituted in its place.

Let him pursue the promis'd Latian shore,

A short ilchiy is all I atk him now,

A pause of grief, au interval from woe. DRYDEN.
But we must beg our bread iu climes unknown.
Beneath the scorching or the frozen zone. DHYDEN.
But do not you my last reguett deny.
With you perfidious man your iufrest try. DKYDEN.

To Ask, or Ask For, Claim, Demand.

Ask, v. To ask, beg.

Claim, in French claimer. Latin clamo to
cry after, signifies to express au imperious
wish for.

Demand, in French demander, Latin dc-
mando, compounded of de and mandoto order,
signifies to call for imperatively.

Ask, in the sense of beg, is confined to the
expression of wishes on the part of the asker,
without involving any obligation on the part
of the person asked ; all granted in this case
is voluntary, or complied with as a favour :
but atkfor in the sense here taken is involun-

tary, and springs from the forms and dis-
tinctions of society. Ask is here, as before,
generic or specific ; claim and demand are
specific : in its specific sense it conveys a less
peremptory sense than either claim or demand.
To ask for denotes simply the expressed wish
to have what is considered as due ; to claim is
to assert a right, or to make it known ; to
demand is to insist on having without the
liberty of a refusal.

Asking respects obligation in general, great
or small ; claim respects obligations of impor-
tance. Asking for supposes a right, not ques-
tionable ; claim supposes a right hitherto un-
acknowledged ; demand supposes either a
disputed right, or the absence of all right, and
the simple determination to have : a trades-
man asks for what is owed to him as circum
stances may require ; a person claims the
property he has lost ; people are sometimes
pleased to make dema>ids, the legality of which
cannot be proved. What is lent must be asked
for when it is wanted ; whatever has been lost
and is found must be recovered by a claim ;
whatever a selfish person wants, he strives to
obtain by a demand, whether just or unjust.

Virtue, with them, is only to abstain
From all that nature cukt, and covet pain JEXVX3.
My country claim me all, claimt ev'ry passion.

MABTYN.

And forests, seem impatient to demand'
The promis'd sweetness. THOMSON.

To Ask, Inquire, Question, Interro-
gate.

Ask, v. To ask, beg.

Inquire, Lathi inquire, compounded of in
and qucero signifies to search after.

Question, in French questionner, sippifies
to put a question, from the Latin quastio and
qucero to seek or search, to look into.

Interrogate, Latin interrogatus, parti-
ciple of interrogo, compounded of inter and
rogo, signifies to ask alternately, or an asking
between different persons.

We perform all these actions in order to get
information: but we ask for general purposes
of convenience ; we inquire from motives of
curiosity ; we question and interrogate from
motives of discretion. To ask respects simply
one thing : to inquire respects one or many
subjects ; to question and interrogate is to ask
repeatedly, and in the latter case more autho-
ritatively than in the former.

Indifferent people ask of each other what-
ever they wish to know : learners inquire the
reasons of things which are new to them :
masters question their servants, or parents their
children, when they wish to ascertain the real
state of any case : magistrates interrogate
criminals when they are brought before them.
It is rery uncivil not to answer whatever is
asked even by the meanest person ; it is pro-
per to satisfy every inquiry, so as to remove
doubt : questions are sometimes so impertinent
that they cannot with propriety be answered :
interrogations from unauthorized persons are
little better than insults.

Upon my diking her who it was, she told me it was a
very grave elderly gentleman, but that she did not kaovr
hu name. ADDISON.

ASPERSE.

ASSEMBLE.

Not only what ia great, strange, or beautiful, but any
thing that is disagreeable wlieu looked upon, pleases 115 ill
an apt description. Here we must inquire after a new
principle of pleasure, which is nothing else but the action
of the mind, which compares the ideas that arise from
words with the ideas that arise from objects themselves.
ADDISON.

In order to pass away the evening, which now began to
grow tedious, we fell into that laudable and primitive
diversion of i/ucstioiis and commands. ADDISON.

Thomson was introduced to the Prince of Wales, and
being gaily interrogated about the state of his affairs,
said, that they were "in a more poetical posture than
forinerly.'WoHNSUN.

Aspect, v. Appearance.
Asperity, v. Acrimony.

To Asperse, Detract, Defame,
Slander, Calumniate.

Asperse, in Latin aspcrsits, participle of
atjxrgo to sprinkle, signifies in a moral sense
to stain with spots.

Det ract, in Latin detractus, participle of
detraho, compounded of de and traho, signifies
to draw from

Deiame, in Latin defamo, compounded of
the privative de and famo or fama fame, signi-
fies to deprive of reputation.

Slander is doubtless connected with the
words slur, sully, and soil, signifying to stain
with some spot.

Calumniate, from the Latin calumnia,
and the Hebrew calamch infamy, signifies to
load with infamy.

All these terms denote an effort made to in-
jure the character by some representation.

Apserse and detract mark an indirect repre-
sentation ; defame, slander, and calumniate, a
positive assertion.

To asperse is to fix a moral stain on a char-
acter ; to detract is to lessen its merits and
excellences. Aspersions always imply some-
thing bad, real or supposed ; detractions are
always founded on some supposed good in the
object that is detracted : to defame is openly to
advance some serious charge against the char-
acter : to slander is to expose the faults of
another in his absence : to calumniate is to
communicate secretly, or otherwise, circum-
stances to the injury of another.

Aspersions and detractions are never positive
falsehoods, as they never amount to more than
insinuations : defamation is the public com-
munication of facts, whether true or false :
slander involves the discussion of moral
qualities and is consequently the declaration
of an opinion as well as the communication of
a fact : calumny, on the other hand, is a posi-
tive communication of circumstances known
by the narrator at the time to be false. Asper-
tions are the effect of malice and meanness ; they
are the resource of the basest persons, insidi-
ously to wound the characters of those whom
they dare not openly attack : the most vir-
tuous are exposed to the malignity of the
tuperser. Detraction is the effect of envy :
when a man is not disposed or able to follow
the example of another, he strives to detract
from the merit of his actions by questioning
the purity of his motives : distinguished per-
sons are the most exposed to the will of detrac-
tors. Defamation is the consequence of per-
sonal resentment, or a busy interference with

other men's affairs ; it is an unjustifiable ex-
posure of then- errors or vices, which is often
visited with the due vengeance of the law
upon the offender. Slander arises cither from
a mischievous temper, or a gossiping hu-
mour ; it is the resource of ignorant and vacant
minds, who are in want of some serious occu-
pation : the slanderer deals unmercifully with
his neighbour, and speaks without regard to
truth or falsehood. Calumny is the worst of
actions, resulting from the worst of motives ;
to injure the reputation of another by the
sacrifice of truth is an accumulation of guilt
which is hardly exceeded by any one in the
whole catalogue of vices. Slanderers and ca-
lumniators are so near akin that they are but
too often found in the same person ; it is to bo
expected that when the slanderer has exhaus-
ted all his surmises and censure upon his
neighbour, he will not hesitate to calumniate
him rather than remain silent.

If I spoak slightingly of my neighbour, and
insinuate any thing against the purity of his
principles, or the rectitude of his conduct, I
asperse him : if he be a charitable man, and I
ascribe his charities to a selfish motive, or
otherwise take away from the merit of his
conduct, I am guilty of detraction : if I publish
any thiug openly that injures his reputation,
I Km&defamer : if I communicate to others the
reports that are in circulation to his disadvan-
tage, I am a slanderer : if I fabricate any thinff
myself and spread it abroad, I am a co.lum.wi
ator.

It is certain, and observed by the wisest writers that
there are women who are not nicely chaste, and men not
severely honest, in all families ; therefore let those who
may be apt to raise aspersion* upon ours, please to give us
an impartial account of their own, and we shall be
satisfied. 3TEELE.

What made their enmity the more entertaining to all
the rest of their sex was, that in their detraction from
each other, neither could fall upon terms which did not
hit herself as much as her adversary. STEELE. .

What shall we say of the pleasure a man takes in a
defamatory libel. Is it not a heinous sin. in the sight of
God 1 ADDISON.

Slander, that worst of poisons, ever finds
An easy entrance to ignoble minds. HEKVEY.

The way to silence calumny, says Bias, is to be always
exercised in such things as are praiseworthy. ADDISON.

To Aspire, v. To aim, aspire.
To Assail, v. To attack.
Assailant, v. Aggressor.
To Assassinate, v. To kill.
To Assault, v. To attack, assail.
To Assault, v. To attack, assault.
Assemblage, v. Assembly.

To Assemble, Muster, Collect.

Assemble, in French assemble, Latin cut-
simulare, or assimulare, from simiiis like and
simul together, signifies to make alike or bring
together. v

Muster, in German mustern to set out for
inspection, in Latin monstror to show or dis-
play.

Collect, in Latin collectus, participle of
colligo, compounded of col or con and lego to
bind, signifies to bring together, or into one
point.

ASSEMBLE.

ASSEMBLY.

Assemble is said of persons only ; muster and
collect of persons or things. To assemble is to
bring together by a call or invitation ; to
muster is to bring together by an act of
authority, into one point of view, at one
time, and from one quarter ; to collect is to
bring together at different times, and from
different quarters : the Parliament is as-
sembled; soldiers are mustered every day in
order to ascertain their numbers ; an army is
collected in preparation for war : a king as-
sembles his council in order to consult with
them on public measures ; a general musters
his forces before he undertakes an expedition,
and collects more troops if he finds himself too
weak.

Collect is used for everything which can be
brought together in numbers muster is used
figuratively for bringing together, for an im-
mediate purpose, whatever is in one's posses-
sion : books, coins, curiosities, and the like,
are collected : a person's resources, his strength,
courage, resolution, Ac., are mustered : some
persons have a pleasure in collecting all the
pieces of antiquity which fall in their way ;
on a trying occasion it is necessary to muster
all the fortitude of which we are master.

Attemblc all in choirs, and with their notes.
Salute and welcome up the rising sun, OTWAY.

Oh I thou hast set my busy brain at work !

And now she nauteri up a train of images. ROWE.
Each leader now his scatter'd force conjoins
In close array, and forms the deep'ning lines :
Not with more ease, the skilful shepherd swain
Collects his flock, from thousands ou the plain.

POPE.

To Assemble, Convene, Convoke.

Assemble, v. To assemble, muster.

Convene, in Latin convenio, signifies to
come or bring together.

Convoke, in Latin convoco, signifies to call
together.

The idea of collecting many persons into one
place, for a specific purpose, is common to all
these terms. Assemble conveys this sense with-
out any addition ; convene and convoke include
likewise some collateral idea : people are as-
sembled, therefore, whenever they are convened
or convoked, but not vice versA. Assembling is
mostly by the wish of one ; convening by that
of several : a crowd is assembled by an indi-
vidual in the streets ; a meeting is convened at
the desire of a certain number of persons :
people are assembled either on public or private
business ; they are always convened on a public
occasion. A king assembles his parliament ; a
particular individual assembles his friends : the
inhabitants of a distiict are convened.

There is nothing imperative on the part oi
those that assemble or convene, and nothing
binding on those assembled or convened: one
assembles or convenes by invitation or request
ene attends to the notice or not at pleasure.
Convoke, on the other band, is an act of autho-
rity ; it is the call of one who has the authority
to give the call ; it is heeded by those who fee
themselves bound to attend. Assembling anc
convening are always for domestic or civil pur
poses ; convoking is always employed in spiri
tual matters : a dying man assembles his friend
round his death-bed ; a meeting ie convened in

irder to present an address; the dignitaries
n the church are convoked by the supreme au-
hority.

He ceas'd : the assembled warriors all assent,
All but A trides. CUMBERLAND.
They form one social shade, as if conven'd
By magic summons of the Orphean lyre . COWPER.
Where on the mingling boughs they sit embower'd
All the hot noon, till cooler hours arrive.
Faint underneath, the household fowls convene.

THOMSON.

Here cease thy fury, and the chiefs and kings,
Convoke to council, weigh the sum of thiujjs. FOl'E.

Assembly, Assemblage, Group, Col-
lection.

Assembly, Assemblage, are collective
terms derived from the verb assemble.

Group comes from the Italian groppo,
which among painters signifies an assemblage
of figures in one place.

Collection expresses the act of collecting,
or the body collected (v. to assemble, muster).

Assembly respects persons only ; assemblage,
things only ; group and collection, persons or
things : an assembly is any number either
brought together, or come together of them-
selves ; an assemblage is any number of things
standing together ; a group is come together
by accident, or put together by design ; a col-
lection is mostly put or brought together by
design.

A geteral alarm will cause an assembly to
disperse : an agreeable assemblage of rural ob-
jects, whether in nature or in representation,
constitutes a landscape : a painting will some-
times consist only of a group of figures, but if
they be well chosen, it will sometimes produce
a wonderful effect : a collection of evil-minded
persons ought to be immediately dispersed by
the authority of the magistrate. In a large
assembly you may sometimes observe a singular
assemblage of characters, countenances, and
figures . when people come together in great
numbers on any occasion, they will often form
themselves into distinct groups: the collection
of scarce books and curious editions has be-
come a passion, which is justly ridiculed under
the title of Bibliomania.

Love and marriage are the natural effects ol these
anniversary tutembliet. BUDGELL.

O Hertford ! fitted or to shine in courts
With unaffected grace, or walk the plain
With innocence and meditation join'd
In soft aitemblage, listen to my song.

THOMSON.

A lifeless group the blasted cattle lie. THOMSON.

There is a manuscript at Oxford containing thn lives of

an hundred and thirty-five ,of the finest Persian poet*,

most of whom left very ample collection* of their pocjui

behind them. SIK \VM. JOKES.

Assembly, Company, Meeting, Con-
gregation, Parliament, Diet, Con-
gress, Convention, Synod, Convo-
cation, Council.

An Assembly (v. To assemble, muster) if
simply the assembling together of any numbeJ
of persons : this idea is common to all theresl
of there terms, which differ in the object, mode
and other collateral circumstances of the action;

ASSEMBLY.

ASSENT.

Company, a body linked together (v. To
accompany), is an assembly for purposes of
amusement.

Meeting 1 , a body raet together, is an as-
sembly for general purposes of business.

Congregation , a body flocked or gathered
together, from ttie Latin cirex a flock, is an as-
sembly brought together from congeniality of
sentiment, and community of purpose.

Parliament, in French parlement, from
parler to speak, signifies an assembly for speak-
ing or debating on important matters.

Diet, from the (> reek fiiaireco to govern, is
an assembly for governing or regulating affairs
of State.

Congress, from tho Latin congredior to
march in a body, is an assembly coming to-
gether in a formal manner from distant parts
lor special purposes.

Convention, from the Latin convenio to
coibe together, is an assembly coming together
la an unfurmal ai d promiscuous manner from
a neighbouring quarter.

Synod, in Greek owoSo?, compounded of
ow, and oios, signifies literally going the same
road, and has been employed to signify an as-
sembly for consultation on matters of religion.

Convocation, is an assembly convoked for
an especial purpr se.

Council is an assembly for consultation
either on civil or ecclesiastical affairs.

An assembly is, in its restricted sense, public,
and under certain regulations : a company is
private, and confined to friends and acquaint-
ances : a meeting is either public or private : a
congregation is always public. Meetings are
held by all who have any common concern to
a i range: congregations consist of those who
f< 'llow the same form of doctrine and discip-
line : all these different kinds of assemblies are
formed by individuals in their private capa-
city ; tho other terms designate assemblies that
come together for national purposes, with the
exception of the word convention, which may
be either domestic or political.

A parliament and diet are popular assemblies
under a monarchical form of government ; con-
gress and convention are assemblies under a re-
publican government : of the first description
are the parliaments of England and France, the
diets of Germany and Poland, which consisted
of subjects assembled by the monarch, to de-
liberate on the affairs of the na'ion. Of the
latter description are the congress of the United
Provinces of Holland, and that of the United
States of America, and the national convention
of France : but there is this difference observ-
able between a congress and a convention, that
the former consists of deputies or delegates
from higher authorities, that is, from inde-
pendent governments already established ; but
a convention is a self-constituted assembly,
which has no power but what it assumes to
itself.

A synod and convocation are in religious
matters what a diet and convention are in civil
matters : the former exists only under an
episcopal form of government ; the latter may
exist under any form of church discipline,
even where the authority lies in the whole
body of the ministry.

A council is more important than all other
species of assembly ; it consists of persons in-

vested with the highest authority, who, in
their consultations, do not so much transact
ordinary concerns, as arrange the forms and
fashions of things. Religious councils used to
determine matters of faith and discipline ;
political councils frame laws and determine the
fate of empires.

Lucan was so exasperated with the repulse, that h
muttered something to himself, aud wa heard to say.
" that since he could not have a seat among them himself,
he would briug in one who alone had more merit than
their whole astembly ;" upon which he went to the door
and brought in Cato of Utica. ADDISON.

As I am insignificant to the company in public places,
and as it is visible I do not come thither as most do to
show myself. I gratify the vanity of all who pretend to
make an appearance. STEELK.

It is very natural for a man who is not turned for
mirthful meetini/t of men, or atsembliet of the fair sex, to
delight in that sort of conversation which we meet with
in coffee-houses. STEELE.

Their tribes adjusted, clean *d their vig'rous wings,
And many a circle, many a short essay,
Wheel'd round and round ; in congregation full
The flgur'd flight ascends. THOMSON.

As all innocent means are to be used for the propaga-
tion of truth, I would not deter those who are employed
in preaching to common congregations from any practice
which they may find iiersuasive. JOHNSON.

The word parliament was first applied to general
aftemblicsol the states under Louis VII. in France, about
the middle of the twelfth century. BLACKSTONE.

What further provoked their indignation was that
instead of twenty-five pistoles formerly allowed to each
member for their charge in coming to the diet, he had pre-
sented them with six only. STEELE.

Prior had not, however, much reason to complain : for
he came to London, and obtained inch notice, that (in
1691) he was sent to the congreu at the Hague, as secretary
to the embassy. JOHNSON.

The office of conservators of the peace was newl y erected
in Scotland ; and these, instigated by the clergy, were
resolved, since they could not obtain the king's concent,
to summon in his name, but by their own authority, a
convention of states. HUME.

A tynod of the celestials was convened, in which it waa
resolved that patronage should descend to the assistance
of the sciences. JOHNSON.

The convocation is the miniature of a parliament,
wherein the archbishop presides with regal state.
BLACKSTONE.

Assent, Consent, Approbation,
Concurrence.

Assent, in Latin attentio, is compounded
of a* or ad and sentio to think, signifying to
bring one's mind or judgment to a thing.

Consent, v. To accede.

Approbation, in Latin approbatio, is
compounded of ad and probo to prove, signify-
ing to make a thing out good.

Concurrence, v. To agree.

Assent respects the judgment ; consent res-
pects the will. We assent to what we think
true ; we consent to the wish of another by
agreeing to it and allowing it. Some men
give their hasty assent to propositions which
they do not fully understand ; and their hasty
consent to measures which are very injudicious.
It is the part of the true believer not merely
to assent to the Christian doctrines, but to
make them the rule of his life : those who
consent to a bad action are partakers in the
guilt of it.

Approbation is a species of assent; concur-
rence of consent. To approve is not merely to
assent to a thing that is right, but to feel it
positively, to have the will and judgment in

ASSERT.

ASSOCIATE.

accordance : concurrence is the consent of many.
Approbation respects the practical conduct of
men in their intercourse with each other :
assent is given to speculative truths, abstract
propositions, or direct assertions. It is a
happy thing when our actions meet with the
approbation of others ; but is of little impor-
tance if we have not at the same time an ap-
proving conscience : we may often assent to the
premises of a question or proposition .without
admitting the deductions drawn from them.

Concurrence respects matters of general con-
cern, as consent respects those of individual
Interest. No bill in the house of parliament
can pass for a second reading without the con-
currence of a majority ; no parent should be in-
duced by persuasion to give his content to what
his judgment disapproves. Assent is opposed
to contradiction or denial ; consent to refusal ;
approbation to dislike or blame ; concurrence
to opposition : but we may sometimes seem to
give our assent to what we do not expressly
contradict, or seem to approve what we do not
blame ; and we are supposed to consent to a
request when we do not positively refuse it.
We may approve or disapprove of a thing
without giving an intimation either of our
approbation or the contrary : but concurrence
cannot be altogether a negative action ; it
must be signified by some sign, although that
need not necessarily be a word.

The assent of some people to the most im-
portant truths is so tame, that it might with
no great difficulty be converted into a contra-
diction ; he who is anxious to obtain universal
approbation, or even to escape censure, will find
his fate depictured in the story of the old man
and his ass : according to the old proverb,
" Silence gives consent :" it is not uncommon
for ministerial men to give their concurrence
in parliament to the measures of administra-
tion by a silent vote, while those of the oppo-
site party spout forth their opposition to catch
the applause of the multitude.

Precept gains only the cold approbation of reason, and
compels an auent which judgement frequently yields with
reluctance, even when delay is impossible, HAWK ES-
WORTH.

Whatever be the reason, it appears by the common eon-
tent of mankind that the want of virtue does not incur
equal contempt with the want of parts. HAWKES-
WOKTH.

There is as much difference between the approbation of
the judgement and the actual volitions of the will with
relation to the same object, as there is between a man's

Sir Matthew Hale mentions one case wherein the Lords
may alter a money bill (that is, from a greater to a less
time) here he says the bill need not be sent back to the
Commons for their concurrence. BLACKSTOXE.

To Assert, Maintain, Vindicate.
To Assert, r. To affirm, assert.

Maintain, in French maintenir, from the
Latin man us and t:nco, signifies to hold by
the hand, that is, closely and firmly.

Vindicate, in Latin vindicatus, participle
of vindico, compounded of vim and dico, sig-
nifies to pronounce a violent or positive sen-
tence.

To assert is to declare a thing as our own ;
to maintain is to abide by what we have so
declared ; to vindicate is to stand up for that
which concerns ourselves or others. We assert

any thing to be true ; we maintain it by ad-
ducing proofs, facts, or arguments ; we vindi-
cate our own conduct or that of another
when it is called in question. We assert
boldly or impudently ; we maintain steadily
or obstinately ; we vindicate resolutely or
insolently. A right or claim is asserted, which
is avowed to belong to any one ; it is main-
tained when attempts are made to prove its
justice, or regain its possession ; the cause of
the asserter or maintainer is vindicated by
another. Innocence is asserted by a positive
declaration ; it is maintained by repeated
assertions and the support of testimony ; it is
vindicated through the interference of another.
The most guilty persons do not hesitate to
assert their innocence with the hope of inspir-
ing credit ; and some will persist in maintain-
ing it, even after their guilt has been pro-
nounced; but the really innocent man will
never want a friend to vindicate him when his
honour or his reputation is at stake. Assertions
which are made hastily and inconsiderately
are seldom long maintained without exposing
a person to ridicule ; those who attempt to
vindicate a bad cause expose themselves to as
much reproach as if the cause were their own.

When the great soul buoys up to this high point,
Leaving gross nature's sediments below,
Then, and then on>y, Adam's offepriug quits
The sage and hero of the fields and woods,
Atterts his rank, and rises into man. YOUNG.
Sophocles also, in a fragment of one of his tragedies
auertt the unity of the Supreme Being. CUMBERLAND.
I am willing to believe that Dryden wanted rather skill
to discover the right, than virtue to maintain it. JOHN-
SON.

Tis just that I should vindicate alone

The broken truce, or for the breach atone. DRYDEN.

To Assert, v. To affirm, assert.
Assessment, v. Tax.
To Asseverate, v. To affirm.
Assiduous, v. Active, diligent.
Assiduous, v. Sedulous.
To Assign, v. To adduce.
To Assig-n, v. To allot, assign.
To Assist, v. To help.
Assistant, v. Coadjutor.

Associate, Companion.

Associate, in Latin associatus, participle
of associo, compounded of as or ad and socio
to ally, signifies one united with a person.

Companion, from company, signifies one
that bears company (v. To accompany).

Associates are habitually together : compan-
ion* are only occasionally in company.

As our habits are formed from our associates
we ought to be particular in our choice of
them : as our companions contribute much to
our enjoyments, we ought to choose such as
are suitable to ourselves.

Many men may be admitted as companions,
who would not altogether be fit as associates.

We see many straggling single about the world, un-
happy for want of an attnciate, and pining with the
necessity of confining their sentiments to their own
bosoms.-JOHNSON.

There is a degree of want by which the freedom of
agency is almost destroyed, and long association with
fortuitous ownpanion* will at last relax the strictness of
truth, ana abate the fervor of sincerity. JOHNSON.

ASSOCIATION.

An associate may take part with us in some
business, and share with us in the labour: a
companion takes parb with us in some concern
and shares with us in the pleasure or the pain.

Addison contributed more than a fourth part (of the
last volume of the Spectator), and the other contributors
are by no means unworthy ol appearing as his auociatet.
JOHNSON.

Thus while the cordage stretch 'd ashore may guide
Our brave companion! thro' the swelling tide :
This floating lumber shall sustain them o'er
The rocky shelves, in safety to the shore. FALCONER.

Association, Society, Company,
Partnership.

All these terms denote a union of several
persons into one body.

Association (v. To associate) is general,
the rest specific. Whenever we habitually or
frequently meet together for some common
object it is an association. Associations are
therefore political, religious, commercial, and
literary.

A Society is an association for some speci-
fic purpose, moral or religious, civil or poli-
tical.

A Company is an association of many for
the purpose of trade.

A Partnership is an association of a few
for the same object.

Whenever association is used in distinction
from the others, it denotes that which is
partial in its object and temporary in its dur-
ation. It is founded on unity of sentiment as
well as unity of object ; but it is mostly
unorganized, and kept together only by the
spirit which gives rise to it. It is not, however
the less dangerous on this account ; and when
politics are the subject, it commonly breathes
a spirit hostile to the established order of
things ; as the last thirty years have evinced
to us by woful experience.

A society requires nothing but unity of
object, which is permanent in its nature ; it
is well organized, and commonly set on foot
to promote the cause of humanity, literature,
or religion. No country can boast such nume-
rous and excellent societies, whether of a
charitable, a religious, or a literary description
as England.

Companies are brought together for the pur-
poses of interest, and are dissolved when that
object ceases to exist : their duration depends
on the contingencies of profit and loss. The
South-sea company, which was founded on an
idle speculation, was formed for the ruin of
many, and dispersed almost as soon as it was
formed. The East India company on the
other hand, which is one of the grandest that
ever was raised, promises as much perman-
ency as is commonly allotted to human trans-
actions.

Partnerships are altogether of an individual
and private nature As they are without or-
ganization and system, they are more precari-
ous than any other association. Their duration
depends not only on the chances of trade,
but the compatibility of individuals to co-
operate in a close point of union. They are
often begun rashly and end ruinously.

For my OWTI part, I could wish that all honest men
would enter into an attocitition for the support of one
Another against the endeavours of those whom the; ought

to look upon as their common enemies, whatever side
they may belong to. ADDISON.

The nation is a company of players. ADDISON.

Gay was the general favourite of the whole association
of wits ; but they regarded him as a play-fellow rather
than a partner, and treated him with more fondness
than respect JOHNSON.

Society is a partnerthip in all science : a partnership In
every virtue and in all perfection.. BURKE.

Association, Combination.

Association, v: Associate.

Combination, from the Latin combine, or
con and binus, signifies tying two into one.

An association is something less binding than
a combination ; associations are formed for pur-
poses of convenience ; combinations are formed
to serve either the interests or passions of men.
The word association is therefore always taken
in a good or an iudifferent sense ; combination
in an indifferent or bad sense. An association is
public ; it embraces all classes of men : a com-
bination is often private, and includes only a
particular description of persons. Associations
are formed for some general purpose ; combin-
ations are frequently formed for particular
purposes, which respect the interest of the
few, to the injury of many. Associations are
former 4 by good citizens ; combinations by dis-
contented mechanics, or low persons in
general.

When u?ed for things association is a natural
action ; combination an arbitrary action.
Things associate of themselves, but combina-
tions are formed either by design or accident.
Nothing will associate but what harmonises;
things the most opposite in their nature are
combined together. We associate persons with
places, or events with names ; discordant pro-
perties are combined in the same body. With
the name of one's birth-place ars associated
pleasurable recollections : virtue and vice are
so combined in the same character as to f< rm a
contrast. The association of ideas is a remark-
able phenomenon of the human mind, but it
can never be admitted as solving any difficulty
respecting the structure and composition of
the soul ; the combination of letters forms
syllables, and that of syllables forms words.

In my yesterday's paper I proposed that the honest
men of all parties should enter into a kind of auociation
for the defence of one another. ADDISON.

There is no doubt but all the safety, happiness, and
convenience that men enjoy in this life, is from the com-
bination of particular persons into societies or corpora-
tions. SOUTH.

The cry of the people in cities and towns, though unfor-
tunately (from a fear of their multitude and combination)
the most regarded, ought in fact to be the least regarded,
on the subject of monopoly. BUKKE.

Meekness and courtesy will always recommend the first
address, but soon pall and nauseate unless they an
auociated with more sprightly qualities. JOHNSON.

Before the time of Dryden, those happy combination*
of words which distinguish poetry from prose had been
rarely attempted. JOHNSON.

To Assuage, v. To allay.

To Assume, v. To affect, assume.

To Assume, v. To appropriate.

ASSURANCE.

ASYLUM.

Assurance, Confidence.

Assurance implies either the act of
making another su e (vide To affirm>, or of
being 8' ire one's self

Confidence implies simply the act of the
mind in conjiding, which is equivalent to a
feeling.

Assurance, as an action, is to confidence as
the means to the end. V e give a person an a-
turc.nce in order to inspire him with confidence

Assurance and confidence, as a sentiment in
ourselves, may respect either th*t which is
external of us, or that which belongs to our-
selves ; in the first case they are bth taken
in an indifferent sense : but the feeling of
assurance is much stronger than that of con-
fidence, and applies to objects that interest the
feelings ; whereas confidence app'ies only to
such objects as exercise the understanding :
thus we have an assurance of a life to come :
an assurance of a blessed immortality : we
have a confidence in a person's integrity. As
respects ourselves exclusively, assurance is
employed to designate either an occasional
feeling, or a habit of the mind ; confidence an
occasional feeling mostly : assurance, therefore
in this sense, may be used indifferently, but
in general it has a bad acceptation ; but confi-
dence has an indifferent or a good sense.

Assurance is a self-possession of the mind,
arising f om the conviction that all in ourselves
is right , confidence is that self -possession only
in particular cases, and grounded on the
reliance we have in our ali ities or our char-
acter.

The man of assurance never loses himself
under any circumstances, however trying ;
he is calm and ea-y when another is abashed
and confounded : the man who has confidence
will generally hare it in cases that warrant
him to trust to himself.

A liar utters his falsehoods with an air of
assurance, in order tee more effectually to
gain belief : conscious innocence enables a
person to speak with confidence when interro-
gated.

Assurance shows itself in the behaviour,
confidence in the conduct. Youi-g people are
apt to assert every thing with a tone of assur-
ance ; no man should undertake any thing
without a confidence iii himself.

I appeal to posterity. says ^Eschylus ; to posterity I
consecrated my works, in the auuraiice that they will
meet that reward from time which the partiality of my
contemporaries refuses to bestow. CUMBERLAND.

All the arguments upon winch a man, who it telling the
private affairs of another, may ground his confidence of
security, he must, upon reflection, know to be uncertain,
because he finds them without effect upon, himself.
JOHNSON.

I never sit silent In company when secret history is
talking, but I am reproached for want of atturance.
JOHNSON.

The hope of fame is necessarily connected with such
considerations as must abate the ardor of confidence, and
repress the vigor of pursuit. JOHNSON".

Modesty, the daughter of knowledge, and Auurance
the offspring of ignorance, met accidentally upon the
road ; and as both had a long way to go, and had experi-
enced from former hardships that they were alike un-
qualified to pursue their journey alone, they apreed, for
their mutual advantage, to travel together. MOORE.

I must observe that there is a vicious modesty which
Justly deserves to be ridiculed, and which those very
persons often discover, who value themselves most
upon a well-bred conjldmce. This happen? when a wtn

Is ashamed to act up to his reason, and would not, upon
any consideration, be surprised in the practice of thns
duties for the performance of which lie was sent iuto the
world. AD1JISON.

Assurance, Impudence.

Assurance, v. Assurance, confidence.

Impudence literally implies shameles*-
ness. They are so closely allied to each other,
that assurance is distinguished from impudeiice
more in the manner than the spirit ; for im-
pudence has a groesness attached to it which
does not belong to assurance.

Vulgar people are impudent became they
have assurance to break through all the forms
of society ; but those who are more cultivated
will have their assurance controlled by Its
decencies and refinements.

The man of airurance. though at first it onlv denoted
a person ot a free and o)>eu carriage, is now very usually
applied to a profligate wretch, who can break through all
the rules of decency and morality without a blush. I
shall endeavour, therefore, in this essay, to restore these
words to their true meaning, to prevent the idea of
modesty from being confounded with that of sheepish-
ness, and to hinder imptidencc from passing foraMurunce.
BUDGELL.

To Assure, v. To affirm.
To Astonish, v. To admire.
Astonishment, v. Wondtr.
Astrology, r. Astronomy.

Astronomy, Astrology.

Astronomy is compounded of the Greek
a<rrr)p and vofios and signifies the laws of the
stars, or a knowledge of their laws.

Astrology, from aonjp and Aoyos, signifies
a reasoning on the stars.

The * astronomer studies the course and
movement of the stars ; the astrologer reasons
on their influence.

The former observes the state of the heavens,
marks the order of time, the eclipses and the
revolutions which arise out of the established
laws of motion in the immense universe : the
latter predicts events, draws horoscopes, and
announces all the vicissitudes of rain and
snow, heat and cold, &c. The astronomer cal-
culates and seldom errs, as his calculations
are built on fixed rules and actual obseiva-
tions ; the astrologer deals in conjectures, and
his imagination often deceives him. The
astronomer explains what he knows, and
merits the esteem of the learned ; the astrolo-
ger hazards what he thinks, and seeks to
please.

A thirst for knowledge leads to the study of
astronomy : an inquietude about the future
has given rise to astrology. Mai.y imp rraut
results for the arts of navigation, agriculture,
and of civil society in general, have been
drawn from astronomical researches : many
serious and mischievous effects have been pro-
duced on the minds of the ignorant, from
their faith in the dreams of the astrologer.

Asylum, Refuge, Shelter, Retreat.

Asylum, in Latin asylum, in Greek aov\ov
compounded <>f a privative and eruArj plunder,
signifies a place exempt from plunder.

* AbWGirardj " Astrunuiuie astrologua."

ATONE.

ATTACHMENT.

Refuge, i Latin refugium, from refugio to
fly away, signifies the place one may fly away
to.

Shelter comes from shell, in high German
schalen, Saxon sceala, &c. from the Hebrew
cala to hide, signifying .a cover or hiding place.

Retreat, in Fiench retraite, Latin re-
tractus, from retraho, or re and traho to draw
back, signifies the p'ace that is situated be-
Lind or in the back ground.

Asylum, refuge, and shelter, all denote a place
of safety ; but the former is fixed, the two
latter are occasional : the retreat is a place of
tranquillity rather than of safety. An asylum
is chosen by him who has i<o home, a refuge
by him who is apprehensive of danger : the
French emigrants found a refuge in England,
but very few will make it an asylum. The
inclemencies of the weather make us seek a
shelter. The fatigues and toils of life make us
seek a retreat.

It is the part of a Christian to afford an
asylum to the helpless orphan and widow.
The terrified passenger take* rcfugciu the fmt
house he comes to, when assai'ed by an evil-
disposed mob. The ventel shattered in a
sti'rm takes skelter in the nearest haven. The
man of business, wearied with the anxieties
and cares of the world, disengages himself
from the whole, and seeks a retreat suited to
his circumstances.

The adventurer knows ha ha not far to go before he
will meet with some fortresi that has been raised by
sophistry for the asylum of error HAWKESWORTH.

Superstition, now retiring from Rome, may yet find
refuge in the mountains of Tibet. CUMBERLAND.
In rueful gaze

The cattle stand, and on the scowling heavens
Cast a deploring eye. by man forsook ;
Who to the crowded cottage hies him fast.
Or seeks the thelter of the downward cave.

THOMSON.

For this, this only favor let me sue
If pity can to conquer'd iocs be due :
Kefuse it not. but let my body have
The last retreat of human kind, a grave. DBYDEJf.

At All Times, v. Always.
At Last, r. Lastly.
At Length, v. Lastly.

To Atone For, Expiate.

Atone, or at one, signifies to be at peace
or good friends.

Expiate, in Latin expiatus, participle of
expio, compounded of ex and pio, signifies to
put out or make clear by an act of piety.

Both these terms express a satisfaction for
an offence ; but atone is general, expiate is par-
ticular. We may atone for a fault by any
species of suffering ; we expiate a crime only
by suffering a legal punishment. A female
often sufficiently atones for her violation of
chastity by the misery she entails on herself ;
there are too many unfortunate wretches in
England who expiate their crimes on a gal-
lows.

Neither atonement nor expiation always
necessarily require punishment or even suffer-
ing from the offender. The nature of the
atonement depends on the will of the individual
who is offended ; expiations are frequently
dade by means of performing certain religious

rites or acts of piety. Offences between man
and man are sometimes atoned for by an ac-
knowledgment of error ; but offences towards
God require an expiatory sacrifice, which our
Saviour has been pleased to make r>f himself,
tht we, through Him, might become par-
takers of eternal life. Expiation, therefore, in
the religious sense, is to atonement as the
means to the end : atonement is often obtained
by an expiation, but there may le expiations
where there is no atonement.

Atonement replaces in a state of favour ; ex-
piation produces only a real <<v supposed ex-
emption from sin and its consequences.
Among the Jews aud heathens there was ex-
piation, but no atonement ; under the Christian
dispensation there is o.tonement as well as
expiation.

O let the blood, already spilt, atone

For the past crimes of curs'd Laouiedon. DEYDKN.

been lost before they c

How sacred ought kings' lives be held.

When but the death of une

Demands an empire's blood for expiation. LEE.

To Attach, v. To affix.
To Attach, v. To adhere.

Attachment Affection, Inclination.

Attachment (v. To adhere) respects per-
sons and things : Affection (v. A fection)
regards persons only : Inclination has re-
spect to things mostly.

Attachment, as it regards persons, is not so
powerful or solid as affection.

Children are attached to those who will
minister to their gratifications ; they have an
affection for their nearest and dearest relatives.

Attachment is sometimes a tender sentiment
between the persons of different sexes ; affec-
tion is an affair of the heart without dis-
tinction of sex.

The passing attachments of young people are
seldom entitled to serious notice ; although
sometimes they may ripen by long intercourse
into a laudable and steady affection. Nothing
is so delightful as to see affection among
brothers and sisters.

Attachment, as it respects thines, is m^re
powerful than inclination ; the latter is a ris-
infir sentiment, the forerunner of attachment,
which is positive and fixed.

We strive to obtain that to which we are
attached ; but an inclination seldom leads to
any effort for possession.

Little minds are always betraying their
attachment to trifles. It is the character of in-
difference not to show an inclination to any
thing.

Attachments are formed ; inclinations arise of
themselves.

Interest, similarity of character, or habit,
give rise to attachment ; a natural warmth of
temper gives birth to various inclinations.

Suppress the first inclination to gaming,
lest it grows into an attachment.

Though devoted to the study of philosophy, and a great
master in the early science of the times, Solon mixed with
cheerfulness in society, and did not hold back from those
tender ties and a/tachmcntl which connect a man to the
World. CUMBERLAND,

ATTACK.

ATTEMPT.

When I was sent to school, the gaiety of my look, and
the liveliness of lay loquacity, soon gained me admission
to hearts not yet fortified against affection by artifice or
interest. J OHNSON.

I am glad that he whom I must have loved from duty,
whatever he had been, is such a one as I can love from
inclination. STEELE.

To Attack, Assail, Assault,
Encounter.

Attack, in French attaqv.gr, changed from
attacher, in Latin attactum, participle of
attingo, signifies to bring into close contact.

Assail, Assault, in French assailir,
Latin assilio, assaltum, compounded of as or
ad and salio, signifies to leap upon.

Encounter, in French rencontre, com-
pounded of en or in and eontre, in Latin contra
against, signifies to run or come against.

Attack is the generic, the rest are specific
terms. To attack is to make an approach in
order to do some violence to the person ; to
assail or assault is to make a sudden and vehe-
ment attack : to encounter is to meet the attack
of another. One attacks by simply offering
violence without necessarily producing an
effect ; one assails by means of missile
weapons , one assaults by direct persoual
violence ; one encounters by opposing violence
to violence.

Men and animals attack or encounter ; men
only, in the literal sense, assail or assault.
Animals attack each other with the weapons
nnture has bestowed upon them : those who
provoke a mult tude may expect to have their
houses or windows assailed with stones, and
their persons assaulted . it is ridiculous to at-
tempt to encounter those who are superior in
Strength and prowess.

They are all used figuratively. Men attack
with reproaches or censures ; they assail with
abuse ; they are assaulted by temptations ;
they encounter opposition and difficulties.
A fever attacks; horrid shrieks assail the ear ;
dangers are encountered. The reputations of
men in public life are often wantonly attacked ;
they are assailed in every direction by the
murmurs and complaints of the discontented ;
they often encounter the obstacles which party
spirit throws in the way, without reaping any
solid advantage to themselves.

The women might possibly have carried this Gothic
building higher, had not a famous monk, Thomas Con-
necte by name, attacked it with great zeal and resolution.
ADDISON.

Not truly penitent, but chief to try
Her husband, how far urg'd his patience bears,
His virtue or weakness which wayto astatt. MILTON.
It is sufficient that you are able to encounter the
temptations which now assault yon: when God send;
trials he may send strength. TAYLOR.

Attack, Assault, Encounter, Onset,
Charge.

Attack, Assault, Encounter (v. To
attack), denote the act of attacking, assaulting,
encountering.

Onset signifies a setting on or to, a com-
mencing.

Charge (v. To accuse) signifies pressing
upon.

An aocit and assault may be made upon an

unresisting object: encounter, onset, and charge
require at least two opposing parties. An
attack maybe slight or indirect; an assault
must always be direct and mostly vigorous.
An attack upon a town need not be attended
with any injury to the walls or inhabitants ;
but an assault is commonly conducted so as to
affect its capture. Attacks are made by rob-
bers upon the person or property of another ;
assaults upon the person only.

An encounter generally respects an unformal
casual meeting between single individuals:
onset and charge a regular attack between con-
tending armies ; o:\set is employed for the
commencement of the battle ; charge for an
a ttack from a particular quarter. When knight-
errantry was in vogue, encounters were per-
petually taking place between the knights and
their antagonists, who often existed only in
the imagination of the combatants : encounters
were, however, sometimes fierce and bloody,
when neither party would yield to the other
while he had the power of resistance. The
French are said to make impetuous onsets, but
not to withstand a continued attack with the
same perseverance and steadiness as the Eng-
lish. A furious and well-directed charge from
the cavalry will sometimes decide the fortune
of the day.

here is one species of diversion which has not been
generally condemned, though it is produced by an attack
upon those who have not voluntarily en tered the lists;
who find themselves buffetted in the dark, and have
neither means of defence, nor possibility of advantage.

HAWKESWORTH.

We do not find the meekness of a lamb in a creature so
armed for battle and atsault as the lion. ADDISON.

And such a frown

Each cast at th' other, as when two black clouds,
With heav'n's artillery fraught, come rattling on
Hovering a space, till winds the signal blow.
To Join tneir dark encounter in mid air. MILTON.
Onsett in love seem best like those in war.
Fierce, resolute, and done with all the force. TATE.
O my Antonio ! I am all on 1 fire ;
My soul is up in arms, ready to charge.
And bear amidt the foe with conqu'ring troops.

CONGREVE.

To Attack, v. To impugn.

To Attain, v. To acquire, attain.

Attempt, Trial, Endeavour, Essay,
Effort.

Attempt, in French atlenter, Latin attento,
from at or ad and tento, signifies to try at a
thing.

Trial, from try, in French tenter, Hebrew
tur to stretch, signifies to stretch the p3wer.

Endeavour, compounded of en and the
French devoir to owe, signifies to try according
to one's duty.

Essay, in French essayer, comes probably
from the German ersuchen, compounded of er
and suchen to seek, written in old German
suahhen, and is doubtless connected with
sehen to see or look after, signifying to aspire
after, to look up to.

Effort, in French effort, from the Latin
effert, present tense of effe.ro, compounded of
e or ex and fero, signifies a bringing out or
calling forth the strength.

To attempt is to set about a thing with a
view of affecting it ; to try is to set about a

ATTEMPT.

'81:

ATTEND.

thing with a view of seeing the result. An
attempt respects the action with its object ;
a tried is the exercise of power. We always
act when we attempt ; we use the senses and
the understanding when we try. We attempt
by trying, but we may try without attempting :
when a thief attempts to break into a house
he first tries the locks and fastenings to see
where he can most easily gain admittance.

Men attempt to remove evils ; they try ex-
periments. Attempts are perpetually made by
quacks, whether in medicine, politics, or
religion, to recommend some scheme of their
own to the notice of the public ; which are
often nothing more than trials of skill to see
who can most effectually impose on tho
credulity of mankind. Spirited people make
attempts ; persevering people make trials ;
players attempt to perform different parts ;
and try to gain applause.

An endeavour is a continued attempt. At-
tempts may be fruitless ; trials may be vain ;
endeavours, though unavailing, may be well
meant. Many attempts are made which exceed
the abilities of the attempter ; trials are made
in matters of speculation, the results of which
are uncertain ; endeavours are made iu the
moral concerns of life. People attempt to
write books ; they try various methods ; and
endeavour to obtain a livelihood.

Essay is used altogether in a figurative sense
for an attempt or endeavour ; it is an intellec-
tual exertion. A modest writer apologizes for
his feeble essay to contribute to the general
stock of knowledge and cultivation : hence
short treatises which serve as attempts to illus-
trate any point in morals are termed essays,
among which are the finest productions iu our
language from the pen of Addison, Steele, and
their successors. An effort is to an attempt as
a means to an end ; it is the very act of calling
forth those powers which are employed in an
atttmpt. In attempting to make an escape, a
person is sometimes obliged to make desperate
efforts.

Attempts at imitation expose the imitator to
ridicule when not executed with peculiar ex-
actness. Trials of strength are often fool-
hardy ; in some cases attended with mis-
chievous consequences to the trier. Honest
endeavours to please are to be distinguished
from idle attempts to catch applause. The
first essays of youth ought to meet with indul-
gence, in order to afford encouragement to
rising talents. Great attempts, which require
extraordinary efforts either of body or mind,
always meet with an adequate share of public
applause.

A natural and unconstrained behaviour has something
ill it so agreeable that it is no wonder to see people
endeavouring after it. But at the same time it is so very
ban] to bit, when it is not born with us, that people
often make themselves ridiculous iu attempting it.
ADDISON.

To bring it to the trial, will you dare

Our pipes, our skill, our voices to compare ?

1>RYDEN.

Whether or no (said Socrates on the day of his execu-
tion) God will approve of my actions I know not ; but
this I am sure of, that I have at all times made it my
endeavour to please him. ADDISON.

I afterwards made several ettayi towards speaking.
ADDISON.

The man of sagacity bestirs himself to distress his
enemy by methods probable and reducible to reason : so
the same reason will fortify his enemy to elude these his

regular effortt : but your fool projects with such notable
inconsistency, that no course of thought can evade his
macli matious. STEELE.

Attempt, Undertaking, Enterprise.

Attempt (v. To attempt) signifies the thing
attempted.

Undertaking 1 , from undertake, or take
in hand, signifies the thing taken in hand.

Enterprise, from the French enterpris,
participle of entreprendre to undertake, has
the same original sense.

The idea of something set about to be com-
pleted is common to all these terms. An
attempt is less complicated than an under-
taking ; and that less arduous than an enter-
prise. Attempts are the common exertions of
power for obtaining an object : an undertaking
involves in it many parts and particulars
which require thought and judgment : an en-
terprise has more that is hazardous and
dangerous in it ; it requires resolution. At-
tempts are frequently made on the lives and
property of individuals ; undertakings are
formed for private purposes ; enterprises aro
commenced for some great national object.

Nothing can be effected without making the
attempt, attempts are therefore often idle and
unsuccessful, when they are made by persons
of little discretion, who are eager to do some-
thing without knowing how to direct their
powers : undertakings are of a more serious
nature, and involve a man's serious interests ;
if begun without adequate means of bringing
them to a conclusion, they too frequently bring
ruin by their failure on those who are con-
cerned in them : enterprises require personal
sacrifices rather than those of interest ; he
who does not combine great resolution and
perseverance with considerable bodily powers
will be ill-fitted to take part in grand enter-
prises.

The present age has been fruitful in attempts
to bring premature genius into notice : literary
undertakings have of late degenerated too much
into mere commercial speculations : a state of
war gives birth to naval and military enterprises ;
a state of peace is most favourable to those of
a scientific nature.

Why wilt thou rush to certain death and rage,

In rash attempt! beyond thy tender age t DRYDEN.

When I hear a man complain of his being unfortunate
in all his undertakings, I shrewdly suspect him for a very
weak man in his affairs. ADDISON.

There would be few enterprise* of great labour or
haziird undertaken, if we had not the power of magnify-
ing the advantages which we persuade ourselves to expect
fruin them JOHNSON.

To Attend, v. To accompany.

To Attend To, Mind, Regard, Heed,
Notice.

Attend, In French attendre, latin attendo,
compounded of at or ad and tendo to stretch,
signifies to stretch or bend the mind to a
thing.

Mind, from the noun mind, signifies to
hav in the mind.

Regard, i" French rcgardtr, compounded
of re and garder, comes from the German
icahren to see or look at, signifying to look
upon again or with attention.

ATTEND.

ATTENTION.

Heed, in German hiithen, In all probability
comes from vito, and the Latin video to see or
pay attenti"n to.

Notice, from the Latin notitia knowledge,
signifies to get the knowledge of or have in
one's mind.

The idea of fixing the mind on an object is
common to all these terms. As this is the
characteristic of attention, attend is the generic ;
the rest are specific terms. We attend in mind-
ing, regarding, heeding, and noticing, and also
in many cases iu which these words are not
employed. To miml is to attend to a thiajr, so
that it may not be forgotten to regard is to
look on a thing as of importance ; to heed is to
attend to a thing from a principle of caution :
to notice is to think on that which strikes the
senses.

We attend to a fpcaker when we hear and
understand his wvrds we mind what is said
when we bear it in mind ; we regard what is
said by dwelling aod reflecting on it ; heed is
given to whatever awakens a sense of danger ;
notice is taken of what passes outwardly.
Children should always attend when spoken
to, and mind what is said to them ; they should
regard the counsels of their parents, so as to
make them the rule of their conduct, and heed
their warnings so as to avoid the evil; they
should notice what passes before them so as to
apply it to some useful purpose. It is a part of
politeness to attend to every minute circum-
stance which affects the comfort and conveni-
ence of tbose with whom we asiociate : men
who are actuated by any passion seldom pay
any regard to the dictates of conscience : nor
heed the unfavourable impressions which their
conduct makes on others ; for in fact they
seldom think what is said of thum to be worth
their notice.

Conversation will naturally furnish ns with hints which
we did not attend fo.and make us enjoy other men's parts
and reflexions as well as our own. ADD1SON.
Cease to request me. let us mind our way.
Another song requires another day. DRYDEN.
The voice of reason is more to be regarded than the
bent of any present inclination. ADDISOX.

Or. why fond man so easily betray 'd ?

Why heed we not. while mad we haste along.

The gentle voice of pa-ice or pleasure's song ?

COLLINS.

I believe that the knowledge of Dryden was gleaned
from accidental intelligence and various "conversation, by
vigilance that permitted nothing to pass without notice.
JOHNSON.

To Attend, Wait On.

Attend (. To attend to) is here employed
in the improper sense for the devotion of the
person to an object. To "Wait on is the same
as to wait for or expect the wishe* of another.

Attendance is an act of obligation ; waiting
on, that of choice. A physician attends his
patient; a member au/s in pailiameut : one
gentleman waits on another. We attend a per-
son at the time and place appointed ; we uait
on those with whom we wish to speak. Those
who dance attendance on the great must expect
every mortification ; it is wiser therefore only
to wait on those by whom we can be received
upon terms of equality.

Attend and wait on are likewise used for
being about the person of anyone : to attend is

to bear company or be in readiness to serve ;
to wait on is actually to perform some service.
A nurse attends a patient in order to afford
him assistance as occasion requires ; the ser-
vant wails on him to perform the menial duties.
Attendants about the great are always near the
person ; but men and women in waiting are
always at call. People of rank and fashion
have a crowd of attendants ; those of the
middle classes have only those who wait on
them.

At length her lord descends upon the plain
In pomp, attended with a num'rous train. DRYDEN.
One of Pope's constant demands was of coffee in the
night ; and to the woman that waited on him iu his
chamber he was very burdensome ; but he was careful to
recompense her want of sleep. J OHNSON.

To Attend, Hearken, Listen.

Attend, v. To attend to.

Hearken, in German horchen, is an inten-
sive of hbren to hear.

Listen probably comes from the German
lusten to lust after, because listening springs
from an eager desire to he*r.

Attend is a mental action ; hearken both cor-
poreal and mental ; listen simply corporeal.
To attend is to have the mii'd engaged on-what
we hear ; to hearken and listen are to strive to
hear. People attend when they are addressed ;
they hearken to what is said by others ; they
listen to what passes between others.

It is always proper to attend, and mostly of
importance to hearken, but frequently improper
to listen. The mind that is occupied with an-
other object cannot atteml : we are not dis-
posed to hearken when the thing does not ap-
pear interesting : curiosity often impels to
listening to what does not concern the listener.

Listen is sometimes used figuratively for
hearing, so as to attend : it is necessary at all
times to listen to the dictates of reason. It is
of great importance for a learner to attend to
the rules that are laid down : it is essential for
young people in general to hearken to the coun-
sels of their elders ; and to listen to the ad-
monitions of conscience.

Unsh'd winds the topmast branches scarcely bend.

As if thy tuneful song they did attend. DRYUEN.

What a deluge of lust, and fraud and violence would in

a little time overflow the whole nation, if these wise

advocates for morality Ithe freethinkers) were universally

hearkened to. BERKELEY.

Attention, Application, Study.

These terms indicate a direction of the
thoughts to an object, but differing in the
degree of steadiness and force.

Attention (v. To attend to) marks the
simple bending of the mind.

Application (?. To address) marks an en-
velopment or engagement of the powers ; a
bringing thf m into a state of close contact.

Study, from the Latin studeo to desire
eagerly, marks a degree of application that
arises from a strong desire of attaining the
object.

Attention is the first requisite for making a
progress in the acquirement of knowledge ; ;t

ATTENTIVE.

ATTRACTIONS.

may be given in various degrees, and it re-
wards according to the proportion in which it
is given ; a divided attention is however more
hurtful than otherwise ; it retards the progress
of the learner while it injures his mind by im-
proper exercise. Application is requisite for
the attainment of perfection in any pursuit ;
it cannot be partial or variable, like attention ;
it must be the constant exercise of power or
the regular and uniform use of means for the
attainment of an end : youth is the period for
application, when the powers of body and mind
are in full vigour ; no degree of it in after life
will supply its deficiency in younger years.
Study is that species of application which is
most purely intellectual in its nature ; it is
the exercise of the mind for itself and in itself,
its native c-ffort to arrive at maturity ; it em-
braces both attention and application. The
student attends to all he hears and sees ; applies
what he has learnt to the acquirement of what
he wishes to learn, and digests the whole by
the exercise of reflexion : as nothing is tho-
roughly understood or properly reduced to
practice without study, the professional man
must choose this road in order to reach the
summit of excellence.

Those whom sorrow incapacitates to enjoy the pleasures
of contemplation, may projwrly apply to such diversions.
provided they are innocent, as lay strong hold oil the
attention. J OHXSON.

I could heartily wish there was the same application
and endeavours to cultivate and improve our church
music as have been lately bestowed upon that of the
stage. ADDISON.

Other things maybe seized with might, or purchased
with money, but knowledge is to be gained only with
Itudy. JOHNSON.

Attention, v. Heed.

Attentive, Careful.

Attentive, marks a readiness to attend
(r. To attend tot.

Careful signifies full of care(j>. Care, solici-
tude).

These epithets denote a fixedness of mind :
we are attentive in order to understand and im-
prove : we are careful to avoid mistakes. An
attentive scholar profits by what is told him in
learning his task : a careful scholar performs
his exercises correctly.

Attention, respects matters of judgment ;
care relates to mechanical action : we listen
attentively: we read or write carefully. A
servant must be attentive to the orders that are
given him, and careful not to injure his
master's property. A translator must be
attentive; a transcriber careful. A tradesman
ought to be attentive to the wishes of his
customers, and careful in keeping his accounts.

The use of the passions is to stir up the soul, to awaken
the understanding and to make the whole man more
vigorous and attentive in the prosecution of his designs.
ADDI8ON.

We should be as careful of our words as our actions, and
as far from speaking as doing ill. STEELE.

Attire, v. Apparel.
Attitude, v. Action, getlure.

To Attract, Allure, Invite, Engage.

Attract, in Latin attraction, p .rticiple of
attra/io, compounded of at or ad and traho,
signifies to draw towards.

Allure, r. To allure.

Invite, in French inviter, Latin invito,
compounded of in privative and vito to avoid,
signifies the contrary of avoiding, that is, to
seek or ask.

Engage, compounded of en or in and the
French gage a pledge, signifies to bind as by
a pledge.

That is attractive which draws the thoughts
towards itself ; that is alluring which awakens
desire ; that is inviting which offers persua-
sion ; that is engaging which takes possession
of the mind. The attention is attracted : the
senses are allured ; the understanding is in-
vited ; the whole mind is engaged. A particu-
lar sound attracts the ear ; the prospect of
gratification allures ; we are invited by the ad-
vantages which offer ; we are engaged by those
which already accrue.

The person of a female is attractive ; female
beauty involun' arily draws all eyes towards it-
self : it awakens admiration : the pleasures of
society are alluring; they create in the re-
ceiver an eager desire for still farther enjoy-
ment ; but when too eagerly pursued they
vanish in the pursuit, and leave the mind a
prey to listless uneasiness : fine weather is
inviting : it seems to persuade the reluctant
to partakei of its refreshments : the manners
of a person are engaging; they not only occupy
the attention, but they lay hold of the affec-
tions.

At this time of universal rniicration, when almost every
one considerable enough to attract regard has retired into
the country, I have often been tempted to inquire what
happiness is to be gained by this stated secession.
JOHNSON.

Seneca has attempted not only to pacify us in misfor-
tune, but almost to allure us to it Mrnpnwntiug it as
necessary to the pleasures of the mind. He tnritci his
pupil to calamity as the Syrens itllnred the passengers to
their coasts, by promising that he shall return with
increase of knowledge. JOHNSON.

The present, whatever it be, seldom enaagei our atten-
tion so much as what is to come. BLA1K.

Attractions, Allurements, Charms.

Attraction (v. To attract] signifies the
thing that attracts.

Allurement (v. To allure) signifies the
thing that allures.

Cnarm, from the Latin carmen a verse,
signifies whatever acts by an irresistible in-
fluence, like poetry.

* Besides the synonymous idea which dis-
tinguishes these words, they are remarkable
for the common property of being used only
in the plural when denoting the thing that
attracts, allures, and charms, as applied to
female endowments, or the influence of per-
son on the heart : it seems that in attractions
there is something natural ; in allurement*
something artificial : in charms something
moral and intellectual.

Attractions lead or draw ; ctllureliiciits win or
entice ; charms seduce or captivate. The

ATTRACTIONS.

AVARICIOUS-

luremenls of wealth predominate in the minds
of the great bulk of mankind.

This cestus was a flue party-coloured girdle, which, as
H IIIMT tells us, liad all the attraction* of the sex wrought
iuto it. ADDISON.

How justly do I fall a sacrifice to sloth arid luxury in
the place where I first yielded to those allurement* which
seduced me to deviate from temperance aud iimoceuce.

JOHNSON.

Juno made a visit to Venus, the deity who presides over
love, and begged of her as a particular favour that she
would lend for a while those charmt with which she sub-
dued the hearts of gods aud men. ADUISON.

To Attribute, v. To ascribe.
Attribute, v. Quality.

Avail, Use, Service.

Avail, compounded of a or ad, and the
French valoir, Latin valeo, to be strong, that
is, to be strong for a purpose.

Use, in Latin usus, participle of utor to use,
signifies the capacity to be used.

Service, in French service, Latin sen-Hum,
from servio, signifies the property or act of
serH-ing.

These terms are, properly speaking, epithets
applied to things to characterise their fitness
for being employed to advantage. Words arc
of no avail when they do not influence the
person addressed ; endeavours are of no use
which do not effect the thing proposed ; people
are of no service who do not contribute their
portion of assistance. When entreaties are
found to be of no avail, females sometimes
try the force of tears : prudence forbids us to
destroy anything that can be turned to a use :
economy enjoins that we should not throw
aside a thing so long as it is fit for service.

The intercession of a friend may be available
to avert the resentment of one who is offended :
useful lessons of experience may be drawn from
all the events of life : whatever is of the best
quality will be found most serviceable.

What does it avail, though Seneca had taught as (rood
morality as Christ himself from the mount. CUMBER-
LAUD.

A man with great talents, but void of discretion, is like
Polyphemus in the fable, strong and blind, endued with
an irresistible force, which for want of sight is of no vte
to him. ADD1SO.V.

The Greeks in the heroic age seem to have been un-
acquainted with the use of iron, the most teniceable of
all the metals. ROBERTSON.

To Avail, v. To signify.

Avaricious, Miserly, Parsimonious,
Niggardly.

Avaricious, from the Latin aveo to desire,
signifies in general longing for, but by distinc-
tion longing for money.

Miserly signifies like a miser or miserable
man, for none are so miserable as the lovers of
money.

Parsimonious, from the Latin parco to
spare or save, signifies literally saving.

Niggardly is a frequentative of nigh or
close, signifies very nigh.

The avaricious man and the miser are one
and the same character, with this exception,
that the miser carries his passion for money to
a still greater excess. An avaricious roan shows

human heart is always exposed to the power
of female attractions : it is guarded with diffi-
culty against the allurements of a coquette ; it
is incapable of resisting the united charms of
body and mind.

Females are indebted for their attractions
and charms to a happy conformation of features
and figure ; but they sometimes borrow their
allurements from their toilet. Attractions con-
sist of those ordinary graces which nature
bestows on women with more or less liber-
ality; they are the common property of the
sex : allurements, of those cultivated graces
formed by the aid of a faithful looking-glass
and the skilful hand of one anxious to please :
charms, of those singular graces of nature
which are granted as a rare and precious gift ;
they are the peculiar property of the indivi-
dual possessor.

Defects unexpectedly discovered tend to the
diminution of attractions; allitremmts vanish
when their artifice is discovered ; charms lose
their effect when time or habit have rendered
them too familiar, so transitory is the influence
of mere person. Attractions assail the heart
and awaken the tender passion; allurements
serve to complete the conquest, which will
however be but of short duration if there be
not more solid though less brilliant charms to
substitute affection in the place of passion.

When .applied, as these terms may be, to
other objects beside the personal endowments
of the female sex, attractions and charms ex-
press whatever is very amiable in themselves ;
allurements on the contrary whatever is hate-
ful and congenial to the baser propensities
of human nature. A couitesan who was never
possessed of charms, and has lost all personal
attractions, may by the allurements of dress
and manners, aided by a thousand meretricious
arts, still retain the wretched power of doing
incalculable mischief.

An attraction springs from something re-
markable and striking ; it lies in the exterior
aspect, and awakens an interest towards it-
self : a charm, acts by a secret, all-powerful,
and irresistible impulse on the soul ; it springs
from an accordance of the object with the
affections of the heart ; it takes hold of the
imagination, and awakens an enthusiasm
peculiar to itself : an allurement acts on the
senses ; it flatters the passions ; it enslaves
the imagination. A musical society has attrac-
tions for one who is musically inclined ; for
music has churns to soothe the troubled soul :
fashionable society has too many allurements
for youth, which are not easily withstood.

The music, the eloquence of the preacher, or
the crowds of hearers, are attractions for the
occasional attendants at a place of worship :
the society of cultivated persons, whose
character and manners have been attempered
by the benign influence of Christianity,
possess peculiar charms for those who have a
congeniality of disposition ; the present lax
and undisciplined age is however but ill-
fitted for the formation of such society, or the
susceptibility of such charms ; people are now
more prone to yield to the allurements of
pleasure and licentious gratification in their
social intercourse. A military life has powerful
attractions for adventurous minds ; glory has
irresistible charnis for the ambitious : the al-

_ ATTPACITY.

his love of money in his ordinary dealings ; but
the miser lives upon it, and suffers every de-
privation rather than part with it. An avari-
cious man may sometimes be indulgent to him-
self, and generous to others ; the miser is dead
to everything but the treasure -which he has
amassed.

Parsimonious and niggardly are the subordi-
nate characteristics of avarice. The avaricious
man indulges his passion for money by parsi-
mony, that is, by saving out of himself, or by
niggardly ways in his dealings with others.
He who spends a farthing on himself, where
others with the same means spend a shilling,
does it from parsimony ; he who looks to every
farthing in the bargains he makes, gets the
name of a niggard. Avarice sometimes clokes
itself under the name of prudence : it is, as
Goldsmith says, often the only virtue which is
left a man at the age of seventy-two. The
miter is his own greatest enemy, and no man's
friend ; his ill-gotten wealth is generally a
curse to him by whom it is inherited. A
man is sometimes rendered parsimonious by
circumstances ; he who first saves from neces-
sity but too often ends with saving from in-
clination. The niggard is an object of con-
tempt, and sometimes hatred ; every one fears
to lose by a man who strives to gain from all.

Though the apprehensions of the aged may justify a
cautious frugality, they can by no means excuse a sordid
avarice. BLAIU.

As some lone miser visiting his store.

Bends at his treasure, counts, recounts it o'er ;

Hoards after hoards his rising raptures fill.

Yet still he sighs, for ho.irds are wanting still ;

Thus to my breast alternate passions rise,

Pleas'd with each bliss that Heav'u to man. supplies.

Yet oft a sigh prevails and sorrows fall,

To see the hoard of human bliss so small.

GOLDSMITH.

, , urprise

onsiderable sum of money, saved by

freat partimony out of a very moderate income. JOHN-
OX.

I have heard Dodsley , by whom Akenside's " Plcasurei
Of the Imagination " was published, relate, that when
the co,.y was offered him, he carried the work to Pope,
who, having looked into it. advised him not to make a
niggardly offer, for this was no every day writer.

Avaricious, v. Covetous.

Audacity, Effrontery, Hardihood or
Hardiness, Boldness.

Audacity, from audacious, in French
audacieux, Latin audax, from audeo to dare,
signifies literally the quality of daring.

Effrontery, compounded of ef, en, or in,
and/rons, a face, signifies the standing face to
face.

Hardihood or Hardiness, from hardy
or hard, signifies a capacity to endure or stand
the brunt of difficulties, opposition, or shame.

Boldness, from bold, iu fcaxon bald, is in
all probability changed from bald, that is, un-
covered, open-fronted, without disguise, which
are the characteristics of boldness.

The idea of disregarding what others regard
is common to all these terms. Audacity ex-
presses more than effrontery : the first has
something of vehemence or defiance in it ;
the latter that of cool unconcern ; hardihood
expresses less than boldness ; the first has
more of determination, and the second more

5 AUDACITY.

of spirit and enterprise. Audacity and effron-
tery are always taken in a bad sense ; hardihood
in an indifferent, if not a bad sense ; boldness in
a good, bad, or indifferent sense.

* Audacity marks haughtiness and temerity ;
effrontery the want of all modesty, a total
shamelessness ; hardihood indicates a firm re-
solution to meet consequences ; boldness a spirit
and courage to commence action. An audacious
man speaks with a lofty tone, without respect
and without reflection ; his haughty demeanour
makes him forget what is due to his superiors.
Effrontery discovers itself by an insolent air ; a
total unconcern for the opinions of those pre-
sent, and a disregard of all the forms of civil
society. A hardy man speaks with a resolute
tone, which seems to brave the utmost evil
that can result; from what he says. A bold man
speaks without reserve, undaunted by the
quality, rank, or haughtiness of those whom
he addresses.

It requires audacity to assert false claims, or
vindicate a lawless conduct in the presence of
accusers and judges ; it requires effrontery to
ask a favour of the man whom one has basely
injured, or to assume a placid unconcerned air
in the presence of those by whom one has oeen
convicted of flagrant atrocities ; it requires
hardihood to assert as a positive fact what is
dubious or suspected to be false ; it requires
boldness to maintain the truth in spite of every
danger with which one is threatened.

Audacity makes a man to be hated ; but it is
not always such a base metal in the estimation
of tho world as it ought to be ; it frequently
passes current for boldness when it is practised
with success. Effrontery makes a man de-
spised ; it is of too mean and vulgar a stamp
to meet with general sanction : it is odiuus to
all but those by whom it i-s practised, as it
scerns to run counter to every principle and
feeling of common hones'y. Hardihood is a
die on which a man stakes his character for
veracity ; it serves the purpose of disputants,
and frequently brings a man tbrough difficul-
ties which, with more deliberation and caation,
might have proved his ruin. Boldness makes
a man universally respected though not al-
ways beloved : a bold man is a particular
favourite with the fair sex, with whom timi-
dity passes for folly, and boldness of course for
great talent.

Audacity is the characteristic of rebels ;
effrontery that of villains ; hai dihood is ser-
viceable to gentlemen of the bar ; boldness is
indispensable in every great undertaking.

As knowledge without justice ought to be called cunning
rather than wisdom, so a mind prewired to meet danger,
if excited by its own eagerness and not the public good,
deserves the name of audacity rather than of fortitude.
STEEL R.

I could never forbear to wish that while vice is every
day multiplying seducements, and stalking forth with
more hardened effrontery, virtue would not withdraw the
influence of her presence. JOHNSON.

I do not find any one so hardy at present as to deny
that there are very great advantages in the enjoyment of
a plentiful fortune. BUDGELL.

A bold tongue and a feeble arm are the qualifications ol
Drauces in Virgil. ADD] SON.

Bold in the council board,
But cautious in the field, he shuun'd the sword.

DRYDEK.

Vide Girard ; " Hardlesse, audace, effronterie."

AVENGE.

AVERSION.

To Avenge, Revenge, Vindicate.

Avengre, Revenge, and Vindicate, all
spring from the same source, namely, the Latiu
vindico, the Greek cpttre<o, compounded of tv
in and Sooj justice, Dignifying to pronounce jus-
tice or put justice in force.

The idea common to these terms is that of
taking up some one's cinsc.

To avenge is to punish in behalf of another ;
to revenge is to punish for one's self ; to vindi-
cate is to defend another.

The wrongs of a person are avenged or re-
venged ; his rights are vindicated.

The act of avenging, though attended with
the infliction of pain, is oftentimes an act of
humanity, and always an act of justice ;
none are the sufferers but such as meiit it
for their oppression : whilst those are bene-
fited who are dependant, for support : this is
the act of God himeelf, who always avenges the
oppressed who look up to him for support;
and it ought to be the act of all his creatures,
who are invested with the power of punishing
offenders and protecting the helpless. Revenge
K the basest of all actions, and the spirit of
revenge the most diametrically opposed to the
Christian principles of forgiving injuries, and
returning good for evil ; it is gratified only with
inflicting pain without any prospect of advan-
tage. Vindication is an act of generosity and
humanity ; it is rhe production of good with-
out the infliction of pain : the claims of the
widow and orphan call for vindication from
those who have the time, talent, or ability,
to take their cause into their own hands :
England can boast of many noble vindicators
of the rights of humanity, not excepting those
which concern the brute creation.

The day shall come, (hat great nrenging day.
When rroy's proud glories in the dual Khali lay.

PuPF.

By a continued series of loose, though apparently trivial
gratifications, the heart is often as thoroughly corrupted.

which spriug from great ambition, or great revenge.
BLAIR.

Injured or oppress'd hy the world, the good man
looks up to a judge who will vindicate his cause.

BLAIR.

To Aver, v. To asseverate.
Averse, v. Adverse.

Averse, Unwilling, Backward,
Loath, Reluctant.

Averse, in Latin aversus, participle of
tucerto, compounded of re'-to to turn, and a
from, signifies the state of having the mind
turned from a thing.

Unwilling: literally signifies not willing.

Backward, signifies having the will in a
backward direction.

Loath, from to loath, denotes the quality
of loathing.

Reluctant, fr< m the Latin re and lucto to
Btiugjjle, signifies struggling with the will
against a thing.

Averse is positive, it marks an actual senti-
ment of dislike ; unwilling is negative, it
marks the absence of the will ; backward is a
sentiment betwixt the two, it marks a leaning
of the will agHinsi a thing; loath and re-

luctant mark strong feelings of aversion.
Arertion is an hahituj sentiment ; unwilling-
ness and backwardness are mostly occasional ;
loath and reluctant always occasional.

Aversion must be conquered ; unwillingness
must be removed ; backwardness must be
counteracted, or urged forward ; loathing and
reluctance must be overpowered. One who is
averse to study will never have recourse to
books ; but a child may be unwilling or back-
ward to attend to bis lessons from partial
motives, which the authority of the parent or
master may correct ; he who is loath to receive
instruction will always remain ignorant ; he
who is reluctant in doing his duty will always
do it as a task.

A miser is averse to nothing so much as to
parting with his money : he is even unwilling
to provide himself with necessaries, but he
is not backward in disposing of his money
when he has the prospect of getting more ;
friends are loath to part who have had many
yeaib' enjoyment in each other's society; we
are reluctant in giving unpleasant advice.
Lazy people are arerne to labour : those who
are not paid are unwilling to work ; and those
who are paid less than others are backward in
giving their services : every one is loath to
give up a favourite purtuit, and when com-
pelled to it by circumstances they do it wi;h
reluctance.

Of all the race of animals, alone.

The hees have common cities of their own ;

But (what's nu.re strange) their modest appetites.

Averts from Venus, fly the nuptial rites. DRYDEJf.

I part with thee,

As wretches that are doubtful of hereafter
Part with their lives, unwilling, loath, and fearful.
And tieinblingat futurity. ROWE.
All men, even the most depraved, are subject more or
less to compunctions of conscience ; hut badetrard at the
same time to resign the gains of dishonesty, or the plea-
sures of vice. BLAIR.

E'en thus two friends coudemn'd

Embrace, and kiss, and take ten thousand leaves,

Leather a hundred times to part than die.

SHAKSPEARS.
From better habitations spuru'd,

Jteluctant dost thoii rove,
Or grieve for friendship nnreturn'd,
Or unregarded love? GOLDSMITH.

Aversion, Antipathy, Dislike,
Hatred, Repugnance.

Aversion denotes the quality of being
averse (v. Averse).

Antipathy, in French antipathic, Latin
antipathia, Greek ai/rtiradfto, compounded of
ami against, and ira.6eia feeling, signifies a feel-
ing against.

Dislike, compounded of the privative dis
and lite, signifies n .t to like or be attached to.

Hatred, in German has*, is supposed by
Adelung to be connected with heiss hot, signi-
fying heat of temper.

Repugnance, in French repugnance, Latin
repugnantia and repvgao, compounded of re
and pugno, signifies the resistance of the feel-
ings to an object.

Aversion is in its most general sense the
generic term to these and many other similar
expressions, in which case it is opposed to
attachment : the former denoting an aliena-
tion of the mind from an object ; the latter a

AVERSION.

AUGUR.

knitting or binding of the mind to objects : it
has, however, more commonly a partial ac-
ceptation, in which it is justly comparable
with the above words. A version and antipathy
apply more properly to things ; dislike and
hatred to persons ; repugnance to actions, that
is, such actions as one is called upon to per-
form.

Aversion and antipathy seem to be less de-
pendent on the will, and to have their origin
in the temperament or natural taste, particu-
larly the latter, which springs from causes
that are not always visible ; it lies in the
physical organization. Antipathy is in fact a
natural aversion opposed to sympathy : dislike
and hatred are on the contrary voluntary, and
seem to have their root in the angry passions
of the heart ; the former is less deep-rooted
than the latter, and is commonly awakened by
slighter causes . repugnance is not an habitual
and lasting sentiment, like the rest ; it is a
transitory but strong dislike to what one is
obliged to do.

Au unfitness in the temper to harmonize
with an object produces aversion : a contrariety
in the nature of particular persons and things
occasions antipathies, although eome pretend
th it there are no such mysterious incongrui-
ties in nature, and that all antipathies are but
aversions early engendered by the influence of
fear and the workings of imagination ; but
under this supposition we are still at a loss to
account for those singular effects of fear and
Imagination in some persons which do not
discover themselves in others : a difference
in the character, habits, and manners, pro-
duces dislike: injuries, quarrels, or more
commonly the influence of malignant passions,
occasion hatred : a contrariety to one's moral
sense, or one's humours, awakens repugnance.

People of a quiet temper have an aversion to
disputing or argumentation ; those of a gloumy
temper have an aversion to society ; antipa-
thies mostly discover themselves in early life,
and as soon as the object comes within the
view of the person affected : men of different
sentiments iu religion or politics, if not of
amiable temper, are apt to contract dislikes to
each other by frequent irritation in discourse :
when men of malignant tempers come in
collision, nothing but a deadly hatred can
ensue from their repeated and complicated
aggressions towards each other : any one who
is under the influence of a misplaced pride is
apt to feel a repugnance to acknowledge him-
self in an error.

Aversions produce an anxious desire for the
removal of the object disliked : antipathies
produce the most violent physical revulsion of
the frame, and vehement recoiling from the
object; persons have not infrequently been
known to faint away at the sight of instcts
for whom this antipathy has been conceived:
dislikes too often betray themselves by distmt
and uncourteous behaviour : haired assumes
every form which is black and horrid : repug-
nance does not make its appearance until
called forth by the necessity of tho occasion.

Aversions will never be BO stroug in a well
regulated mind, that they cannot be overcome
when their cause is removed, or they are
found to bo ill grounded ; sometimes they lie
in a vicious temperament formed by nature or

habit, in which case they will not easily be
destroyed ; a slothful man will find a difficulty
in overcoming his aversion to labour, or an idle
man his aversion to steady application. Anti-
pathies may be indulged or resisted : people
of irritable temperaments, particularly fe-
males, are liable to them in the mo't violent
degree ; but those who are fully persuaded of
their fallacy may do much by the force of con-
viction to diminish their violence. Dislikes
are often groundless, or have their origin in
trifles, owing to the influence of caprice or
humour : people of sense will be ashamed of
them, and the true Christian will stifle them
in their birth, lest they grow into the formid-
able passion of hatred, which strikes at the
root of all peace ; which is a mental poison
that infuses its venom into all the sinuosities
of the heart, and pollutes the sources of human
affection. Repugnance ought always to be re-
sisted whenever it prevents us from doing
what either reason, honour, or duty lequire.

Aversions are applicable to animals as well
as men : dogs have a particular aversion to
beggars, most probably Irom their f-u^picious
appearance ; in certain cases likewise we may
speak of their an tipa thies, as in the instance
of the dog and the cut : according to the
schoolmen there exioted also antipathies be-
tween certain plants and vegetables ; but
these are not borne out by fact s sufficiently
strong to warrant a belief of their existence.
Dislike and hatred are sometimes applied to
things, but in a sense less exceptionable than
in the former case : dislike does not express so
much as aversion, and aversion not so much as
hatred : we ought to have a hatred for vice and
sin, an aversion to gossipping and idle talking,
and a dislike to the frivolities of fashionable
life.

I cannot forbear mentioning a tribe of egotists, for
whom 1 have always had a mortal aversion ; 1 mean the
authors of memoirs who are uever mentioned ill any
works but their own. ADUISON.

There is one species of terror which those who are un-
willing to Buffer the reproach of cowardice have wisely
dignified with tlie name of antipathy. A man has indeed
no dread of harm from an insect or a worm, but his
antiiiathy turns him pale whenever they approach him.
JOHNSON.

Every man whom business or curiosity has thrown
at large into the world, will recolleet many instances
of fondness and dislike, which have forced themselves
upon him without the intervention of his judgment.

JOHNSON.

One punishment that attends the lying and deceitful
person is the hatred of all those whom he either has, or
would have deceived. I do not say that a Christian can
lawfully hate any one. and yet I affirm that some may
very worthily deserve to be hated. SOUTH.

In this dilemma Aristophanes conquered his repug-
nance, and determined upon presenting himself on the
stage for the first time iu his life. CUMBERLAND.

Augmentation, v. Increase.

To Augur, Presage, Forebode,
Betoken, Portend.

Augur, in French angurer, Latin augu-
rium, comes from avis a bird, as an augury,
was originally, and at all times, principally
drawn from the song, the flight, or other
actions of birds.

Presage, in French presage, from the

AVIDITY.

Latin pra and sagio to be instinctively wise,
signifies to be thus wise about what is to
come.

Forebode is compounded of fore and the
Saxon bodian to declare, signifying to pro-
nounce on futurity.

Betoken signifies to serve as a token.

Portend, in Latin porlendo, compounded
of por for pro and tendo, signifies to set or
show forth.

Augur signifies either to serve or make use
of as an augury ; to forebode, And presage is to
form a conclusion in one's own mind : to be-
token or portend is to serve as a sign. Persons
or things augur; persons only forebode or
presage; things only betoken or portend. Augur-
ing is a calculation of some future event, in
which the imagination seems to be as much
concerned as the understanding : presaging
is rather a conclusion or deduction of
what may be from what is ; it lies in the
understanding more than in the imagination :
foreboding lies altogether in the imagination.
Things are sd to betoken, which present
natuial signs ; those are said to portend,
which present extraordinary or supernatural
signs.

It augurs ill for the prosperity of a coun-
try or a state when its wealth has increased so
aa to take away the ordinary stimulus to
industry, and to introduce an inordinate love
of pleasure. We presage the future greatness
of a man from the indications which he gives
of possessing an elevated character. A dis-
tempered mind is apt to forebode every ill from
the most trivial circumstances. We see with
pleasure those actions in a child which betoken
an ingenuous i e.T.per : a mariner sees with pain
the darkness of the sky which portends a
storm : the moralist augurs no goo I to the
morals of a nation from the lax discipline
which prevails in the education of youth ; he
presages the loss of independence to the minds
of men in whom proper principles of subordin-
ation have not been early engender* d. Men
sometimes foreboile the misfortunes which
happen to them, but they of tener forebode evils
which never come.

There is always an augury to 1 taken of what .1 peace
is likely to be, from the preliminary steps that are made
to bring it about. BURKE.

An opinion has been long conceived, that quickness of
invention, accuracy of judgment, or extent of knowledge,
appearing before the usual time, pretage a short life.

JOHNSON.

What conscience forebodes, revelation verifies, assuring
us that a day is appointed when God will tender to every
man according to hi: works. BLAH:.

Skill'd in the winged inhabitants of the air,
What auspices their notes and nights declare I
O ! say for all religious rites portend
A happy voyage and a prosperous end. DBYDEX.

All more than common menaces an end ;

A blaze betoken* brevity of life,

As if bright embers should emit a flame. YOUNG.

August, v. Magisterial.

Avidity, Greediness, Eagerness,

Are epithets expressive of a strong desire.

Avidity, in Latin aviditas, from avto to
desire, expresses very strong desire.

Greediness, from the German gierig, and
begdiren to desire, signifies the same.

!8 AVOID.

' Eagerness, from eager, and the Latin acer
sharp, signifies acuteness of feeling.

Avidity is in mental desires what greedinest
is in animal appetites : eagerness is not so ve-
hement, but more impatient than avidity or
greediness. Avidity and greediness respect
simply the desire of possessing ; eagerness the
general desire of attaining an object. An op-
portunity is seized with avidity: the miser
grasps at money with greediness: or the
glutton devours with greediness: a person
runs with eagerness in order to get to the place
of destination : a soldier fights with eagerness
in order to conquer : a lover looks with eager
impatience for a letter from the object of his
affection.

Avidity is employed in an adverbial form to
qualify an action; we seize with avidity;
greediness marks the abstract quality or habit
of the mind ; greediness is the characteristic of
low and brutal minds : eagerness denotes the
transitory state of feeling ; a person discovers
his eagerness in his looks.

I have heard that Addison's aridity did not satisfy
itself with the air of renown, but that with great eager- '
nest he laid hold on his proportion of the profits.

JOHNSON.

Bid the sea listen, when the greedy merchant
To gorge its ravenous jaws, hurls all his wealth,
And stands himself upon the splitting deck
For the last plunge. LEE.

Avocation, v. Business, occupation,
To Avoid, Eschew, Shun, Elude.

Avoid, in French eciter, Latin evito, com-
pounded of e and i-ito, probably from riduus
void, signifies to make one's self void or free
from a thing.

Eschew and Shun both come from the
German scheuen, Swedish sky, &.c., when it sig-
nifies to fly.

Elude, in French eluder, Latin eludo, com-
pounded of e and ludo, signifies to get one's
self out of a thing by a trick.

Avoid is both generic and specific ; we avoid
in eschewing or shunning, or we avoid without
eschewing or shunning. Various contrivances
are requisite for avoiding; eschewing and
shunning consist only of going out of the
way, of not coming in contact ; eluding, as its
derivation denotes, has more of artifice in it
than any of the former. We avoid a trouble-
some visitor under real or feigned pretences
of ill-health, prior engagement, and the like ;
we ctcluio evil company by not going into any
but what we know to be good : we shun the
sight of an offensive object by turning into
another road ; we elude a punishment by get-
ting out of the way of those who have the
power of inflicting it.

Prudence enables us to avoid many of the
evils to which we are daily exposed : nothing
but a fixed principle of religion can enable a
man to exchcw the temptations to evil which
lie in his path : fear will lead us to shun a
madman, whom it is not in our power to bind:
a want of all principle leads a man to elude
his creditors whom he wishes to defraud.

The best means of avoiding quarrels is to
avoid giving offence. The surest preservative
of our innocence is to eschew evil company, and
the surest preservative of our health is to shun

AUSPICIOUS.

AUSTERE.

every intemperate practice. Those who have
no evil design in view will have no occasion to
elude the vigilance of the law.

We speak of avoiding a danger, and shun-
ning a danger : but to avoid it is in general
not to fall into it ; to shun it is with care to
keep out of the way of it.

Havingthoroughly considered the nature of this passion,
I have made it my study how to avoid the envy that may
accrue to me from these my speculations. STEELE.

Thus Brute this realm into his rule subdued

And reigned long in great felicity,

Lov'd of his friends, and of his foes eschewed.

SPEN*EE.

Of many things, some few I shall explain ;
Teach thee to than the dangers of the main.
And how at length the promis'd shore to gain.

DKYDEN.

The wary Trojan, bending from the blow,
Eludet the death, and di sappoiuts his foe. POPE.

To Avow, v. To acknowledge.

Auspicious, Propitious.

Auspicious, from auspice, in Latin auspi-
cium and auspex, compounded of avis and
spicio to behold, signifies favourable according
to the inspection of birds.

Propitious, in Latin propitius, probably
from prope near, because the heathens always
solicited their deities to be near or present to
give their aid in favour of their designs ;
hence propitious is figuratively applied in the
sense of favourable.

Auspicious is said only of things ; propitious
is said only of persons or things personified.
Those things are auspicious which are casual,
or only indicative of good ; persons are pro-
pitious to the wishes of another who listen to
their requests and contribute to their satisfac-
tion. A journey is undertaken under auspi-
cious circumstances, where every thing inci-
dental, as weather, society, and the like, bid
fair to afford pleasure ; it is undertaken under
propitious circumstances when every thing
favours the attainment of the object for which
it was begun. Whoever has any request to
make ought to seize the auspicious moment
when the person of whom it is asked is in a
pleasant frame of mind ; a poet in his invoca-
tion requests the muse to be propitious to him,
or tbe lover conjures his beloved to be pro-
pitious to his vows.

Still follow where auspicious fates invite,
Caress the happy, and the wretched slight.
Sooner shall jarring elements unite.
Than truth with gain, than interest with right.

LEWIS.

Who loves a garden loves a greenhouse too ;
Unconscious of a less propitious clime,
There blooms exotic beauty. COWPER.

Austere, Rigid, Severe,
Stern.

Rigorous,

Austere, in Latin austerus sour or rough,
from the Greek avo> to dry, signifies rough or
harsh, from drought.

Rigid and Rigorous, from rigeo, Greek
piyew, Hebrew reg to be stiff, signifies stiffness
or unbendingness.

Severe, in Latin severus, comes from saivus
cruel.

Stern, in Saxon sterne, German streng strong,
has the sense of strictness.

Austere applies to ourselves as well as to
others ; rigid applies to ourselves only ; severe,
rigorous, stern, apply to others only. We are
austere in our manner of living ; rigid in our
mode of thinking ; austere, severe, rigorous, and
stem, in our mode of dealing with others.
Effeminacy is opposed to austerity, pliability
to rigidity.

The austere man mortifies himeelf ; the rigid
man binds himself to a rule : the austerities
formerly practised among the Roman Catholic*
were in many instances the consequence of
rigid piety : the manners of a man are austere
when he refuses to take part in any social en-
joyments ; his probity is rigid, that is, inacces-
sible to the allurements of gain, or the urgency
of necessity : an austere life consists not only
in the privation of every pleasure, but in the
infliction of every pain ; rigid justice is un-
biassed, no less by the fear of loss than by the
desire of gain : the present age aff c >rds no ex-
amples of austerity, but too many of its opposite
extreme, effeminacy; and the rigidity of former
times, in modes of thinking, has been suc-
ceeded by a culpable laxity.

Austere, when taken with relation to others,
is said of the behaviour ; severe of the conduct :
a parent is austere in his looks, his manner,
and his words to his child ; he is severe in the
restraints he imposes, and the punishments he
inflicts : an austere master speaks but to com-
mand, and commands so as to be obeyed ; a
severe master punishes every fault, and punishes
in an undue measure : an austere temper Is
never softened ; the countenance of such an
one never relaxes into a smile, nor is he pleased
to witness smiles : a severe temper is ready to
catch at the imperfections of others, and to
wound the offender : a judge should be a rigid
administrator of justice between man and man,
and severe in the punishment of offences as oc-
casion requires ; but never aus{ere towards
those who appear before him ; austerity of
manner would ill become him who sits as a
protector of either the innocent or the injured.

Rigor is a species of great severity, namely,
in the infliction of punishment ; towards enor-
mous offenders, or on particular occasions
where an example is requisite, rigor "may be
adopted, butotherwise it marks a cruel temper.
A man is austere in his manners, severe in his
remarks, and rigorous in his discipline.

Austerity, rigidity, and severity, may be
habitual ; rigor and sternness are occasional.
Sternness is a species of severity, more in
manner than in direct action ; a commander
may issue his commands sternly, or a despot
may issue his stern decrees.

Austerity is the proper antidote to indulgence; th
diseases of the mind as well as body are cured by con-
traries. JOHNSON.

In things which are not immediately subject to religious
or moral consideration, it is dangerous to be too long, or
too rigidly in the right. JOHNSON.

If you are hard or contracted in your Judgments, severe
in your censures, and oppressive in your dealings ; then
conclude with certainty that what you had termed piety
was but an empty name. BLAIR.

It is not by rigorous discipline and unrelaxing austerity
that the aged can maintain an ascendant over youthful
miuile.-BLAIB.

^_ AWAIT. 90

A man levere he was, and ttern to view,
I knew him well, and every truant knew ;
Yet be wai kind, or if lerure in aught.
The love he bore to learning was in fault.

GOLDSMITH.

It is item criticism to say that Mr. Pope's is not a trans-
lation of Homer. CUMBERLAND.

Author, r. Writer.
Authoritative, . Commanding.
Authority, v- Influence.
Authority, v. Power, strength.
To Authorize, v. To Commission.

To Await, Wait for, Look for,
Expect.

Await and "Wait, in German icarten,
conies from icahren to see or look after.

Expect, in Latin expecto or exspecto, com-
pounded of ex and speclo, signifies to look out
after.

All these terms have a reference to futurity,
and our actions with regard to it.

A>cait. wait for, and look for, mark a calcula-
tion of consequences and a preparation lor
them ; and expect simply a calculation : we
often expect without awaiting, waiting, or look-
ing for, but never the reverse.

Await is s<ud of serious things : wait and
look for are terms in familiar USB ; expect is
employed either seriously or otherwise. A
person expects to die, or awaits the hour of his
dissolution ; he expects a letter, waits for its
coming, and looks for it when the post is
arrived.

Await indicates the disposition of the mind ;
wait for, the regulation of the outward conduct
as well as that of the mind ; look for is a species
of waiting drawn from the physical octiou of
the eye, and may be figuratively applied to
the mind's eye, in which latter sense it is the
same as expect. It is our duty, as well as our
interest, to await the severest trials without a
murmur : prudence requires us to wait patiently
for a suitable opportunity, rather than be pre-
mature in our attempts to obtain any object :
when children are too much indulged and
caressed they are apt to look for a repetition
of caresses at inconvenient seasons : it is in vain
to look for or expect happiness from the conjugal
state, which is not founded on a cordial and
mutual regard.

This said, he sat, and expectation held
Ha looks suspense, awaiting who appeared
To second or oppose, or undertake
The perilous attempt. MILTON.

Not less resolv'il. Antenor's valiant heir
Confronts Achilles, and awaiti the war. POPK.

Wait till thy being shall be unfolded. BLAIR.

If yon look for a friend, in whose temper there is not to
be found the least inequality, you look for a pleasing
phautoin. BLAIR.

We are not to expect, from our intercourse with others,
all that satisfaction which we fuudly wish. BLAIR.

To Awaken, Excite, Provoke, Rouse,

Stir up.

To Awaken is to make awake or alive.
Excite, in Latin excito, compounded of the

AWAKEEf.

intensive syllables ex and cito, in Hebrew tut
to move, signifies to move out of a state of rest.

Provoke, v. To aggravate.

To Rouse is to cause to rise.

Stir, in German storen to move, tlgnifies to
make to move upwards.

To excite and provoke convey the idea of pro-
ducing something ; rouse and stir up that of
only calling into action that which previously
exists ; to aicaken is used in either setise.

To aicaken is a gentler action than to excite,
and this is gentler than to provoke. We awaken
by a simple effort ; we excite by repeated efforts
or forcible means ; we provoke by words, looks,
or actions. The tender feelings are awakened ;
affections or the passions in general are excited ;
the angry passions are commonly provoked.
Objects of distress aicaken a sentiment of pity ;
competition among scholars excites a spirit of
emulation ; taunting words provoke anger.

Awaken is applied only to the individual and
what passes within him ; excite is applicable
to the outward circumstances of one or many ;
provoke is applicable to the conduct or temper
of one or many. The attention is awakened by
interesting sounds that strike upon the ear ;
the conscience is awakened by the voice of the
preacher, or by passing events : a commotion,
a tumult, or a rebellion, is excited among the
people by the active efforts of individuals ;
laughter or contempt is provoked by preposter-
ous conduct.

To aicaken is in the moral, as in the physical
sense, to call into consciousness from a state of
unconsciousness; to rouse is forcibly to bring
into action that which is in a state of inaction ;
and stir up is to bring into a state of agitati^ n
or commotion. We are awakened from an ordi-
nary state by ordinary means ; we are roused
from an extraordinary state by extraordinary
means ; we are stirred up from an ordinary to
an extraordinary state. The mind of a child
is awakened by the action on its senses as soon
as it is born ; ihere are some persons who are
not roused f i om the stupor in which they were
by anything but the most awful events ; and
there are others whose passions, particularly
of anger, are stirred up by trifling circum-
stances.

The conscience is sometimes awakened for a
time, but the sinner is not roused to a sense of
his danger, or to any exertions for his own
safety, until an intemperate zeal is stirred up
in him by means of enthusiastic preaching, in
which case the vulgar proverb is verified, that
the remedy is as bad as the disease. Death is
a scene calculated to awaken some feeling in
the most obdurate breast : the tears and sighs
of the afflicted excitea. sentiment of commisera-
tion ; the most equitable administration of
justice may excite murmurs among the dis-
contented : a harsh and unreasonable reproof
will provoke a reply : oppression and tyranny
mostly rouse the sufferers to a sense of their
injuries ; nothing is so calculated to stir up the
rebellious spirits of men as the harangues of
political demagogues.

The soul has its curiosity more than ordinarily awak-
ened when it turns its thoughts upon the conduct of such
who have behaved themselves with an e<|Ual, a resigned,
a cheerful, a generous, or heroic temper in the extremity
of death. STEELK.

In our Saviour was no form of comeliness that men

AWARE. 91

should desire, no artifice or trick to catch applause, or to
ettite surprise. CUMBERLAND.

See, mercy ! see with pure and loaded hands

Before thy shrine my country's genius stands.

When he whom e'en our joys provoke,

The fiend of nature join'd his yoke,

And rush'd in wrath to make our isles bis prey ;

Thy form from out thy sweet abode.

O'ertook him ou the blasted road. COLLINS.

Go study virtue, rugged ancient worth ;
Jtoute up that flame our great forefathers felt.

SHIRLEY.

The turbulent and dangerous are for embroil ing councils.
it rring up seditions, and subverting constitutions, out
o, a mere restlessness of temper. STEELE.

Aware, On One's Guard, Apprized,
Conscious.

Aware,' compounded of a or on and ware,
signifies to be on the look out, from the Saxon
icaerd, German, &c., iciihren, Greek opau to see.

Guard, in French garder, is connected with
ward, in Saxon icaerd, German, &c., gewahrt,
participle of wdhren to see, as above.

Apprized, in French appns, from appren~
lire to apprehend, learn, or understand.

Conscious, in Latin conscius, of con and
tcio to know, signifies knowing within one's
self.

The idea of having the expectation or know-
ledge of a thing is common to all these terms.
We aie aware of a thing when we calculate
iipon it ; we are on our guard against it when
we are prepared for it ; we are apprized of that
of which we have had an intimation, and are
conscious of that in which we have ourselves
been concerned.

To be aware, and on one's guard, respect the
future : to be apprized, either the past or
present ; to be conscious, only the past. Ex-
perience enables a man to be aware of con-
sequences ; prudence and caution dictate to
him the necessity of being on his guard against
evils. Whoever is fully aware of the precarious
tenure by which he holds all his goods in this
world, will be on his guard to prevent any
calamities, as far as depends upon the use of
means iu his control.

We are apprized of events, or what passes
outwardly, through the medium of exteinal
circumstances ; we are conscious only through
the medium of ourselves, of what passes with-
in. We are apprized of what has happened
from indications that attract our notice ; we
are conscious of our guilt from the recollection
of what we have done. A commander who is
not aicareot all the contingencies that influence
the fate of a battle, who is not on his guard
against the stratagems of the enemy, who is
not fully apprized of their intentions, and con-
tcious of his own strength to frustrate them,
has no grounds to expect a victory ; the chances
of defeat are greatly against him.

The first steps in the breach of a man's integrity are
more important than men are aware of. STEELE.

What establishment of religion more friendly to public
happiness could be desired or framed (than our own)
How zealous ought we to be for its preservation : how
Diufli on our guard against every danger which threaten*
to trouble it. BLAIR.

In play the chance of loss and gain ought always to be
equal, at least each party should be apprized of the force
employed against him. STEELE.

I know nothing so hard for a generous mind to get

AWE.

over as calumny and reproach, and cannot find any
method of quieting the soul under them, besides this
single one, of our being conscious to ourselves that we d
not deserve ihem. ADDISON.

Awe, Reverence, Dread.

A'we, pro> ably from the German achten,
conveys the idea of regarding.

Reverence, in French reference, Latin
reverential, couies from revereorto fear stroLgly.

Dread, in Saxon dread, comes from tie
Latin lerrito to frighten, and Greek rapaaaw
to trouble.

Awe and reverence both denote a strong senti-
ment of respect, mingled with some emotions
of fear ; but the former marks the much
stronger sentiment of the two ; dread is an
unmingled sentiment of fear for one's personal
security. Aice may be awakened by the help
of the senses and understanding ; reverence by
that of the understanding only ; and dread
principally by that of the imagination.

Sublime, sacred, and solemn objects awaken
awe: they cause the beholder to stop and con-
sider whether he is worthy to approach them
any nearer ; they rivet his nnnd and body to
a spot, and make him cautious, lest by his
presence, he should contaminate that which is
hallowed : exalted and noble objects pro-
duce reverence ; they lead to every outward
mark of obeisance and humiliation which it is
possible for him to express : terrific objects
excite dread : they cause a shuddering of the
animal frame, and a revulsion of the miad
which is attended with nothing but pain.

When the creature places himself in the pre-
sence of the Creator ; when he contemplates
the immeasurable distance which separates
himself, a frail and finite mortal, from his in-
finitely perfect Maker; he approaches with
awe: even the sanctuary where he is accus-
tomed thus to bow before the Almighty
acquires the power of awakening the same
emotions in his mind. Age, wisdom, and
virtue, when combined in one person, are
never approached without reverence : the pos-
sessor has a dignity in himself that checks the
haughtiness ot the arrogant, thit silences the
petulance of pride and self-conceit, that stills
the noise and giddy mirth of the young, and
communicates to all around a sobriety of mien
and aspect. A grievous offender is seldom
withouc dread ; his guilty conscience pictures
every thing as the instrument of vengeance,
and every person as denouncing his merit d
sentence.

The solemn stillness of the tomb will inspire
aice, even in the breast of him who has no
dread of death. Children should be early
taught to have a certain degree of reverence for
the Bible as a book, in distinction from all
other books.

It were endless to enumerate all the passages, both in
the sacred and profane writers, which establish the general
sentiment of mankind concerning the inseparable union
of a sacred and reverential awe with our ideas of the
Divinity. BURKK.

If the voice of universal nature, the experience of all
ages, the light of reason, and the immediate evidence of

God, a reverence for his religion, and an lnunble opinion
of myself, what a lost creature am I. CUMBERLAND.

To Phoebus next my trembling steps be led,

Full of religious doubts and awful dread, DRYDEN.

AWKWARD.

AXIOM.

Awkward, Clumsy.

Awkward, in Saxon cewerd, compounded
of CB or a adversative and ward, from the Teu-
tonic wahren to see or look, that is, looking the
opposite way, or being in an opposite direction,
as toward signifies looking the same way, or
being in the same direction.

Clumsy, from the sune source as dump
and lump, in German lumpiscfi, denotes the
quality of heaviness and unseemliness.

These epithets denote what is contrary to
rule and order, in form or manner. Awkward
respects outward deportment ; clumsy the
shape and make of the object : a person has an
awkward gait, is clumsy in his whole person.

Awkwardness is the consequence of bad edu-
cation ; clumsiness is mostly a natural defect.
Young recruits are awkward inmarchitg, and
clumsy in their manual labour.

They may be both employed figuratively in
the same sense, and sometimes in relation to
the same objects : when speaking of aiekward
contrivances, or clumsy contrivances, the latter
expresses the idea more strongly than the
former.

Montaigne had many awkward imitators, who, under
the notion of writing with the fire and freedom of this
lively oM Gascon, had fallen into confused rhapsodies aiij
uninteresting egotisms. WARTOX

All the operations of the Greeks in sailing were clumsy
and unskilful. ROBERTSON.

Awkward, Cross, Untoward, Crooked,
Froward, Perverse.

Awkward, v. Awkward.

Cross, from the noun cross, implies the
quality of being like a cross.

Untoward signifies the reverse of toward
(v. Atckward}.

Crooked signifies the quality of resem-
bling a crook.

Froward, that is, from ward, signifies run-
ning a contrary direction.

Perverse, Latin perversus, participle of per-
verto, compounded of per and verto, signifies
turned aside.

Awkward, cross, v.ntoirard, and crooked, are
used as epithets in relation to the events of
life or the disposition of the mind ; frowurd
and perverse respect only the disposition of the
mind. Awkward circumstances are apt to em-
barrass ; cross circumstances to pain ; crnnkcd
and uittamird ci) cumstances to defeat. What
is crooked springs from a perverted judgment ;
what is untoward is independent of human con-
trol. In our intercourse with the world there
are always little awkward incidents arising,
which a person's good sense and good nature
will enable him to pass over without disturb-
ing the harmony of society. It is the lot
of every one in his passage through life to
meet with cross accidents that are calcula-
ted to ruffle the tempe- ; but he proves him-
self to be the wisest whose serenity is not so
easily disturbed. A crooked policy obstructs
the prosperity of individuals, as well as of
states. Many men are destined to meet with
severe trills in the frustration of their dearest
hopes, by numberless untoward events which
call for the exercise of patience; in this

case the Christian can prove to himself and
others the infinite value of his faith and
doctrine.

When used with regard to the disposition
of the mind, aickicard expresses less than
froward, and froward less than perverse. Awk-
wardness is an habitual frailty of temper ; it
includes certain weaknesses and particulari-
ties, pertinaciously adhered to : crossness is a
partial irritation resulting from the state of
the humours, physical and mental. Froward-
ness and perversity Me in the will: a, froward
temper is capricious ; it wills or wills not to
please itself without regard to others. Per-
versity lies deeper ; taking root in the heart,
it assumes the shape of malignity : a perverse
temper is really wicked ; it likes or dislikes
by the rule of contradiction to another's wilL
Untowardness lies in the principles ; it runs
counter to the wishes and counsels of another.

An awkward temper is connected with self-
sufficiency ; it shelters itself under the sanc-
tion of what is apparently reasonable ; it
requires management and indulgence in deal-
ing with it. Crossness and frowardness are
peculiar to children ; indiscriminate indul-
gence of the rising will engenders those
diseases of the mind, which if fostered too
long in the breast become incorrigible by any
thing but a powerful sense of religion. Per-
versity is, however, but too commonly the
result of a vicious habit, which embitters the
happiness of all who have the misfortune of
coming in collision with it. Untowardness is
also another fruit of these evil tempers. A
froicard child becomes an untoward youth,
who turns a deaf ear to all the admonitions
of an afflicted parent.

It is an awkward thing for a man to print in defence of
his own work against a cliiina-ra: you know not who or
what you fight against. -POPE.

Some are indeed stopped in their career by a sudden
shock of calamity, or diverted to a different direction by
the cross impulse of some violent passion. JOHNSON.

Christ had to deal with a most untoward and stubborn
generation. BLAIR.

There are who can, by potent magic spells.

Bend to their crooked purpose nature s laws. 3IILTOX.

wishes is to discover the temper of froward children.
BLAIR.

Interference of interest, or perversity of disposition,
may occasionally lead individuals to oppose, even to hate,
the upright and the good. BLAIR.

Awry, v. Bent.

Axiom, Maxim, Aphorism,
Apophthegm, Saying, Adage, Pro-
verb, Bye-Word, Saw.

Axiom, in French ax!o>ne, Latin axioma,
comes frjm the Greek ofiow to think worthy,
signifying the thing valued.

Maxim, in French maximt, in Latin maxl-
m us the greatest, signifies that which is moit
important.

Aphorism, from the Greek a^opur/nos a
short sent nee, and o<iopiu) to distinguish,
signifies that which is set apart.

Apophthegm, in Greek airo^Seyfta from
an-<x?>0eyyo|i<K to speak pointedly, signifies a
pointed saying.

.AXIOM.

Saying 1 signifies literally wliat is said,
that is, said habitually.

Adage, in Latin adagium, probably com-
pounded of ad and 0170, signifies that which
is fit to be acted upon.

Proverb, in French provei-be, Latin pro-
verbium, compounded of pro and verbv.m signi-
fies that expression which stands for some-
thing particular.

Bye-"WTord signifies a word by the bye,
or by the way, in the course of conversation.

Saw is but a variation of say, put fur say-
ing.

A given sentiment conveyed in a specific
sentence, or form of expression, is the common
idea included in the signification of these
terms. The axiom is a truth of the first
value ; a self-evident proposition which is the
basis of other truths. A maxim is the truth
of the first moral importance for all practical
purposes. An aphorism is a truth set apart
for its pointedness and excellence. Apoph-
thegm is, in respect to the ancients, what say-
ing is in regard to the modems : it is a pointed
sentiment pronounced by an individual, and
adopted by others. Adage and proverb are
vulgar sayings, the former among the ancients,
the latter among the moderns. The bye-word
is a casual saying, originating in some local
circumstance. The saw, which is a barbarous
corruptisn of saying, is the sayiny formerly
current among the ignorant.

Axioms are in science what maxims are in
morals ; self-evidence is an essential charac-
teristic in both ; the axiom presents itself in
so simple and undeniable a form to the under-
standing as to exclude doubt, and the necessity
for reasoning. The maxim, though not so
definite in its expression as the axiom, is at
the same time equally parallel to the mind of
man, and of such general application, that it
is acknowledged by all moral Hgents who are
susceptible of moral truth ; it comes home to
the common sense of all mankind.* " Things
that are equal to one and the same thing are
equal to each other," " Two bodies cannot
occupy the same space at the same time," are
axioms in mathematics and metaphysics.
" Virtue is the true source of happiness,"
" The happiness of man is the end of civil
government," are (urioms in ethics and politics.
" To err is human, to forgive divine," " When
our vices leave us, we flatter ourselves that we
leave them," are among the number of maxims.
Betwixt axioms and maxims there is this
obvious difference to be observed ; that the
former are unchangeable both in matter and
manner, and admit of little or no increase in
number ; but the latter may vary with the
circumstances of human life, and admit of
considerable extension.

An Aphorism is a speculative principle,
either in science or morals, which is presented
in a few words to the understanding ; it is
the substance of a doctrine, and many aphor-
isms may contain the abstract of a science.
Of this description are the aphorisms of Hip-
pocrates, and those of Lavater in physio-
gnomy.

Sat/ings and apophthegms differ from the

Vjde Roubaud: "Axioine, maxime, apophthigme,
aphorisme."

J AXIOM.

preceding, in as much as they always carry
the mind back to the person speaking ; there
is always one who says when there is a saying
or an apophthegm, and both acquire a value as
much from the person who utters them as
from the thing that is uttered : when Leonidas
was asked why brave men prefer honour to
life, his answer became an apophthegm ;
namely, that they hold life by fortune, and
honour by virtue : of this description are the
apophthegms comprised by Plutarch, the say-
ings of Franklin's Old Kichard, or those of
Dr. Johnson : they are happy effusions of the
mind which men are fond of treasuring. The
adage and proverb are habitual, as well as
general sayings, not repeated as the sayings of
one, but of all ; not adopted for the sake of
the person, but for the sake of the thing ; and
they have been used in all ages for the purpose
of conveying the sense of mankind on ordinary
subjects.

The adage of former times is the proverb of
the present times ; if there be any diffprence
between them, it lies in this, that the former
are the fruit of knowledge and long experi-
ence, the latter of vulgar observations ; the
adage is therefore more refined than the -pro-
verb. Adversity is our best teacher, according
to the Greek adage, " What hurts us instructs
us." "Old birds are not to be caught with
chaff " is a vulgar proverb.

Bye-words rarely contain any important sen-
timent ; they mostly consist of familiar
similes, nick-names, and the like, as the
Cambridge bye-word of "Hobson's choice," sig-
nifying that or none : the name of Nazarene
was a Bye-word among the Jews, for a Christian.
A saw is vulgar in form and vulgar in matter ;
it is the partial saying of particular neighbour-
hoods, originating in ignorance and supersti-
tion : of this description are the sairinps which
attribute particular properties to animals or
to plants, termed old women's sayings.

Those authors are to be read at schools, that supply
most axioms of prudence, most principles of moral truth.
JOHXSOX.

It was my grandfather's maxim, that a yount man
tttdom makes m ucti money, teho it out of Itis time before
two and twenty. J OHNSOX.

Aslhisonr apAoritm, Jesus Chritt it the ton of God, is
virtually and eminently the whole Gospel ; so to confess
or deny it is virtually to emhrace or reject the whole
round and series of Gospel truths. SOUTH.

It is remarkable that so near his time so much should
be known <.f what Pope hns written, and so little of what
he has said. One apophthegm only stands upon record.
When an objection raised against his inscription for
Shakspeare was defended by the authority of Patrick, he
replied, 'hat he would allow the publisher of a dictionary
to know the meaning of a single word, but not of two
words together. JOHNSON.

The little and short tayinas of wise and excellent men
are of great value, li ke the dust of gold, or the least sparks
of diamonds. T1LLOTSON.

It is in praise and commendation of men, as it is in
gettings and gains ; the proeerb in true that li.uht gains
make heavy purses ; for light gains come thick, whereas
great come now and them. BACOX.

oth Hutlibrsw, thou offer's! much,
ut art not able to keep touch,
Mira de Icnte, as 'tis i* the adtige,
Id est, to make a leek a cabbage. BUTLER.

I knew a pretty young girl in a country village, who,
overfond of her own praise, became a property to a poor
rogue ill the parish, who was ignorant of all things but

BABBLE.

BAD.

fawning. Thus Isaac extol* her out of a quartern of cut
and dry every day she lives, and though the young
woman is really handsome, she and her beauty are become
it bye-word, and all the country round, she is called
nothing but Jtaac'l best Virginia.. AKBUTHSOT.

If we. meet this dreadful and portentoua energy with
poor common-place proceedings, with trivial maiimt,
paltry old tawt. with doubts, (ears, and suspicions; down
we go to the bottom of the a>yss, and nothing short of
omnipotence can cave us, BUiiKE.

To Babble, Chatter, Chat, Prattle,
Prate.

Babble, in French babiller, probably re-
ceives its origin from the tower of Babel,
when the confusion of tongues took place,
and men talked unintelligibly to each other.

Chatter, Chat, is in French coquet, low
German tatern, high German tchnattern, Latin
blatero, Hebrew bata.

Prattle, Prate, in low German praten, is
probably connected with the Greek <j>pa.<o to
speak.

All these terms mark a superfluous or im-
proper use of speech ; babble and chatter are
onomatopeias drawn from the noise or ac-
tion of speaking ; bab'iliny denotes rapidity
of speech, which renders it unintelligible ;
hence the term is applied to all who make
use of many words to no purpose : chatter is
an imitation of the noise of speech properly
applied to magpies, or parrots, and figuratively
to a correspondi"fr vicious mode of speech in
human beings. The vice of babbling is most
commonly attached to men, that of chattering
to women : the babbler talks much to impress
others with his self-importance ; the chatterer
is actuated by self-conceit, and a desire to
display her volubility : the former cares not
whether be is understood ; the latter cares not
if she be but heard.

Chatting is harmless, if not respectable : the
winter's fire-side invites neighbours to as-
semble and chat away many an hour whi--h
might otherwise hang heavy on band, or be
spent less inoffensively : ekatling is the prac-
tice of adults ; prattling and prating that of
children, the one innocently, the other imper-
tinently : the prattling of babes has an interest
for every feeling mind, but for parents . it is
one of their highest enjoyments ; prating, on
the contrary, is the consequence of ignorance
and childish assumption ; a prattler has all
the unaffected gaiety of an uncontaminated
mind ; a prater is forward, obtiusive, and
ridiculous.

To stand np and bitbble to a crowd in an ale-house, till
silence is commanded l.y the stroke of a hammer is as
low an ambition as can taint the human mind. HAWKES-
WOBTH.

Some birds there are who, prone to noise,
Are hir'd to silence wisdom's voice ;
And skill'u to chatter out the hour,
Rise by their emptiness to power. MOORE.

Sometimes I dres. with women sit,
And chat away the gloomy fit. GRKEX.

Now blows the surly north, and chills throughout
The stift'ning regions : while by stronger charms
Than Circe e T er, or fell Medea brew'd.
Each brook that wnut to prattle to its banks
Lie* all bestill'd. ARMSTRONG.

My prudent counsels prop the state.

Magpies were never known to prate, MOOKE.

Back, Backward, Behind,

Back and Backward are used only as
adverbs : Behind either as an adverb or a
preposition. To go back or backward, to go
behind or behind the wall.

Back denotes the situation of being, and the
direction of going ; backicard simply the
manner of going : a person stands back who
does not wish to be in the way ; he gofs back-
icard, when he does not wish to turn his back
to an object.

Sack marks simply the situation of a place,
behind the situation of one object with regard
to another : a person stands back, who stands
in the back pare of any place ; he stands
behind, who has any one in the front of him :
the back is opposed to the front, behind to be-
fore.

So rag'd Tydides, boundless in his ire.

Drove armies back, and made all Troy retire POPE.

Whence many wearied e'er they had o'erpast
The middle stream (for they in vain have tried)
Again ret urn VI astounded and aghast.
No one regardful look would ever backward cast.

GILBERT WEST.

Forth flew this hated flend, the child of Rome,
Driv'n to the verge of Albion, lingered there :
Then, with her James reccjding. cast behind
One angry frown, and sonht more =ervile climes.

SHENSTONE ON CKUELTT.
Backward, v. Back.
Backward, v. Averse.

Bad, Wicked, Evil.

, in Saxon bad, baed. in German bOs,
probably connected with the Latin pejus worse
and the Hebrew bosch.

Wicked is probably changed from witched
or beicitched, that is, possessed with an evil
spirit.

Bad respects moral and physical qualities in
general ; inicked only mo-al qualities.

Evil, in German ilebel, from the Hebrew
chebel pain, signifies that which is the prime
cause of pain ; evil therefore, in its full extent
comprehends both badness and wickedness.

Whatever offends the taste and sentiments
of a rational being is bad : food is bad when it
disagrees with the constitution ; the air is bad
which has any thing in it disagreeable to tha
senses or hurtful to the body ; books are bad
which only inflame the imagination or the
passions. Whatever is wicked offends the
moral principles of a rational agent : any
violation of the law is -wicked, as law is the
support of human society ; an act of injustice
or cruelty is wicked, as it opposes the will of
God and the feelings of humanity. Ecil is
either moral or natural, and may be applied

BADLY. 95

to every object that is contrary to good ; but
the term is employed only for that which is
in the highest degree bad or wicked.

When used in relation to persons, both refer
to the morals, but bad is more general than
wicked; a bad man is one who is generally
wanting in the performance of his duty; a
wicked man is one who is chargeable with
actual violations of the law, human or Divine ;
such an one has an evil mind. A bad character
is the consequence of immoral conduct ; but
no man has the chai acter of being wicked who
has not been guilty of some known and flag-
rant vices : the inclinations of the best are evil
at certain times.

Whatever we may pretend, as to our belief, it i the
strain uf our actions that must show whether our prin-
ciples have been good or bad. BLAIll.

For when th' impenitent and wicked die,

Loaded with crimes and infamy;

If any sense at thai sad time remains.

They feel amazing terror, mighty pains. POMFKET.

And what your boxinded view, which only saw
A little part, deeni'd evil, is no more ;
The storms ot wintry time will quickly pass,
And one unbounded spring encircle all.

THOMSON.

BAND.

Badge, v. Mark.

Badly, 111.

Badly, in the manner of bad (v. Bad).

Ill, in Swedish ill, Icelandic illur, Danish
ill, &c. is supposed by Adelung, and with some
degree of justice, not to be a contraction of
evil, but to spring from the Greek ovAo des-
tructive, and oAAvio to destroy,

These terms are both employed to modify
the actions or qualities of things, but badly
is always annexed to the action, and ill to the
quality : as to do any thing badly, the thing is
badly done; an ill-judged scheme, an ill-con-
trived measure, an ill-disposed person.

To Baffle, Defeat, Disconcert,
Confound.

Baffle, in French baffler, from buffle an ox,
signifies to lead by the nosu as an ox, that is,
to amuse or disappoint.

Defeat, in French dffait, participle of
defaire, is compounded of thd privative de and
faire to do, signifying to undo.

Disconcert, is compounded of the priva-
tive dis and concert, signifying to throw out of
concert or harmony, to put into disorder.

Confound, in French confondre, is com-
pounded of con and fondre to melt or mix
together in general disorder.

When applied to the derangement of the
min<i or rational faculties, baffle and defeat
respect the powers of argument, disconcert . nd
confound the thoughts and feelings : baffle
expresses less than defeat ; disconcert less tl\a.n
confound : a person is baffled in argument who
is for the time o iscomp'osed and silenced by
the superior address of his opponent : he is
defeated in argument if his opponent has al-
together the advantage of him in strength of
reasoning and justness of sentiment : a person
is disconcerted who loses his presence of mind
for a moment, or has his feelings any way

discomposed ; he is confounded when the
powers of thought and consciousness become
torpid or vanish.

A superior command of language or a par-
ticular degree of effrontery will frequently
enable one person to baffle another who is advo-
cating the cause of truth : ignorance of the
subject, or a want of ability, may occasion a
man to be defeated by his adversary, even when
he is supporting a good cause : assurance is
requisite to prevent any one from being dis-
concerted who is suddenly detected in any
disgraceful proceeding: harder ed effrontery
sometimes keeps the da ring villain from being
confounded by any events, however awful. i

When applitd to the derangement of plans. |
baffle expresses less than defeat ; defeat lea
than confound ; and disconcert less than all.
Obstinacy, perseverance, skill, or art baffles :
force or violence defeats; awkward ciicum
stances disconcert ; the visitation of God con-
founds. When wicked men strive to obtain
their ends, it is a happy thing if their advor
saries have sufficient skill and address to bafii"
all their arts, and sufficient power to defeat all
their projects ; but sometimes when our beg*-
endeavours fail in our own behalf, the device*
of men are confounded by the interposition of
heaven.

It frequently happens even in the commot
transactions of life that the best schemes are
disconcerted by the trival casualties of wind
and weather. The obstinacy of a disorder may
baffle the ski'l of the physician ; the impru-
dence of the patient may defeat the object of
his prescriptions : the unexpected arrival of a
superior may disconcert the unauthorised plan
of those who are subordinate : the miraculous
destruct'on of his army confounded the project
of the King of Assvria.

Now shepherds I To your helpless charge be kind,
Baffle the raging year, and fill their pens
With food at will. THOMSON.

He that could withstand conscience is frighted at in-
famy. and shame prevails when reason is defeated.
JOHNSON.

She looked in the glass while she was speaking to me,
and without any confusion adjusted her tucker: she
seemed rather pleased than dacnncvrted at being regarded
with earnestness. HAWKESWOKTH.

I could not. help inquiring of the clerks if they knew
this lady, and was greatly confnunded when they told me

Balance, v. Poise.
Ball, v. Globe.

Band, Company, Crew, Gang.

Band, in French bande, in German, &c.,
band, from binden to bind, signifies the thing
bound.

Company, v . To accompany.

Crew, from the French cru, participle of
croitre, and the Latin cresco to grow or gather,
signifies the thing grown or formed into a
mass.

Gang 1 , in Saxon, German, &c., gang a walk,
from gditn to go, signifies a body going the
same way.

All these terms denote a small association
for a particular object : a band is an ssocia-

BANE.

tion where men are bound together by some
strong obligation, whether taken in a good or
bad sense, as a. band of soldiers, a band of
robbers. A company marks an association for
convenience without any particular obligation,
as a company of travellers, a tompany of stroll-
ing players. Crew marks an association col-
lected together by some external power, or by
coincidence of plan and motive ; in the former
case it is used for a ship's crew ; in the latter
and bad sense of the word it is employed for
any number of evil-minded persons met to-
gether from different quarters, and co-operat-
ing for some bad purpose.

Gang is always used in a bad sense for an
association of thieves, murderers, and depre-
dators in general ; for such an association is
rather a casual meeting from the similarity of
pursuits, than an organized body under any
leader ; it is more in common use than band :
the robbers in Germany used to form them-
selves into bands that set the government of
the country at defiance : housebreakers and
pickpockets commonly associate now in gangs.

Behold a ghastly band,
Each a torch in his hand !

These are Grecian ghosts that in battle were slain,
And unbury'd remain,
Inglorious in the plain. DRYDEN.
Chaucer supposes in his prologue to his tales that a com-
pany of pilgrims going to Canterbury assemble at an Inn
in Soutbwark, and agree that for their common amuse-
ment on the road each of them shall tell at least one tale
iu going to Canterbury, and another in coming back from
thence. TYR WHIT.

The clowns, a boist'rous, rude, ungovem'd crew,
With furious haste to the loud summons flew.

DRYDEN.

Others again who form a gang.
Yet take due measures not to hang ;
In magazines their forces join,
By legal methods to purloin. MALLET.

Band, v. Ohain.

Bane, Pest, Ruin.

Bane, in its proper sense, is the name of a
poisonous plant.

Pest, in French peste, Latin pestis a plague,
from pasium participle of pasco to feed upon
or consume.

Ruin, in French rv.ine, Latin ruina, from
ruo to rush, signifies the falling into a ruin, or
the cause of ruin.

These terms borrow their figurative signifi-
cation from three of the greatest evils in the
world ; namely, poison, plague, and destruc-
tion. Bane is said of things only ; pest of
persons only: whatever produces a deadly
corruption is the bane; whoever is as ob-
noxious as the plague is a pest : luxury is the
bane of civil society ; gaming is the bane of all
youth ; sycophants are the pests of society.

Bane when compared with ruin does not
convey so strong a meaning ; the former in
its positive sense is that which tends to mis-
chief ; ruin is that which actually causes
ruin : a love of pleasure is the bane of all
young men whose fortune depends on the
exercise of their talents ; drinking is the ruin
of all who indulge themselves in it to excess.

Pierc'd thro' the dauntless heart then tumbles slain,
And from his fatal courage finds his Jane. POPE.
First dire Chimsera's conquest was enjoin'd.
This peit be slaughter'd (for he read the skies)
And trusted heaven's informing prodigies. POPE.

96 BANISH.

Be this. O mother ! your religious care,

I go to rouse soft Paris to the war.

Oh I would kind earth the hateful wretch embrace,

That pat of Troy, that ruin of our race

Deep to the dark abyss might he descend,

Troy yet should flourish, and my sorrows end. POPE.

To Banish, Exile, Expel.

Banish., in French bannir, German bannen,
signified to put out of a community by a ban
or civil interdict, which was formerly either
ecclesiastical or civil.

Exile, in French exiler, from the Latin
exiltum banishment, and exul an exile, com-
pounded of extra and solum the soil, signifies
to put away from one's native soil or country.

Expel, in Latin expelio, compounded of ex
and pello to drive, signifies to drive out.

The idea of exclusion, or of a coercive re-
moval from a place, is common to these terms :
banishment includes the removal from any
place, or the prohibition of access to any
place, where one has been, or whither one
is in the habit of going ; exile signifies the
removal from one's home : to (xile, therefore,
is to banish, but to banish, is not always to
exile : * the Tarquins were banished from Rome ;
Coriolanus was tilled.

Banishment follows from a decree of justice ;
exile either by the necessity of circumstances
or an order of authority bamsliment is a
disgraceful punishment inflicted by tribunals
upon delinquents ; exile is a disgrace incurred
without dishonour : exile removes us from our
country : banishment drives us from it igno-
miniously : it is the custom in Russia to
banish offenders to Siberia; Ovid was exiled
by an order of Augustus.

Banishment is an action, a compulsory exer-
cise of . power over another, which must be
submitted to ; exile is a state into which we
may go voluntarily : many Romans chose to
go into exile rather than await the judgment
of the people, by whom they might have been
banished. Banishment and expulsion both mark
a disgraceful and coercive exclusion, but
banishment is authoritative ; it is a public
act of government : expulsion is simply coer-
cive ; it is the act of a private individual, or a
small community. Banishment always sup-
poses a removal to a distant spot, to another
land ; expulsion never reaches beyond a par-
ticular house or society : expulsion from the
university, or any public school, is the neces-
sary consequence of discovering a refractory
temper, or a propensity to insubordination.

Banishment and expulsion are likewise used
in a figurative sense, although exile is not : in
this sense, banishment marks a distant and
entire removal ; expulsion a violent removal :
we banish that which it is not pfudent to re-
tain ; we expel that which is noxious. Hopes
are banished from the mind when every pros-
pect of success has disappeared ; fears are
banished when they are altogether groundless ;
envy, hatred, and every evil passion, should
be expelled from the mind as disturbers of its
peace : harmony and good humour are best
promoted by banishing from conversation all
subjects of difference in religion and politics ;

Boubaud; " Exiler, bannir."

BARE.

good morals require that every unseemly word
should be expelled.

O banishment I Eternal banishment!
Ne'er to return ! Must we ne'er meet again !
My heart will break. OTWAY.

Arms, and the man I sing, who forc'd by fate,

And haughty Juno's unrelenting hate,

JKxpell'd and exil'd, left the Trojan shore. DRYDEN.

The expulsion and escape of Hippias at length set
Athens Iree. CUMBERLAND.

If sweet content is banish 'd from my soul,

Life grows a burden und a weight of woe. GENTLEMAN.

In all the tottering imbecility of a new government
and with a parliament totally unmanageable, his Majesty
(King William II I. Iperse^ered. He persevered to expel
the fears ot his people by his fortitude; to steady their
fickleness by his constancy. BURKE.

Bankruptcy, v. Insolvency.
Banquet, v. Feast.
To Banter, v. To deride.
Barbarous, v. Cruel.

Bare, Naked, Uncovered.

Bare, in Saxon bare, German bar, Hebrew
parah to lay bare, and bar pure.

Naked, in Saxon naced, German nacket
or nakt, low German naakt, Swe lish nakot,
Danish nogen, <fec. comes from the Latin nudus,
compounded of ne not and dutus or indutus
clothed, and the Greek Svia to clothe.

Bare marks the condition of being without
some necessary appendage ; naked simply the
absence of an external covevinar ; bare is there-
fore often substituted for naked, although not
vice versa ; we speak of bare-headed, barefoot, to
expose the bare arm ; but a figure is naked, or
the body is naked.

When applied to other objects, bare conveys
the idea of want in general ; naked simply the
want of something exterior : when we speak
of sitting upon ibe bare ground, of laying any
place bare, of bare walls, a bare house, the idea
of want in essentials is strongly conveyed ;
but naked walls, naked fields, a naked appear-
ance, all denote something wanting to the
eye : bare in this sense is frequently followed
by the object that is wanted ; naked is mostly
employed as an adjunct : a tree is bare of
leaves ; this constitutes it a naked tree.

They preserve the same analogy in their
figurative application : a bare sufficiency is
that which scarcely suffices ; the naked truth
is that which has nothing about it to intercept
the view of it from the mind.

Naked and uncovered bear a strong resem-
blance to each other ; to be naked is in fait to
have the body uncovered, but many things are
uncovered which are not naked ; nothing is
said to be nuked but what in the nature of
things, or according to the usages of men,
ought to be covered ; everything is uncovered
from which the covering; is removed. Accord-
ing to our natural sentiments of decency, or
our acquired sentiments of propriety, we ex-
pect to see tin naked body covered with cloth-
ing the naked tree covered with leaves ; the
naked walls covered with paper or paint ; and
the naked country covered with verdure or
habitations : on the otVujr hand, plants are left

r BARE.

uncovered to receive the benefit of the sun or
rain ; furniture or articles of use or neces-ity
are left uncovered to suit the convenience of tbe
user : or a pers -n may be uncovered, in tho
sense of bare-headed, on certain occasions.

The story of ^Eneas, on which Virgil founded his poem,
was very bare of circumstances. ADUISON.

Wliy turu'st thou from roe I'm alone already ;
Methinks 1 stand upon a naked beach.
Sighing to winds, and to the seas complaining.

OTWAY.

In the eye of that Supreme Being to whom our whole
internal frame is uncovered, dispositions hold the place of
actions. BLAIR.

Bare, Scanty, Destitute.

Bare, v. Bare, naked.

Scanty, from to scant, signifies the quality
of scanting scant is must probably changed
from the Latin scindo to clip or cut.

Destitute, in Latin destitutus, participle
of desliluo, compounded of de privative and
statuo to appoint or provide for, signifies un-
provided for or wanting.

All these terms denote the absence or de-

grivation of some necessary. Bare and scanty
ave a relative sense : bare respects what serves
for ourselves ; scanty that which is provided
by others. A subsistence is bare : a supply is
scanty. An imprudent person will estimate as
a bare competence what would tupply an eco-
nomist with superfluities. A hungry person
will consider as a scanty allowance wnat would
more than suffice for a moderate eater.

Bare is said of those things which belong to
our corporeal sustenance ; destitute is said of
one's outward circumstances in general. A
person is bare of clothes or money ; he is desti-
tute of friends, of resources, or of comforts.

Christ and the Apostles did most earnestly inculcate
the belief of his Godhead, and accepted men upon the
bare acknowledgment of this. SOUTH.

So scanty is our present allowance of happiness, that in
many situations life could scarcely be supported, if hope
were not allowed to relieve the present hour, by pleasures
borrowed from the future. JOHN'SON.

Destitute of that faithful guide, the compass, the
ancients had no other method of regulating their course
than by observing the sun and stars. ROBERTSON.

Bare, Mere.

Bare, v. Bare, naked.

Mere, in Latin merus mere, properly solus
alone, fro u the Greek /Lteipio to divide, signifies
separated from others.

Bare is used in a positive sense : mere, nega-
tively. The bare recital of some events brings
tears. The mere circumstance of receiving
favours ought not to bind any person to the
opinions of another.

The bare idea of being in the company of a
murderer is apt to awaken horror in the mind.
The mere attendance at, a place of worship is
the smallest part of a Christian's duty.

He who goes no farther than bare justice stops at the
beginning of virtue BLAIR.

I would advise every man, who would not appear in the
world a mere scholar or philosopher, to make himself
master of the social virtue of complaisance. ADDISON.

Barefaced v. Glaring.

BASE. 98

Bargain, v. Agreement.
To Bargain, r. To buy.
To Barter, v. To change.
To Barteri v. To exchange.

Base, Vile, Mean.

Base, in French bos low, from the Latin
basis the foundation or lowest p-urt.

Vile, in French ril, Latin vilis, Greek
^auAcxr, worthless, of no account.

Mean and Middle b >th come from the
Latin medius, wnich signifies moderate, not
elevated, of little value.

Base is a stronger term than vile, and vile
than mean. Base marks a high degree of moral
turpitude : vile and mean denote in different
degrees the want of all value or esteem What
is base excites our abhorrence, what is vile pro-
vokes disgust, whafris mean awakens contempt.
Base is opposed f x> magnanimous ; vile to noble ;
mean to generous. Ingratitude is base it does
violence to the best affections of our nature :
flattery is vile; it violates truth in the grossest
manner for the lowest purposes of gain : com-
pliances are mean which are derogatory to the
rank or dignity of the individual.

The bate character violates the strongest
moral obligations ; the vile character blends
low and despicable arts with his vices ; the
mean character acts inconsistently with his
honour or respectability. Depravity of mind
dictates base conduct ; lowness of sentiment or
disposition leads to vileness ; a selfish temper
engenders meanness. The schoolmaster of
Falerii was guilty of the basest treachery in
surrendering his helpless charge to the enemy ;
the Roma-i general, thereto e, with true noble-
ness of mind treated him us a vile malefac or :
sycophants are in the habit of practising every
mean artifice to obtain favour.

The more elevated a person's rank, the
greater is his baseness who abuses his influence
to the injury of those who repose confidence
in him. The lower the rank cf the individual,
and the more atrocious his conduct, the viler
is his character. The more respectable the
station of the person, and t*ie more extended
his wealth, the greater is his meanness when he
descends to practices fitted only for his in-
feriors.

Scorns the bate earth and crowd below,

And with a soaring wing still mounts on high. CREECH.

That all the petty kinps him envy'd.
And worshipp'd be like him and deify'd.
Of courtly sycophants and caitiffs vile.

GILBERT WEST.

There is hardly a spirit upon earth w> mean and con-
tracted as to centre all resards on its own interest
exclusive of the ret of mankind. BERKELEY.

Basis, v. Foundation.
Bashful, v. Modest.

Battle, Combat, Engagement.

Battle, in French bataille, comes from the
Latin batuo, Hebrew abat to beat, signifying
a beating.

BATTLE.

Combat signifies literally a battle one with
the other.

Engagement signifies the act of being
engiged or occupied in a contest.

* Battle is a general action requiring seme
preparation : combat is only particular, and
sometimes unexpected. Thus the action which
took place between the Carthaginians and the
Romans, or Cajsar and Pompey, were battles;
but the action in which the Horatii and the
Curiatii, decided the fate of Rome, us also
many of the actions in which Hercules was
engaged, were combats. The oattte of Almanzi,
was a decisive action between Philip of France
and Chailes of Austria, in their contest for the
thi one of H\ ain ; in the combat between Mene-
laus and Paris, Homer very artfully describes
the seasonable interference of Venus to save
her favourite from destruction.

The word combat has move relation to the act
of fighting than that of battle, which is used
with more propriety simply to denominate the
action. Tn the battle between the Romans and
Pyrrhus, King of Epire, the combat was obsti-
nate and bloody ; the Romans seven times re-
pulssd the enemy, and were as often repulsed
in their turn. In this latter sense engagement
and combat are analogous, but the former has
a specific relation to the agents and parties en-
gaged, which is not implied in the latter term.
We speak of a person being present in an en-
gagement ; wounded in an engagement ; or
having fought desperately in an engagement :
on the other hand we say, to engage in a com-
bat : to challenge to single combat: combatszro
sometimes begun by the accidental meeting of
avowed opponents ; in such engagements no-
thing is thought of but the gratification of
revenge.

Battles are fought between armies only ;
they are gained or lost : combats are entered
into between individuals, whether of the brute
or human species, in which they peek to de-
stroy or excel : engagements are confined to no
particular member, only to such asare engaged :
a general engagement is said of an army when
the whole body is e ngage d : partial engagements
respect only such as are fought by small parties
or companies of an army. History is mostly
occupied with the details of battles; in the
history of the Greeks and Romans, we have
likewise an account of the combats between
men or wild beasts, which formed their prin-
cipal amusement. It is reported of the Ger-
man women, that whenever their husbands
went to battle they used to go into the thickest
of the combat to carry them provisions, or
dress tbeir wounds ; and that sometimes they
would take part in the engagement.

A battle bloody fought.

Where darkness and surprise made conquest cheap.
DRYDEX.

This brave man. with lone resistance,
Held the combat doubtful. ROWE.

The relation of events becomes a moral lecture, when
the cnmbat of honour isiewaided with virtue.- HAWKE3-
WORTH.

The Emperor of Morocco commanded his principal
officer*, that if he died during the engagement, they
should conceal his death from the army. ADDISON.

Qirard : " Bataille. combat."

_ BE. 99

To Be, Exist, Subsist.

Be, with its inflections, is to be traced
through the northern and Oriental languages
to the Hebrew hovah.

Exist, in French exister, Latin exislo, com-
pounded of e or ex and sisto, signifies to place
jr stand by itself or of itself. From this
derivation of the latter verb arises the dis-
tinction in the use of the two words. The
former i applicable either to the accidents of
things, or to the substances or things them-
selves ; the latter only to substances or things
that stand or exist of themselves.

* We say of qualities, of forms, of actions,
of arrangement, of movement, and of every
different relation, whether real, ideal, or
quahficative, that they are ; we say of matter,
of spirit, of body, and of all substances, that
they exist Man is man, and will be man under
all circumstances and changes of life : he
exists under every known climate and variety
of heat or cold in the atmosphere.

Being and existence as nouns have this farther
distinction, that the former is employed not
only to designate the abstract action of being,
but is metaphorically employed for the sensi-
ble object tint is : the latter is confined alto-
gether to the abstract sense. Hence we speak
of human beings . beings animate or inanimate ;
the Supreme lieiny: but the existence of a God;
existence of innumerable worlds ; the existence
of evil. Jeing may in some cases be in-
differently employed for existence, particularly
in the grave style ; when speaking of animate
objects, as the being of a God ; our frail being ;
and when qualified in a compound form is
preferable, as our well-being.

Subsist is properly a species of existing ;
from the Latin prepositive sub. signifying for
a time, it denotes temporary or partial exist-
ence. Every thing exists by the creative and
preservative power of the Almighty ; that
which subsists depends for its existence upon
the chances and changes of this mortal life.
To exist therefore designates simply the event
of being or existing ; to subsist conveys the
accessory ideas of the mode and duration of
existing. Man exists while tbe vital or spiritual
pirt of him remains; he subsists by what he
obtains to support life. Friendships exist in
the world, notwithstanding the prevalence of
selfishness ; but it cannot subsist for any length
of time between individuals in whom this
base temper prevails.

He does not understand either vice OT virtue, who will
not allow that life without tbe rules of morality i* ,.
wayward uneasy being STEELE.

When the soul i* freed from all corporeal alliance, theu
it truly exittt. HUGHES utter XE.Nul-UON.

To Be, Become, Grow.

Be, v. To be, exist.

Become signifies to come to be, that is, to
be in course of time.

Grow is in all probability changed from
the Latin cmi, perfect of cnsco to increase or
grow.

Vide AbW Girard ; " Etre, xiter, suUinter,"

BEAR.

Be is positive ; become is relative ; a person
is what he is without regard to what he wat ;
he becomes that which he was not before. W
judge of a man by what he is, but we cannot
judge of him by what he will become: this
year he is immoral and irreligious, but by the
force of reflection on himself he may become
the contrary in another year.

To become includes no idea of the mode or
circumstance of its becoming ; to grow is to
become by a gradual process : a man may be
come a good man from a vicious one, in corn-
sequence of a sudden action on his mind ; but
he grows in wisdom and virtue by means of an
increase in knowledge and experience.

To tie or not to be ) that is the question. SHAKSPEARE.

About, this time Savage's nuise. who had always treated
him us herowu sou, died; and it was natural for him to
take cure at those effects which hy her death were, as he
imagined, become his own. -. OUNSON.

Authors, like coins, grow dear, as they grow old. POPE.

To be Acquainted With, v. To know.
Beam, v. Gleam.
Beam, v. Say.

To Bear, Yield.

Bear, in Saxon baran, old German beran,
Latin pario, and Hebrew bara to create.

Yield, v. Jo afford.

Hear conveys the idea of creating within
itself ; yield that of giving from itseif. Ani-
mals bear their young ; inanimate objects
yield their produce. An apple-tree bears apples ;
the earth yields fruits.

Bear marks properly the natural power of
bringing forth something of its own kind ;
yield is said of the result or quantum brought
forth : shrubs bear leaves, flowers, or berries,
according to their natural properties ; flowers
yuld seeds plentifully or otherwise as they are
favoured by circumstances.

Xo keel shall cut the waves for foreign ware.

For every soil shall ev'ry product bear. UKYDKN.

Nor Bactria. nor tbe richer Indian fields.

Nor all the gummy stores Arabia yleldt,

Nor any foreign earth of greater name,

fan with sweet Italy contend in fame. DKYDEN.

To Bear, Carry, Convey, Transport.

Bear, from the sense of generating {a. To
bear, yield), has derived that of retaining.

Carry, in French charier, probably from
the Latin currus, Greek icaipo) or rpexai to run,
or Kvp<a, in Hebrew kerah to meet, signifies to
move a thing from one place to another.

Convey, in Latin conwho, is probably com-
pounded of con and velio to carry with one.

Transport, in Frentfh transporter, Latin
transporto, compounded of trans over, and
porto to carry, signifies to carry to a distance.

To bear is simply to take the weight of any
substance upon one's self ; to carry is to re-
move that weight from the spot where it was ;
we always bear in carrying, but we do not
always carry when we bear. Both may be
applied to things as well as persons : whatever
receives tbe weight of any thing bears it ;
whatever is caused to move with any ihing

BEAT.

100

BEAT.

tarries it. That which cannot be easily bome
must be burdensome to carry: in extremely
hot weather it is sometimes irksome to bear
the weight even of one's clothing ; Virgil
praises the pious JEneas for having carried his
father on his shoulders iu order to save him
from the sacking of Troy. Weak people or
weak things are not fit to bear heavy burdens :
lazy people prefer to be carried rather than to
carry any thing.

Since bear is confined to personal service it
may be used in the sense of carry, when the
latter implies the removal of any thing by
means of any other body. The bearer of any
letter or parcel is he who carries it in his hand ;
the earner of parcels is he who employs a
conveyance. Hence the word bear in often very
appropriately substituted for carry, as Virgil
praises jEneis for bearing his father on his
shoulders. Convey and transport are species of
carrying.

Carry in its particular sense is employed
cither for personal exertions or actions per-
formed by the help of other means ; convey
and transport are employed for such actions
as are performed not by immediate personal
intervention or exertion : a porter carriet
poods on his knot ; goods are conveyed in a
waggon or a cart ; they are transported in a
vessel.

Convey expresses simply the mode of re-
moving ; transport annexes to this the idea of
the place and the distance. Merchants get
the goods conveyed into their warehouses
which they have had transported from di-taut
countries. Pedestrians take no more with
them than what they can conveniently carry .-
could armies do the same, one of the greatest
obstacles to the indulgence of human ambi-
tion would be removed : for many an incursion
into a peaceful country is defeated for the
want of means to convey provisions sufficient
for such numbers ; and when mountains or
deserts are to be traversed, another great
difficulty presents itself in the transportation
of artillery.

It is customary at funerals . f or some to bear
the pall and others to carry wands or staves ;
the body itself is conveyed in a hearse, unless
it has to cross the ocean, in which case it is
transported in a vessel.

Iu hollow wood they floating armies bear. DRVDEX.

A whale, besides those seas and oceans in the several
vessels of his body which are filled with innumerable
shoals of little animals, carriet about him a whole world
of inhabitants. ADDISOX.

Love cannot, like the wind, itself convey

To fill two sails, though both are spread one way.

HOWABD.

It is to navigation that men are indebted for the power
of trantporting the superfluous stock of one part of the
earth to supply the wants of another. KOBEETSO.X.

To Bear, v. To suffer.

To Bear Down, v . To overbiar.

Beast, v. Aniinal.

To Beat, Strike, Hit.

Beat, in French lattre, Latin batuo, comes
from the Hebrew habot to beat.

Strike, in Saxon strican, Danish strickei;
<fec, from strictum, participle of stringo to bind.

Hit, in Latin ictus, participle of ico, cornea
from the Hebrew ntcat to strike.

To beat is to redouble blows ; to strike is to
give one single blow ; but the bare touching
in consequence of an effort constitutes hitting.
We liever beat but with design, nor hit with-
out an aim, but we may strike by accident.
It is the part of the strong to beat; of the
most vehement to strike ; of the most sure-
sighted to hit.

Notwithstanding the declamations of phil-
osophers as they please to style themselves,
the practice of beating cannot altogether be
dis?arded from the military or scholastic disci-
pline. The master who strike* his pupil hastily
is oftener impelled by the force of yassion
than of conviction. Hitting is the object and
delight of the marksman ; it is the utmost
exertion of his skill to hit the exact point at
which he aims.

Young Sylvia beats her breast, and cries aloud
For succour from the clownish neighbourhood.

DRYDEf.

Send thy arrows forth,
Strike, strike these tyrants and avenge my tears.

CUMBEKLAN'D.

No man is thought to become vicious by sacrificing the
life of an annual to the pleasure of hitting a murk. It is
however certain that by this act more happiness is des-
troyed than produced. HA WKESWOBTH.

To Beat, Defeat, Overpower, Rout,
Overthrow.

Beat is here figuratively employe 1 in the
sense of the former section.

Defeat, from the French defaire, implies
to undo ; and Overpower to have the power
over any one.

To Rout from the French -inettre en deroule
is to turn from one s rou'e, and Overthrow
to throw over or upside down.

Seat respects personal contests between
individuals or parties : defeat, rout, overpower,
and overthrow, are employed mostly for con-
tests between numbers. A general is beaten
in important engagements ; he is defeated and
may be routed in partial attacks ; he is over-
powered by numbers, and overthrown in set
engagements. The English pride themselves
on beating their enemies by land as well as by
sea, whenever they come to fair engagements,
but the English are sometimes defeated when
they make too desperate attempts, and some-
times they are in danger of being overpowered :
they are very seldom routed or overthrown.

To beat is an indefinite term expressive of
no particular degree : the being beaten may be
attended with greater or less damage. To be
defeated is a specific disadvantage, it is a failure
in a particular object of more or less import-
ance. To be overpowered is a positive loss ; it
is a loss of the power of acting which may be
of longer or shorter duration : to be routed is
a temporary disadvantage ; A rout alters the
route or course of proceeding, but does not
disable : to be overthrown is the greatest of all
mischiefs, and is applicable only to great
armies and great concerns : an overthrow
commonly decides a contest.

Seat is a term which reflects more or less
dishonour on the general or the army, or on
both ; defeat is an indifferent term ; the best

BEATIFICATION.

101

BEAUTIFUL.

generals may sometimes be defeated by cir-
cumstances which are above human control ;
ottrpowering is coupled with no particular
honour to the winner, nor disgrace to the
loser ; superior power is oftener tbe result of
good fortune than of skill. The bravest and
finest troops may be overpowered in cases
which exceed human power : a rout is always
disgraceful, particularly to the army ; it al-
ways arises from want of firmness : an over-
throw is fatal rather than dishonourable ; it ex-
cites pity rather than contempt.

Turnus, I know you think me not your friend,

Nor will I much with your belief contend ;

I be}? your greatness not to give the law

In other realms, but beaten to withdraw. DEYD EN.

Satan frequently confesses the omnipotence of the
Supreme Being, that being the perfection he was forced to
allow him, and the only consideration which could sup-
port his pride under the shame of his defeat. ADDISON.

The veterans who defended the walls were soon over-
powered by numbers. EOBKBTSON.

The rout (at the battle of Pavia) now became universal,
and resistance ceased in almost every part but where the
king was in person. KOBERTSON.

- . Being;

guest order of created beings ; the oner-

Milton's subject is rebellion against the Sup:
raised by the highest order of created being:
throw of their host is the punishment of the

*Beatification, Canonization.

These are two acts emanating from the
pontifical authority, by which the Pope de-
clares a person, whose life has been exemplary
and accompanied with miracles, as entitled to
enjoy eternal happiness after his death, and
' determines in consequence the sort of worship
which should be paid to him.

In the act of Beatification the Pope.

E renounces only as a private person, and uses
is own authority only in granting to certain
persons, or to a religious order, the privilege
of paying a particular worship to a beatified
object.

In the act of Canonization, the Pope
speaks as a judge after a judicial eximination
on the state, and decides the sort of worship
which ought to be paid by the whole church.

Beatitude, v. Happiness.
Beau, v. Gallant.

Beautiful, Fine, Handsome, Pretty.

Beautiful, or full of beauty, in French
beaute, conies from beau, belle, in Latin bellus
fair, and benus or bonus good.

Fine in French fin, German fein, &c., not
improbably cornea from the Greek <j>divoy
bright, splendid, and <t>aiv<a to appear, because
what is fine is by distinction clear.

Handsome, from the word hand, denotes
a species of beauty in the body, as handy de-
notes its agility and skill.

Pretty, in Saxon praete adorned, German
priichtig, Swedish priiktig splendid, which is
connected with our words, parade and pride.

Of these epithets, which denote what is
pleasing to the eye, beautiful conveys the
strongest meaning ; it marks the possession

ttirard; " Beatification, canonization."

of that in its fullest extent, of which the
other terms denote the possession in part only.
Fineness, handsomeness, and prettiness, are to
beauty as parts to a whole. When taken in
relation to persons, a woman is beautiful who
in feature and complexion possesses a grand
assemblage of graces ; a woman is fine, who
with a striking figure unites shape and sym-
metry ; a woman is handsome, who has good
features, and pretty if with symmetry of fea-
ture be united delicacy.

The beautiful is determined by fixed rules ;
it admits of no excess or defect ; it compre-
hends regularity, proportion, and a due dis-
tribution of colour, and every particular
which can engage the attention : the fine must
be coupled with grandeur, majesty, and
strength of figure ; it is incompatible with
that which is small ; a little woman can never
be fine: the handsome is a general assemblage
of what is agreeable ; it is marked by no par-
ticular characteristic, but the absence of all
deformity : prettiness is always coupled with
simplicity, it is incompatible with that which
is large : a tall woman with masculine features
cannot be pretty.

Beauty will^always have its charms ; they
are, however, but attractions for the eye ;
they please and awaken ardent sentiments for
a while; but the possessor must have some-
thing else to give her claims to asting regard :
this is, however, seldom the case : Providence
has dealt out his gifts with a more even hand.
Neither the beautiful, nor the fine woman has
in general those durable attractions which be-
long either to the handsome or the pretty, who
with a less inimitable tint of complexion, a
less unerring proportion in the limbs, a less
precise symmetry of feature, are frequently
possessed of a sweetness of countenance, a
vivacity in the eye, and a grace in the manner,
that wins the beholder and inspires affection.

Beauty is peculiarity a female perfection, in
the male sex it is rather a defect : a beautiful
man will not be respected, because he cannot
be respectable ; the possession of beauty de-
prives him of his manly characteristics, bold-
ness and energy of mind, strength and robust-
ness of limb : but though a man may not be
beautiful or pretty, he may be fine or handsome.

When relating to other objects, beautiful,
fine, pretty, have a strong analogy. With re-
spect to the objects of nature, the beautiful
is displayed in the works of creation, and
wherever it appears it is marked by elegance,
variety, harmony, proportion ; but above all,
that softness which is peculiar to female
beauty: ihefine, on the contrary, is associated
with the grand, and the jn-etty-vriih the simple.
The sky presents either a beautiful aspect, or
a fine aspect ; but not a pretty aspect. A rural
scene is beautiful when it unites richness and
diversity of natural objects with superior
cultivation : it is fine when it presents the
bolder and more impressive features of nature,
consisting of rocks and mountains ; it is pretty
when divested of all that is extraordinary, it
presents a smiling view of nature in the gay
attire of shrubs, and many coloured flowery
and verdant meadows, and luxuriant fields.

Beautiful sentiments have much in them to
interest the affections, as well as the under-
standing ; they make a vivid impression : fint

BECOMING.

102

BECOMING.

sentiments mark an elevated mind and a
loftiness of conception ; they occupy the
understanding, and afford scope for reflection ;
they make a strong impression : pretty ideas
are but pleasing associations or combinations
that only amuse for the time being, without
producing any lasting impression. We may
speak of a beautiful poem, although not a beau-
tiful t'agedy ; but a. fine tragedy, and & pretty
comedy. Imagery may bo beautiful and fine,
but seldom pretty.

The celes'Ul bodies revolving with so much
regularity in their orbits, and displaying so
mu -h brilliancy of light, are beautiful objects.
The display of an army drawn up in battle
array ; the neatness of the men ; the order,
complexity, and variety of their movements,
and the precision in their discipline, affor 1 a
fine spectacle. An assemblage of children imi-
tating in their amusements I he system and
regularity of more serious employments, and
preserving at the same time the playfulness of
chiJdhood, is a pretty sight.

Beautiful, fine, and pretty, are indifferently
applied to works of nature and art ; handsome
to works of art only, as a beautiful picture, a
fine drawing, and a pretty cap, handsome furni-
ture ; but in such cases handsome has mostly
a reference to the make or construction of a
thing : but beautiful, fine, and pretty, simply
denote the impression which the appearance
of things makes on the observer. Hence it
is that handsome is applied to moral actions,
which reflect credit on the agent ; and hence
the proverb of "handsome is that handsome
does."

There is nothing that makes its way more directly to
the KOU! than beauty, which immediately diffuses a secret
satisfaction and complacency through the imagination.
ADDISON.

It is observed among hirds that nature has lavished all
her ornaments upon the male, who very often appears iu
a most beautiful head dress. ADDISON.

When in ordinary discourse, we say a man has a tine
head, a IOM<* hid. or a pood head, we express ourselves
metaphoiically. .11 d speak in relation to his understand-
ing; whereas when we say of a woman, she has a fine, a
long, or a good head, we speak only in relation to her
commode. ADDISON.

A handsome fellow immediately alarms jealous hus-
bands, and every thing that looks young or gay turns
their thoughts upon their wives. ADDISON.

A letter dated Sept. acquaints me that the writer, being
resolved to try his fortune, had fasted all that day, and!
that he luight be sure of dreaming upon something at
night, procured a handiuine slice of bride cake. SPECTA-
TOR.

> "Indeed, my dear," says she. "you make me mad
sometimes, so you do, with the silly way you have of
treating ine like a pretty idiot." STEELE.

An innocent creature, who would start at the name of
Sri""!? V '" ay Ullnk U ****** to "* a* 11 * 41 a niisureas.

To Become, v. To be, become.

Becoming, Decent, Fit, Suitable.

Becoming 1 , from become, compounded of
be and come, signifies coming in its place.

Decent, in French decent, in Ltin decens,
participle of deceo, from the Greek OOMI, and
the Chald.e deca to beseem, signifies the
quality of beseeming and befit ting.

Fit, in French fait, Latin factum, participle
of facio to do, signifies done as it ought to be.

Suitable, from to suit, signifies able tj
suit; and suit, in French suite, Latin sccutits,
comes from sequor to follow, signifying to fol-
low as it ought.

What is becoming respects the manner of
being in society, such as it ought, a% to peison,
time, and place. Decency regards the manner
of displaying one's self, so as to be approved
acd respected. Fitness and suitableness relate
to the disposition, arrangement, and order of
either being or doing, according to persons,
things, or circumstances.

The becoming consists of an exterior that is
pleasing to the view : decency involves moral
propriety : it is regulated by the fixed rules of
good breeding : fitness is regulated by local
circumstances, and suitableness by the esta-
blished customs and usages of society. The
dress of a woman is becoming that renders her
person more agreeable to the eye ; it is decent
if it in no wise offend modesty ; it is fit if it bu
what the occasion requires ; it is suitable if it
be according to the rank and character of the
wearer. What is becoming varies lor every in-
dividual ; the age, the complexion, the stature,
and the habits of the person must be consulted
in order to obtain the appearance which is be-
coming ; what becomes a young female, rr one
of fair complexion, may not become one who is
farther advanced in life, or who has dark
features : -decency is one and the same for all ;
all civilized nations have drawn the exact line
between the decent and the indecent, although
fashion may sometimes draw females aside
from this line : fitness varies with the seasons,
or the circumstances of persons ; what is fit
for the winter is unfit for the summer, or what
is fit for dry weather is unfit for the wet ; what
it jit for town is not fit for the country ; what
is fit for a healthy person is not fit forone that
is infirm : suitableness accommodates itself to
the external circumstances and conditions of
persons ; the house, the furniture, the equi-
page of a prince, must be suitable ta his
rank ; the retinue of an ambassador must be
suitable to the character which he has to main-
tain, and to the wealth, dignity, and impor-
tance of the nation, whose monarch he repre-
sents.

Gravity becomes a judge, or a clergyman, at
all times : an unassumiug tone is becoming in
a child when he addresses his superiors.
Decency requires a more thin ordinary gravity
when we are in the house of mourning or
prayer ; it is indecent for a child on the com-
mission of a fault to affect a careless unconcern
iu the presence of those whom he has offended.
There is a fitness or unfitness in persons for
each other's society : education fits a person
for the society of the noble, the wealthy, the
polite, and the learned. There is a suitableness
in people's tempers for each other; such a
suitability is particularly requisite for those
who are destined to live together : selfish
people, with opposite tastes and habits, can
never bo suitable companions.

Nothing ought to be held laudable or becoming, but
what nature itself should prompt us to think so.
8TEELE.

A Gothic bishop, perhaps, thought it proper to repeat
such a form iu such particular shoes or slippers ; another

BECOMING.

103

BEG.

fancied it would be very decent if such a part of public
devotions were performed with a mitre on his bead.
ADDJSOX.

To the wiser judgment of God it must be left to deter-
mine what is Jit to be bastowed, and what to be withheld.
bLAllt.

Raphael, amidst his tenderness and friendship for man,
shews such a dignity and condescension in all his speech
and behaviour, ;is are suitable to a superior nature.

ADD1SUN.

Becoming, Comely, Graceful

Becoming, v. Becoming, decent.

Comely, or come like, signifies coming or
appearing as one would have it.

Graceful, signifies full of grace.

These epithets are employed to mark in
general what is agreeable to the eye. Becom-
ing denotes less than comely, and this less than
graceful : nothing can be comely or graceful
which is unbecoming: although many things
ar becoming which are neither comely or grace-
ful.

Becoming respects the decorations of the
person, and the exterior deportment ; comely
lespects natural embellishments; graceful
natural or artificial accomplishments : manner
is becoming figure is comely , air, figure, or
attitude, is graceful.

Becomimj is relative ; it depends on taste and
opinion on accordance wiih the prevailing
sentiments or particular circumstances of
society : comely and graceful are absolute ; they
are qualities leit and acknowledged by all.

What is becoming is confined to 110 rank ; the
highest and the lowest have, alike, the oppor-
tunity of doing or being that which becomes
their station : what is comely is seldom asso-
ciated with great refinement and culture;
what is graceful is rarely to be discovered
apart from high rank, noble birth, or elevation
of character.

The care of doing nothing unbecoming has accompanied
the greatest minds to their last moments. Thus Caesar
gathered his robe about him that he miiiht not fall iu a
manner unbecominu oi himself. SPECTATOR.

The comejinea of person, and the decency of behaviour,
add infinite weight to what is proiiuuiiced by any one.

SPECTATOB.

To make the acknowledgment of a fault in the highest
manner graceful, it is lucky when ihe circumstances of
the offender place him above any ill consequences from
the resentment of the person offended. 81 EELE.

To Be Conscious, v. To feel.
To Be Deficient, v. To fail.
To Bedew, v. To sprinkle.

To Beg, Desire.

, v. To ask, beg.

Desire, in French desirer, Latin desidero,
comes from desido to nx the mind on an ob-
jec*.

To beg, marks the wish ; to desire, the will
and determination.

Btg is the act of an inferior, or one in a
subordinate condition ; desire is the act of a
superior : we beg a thing as a favour ; we
desire it as a right : children beg their parents

to grant th.m an indulgence ; parents desirl
their children to attend to their business.

Shell hang upon his lips and tiea him tell

The story of :ny passion o'er again. SOUTHERN.

Once when he was without lodging, meat, or clothes, one
of his friends left a message, that lie detired to see him
about nine in the morning. Savage knew that it was bin
intention to assist him ; but was very much disgusted
that he should presume to prescribe the hour of his attend-
ance, and I believe refused to see him. JOHNSON.

To Beg, Beseech, Solicit, Entreat,
Supplicate, Implore, Crave.

Beg:, v. To ask, beg.

Beseech, compounded of be and seech, or
seek is an intensive verb, dignifying to seek
strongly.

Solicit, in French solicitfr. La* in solicito,
is probably compounded of solum or totum,
and cito to cite, summon, appeal to, signifying
to rouse altogether.

Entreat, compounded of en or in and
treat, in French trailer, Latin tracto to manage,
signifies to act upon.

Supplicate, in Latin supplicatus, parti-
ciple of supplico. compounded of sup or sub
and plico to fold, signifies to bend the body
down in token of submission or distress, in
order to awaken notice.

Implore, in French implorer, Latin im-
ptt>ro, compounded of im or in and ploro to
we<>p or lament, signifies to act upon by
weeping.

Crave, in Sixon cravian, signifies to long
for earnestly.

All these terms denote a species of asking
(v. To ask, beg), varied as to the person, the
object aud the manner; the first four do not
mark such a state of dep. nd.tnce in the agent
as the last three : to beg denotes a stite of
want ; to beseech, eiilreat, and solicit, a state of
urgent necessity ; supplicate and implore a
state of abject distress ; crave, the lowest
state of physical want : one begs with impor-
tunity ; beseeches with earnestness ; entreats
by the force of reasoning and strong repre-
sentation : one solicits by virtue of one's
interest ; supplicates by an humble address ;
implores by every mark of dejection and hu-
miliation.

Begging is the act of the poor when they
need assistance : beseeching and entreating are
resorted to by friends and equals, wheu they
want to influence or persuade, but beseeching
is more urgent : entreating more argument i-
tive : solicitations are employed to obtain
favours, which have more respect to the cir-
cumstances than the rank of the solicitor :
supplicating and imploring are resorted to by
sufferers for the relief of their misery, and are
addressed to th< se who have the power of
averting or increasing the calamity: crai-inf
is the consequence of longing ; it marks nn
eaniestness of supplication ; an abject ttuto
of suffering dependance.

Those who are too idle to work commonly
have recourse to begging: a kind parent will
sometimes ra'her beseech an undutiful child to
lay aside bis wicked cour.-es, tl.au pluuge h.m
deeper into guilt by an ill-timed exeicise of
authority : wh. n we are entreated to do an act
of civility, it ia a mark of unkindness to be

104

BEHAVIOUR.

heedless to the wishes of our friends : gentle-
men in office are perpetually exposed to the
solicitation* of their friends, to procure for
themselves, or their connexions, places of
trust and emolument : a slave supplicates his
master for pardon, when he has offended, and
implores his mercy to mitigate, if not to remit
the punishment : a poor wretch, suffering with
hunger, craves a morsel of bread.

What more advance can mortals make in sin,

Modesty never rages, never mnrmnrs, never pouts, when
it is ill-treated; it pines, it bctcechet, it languishes.
STEEL E.

As money collected by subscription is necessarily re-
ceived in small sums. Savage was never able to send his
poems to the press, but for many yean continued his
olicitation, and squandered whatever he obtained.
JOHSSOX.

For whom the merchant spread his silken stores.

Can she entreat for bread, and want the needful raiment ?

HOWE'S JANE SHORE.-

Savage wrote to Lord TyrconneL. not in a style of tup-
jyJictaion and respect; but of reproach, menace, and con-
tempt JOHXSOX.

Is't then so hard, Monirnia, to forgive
A fault, where humble love, like mine, implorei thee ?

OTWAY.

For my past crimes, my forfeit life receive.
No pity for my sufferings he T ---

To Be?, v. To ask.
To Begin, Commence, Enter upon.

Begin, in German beginnen, is compounded
of be and ginnen, probably a frequentative of
gehen to go, signifying to go first to a thing.

Commence, in French commencer, is not
improbably derived from the Latin commendo,
signifying to betake one's self to a thing.

Enter, in Latin infro within, signifies with
the preposition Upon, to go into a thing.

Begin and commtnce are so strictly allied in
signification, that it is not easy to discover
the difference in their application ; although a
minute difference does exist. To begin respects
the order of time ; to commence, the exertion
of setting about a thing : whoever begins a dis-
pute is termed the aggressor ; no one should
commence a dispute unless he can calculate the
consequences, and as this is impracticable, it
is better never to commence disputes, particu-
1 trly such as are to be decided by law. Begin
is opposed to end ; commence to complete : a
person begins a thing with a view of ending it ;
he commences a thing with a view of completing

To begin is either transitive or intransitive ;
to commence is mostly transitive : a speaker
begins by apologising ; he commences his speech
with an apology : happiness frequently ends
where prosperity begins; whoever commences
any undertaking, without estimating his own
power, must not expect to succeed.

To begin is used either for things or persons ;
to commence for persons only : all things have
their begwmvng; in order to effect anything,
we must make a commencement: a word begins ,
with a particular letter, or a line begins with a '

particular word ; a person commences his career.
Lastly, utgin is more colloquial than commence:
thus we say, to begin the work ; to commence
the operation : to begin one's play ; to commence
the pursuit ; to begin to write ; to commence the
letter.

To commtnce and enter upon are as closely
allied in sense as the former words ; they
differ principally in application : to commence
seems rather to denote the making an experi-
ment ; to enter upon, that of first doing what
has not been tried before: we commence an
undertaking ; we enter upon an employment :
speculating people are very ready to commence
schemes ; considerate people are always averse
to entering upon any offiae, until they feel
themselves fully adequate to discharge its
duties.

When beginning to act your part, what can be of greater
moment than to regulate your plan of conduct with the
most serious attention? BLAIR.

By the destination of his Creator, and the necessities of
his nature, man commence! at once an active, not merely
a contemplative being. BLAIR.

If any man has a mind to enter upon such a voluntary
abstinence, it might not be improper to give him the
camion of Pythagoras, in particular: AbttineafabU, that
is, say the interpreters, 'meddle not with elections."
AnDISOX.

Beginning', v. Origin,
To Beguile, v. To amuse.

Behaviour, Conduct, Carriage, De-
portment, Demeanour.

Behaviour comes from behave, com-
pounded of be and hare, signifying to have
one's self, or have self-possession.

Conduct, in Latin conductus, participle of
conduco, compounded of con or ctun and duco
to lead along, signifies leading one's self along.

Carriage, the abstract of carry (v. To bear,
carry), signifies the act of carrying one's body,
or one's self.

Deportment, from the Latin deporto to
carry; and Dem anour, from the French
demener to leid, have the same original sense
as the preceding.

Behaviour respects corporeal or mental ac-
tions ; conduct, mental actions ; carriage, de-
portment, and demeanour, are different species
of behaviour. Behaviour respects all actions
exposed to the notice of other* ; conduct the
general line of a person's moral proceedings :
we speak of a person's behaviour at table, or in
company, in a ball room, in the street, or in

Eublic ; of his conduct in the management of
is private concerns, in the direction of his
family, or in his different relations with his
fellow creatures. Behaviour applies to the
minor morals of society ; conduct to those of
the first moment : in our intercourse with
others we may adopt a civil or polite, a rude
or boisterous, behaviour ; in our serio-is trans-
actions we may adopt a peaceable, discreet, or
prudent, a rasb, dangerous, or mischievous
conduct. Our behaviour is good or bad ; our
conduct is wise or fo lish : by our behaviour
we may render ourselves agreeable, or other-
wise ; by our conduct we may command esteem,
or provoke contempt : the beliaviour of young
people in society is of particular importance ;

BELIEF.

105

BELIEF.

It should, above all things, be marked with
propriety in the presence of superiors and
elders : the youth who does not learn betimes
a seemly behaviour in company, will scarcely
know how to conduct himself jndiciously on
any future occasion.

Carriage respects simply the manner of
carrying the body ; deportment includes both
the action and the carriage of the body in
performing the action ; demeanour respects
only the moral character or tendency of the
action : deportment is said only of those exte-
rior actions that have an immediate reference
to others ; demeanour of the general behaviour
as it relates to the circumstances and situation
of the individual : the carriage is that part of
behaviour, which is of the first importance to
attend to in young persons. A carriage should
neither be haughty nor servile : to be graceful
it ought to have a due mixture of dignity and
condescension : the deportment of a mm should
be suited to his station ; a humble deportment
is becoming in inferiors ; a stately and for-
bidding deportment is very unbecoming in
superiors : the demeanour of a man should be
suited to his situation ; the suitable demeanour
of a judge on the bench, or of a clergyman in
the pulpit, or when performing his Clerical
functions, adds much to the dignity and
solemnity of the office itself.

The carriage marks the birth and education :
an awkward carriage stamps a man as vulgar ;
a graceful carnage evinces refinement and
C'llture. The deportment marks the existing
temper of the mind : whoever is really im-
pressed with the solemnity and importance of
public wor-hip will evince hts impressions by
a gravity of deportment; females should guard
against a light deportment, as highly prejudi-
cial to their reputation : the demeanour mirks
the habitual temper of the mind, or in fact,
the real character : we are often led to judge
favourably of an individual from the first
glance, ^hose demeanour on close examination
does not leave such favourable impressions.

The circumstance of 1 ife is not that which gives us place,
but our behaviour in that circumstance is what should bo
our solid distinctiou. 8TEELE.

Wisdom is no less necessary in religious and morai than
in civil conduct. BLAIK.

He tli.it will look hack upon all the acnnaintances he
has had in his whole life will find he nas Men more men
capable of the greatest employments and performances,
than such as could 111 the general hent of their carriage
act otherwise than according to tbeir own complexion and
humour. STEF.LF..

The mild demeanour, the modest department, are
valued not only as they denote internal purity and
innocence, but as forming in themselves thn most
amiable and engaging part of the female character
MACKENZIE.

I have been told the same even of Mahometans, with
relation to the propriety of their demeanour in the con
veutious of their erroneous worship STEELE.

Behind, v. After.
Behind, v. Bad:
To Behold : v. To look, see.
Beholder, v. Looker on.

Belief, Credit, Trust, Faith.

Belief, from believe, in Saxon yclyfan, gde-
avan, in German glauben, comes, in all possi-

bility, from lief, in German, belieben to please,
and the Latin libet itpleaseth, signifying the
pleasure or assent of the mind.

Credit, in French credit, Latin creditus,
participle of credo, compounded of cor the
heart, and do to give, signifies also giving the
heart.

Trust is connected with the old word trow,
in Saxon trcoician, German trauen,old German
thravdhn, t/iruven, &c. to hold true, and prob-
ably horn the Greek Oappeiv to have confi-
dence, signifying to depend upon as true.

Faith, in Latin fides, from Jido to confide,
signifies also dependance upon as true.

Belief is the generic term, the others specific ;
we believe when we credit and trust, but not
always vice-versa. Belief rests on no particular
person or thing ; but credit and trust rest on the
authority of one or more individuals. Every
thing is the subject of belief which produces
one s assent : the events of human life aro
credited upon the authority of the narrator :
the words promises, or the integrity of indi-
viduals are trusted the power of persons and
the virtue of things are objects of faith.

Belief and credit are particular actions, or
sentiments : trust and faith ure permanent
dispositions of the mind. Things are entitled
to our belief ; persons are entitled to our credit :
but people repose a trust in others ; or have a
faith in others.

Our belief or unbelief is not always regulated
by our reasoning faculties or the truth of
things : we often oelieve, from prejudice and
ignorance, things to be true which are very
false. With the bulk of mankind, assurance
goes further than any thing else in obtaining
credit : gross falsehoods, pronounced with con-
fidence, will be credited sooner than plain
truths told in an unvarnished style. There are
no disappointments more severe than those
which we feel on finding that we have trusted
to men of base principles. Ignorant people
have commonly a r. ore implicit fait/i in any
nostrum recommended to them by persons of
their own class, than in the prescriptions of
professional men regularly educated.

Oh .' I've heard him talk

Like the first born -.hiid of love, when every word
|x>ke in his eyes, ud 'ept to he believ'd,
An J all to rum me. SOUTHERN.

Oh ! I will credit my Scamandra's tears !
Nor think them drops of chance like other women's.

LKE.

Capricious man I TJ sd or ill inconstant.
Too much to fear or trust is equal weakness.

jOIIN'SON.

far faith repos'd on seas and on Ihe flat'ring sky.
Thy naked corpse is doomM on shores unknown 1 lie.
DliYDEN.

Belief., trust, and faith, have a religious ap-
plication which credit has not. Belief is simply
an act of the understanding : trust and faith
are active moving principles of the mind in
which the heart is concerned. Belief does not
extend beyond an assent of the mind to any
given proposition ; trust and faith are lively
sentiments which impel to action. Belief is to
trust and faith as cause to effect : there may
be belief without either trust or faith ; but
there can be no trust or faith without belief:
we believe that there is a God, who is the crea-
tor and preserver of all his creatures ; we

BEND.

106

BENEFICENT.

therefore fruit in him for his protection of
ourselves : we believe that Jesus Christ died for
the sins of men ; we have therefore faith in
his redeeming grace to sa\ e us from our sins.

Belief is common to all religions : trut is
peculiar to the believers in Divine revelation :
faith is employed by distinction for the Chris-
tian faith. Belief is purely speculative ; and
truit and faith are operative : the former
operates on the mind ; the latter on the out-
ward conduct. Trust in God serves to dispel
all anxious concern about the future. " Faith,"
says the Apostle, " is dead without works."
Theorists substitute beli-f for faith ; enthu-
siasts mistake passion for faith. True faith
must be grounded on a right belief, and accom-
panied with a right practice.

The Epicureans contented themselves with the denial of
* Providence, asserting at the same time the existence of
gods in general : because they would not shock the coiii-
111011 belief of mankind. AUDISOX.

What can be a stronger motive to a firm trutt and re-
liance on the mercies of our Maker, thau the giving us his
Son to suffer for us. ADDISOX.

The/ott* or persuasion of a Divine revelation i adivine
faith, not only with respect to the object of it, but like-
wise in respect of the author of it, which is the Divine
Spirit. T1LLOTSOX.

To Believe, v. To think.
Beloved, v. Amiable.
Below, f. Under.
To Bemoan, v. To bewail.

Bend, Bent.

Both abstract nouns from the veib to bend :
the one to express its proper, and the other
its moral application : a stick has a Bend. ;
the mind has a Bent.

A bend in any thing that should be slraight
is :v defect ; a bent of the inclination that is
not sanctioned by religion is detrimental to a
person's moral character and peace of mind.
For a vicious be-iul in a natural body there are
various remedies ; but nothing will cure a coi-
rupt bent except religion.

His coward lips did from their colour fly.

And that same eye whose bend does awe the world.

Did lose its lustre. SHAKSFEARE.

The sonl does not always care to be in the same bent.
The faculties relieve one another by turns, and receive an
additional pleasure from the novelty of those objects about
which they are conversant, ADDISOX.

To Bend, r. To learn.
To Bend, i: To turn.
Beneath, v. Under.

Benefaction, Donation.

Benefaction, from the Latin benefacio,
signifies the thing well done, or done for the
good of others.

Conation, from dono to give or present,
signifies the sum presented.

Both these terms denote an act of charity,
but the former comprehends more than the
latter : a benefaction comprehends acts of per-
sonal service in general towards the indigent :

donation respects simply the act of giving and
the thing given. Benefactions are for private
use ; donations are for public service. A bene-
factor to the poor does not confine himself to
the distribution of money ; he enters into all
their necessities, consults their individual
cases, and suits his bewfactions to their exi-
gencies ; his influence, his counsel, his purse,
and his property, are employed for their good :
his donations form the smallest part of the
good which he does.

The light and influence that the heavens bestow upon
this lower world, though the lower world cannot equal
their benefaction, yet with a kind of grateful return, it
reflects those rays that it cannot recompense. SOUTH.

Titles and lands given to God are never, and plates,
vestments and other sacred utensils, are seldom conse-
crated ; yet certain it is tliat after the donation of them
to the church, it is as really a sacrilege to steal them as it
is to pull down a church. SOUTH.

Benefice, r. Living.
Beneficence, <' Benevolence.

Beneficent, Bountiful, or Bounteous,
Munificent, Generous, Liberal.

Beneficent, from benefacio (v. Benefaction).

Bountiful signifies full of bounty or good-
ness, from the French bonte, Latin bonitas.

Munificent, in Latin munificut, from
munv.it and facio, signifies the quality of
making presents.

Generous, in French genereux, Latin
generosus, of high blood, noble extraction, and
consequently of a noble character.

Liberal, in French liberal, Latin liberalU
from Itier free, signifies the qnality of being
like a free man in distinction from a bondmai.,
and by a natural association being of a free
disposition, ready t > communicate.

Beneficent respects every thing done for the
good of others : bounty, munificence, and gene-
rosity, are species of beneficence: liberality is &
qualification of all. Ihe first two denote
modes of action : the latter three either modes
of action or modes of sentiment. The sincere
well-wisher to his fellow-creatures is beneficent
according to his meani ; he is bountiful iu
providing for the comfort and happiness of
others ; he is munificent in dispensing favours ;
he is generous in imparting his property ; he
is liberal ia all he doe.

Beneficence and bounty are characteristics of
the Deity as well as of his creatures: m <</>{'''-
cence, generosity, and liberality are mere human
qualities. Beneficence and bounty are the
peculiar chtracteristics of the Deity : with
him the will and the act of doing go r d are
commensurate cnly with the power: he was
beneficent to us as our Creator, and continues
his beneficence to us by his daily preservation
and protection ; to some, however, he has
been more bountiful than to others, by pro-
viding them with an unequal share of the
good things of this life.

The beneficence of man is regulated by the
bounty of Providence : to whom much is
given, from him will much be required. In-
structed by his worf, and illumined by that
spark of benevolence which was infused iuto
their souls with the breath of life, goo i men

BENEFIT.

107

BENEFIT.

are ready to believe that they are but stewards
of all God's gifts, holden for the use of such
as are less bountifully provided. They will
desire, as far as their powers extend, to imitate
this feature of the Deity by bettering with their
beneficent counsel and i-ssistance the condition
of all who require it, and by gladdening the
hearts of many with their bountiful provi-
sions.

Princes are munificent, friends are generous,
patrons liberal. Munificence is measured by
the quality and quantity of the thing bestowed ;
generosity by- the extent of the sacrifice made ;
liberality by the warmth of the spirit dis
covered. A monarch displays his munificence
in the presents which he sends by his am-
bassadors to another monarch. A generous
man will wave his claims, however powerful
they may be, when the accommodation or
relief of another is in question. A liberal
spirit does not stop to inquire the reason for
giving, but gives when the occasion offers.

Munificence may spring either from ostenta-
tion or a becoming sense of dignity ; generosity
may spring either from a generous Temper, or
an easy unconcern about, property ; liberality
of conduct is dictated by nothing but a warm
heart and an expanded mind. Munificence
is confined simply to giving, but we may be
generous in assisting, aLd liberal in rewarding.

The most beneficent of all beings is he who hath an
absolute fulness of perfection in himself, who gave exist-
ence to the universe, and so cannot be supposed to want
that which he communicated. GKOVE.

Hail ! Universal Lord, be boHnteotu still
To give us only good. MILTON.

I esteem a habit of benignity greatly preferable to
munificence. STEELE after CICERO.

We may with great confidence and equal truth affirm,
that since there was such a thing as mankind in the
world, there never was any heart truly great and gene-
roiu. that was not also tender and compassionate.
SOUTH.

The citizen, above all other men, has opportunities of
arriving at the highest fruit of wealth, to be liberal
without the least expense of a man's own fortune.

Benefit, Favour, Kindness, Civility.

Benefit signifies here that which benefits
(v. Advantage, benefit^.

Favour, in French fa veur, Latin favor and
faveo to bear good will, signifies the act
flowing from good will.

Kindness signifies an action that is kind
(v. Affectionate).

Civility signifies that which is civil (v.
civil).

The idea of an action gratuitously performed
for the advantage of another is common to
these terms.

Benefits and favours axe granted by superiors ;
kindnesses and civilities pass between equals.

Benefits serve to relieve actual wants : the
power of conferring and the necessity of re-
ceiving them, constitute the relative difference
in station between the giver and the receiver :
favours tend to promote the interest or con-
venience : the power of giving and the advan-
tage of receiving are dependant on local cir-
cumstances, more than on difference of f-tation.
Kindnesses and civilities serve to afford mutual
accommodation by a reciprocity of kind offices

on the many and various occasions which offer
in human life : they are not so important as
either benefits or favours, but tbey carry a
charm with them which is not possessed by
the former. Kindnesses are more endearing
than civilities, and pass mostly between those
who are known to each other : civilities may
pass between strangers.

Dependance affords an opportunity for con-
ferring benefits ; partiality gives rise to favours :
kindnesses are the result of personal regard ;
civilities, of general benevolence. A master
confers his benefits on such of his domes) ics
as are entitled to encouragement for their
fidelity. Men in power distribute ih&r favours
so as to increase their influence. Friends, in
their intercourse with each other, are perpe-
tually called upon to perform kindnesses for
each other. There is no man so mean that he
may not have it in his power to show civilities
to those who are above him.

Benefits tend to draw those closer to each
other who by station of life are stt at the
greatest distance from each other : affection is
engendered in him who benefits ; and devoted
attachment in him who is benefited: favours
increase obligation beyond its due limits ; if
they are not asked and granted with discre-
tion, they may produce servility on the one
hand, and hanghtine.s on the other. Kind-
nesses are the offsping and parent of affection ;
they convert our multiplied wants into so
many enjoyments : civilities are the sweets
which we gather in the way as we pass along
the journey of life.

I think I have a right to conclude that there is such a
thing as generosity in the world. Though if I were under
a mistake in this, I should say as Cicero in relation to the
immortality of the soul, I willingly err ; for the contrary
notion naturally teaches people to be ungrateful by pos-
sessing them with a persuasion concerning their bene-
factor*, that they have no regard to them iu the benefit
they bestow. GKOVE.

A favour well bestowed is almost as great an honour (j
him who confers it, as to him who receives it. What, in-
deed, makes for the superior reputation of the patron in
this case is. that he is always surrounded with specious
pretences of unworthy candidates. STEELE.

Ingratitude is too base to return a Tcindnett, and too
proud to regard it. SOUTH.

A common civility to an impertinent fellow often
draws upon one a great many unforeseen troubles.
STEELE.

Benefit, Service, Good Office.

Benefit, v. Benefit, favour.

Service, v. Advantage, benefit.

Office, in French office, Latin officium duty,
from officio, or ob and/aco, signifies the thing
done on another's account.

These terms, like the former (v. Benefit,
favour), agree in denoting some action per-
formed for the good of another, but they differ
in the principle on which the action is per-
formed.

A benefit is perfectly gratuitous, it produces
an obligation : a. service is not altogether
gratuitous ; it is that at least which may be
expected, though it cannot be demanded : a
s/ood office is between the two ; it is in part
gratuitous, and in part such as one may
reasonably expect.

Benefits flpw from superiors, and services from

BENEVOLENCE.

108

BENEVOLENCE.

inferiors or equals ; but good offices are per-
formed by equals only.

Princes confer benefits on their subjects;
subjects perform services for their princes :
neighbours do good offices for each other.

Benefits are sometimes the reward of services :
good offices produce a return from the re-
ceiver.

Benefits consist of such things as serve to
relieve the difficulties, or advance the in-
terests, of the receiver : services consist in those
acts which tend to lessen the trouble, or in-
crease the ease and convenience, of the person
served: good offices consist In the employ of
one's credit, influence, and mediation for the
advantage of another ; it is a species of volun-
tary service.

Humanity leads to benefits: the zeal of de-
votion or friendship renders services ; general
good- will dictates good offices.

It is a great benefit to assist an embarrassed
tradesman out of his difficulty it is a great
service for a soldier to save the life of his com-
mander, or for a friend to open the eyes of an-
other to see his danger : it is a good office for
anyone to interpose his mediation to settle dis-
putes, and heal divisions.

It is possible to be loaded with benefits so as
to affect one's independence of character. Ser-
vices are sometimes a source of dissatisfaction
and disappointment when they do not meet
with the remuneration or return which they
are supposed to deserve. Good offices tend to
nothing but the increase of good will. Those
who perform them are too independent to ex-
pect a return, and those who receive them are
too sensible of their value not to seek an op-
portunity for making a return.

I have often pleased myself wiih considering the two
kinds of benefits which accrue to the public from these
my speculations, and which, were I to speak after the
manner of logicians, I should distinguish into the
material and formal. ADWSON.

Cicero, whose learning and service* to his country are so
well known, was inflamed hy a passion fur glory to all
extravagant degree. HUGHJES.

There are several persons who have many pleasures and
entertainments in their possession which they do not
enjoy. It is therefore a kind and good office to acquaint
Ihem witb their own happiness. STEELE.

Benefit, v. Advantage.
Benefit, v. Good benefit.

Benevolence, Beneficence.

Benevolence is literally well willing.
Beneficence is literally well doing. The
former consists of intention, the latter of ac-
tion : the former is the cause, the latter the
result. Benevolence may exist without bene-
licence : but beneficence always supposes benevo-
lence : a man is not said to be beneficent who
does good from sinister views. The benevolent
man enjoys but half his happiness if he can-
not be beneticent , yet there will still remain to
him an ample store of enjoyment in the con-
templation of others' happiness : that man
who is gratified only with that happiness of
which he himelf is the instrument of produc-
ing, is not entitled to the name of benevolent.

As benevolence is an affair of the heart, and
iftneficence of the outward conduct, the former

is confined to no station, no rank, no degree of
education or power : the poor may be benevolent
KB well as the rich, the unlearned as the learned,
the weak as well as the strong : the latter on
the contrary is controlled by outward circum-
stances, and is therefore principally confined
to the rich, the powerful, the wise, and the
learned.

The pity which arises on sight of persons in distress, and
the satisfaction of mind which is the consequence of hav-
ing removed them into a happier state, are instead of a
thousand arguments to prove such a thing as a disinte-
rested benevolence GEOVE.

He that banishes gratitude from among men, by so
doing stops up the stream of beneficence : for though, in
couleruni! kindness, a truly generous man doth not aim
at a return, yet he looks to the qualities of the person
ODiiged QKOVE.

Benevolence, Benignity, Humanity,
Kindness, Tenderness.

Benevolence, Benevolence.

Benignity, in Latin bemgnitas. from bent
and gigno, signifies the quality or disposition
forproducing good.

Humanity, in French humanitt, Latin hu-
manttas from humanv.s and homo, signifies the
quality of belonging to a man, or having what
is common to man.

Kindness from kind (v. Affectionate).

Tenderness, from tender, is in Latin tener,
Greek rfpqv.

Benevolence and benignity lie in the will ; hu-
inanityliitB in the heart , kindness and tenderness
in the affections : benevolence indicates a general
good -will to all maukind ; benignity a particular
good-will flowing out of certain relations ; hu-
manity is a general tone of feeling ; kindness
and tenderness are particular modes of feeling.

Benevolence consists .n the wish or intention
to do good ; it is confined to no station or ob-
ject : the benevolent man may be rich or poor,
and his benevolence will be exerted wherever
there is an opportunity of doing good ; benig-
nity is always associated with power, and ac-
companied with condescension.

Benevole-iice in its fullest sense is the sum of
moral excellence, and comprehends every other
virtue ; when taken in this acceptation, benig-
nity, humanity, kindness and tenderness, are but
modes of benevolence.

Seiievolence and benignity tend to the com-
municating of happiness; humanity is con-
cerned in the removal of eviL Benevolence is
common to the Creator and his creatures ; it
differs only in degree ; the former has the
knowledge and power as well as the will to do
jgood ; man often has the will to do good with-
out having the power to carry it into effect.
Be-nignity is ascribed to the stars, to heaven, or
to princes ; ignorant and superstitious people
are apt to ascribe their good fortune to the
benign influence of the stars rather than to the
gracious dispensations of Providence. Huma-
nity belongs to man only : it is his peculiar
characteristic, and ought at all times to be his
boast ; when he throws off this his distinguish-
ing badge, he losea everything valuable in
him ; it is a virtue that is indispensable in his
present suffering condition : humanity is as
universal in its application as benevolence;
wherever there is distress, humanity flies to its
relief. Kindness and tenderness are partial

BENT.

109

BENT.

modes of affection, confined to those who know
or are related to each other : we are kind to
friends and acquaintances, tender towards
those who are near and dear : kindness is a
mode of affection most fitted for social beings ;
it is what every one can show, and every one is
pleased to receive : tenderness is a state of feel-
ing that is occasionally acceptable : the young
and the weak demand tenderness from those
who stand in the closest connexion with them,
but this feeling may be carried to an excess so
as to injure the object on which it is fixed.

There are no circumstances or situation in
life which preclude the exercise of benevolence :
next to the pleasure of making others happy,
the benevolent men rejoices in seeing them so :
the benign influence of a benevolent monarch
extends to the remotest comer of his domin-
ions: benignity is a. becoming attribute fora
prince, when it does not lead him to sanction
vice by its impunity ; it is highly to be ap-
plauded in him as far as it renders him for-
giving of minor offences, gracious to all who
are deserving of his favours, and ready to
afford gratification to all whom it is in his
power to serve : the multiplied misfortunes to
which all men are exposed afford ample scope
for the exercise of humanity, which, in conse-
quence of the unequal distribution of wealth,
power, and talent, is peculiar to no situation
of life even the profession of arms does not
exclude humanity from the breasts of its fol-
lowers ; and when we observe men's habits of
thinking in various situations, we may remark
that the soldier with arms by his side, is com-
monly more humane than the partisan without
arms. Kindness is always an amiable feeling,
and in a grateful mind always begets kindness ;
but it is sometimes ill bestowed upon selfish
people who requite it by making fresh exac-
tions : tenderness is frequently little better than
an amiable weakness, when directed to a wrong
end, and fixed on an improper object ; the
false tenderness of parents has often been the
ruin of children.

I have heard say, that Pope Clement XI. never passes
through the people, who always kneel iu crowds and ask
his benediction, but the tears are seen to flow from his
eyes. This must proceed from an imagination that he is
the lather of all these people, and that he is touched with
so extensive a benevolence, that it breaks out into a passion
of tears. STEELE.

A constant benignity in commerce with the rest of the
world, which ought to ran through all a man'sactious, has
effects more useful to those whom you oblige, and is less
ostentatious in yourself .STEELE.

The greatest wits I have conversed with are men eminent
for their humanity. ADDISON.

Beneficence, would the followers of Epicurus say. is all
founded in weakness; and whatever be pretended, the
Jcindnest that passeth between men and men is by every
man directed to himself. This it must be confessed is of
a piece with that hopeful philosophy which, having
patched man up out of the four elements, attributes his
being to chance. GROVE.

Dependance is a perpetual call upon humanity and a
greater incitement to tendemtu and pity than any other
motive whatsoever. ADDISON.

Benignity, v. Benevolence.

Bent, Curved, Crooked, Awry.

Bent, from bend, in Saxon bendan, is a
variation of wind, in the sea phraseology wend,
in German icinden, &c., from the Hebrew onad
to wind or turn.

Curved is in Latin curvus, in Greek (copro?,
JSolice Kvpros.

Crooked v. Awkward.

Awry is a viriatiou of writhed, v. To turn.

Sent is here the generic t rm, all the i est are
but modes of the bent: what is bent is opp sed
to that which is straight ; things may there-
fore be bent to any degree, but wbeu curved
they are bent only t'> a small degree ; when
crooked they are bent to a great, degree : a slick
is bent any way ; it is curved by being bent one
specific way ; it is crooked by being bent differ-
ent ways.

Things may be bent by accident or design ;
they are curved by design, or according to some
rule ; they are crooked by accident or in viola-
tion of some rule : a stick is bent by the force
of the hand ; a line is curved so as to make a
mathematical figure ; it is crooked so as to lose
all figure : awry marks a species of crookedness,
but crooked is applied as an epithet, and awry
is employed to characterise the action ; hence
we speak of a crooked thing, and of sitting or
standing awry.

And when too closely prets'd, she quits the ground,
From her bent bow she sends a backward wound.

DllYDEN.

Another thing observable in and from the spots is that
they describe various paths or lines over the sun, some-
times straight, sometimes curved towards one pole of the
sun. DERHAM.

It is the ennobling office of the understanding to correct
the fallacious ;md mistaken reports of the senses, and to
assure us that the staff in the water is straight, though
our eye would tell us it is crooked. SOUTH.

Preventing fate directs the lance awry.
Which glancing only mark'd Achates' thigh.

DKYDEJT.

Bent, Bias, Inclination, Preposses-
sion.

Bent, v. Bend, bent.

Bias, in French biais, signifies a weight
fixed on one side of a bowl in order to turn
its course that way towards which the 6ia*
leans, from the Greek /3ia force.

Inclination, in French inclination, Latin
inclinatio, from mclino, Greek xAcVw, signifies
a leaning towards.

Prepossession, compounded of pre and
possession, signifies the taking possession of the
mind previously, or beforehand.

All these terms denote a preponderating
influence on the mind. Bent is applied to the
will, affection, and power in general ; bias
solely to the judgment ; inclination and pre-
possession to the state of the feelings. The
bent includes the general state of the mind,
and the object on which it fixes a regard :
bias, the particular influential power which
sways the judging faculty : the one is abso-
lutely considered with regard to itself ; the
other relatively to its results and the object
it acts upon.

Bent is sometimes with regard to bias, as
cause is to effect ; we may frequently trace in
the particular bent of a person's likes and dis-
likes the principal bias which determines his
opinions. Inclination is a faint kind of bent ;
prepossession is a weak species of bias : an in-
clination M a state of something, namely, a

BEREAVE.

110

BESIDES.

atate of the feelings : prepossession is an actual
something, namely, tbe thing that prepossesses.
We may discover the bent of a person's mind
in his gay or serious moments ; in his occu-
pations, and in his pleasures ; In some persons
it is so strong, that scarcely an action passes
which is not more or less influenced by it, and
even the exterior of a man will be under its
control : in all disputed matters the support
of a party will operite more or less to bias the
minds of men for or against particular men,
or particular measures : when we are attached
to the party that espouses the cause of religion
and good order, this bio* is in some measure
commendable and salutary : a mind Tvithout
inclination would be a blank, and where inch-
nation is, there is the ground-work for pre-
possession. Strong minds will be strongly bent,
and labour under a strong bias ; but there is
no mind so weak and powerless as not to have
its inclinations, and none so perfect as to be
without its prepossessions : the mind that has
virtuous inclinations will be prepossessed in
favour of every thing that leans to virtue's
side : it were well for mankind were this the
only prepossession; but in the present mixture
of truth and error, it is necessary to guard
against prepossessions as dangerous anticipa-
tions of the judgment ; if their object be not
perfectly pure, or their force be not qualified
by the restrictive powers of the ju.dgn.cnt,
much evil springs from their abuse.

Servile inclituitlont, and gross love.

The guilty bent of vicious appetite. HA VAKD.

The choice of man's will is indeed uncertain, because
in many things free ; but yet there are certain habit*
and principles in the soul that have some kind of away
upon it, apt to bint it more one way than another.
SOUTH.

Tin not indulging private inclination.

The selfish passions, that sustains the world.

And lends its ruler grace. THOMSON.

I take it for a rule, that in marriage the chief business
is to acquire a prepouation in favour of each other.
8TEJJLE.

Bent, v. Send.
Bent, r. Turn.
Benumb, v: Numb.
Bequeath, v. Devise.

To Bereave, Deprive, Strip.

Bereave, in Saxon bereaftan, German
berauben, &c , is compounded of be and reave
or rob, Saxon reajian German rauben, low Ger-
man roofen, &c., Latin rapina and rapio to
catch or seize, signifying to take away con-
traiy to one's wishes.

Deprive, compounded of de ani prive,
French priver, Latin privo, from prims pri-
vate, signifies to make that one's own which
was another's.

Strip is in German streifen, low German
ttreipen, stroepen, Swedish gtrUj'va, probably
changed from the Latin turripio to snatch by
stealth.

To bereare expresses more 'than deprive, but
less than strip, which in this sense is figura-
tive, and denotes a total bereavement: one is
Itreavtd of children, deprived of pleasures,

and stripped of property : we are bereaved of
that on which we set most value ; the act of
bereaving does violence to our inclination : we
are deprived of the ordinary comforts and con-
veniences of life ; they cease to be ours : we
are stripped of the things which we most
want ; we are thereby rendered as it were
naked. Deprivations are preparatory to be-
reavementt : if we cannot bear tbe one
patiently, we may expect to sink under the
other ; common prudence fhould teach us to
look with unconcern on our deprivations :
Christian faith should enable us to consider
every bereavement as a step to perfection ; that
when stripped of all worldly goods we may be
invested with those more exalted and lasting
honours which await the faithful disciple of
Christ.

We are bereaved of our dearest hopes and
enjoyments by the dispensations of Provi-
dence : casualties deprive us of many little
advantages or gratifications which fall in our
way : men are active in stripping each other
of their just rights and privileges.

O first-created Being, and thou great Word,
Let there be light, and light was over all !
Why am I thus bereat'd thy prime decree?

MILTOX.

Too daring bard ! whose unsuccessful pride
Th' immortal muses in their art ilerieu ;

Th' aven

ing muses of the light of day
mA eyes, and snatch 'd his voice a

From the uncertainty of life, moralists have endeavoured
to sink the estimation of its pleasures, and if they could
not ttrip the seductions of vice of their present enjoy-
ment, at least to load them with the fear of their end.
MACKENZIE.

To be Responsible, r. To guarantee,
To be Security, v. To guarantee.
To be Sensible, r. To fear.
To Beseech, v. To beg.

Besides, Moreover.

Besides, that is, by the side, next to,
marks simply the connexion which subsists
between what goes before and what follows.

Moreover, that is, more than all else,
marks the addition of something particular
to what has already been said.

Thus in enumerating the good qualities of
an individual, we may say, " he is besides of a
peaceable disposition." On concluding any
subject of question we may introduce a
farther clause by a moreover ; " Moreover we
must not forget the claims of those who will
suffer by such a change."

Now, the best way in tbe world for a man to seem to be
anything, is really to be what he would seem to be. Be-
tittrt, that it is many times as troublesome to make good
the pretence of a good quality as to have it. TlLLOTSOX.

It being granted that God governs the world, it will
follow also that he does it by means suitable to tbe natures
of the things that he govern* ; and morrow man being
by nature a free, moral agent, and so capable of deviating
from his duty, as well as performing it, it is necessary
that he should be governed by laws. SOUTH.

Besides, Except.

Besides (P. Moreover), which is here taken
as a preposition, expresses the idea of addition,
Except expresses that of exclusion.

BEWAIL.

Ill

BIND.

There were many there besides ourselves ; no
one except ourselves will be admitted.

Besidet impiety, discontent carries along with it as its
inseparable concomitants, several other sinful passions.
BLAIK.

Neither jealousy nor envy can dwell with the Supreme
Being. He is a rival to none, he is an enemy to none,
except to such a, by rebellion against his laws seek en-
mity with him. BLAIK.

To Bestow, v. To allow, grant.
To Bestow, v. To confer.
To Bestow, v. To give.
Betimes, v. Soon.
To Betoken, v. To augur.
To Better, v. To amend.

To Bewail, Bemoan, Lament.

Bewail is compounded of be and wail,
which is probably connected with the word
woe, signifying to express sorrow.

Bemoan, compounded of be and moan,
signifies to indicate grief with moans.

Lament, in French lamenter, Latin lamen-
tor or lammtum, probably from the Greek
/cAav/ua and xAatco to cry out with grief.

All these terms mark an expression of pain
by some external sign. Beicail is not so strong
as bemoan, but stronger than lament ; bewail
and bemoan are expressions of unrestrained
grief or anguish : a wretched mother bewails
the loss of her child ; a person in deep dis-
tress bemoans his hard fate : lamentation may
arise from simple sorrow or even imaginary
grievances : a sensualist laments the disap-
pointment of some expected gratification.

Bewail and bemoan are always indecorous if
not sinful expressions of grief, which are in-
consistent with the profession of a Christian ;
they are common among the uncultivated,
who have not a proper principle to restrain the
intemperance of their feelings. There is no-
thing temporal which is so dear to any one
that he ought to bewail its loss : nor any con-
dition of things so distressing or desperate as
to make a man bemoan his lot. Lamentations
are sometimes allowable : the miseries of
others, or our own infirmities and sins, may
justly be lamented.

To Bewitch, v. To charm.
Beyond, v. Above.

Bias, Prepossession, Prejudice.

Bias, v. Bent, bias.

Prepossession, v. Sent, bias.

Prejudice, in French prejudice, Latin
prejudicium, compounded of prce before, and
judicium judgment, signifies a judgment before
hand, that is, before examination.

Bias marks the state of the mind ; preposses-
sion applies either to the general or particular
state of the feelings; prejudice is employed
only for opinions. Children may receive an
early bias that influences their future charac-
ter and destiny; prepossessions spring from
Casualties ; ihey 4 n t e*ir* * M young minds :

prejudices are the fruits of a contracted educa-
tion. Physical infirmities often give a strong
bias to serious pursuits : prepossessions created
by outward appearances are ni>t Always falla-
cious : it is at present the fashion to brand
every thing with the name of prejudice, which
does not coincide with the lax notions of the
age. A bias may be overpowered, a preposses-
sion overcome, and a prejudice corrected or
removed.

We may be biassed for or against ; we are
always prepossessed in favour, and mostly pre-
judiced against.

It should be the principal labour of moral writen to
remove the Mo* whlco inclines the mind rather to prefer
natural than moral endowments. HAWKESWOKTH.

A man in power, who can without the ordinary pre-
posKitlont which stop the way to the true knowledge and
service of mankind, overlook the little distinctions of
fortune, raise obscure merit, and discountenance success-
ful i ink-sort, has, in the minds of knowing men, the figure
of au angel rather than a man, STEELE,

It is the work of a philosopher to be everyday suTvluing
his passious, and laying aside his prejudice!. I endeavour
at least to look upon men and their actions ouly as an
impartial spectator. SPECTATOR.

Bias, v. Sent.

To Bid, v. To call.

To Bid, v. To offer.

To Bid Adieu, v. To leave, take leave.

To Bid Farewell, v. To leave, take leave,

Bill, v. Account.

Billow, v. Wave.

To Bind, Tie.

Bind, in Saxon binden, German, &o., binden,
comes from Latin vincio, Greek o^iyyw, and is
connected with the word wind.

Tie, in Saxon tian, is very probably con-
nected with the low German tehen, high Ger-
man ziehen to draw, the English tug or tow,
and the Latin duco to draw.

The species of fastening denoted by these
two words differ both in manner and degree.
Binding is performed by circumvolution round
a body ; tying, by involution within itself.
Some bodies are bound without being tied;
others are tied without being bound: a wounded
leg is bound but not lied; a string is tied but
not bound ; a ribband may son. etimes be bound
round the head, and tied under the chin.
Binding therefore serves to keep several things
in a compact form together ; tying may serve
to prevent one single b dy separating from
another ; a criminal is bound hand and foot ;
he is tied to a stake.

Binding and tying likewise differ in degree ;
binding serves to produce adhesion in all the
parts of a body ; tying only to prodxice contact
in a single part : thus when the hair is bound,
it is almost inclosed in an envelope : when it is
tied with a string, the ends are left to hang
loose.

A similar distinction is preserved in the
figurative use of the terms. A bond of union
is applicable to a large body with many com.
ponent parts ; a tie of affection marks an ad
hesrn between individual min-ls,

BIND. 112

Is'ow are our brows bound with victorious wreaths,
Our stern alarms are chang'd to lueny meetings.

8HAKSPEABE.

A fluttering dove upon the top they tie,

The living mark at which their arrows fly. DBYDEX.

As nature's ties decay ;
As duty, love, and honour fail to sway ;
Fictitious bonds, the bonds of wealth and law.
Still gather strength, ami force on willing awe.

BLAME.

To Bind, Oblige, Engage.

Bind, v. To bind, tie.

Oblige, in French obliger, Latin olligo,
compounded of ob and ligo, signifies to tie up.

Engage, in French engager, compounded
of en or in and gage a pledge, signifies to bind
by means of a pledge.

ind is more forcible and coercive than
oblige; oblige than engage. We are bound by
an oath, obliged by circumstances, and engaged
by promises.

Conscience binds, prudence or necessity
oblige, honour and principle engage. A parent
Is bound no less by the law of his conscience,
than by those of the conimimity to which he
belongs, to provide for his helpless offspring.
Politeness obliges men of the world to preserve
a friendly exterior towards those for whom
they have no regard. When we are engaged in
the service of our king and country, we cannot
shrink from our duty without exposing our-
selves to the infamy of all the world.

We bind a man by a fear of what may befall
him ; we oblige him by some immediately ur-
gent motive ; we engage him by alluring offers,
and the prospect of gain. A debtor is bound
to pay by virtue of a written instrument in
law ; he is obliged to pay in consequence of the
importunate demands of the creditor ; he is
engaged to pay in consequence of a promise
given. A bond is the strictest deed in law : an
obligation binds under pain of a pecuniary
loss ; an engagement is mostly verbal, and rests
entirely on the rectitude of the parties.

No man Is commanded or obliged to obey beyond his
power. SOUTH.

While the Israelites were appearing in God's house,
God himself engages to keep and defend theirs. SOUTH.

Bishopric, Diocese.

Bishopric, compounded of bishop and mi
or reich empire, signifies the empire or govern-
ment of a bishop.

Diocese, in Greek Stomjo-ts, compounded
of fiia and oucco), signifies an administration
throughout.

Both these words describe the extent of an
episcopal jurisdiction ; the first with relation
to the person who officiates, the second with
relation to the charge. There may, therefore,
be a bishopric, either where there are many
dioceses or no diocese ; but according to the im-
port of the term, there is properly no diocese
where there is no bishopric. When the juris-
dictv>n is merely titular, as in countries where
the catholic religion is not recognized, it is a
bishopric, but not a diocese. On the other hand,
the bishopric of Borne or that of an archbishop

comprends all the dioceses of the subordinate
bishops. Hence it arises that when we
speak of the ecclesiastical distribution of a
country, we term the divisions bishoprics : but
when we speak of the actual office, we term it
a diocese. England is divided into a certain
number of bishoprics, not dioceses. Every
bishop visits his diocese, not his bishopric, at
stated intervals.

To Blame, Reprove, Reproach, Up-
braid, Censure, Condemn.

Blame, in French blamer, probably from
the Greek /3cj3Aafi/xai, perfect of the verb
/SAanru to hurt, signify ing to deal harshly with.

Reprove, comes from the Latin reprobo,
which signifies the contrary of probo to ap-
prove.

Reproach, in French reprochei; com-
pounded of re and proche, proximus near signi-
fies to bring near or cast back upon a person.

TJpbraid, compounded of up or upon and
braid, or breed, signifies to hatch against one.

Censure, v. To accuse, censure.

Condemn, in French condamner, Latin
coitdemno, compounded of con and damno,
from damniiin a loss or penalty, signifies to
sentence to some penalty.

The expression of one's disapprobation of a
person, or of that which he has done, is the
common idea in the signification of these
terms ; but to blame expresses less than to
reprove. We simply charge with a fault in
blaming ; but in reproving severity is mixed
with the charge. Reproach expresses more
than either ; it is to blame acrimoniously. We
need not hesitate to blame as occasion may
require ; but it Is proper to be cautious how
we deal out reproof where the necessity of the
case does not fully warrant it, and it is highly
culpable to reproach without the most subs'au.
tial reason.

To blame and reprove are the acts of a su-
perior ; to reproach, upbraid, that of an equal;
to censure and condemn leave the relative con-
dition of the agent aud the sufferer undefined.
Masters 6 lame or reprove their servants ; parents,
their children ; friends and acquaintances re-
proach and upbraid each other ; persons of all
conditions may censure or be censured, condemn
or be condemned, according to circumstances.

Blame and reproof are dealt out on every
ordinary occasion ; reproach and upbraid re-
spect personal matters, and always that which
affects the moral character ; censure and con-
demnation are provoked by faults and mis-
conduct of different descriptions. Every fault,
however trivial, may expose a person to blame,
particularly if he perform any office for the
vulgar, who are never contented. Intentional
errors, however small, seem necessarily to call
for reproof, and yet it is a mark of an imperi-
ous temper to substitute reproof in the place
of admonition, when the latter might possibly
answer the purpose. There is nothing which
provokes a reproach sooner than ingratitude,
although the offender is not entitled to so
much notice from the injured person. Mutual
upbr aiding s commonly follow between those
who have mutually contributed to their mis-
fortunes. The defective execution of a work

BLAMELESS.

113

BLEMISH.

is calculated to draw down censure upon it8
author, particularly if he betray a want of
modesty. The mistakes of a general, or a
minister of state, will provoke condemnation,
particularly if his integrity be called in
question.

Blame, reproof, and upbraiding, are always
addressed directly to the individual in person ;
reproach, censure, and condemnation, are some-
times conveyed through an indirect channel,
or not addressed at all to the party who is the
object of them. When a master blames his
servant, or a parent reproves his child, or one
friend upbraids another, he directs his dis-
course to him to express his disapprobation.
A man will always be reproached by his neigh-
bours for the vices he commits, however he
may fancy himself screened from their obser-
vation writers censure each other in their
publications : the conduct of individuals is
sometimes condemned by the public at large.

JBlame, reproach, upbraid, and condemn, may
be applied to ourselves ; reproof and censure
are applied to others : we blame ourselves for
acts of imprudence ; our consciences reproach
us for our weaknesses, and upbraid or condemn
us for our sins.

Chafe not thyself about the rabble's censure :
They blame or praise, but as cue leads the other.

PROWDE.

In all terms of reproof, when the sentence appears to
arise from personal hatred or passion, it is not then made
the cause of mankind, but a misunderstanding between
two persons. STEELE.

The prince replies : " Ah cease, divinely fair.
Nor add reproachei to the wounds I bear." POPE.

Though ten times worse themselves, you'll frequent view
Those who with keenest rage will centure you. PITT.

Thus they in mutual accusation spent

The fruitless hoxirs, but neither scli-condemning.

MILTON.

Have we not known thee slave ! Of all the host.
The mau who acts the least upbraids the most.

POPE.

To Blame, v. To find fault with.

Blameless, Irreproachable,
Unblemished, Unspotted, or Spotless.

Blameless signifies literally void of blame
(v. To Blame).

Irreproachable, that is, not able to be
reproached (v. To blame).

Unblemished, that is, without blemish
(v. Blemish.)

Unspotted, that is, without spot (v.
Blemish).

Blameless is less than irreproachable : what is
blameless is simply free from blame, but that
which is irreproachable cannot be blamed, or
have any reproach attached to it. It is good
to say of a man that he leads a blameless life,
but it is a high encomium to say that he leads
an irreproachable life : the former is but the
negative praise of one who is known only for
his harmlessnesb ; the latter is the positive com-
mendation of a man who is well known for his
integrity in the different relations of society.

Unblemished and unspotted are applicable to
many objects, besides that ef personal con-
duct ; and when applied to this, their original
meaning sufficiently points out their use in

distinction from the two former. We may say
of a man that he has an irreproachable or an
unblemished reputation, and unspotted or spot-
less purity of life.

The sire of Gods, and all th' ethereal train.
On the warm limits of the farthest main.
Now mix with mortals, nor disdain to grace
The feasts of Ethiopia's blameless race. POPE.

Take particular care that your amusements be of an
irreproachable kiud. BI.AIR.

But now those white unblemish'd manners, whence

The fabling poets took their golden age.

Are found no more amid these iron times. THOMSON.

But the good man, whose soul is pure,

Unspotted, regular, and free

From all the ugly atains of lust and villany,

Of mercy and of pardon sure,

Looks through the darkness of the gloomy night.

And sees the dawning of a glorious day. POMFKET.

Hall, rev'rend priest ! To Phosbus' awful dome
A suppliant I from great Atrides come.
Uuransom'd here, receive the spotless fair,
Accept the hetacomb the Greeks prepare. POPE.

Blast, v. Breeze,

To Blaze, v. To flame.

Blemish, Stain, Spot, Speck, Flaw.

Blemish comes from the French blemir to
grow pale.

Stain, in French teindre, old French
desleindre, Latin tingo to die. .

Spot, not improbably connected with the
word spit, Latin sputum, and the Hebrew gpad
to adhere as something extraneous.

Speck, in Saxon tpecce, Hebrew sapach to
unite, or to adhere as a tetter on the skin.

1'law, in Saxon floh, fliece, German fled;
low German flak or plakke a spot or a fragment,
a piece, most probably from the Latin plaga,
Greek TrArryr} a strip of land, or a stripe, a
wound in the body.

In the proper sense blemish is the generic,
the rest specific ; a stain, a spot, speck, and
flaw, are blemishes, but there are likewise many
blemishes, which are neither stains, spots, specks,
nor flaws.

Whatever takes off from the seemliness of
appearance is blemish. In works of art the
slightest dimness of colour, or want of pro-
portion, is a blemish. A stain and spot suf-
ficiently characterize themselves, as that
w"hich is superfluous and out of its place. A
speck is a small spot ; and a flaw, which is con-
fined to hard substances, mostly consists of a
faulty indenture on the outer surface. A
blemish tarnishes ; a stain spoils ; &spot, speck,
or flaw, disfigures. A blemish is rectified, a
stain wiped out, a spot or speck removed

Blemish, stain, and spot, are employed figura-
tively. Even an imputation of what is im-
proper in our moral conduct is a blemish in
our reputation : the failings of a good man are
so many spots in the bright hemisphere of his
virtue : there are some vices which affix a slain
on the character of nations, as well as of tbe
individuals who are guilty of them. A blemish
or a spot may be removed by a course of good
conduct, but a stain is mostly indelible : it is
as great a privilege to have aa unblemished
reputation, cr a spotless character, as it is a
misfortune to have the stain of bad action
affixed to our name.

BLEMISH.

114

BLOT.

It is impossible for authors to discover beauties in one
another's works: they have eyes ouly lor titott and
blemithet. ADDISOX.

By length of time.

The scurf is worn away of each committed crime,
No tpeck is left of their habitual ttaint.
But the pure aether of the soul remains. DRYDKX.

There are many who applaud themselves for the singu-
larity of their judgment, which has searched deeper than
others, and found ajfn in what the generality of man-
kind have admired. ADDISOX.

Blemish, Defect, Fault.

Blemish, r. Blemish, stain.

Defect, in Latin ilefectus, part'ciple of d-
' ficio to fall short, signifies the thing falling
fchort.

Fault, from fail, in French faute, from
faillir, in German ciefehlt, participle of fehlen,
probably comes fiom the Latin falsus false,
folio to deceive or be wanting, and the
H' brew repal to fall or decay, siguifjing what
is wanting to truth or propriety.

Slemish respects the exterior of an object :
defect consists in the want of some specific
propriety in an object ; fault conveys the idea
not only of something wrong, but also of its
relation to the author. There is a blemish in
fine china ; a defect in the springs of a clock ;
and a fault in the contrivance. An accident
may cause a blemish in a fine painting ; the
course of nature may occasion a defect in a
person's speech ; but the carelessness of the
workman is evinced by the faults in the work-
manship. A blemish may be easier remedied
than a defect is corrected, or A fault repaired.

There is another particular which may be reckoned
among the blcmithes. or rather the false beauties, of our
English tragedy ; I mean those particular speeches which
are commonly known by the name of rants. ADDISON.

It has been often remarked, though not without wonder,
that a man is mure jealous of his natural, than of his
luor.il qualities ; perhaps it will no longer appear strange,
if it be considered that natural defeat are of necessity
and moral of choice. HAWKESWOKTH.

The resentment which the discovery a fault or folly
produces must bear a certain proportion to our pride.
JOHNSON.

To blend, v. To mix.
Blessedness, v. Happiness.
Blind, v. Cloak.
Bliss, v. Happiness.
Bloody, v. Sanguinary.
Bloodthirsty, v. Sanguinary.

To Blot Out, Expunge, Rase or
Erase, Efface, Cancel, Obliterate.

Blot is in all probability a variation of
nmt, signifying to cover over with a blot.

Expungre in Latin expungo, compounded
of ec and pungo to prick, signifies to put out
by pricking with the pen.

rase, in Latin trasus, participle of erado
that is, e and rwlo to scratch out.

Efface, in French effacer, compounded of
the Latin e and/oeto to make, signifies literally
to make or put out.

Cancel, in F- Hen canceller* Latin cancello,

from cancelli lattice-work, signifies to strike
out with cross lines.

Obliterate, in Latin obliteratus, participle
of oblitero, compounded of ob and Ultra, signi-
fies to cover over letters.

All these terms obviously refer to characters
that are impressed on bodies ; the first three
apply in the proper sense only to that which
is written with the hand, and bespeak the
manner in which the action is performed.
Letters are blotted out, so that they cannot be
seen again ; they are expunged, so as to signify
that they cannot stand for anything ; they are
erased, so that the space may be re-occupied
with writing. The last three are extended in
their application to other characters formed on
other substances: efface is general, and does
not designate either the manner or tht object:
inscriptions on stone may be effaced, which are
rubbed off so as not to be visible: cancel is
principally confined to written or printed
characters ; they are cancelled by striking
through them with the pen ; in this manner,
leaves or pages of a book are cancelled which
are no longer to be reckoned : obliterate is said
of all characters, but without defining the
mode in which they are put out ; letters are
obliterated, which ard in any way made ille-
gible.

Effact applies to images, or the representa-
tions of things ; in this manner the likeness of
a person may be_ effaced from tbe f-ta*ue : cancel
respects the subject which is written o r pi in ted,
obliterate respects the single letters which con-
stitute words.

Efface is the consequence of some direct ac-
tion on the thing which is effaced: in this
manner writing may be effaced from a wall by
the action of the elements : cancel is the act of
a person, and always the fruit of design : ob-
litefate is the fruit of accident and circum-
stances in general ; time itself may obliterate
characters on a wall or on paper.

The metaphorical use of these terms is easily
deducible from the preceding explanation'
what is figuratively described as written in
a book may be said to be blotted ; thus our sins
are blotted out of the book by the atoning Wood
of Christ : when the contents of a book are in
part rejected, they are aptly described as being
expunged; in this manner, the free-thinking
sects expunge evtrything from the Bible which
does not suit their purpose, or they expunge
from their creed what does not humour their
passions. When the memory is represented as
having characters impressed, they are said to
be erased, when they are, as it were, directly
taken out and occupied by others ; in this
manner, the recollection of what a child has
learned is easily erased by play; tnd with
equal propriety sorrows may be sail to efface
the recollection of a person's image from the
mind. From the idea of striking out or can-
celling a debt in an account book, a debt of
gratitude, or an obligation, is said to be can-
celled. As the lineaments of the face corres-
ponded to written characters, we may say
that all traces of his former greatneas are
obliterated,

If virtue is of this amiable nature, what can we think
of those who can look upon i with an eye of hatred and
- uffer themselves from their aversion for

BLOW.

115

BOLD.

I believe that any iwrson who was of age to take n part
in public concerns f-irty years ago (if the intermediate
spare were expunged from his memory) wuuld hardly
credit his senses when lie shi.ukl hear that an army of two
hundred thousand men was kept up in this island.
BURKE.

Mr. Waller used to say he would rate any line out of
his poem which did not imply some motive to virtue.
WALSH.

Yet the best blood by learning is refln'd,
And virtue arms the solid mind ;
Whilst vice will siaiii the noblest race,
And the paternal stamp efface. OLDISWOBTH.

Yet these are they the world pronounces wise ;
The world, which citnceli nature's right and wrong,
And casts new wisdom. YOUNG.

The transferring of the scene from Sicily to the Court of
King Arthur, must have had a very pleasing effect, before
the fabulous majesty of that court was quite obliterated.
ITliWUITT.

Blow, Stroke.

Blow probably derives the meaning in
which it is here taken from the action of
the wind, which it resembles when it is vio-
lent.

Stroke, from the word strike, denotes the
act of striking.

Slow is used abstractedly to denote the effect
of violence ; stroke is employed relatively to
the person producing that effect. A blow may
be received by the carelessness of the receiver,
or by a pure accident ; but strokes are dealt
out according to the design of the giver.
Children are always in the way of getting
blows in the course of their play ; and of re-
ceiving strokes by way of chastisement.

A blow may be given with the hand, or with
any flat substance; a stroke is rather a long
drawn bloio given with a long instrument, like
a stick. Slates may be given with the flat part
of a sword, and strokes with a stick.

Slow is seldom used but in the proper sense ;
stroke sometimes figuratively, as a stroke of
death, or a stroke of fortune.

The advance of the human mind towards any object of
laudable pursuit may be compared to the progress of ?.
body driven by a blow JOHNSON.

Penetrated to the heart with the recollection of his be-
haviour, and the un-nerited pardon he had met with,
Thrasyppus was proceeding to execute vengeance oil him-
self, by rushing on his sword, when Pisistrutus again
interposed, and seizing hi baud, stopped the stroke.
CUMBERLAND.

This declaration wasa ttrulce which Evander had neither
(kill to elude, nor force to resist. HAWKESWoKTH.

Blunder, v. Error, mistake.
To boast, v. To glory.
Boatman, v. Waterman.
Bcdily, v. Corporeal,

Body, Corpse, Carcase.

Body is here taken in the improper sense
for a dead body.

Corpse, from the Latin corpus a body, has
also been turned from its derivation, to signify
a dead body.

Carcase, in French carcasse, is compounded
of caro and cassa vita, signifying flesh without
life.

Body is applicable to either men or brutes

corpse to men only, and carcase to brutes only,
unless when taken in a contemptuous sense.
When speaking of any particular person who
is deceased, we should use the simple term
body; the body was suffered to lie too long
unburied ' when designating its condition as
lifeless, the term corpse is preferable ; he was
taken up as a corpse: when designating the
body as a lifeless lump separated from the
soul, it may be characterized (though con-
temptuously) as a carcase; the fowls devour
the carcase.

A groan, as of a troubled ghost, renew'd

My fright, aud then these dreadful words ensued :

Why dost thou thus my buried body rend,

O ! spare the corpse of thy unhappy friend.

DRYDEX.

On the bleak shore now lies th* abandon'd king,

A headless carcase, aud a nameless thing. DKVDEN.

Boisterous, v. Violent.

Bold, Fearless, Intrepid, Undaunted.

Bold, v. Audacity.

Fearless bignines without fear (v. To
apprehend).

Intrepid, compounded of in privative, and
Irepidus trembling, marks the total absence of
fear.

Undaunted, of un privative, and daunted,
from the Latin domitatus, participle of domi-
tare to impress with fear, signifies unimpressed
or unmoved at the prospect of danger.

Jioldness is positive ; fearlessness is negative ;
we may therefore be fearless without being
bold, or fearless through boldness: fearlessness
is a temporary state : we may be fearless of
danger at this, or at that time ; fearless of loss,
and the like : boldness is a characteristic ; it is
associtttd with constant fearlessness. Intre-
pidity and undauntedness denote a still higher
degree of fearlessness than boldness: boldness
is confident, it forgets the consequences ; in-
trepidity is collected, it sees the danger, and
faces it with composure ; undauntedness is
associated with unconquerable firmness and
resolution ; it is awed by nothing : the bold
man proceeds on his enterprise with spiiit and
vivacity ; the intrepid man calmly advances to
the scene of death and destruction ; the un-
daunted man keeps his countenance in the
season of trial, in the midst of the most
terrifying and overwhelming circumstances.

These good qualities may, without great
care, degenerate into certain vices to which
they are closely allied.

Of the three, boldness is the most question-
able in its nature, unless justified by the
absolute urgency of the case : in maintaining
the cause of truth against the persecution of
influence and power, it is an essential quality,
but it may easily degenerate into insolent
defiance and contempt of superiors ; it may
lead to the provoking of resentment and court-
ing of persecution. Intrepidity may become
rashness if the contempt of danger lead to an
unnecessary exposure of the life and person.
Undauntedness, in the presence of a brutal
tyrant, may serve to baffle all his malignant
purposes of revenge ; but the same spirit may
be employed by the hardened villain to pre-
serve himself from detection.

116

BORDER.

The careful hen

Calls all her chirping family around.
Fed and defended by the/earleu cock. THOMSON.

A man who talks with intrepidity of the monsters of
the wilderness, while they are out of sight, will readily
confess his antipathy to a mole, a weasel, or a frog. Thus
he goes on without any reproach from his own reflections.
JOHNSON.

His party, press'd with numbers, soon grew faint,
And would have left their charge an easy prey ;
Whilst he alone, undaunted at the odds,
Though hopeless to escape, fought well and bravely.
EOWB.

Bold, r. Daring.
Bold, i'. Strenuous.
Boldness, v. Audacity.
Bombastic, v. Turgid.
Bondage, r. Servitude.

Booty, Spoil, Prey.

These words mark a species of capture.

Booty, in French butin, Danish bytte, Dutch
Ituyt, Teutonic beute, probably comes from the
Teutonic bat a. useful thing, denoting the thing
taken for its use.

Spoil, in French depouilU, Latin fpoliv.m,
Greek <TKV\OV, signifying the things stripped
off from the dead, from cn/Acuo, Hebrew salal
to spoil.

Prey, in French proie, Latin prada, is not
improbably changed from pr&ndo, prendo, or
prehendo to lay hold of, signifying the thing
seized.

The first two are used as military terms or
in attacks on an enemy, the.latter in cases of
particular violence. The soldier gets his booty ;
the combatant his spoils; the carnivorous
animal his prey. Sooty respects what is of per-
sonal service to the captor ; spoilt whatever
serves to designate his triumph ; prey includes
whatever gratifies the appetite and is to be
consumed. When a town is taken, soldiers
are too busy in the work of destruction and
mischief to carry away much booty ; in every
battle the arms and personal property of tho
plain enemy are the lawful spoils of the victor ;
the hawk pounces on his prey, and carries liim
up to his nest.

Greediness stimulates to take booty ; am-
bition produces an eagerness for spoils ; a fero-
cious appetite impels to a search for prey.
Among the ancients the prisoners of war who
were made slaves constituted a part of their
booty ; and even in later periods such a cap-
ture was good booty, when ransom was paid
for those who could liberate themselves.
Among some savages the head or limb of an
enemy constituted part of their spoils. Among
cannibals the prisoners of war are the prey of
the conquerors.

Booty and prey are often used in an extended
and figurative sense. Plunderers obtain a rich
booty; the diligent bee returns loaded with its
booty.* It is necessary that animals should
become a prey to man, in order that man may
not become a prey to them ; everything in na-
ture becomes a prey to another thing, which

Vide Ronbaud : " Proie, butin."

in its turn falls a prey to something elss. All
is change but order. Man is a prey to the dis-
eases of his body or his mind, and after death
to the worms.

When they (the French National Assembly) had finally
determined on a state resource from church booty, they
caiue on the 141 li of April, 1/90, to a solemn resolution ou
the subject, BUKKE.

Twas in the dead of night, when sleep repairs
Our bodies worn with toils, our minds with cates,
When Hector's ghost before my sight appears :
A bloody shroud he see in d, and bath'd in tears.
Unlike that Hector who return 'd from toils
Of war. triumphant in JEaciau po. DRYDEN.

The wolf, who from the nightly ford

Forth drags the bleating prey, ne'er drank her milk.

Nor wore her warming fleece". THOMSON.

Border, Edge, Rim or Brim, Brink,
Margin, Verge.

Border, in French lord or bordure, Teutonic
lord, is probably connected with brtt, and tho
English board, from brylan, in Greek Trpijjetvto
saw or split.

Edge, in Saxon egc, low German egge, high
German ecke a point, Latin acies, Greek <uoj
sharpness, tignifies a sharp point.

Rim, in Saxon rima, high German raitmen
a frame, riemen a thong, Greek pv^a a tract,
from pvo to draw, signifies a line drawn round.

Brim, Brink, are but variations of rim.

Margin, in French margin, Latin margo,
probably comes from mare the sea, as it is
mostly connected with water.

Verge, from the Latin virga, signifies a rod,
but is here used in the improper sense /or tho
extremity of an object.

Of these terms border is the least definite
point, edge the most so ; rim and brink are
species of edge ; margin and verge are species
of border. A border is a stripe, an ?jrcisaline.

The border lies at a certain distance from the
edge; the edge is the exterior termination of
the surface of any substance. Whatever is
wide enough to admit of any space round its
circumference may have a border ; whatever
comes to a narrow extended f-urface has an
edge. Many things may have both a&onterand
an edge ; of this description are caps, gowns,
carpets, and the like ; others have a bonterbnt
no edge, as lands ; and others have an edge but
no border, as a knife or a table.

A rim is the edge of any vessel ; the brim is
the exterior edge of a cup ; a brink is the edge
of any precipice or deep place ; a margin i< the
border of a book or a piece of water ; a verge is
the extreme border of a place.

So tho pure limpid stream, when foul with stains
Of rushing torrents and descending rains.
Works itself clear, and as it runs n>6nes.
Til! by degrees the crystal mirror shines,
Reflects each flower that on its border grows.

ADDISON.

Msthousht the shilling that lay upor. the table reared
itself npou its edge, and turning its face towards me
opened its mouth. ADUISON.

But Merlon's spear o'ertook him as he flew,
Deep in the belly's rim an entrance found
Where sharp the pang, and mortal is the wound.

POPE.

As I approach the precipice's brink,

80 steep, so terrible, appears the depth. LANSDOWNE.

By the sea's marffin on the watery strand
Thy monument, Theinistoc!?s, shall stand.

CUMBERLAND.

117

BOUND.

To the earth's utmost verge I will pursue him ;
No place, though e'er so holy, shall protect him.

KOWE.

Border, Boundary, Frontier, Confine,
Precinct.

Border, v. Border, edge.

Boundary, from to bound (v. To bound),
expresses what bounds, binds, or confines.

Frontier, French frontiere, from the Latin
frons a forehead, signifies the forepart, or the
commencement of the country.

Confine, in Latin confinis, compounded of
con or cum and finis an end, signifies an end
next to an end.

Precinct, in Latin prcecinctv.m, participle
of pracingo, that is prce and cingo to enclose,
signifies any enclosed place.

All these terms are applied to land, except
the Utter, which may apply to t pace in gt ueral.
Border marks the extremities of one country
in relation to another, as the borders of Scot-
land ; boundary respects the prescribed limits
of any place, as the boundaries of a village
frontiers denote the commencement of a coun-
try, as thefrontiers of Germany r France ; and
confines those parts adjoining, or lying con-
tiguous to any given place or district.

Borders and frontiers are said of a country
only ; boundary and confines of any smaller
political division. The inhabitants who lived
on the borders of England and Scotland were
formerly called borderers, and distinguished
themselves by their perpetual oroilsand mutual
animosities, which now happily exist nowhere
but in the pigf s of ths historian : the bound-
aries of kingdoms, countries, and provinces,
are distinguished on general maps ; those of
towns and villages on particular maps : it is
cojimon on thefrontiers of continental king-
doms to require a pass from every one who
wishes to enter the country : we may speak of
the confines between Germany and Holland,
but with more propriety of the confines between
the different states of Germany, as also in
former times of the confines betwixt the Sabines,
the ^Equi, Volsci, and other small communities
which existed in Italy previous to the estab-
lishment of the Roman empire.

Menalcas, whom the larks with many a lay
Had call'd from slumber at the dawn of day ;
By chance was roving through a bordering dale
And heard the swains their youthful woes bewail.
SIR WM. JONES.

The Carthaginians discovered the fortunate islands now
known by the name of the Canaries, the utmost boundary
of ancient navigation. ROBERTSON.

High on a rock fair Thryoessa stands,

Our utmost frontier on the Pylian lands. POPE.

You are old.

Nature in you stands in the very verge
Of her confines. SHAKSPEARE.

And now.

Through all restraint hroke loose, he wings his way.
Not far off heav'n in theprectncU of light. MILTON.

To Bore, v . To penetrate.

To Bound, Limit, Confine, Circum-
scribe, Restrict.

Bound comes from the verb bind, signify-
ing that which, binds fast, or close to an object.

Limit, from the Latin limes a landmark,
signifies to draw a line which is to be the
exterior line or limit.

Confine signifies to bring within confines
(v. Border).

Circumscribe, in Latin circumscribo, is
compounded of circum, and scribo to write
round, that is, to describe a line round.

Restrict, in Latin restrictum, participle of
restringo, compounded of re and slringo, signi-
fies to keep fast back.

The first four of these terms are employed
in the proper sense of parting off certain
spaces.

Bound applies to the natural or political
divisions of the earth : countries are bounded
by mountains and seas ; kingdoms are often
bounded by each other ; Spain is bounded on
one side by Portugal, on the other side by the
Mediterranean, and on a third side by the
Pyrenees. Limit applies to any artificial
boundary : as landmarks in fields serve to
show the limits of one man's ground from
another; so may walls, palings, hedges, or
any other visible sign, be converted into a
limit, to distinguish one spot from another,
and in this manner a field is said to be limited,
because it has limits assigned to it. To confine
is to bring the limits close together ; to part off
one >pace absolutely from another: in this
manner we confine a garden by means of walls.
To circumscribe is literally to surround : in
this manner a circle may circumscribe a square :
there is this difference however between confine
and circumscribe, that the former may not only
show the limits, but may also prevent egress
and ingress ; \* hereas the latter, which is only
aline, is but a simple mark that limits.

From the proper acceptation of these terms
we may easily perceive the ground on which
their improper acceptation rests : to bound is
an action suited to the nature of things, or to
some given rule in this manner our views are
bounded by the objects which intercept our
sight : we bound our desires according to
principles of propriety. To limit, confine, and
circumscribe, all convey the idea of control
which is more or less exercised. To limit,
whether it be said of persons limiting things,
or persons being limited by things, is an affair
of discretion or necessity ; we limit our ex-
pense s because we are limited by circum-
stances. Confine conveys the same idea to a
still stronger degree : what is confined is not
only brought within a limit but is kept to that
limit which it cannot pass ; in this manner a
person confines himself to a diet which he
finds absolutely necessary for his health, or he
is confined in the size of his house, in the choice
of his situation, or in other circumstance*
equally uncontrollable ; hence the term con-
fined expresses also the idea of the limits being
made narrow as well as impassable or un-
changeable. To circumscribe is figuratively
to draw a line round ; in this manner we are
circumscribed in our pecuniary circumstances
when our sphere of action is brought within
a line by the want of riches. In as much as
all these terms convey the idea of being acted
upon involuntarily, they become allied to the
term restrict, which simply expresses -the
exercise of control on the will : we use retric-
tion when we limit and confine, but we may

BOUNDLESS.

118

BRAVE.

restrict without limiting or confining: to limit
and confine are the acts of things upon persons,
or persons upon persons ; but restrict is only
the act of persons upon persons ; we are limited
or confined only to a certain degree, but we
may be restricted to an indefinite degree : the
limiting and confining depend often on our-
selves ; the restriction depends upon the will
of others : a person limits himself to so many
hours' work in a day ; an author confines him-
self to a particular branch of a subject : a
person is restricted by his physician to a certain
portion of food in the day : to be confined to a
certain spot is irksome to one who has always
had his liberty ; b t to be restricted in all his
actions would be intolerable.

Our greatest happiness consists in bounding
our desires to our condition : it is prudent to
limit our exertions, when we find them preju-
dicial to our htalth : it is necessary to confine
our attention to one object at a time : it is
unfortunate to be circumscribed in our means
of doin? good : it is painful to be restricted in
the enjoyment of innocent pleasure.

Bounded is opposed to unbounded, limited to
extended, confined to expanded, circumscribed
to ample, restricted to free, or specifically un-
restricted.

The operations of the mind are not. like those of the
hands, limited to one individual object, but at once ex-
tended to a whole species. BARTELET.

Mechanical motions or operations are confined to a
narrow circle of low and little things. BARTELET.

My passion is too strong
In reason 'a narrow bound* to be confin'd.

WANDESFORD.

It is much to be lamented that among all denomina-
tions of Christians, the uncharitable spirit has prevailed
of unwarrantably circumtcribing the terms of Divine
grace within a narrow circle of their own drawing.
BLAIR.

It is not necessary to teach men to thirst after power ;
Imt it is very expedient that by moral instructions they
should be taught, ami by their civil institutions they
should be compelled to put many rettrictioiit upon the
immoderate exercise of it. BLACKSTOXE.

Boundary, r. Border.
Boundary> *" Bound*.
Boundary, v. Term.

Boundless, Unbounded, Unlimited,
Tnfinit.fi.

Boundless, or without bounds, is applied
to infinite objects which admit of no bounds to
be made or conceived by us.

Unbounded, or not bounded, is applied to
that which might be bounded.
r Unlimited, or not limited, applies to that
which might be limited.

Infinite, or not finite, applies to that which
in its nature admits of no bounds.

The ocean is a boundless object so long as no
bounds to it have been discovered ; desires are
often unbounded which ought always to be
bounded; and power is sometimes unlimited
which is always better limited ; nothing is
infinite but that Being from whom all finite
beings proceed.

And see the country far diftns'd around

One boundleu blush, one white empurpled tbower

Of mingled blossoms. THOMSON.

The soul requires enjoyments more sublime,

By space unbounded, undestroy'd by time. JEXYXs.

Gray's curiosity was unlimited, and his judgment cul-
tivated. JOHNSON.

In the wide fields of nature the sight wanders np and
ilovn without confinement, and is fed with all infinite
variety of images. ADDISOX.

Bounds, Boundary.

Bounds and Boundary, from the verb
bound (r. To bound], signify the line which sets
a bound, or marks the extent to which any
spot of ground reaches.

Bounds is employed to designate the whola
space including the outer line that confines:
boundary comprehends only this outer line.
Bounds are made for a local purpose ; boundary
for a political purp >se : the master of a school
prescribes the bounds beyond which the scholar
is not to go ; the parit-hes throughout England
have their boundaries, wtich are distinguished
by marks ; fields have likewise their boundaries,
which are commonly marked out by a hedge
or a ditch.

Bounds are temporary and changeable ;
boundaries permanent and fixed : whoever has
the authority of prescribing bounds for others,
may in like manner contract or extend them
at pleasure ; the boundaries of places are seldom
altered, but in consequence of great political
changes.

In the figurative sense bound or bounds is
even more frequently us*d than boundary: we
speak of setting bounds or keeping within
bounds: but to know a boundary: it is necf-s-
sary occasionally to set bounds to the inordinate
appetites of the best disposed children, who
cannot be expected to know the exact boundary
for indulgence.

So when the swelling Nile contemns her boundi,
And with extended waste the rallies drowns.
At length her ebbing streams resign the field.
And to the pregnant soil a tenfold harvest yield.

CIBBER.

Alexander did not in his progress towards the East
advance beyond the banks of the rivers that fall into the
Indus, which is now I he Western boundary of the vast con-
tinent of India ROBHKTSON.

It is the proper ambition of heroes in literature to en-
large the boundaries of knowledge by discovering and
conquering nen regions of the intellectual world. JOHN-
SON.

Bounteous, v. Beneficent.
Bountiful, v. Beneficent.
Brace, v. Couple.

Brave, Gallant.

Brave, though the medium of the northern
languages, comes from the Greek fipaftetov
the reward of victory, denoting the ardour
which a prospect of such rewards inspires.

Gallant, in French galant, comes from the
Greek a-yoAAo) to adorn, signifying dis-
tinguished either by splendid dress or splendid
qualities.

These epithets whether applied to the person
or the action, are alike honourable ; but the
latter is a much stronger expression than the

BRAVE.

119

BRAVERY.

former. Gallantry is extraordinary bravery, or
bravery on extraordinary occasions: the brave
man goes willingly where he is commanded ;
the gallant man leads on with vigour to the
attack. Bravery is common to vast numbers
nd whole nations ; gallantry is peculiar to
individuals or paiticular bodies : the brave
man bravely defends tbe post assigned him ;
the gallant man volunteers his services in
cases of peculiar danger : and man may feel
ashamed in not being considered brave . be
feels a pride in being looking upon as gallant.
To call a hero brave adds little or nothing to
his character ; but to entitle him gallant adds
a lustre to the glory he has acquired.

We cannot speak of a British tar without
thinking of bravery ; if his exploits without
thinking of gallantry.

Death is the worst : a fate which all must try,

And for our country 'tis a bliss to die.

The ff'illant. man. though slam in tight he be.

Yet leaves hU nation tafe, his children free. POPE.

To Brave, Defy, Dare, Challenge.

Brave, from the epithet brave {v. Brave),
signifies to act the brave.

Defy, iu P'rench defier, probably changed
from defaire to undo, to make nothing, or set
at nought.

Dare, in Saxon item-on, dyrran, Franco-
nian, &c., odurren. thorren. Greek Oapptiv, sig-
nifies to be bold, or have the confidence to do.

Challenge is probably changed from the
Greek icaAeto to call.

We brave things ; we dare and challenge per-
sons ; we defy persons or their actions : the
sailor braves the tempestuous ocean, and very
often braves death itself in its most terrific
form ; he dares the enemy whom he meets to
the engagement ; he defies all his boastings
and vain threats.

Brave is sometimes used in a bad sense ;
defy and dare commonly so. There is much
idle contempt and affectO'l indifference in
braving : much insolent resistance to authority
in defying : much provocation and affront in
daring: a bad man braves the scorn and re-
proach of all the world ; he defies the threats
of his superiors to punish him ; he dares them
to exert their power over him.

Brave and defy are dispositions of mind
which display themselves in the conduct :
dare and challenge are modes of action : we
brave <* storm by meeting its violence, and
bearing it down with superior force : we defy
the malice of our enemies by pursuin? that
line of conduct which is most calculated to
increase its bitterness. To brave conveys the
idea of a direct and personal application of
force to force ; defying is carried on by a more
indirect and circuitous mode of procedure :
men brave the dangers which threaten them
with evil ; they defy the angry will which
opposes them.

To dare and challenge are both direct and
personal ; but the former consists either of
actions, words, or looks ; the latter of words
only. We dare a number of persons indefi-
nitely ; we challenge an individual, and very
frequently by name.

Daring arises from our contempt of others ;
challenging arises from a high opinion of our-
selves : the former is mostly accompanied
with unbecoming expressions of disrespect as
well as aggravation ; the latter is mostly
divested of all angry personality. Metius tho
Tuscan dared Titus Manlius Torquatus, the
son of the Roman consul, to engage with him
in contradiction to his father's commands :
Paris was persuaded t ) challenge Menelaus in
order to terminate the Grecian war.

We dare only to acts of violence : we chal-
lenge to any kind of contest in which the skill
or the power of the parties are to be tried.
It is folly to dare one of superior strength if
we are not prepared to meet with the just
reward of our impertinence : whoever has a
confidence in the justice of his cause, needs
not fear to challenge his opponent to a trial of
their respective merits.

Joining; in proper union the amiable and the estimable
qualities, in one part of our character we shall resemble
th flower that smiles in spring ; iu another the nrmly-
rooted tree, that trace., the winter storm. BLAIR.

The soul, secur'd in her existence, smiles

At the drawn dagger, and defiet its point. ADDISON.

Troy sunk in flames I saw (nor could prevent),
And Ilium from its old foundations rent-
Rent like a mountain ash, which cUir'd the winds,
Ami stood the sturdy strokes of lab'riug hinds.

DKYDEN.

The Platos and Ciceros among the ancients ; the Bacons,
Boyles, and Lockes. among our own countrymen, are all
instances of what I have been saying, namely, that the
greatest persons in all ages have conformed to the estab-
lished religion of their country ; nut to mention any of
the divines, however celebrated, since our adversaries
challenge all those as men who have too much interest in
this case to be impartial evidence. BUDGELL.

Bravery, Courage, Valour.

Bravery denotes the abstract quality of
brave (v. Brave).

Courage, in French courage, comes from
cceur, in Latin cor the heart, which is the seat
of courage.

"Valour, in French valeur, Latin valor, from
valeo to be strong, signifies by distinction
strength of mind.

Bravery lies in the blood ; courageliea in the
mind : the latter depends on the reason ; the
former on tbe physical temperament : the first
is a species of insiinct ; the second is a virtue :
a man is brave in proportion as he is without
thought ; he has courage in proportion as he
reasons or reflects.

Bravery seems to be something involuntary,
a mechanical movement that does not depend
on one's self ; courage requires conviction, and
gathers strength by delay ; it is a noble and
lofty sentiment : the force of example, the
charms of music, the fury and tumult of
battle, the desperation of the conflict, will
make cowards brave ; the courageous man
wants no other incentives than what his own
mind suggests.

Bravery is of utility only in the hour of
attack or contest ; courage is of service at all
times and under all circumstances : bravery is
of avail in overcoming the obstacle of the
moment ; courage seeks to avert the distant
eVil that may possibly ar-ive. Bravery is a
thing of the moment that is or is not, as
circumstances may favour ; it v..ri.s wiih the

BRAVERY.

120

BREAJL

time and season : courage exists at all times
and on all occasions. The brave man -who
fearlessly rushes to the mouth of the cannon
may tremble at his own shadow as he passes
through a churchyard, or turn pale at the
sight of blood : the courageous man smiles at
imaginary dangers, and prepares to meet
those that are real.

It is as possible for a man to have courage
without bravery, as to have bravery without
courage : Cicero betrayed his want of bravery
when he sought to shelter himself against the
attacks of Cataline ; he displayed his courage
when he laid open the treasonable purposes
of this conspirator to the whole senate, and
charged him to his face with the crimes of
which he knew him to be guilty.

Valour is a higher quality than either Irarery
or courage, and seems to partake of the grand
characteristics of both ; it combines the fire
of bravery with the determination and firm-
ness of courage: bravery is most fitted for the
soldier and all wko receive orders ; courage is
most adapted for the general and all who give
commands ; valour for the leader and framer
of enterprises, and all who carry great pro-
jects into execution : bravery requires to be
guided ; courage is equally fitted to command
or obey ; valour directs and executes. Bravery
has most relation to danger ; courage and
valour include in them a particular reference
to action : the brave man exposes himself ; the
courageous man advances to the scene of action
which is before him; the valiant man seeks
for occasions to act.

Courage may be exercised in ordinary cases ;
valour displays itself most effectually in the
achievement of heroic exploits. A conscious-
ness of duty, a love of oue's country, a zeal
for the cause in which one is engaged, an
over-ruling sense of religion, the dictates of a
pure conscience, always inspire courage : an
ardent thirst for glory, and an insatiable am-
bition, render men valiant.

The brace man, when he is wounded, is
proud of being so, and boasts of his wounds ;
the courageous man collects the strength which
his wounds have left him, to pursue the object
which he has in v.ew ; the valiant man thinks
less of the life he is about to lose, than of the
glory which has escaped him. The brave man,
in the hour of victory, exults and triumphs ;
he discovers his joy in boisterous war shouts.
The courageous man forgets his success in
order to profit by its advantages. The valiant
man is stimulated by success to seek after
new trophies. Bravery sinks after a defeat :
towage may be damped for a moment, but is
never destroyed ; it is ever ready to seize the
first opportunity which offers to regain the
lost advantage : valour, when defeated on any
occasion, seeks another in which more glory
is to bo acquired.

The three hundred Spartans who defended
the Straits of Thermopylae were brave. So-
crates drinking the hemlock, Regulus return-
ing to Carthage, Titus tearing himself from
the arms of the weeping Berenice, Alfred the
Great going into the camp of the Danes, were
courageous. Hercules destroying monsters,
Perseus delivering Andromeda, Achilles run-
ning to the ramparts of Troy, and the knights
of more modern date who have gone in quest

of extraordinary adventures, are all entitled
to the peculiar appellation of valiant.

Oh ! When I see him arming for his honour,
His country, and his gods, that martial fire
That mounts his courage, kindles even me !

DEYDEN:

Breach, Break, Gap, Chasm.

Breach and Break are both derived from
the same verb break (r. To break), to denote
what arises from being broken, in the figura-
tive sense of the verb itself.

Grap, from the English gape, signifies the
thing that gapes or stands open.

Chasm, in Greek \aarp.a. from x cu> ^>> an< i
the Hebrew gahah to be open, signifies the
thing that has open-.d itself.

The idea of an opening is common to these
terms, but they differ in the nature of the
opening. A breach and a gap are the con&e-
quence of a violent removal, which destroys
the connexion ; a break and a chasm may arise
from the absence of that which would form a
connexion, A breach, in a wall is made by
means of cannon ; gaps in fences are commonly
the effect of some violent effort to pass
through ; a break is made in a page of printing
by leaving off in the middle of a line : a chasm.
is left in writing when any words in the sen-
tence are omitted.

A breach and a chasm always imply a larger
opening thin a break or gap. A gap may bo
made in a knife ; a breach is always made in
the walls of a building or fortification : the
clouds sometimes separate so as to leave small
breaks ; the ground is sometimes so convulsed
by earthquakes as to leave frightful chasing.

Breach and chasm are used morally ; break
and gap seldom otherwise than in application
to natural objects. Trifling circumstances
too often occasion wide breaches in families.
The death of relatives often produces a sad
chasm in the enjoyments of individuals.

A mighty breach is made ; the rooms eonoeal'd
Appear, and all the palace is reveal'd. DKVDEX.

Considering, probably, how much Homer had been dis-
figured by the arbitrary compilers of his works, Virgil,
by his will, obliged Tucca and Varins to add nothing, jur
so much as fill up the breaks he bad left in his poein.
WALSH.

Or if the order of the world below
Will not the gap of one whole day allow.
Give me that minute when she made her TOW.

DRYDEN.

The whole eJuum in nature, from a plant to a man, is
filled np with diverse kinds of creatures. ADDISOX.

When breach of faith joinM hearts does disengage,
The calmest temper turns to wildest rage. LEE.

To Break, Rack, Rend, Tear.

Break, in Saxon brecan, Danish and Low
German breken, High Germ in brechai, Latin
frango, Greek /Spirywfu, flpnixywa, Chaldee
perak to separate.

Rack, comes from the same source aa
break; it is properly the root of this word,

BREAK.

121

BREAK.

uud an onomatopoeia, conveying a sound cor-
respondent with what is m;le by breaking :
rak in Swedish, and raecoin Icelandish, signi-
fies a breaking of the ice.

Rend, is in Saxon hrendan, hreddan, low
German ritan, high German reissen to split,
Greek prja-cria, Hebrew rangnah to break in
pieces.

Tear, in Saxon taeran. Low German tiren,
high German zerren, is an intensive verb from
zie/ten to pull, Greek rpv<a Ttiptu, to bruise,
Hebrew tor to split, divide, or cleave.

The forcible division of any substance is
the common characteristic of these terms.

Break is the generic term, the rest specific :
every thing racked, rent, or torn, is broken,
but not vice versa. Break has however a
specific meaning, in which it is comparable
with the others. Breaking requires less
violence than tither of the others : brittle
things may be broken with the slightest touch,
but nothing can be racked without intentional
violence of an extraordinary kind. Glass is
quickly broken : a table is racked. Haid sub-
stances only are broken or racked ; but every
thing of a soft texture and composition may
be rent or torn.

Breaking is performed by means of a blow ;
racking by that of a violent concussion ; but
rending and tearing are the consequences of a
pull. Any thing of wood or stone is broken ;
any thing of a complicated structure, with
hinges and joints, is racked; cloth is rent,
paper is torn. Rend is sometimes used for
what is done by design ; a tear is always faulty.
Cloth is sometimes rent rather than cut when
it is wanted to be divided ; but when it is torn
it is injured.

But out affection !

All bond and privilege of nature break. SHAKSPEAKE.
Lone has this secret struggl'd in my breast ;
Long has it rack'd and rent my tortured bosom.

SMITH.

The people rend the skies with loud applause,
Aud heaven can hear HO other name but yours.

DRVDEX.

She sigli'd, she solib'd, and furious with despair,
She rent her garments, and she tore her hair.

DRYDEN.

Who would not bleed with transport for his country,
rear every tender passion from his heart ? THOMSON.

To Break, Bruise, Squeeze, Pound,
Crush.

Break, v. To break, rack.

Bruise, in French briser, Saxon Irysed,
not improbably from the same source as press.

Squeeze, in Saxon cwysin, low German
quietsen, quoesen, Swedish quasa, Latin qualio
to shake, or produce a concussion.

Pound, in Saxon punian, is not improbably
derived by a change of letters from the Latin
tundo to bruise.

Crush., in French ecraser is most probably
only a variation of the word squeeze, like crash
or squash.

Break always implies the separation of the
component parts of a body ; bruise denotes
simply the destroying the continuity of the
parts. Hard brittle substances, as ghss, are
broken: soft pulpy substances, as flesh or
fruits, are bruised.

The operation of bruising is performed either
by a violent blow or by pressure ; that, of
squeezing by compression ouly. Metals, parti-
cularly lead and silver, may Oe bruised; fruits
may be either bruised or squeezed. In this
latter sense bruise applies to the harder sub-
stances, or indicates a violent compression ;
squeeze is used for soft substances or a gentle
compression. The kernels of nuts are bruised;
oranges or apples are squeezed. To pound is
properly to bruise in a mortar so as to produce
a separation of parts ; to crush is the most
violent and destructive of all operations which
amounts to the total dispersion of all the parts
of a body.

What is broken may be made whole again ;
what is bruised or squeezed may be restored to
its former tone and consistency ; what is
pounded is only rediu-ed to smaller parts for
convenience ; but what is crushed is destroyed.
When the wheel of a carriage passes over auy
body that yields to its weight it crushes it to
powder : thus in the figurative sense it marks
a total annihilation : if a conspiracy be not
crushed in the bud, it will prove fatal to the
power which has suffored it to grow.

Dash my devoted bark ! ye surges break it.
'Tis for my ruin that the tempest rises ! KOWE.

Yet lab'ring well his little spot of ground.

Some scatt'rmg pot herbs here and there he found ;

Which cultivated with his daily care.

And, ttruit'd with vervain, were his daily fare.

DRYDEN.

To reap the produce of his labour'd ground.

And squeeze the combs with golden liquor crown'd.

DRYDEN.

And where the rafters on the columns meet.
We push them headlong with our anus and feet :
Down goes the top at once ; the Greeks beneath
Are piece-meal torn, or pounded into death.

DRYDEN.

Such were the sufferings of our Lord, so great and so
grievous as none ot us ure in any degree able to undergo.
That weight under which he crouched, would crush us.
TILLOTSON.

To crush rebellion every way is just. DARCY.

To Break, Burst, Crack, Split.

Break, v. To break, rack.

Burst, in Saxon bcorstan, bersten, liyrsten,
low German baisten, hasten, high German bers-
ten, old German bresten, Swedish brysta, is but
a variation of break.

Crack, is in Saxon cearcian, French crac-
quer, high German kracken. low German
kraken, Danish krakke. Greek upextiv, which
are in all probability but variations of break,
&c.

Split, in Dutch split, Danish splitten, low
German splieten, high German spalten, old
German spilten, Swedish splita. which are all
connected with the German platzen to burst,
from the Greek onroAuo-eroftot to tear or split,
and the Hebrew pelalt to separate, paiect or
palety to cut in pieces.

Break denotes a forcible separation of the
constituent parts of a body. Burst and crack
are onomatopeoias or imitations of the sound
which are made in bunting and cracking. Split-
ting is a species of cracking that takes place in
some bodies in a similar manner without being
accompanied with the noise.

Breaking is generally the consequence of

BREED.

122

BREEZE.

some external violence : every thing that is
exposed to violence may without distinction
be broken. Hunting arises mostly from an
extreme tension : hollow bodies when over-
filled, burst. Cracking is caused by the appli-
cation of excessive heat, or the defective tex-
ture of the substance : glass cracks ; the earth
erackt; leather cracks. Splitting may arise
from a combination of external and internal
causes : wood in particular is liable to split.
A thing may be broken in any shape, form, and
degree : bursting leaves a wide gap ; cracking
and splitting leave a long aperture ; the latter
of which is commonly wider than that of the
former.

Ambitious thence the manly river breala,
And gathering many a flood, and copious fed
With all the mellowed treasures of the sky.
Winds in progressivennajesty along. THuMSOX.

Off traitors! Off! or my distracted soul
Will bunt indignant from this jail of nature.

THOMSON.

And let the weighty roller run the round,
To smooth the surface of th' unequal ground :

ats the flooring flies,

Or sinks, and through the cram.

eedi

DRYD'EN.

Is't meet that he

Should leave the helm, and like a fearful lad,
With tearful eyes, add water to the sea t
While in his mean, the ship tpltii on the rock,
Which industry and courage might have saved.

SHAKSl'EAKE.

Break, v. Bwach.
Breaker, v. Wave.

To Breed, Engender.

Breed, in Saxon bredan, Teutonic brcetan,
is probably connected with braten to roast,
being an operation principally performed by
fire or heat.

Engender, compounded of en and gender,
from genitus participle of gigno, signifies to lay
or communicate the seeds for production.

Thesd terms are figuratively employed for
the act of procreation.

To breed is to bring into existence by a slow
operation ; to engender it to be the author or
prime cause of existence. So in the meta-
phorical sense, frequent quarrels are r.pt to
breed hatred and animosity : the levelling and
inconsistent conduct of the higher classes in
the present age serves to engender a spirit of
insubordination and assumption in the in-
ferior ordir.

Whatever breeds acts gradually ; whatever
engenders produces immediately as cause and
effect. Uncleanliness breeds diseases of the
body ; want of occupation breeds tboso of the
mind: playing at chance games engenders a
love of money.

Eve's dream is full of those high conceits engendering
pride, which, we are told, the Devil endeavoured to instil
into her. ADUISON.

Breed, v. Race.
Breeding:, v. Education.

Breeze, Gale, Blast, Gust, Storm,
Tempest, Hurricane.

All these words express the action of tho
wind, in different degrees and under different
circumstances.

Breeze, in Italian brezza, is in all proba-
bility an onomatopoeia for that kind of wind
peculiar to southern climates.

Gale is probably connected with call and
yell, denoting a sonorous wind.

Blast, in German geblaset, pirticiplo of
blasen, signifies properly the act of blowing,
but by distinction it is employed forany strong
effort of blowing.

Gust, is immediately of Icclandish origin,
and expresses the phenomena which are char-
acteristic of the Northern climates; but in all
probability it is a variation of gush, signifying
a violent stream of wind.

Storm, in German sturm, from stSren to
put in commotion, like gust, describes the
phenomenon of Northern climates.

Tempest, in Latin tempestas, or tempus a
time or season, describes that season or sort of
weather which is most remarkable, but at tho
same time most frequent, in Southern climates.

Hurricane has been introduced by the
Spaniards into European languages from the
Caribee Islands ; where it describes that
species of tempestuous wind most frequent in
tropical climates.

A breeze is gentle ; a gale is brisk, but steady:
we have breezes in a calm summer's day ; the
mariner has favourable gales which keep the
sails on the stretch. A blast is impetuous : the
exhalations of a trumpet, the breath of bellows,
the sweep of a violent wind, are blasts. A gust
is sudden and vehement : gusts of wind are
sometimes so violent as to sweep every thing
before them while they last.

Storm, tempest, and hurricane, include other
particulars besides wind.

A stonn throws the whole atmosphere into
commotion ; it is a war of the elements, in
which wind, rain, hail, and the like, conspire
to disturb the heavens. Tempest is a species of
storm which has also thunder and lightning
to add to the confusion. Hurricane is a species
of storm which exceeds all .he rest in violence
and duration.

Gust, storm, and tempest, which are applied
figuratively, preserve their distinction in this
sense. The pas-ions are exposed to gusts and
storms, to sudden bursts, or violent and con-
tinued agitations; the soul is .exposed to
tempests when agitated with violent and con-
tending emotions.

Gradual sinks the breeze
Into a perfect calm. THOMSON.

What happy gale
Blows you to Padua here from old Verona !

SHAKSPEARE.

As when fierce Northern blatti from th' Alps descend.
From his firm roots with straggling gtutt to rend
An aged sturdy oak, the rustling sound
Grows loud. DENHAM.

Through ttormt and tempesU so the sailor drivei,
Whilst every element in combat strives ;
Loud roars the thunder, fierce the lightning flies.
Winds wildly rage, and billows tar the skies.

SHIRLEY.

BRIGHTNESS.

123

BRING.

80 where our wide Nuiuidiau wastes extend.
Sudden til' impetuous hurricanes descend.
Wheel through the air, in circling eddies play.
Tear up the sands, aud sweep whole pUins away.
AJJDlSOtf.

Stay these sudden fluttt of passion
That hurry you away. KoWK.

I burn, I burn ! The ttorm that's in my mind
Kindles my he;irt. like tires provoked u.v wind.

LAXSDOWN.

All deaths, all tortures, in one pang coniiiinM,
Are guttle, to the tempest of uiy mind. THOMSON.

Brief^ v. Short.
Bright, v. Clear.

Brightness, Lustre, Splendor,
Brilliancy.

Brightness, from the English bright,
Saxon breorht, probably conies, like the Ger-
man prac/it splendour, from the Hebrew berat
to shine or glitter.

Lustre, in French lustre, Latin lustrum, a
purgation, or cleansing, that is, to make clean
or pure.

Splendor, in French splendeur, Latin splen-
dor, from splendeo to shine, comes either from
the Greek (nrAijSos embers, or airivOup a spark.

Brilliancy, from brilliant, and br'Mtr to
shine, comes irom the German brilte spectacles,
and the LMn of the middle ages berytlus a
crystal.

Brightaeu is the generic, the rest are
specific terms : there cannot be lustre, splen-
dor, and brilliancy, without brightness ; but
there may be brightness where these do not
exist. TLese teruis rise in sense ; lustre rises
on brightness, splendor oil lustre, and brilliancy
on splendor.

Jii-iyhtness and lustre are applied properly to
natural lights ; splendor and brilliancy have
been more commonly applied to that which is
artificial : there is always more or ! ss bright-
ness in the sun or moon ; there is an occasional
lustre in all thcheavenly bodies when theyshine
ia their unclouded b riyh tuess ; there is splendor
in the eruptions of flame from a volcano or an
immense conflagration ; there is brilliancy ii>a
collection of diamonds. There may be both
splendor and brilliancy in an illumination : the
splendor arises from the mass and richness of
light ; the brilliancy from the variety and
brightness of the lights and colours. Brightness
may be obscured, lustre may be tarnished,
splendor and brilliancy diminished.

The analogy is closely preserved in the figur-
ative aopliv^itjon. Brightness attaches to the
moral character of men in ordinary cases, lustre
attaches to extraordinary instances of virtue
and greatness, splendor and brilliancy attach
to the achievements of men.

Our Saviour is s'rikingly represented tons
as the brightness of his Father's glory, and the
express image < f his person. The humanity
of the English in the h'.ur of conquest adds a
lustre to their victories which are either splen-
did or brilliant, according to the number and
nature of the circumstances which render them
remarkable.

Earthly honours are both short-lived in their continn-
ance, ai.l while they last, tarnished with spots and stains.
Ou some quarter or other their brightneti is obscured.
But the honour which proceeds from God and virtue is

unmixed and pure. It
heaven. BLAIK.

. lustre which is derived from

Thomson's dictiou is in the highest degree florid and
luxuriant, such as may be said to be to his images and
thoughts " both their lustre aud their shade," such aa
mvest them with tplenUor through which they are not
easily discernible. JOHNSON.

There is an appearance of brilliancy in the pleasures of
bign life which naturally dazzles the yuuug. CBAIG.

Brilliancy, v. Radiance.

To Bring, Fetch, Carry.

Bring", in Saxon bringan, Teutonic, <fec.,
brini/en, old German briggan, pringan, bibrin-
gen, is most probably contracted from beringin,
which from the simple riitgenor regen to move,
signifies to put iu motion, or remove.

Fetch, in Saxon/eeciart, is not improbably
connected with the word search, in French
chercher, German suchen, Greek tflTtiv, Hebrew
zangnack to send for or go after.

Carry, v. To bear, carry.

To bring is simply to take with one's self
from the place where one is ; to fetch is to go
first to a place and then bring it; to fetch there-
fore is a species of bringing: whatever is near
at hand is brought ; whatever is at a distance
must \>e fetched: the porter at an inn brings &
parcel, a servant who is sent for it fetches it.

linn g always respects motion towards the
place iu which the speaker resides ; fetch, a
motion both to and from ; carry, always a
motion directly from the place or at a distance
from the place. A servant brings the parcel
home which his mastei has sent him to fetch ;
he carries a parcel from home. A carrier
carries parcels to and from a place, but he does
not bring parcels to and from any place.

Bring is an action performed at the option
of the agent ; fetch and carry are mostly done
at the command of another. Hence the old
provcrh, "He who will fetch will carry," to
mark tbe character of the gossip and tale-
bearer, who reports what he hears from two
persons in order to please both i arties.

What appeared to me wonderful was that none of the
ants came home without britiffing something. ADDISOX.

I have said before that those ants which J did so par-
ticularly consider, fetched their corn out of a garret.
AUDISON.

How great is the hardship of a poor ant, when she
crirrirx a grain of com to the second story, climbing up a
wall with her head downwards. ADDISON.

Brink, v. Border.

Brisk, v. Active.

Brittle, v. Fragile.

Broad, v. Large.

Broil, *. Quarrel.

To Bruise, v. To break, bruise.

Brutal, v. Cruel.

Brute, v. Animal.

Bud, v. Sprout.

Buffoon, v. Fool, idiot.

BUILD.

124

BUSINESS.

To Build, Erect, Construct.

Build, in Saxon bytlian, French batir, Ger-
man bauen, Gothic boa, bua, bygga, to erect
houses from the Hebrew bajitli a Habitation.

Erect, in French erigtr, Latin erectta, par-
ticiple of erigo, compounded of e and rego,
from the Greek opeyw to stretch or extend.

Construct, in Latin constmctus, participle
of construe, compounded of con together, and
ttruo to put, in Greek ?PWPV/XI, topeu to streic,
In Hebrew ok rah to dispose or put in order,
signifies to form together into a mass.

The word build by distinction expresses the
purpose of the action ; erect indicates the mode
of the action construct indicates contrivance
in the action. What is built is employed for
the purpose of receiving, retaining, or con-
fining ; what is erected i-> placed in an elevated
situation ; what is constructed is put together
wiih ingenuity.

All that is built miy be said to be erected or
constructed ; but all thatis erected or constructed
is not said to be built ; likewise what is erected
is mostly constructed, though not vice versa.
We build from necessity ; we erect for orna-
ment ; we construct for utility and conveni-
ence. Houses are built, monuments erected,
machines are constructed.

Montesquieu wittily observes, that by building pro-
fessed madhouses, men tacitly insinuate that all who are
out of their senses are to be found ouly in those places.

WARTON.

Tt is as rational to lire in caves till our own hands
have erected a palace, as to reject all knowledge of archi-
tecture which our understandings will not supply.

JOHNSON.

From the raft or canoe, which first served to carry a
savage over the river, to the construction of a vessel cap-
able of conveying a numerous crew with safety to a dis-
tent coast, the progress in iinnrovenieut is immense,
BOBERTSUN.

Build, r. To found.
Bulk, r. Size.

Bulky, Massive.

Bulky denotes having bull; which is con-
nected with our words, belly, body, bilge,
bulge, &c., and the German balg.

Massive, in French massif from mass,
signifies having a mass or being like a mats,
which through the German masse, Latin inassa,
Greek p.aa dough, comes from /xao-o-w to knead,
signifying made into a solid substance.

Whatever is bulky has a prominence of figure ;
what is massive has compactness of matter.
The bulky therefore, though larger in size, is
not so weighty as the massive.

Hollow bodies commonly have a bulk; none
but solid bodies can be massive.

A vessel is bulky in its form ; lead, silver,
and gold, Missive.

In Hilton's time it was suspected that the whole crea-
tion languished, that neither trees nor animals had the
height or bulk of their predecessors. JOHNSON.

His pond'rous shield.
Ethereal temper, massy, large, and round,
Bhind him cast. MILTON.

Burden, v. Encumbrance.

Burden, r. Freight.
Burden, r. Weight.
Burdensome, v. Heavy.

Burial, Interment, Sepulture.

Burial from bury, in Saxon birian, birigan,
German bergeu, signifies in the original sense
to conceal.

Interment from inter, compounded of in
and terra, signifies the putting into the
ground.

Sepulture, in French sepulture, Latin
sepultwa, from sepultus, participle of sepelio to
bury, comes from sepes a hedge, signifying an
enclosure, and probably likewise from the
Hebrew sabat to put to jest, or in a state of
privacy.

Under burial is comprehended simply the
purpose of the action ; under interment and
sepulture, the manner as well a? the motive of
the action. We bury in ord-r to conceal ;
interment and sepulture axe accompanied with
religious ceremonies.

* Bury is confined to no object or place ; we
bvry whatever we deposit in the earth, and
wherever we please ; but interment and sepul-
ture respect only the bodies of the deceased
when deposited in a sacred place.

Burial requires that the object be concealed
under ground ; interine.nl may be used for de-
positing in vaults.

Self-murderers are buried in the highways;
Christians in general are buried in the church-
yard ; but the kings of England were formerly
interred in Westminster Abbey.

Burial is a term in familiar use ; interment
serves frequently as a more elegant expression ;
sepulture is an abstract term confined to par-
ticular cases, as in speaking of the rights an- 1
privileges of sepulture.

Interment and sepulture never depart from
their religious import ; bury is used figura-
tively for other objects and purposes. A man
is said to bury himself alive who shuts himself
out from the world ; he is said to bury the
talent of which he makes no use, or to bury in
oblivion what he does not wish to call to
mind.

Let my pale corse the rights of burial know.
And give me entrance in the realms below. POPE.

But good -Eneas ordered on the shore

A stately tomb, whose top a trumpet bore :

Thus was his friend interr'ti, and deathless fame.

Still to the lofty cape consigns his name . DKVUEK.

Ah ! leave me not for Grecian drgs to tear;
The common rites of sepulture 1 estow
To soothe a father's and a mother's woj ;
Let their large gifts procure an i-m at least.
And Hector's ashes in his country rest. POPE.

Burlesque, r. Wit.
Burning 1 , r. Hot.
Burst, v. Break.

Business, Occupation, Employment,
Engagement, Avocation.

Business signifies what makes busy (v.
Active, busy").

Vide Trnsler ; " To bury, inter."

BUSINESS.

125

BUSINESS.

Occupation from occupy, in French occu-
per, Latin occupo, that is, ob and capio, signi-
fies that which serves or takes possession of a
person or thing to the exclusion of other
things.

Employment from employ, in French
emploi, Latin implico, Greek e^irAeicw, signifies
that which engages or fixes a person.

Engagement, v. To attract.

Avocation, in Latin avocatio, from a and
voco, signifies the thing that calls off fiom
another thing.

Business occupies all a person's thoughts as
well as his time and powers ; occupation and
employment occupy only his time and strength :
the first is mostly regular, it is the object of
our choice ; the secoud is casual, it depends
on the will of another. Engagement is a
partial employment, avocation a particular en-
gagement : an engagement prevents us from
doing any thing else ; an avocation calls off or
prevents us from doing whit we wish.

Every tradesman has a business, on the
diligent prosecution of which depends his
success iu life ; every mechanic h;s hia daily
occupation, by which he maintain? his f umly ;
every labourer has an employment which is fixed
for him.

Business and occupation always suppose a
serious object. Business is somethiug more
urgent and important than occupation : a man
of independent fortune has no occasion to pur-
sue business, but as a rational agent he will not
bo contented to be without an occupation.

Employment, engagement, and avocation, leave
the object undefined. An employment may be
a mere diversion of the thoughts, and a wast-
ing of the hours in some idle pursuit ; a child
may have its employment, which may be its
play in distinction from its business : an en-
gagement may have no higher object than that
of pleasure ; the idlest people have often the
most engagements : the gratification of curi-
osity, and the love of social pleasure, supply
them with an abundance of engagements. Avo-
cations have seldom a direct trifling object,
although it may sometimes be of a subordi-
nate nature, and generally irrelevant : numer-
ous avocations are not desirable ; every man
should have a regular pursuit, the business of
his life, to which the principal part of his time
should be devoted : avocations therefore of a
serious nature are apt to divide the time and
attention to a hurtful degree.

A person who is busy has much to attend to,
and attends to it closely : a person who is
occupied has a full share of business without
any pressure ; he is opposed to one who is
idle : a person who is employed has the present
moment filled up ; he is not in a state of in-
action: the person who is engaged is not at
liberty to be otherwise employed ; his time is
not his own ; he is opposed to one at leisure.

The materials are no sooner wrought into paper, but
they are distributed among the presses where they again
set innumerable artists at work, and furnish butiness to
another mystery. ADDISON.

How little must the ordinary occupations of men seem
to one who is engaged in so noble a pursuit as the assimila-
tion of himself to the Deity. BERKELEY.

I would recommend to every one of my readers the
keeping a journal of their lives fur one week, and setting

down punctually their whole series of employment! dar-
ing that space of time. ADDISON.

Mr. Baretti being a single man, and entirely clear from
all mgagtmnUi, takes the advantage of his independence.
JOHNSOX.

Sjrrow ought not to be suffered to increase by indulg-
ence, but must give way after a stated time tn social
duties and the common avocationt of lif e. J OHNSON.

Business, Trade, Profession, Art.

Business, v. Business, occupation.

Trade signifies that which employs the
time by way of trade.

Profession signifies that which one pro-
fesses to do.

Art signifies that which is followed in the
way of the arts.

These words are synonymous in the sense of
a calling, for the purpose of a livelihood :
business i general, trade and profession are
particular ; all trade is business, but all business
is not trade.

Buying and selling of merchandize is in-
separable from trade ; but the exercise of one's
knowledge and experience, for purposes of
gain, constitutes a business; when learning or
particular skill is required, it is a profession ;
and when there is a peculiar exercise of art,
it is an art every shop-keeper and retail
dealer c-irries on a trade : brokers, manufac-
turers, bankers, and others, carry on business;
clergymen, medical, or military men, follow a
profession ; musicians and painters follow an
art.

Those who are determined by choice to any particular
kind of btuineit are indeed more happy than those who
are determined by necessity. ADDISON.

Some persons, indeed, by the privilege of their birth
and quality, are above a common trade and profession,
but they are not hereby exempted from all business, and
allowed to live unprofitably to others. TILLOTSON.

No one of the sons of Adam ought to think himself
exempt from labour or industry ; thuse to whom birth or
fortune may seem to maKe such an application unnecessary,
ought to find out some calling or profession, that they
may not lie as a burthen upon the species. ADUISON.

The painter understands his art. SWIFT.

Business, Office, Duty.

Business, v. Business, occupation.

Office, v. Benefit, service.

Duty signifies what is due or owing one,
from the Latin debitum, participle of debeo to
owe.

Business is what one prescribes to one's self ;
office is prescribed by another ; duty is pre-
scribed or enjoined by a fixed rule of pro-
priety : mercantile concerns are the business
which a man takes upon himself; the manage-
ment of parish concerns is an office imposed
upon him often, much against his inclination ;
the maintenance of his family is a duty which
his conscience enjoins upon him to per-
form.

Business and duty are public or private ;
office is mostly of a public na'ure : a minister
of state, by virtue of his office, has always

gublic business to perform ; but men in general
ave only private business to transact : a mini-
ster of religion has public duties to perform in
his ministerial capacity ; every other man has

BUSTLE.

126

CALAMITY.

personal or relative duties, which he is called
upon to discharge according to his station.

It is certain, from Suetonius, that the Romans thought
the education of their children a biuini'ts properly belong-
ing to the parents themselves. BUDGELL.

But now the feather'd youth their former bounds
Ardent disdain, and welchinc oft their wings,
Demand tlie Iree possession cf the sky.
This u.ie triad office more, and then dissolves
1'arental love at once, now heedless grown.

THOMSON.

Business, v. Affair.

Bustle, Tumult, Uproar.

Bustle is probably a frequentative of
busy.

Tumult, in French lumulte, Latin tumultus,
or tumor multus, much swelling or perturba-
tion.

Uproar, compounded of up and roar, marks
the act of setting up a roar or clamour, or the
state of its being so set up.

Bustle has most of hurry in it ; tumult most
of disorder and confusion ; uproar most of
noise : the hurried movements of one, or
many, cause a bustle; disorderly struggles of
many constitute a tumult ; the loud elevation
of many opposing voices produces an vproar.
Bustle is frequently not the effect of design,
but the natural consequence of many persons
coming together ; tumult commonly arises
from a general effervescence in the minds of a
multitude ; uprcar is the consequence either
of general anger or ruirth. A crowded street
will always be in a bustle: contested elections
are always accompanied with a great tumuli :
drinking parties make a considerable uproar,
in the indulgence of their intemperate mirth.

They who live in the buttle of the world are not, per-
haps, the most accurate observers of the progressive
change of manners in that society in which they pass
their time. ABERCROMBY.

Outlaws of nature ! yet the great must use 'em
Sometimes as necessary tools of tumult. DRYDEN.

Amidst the uproar of other bad passions, conscience
acts as a restraining power. BLAIR.

Busy, v. Actice.
Butchery, v. Carnage.
Butt, v. Mark.

To Buy, Purchase, Bargain, Cheapen.

Buy, in Saxon byegean, is in all probability
coiinected with bargain.

Purchase, in French pourchaser, like the
word pursue, poursuivre, comes from the Latin
perstquor, signifying to obtain by a particular
effort.

Bargain, in Welsh bargen, is most probably
connected with the German borgen to borrow,
and burge a surety.

Cheapen is in Saxon ceapan, Gernuu.
kaufen, butch koopen to buy.

Buy and purchase have a strong resemblance
to each other, both in sense and application ;
but the latter is a term of more refinement
than the former : buy may always be substi-
tuted for purchase without impropriety; but
purchase would be sometimes ridiculous in the
familiar application of but/ : the necessaries of
life are bought; luxuries are purchased.

The characteristic idea of buying is that of
expending money according to a cet tain rule,
and for a particular purpose ; that of pur-
chasing is the procuring the thing : the pro-
pensity of buying whatever comes in one's
way is very injurious to the circumstances of
some people ; what it is not convenient to
procure lor ourselves we may commission
another to purchase for us.

Buying implies simply the exchange of one's
money for a commodity ; bargaining and
cheapening have likewise respect to the price :
to bargain is to make a specific agreement as
to the price ; to cheapen is not only to lower the
price asked, but to deal in such things as are
cheap : trade is supported by buyers ; barijainti-s
and cheapeners are not acceptable customers :
mean people are pr> ne to bargaining ; poor
people are oblige to cheapen.

It gives me very (Treat scandal to observe, wherever I
go, how much skill, in btiyiim all manner of things, there
is necessary to defend yourself fr&m being cheated.
STKKLE.

Pirates may make cheap pennyworths of their pillage,
And purchase friends. SHAKSPEARE.
So York must sit, and fret, and bite his tonzne.
While his own lands are ttargnin'd for. and sold.

SHAKSPKARE.

You may see many a smart rhetorician turning his hat
in his bauds, moulding it into several different cocks, .-x-
mg sometimes the lining, and sometimes the button,

, someimes e u

during the whole course of his harangue. A deaf
would think he was cheapening a beaver, when peraps
he is talking of the fate of the British nation. ADDISU.N.

By-Word, v. Axiom.

Cabal, v. Combination.
To Cajole, v. To Coax.

Calamity, Disaster, Misfortune,
Mischance, Mishap.

Calamity, in French calamite, Latin
calaniitds, from calamus a stalk ; because hail
or whatever injured the ttalks of corn was
termed a calamity.

Disaster, in French desastrf, is com-
pounded of the privative des or di.i *nd astre,
in Latin tuttrum a star, signifying what comts
from the adverse influence of the stars.

Misfortune, Mischance, and Mis-
hap, naturally express what comes auiss.

The idea of a painful event is common to a'l
these terms, but they differ in the degree of
importance.

A calamity is a great disaster or misfortune;

CALCULATE.

127

CALCULATE.

a misfortune a great mlschaiice or mishap : what-
ever is attended with destruction is a calamity;
whatever occasions mischief to the person, de-
feats or interrupts plans, is a disaster what-
ever is accompanied with a loss of property, or
the deprivation of health, is a misfortune :
whatever diminishes the beauty or utility of
objects is a mischance or mishap : the devasta-
tion of a country by hurricanes or earthquakes,
or the desolation of its inhabitants by famine
or plague, are great calamities ; the overturn-
ing of a carriage, or the fracture of a limb, are
disasters : losses in trade are misfortunes , tbe
spoiling of a book is, to a greater or less ex-
tent, a mischance or mishap.

A calamity seldom arises from the direct
agency of man ; the elements, or the natural
course of things, are mostly concerned in pro-
ducing this source of misery to men ; the rest
may be ascribed to chance, as distinguished
from design : disasters mostly arise from some
specific known cause, either the carelessness
of persons, or the unfitness of things for their
use ; as they generally serve to derange some
preconcerted scheme or undertaking, they
seem as if they were produced by some secret
influence : misfortune is frequently assignable
to no specific cause, it is the bad fortune of an
individual ; a link in the chain of his destiny ;
an evil independent of himself, as distin-
guished from a fault : mischance and mishap
are misfortunes of comparatively so trivial a
nature, that it would not be worth while to
inquire into their cause, or to dwell upon their
consequences. A calamity is dreadful ; a
disaster melancholy ; a misfortune grievous or
heavy ; a mischance or mishap slight or trivial.

A calamity is either public or private, but
mote frequently the former : a disaster is
rather particular than private ; it .affects
things rather than persons ; journeys, expe-
ditions, and military movements are com-
monly attended with distt&ters : misfortunes are
altogether personal ; they immediately affect
the interests of the individual : mischances and
mishaps are altogether domestic. We speak of
a calamitous period, a disastrous expedition,
an unfortunate person, little mischances or mis-
haps.

They observed that several blessings had degenerated
uito calamitiet, and that several calamities had unproved
into blessings, according as they fell into the possession
of wise or foolish men. ADDISON.

There in his noisy mansion, skill'd to rule,
The village master taught his little school :
A man severe, he was. and stern to view,
I knew him well, and every truant knew.
W. 11 had thebodim? tremblers leani'd to trace
The day's ditattert ui his morning face.

GOLDSMITH.

She daily exercises her benevolence by pitying every
misfortune that happens to every family within her circle
of notice. JOHNSOH.

Permit thy daughter, G racious J ove, to tell.

How this mitchance the Cypriau Queeu befell. POPE.

For pity's sake tells uudeserv'd miihapi,
Aiid their applause to gain, recounts his claps.

CHURCHILL.

To Calculate, Compute, Reckon,
Count.

Calculate, in Latin calculate participle
of ca.lcv.lo, comes from calculus, Greek <coAi a

pebble ; because the Greeks gave their vote',
and the Romans made out their accounts, by
little stones ; hence it denotes the action itself
of reckoning.

Compute, in French computer, Latin com-
puto, compounded of com and pv.to, signifies to
put together in one's mind.

Reckon, in Saxon reccan, Dutch rekenen.
German rcchntn, is not improbably derived
from row, in Iiutch red; because stringing of
things in a row was formnly, as it is now
sometimes, the ordinary mode of reckoning.

Count, in French compter, is but a contrac-
tion of computer.

Thei-e words indicate the means by which
we arrive at a certain result, in regard to
quantity.

To calculate is the generic term, the rest
are specific:* compulation and reckoning arc
branches of calculation, or an application of
those operations to the objects of which a
result is sought: to calculate comprehends
arithmetical operations in general, or parti-
cular applications of the science of numbers,
in order to obtain a certain point of know-
Itdge: to compute is to combine certain given
numbers in order to leam the grand result :
to reckon is to enumerate and set down thirgs
in the detail : to count is to add up the indivi-
dual items contained in many different parts,
in order to determine the quantity.

Calculation particularly respects the opera-
tion itself : compute and count respect the gioss
sums ; reckon refers to the details. To cal-
culate denotes any numerical operation in
general, but in its limited sense ; it is the
abstract science of figures used by mathe-
maticians and philosophers ; computation is
a numerical estimate, a simple species of
calculation used by historians, chronologists,
and financial speculators, in drawing great
results from complex sources : reckon and
count are still simpler species of calculation,
applicable to the ordinary business of life,
and employed by tradesmen, mechanics, and
people in general ; reckoning and counting were
the first efforts made by men in acquiritg a
knowledge of number, quantity, or degree.

The astronomer calculates the return of the
stars ; the geometrician makes algebraic calcu-
lations. The Banians, Indian merchants, make
prodigious calculations in an instant on their
thumb nails, doubtless after the manner of
algebra, by signs, which the calculator employ a
as he pleases. The chronologist computes the
times of particular events, by comparing them
with those of other known events. Many per-
sons have at'empted from the prophecies to
make a computation as to the probable time of
the millennium : financiers compute the pro-
duce of a tax according to the measure and
circumstances of its imposition. At every new
consulate the Romans used to drive a nail into
the wall of the capitol, by which they reckoned,
the length of time that their state bad been
erected : tradesmen reckon their profits and
losses. Children begin by counting on their
fingers, one, two, three.

An almanack is made by calculation, compu-
tation, and reckoning. The ri ing and setting

Vide Roubaud! " Calculer, supposer, couipter,
F

CALCULATE.

CALL,

of the heavenly bodies are calculated ; from
giving astronomical tables is computed the
moment on which any celestial phenomenon
may return ; and by reckoning are determined
the days on which holidays, or other periodical
events, fall.

BuSon, in his moral arithmetic, has calcu-
lated tables as guides to direct our judgments
in different situations, where we have only
vague probability, on which to draw our con-
clusions. By this we have only to compute
what the fairest gain must cost us ; how much
we must lose in advance from the most favour-
able lottery ; how much our hopes impose upon
us, our cupidity cheats us, and our habits in-
jure us.

, Calculate and reckon are employed in a
. figurative sense ; compute and fount in an ex-
tended application of the same sense.

Calculate, reckoii, and count, respect mostly
the future ; compute, the past.

Calculate is rather a conjectural deduction
from what is, as to whit may be ; computa-
tion. is a rational estimate of what has been,
from what is ; reckoning is a conclusive con-
viction, a complacent assurance that a thing
will happen : counting indicates an expecta-
tion. Wo calculate on a . gain ; compute any
loss sustained, or the amount of any mischief
done ; we reckon on a promised pleasure ; we
count the hour- and minutes until the time of
enjoyment arrives.

A spirit of calculation arises from the cu-
pidity engendered by trade ; it narrows the
mind to the mere prospect of accumulation
and self-interest Compulations are inaccurate
that are not founded upon exact numerical
calculations. Inconsiderate people are apt to
reckon on things that are very uncertain, and
then lay up to themselves .-i sfr re of disappoint-
ments. Children who are uneasy at school
count the hours, minutes, and moments for
their return home Those who have expe-
rienced the instability of human affairs will
never calculate on an hour's enjoyment beyond
the moment of existence. It is difficult to
compute the loss which an army sustains upon
being defeited, especially if it be obliged to
make a long retreat. Those who know the
human heart will never reckon on the assist-
ance of professed friends in the hour of ad-
versity. A mind that is ill at ease seeks a
resource and amusement in counting the mo-
ments as they fly ; but this is ofUn an un-
happy delusion that only adds to the bitterness
of sorrow.

Iu this hank of fame, by an exact calculation, and the
rules of political arithmetic, I have allotted ten hundred
| thousand shires ; five hundred thousand of which is the
due of the general; two hundred thousand I assign to

e general officers ; and two hundred thous
l the commissioned officers, from the

all the commissioned officers, from the colonels to en-
signs ; the remaining hundred thousand must be distri-
buted among the non-cominissioned officers and private
men ; according to which computation, I find Serjeant

The time we live ought not to be computed by the num-
ber of years, but by the use that has been made of it.
ADDISON.

Men reckon themselves possessed of what their genins
inclines them to, and so bend all their ambition to excel
la what is out of their reach. SPECTATOR.

Aprflatise anJ admiration are by no means to be counted
among the netesear.es of life. JOHSSOX.

Calendar, Almanack, Ephemeris. -

Calendar comes from calendce, the Roman
name for the first days of every month.

Almanack, that is al and tnana, signifies
properly the reckoning or thing reckoned,
from the Arabic mana and Hebrew manach to
reckon.

Ephemeris, in Greek c<j>c(xcpt; from en-t
and >)Mpa the day, implies that which happens
by the day.

These terms denote a date-book, but the
calendar is a book which re ;isters events under
every month : the almanack is a book which
registers times, or the divisions of the year :
and an ephemera is a book which registers the
planetary movements every day. An alma-
nack may be a calendar, and an tphenieria may
be both an almanack and a calendar ; but
every almanack is not a calendar, nor every
calendar an almanack. The Gardener's calen-
dar is not an almanack, and the sheet alma-
nacks are seldom calendars : likewise tho
nautical ep/iemeris may serve as an almanack,
although not as a calendar.

He was sitting upon the ground upon a little straw in
the furthest comer of his dungeon, which was alternately
his chair and bed . a little calendar ol small sticks nerd
laid at the head, notched all over with the dismal uighU
and ditys he had passed there. STEKXE.

When the reformers were purging the calendar of
legions ot visionary saints, they took due care to defend
the niches of real martyrs from profanation. They pre-
served the holy festivals which had been consecrated for
many ages to the great luminaries of the church, and at
oncepaid proper observance to the memory of the good,
and fell in with the proper humour of the vulgar, which
lores to reloice and mourn at the discretion of the
almanack. WALPOLE.

That two or three suns or moons appear in any man's
life or reign, it is not worth the wander; but that the
same should fall out at a remarkable time or point of
some decisive action ; that those two should make but
one line :n the book of fate, and stand together iu the
great, ephemeridet of God, beside the philosophical assign-
ment ot the cause, it may admit a Christian apprehen-
sion ill the siguallty. BEOWX'S VULGAE ERBOK3.

To Call, Bid, Summon, Invite.

Call, in its abstract and original sense,
signifies simply to give an expression of the
voice, in which it agrees with the German
acUo.ll, Swedish skalla a sound, Greek KoAcu to
call, Hebrew kol the voice.

Bid, in Saxon beodan or bidden to offer, old
German buden, low German bedan, German
bttllien, &c., Latin rito or im-ilo, which comes
from in and viam the way, signifies to call
into the way or measure of another.

Summon, in French sommer, changed from
summoner, Latin submoneo, signifies to give
special notice.

The idea of signifying one's wish to another
to do any thing is included in all these terms.

To call is not confined to any particular
sound ; we may call by simply raising the
voice : to inrite is not even confined to sounds:
we may inrite by looks, or signs, or even by
writing : to bid and summons require the ex-
press use of words. The actions of co.lling
and inviting are common to animals as well as
men : sheep call their young when they bleat,
and oxen their companions when they low ;
cats and other females among the brutes invitt

CALM.

129

CALM.

their young to come out from their bed when
it is proper for them to begin to walk : to bid
and summon are altogether confined to human
beings.

Call and lid are direct addresses : to invite
and summon may pass through the medium of
a second person. I call or bid the person
whom I wish to come, but I send him a sum-
mons or invitation.

Calling of itself expresses no more than the
simple desire ; but according to circumstances
it may be made to express a command or en-
treaty. When equals call each other it
amounts simply to a wish , when the dam
calls her young it amounts to supplicating
entreaty ; but when a father calls his son it is
equivalent to a command. To bid expresses
cither a command or an entreaty : when
superiors bid it is a positive command ; when
equals bid it is an act of civility. To summon
is always imperative ; to invile always in the
spirit of kindness and courtesy. Persons in
all stations of life have occjsion to call each
other ; but it is an action most befitting the
superior : to bid and invite are alike the actions
of superiors and equals : to summon is the act
of a superior only.

Calling is always for the purpose of drawing
the object to one's person. Bidding, as a
command, may be employed for what we wish
to be done ; but bidding in the sense of an in-
vitation is employed for drawing the object to
our place of residence. Inviting is employed
for either purpose. Summoning is an act of
authority by which a person is obliged to
make his appearance at a given place.

In a deep vale, or near some ruin'd wall.

He would the ghosts ol slaughter'd soldiers en II.

DRYDE.V.

The star that bids the shepherd fold.

Now the top ol heaven doth hold. MILTON.

This minute may be mine, the next another's ;
Bui still all mortals ought to wait the wmmoni.

SMITH.

Still follow where auspicious fates invite,

Caress the happy, and the wretched slight. LEWIS.

To Call, v. To cry.
To Call, v. To name.
Callous, v. Hard.

Calm, Composed, Collected.

Calm, r. To appease.

Composed, from the verb compose, marks
the state of being composed ; and Collected,
from collect, the state of being collected.

These terms agree in expressing a state ;
but calm respects the state of the feelings,
composed the state of the thoughts and feel-
ings, and collected the state of the thoughts
more particularly.

Calmness is peculiarly requisite in seasons of
distress, and amidst scenes of horror: com-
posure, in moments of trial, disorder, and
tumult : collectedness, in moments of danger.
Calmness is the companion of fortitude ; no
one whose spirits are easily disturbed can
have strength to bear misfortune : composure
is an attendant upon clearness of understand-
ing ; no one can express himself with per-

spicuity whose thoughts are any way deranged :
collectedness is icquisite for a determined
promptitude of action ; no one can be ex-
pected to act promptly who cannot think
fixedly.

It would argue a want of all feeling to bo
calm on some occasions, when the best affec-
tions of our nature are put to a severe trial.
Composedness of mind associated with the detec-
tion of guilt, evinces a, hardened conscience,
and an insensibility to shame. Collected-
ness of mind has contributed in no small
degree to the preservation of some persons'
lives, in moments of the most imminent peril.

Tic godlike magnanimity to keep.

When most provok'd, our reason calm and clear.

THOMSON.

A moping lover would grow a pleasant fellow by that
time he had rid thrice about the island (Anticyra): and
a liare-braiueci rake, after a short stuy iu the country,
go home again a composed, grave, worthy gentleman.
STEELE.

Collectedin his strength, and like a rock,
Fois'd on his base, Mezentius stood the shock.

DP. y DEN.

Calm, Placid, Serene.

Calm, v. To appease.

Placid, in Latin placidus, from placeo to

E lease, signifies the state of being pleased, or
ee from uneasiness.

Serene, Latin se>-enus, comes most probably
from the Greek eiprjn) peace, signifying a stato
of peace.

Calm and serene are applied to the elements ;
placid only to the mind. Calmness respects
only the state of the winds, serenity that of
the air and heavens : the weather is calm when*
it is free from agitation : it is serene when free
from noise and vapour. Calm respects the
total absence of all perturbation ; placid the
ease and contentment of the mind ; serene
clearness and composure of the mind.

As in the natural world a particular agita-
tion of the wind is succeeded by a calm, so in
the mind of man, when an unusual efferves-
cence has been produced, it commonly sub-
sides into a calm : placidity and serenity have
more that is even and regular in them ; they
are positively what they are. Calm is a tem-
porary state of the feelings ; placid and serene
are habits of the mind. We speak of a calm
state ; but a placid and serene temper. Pla-
cidity is more of a natural gift ; serenity is ac-
quired : people with not very ardent desires
or warmth of feeling will evince placidity ;
they are pleased with all that passes inwardly
or outwardly : nothing contributes so much to
serenity of mind as a pervading sense of God's
good providence, which checks all impatience,
softens down every asperity of humour, and
gives a steady current to the feelings.

Preach patience to the sea, when jarring winds
Throw up the swelling billows to the sky!
And if your reasons mitigate her fury,
My soul will be as calm. SMITH.

Placid and soothing is the remembrance of a life passed
with quiet, innocence, and elegance. STEELE.

Every one ought to fence against the temper of his
climate or constitution, and frequently to indulge in
himself those considerations which may give him
terenity of mind. ADDISON.

CAN.

130

CAPTIOUS.

To Calm, r. To appease.

Calm, v. Peace.

To Calumniate, r. To asperse.

Can, May.

Can, in the Northern languages l-Snnen, 8cc.,
is derived most probably from kennen to know,
from the nntural intimacy which subsists
between knowledge and power.

May is in German miigtn, to may or wish,
Greek fuuw to desire, from the connexion
between wishing and complying with a wish.

Can denotes possibility, may liberty and
probability : he who has sound limbs eon walk,
but he may not walk in places which are pro-
hibited.

For whoc<i> match Achilles? he who can

Must yet be more than hero, more than num. POPE.

Thou carat not call him from tb Stygian shore.
But thou, alas ! maytt live to sufltr more. POPK.

To Cancel, v. To abolish.
To Cancel, v. To Hot out.

Candid, Open, Sincere.

Candid, in French candide, Latin cantlidus,
from camlet) to shine, signifies to be pure, as
truth itself.

Open, is in Saxon open, French ouvert,
Germaii offtn, from the preposition up, Ger-
man auf, Dutch op, <tc., because erectness is a
characteristic of t.uthand openness.

Sincere, French gineere, Latin sincerus,
probably from the Greek aw and iojp the
heart, that is, with the heart, signifying dic-
tated by or going with the heart.

Candor arises from a conscious purity of in-
tention : openness from a warmth of feeling
and love of communication : sincerity from a
love of truth.

Candor obliges us to acknowledge whatever
may mike against ourselves ; it is disinter-
ested : openness impels us to utter whatever
passes in the mind ; it is unguarded : sincerity
prevents us from speaking what we do not
think ; it is positive. A candid man will have
no reserve when openness is necessary ; an open
man cannot maintain a reserve at any time ;
a sincere man will maintain a reserve only as
far as it is consistent with truth.

Candor wins much upon those who come in
connexion with it : it removes misunderstand-
ings and obviates differences ; the want of it
occasions suspicion and discontent. Openness
gains as many enemies as friends ; it requires
to be well regulated not to be offensive ; there
is no mind so pure and disciplined that all the
thoughts and feelings which it gives birth to,
may or ought to be made public. Sincerity is
an indispensable virtue ; the want of it is
always mischievous, frequently fatal.

Self conviction is the path to virtue.
An honourable candor thus adorus
"Ingenuous minds. C. J OHSSOS.

His words are bonds, his oaths are oracles.
His lore tincerc, his thoughts immaculate.

SHAKSPEA&Et

The fondest and firmest friendships are dissolved by
such opennett and tincerity as interrupt our enjoyment
of our own approbation. JOHXSOJi.

Candid, v. Frank.
Canonization, v. Beatification.
Capacious, v. Ample.
Capaciousness, v. Capacity.
Capacity, v. Ability.

Capacity, Capaciousness.

Capacity, v. Ability.

Capaciousness, v. Ample.

Capacity is the abstract of capax, receiving
or apt to hold ; it is therefore applied to the
contents of hollow bodies : cofMteiotimeM is
the abstract of capacious, and is therefore
app'ied to the plane surface comprehended
witbin a given space. Hence we speak of the
capacity of a vessel ; and the capaciousness of
a ruoin.

Capacity is an indefinite term simply desig-
nating fitness to hold or receive ; but capa-
ciousness denotes something specifically large.
Measuring the capacity of vessels belongs to
the science of mensuration : the capaciousness
of rooms is to be observed by the eye. They
are marked by the same distinction in their
moral application : men are born with various
capacities . some are remarkable for the capa-
ciousness of their minds.

Caprice, v. Humour.
Capricious, r. Fanciful.

Captious, Cross, Peevish, Petulant,
Fretful

Captious, in Latin capliosus. from capio,
(signifies taking or treating in an offensive
manner.

Cross, after the noun cross, marks the
temper which resembles a cross.

Peevish, probably changed from beeish,
fignifies easily provoked, and ready to sting
like a bee.

Fretful, from the word fret, signifies full
of fretting : fret, which is in Saxon freotan.
comes from the Latin fricatus, participle of
frico to wear away with rubbing.

Petulant, in Latin petulant, from peto to
seek, signifies seeking or catching up.

All these terms indicate an unamiable work-
ing and expression i.f temper. Captious marks
a readiness to be offended : cross indie >tes a
readiness to offend : peevish expresses a strong
degree of crossness : fretful a complaining im-
patience : petulant a quick or sudden impa-
tience. Cautiousness is the consequence of
misplaced pride, crossness of ill-humour : pe-
vishness ana fretfulnets of a. painful irritability ;
petulance is either the result of a naturally
hasty temper or of a sudden irritability ;
adults are most prone to be captious: they
have frequently a self-importance which is in
perpetual danger of being offended : an un-

CAPTURE.

1ST

CARE.

disciplined temper, whether in yrungorold
will manifest itsslf on certain occasions by
cross looks and words towards thnse with
whotn they come in connexion : spoiled chil-
dren are most apt to be peevish ; they are
seldom thwartei in any of their unreasonable
desires, without venting their ill-humour by
an irritating and offending action : sickly
children are most liable to fretfulness : their
unpL-asAnt fee'iugs vent themselves in a mix-
ture of crying cumplnnts and crossness : the
young a'id ignorant are most apt to be petu-
lant when contradicted.

Captiousness and jealousy are easily offended : and to
him who studiously looks for an affrout, every mode of
behaviour will supply it. JOHNSON.

I was so good-humoitr'd, so cheerful and gay,

My heart was as light as a feather all day.

But now I so crott and so peevith am grown,

So strangely uneasy as never was kiiuwn. BYROM.

Peevish displeasure, and suspicions of mankind, are apt
' to persecute those who withdraw themselves altogether
from the haunts of men. BLAIK.

By indulging this/rer/!iZ temper, you both aggravate the
uneasiness of age, and you alienate those on whose affec-
tions much of your comfort depends. BLAIR.

To Captivate, v. To charm.
To Captivate, v. To enslave.
Captivity, v. Confinement.

Capture, Seizure, Prize.

Capture, in French capture, Latin captura,
from captus, participle of capio to take, signi-
fies either the act of taking, or the thing
taken, but mostly the former.

Seizure, from seize, in French saisir, signi-
fies only the act of seizing.

Prise, in French prise, from pris, participle
of prendre to take, signifies only the thing
taken.

Capture and seizure differ in the mode ; a cap-
ture is made by force of arms ; a seizure by
direct and personal violence. The capture of
a town or an island requires an army ; the
seizure of property is effected by the exertions
of an individual. A seizure always requires
some force which a captu e does not. A cap-
ture maybe mad'- on an unresisting object ; it
is merely the taking into possession : a seizure
supposes much eagerness for possession on the
one hand, and reluctance to yield on the other.
Merchant vessels are captured which are not in
a state to make resistance ; contraband goods
are seized by the police officers.

A capture has always something legitimate
in it ; it is a public measure flowing from
authority: a, seizure is a private measure, fre-
quently as unlawful and unjust as it is violent;
it depends on the will of the individual. A
capture is general, it respects the act of tak-
ing : a prize is particular, it regards the object
taken, and its value to the captor: many cap-
tures are made by sea which never become
prizes.

The lat Mr. Robert Wood, in his essay on the original
genius and writings of Homer, inclines to think the Iliad
and Odyssey were tinished about half a century after the
capture of Troy. CUMBERLAND.

Many of the dangers imputed of old to exorbitant
Wealth are now at au end. Trte rich re neither waylaid.

by robbers, nor watched by informers ; there is nothing
to be dreaded from proscriptions or seizures. JOHNSON.

Sensible of their own force, and allured by the prospect
of so rich a prize, the northern barbarians, in the reign of
Arcadius and Honorius, assailed at once all the frontiers
of the Roman empire. HUME.

Carcase, v. Body.

Care, Solicitude, Anxiety.

Care, in Latin cura, comes probably from
the Greek /cupos power, because whoever has
power has a weight of care.

Solicitude, in French solicitude, Latin wl-
licitudo from sollicito to disquiet, compounded
of solum and cito to put altogether in commo-
tion, signifies a complete state of restless
commotion.

Anxiety, in French anxiete, 'Latin anxiela
from anxius and ango, Greek oyx 40 - Hebrew
hanak to hang, suffocate, torment, signifies a
state of extreme suffering.

These terms express mental pain in rifferent
degrees ; care less than solicitude, and this
less than anxiety. Care consists of thought and
feeling; solicitude and anxiety of feeling only.
Care respects the past, present, and future ;
solicitude and anxiety regard the present and
future. Care is directed towards the present
and absent, near or at a distance : solicitude
and anxiety are employed about that which is
absent and at a certain distance.

We are careful about the means ; solicitous
and anxious about the end ; we are solicitous
to obtain a good ; we are anxious to avoid an
evil. The cares of a parent exceed every other
in their weight. He has an unceasing solici-
tude for the welfare of his children, and ex-
periences many an anxious thought lest all his
care should be lost upon them.

Care, though in some respects an infirmity
of our nature, is a consequence of our limited
knowledge which we cannot altogether re-
move ; as it respects the present, it is a
bounden duty ; but when it extends to futu-
rity, it must be kept within the limits of
pious resignation. Solicitude and anxiety, as
habits of the mind, are irreconcilt able with
the faith of a Christian, which teaches him to
take no thought for the morrow.

But his face

Deep scars of thunder had entrench'd, aud care
Sat on his faded cheek. MILTON.

Can your solicitude alter t^e course, or unravel the In-
tricacy of human events ? BLAH;.

The story of a man who grew grey in the space of one
night's anxiety is very famous. SPEC! ATOB.

Care, Concern, Regard.

Care, v. Care, solicitude.

Concern, v. Affair.

Regard, in French regarder, is com-
pounded of re and garder, to look at again or
attentively.

Care and concern consist both of thought
and feeling, but the latter has less of thought
than feeling ; regard consists of thought only.
We care for a thing which is the object of our
exertions ; we concern ourselves about a thing

CARE.

132

CARNAGE.

when it engages our attention; we have re-
gard for a thing on which we set some value
and bestow some reflection.

Care is altogether an active principle ; the
careful man leaves no means untried in the
pursuit of his object ; care actuates him to
personal endeavours ; it is opposed to negli-
gence. Concern is not so active in its nature ;
the person who is concerned will be contented
to see exertions made by others ; it is opposed
to indifference. Sfgard is only a sentiment
of the mind ; it may lead to action, but of it-
self extends no farther than reflection.

The business of life is the subject of care :
religion is the grand object of concern: the
esteem of others is an object of regard.

No one ought to expect to be exempt
from care; the provision of a family, and the
education of children, are objects for which
we ought to take some care, or :xt least have
some concern, inasmuch as we have a regard
for our own wtlfare, and the well-being of
society.

His trust was equal with the Deity to be deemM,
Equ-i in strength, and rather than be less
Car'd not to be .it all. MILTO.V.

Oar country'" welfare is onr flrst concern. HAVATSD.

Slander meets no regard from noble minds ;

Ouly the base believe what the base only alter. SELLER.

Care, Charge, Management.

Care, r. Care, solicitude.

Charge, in French charge a burden, in Ar-
moric and Bretan carg, which is probably con-
nected with cargo and carry. It is figura-
tively employed in the sense of a burden.

Management, in French menagement,
from nie'nager and mener to lead, and the Latin
manMS a hand, signifies direction.

Care will include both charge and manage-
ment ; but in the strict sense, it comprehends
personal labour: charge involves responsi-
bility : management includes regulation and
order.

A gardener has the care of a garden ; a
nurse has the charge of children ; a steward
has the management of a farm ; we must
always act in order to take care ; we must
look in order to take charge : we must always
think in order to manage.

Care is employed in menial occupations ;
charge in matters of trust and confidence ;
management in matters of business and experi-
ence : the servant has the care of the cattle ;
an instructor has the charge of youth ; a clerk
has the management of a business.

Care'i a father's right a pleasing right.

In which he labours with a home-felt joy. SHIRLEY.

I can never believe that the repugnance with which
Tiberius took th charge of the government upon him
was wholly feigned. CUMBERLAND.

The woman, to whom her husband left the whole
management of her lodgings, and who persisted in her
purpose, soon found an opportunity to put it into execu-
tiou. HAWKESWORTH.

Care, v. Heed.

Careful, Cautious, Provident.

Careful, signifies full of care (r. Care,
solicitude).

Cautious is in Latin cautus, participle of
careo, which comes from earns hollow, or
ccri'iii a cave, which was originally a place of
security ; hence the epithet cautious in the
sense of seeking security.

Provident, in Latin proridens, signifies
foreseeing or looking to before-hand, from
pro and video.

We are careful to avoid mistakes ; caution*
to avoid danger : provident to avoid straits and
difficulties ; care is exercised in saving and
retaining what we hswe ; caution must be
used in guarding against the evils that may
be ; providence must be employed in supplying
the good, or guarding against tha contingent
evils of the future.

Care consists in the use of means, in the
exercise of the faculties for the attainment of
an end ; a careful person omits nothing :
cautioii consists rather in abstaining from
action ; a cautious person will not act where
he ought not : providence respects the use of
things ; care and caution are both required in
the management of property ; a provident per-
son acts for the future, by abstaining for the
present.

There's not that work
Of careful nature, or of cunning art,
How utroiitf. how beauteous, or bow rich it be.
But falls in time to ruin. SHAKSPEABE.

Flush'J by the spirit of the genial year,
Be greatly cautious of your sliding hearts.

THOMSON.

Blast above men if he perceives and feels
The blessings he is heir to : He ! to whom
His vrorident forefathers have bequeathed
lu this fair district of their native isle
A free inheritance. CUMBERLAND.

Careful, v. Attentive.
Careless, v. Indolent.
Careless, v. Negligent.

To Caress, Fondle.

Both these terms mark a species of endear-
ment.

Caress, like cherish, comes from the French
cherir, and chere, Latin carus dear, signifying
the expression of a tender sentiment.

Fondle, from fond, is a frequentative verb,
signifying to become fond of, or express one's
fondness for.

We caress by words or actions ; we fondle by
actions only ; caresses are not always unsuit-
able : but fondling, which is the extreme of
caressing, is not less unfit for the one who
receives than for the one who gives : animals
caress each other, as the natural mode of in-
dicating their affection ; fondling, which is the
expression of perverted feeling, is peculiar to
human beings, who alone abuse the faculties
with which they are endowed.

Cargo, v. Freight.

Carnage, Slaughter, Massacre,
Butchery.

Carnage, from the Latin caro carnis flesh,
implies properly a collection of dead flesh,

CARRIAGE.

133

CAST.

that is, the reducing to the state of dead
flesh.

Slaughter, from slay, is the act of taking
away life.

Massacre, in French massacre, comes
from the Latin mactare to kill for sacrifice.

Butchery, from to butcher, signifies the
act of butchering : in French boucherie, from
bouche tke mouth, signifies the killing for food.

Carnage respects the number of dead bodies
made ; it may be said Cither of men or animals,
but more commonly of the former ; slaughter
respects the act of taking away life, and the
circumstances of the agent : massacre and
butchery respect the circumstances of the ob-
jects who are the sufferers of the action ; the
latter three are said of human beings only.

Carnage is the consequence of any impetuous
attack from a powerful enemy ; soldiers who
get into a besieged town, or a wolf who breaks
into a sheepfold, commonly make a dreadful
carnage : slaughter is the consequence of war-
fare ; in battles the slaughter will be very
considerable where both parties defend them-
selves pertinaciously : a massacre is the con-
sequence of secret and personal resentment
between bodies of people ; it is always a stain
upon the nation by whom it is practised, as
it cannot be effected without a violent breach
of confidence, and a direct act of treachery ; of
this description was the massacre of the Danes
by the original Britons, and the massacre of the
Huguenots in France : butchery is the general
accompaniment of a massacre; defenceless
women and children are commonly butchered
by the savage furies who are most active in
this work cf blood.

The carnage Juno from the skies Rurvey'd,
And, touch'd with grief, bespoke the blue-ey'd maid.

POPE.

Yet, yet a little, and destructive slaughter

Shall rage around and mar this beauteous prospect.

BOWE.

Our frroanini? country bled at every vein;
When murders, rapes, and massacres prevail'd.

ROWE.

Let us be sacrifice, but not butchers. SHAKSPEAKK.

To Carp, v. To censure.

Carriage, Gait, Walk.

Carriage from the verb to carry (o. To
bear, carry) signifies the act of carrying in
general, but here that of carrying the body.

Gait, from go, signifies the manner of
going.

"Walk, signifies the manner of walking.

Carriage is here the most general term ; it
respects the manner of carrying the body,
whether in a state of motion or rest : gait is
the mode of carrying the limbs and body
whenever we move : walk is the manner of
carrying the body when we move forward to
walk.

A person's carriage is somewhat natural to
him ; it is often an indication of character,
but admits of great change by education ; wo
may always distinguish a man as high, or low,
either in mind or station, by his carriage : gait
is artificial; we may contract a certain gaitby

habit; the gait is therefore often taken for a
bad habit of going, as when a person has a
limping gait, or an unsteady gait : walk is less
definite than either, as it is applicable to the
ordinary movements of men ; there is a good,
a bad, or an indifferent walk ; but it is not a
matter of indifference which of these kinds of
walk we have ; it is the great art of the dancing-
master to give a good walk.

Upon her nearer approach to Hercules, she stepped
before the other lady, who came forward with a tegular
composed carriage. ADDISON.

Lifeless her gait, and slow, with seeming pain,
Hhe dragg'd her loit'ring limbs along the plain.

SHENSIONE.

In length of train descends her sweeping gown.
And by her graceful toalk, the queeu of love is known.

DBYDEN.

Carriage, v. Behaviour.
To Carry, v. To bear.
To Carry, v. To bring.
Carousal, v. Feast.

Case, Cause.

Case, in Latin casus, from cado to fall,
chance, happen, signifies the thing falling out.

Cause, in French cause, Latin causa, is
probably changed from case, and the Latin
casus.

The case is matter of fact ; the cause is
matter of question : a case involves circum-
stances and consequences : a cause involves
reasons and arguments ; a case is something to
be learned ; a cause is something to be decided.

A case needs only to be stated ; a cause must
be defended ; a cause may include cases, but
not vice versa : in all causes that are to be tried,
there are many legal cases that must be
cited : whoever is interested in the cause of
humanity will not be heedless of those cases of
distress which are perpetually presenting
themselves.

There is a double praise due to virtue when it is lodged
in a body that seems to have been prepared for the recep-
tion of vice : in many such cases the soul and body do not
seem to be fellows. ADDISON.

I was myself an advocate so long, that I never mind
what advocates say, but what they prove, and I can only
examine proofs in cautet brought before me. SIB
WILLIAM JONES.

Case, v. Situation.
Case, v. Frame.
Cash, v. Money.

To Cast, Throw, Hurl.

Cast probably comes from casus, participle
of cado to fall, signifying to make or to let fall.

Throw, in Saxon thrawan, is most probably
a variation of thrust, in Latin trudo, Chaldeo
terad to thrust repeatedly.

Hurl, like the word whirl, comes from the
Saxon hirfiven, hiveorfian, German, &.C., wirbel,
Teutonic wirvel, Danish hvirvel, livirvler, Latin
verto, gyro, which are all derived from the
Hebrew orgal round, signifying to turn round.

Cast conveys simply the idea of laying aside,
or putting from one's self ; throw and hurl

CAST.

134

CAUSE.

designate more specifically the mode of the
action : cast is an indifferent action, -whether
it respects ourselves or others ; throw always
marks a direct motive of dislike or contempt.
What is not wanted is cast off; clothes which
are no longer worn are cast off ; what is worth-
less or hurtful is thrown away; the dross is
separated from the wheat and thrown away ;
bad habits cannot be thrown off too soon.

Cast, as it respects others, is divested of all
personalities ; but nothing is thrown at any
one without an intention of offending or hurt-
ing : a glance is cast at a person, or things are
cast before him ; but insinuations are thrown
out against a person ; things are thrown at
him with the view of striking.

Cast requires no particular effort ; it. amounts
in general to no more than let fall or go ; throw
is frequently accompanied with violence.
Money is cast into a bag ; stones are thrown
from a great distance : animals cast their young
at stated periods ; the horse throws his rider ; a
lawless man throws off constraint

Hurl is a violent species of throwing employed
only on extraordinary occasions, expressive of
an unusual degree of vehemence in the agent,
and an excessive provocation on the part of the
sufferer : the hurler, the thing hurled, and the
cause of hurling, correspond in magnitude ; a
mighty potentate is hurled from his throne by
some power superior to his own ; Milton re-
presents the devils as hurled from Heaven by
the word of the Almighty ; the heathen poets
have feigned a similar story of the giants who
made war against Heaven, and were hurled
by the thunderbolts of Jupiter down to the
earth.

As far as I could catt my eyes

Upon the sea. something methought did rise

Like bluish mists. DBYDEN.

O war, thou son of hell !

Whom angry heavens do make their minister,
Throw in the frozen bosoms of our part.
Hot coals of vengeance '. SHAKSPEABE.

Wreath my head

With flaming meteors, load my arms with thunder,
Which as I nimbly cut my cloudy way
I'll hurl on this ungrateful earth. TATE.

Cast, Turn, Description.

' Cast, from the verb to cast (v. To cast).
signifies that which is cast, and here by an
extension of the sense, the form in which it is
cost.

Turn, from the verb to turn, signifies also
the act of turning, or the manner of turning.

Description signifies the act of describing,
or the thing which is to be described.

What is cast is artificial ; what turns is
natural : the former is the act of some foreign
agent ; the latter is the act of the subject
itself ; hence the cast, as applicable to persons,
respects that which they are made by circum-
stances ; the turn, that which they are by
themselves : thus there are religious costs in
India, that is, men cost in a certain form of
religion, and men of a particular moral cast,
that is, such as are cost in a particular mould
as respects their thinking and acting ; so in
like manner men of a particular turn, that
Js, as respects their inclinations and tastes.

iptifn is a terra less definite than either

of the two former : It respects all that may be
said of a person, but particularly that which
distinguishes a man from others, either in his
mode of thinking or acting, in his habits, in
his manners, in his language, or his taste.

The cost is that which marks a man to
others ; the turn is that which may be known
only to a man's self ; the description is that
by which he is described or made known to
others.

The cast is that which is fixed and unchange-
able, the turn is that which may be again
turned; and the description is that which varies
with the circumstances.

Jly mind is of such a particular ccut, that the falling of
a shower of ram. or the whistling of the wind at sucn
time (the night season), is apt to fill my thoughts with
something awful and solemn. ADDISON.

There is a very odd turn of thought required for this
sort of writing Iths fairy way of writing, as Dryden calls
it) . and it is impossible for a poet to succeed in it, who
has not a particular catl of fancy. ADDISON.

Christian statesmen think that those do not believe
Christianity who do not care it should he preached to the
poor But as they know that charity is not confined to
any detcription, they are not deprived of a due and
anxious sensation of pity to the distresses of the miser
able gteat.-BUKKE.

Casual> v. Accidental.
Casual, v. Occasional.
Casualty, v. Accident.
Catalogue, v. List.
To Catch, v. To lay.
To Cavil, v. To censure.
Cavity, . Opening.
Cause, v. Case.

Cause, Reason, Motive.

Cause (v. Case) is supposed to signify origin-
ally the same as case ; it means however now,
by distinction, the case or thing happening
before another as its cause.

Reason, in French raison, Latin ratio,
from ratus, participle of reor to think, signifies
the thing thought, estimate'), or valued in the
mind.

Motive, in French motif, from the Latin
motus, participle of moveo to move, signifies
the thing that brings into action.

Cause respects the order and connexion of
things ; riason the movements aud operations
of the mind ; moltrcs the movements of the
mind and body. Cause is properly the generic
term ; reason and motive are specific ; every
?-cason or motive is a cause, but every cause is
not a reason or motive.

Cause is said of all inanimate objects ; reason
and motive of rational agents ; whatever hap-
pens in the world, happens from some cause
mediate or immediate ; the primary or first
cawse of all is God : whatever opinions men
hold they ought to be able to assign a sub-
stantial reason for them, and for whatever they
do they ought to have a sufficient motive.

As the cause gives birth to the effect, so does
the reason give birth to the conclusion, and
the motive gives birth to the action. Between

CAUSE.

135

CEASE.

cause aud effect there is a necessary connexion :
whatever in the natural world is capable of
giving birth to another thing is an adequate
cause ; but in the moral world there is not a
necessary connexion between reasons and their
results, or motives and their actions ; the state
of the agent's mind is not always such as to
be acted upon according to the nature of
things ; every adequate reason will not be fol-
lowed by its natural conclusion, for every man
will not believe who has reasons to believe,
nor yield to the reasons that would lead to a
right belief ; and every motive will not be ac-
companied with its corresponding action, for
every man will not act who has a motive for
acting, nor act in the ruanner in which his
motives ought to dictate: the causes of our
diseases often lie as hidden as the reasons of
cur opinions, and the motives for our actiocs.

Cut off the catuet and the effects will cease.
And all tl.e moving madness fall to peace.

DRYDEX.

Every principle that is a motive to good actions ought to
be encouraged. ADD1SON.

To Cause, Occasion, Create.

To Cause, from the substantive cause (v.
Case), naturally signi6es to be the cause of.

Occasion, from the noun occasion, signi-
fies to be the occasion of.

Create, in Latin crcatus, participle of creo,
comes from the Greek Kpeeo to command, and
Kfpaip<a to perform.

What is caused seems to follow naturally ;
what is occasioned fo'.lows incidentally ; what
is created receives its existence aibitrarily. A
wound causes pain , accidents occasion delay ;
busy-bodies create mischief.

The misfortunes of the children cause great
affliction to the jarents: business occasions a
person's late attendance at a place ; disputes
and misunderstandings create animosity and
ill will. The ca use of a person's misfortunes
may often be traced to his own misconduct :
the improper behaviour of one person may
occasion another to ask for an explanation :
jealousies are created in the minds of relatives
by a.i uunecessary reserve aud distance.

Scarcely an ill to human life belongs.

But what our follies cause, or mutual wroners.

JENYNS.

Often have the tenors of conscience occasioned inward
paroxysms, or violent agitations of the mind. BLAIR.

As long as the powers or abilities which are ascribed to
others ai exerted in a sphere of action remote from ours,
and not brought into competition with talents of the
same kind t" which we have pretensions, they create uo
jealousy. BLAIH.

Caution, v. Admonition.
Cautious, v. Careful.

Cautious, Wary, Circumspect.
Cautious, v. Careful.
Wary, from the same as aware (v. To be
aware of], signifies ready to look out.

Circumspect, in Latin circvms/icctus. par-
ticiple of circumspicio to look about, signifies
ready to look on all sides.

These epithets denote a peculiar care to
avoid evil ; but cautious expresses less than
the other two , it is necessary to be cautious
at all times ; to be wary in cases of peculiar
danger ; to be circumspect in matters of pe-
culiar delicacy and difficulty.

Caution is the effect of fear; wariness of
danger ; circumspection of experience and re-
flection. The cautious man reckons on con-
tingencies, he guards against the evil that may
be. by pausing before he acts : the icary man
looks for the danger which he suspects to be
impending, and seeks to avoid it : the circum-
spect man weighs and deliberates ; he looks
around and calculates on possibilities and prob-
abilities ; he seeks to attain his end by the
safest means. A tradesman must be cautious
iu his dealing's with all men ; he must be wary
in his intercourse with designing men ; he
must be circumspect when transacting business
of particular importance and intricacy. Ths
traveller must be cautious when going a road
not familiar to him ; he must bo icary when,
passing over slippery and dangerous places ;
he must be circumspect when going through
obscure, uncertain, and winding passages.

A person ought to be cautious not to give
offence ; he ought to be icary not to entangle
himself in ruinous litigations ; he ought to be
circumspect not to engage in what is above his
abilities to complete. It is necessary to be
cautiout not to disclose our sentiments too
freely before strangers ; to be wary in one's
speech before busy-bodies and calumniators ;
to be circumspect whenever we speak on public
matters, respecting either politics or religion.

The strong report of Arthur's death has worse
Effect on them, than on the common sort ;

The vulgar only shake their cautious heads.

Or whisper in the ear wisely suspicious. CIBBER.

Let not that wary caution, which is the fruit of. experi-
ence, degenerate uxto craft. BLAIR.

No pious man can be so circumspect in the care of his
jonscience, as the covetous man ii in that of bis pocket.

To Cease, Leave off, Discontinue.

Cease, in French cesser, Latin cesso, from
cc.ssi, perfect of cedo to yield, signifies to give
up, or put an end to.

Leave is in Saxon helifan to remain, in
Swedish lifica, low German leven, Latin linquo,
liqui, Greek Aeiiru to leave.

Discontinue, with the privative dis, ex-
presses the opposite of continue.

To cease is neuter ; to leave off and discontinue
are active we cease from doing a thing ; we
leave off or discontinue a thing. Cease is used
either for particular actions or general habits ;
leave off more usually and properly for particu-
lar actions ; discontinue for general habits. A
restless spoiled child never cease.? crying until
it has obtained what it wants ; it is a mark of
impatience not to cease lamenting when one is
in piin. A labourer leaves off his work at any
given hour. A delicate person discontinues
his visitswhen they are found not to be agree-
able. _ *

CELEBRATE.

136

CENSTTRE.

It should be our first endeavour to cease to
do evil. It is never good to leave off working
while there is any thing to do, and time to do
it in. The discontinuing a good practice with-
out adequate grounds evinces great instability
of character.

A successful anthor is equally in danger of the diminu-
tion of his fame, whether he continues or ceatet to write.
-JOHXSON.

A harsh and irregular sound is not harmony ; so neither
is banging a cushion, oratory ; therefore, in my humble
opiuiou a certain divine of the first orJer would do well
to fcore this ojT-SwlFT.

I would cheerfully have borne the whole expence of it,
if my private establishment of native readers and writers,
which I cannot with conveuience ditamtinue at present,
did not require more than half of the monthly cxpeoce,
which the completion of a Digest would iu my opinion
demand. SIB WILLIAM JOXES.

To Cede, v. To give up.

To Celebrate, Commemorate.

Celebrate, in Latin celebratus, participle
of celebro, from Celebris, signifies to make cele-
brated.

Commemorate, in Latin commemoratus,
participle of commemoro, compounded of com
or cum and memoro to keep in mind, signifies
to keep in the memory of a number. Com-
memorate is a species of celebrating ; we always
commemorate when we celebrate, but not vice
versa.

Every thing is celebrated which is distin-
guished by any marks of attention, without
regard to the time of the event, whether
present or past ; but nothing is commemorated
but what has been past. A marriage or a
birth-day is celebrated : the anniversary of any
national event is commemorated.

Celebrating is not limited to any species of
events or circumstances ; whatever interests
any number of persons is celebrated: com-
memorating is confined to whatever is thought
of sufficient importance to be borne in mind,
whether of a public or private nature. The
election of a favourite member is celebrated by
those who have contributed to his success : a
remarkable preservation, whether national or
individual, sometimes demands some signal
act of commemoration.

Celebrating is a festive as well as social act ;
it may be sometimes serious, but it is mostly
mingled with more or less of gaiety and mirth :
commemorating is a solemn act ; it may be
sometimes festive and social, but it is always
mingled with what is serious, and may be
altogether solitary ; it is suited to the occasion,
and calculated to revive in the mind suitable
impressions of what is past. The birth-day of
our sovereign is always celebrated by his people,
with such marks of honour and congratulation,
as are due from subjects to a prince : the
providential escape of our nation from de-
struction by the gunpowder-plot is annually
commemorated by a public act of devotion, as
also by popular demonstrations of joy.

The Jews celebrate their feast of the pass-
over : as Christians, we commemoratettie suffer-
ings and death of our Saviour, by partaking
of the Lord's Supper.

It faded at the crowing of the cock :
Some say, that ever 'gainst that season comes.
Wherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated,
The bird of dawning singeth all night lou g.

SHAKSPEARK.

The Lacedaemonians wonld have the commemoration of
their actions be transmitted by the purest and most un-
tainted memorialist*. STEELE.

Celebrated, v. Famous.
Celerity, v. Qukkness.

Celestial, Heavenly.

Celestial and Heavenly derive their
difference in signification from their different
origin ; they both literally imply belonging to
heaven ; but the former, from the Latin coe/urn,
signifies belonging to the heaven of heathens ;
the latter, which has its origin among be-
lievers in the true God, has acquired a superior
sense, in regard to heaven as the habitation of
the Almighty. This distinction is pretty faith-
fully observed in their application : celestial is
applied mostly in the natural sense of the
heavens ; heavenly is employed mere commonly
in a spiritual sense. Hence we speak of the
celestial globe as distinguished from the ter-
restrial, of the celestial bodies, of Olympus as
the celestial abode of Jupiter, of the celestial
deities : but, on the other hand, of the heavenly
habitation, of heavenly joys or bliss, of heavenly
spirits and the like. There are doubtless many
cases in which celestial may be used for hea-
venly in the moral sense, but there are cases
in which heavenly cannot so properly be substi-
tuted for celestial.

Twice warn'd by the celestial messenger,

The pious prince arose, with hasty fear. DRYDEN.

But now he seiz'd Briseis' Jteat'nly charms.

And of my valour's prize defrauds my arms. POPE.

Unhappy eon! (fair Thetis thus replies.

While tears celettial trickle from her eyes). POPE.

Thus having said, the hero bound his brows
With leafy branches, then perform 'd his vows;
Adoring first the genius of the place.
Then Earth, the mother of the heacenly race.

DBYDEX.

To Censure, Animadvert., Criticise.

Censure, v. To accuse.

Animadvert, v. Animadversion.

Criticise, v. Animadversion.

To censure expresses less than to animadvert
or criticise : one may always censure when one
animadverts or cnticises.

To censure and animadvert are both personal,
the one direct, the other indirect ; criticism
is directed to things, and not to persons only.

Censuring consists in finding some fault real
or supposed ; it refers mootly to the conduct
of individuals. Animadvert consists in sug-
gesting some error or impropriety ; it refers
mostly to matters of opinion and dispute ;
criticism consists in minutely examining the
intrinsic characteristics and appreciating the
merits of each individually or the whole col-
lectively ; it refers to matters of science and
learning

To censure requires no more than simple as-
sertion ; its justice or propriety often rests on

CENSUKE.

, 137

CESSATION.

the authority of the individual : animadversions
require to be accompanied with reasons ; those
who animadvert on the proceedings or opinions
of others must state some grounds for their
objections.

Criticism is altogether -argumentative and
illustrative ; it takes nothing for granted, it
analyses and decomposes, it compares and
combines, it asserts and supports the asser-
tions. The office of the censurer is the easiest
and least honourable of the three ; it may be
assumed by ignorance and impertinence, it
may be performed for the purpose of indulging
an angry or imperious temper. The task of
animadverting is delicate ; it may be resorted
to for the indulgence of an overweening self-
conceit. The office of a critic is both arduous
and honourable ; it cannot be filled by any one
incompetent for the charge witbout exposing
his arrogance and folly to merited contempt.

Many an author has been dejected at the cenfure of one
whom he has looked upon as an idiot. ADDISON.

I wish, Sir, you would do us the favour to animadvert
frequently upon the false taste the town is in, with rela-
tion to the plays as well as operas. STEELE.

It in ridiculous for any roan to criticize on the works of
another, who has not distinguished himself by his own
performances. ADDISON.

To Censure, Carp, Cavil.

Censure, v. To accuse.

Carp, in Latin carpo, signifies to pluck.

Cavilj in French caviller, Latin cavilior,
from caviila a taunt, and cavus hollow, signifies
to be unsound or unsubstantial in speech.

To censure respects positive errors ; to carp
and cavila have regard to what is trivial or
imaginary : the former is employed for errors
in persons ; the latter for supposed defects in
things. Censures are frequently necessary
from those who have the authority to use
them ; a good father will censure his children
when their conduct is censurable. Carping and
cavilling are resorted to only to indulge ill-
nature or self-concei t : whoever owes another
a grudge will be most disposed to carp at all
he does in order to lessen him in the esteem of
others : those who contend more for victory
than truth will be apt to cavil when they are
at a loss for fair argument : partly politicians
carp at the measures of administration ; in-
fidels cavil at the evidences of Christianity,
because they are determined to disbelieve.

From a consciousness of his own. integrity, a man
assumes force enough to despise the little ventures of
ignorance and malice. BUDGELL.

It is always thus with pedants : they will ever he carp-
inrj, if a gentleman or man of honour puts pen to paper.
STEELE.

Envy and caoit are the natural fruits of laziness and
ignorance, which was probably the reason that in the
heathen mythology Momus is said to be the sou of Nox
and Sotunus, of darkness and sleep. ADDISON.

To Censure, v. To accuse
To Censure, v. To blame.
Ceremonious, v. Formal.
Ceremony, v. Form.

Certain, Sure, Secure.

Certain, in French certain, Latin ccrtus,
comes from cento to perceive, because what
we see or perceive is supposed to be put be-
yond doubt.

Sure and Secure are variations of the
same word, in French sur, German sicker, low
German seker, &c., Latin securus, this is com-
pounded of se (sine) apart, and cura signifying
without care, requiring no care.

Certain respects matters of fact or belief ;
sure and secure the quality or condition of
things. A fact is certain, a person's step is
sure, a house is secure. Certain is opposed to
dubious, sure to wavering, secure to dangerous.
A person is certain who has no doubt remain-
ing in his mind ; he is sure when his convic-
tion is steady and unchangeable ; he is secure
when the prospect of danger is removed.

When applied to things, certain is opposed
to what is varying and irregular ; sureto what
is unerrin ; secure is used only in its natural
sense. It is a defect in the English language,
that there are at present no certain rules for
its orthography or pronunciation ; the learner,
therefore, is at a loss for a sure guide. Amidst
opposing statements it is difficult to ascertain
the real state of the case. No one can ensure
his life for a moment, or secure his property
from the contingencies to which all sublunary
things are exposed.

It is very certain that a man of sound reason cannot
forbear closing with religion upon an impartial examina-
tion of it. ADDISON.

When these everlasting doors are thrown open, we may
be sure that the pleasures and beauties of this place will
infinitely transcend our present hopes and expectations,
and that the glorious appearance of the throne of God
will rise infinitely beyond whatever we are able to couceivo
ot it. ADDISON.

Weigh well the various terms of human fate.

And seek by mercy to lecure your state, DRYDEN.

Cessation, Stop, Rest, Intermission.

Cessation, from the verb to cease, marks
the condition of leaving off.

Stop, from to stop, marks that of being
stopped or prevented from going on.

Rest, from to rest, marks the state of being
quiet : and Intermission, from intermit,
marks that of ceasing occasionally.

To cease respects the course of things ; what-
ever does not go on has ceased ; things cease of
themselves : stop respects some external action
or influence ; nothing slops but what is sup-
posed to be stopped or hindered by another :
rest is a species of cessation that regards labour
or exertion ; whatever does not move or exert
itself is a rest : intermission is a, species of ces-
sation only for a time or at certain intervals.

That which ceases or stops is supposed to be
at an end ; rest or intermission supposes a re-
newal. A cessation of hostilities is at all times
desirable : to put a stop to evil practices is
sometimes the most difficult and dangerous of
all undertakings : rest after fatigue is indis-
pensable, for labour without intermission ex-
hausts the frame. The rain ceases, a person or
a ball stops running, the labourer rests from his
toil, a fever is intermittent. There is nothing

CHAIN.

138

CHANCE.

in the world which does not cease to exist at
one period or another : death stops every one
sooner or later in his career : whoever is vexed
with the cares of getting riches will find no
rest for his mind or body ; he will labour
without intermission oftentimes only to heap
troubles on himself.

Who then would court the pomp of guilty power,

When the mind sickens at the weary show,

And flies to temporary death fur ease?

When half our life's cewufton of our being. STEKLE.

In all those motions and operations which are inces-
santly going on throughout nature, there is no ttop nor
interrupt ion. B I. A1K.

The refreshing rest and peaceful night are the portion
of him only who lies down weary with honest labour.
JOHNSON.

Whether the time of Intermitsion is spent in company
or in solitude, in necessary business or involuntary
levities, the understanding is equally abstracted from the
object of inquiry. J OHNSON.

Chace, v. Forest.
Cliace, r. Hunt.
To Chafe, v. To rub.
Chagrrin, v. Vexation.

Chain, Fetter, Band, Shackle.

Chain, in French chaine, Latin catena,
probably contracted from captena and capio,
signifies that which takes or holds.

Fetter, in German fessel, comes from/osst/i
to lay hold of.

Band, from bind, signifies that which binds.

Shackle, in Saxon scacul, signifies that
which makes a creature shake or move irre-
gularlv by confining the legs.

All these terms designate tbe instrument by
which animals or men are confined. Chain is
general and indefinite ; all the rest are chains :
but there are many chains which do not come
under the other names ; a chain is indefi ito
as to its make ; it is uaade generally of iron
rings, but of different sizes and shapes : fetters
are larger, they consist of many stout chains :
bands are in general any thing which confines
the body or the limbs ; they may be either
chains or even cords : shackle is that species of
chain which goes on the legs to confine them ;
malefactors of tbe worst order have fetters on
different parts of their bodies, and shackles on
their legs.

These terms may all be used figurat ively. Tbe
substantive chain is applied to whatever hangs
together like a chain, as a chain of events ; but
the verb to chain signifies to confine as with a
chain : thus the mind is chained to rules, ac-
cording to the opinions of the free-thinkers,
when men adhere strictly to rule and order ;
and to represent the slavery of conforming to
the establishment, tliey tell us we arc fettered
by systems. Sand in the figurative sense is
applied, particularly in poetry, to every thing
which is supposed to serve the purpose of a
band ; thus love is said to bave its silken
bands. Shackle, whether as a substantive or a
verb, retains the idea of controlling the move-
ments of the person, not in his body only, buc
also in his mind and in his moral conduct ;
thus a man who commences life with a bor-
rowed capital is shackled im his commercial

concerns by the interest he has to pay, and the
obligations he has to discharge.

Almighty wisdom never acts in vain.
Nor shall the soul, on which it has bestow'd
Such powers, e'er perish like an earthly clod ;
But purg'd at length from foul corruption's stain,
Freed from her prison, and unbound her chain,
Sue shall her native strength and native skies reRnln.
JEXYN3.

Legislatures have no rules to bind them but the great
principles of Justice anil equity. These they are bound to
obey ami follow ; and rather to enlarge and enlighten law
by tbe liberality of legislative reason than to fetter their
higher capacity by the narrow constructions of subordi-
nate artificial justice. BURKE.

Break his bands of sleep asunder.

And rouse him like a rattling peal of thunder.

DEVDEJI.

It Is the freedom of the spirit that gives worth and life
to the performance. But a servant commonly is less free
in mind than in condition ; his very will seems to be iu
bond! and thuMet. SOUTH.

To Challenge, v. To brave.
Champion, v. Combatant.

Chance, Fortune, Fate.

Chance, (v. Accident) is here considered as
the cause of what fal's out.

Fortune, in French fortune, Latin fortuna,
iromfors chance, in Hebrew gar.

Fate, in Latin fatum, from fatum participle
of for to speak or decree, signifies that which
is decreed, or the power of decreeing.

These terms have served at all times as
cloaks for human ignorance, and before man-
kind were favoured by the light of Divine
Revelation, they had au imaginary importance
which has now happily vanished.

Believers in Divine Providence no longer
conceive the events of the world as left to
themselves, or as tinder the control of any un-
intelligent or unconscious agent, but ascribe
the whole to an overruling mind, which,
though invisible to the bodily eyo, is clearly
to be traced by the intellectual eye, wherever
we turn ourselves. In conformity, however,
to the preconceived notions attached to these
words, we LOW employ them in regard to the
agency of secondary causes. But how far a
Christian may use them without disparage-
ment to the majesty of the Divine Being it is
not so much my business to inquire, as to de-
fine their ordinary acceptation.

In this ordinary sense chance is the generiq
fortune and fate are specific terms: chance ap.
plies to all things personal or otherwise ; for-
tune and fate are mostly said of that which, is
personal.

Chance neither forms, orders or designs :
neither knowledge or intention is attributed
to it ; its events are uncertain and variable :
fortune forms plans and designs, but without
choice ; we attribute to it an intention with-
out discernment ; it is said to be blind ; fate
forms plans and chains of causes ; intention,
knowledge, and power are attributed to it ;
its views are fixed, its results decisive. A
person goes as chance directs him when he has
no express object to determine his choice one
way or other ; his fortune favours him, if with-
out any expectation he gets the thing ha
wishes ; his fate wills it, if he reaches tha
desired point contrary to what he intended.

CHANCE.

1S9

CHANGE.

Men's success in their undertakings depends
oftener on chance than on their ability ; we
are ever ready to ascribe to ourselves what
we owe to our good fortune ; it is the/a/e of
some men to fail in every thing they under-
take.

When speaking of trivial matters, this lan-
guage is unquestionably innocent, and any
objection to their usa must spring from an
over scrupulous conscience.

Jf I suffer my horse to direct me in the road
I 'ake to London, I may f drly attribute it to
chance if I take the right instead of the left ;
and if in consequence I meet with an agree-
able companion by the way I shall not hesitate-
to call it my good fortune ; and if in spite of
any previous intention to the contrary, I
should be led to take the same road repeatedly,
and as often to meet with an agreeab'e com-
panion, I shall immediately say that it is my
fate to meet with an agreeable companion
whenever I go to London.

Some there are who utterly proscribe thename of chance
as a word vt impious aud profane signification; and in-
deed if it be taken by us in that sense in which it was
used by the heathens, so as to make anything casual in
respect of God himself, their exception ought to be
admitted. But to say a thing is a chance or casualty as
it related to second causes is not profaueue^s, but a great
truth. SOUTH.

We should learn that none but intellectual possessions
are what we can properly all our own. AH things from
without are but borrowed. What fortune gives us is
not ours, and whatever she gives she can t*kc away.
8TEELE.

Since fate divides (hen. since I must lose thee,
For pity H %ike. for love's, h ! sutler me.
Thus languishing, thus dying, to approach thee :
Aud sigh my last adieu upon thy bosom. TliAPP.

Chance, Probability.

Chance, v. Accident, chance.

Probability, in French probabilile, Latin
probo,bilitas, from probabilis and probo to prove,
signifies the quality of being able to be proved
or made good.

These terms are both employed in forming
an estimate of future events ; but the chance
is either for or against, the probability is
always for a thing. Chance is but a degree of
probability ; there may in this Utter case be a
chance where there is no probability. A chance
affords a possibility ; many chancet are re-
quisite to constitute a. probability.

What has been once may, under similiar cir-
cumstances, be again ; fur that there is a
chance ; what has fallen to one man may fall
to another ; so far he has a chance in his
favour ; but in all the chances of life there will
be no probability of success, where a man does
not unite industry wich integrity. Chance
cannot be calculated upon ; it is apt to pro-
duce disappointment : probability justifies
hope ; it is sanctioned by expeiience.

Thus equal deaths are dealt with equal rhanc*,
By turns they quit their ground, by turus advance.

There never appear," says Swift. ' more than five or six
men of genius in an age, but if they were united the
world could not stand liefore them.' It is happy therefo
for mankind that of this union there is 110
JOIiNSON.

Chance, Hazard.

Chance, v. Accident, chance.

Hazard comes from the oriental zar and
tzar, signifying any thing bearing an impres-
sion, particularly the dice used in chance
games, which is called by the Italians zara,
and by the Spaniards azar.

Both these terms are employed to mark the
course of future events, which is not dis-
cernible by the human eye. With the Deity
there is neither chance nor hazard ; his plans
are the result of omniscience : but the designs
and actions of men are all dependant on
chance or hazard.

Chance may be favourable or unfavourable,
more commonly the former ; hazard is always
unfavourable ; it is properly a species of
chance. There is a chance either of gaining or
1 sing : there is a hazard of losing.

In most speculations the chance of succeed-
ing scarcely outweighs the hazard of losing.

Again ill chancet men are ever merry,

but heaviness foreruns the good event. SHAKSPEARE.

Though wit and learning are certain and habitual per-
fections of the mind, yet the declaration of them, which

Chance, v. Accident.

To Chance, v. To happen.

To Change, Alter, Vary.

Change, in French changer, is probably
derived f i om the middle Latin cambio to ex-
change, signifying to take one thing for
anoth.r.

Alter, from the Latin alter another, signi-
fies to make a thing otherwise.

Vary, in Latin vario to make various,
comes in all probability from varus a spot or
speckle, which destroys uniformity of appear-
ance in any surface.

We change a thing by putting another in its
place ; we alter a thing by making it different
from what it was before ; we vary it by alter-
ing it in different manners and at different
times. We change our clothes whenever we
put on others : the tailor after* clothes which
are found not to fit ; and he vanes the fashion
of making them whenever he makes new. A
man chawjet his habits, alters his conduct, and
varies his manner of spraking and thinking,
according to circumstances.

A thing is changed without altering its kind ;
it is altered without destroying its identity ;
and it is varied without destroying the simi-
larity. We change our habitation, but it still
remains a habitation ; we alter our house, but
it still remains the same house ; we vary the
manner of painting and decoration, but it
may strongly resemble the manner in which,
it has been before executed.

The general remedy of those who are nneasy without
knowing the cause is change of place JOHKSOX.

All things are hut alter'd, nothing dies:
Aud here and there th' unbodied spirit flies ;
By time, or force, or sickness, dispossess'd,
Aud lodges, where it lights, iu iiiau or beast.

DRYDEN.

CHANGE.

140

CHANGEABLE.

In every work of the imagination, the disposition of
parts the insertion of incidents, and use of decorations,
m.iy be varied a thousand ways with equal propriety.
JOHMBQX.

To Change, Exchange, Barter, Sub-
stitute.

Change, ?. To change, alter.

Exchange is compounded of e or ex and
change, signifying to change in the place of
another.

Barter is supposed to come from the French
ba.ra.ter, a sea term for indemnification, and
also for circumvention ; hence it has derived
the meaning of a mercenary exchange.

Substitute, in French substitut, Latin
substitutus, from sub and statuo, signifies to
place one thing in the room of another.

The idea of putting one thing in the place
of another is common to all these terms,
which varies in the manner and the object.
Change is the generic, the rest are specific
terms : whatever is exchanged, bartered, or
substituted is changed ; but not vice versa.
Change is applied in general to things of the
same kind, or of different kinds exchange to
articles of property or possession ; barter to
all articles of merchandise ; substitute to all
matters of service and office.

Things rather than persons are the proper
objects for changing and exchanging, although
whatever one has a control over may be
changed or exchanged ; a king may change his
ministers : governments exchange prisoners of
war. Things only are the proper objects for
barter ; but : to the shame of humanity, there
are to be found people who will barter their
countrymen, and even their relatives, for a
paltry trinket.

Substituting may either have persons or
things for an object ; one man may be sub-
stitutedior another, or one word substituted for
another.

The act of changing or substituting requires
but one person for an agent ; that of exchang-
ing and bartering requires two : a person
changes his things or substitutes one for an-
other ; but one person exchanges or barters
with another.

Change is used likewise intransitively, the
others 'always transitively ; things change of
themselves, but persons always exchange,
barter, or substitute things. Changing is not
advisable, it is seldom advantageous ; there
is a greater chance of changing for the worse
than for the better : it is set on foot by caprice
oftener than by prudence and necessity. Ex-
changing is convenient ; it is founded not so
much on the intrinsic value of things, as their
relative utility to the parties concerned ; its
end is mutual accommodation. Bartering is
profitable ; it proceeds upon a principle of
mercantile calculation ; the productiveness,
and not the worth of the thing is considered ;
its main object is gain. Substituting is a
matter of necessity ; it springs from the
necessity of supplying a deficiency by some
equivalent ; it serves for the accommodation
of the party whose place is filled up.

In the figurative application these terms
bear the same analogy to each other. A person

changes his opinions : but a proneness to such
changes evinces a want of firmness in the
character. The good king at his death ex-
changes a temporal for an eternal crown.
The mercenary trader barters his conscience
for paltry pelf. Men of dogmatical tempers
substitute assertion for proof, and abuse for
argument.

Those who beyond sea go will sadly find

They change their climate only, not their mind.

CUEECH.

Our English merchant converts the tin of his own
country iuto gold, and exchangei its wool for rubies.
ADDISON.

If the great end of being can be lost,
And thus perverted tf the worst of crimes?
Let us shake off deprav'd humanity,
Ex.Ouj.nae conditions with the savage brute,
And foi his blameless iustiuct barter reason.

HAVARD.

Let never insulted beauty admit a second time into her
presence the wretch who has once attempted to ridicule
religion, and to nibstitute other aids to human frailty.
HAWKESWORTH.

Change, Variation, Vicissitude.

Change, v. To change, alter.

Variation, v. To change, alter

Vicissitude, in French vicissitude, Latin
vicissitudo, from vicissim, by turns, signifies
changing alternately.

Change is both to vicissitude and variation as
the genus to the species. Every variation or
vicissitude is a change, but every change is not
a variation or vicissitude.

Change consists simply in ceasing to be the
same : variation consists in being different at
different times; vicissitude in being alternately
or reciprocally different and the same. All
created things are liable to change ; old things
pass away, all things become new : the
humours of men, like the elements, are ex-
posed to perpetual variations : human affairs,
like the seasons, are subject to frequent
vicissitudes.

Changes in governments or families are sel-
dom attended with any good effect. Varia-
tions in the state of the atmosphere are in-
dicated by the barometer or thermometer.
Vicissitudes of a painful nature are less
dangerous than those which elevate men to
an unusual state of grandeur. By the forme* 1
they are brought to a sense of themselves ; by
the latter they are carried beyond themselves.

How strangely are the opinions of men altered by a
change in their condition. BLAIR.

One of the company affirmed to us he had actually
inclosed the liquor, found in a coquette's heart, in a
small tube made after the manner of a weather-glass ;
but that instead of acquainting him with the variation!
of the atmosphere, it showed him the qualities of those
persons who entered the room where it stood. ADDISON.

Vicissitude wheels round the motley crowd,

Th8 rich grow poor, the poor become purse-proud.

Changeable, Mutable, Variable, In-
constant, Fickle, Versatile.

Changeable, v. To change, alter.

Mutable, from the Latin muto to change,
is the same as changeable.

Variable, v, To change.

CHARACTER.

141

CHARM.

Inconstant, compounded of the privative
ire and constant, in Latin constans or con and
sto to stand together or remain the same, sig-
nifies an incapacity to remain the same for
any long continuance.

Ficjtle i 8 most probably changed from the
Latin facilis easy.

Versatile, in Latin versatile from verto to
turn, signifies easy to be turned.

Changeable is said of persons or things ;
mutable is said of things only : human beings
are changeable, human affairs are mutable.
Changeable respects the sentiments and
opinions of the mind ; variable, the state of
the feelings ; inconstant, the affections ; fickle,
the inclinations and attachments ; versatile,
the application of the talents. A changeable
person rejects what he has once embraced in
order to take up something new ; a variable
person likes and dislikes alternately the same
thing; an inconstant person likes nothing
long ; a jlckle person likes many things suc-
cessively, or at the same time ; a versatile
person has a talent for -whatever he likes.

Cliangeableness arises from a want of fixed
principles ; variableness from a predominance
of humour ; inconstancy from a selfish and un-
feeling temper ; fickleness from a lightness of
mind; versatility from a flexibility of mind.
Men are the most changeable and inconstant :
women are the most variable and fickle : the
former offend from an indifference for objects
in general, or a diminished attachment for
any object in particular , the latter from :m
excessive warmth of feeling that is easily
biassed and ready to seize new objects.
People who are changeable in their views and
plans are particularly unfit for the government
of a state; those who are variable in their
humours are unsuitable as masters ; people of
an inconstant character ought to be shunned
as lovers , those of a fickle disposition ought
not to be chosen as friends.

Changeable, variable, inconstant, and fickle, as
applied to persons, are taken in the bad sense ;
but versatility is a natural gift, which may be
employed advantageously.

I have no tasle

Of popular applause the noisy praise
Of giddy crowds as changeable as winds. DKYDEN.

With respect, to the other alterations which the Saxon
language appears to have undergone, we have no ueed to
inquire minutely how (ar they have proceeded from the
natural mutability of human speech especially among an
unlearned people. TYRWHITT.

With OoJ there is no varlablenest, with man there Is
no stability. Hence he is changeable in his designs, fickle
in bis friendships, fluctuating in his whole character.
BLAIR.

The dew, the blossoms of th tree,
With charms inconstant slime ;
Their charms were his, but woe to me.
Their constancy was mine. GOLDSMITH.

Lord North was a man of admiraWe parts : of general
knowledge, of a vertatile understanding, atted for every
sort of business, of infinite wit and pleasantry, and of a
delightful temper. BURKE.

Character, Letter.

Character comes from the Greek x a P aKTr >P
signifying an impression or mark,from \af>aacr<>>
to impiint or stamp.

Letter, in French lettre, Latin litera, in

| probably contracted from legitera, signifying
what is legible.

Character is to letter as the genus to the
species : every letter is a character ; but every
character is not a letter. Character is any
printed mark that serves to designate some-
thing ; a letter is species of character which Is
the constituent part of a word. Shorthand
and hieroglyphics consist of characters, but not
of letters.

Character is employed figuratively, but letter
is not. A grateful person has the favours
which are conferred upon him -written in in-
delible characters upon his heart.

A disdainful, a subtle, and a suspicious temper, is dis-
played 111 characters that are almost universally under-
stood. HA WKESWORTH.

Character, Reputation.

From the natural sense of a stamp or mark
(v. Character, letter), this word is figuratively
employed for the moral mark which distin-
guishes one man from another.

Reputation, from the French reputer,
Latin reputo to think, signifies what ia thought
of a person.

Character lies in the man ; it is the mark
of what he is ; it shows itself on all occasions :
reputation depends upon others ; it is what
they think of him.

A character is given particularly : a reputa-
tion is formed generally. Individuals give a
character of another from personal knowiedge :
public opinion constitute the reputation. Cha-
racter has always some foundation ; it is a
positive description of something: reputation
has more of conjecture in it ; its source is
hearsay.

It is possible for a man to have a fair reputa-
tion who has not in reality a good character :
although men of really good character are not
likely to have a bad reputation.

Let a man think what multitudes of those among whom
he dwells are totally ignorant of his name and character ;
how many imagine themselves too much occupied with
then uwu wants inl pursuits to pay him the least atten-
tion? and where his reputation is in any denree spread,
how often it has been attacked, and how many rivals are
daily rising to abate it. BLA1K.

To Characterize, v. To designate.

Charge, v. Care.

Charge, v. Cost.

Charge, v. Office.

To Charge, v. To accuse.

To Charge, v. To attack.

Charm, v. Grace.

Charm, v. Pleasure.

To Charm, Enchant, Fascinate,
Enrapture, Captivate.

Charm, v. Attractions.

Enchant is compounded of en and chant,
signifying to act upon as by the power of
chanting or music.

CHARM.

142

CHASTITY.

Fascinate.iu Latin fascino, Greek fia.o-Ka<.vu,
signified originally among the ancients a species
of witchcraft, performed by the eyes or the
tongue.

Enrapture, compounded of ere and rapture,
signifies to put into a rapture : and rapture,
from the Latin rapio to seize or carry away,
signifies the state of being carried away ;
whence to enrapture signifies to put into that
state.

Captivate, in Latin captiratus, participle
of captU-o, from capio to take, signifies to take,
as it were, prisoner.

The idea of an irresistible influence is com-
mon to these terms.

Charm expresses a less powerful effect than
eicfiant; a charm is simply a magical verse
used by magicians and sorcerers : incantation
or enchuntnient is the use not only of verses but
of any mysterious ceremonies, to produce a
given effect.

To charm and enchant in this sense denote
an operation by means of words or motions ;
to fascinate denotes an operation by means of
the eyes or tongue : a person is charmed and
enchanted voluntarily ; he is fascinated involun-
tarily : the superstitious have always had re-
course to charms or enchantments, for the pur-
pose of al'ayinar the passions of love or hatred ;
the Greeks believed that the malignint in-
fluence passed by fascination from the eyes or
tongues of envious persons, which infected
the ambient air, and through that medium
penetrated and corrupted the bodies of animals
and ether things.

Charms and enchantments are performed by
persons ; fascinations are performed by animals :
the former have alwajs some supposed good in
view ; the latter have always a mischievous
tendency : there are persons who pretend to
charm away the toothache, or other pains of
the body : some serpents are said to have a
fascinating power in their eyes, by which they
can kill the animals on whom they have fixed
them.

Fascinate, as well a? the others, is taken in
the improper sense : charm, enckant, and Jasci-
nate, are employed to describe moral as well as
natural operations: enrapture and captivate de-
scribe effects on the mind only : to charm, en-
chant, fascinate, and enrapture, designate the
effects produced by physical and moral objects ;
captivate designates those produced by physical
objects only : we may be charmed, or enchanted,
or enraptured, with what we see, hear, and
learn ; we miy befascinated with what we see or
learn ; we are captieated only with what we see :
a fine voice, a fine prospect, or a fine sentiment,
charms, enchants, or enraptures ; a, fine person
fascinates, or the conversation of a person is
fascinating; beauty with all its accompani-
ments, captivates. When applied to the same
objects, charm, enchant, and enrapture, rise in
sense : what charms produces sweet but not
tumultuous emotions ; in this sense music in
general charms a musical ear : what enchants
rouses the feelings to a high pitch of tumul-
tuous delight ; in this manner the musician
is enchan'ed with the finest compositions of
Handel when performed by the best masters ;
or a lover of the country is enchanted with
Swiss scenery : to enrapture is to absorb all

the affections of the soul ; it is of too violent a
nature to be either lasting or frequent : it is a
term applicable only to persons of an enthusi-
astic character.

What charmi, enchants, and enraptures, only
affords pleasure for the time ; what fascinates
and captivates rivets the mind to the object :
the former three convey the idea of a volun-
tary movement of the mind, as in the proper
sense ; the two latter imply a species of forci-
ble action on the mind, which deprives a
person of his free agency; the passions, as
well as the affections, are called into play
whilst the understanoing is passive, which,
with regard to fascinate, may be to the injury
of the subject : a loose woman may have it in
her power to fascinate, and a modest woman
to captivate.

Trust not too much to that enchanting face :
Beauty's a charm ; but soon the charm will pass.

DKVDEJf.

One would think there was some kind of fascination in
the eyes of a large circle of people when darting altogether
upou one person. ADDISON.

He play'd so sweetly, and so sweetly sung,

Th:it 011 each n_>te th enraptur'd audience hung.

81K WM. JONES.

Her form the patriot's robe conceal'd.
With studied blandishments she bow'd.
And drew the captivated crowd. MOORE.

Charming-, v. Delightful.
Charms, v. Attractions.
Chasm, v. Breach.

To Chasten, To Chastise.

Chasten, Chastise, both come through
the French chdtier, from the Latin castigo,
which is compounded of castus and ago to
make pure.

Chasten has most regard to the end, chastise
to the means ; the former is an act of the
Deity, the latter a human action : God chastens
his fiithful people to cleanse them from their
transgressions ; parents chastise their children
to prevent the repetition of faults : afflictions
are the means which he adopts for chastening
those whom he wishes to make more obedient
to his will ; strip' s are the means by which
offenders are chastised.

By repairing sometimes to the house of mourning, you
would chasten the looseness of fancy. BLAIR.

Bad characters are dispersed abroad with profusion; 1
hope for example's sake, and (as punishments are designed
by the civil power) more for the delivering the innocent,
than the chaititing the guilty. HUGHES.

Chastity, Continence.

Chastity, in French chastitf, Latin castitas,
comes from castus pure, and the Hebrew kedish
sacred.

Cpntinence, in French continence, Latin
continentia, from continens and contineo, signi-
fies the act of keeping one's self within
bounds.

CHEAT.

These two terms are equally employed in
relation to the pleasures of sense : both are
virtues, but sufficiently distinct in their cha-
racteristics.

* Chastity prescribes rules for the indulgence
of these pleasures ; continence altogether inter-
dicts their use. Chastity extends its views to
whatever may hear the smallest relation to the
object which it proposes to regulate ; it con-
trols the thoughts, words, looks, attitudes,
food, dress, company, and in short the whole
mode of living: continence simply confines
itself to the privation of the pleasures them-
selves : ic is possible, therefore, to be chaste
without being continent, and continent without
being chaste.

Chastity is suited to all times, ages, and con-
di:ions; continence belongs only to a state of
celibacy : the Christian religion enjoins chas-
tity, as a positive duty on all its followers ;
the Romish religion enjoins continence on its
clerical members : old age renders men
continent, although it seldom makes them
chaste.

It fails me here to write of chastity,

That fairest virtue far above the rest. SPENSEK.

When Pythagoras enjoined on his disciples an abstin-
ence from beans, it has i-een thought by some an injunc-
tion only of continency. BROWN'S VULGAR EltKOKS.

To Chastise, v. To chasten.
To Chat, v. To babble.
Chattels, v. Goods.
To Chatter, v. To babble.
To Cheapen, v. To buy.

To Cheat, Defraud, Trick.

Cheat, in Saxon cetta, in all probability
comes from captum and capio, as deceit comes
from decipio.

Defraud, compounded of de and fraud,
signifies to practise fraud, or to obtain by
fraud.

_ Trick, in French tricher, German triigen,
signifies simply to deceive, or get the better of
any one.

The idea of deception which is common
to these terms, varies in degree and circum-
stance.

One cheats by a gross falsehood ; one defrauds
by a settled plan ; one trie ks by a sudden in-
vention : cheating is as low in its ends, as it is
base in its means ; cheats are contented to gain
by any means ; defrauding is a serious measure ;
its consequences ai - e serious, both to the perpe-
trator and the sufferer. A person cheats at
play ; he defrauds those who place confidence
in him.

Cheating is not punishable by laws ; it in-
volves no other consequence than the loss of
character ; frauds are punished in every form,
even with death, when the occasion requires ;
they strike at the root of all confidence, and
affect the public security : tricking is a species
of dexterous cheating ; the means and the end
are alike trifling. Dishonest people cheat;
villains defraud ; cunning people trick.

' Beauzce ; " CnastiW, continence."

143 CHECK _

If e'er ambition did my fancy cheat
With any wish so mean as to be great ;
Continue, Heav'ii, still from me to remote
The humble blessings of that life I love.

COWLEY.

Thou, varlet, dost thy master's gains devour,
Thou milk'st his ewes, and often twice an hour ;
Of grass and fodder thou defraud'st the dams,
And of the mother's dugs the starving lambs.

DRYDEX.

He who has the character of a crafty, tricking mar is
entirely deprived of a principal instrument of business,
trust, whence he will find nothing succeed to his wisk.
BACON.

To Check, Curb, Control.

All these terms express a species of restrain-
ing.

Check and Curb are figurative expres-
sions borrowed from natural objects. Check in
French echec, German schach, chess, is the name
in those languages for the king in the game of
chess, whence it signifies as a verb to exert a
restrictive power ; curb, from the thing curb,
by which horses are kept in, signifies in like
manner, a coercive restraining.

Control is probably contracted from
counter-roll, that is, to turn against an object,
to act against it.

To check is to throw obstacles in the way to
impede the course ; to curb is to bear down by
the direct exercise of force, to prevent from
action ; to control is to direct and turn the
course : the actions of men are checked ; their
feelings are curbed ; their actions or feelings
are controlled.

External means are employed in checking or
controlling ; external or internal means are
employed in curbing: men check and control
others ; they curb themselves or others : young
people ought always to be checked whenever
they discover a too forward temper in the pre-
sence of their superiors or elders ; it is neces-
sary to curb thofee who are of an impetuous
temper, and to keep youth under control, until
they have within themselves the restrictive
power of judgment to curb their passions, and
control their inordinate appetites.

Unlimited power cannot with propriety be
entrusted to any individual, or limited body of
individuals ; there ought in evtry state to be a
legitimate means of checkiny any one who
shows a disposition to exercise an undue
authority ; but to invest the people with this
office is in fact giving back, into the hands of
the community, that which for the wisest
purposes was taken from them by the institu-
tion of government : it is giving a restraining
power to those who themselves are most in
want of being restrained ; whose ungovern-
able passions require to be curbed by the
iron arm of power, whose unruly wills lequire
all the influence of wisdom and authority to
control.

Devotion, when it does not lie under the check of rea-
son, is apt to degenerate into enthusiasm. ADDISON.
The point of honour has been deeui'd of use,
To teach ?ood manners, and to curb abuse ;
Admit it true, the consequence is clear,
Our polished manners are a mask we wear.

C'OWPER.

Whatever private views and passions plead,
No cause can justify so black a deed ;
These, when the angry tempest clouds the soul,
May darken reason and her course control.

THOMSON.

CHECK.

144

CHEER.

To Check, Chide, Reprimand,
Reprove, Rebuke.

Check, r. To check, curb.

Chide is In Saxon eidan, probably connected
with cyldan to scold.

Reprimand is compounded of the priva-
tive repri for repro, backwards, and mando to
approve, i.e., the contrary of approving.

Reprove, in French reprouver, Latin re~
probo, is compounded of the privative syllable
re and probo, signifying to find the contrary of
good, that is, to find bad, to blame.

Rebuke is compounded of re and bvJce, in
French bov.che the inouth, signifying to stop
th-! mouth.

The idea of expressing one's disapprobation
of a person's conduct ia common to all these
terms.

A person is checked that he may not continue
to do what is offensive ; he is chidden, for what
he h-ts done thit he may not repeat it : im-
pertinent and forward people require to be
checked, that they may not become intolerable
thoughtless people are chidden when they give
hurtful proofs of their carelessness.

People are checked by actions and looks, as
well as words they are chidden by words only ;
a timid person is easily checked ; the want even
of due encouragement will serve to damp his
resolution : the young are perpetually fading
into irregularities which require to be chidden.

To c hide marks a stronger degree of displea-
sure than reprimand, and reprimand than -
prore or rebuke ; a person may chide or repri-
mand in anger, he reproves and rebukes with
coolness : great offences call forth for eludings ;
omissions or mistakes_ occasion or require a
reprimand; irregularities of conduct give rise
to reproof: and improprieties of behaviour
demand rebuke.

Chiding and reprimanding are employed for
offences against the individual, and in cases
where the greatest disparity exists in the
station of the parties ; a child is chid by his
parent; a servant is reprimanded by his
master.

Reproving and rebuking have less to do with
the relation or station of the parties than
with the nature of the offence : wisdom, age,
and experience, or a spiritual mission, give
authority to reprove or rebuke those whose con-
duct has violated any law, human or divine ;
the prophet Nathan reproved king David for
his heinous offences against his Maker ; our
Saviour rebuked Peter for his presumptuous
mode of speech.

But if a clam'rous vile plebeian rose,
Him with reproof he checX'd, or tam'il with blows,

POPE.

His house was known to all the vasrrant train,
He chid their wanderings, but reliev'd their pain.

GOLDSMITH.

This sort of language was very severely reprimanded
by the Censor, who told the criminal " that he spoke in
contempt of the court." ADDISON AND STEELE.

He who endeavours only the happiness of him whom
he reprooet. will always have the satisfaction of either
obtaining or deserving kindness. J OHXSOX.

With all the infirmities of his disciples he calmly bore ;
and his rtbuket were mild when their provocations were
great. BLUB.

To Check, Stop.

Check, v. To check, curb.

Stop, ". Cessation.

To check is to cause to move slowly ; to slop
is to cause not to move at all : the growth of a
plant is checked when it does not grow so fast
as usual ; its growth is stopped when it ceases
altogether to grow : the water of a river ia
slopped by a dam ; the rapidity of its course
is checked by the intervention of rocks and
sands.

When applied to persons, to check is always
contrary to the will of the sufferer : but to
stop is often a matter of indifference, if not
directly serviceable : one is checked in his
career of success by some untoward event ;
one is stopped on a journey by the meeting of
a friend.

In a moral application these terms bear a
similar analogy ; r hec k has the import of dimi-
nishing ; stop that of destroying or causing
to cease many evils may be easily checked,
to which it would not be easy to put an effec-
tual stop.

Shall neither the admonitions which you receive from
the visible inconstancy of the world, nor the declarat ionn
of the Divine displeasure, be sufficient to check yuur
thoughtless career I BLA1K.

Embosom'd in the deep where Holland lies,
Methinks her patient sons before me stand.
Where the broad ocean ieans against the land,
And sedulous to ttop the coming tide.
Lift tha tall rampire's artificial pride. GOLDSMITH.

To Cheer, v. To animate.

To Cheer, Encourage, Comfort.

Cheer, v. To animate.

Encourage, compounded of en and cour-
age, signifies to inspire with courage.

Comfort is compounded of com or cum
and fortis strong, signifying to invigorate or
strengthen.

To cheer regards the spirits ; to encourage
the resolution : the sad require to be cheered;
the timid to be encouraged. Mirthful company
is suited to cheer those who labour under any
depression : the prospect of success encourages
those who have any object to obtain

To cheer and comfort have both regard to the
spirits, but the latter differs in degree and
manner ; to cheer expresses more than to com-
fort ; the former signifying to produce a lively
eentiment, the latter to lessen or remove a
painful one : we are cheered in the moments
of despondency, whether from real or imagi-
nary causes ; we are comforted in the hour of
distress.

Cheering is mostly effected by the discourse
of others ; comforting is < ffected by the actions
as well as the words, of others. Nothing tends
more to cheer the drooping soul than endearing
expressions of tenderness from those we love ;
the most effectual means of comforting the
poor and afflicted is by relieving their wants.
The voice of the benevolent man is cheering to
the aching heart ; his looks encourage the
sufferer to disclose his griefs ; his hand is
open to administer relief and comfort.

CHEERFUL.

14S

CHIEF.

The creation is a iierpetnal feast to a good man ; every
thing he sees cheers and delights him. ADDISON.

Complaisance produces good-nature and mutual bene-
volence, encourage! the timorous, sooths the turbulent,
humanizes the fierce, and distinguishes a society of
civilized persons from [a confusion of] savages. ADDI-
SON.

Sleep seldom visits sorrow.

When it does, it is a comforter. SHAKSPEARE.

There are writers of great distinction who have made it
an argument for providence, that the whole earth is
covered with greeu, rather than with any other colour, as
being such a right mixture of light and shade, that com-
fortt and strengthens tho eye, instead of weakening or
grieving it. ADDISON.

Cheerful, Merry, Sprightly, Gay.

Cheerful signifies full of cheer, or of that
which cheers (v. To animate).

Merry, in Saxon merig, is probably con-
nected with the word mare, and the Latin
meretrix a strumpet.

Sprightly, is contracted from spiritedly.

Gay, ia connected with joy and jocund,
from the Latin jocus.

Cheerful marks an unruffled flow of spirits ;
with mirth there is more of tumult and noise;
with sprightliness there is more buoyancy ;
gaiety comprehends mirth and indulgence. A
cheerful person smiles ; a merry person laughs ;
a sprightly person dances ; a gay person takes
his pleasure.

The cheerful countenance is permanently so ;
it marks the contentment of the heart, and
its freedom from pain ; the merry face will
often look sad ; a trifle will turn mirth into
sorrow : the sprightliness of youth is often suc-
ceeded by the listlessness of bodily infirmity,
or the gloom of despondency : gaiety is as
transitory as the pleasures upon which it sub-
sists ; it is often followed by aullenness and
discontent.

Cheerfulness is an habitual state of the mind ;
mirth is an occasional elevation of the spirits ;
sprightliness lies in the temperature and flow
of the blood ; gaiety depends altogether on
external circumstances. Religion is the best
promoter of cheerfulness ; it makes its posses-
sor pleased with himself and all around him ;
company and wine are but too often the only
promoters of mirth ; youth and health will
naturally be attended with sprightliness; a
succession of pleasures, an exemption from
care, and the banishment of thought, will
keep gaiety alive.

Sprightliness and mirthare seldom employed
but in the proper sense as respects persons :
but cheerful and gay are extended to different
objects ; as a cheerful prospect, a cheerful room
gay attire, a gay scene, gay colours, &c.

I have always preferred cheerfulness to mirth : the
]atter I consider as an act, the former as ail habit of the
mind. Mirth is short and transient; cheerfulness fixed
and permanent. ADDISON.

Mankind may be divided into the merry and the
serious, who both of them make a very good figure in the
species so long as they keep their respective humours
from degenerating into the neighbouring extreme.

ADDISON.

But Venus, anxious for her son's affairs.
New counsels tries, and new designs prepares ;
That Cupid should assume the shape and face
Of sweet Ascauius, aud the uprightly grace.

1JBYDEN.

To kinder skies, where gentler manners reign,
I turn : and France displays her bright domain.
(Jay, sprightly laud of mirth and social ease,
Fleas'd with thyself, whom all the world can please.
GOLDSMITH.

Cheerful, . Glad.
To Cherish, v. To foster,
To Cherish, v. To nourish.
To Chide, v. To check.

Chief, Principal, Main.
Chief, in French chef, from the Latin caput
the head, signifies belonging to the uppermost
part.

Principal, in French principal, Latin
principalis, conies from princeps a chief or
prince, signifying belonging to a prince.

Main, from the Latin magnus, signifies to
a great degree.

Chief respects order and rank ; principal
has regard to importance and respectability ;
mam to degree or quantity. We speak of a
chief clerk ; a commander in chief ; the chief
person in a city : but the principal people in
a city ; the principal circumstances in a nar-
rative; and the mam object.

The chief cities, as mentioned by geograph-
ers, are those which are classed in the first
rank ; the principal cities generally include
those which are the most considerable for
wealth and population ; these, however, are
not always technically comprehended under
the name of chief cities : the main end of
men's exertions is the acquirement of wealth.

What is man,

If his chief good and market of his time
Be but to sleep aud feed ? A beast, no more !

SHAKSPEAKE.

The right which one man has to the actions of another.

these two great originals, production or possession, which
two are certainly the principal and most undoubted rights
that take place in the world. SOUTH.

To the accidental or adventitious parts of Paradise
Lost, some slight exceptions may be made ; but the main
fabric is immoveably supported JOHNSON.

Chief, Leader, Chieftain, Head.

Chief and Chieftain signify him who is
chief (v. Chief).

Leader, from to lead, and Head from
the head, sufficiently designate their own sig-
nification.

Chief respects precedency in civil masters ;
leader regards the direction of enterprises:
chieftain is employed for the superior in mili-
tary rank ; and head for the superior in
general concerns.

Among savages the chief of every tribe ia
a despotic prince within his own district.
Factions and parties in a state, like savage
tribes, must have their leaders to whom they
are blindly devoted, and by whom they are
instigated to every desperate proceeding.
Robbers have their chieftains who plan and
direct everything, having an unlimited power
over the band. The heads of families were, in
the primitive ages, the chiefs, who in conjunc-
tion regulated the affairs of state. -

CHILDISH.

146

CHOOSE.

Chiefs liave a permanent power, which may
descend by inheritance, to branches of the
same families : leaders and chieftains have a
deputed power with which they are invested,
as the time and occasion require : heads have a
natural power springing out of the nature of
their birth, rank, talents, and situation ; it is
not hereditary, but successive.

Chiefs ought to have superiority of birth com-
bined with talents for ruling; leaders and
chieftains require a b-ld and enterprising
spirit ; heails should have talents for directing.

No chief like thee, Menestheus, Greece could yield,
To marshal armies iu the dusty field. POPK.

Their constant, emulation in military renown dissolved
not that inviolable friendship which the ancient S.i*'..U3
professed to their chieftain and to each other. HUME.

Savage alleged that he was then dependant upon the
Lord Tyrconnel. who was an implicit follower of the
ministry ; and, being enjoined by him, not without
menaces, to write in praise of his leader, ne had nut
sufficient resolution to sacrifice the pleasure of affl Jeiice
to that of integrity . JOHNSON.

As each is more able to distinguish himself as the head
of a party, he will less readily be made a follower or
associate. JOHNSON.

Chiefly, v. Especially.
Chieftain, v. Chief.

Childish, Infantine.

Childish is in the manner of a child.

Infantine is in the manner of an infant.

What children do is frequently simple or
foolish ; what infants do is commonly pretty
and engaging ; therefore childish is taken in
the bad, and infantine in the good sense. Child-
ish manners are very offensive in those who
have ceased according to their years to be chil-
dren ; the infantine actions of some children
evince a simplicity of character.

It may frequently be remarked of the studious and
speculative, that they are proud of trifles, and that their
amusements seem frivolous and childish. JOHNSON.

The lay records the labours and the praise,

And all th' immortal acts of Hercules :

First how the mighty babe, when swath 'd in bands,

The serpents strangled with his infant hands.

DRYDEN.

Chill, Cold.

Chill and Cold are but variations of the
same word, in German kalt, &c.

C/till expresses less than cold, that is to say, it
expresses a degree of cold. The weather is
often chilly in summer ; but it is cold in winter.

We speak of taking the chill off water when
the cold is in part removed ; and of a chill run-
ning through the frame when the cold begins
to penetrate the frame that is in a state cf
warmth.

When men once reach their autumn, fickle joys
Fall off apace, as yellow leaves from trees ;
Till left quite naked of their happiness,
In the chUl blasts of winter they expire. YOC7XG.

Thus ease after torment is pleasure for a time, and we
are very agreeably recruited when the body, chilled with
the we-rther. is gradually recovering its natural tepidity ;
but the joy ceases when we have forgot the cold.

To Choak, r. To suffocate.

Choice, v. Option.
Choler, v. Anger.

To Choose, Prefer.

Choose, in French choisir, German kiesen,
from the French cher, Celtic choe, dear or good,
signifies to hold good.

Prefer, in French preferer, Latin prcefero,
compounded of pra aud /'era to take before,
signifies to take one thing rather than another.

* To choose is to prefer as the genus to the
species : we always choose in preferring, but we
do not always prefer in choosing. To choose is
to take one thing from among others ; to prefer
is to take one thing before or rather than an-
other. We sometimes choose from the bare ne-
cessity of choosing : but we never prefer with-
out making a positive and voluntary choice.

When we choose from a specific motive, the
acts of choosing and preferring differ in the
nature of the motive. The former is absolute,
the latter relative. We choose a thing for what
it is. or what we esteem it to be of itself ; we
prefer a thing for what it has. or what we sup-
pose it has, superior to another.

Utility or convenience are grounds for choos-
ing ; comparative merit occasions the prefer*
ence : we choose something that is good, and
are contented with it until we see something
better which we prefer.

We calculate and pause in choosing : we de-
cide in preferring; the judgment determines
in making the choice ; the will determines in
giving the preference. We choose things from
an estimate of their merits or their fitness for
the purpose proposed ; we prefer them from
their accordance with our tastes, habits, and
pursuits. Books are chosen by those who wish
to read ; romances and works of fiction are
preferred by gsneral readers ; learned works by
the scholar.

One who wants instruction chooses a master,
but he will mostly prefer a teacher whom he
knows to a perfect stranger. Our choice is good
or bad according to our knowledge ; our pre-
ference is just or unjust, according as it is sanc-
tioned by reason.

Our choice may be directed by our own ex-
perience or that of others ; our preference must
be guided by our own feelings. We make our
choice : we give our preference : the first is the
settled purpise of the' mind, it fixes on the
object; the latter is the inclining of the will,
it yields to the object.

Choosing must be employed in all the impor-
tant concerns of life ; preferring is admissible
in subordinate matters only. There is but one
thing that is right, and that ought to be chosen
when it is discovered : there are many indiffer-
ent things that may suit our tastes and incli-
nations ; these we are at liberty to prefer. But
to prefer what we ought not to choose is t o make
our reason bend to our will. Our Saviour said
of Mary that she chose the better part : had she

* The Abbi Giranl, under the article choitir, preferer,
has reversed this rule ; but as I conceive, from a confusion
of thought, which pervades the whole of his illustration
on these words. The Abbe Roubaud has controverted his
positions with some degree of accuracy. I have, however,
my Own view Qi the matter ^ distinction from

CHOOSE.

147

consulted her feelings she would ha \e preferred
the part she had rejected. The path of life
should be chosen ; but the path to be taken in
a walk may be 'preferred,. It is advisable for a
youth ia the choice of a profession to consult
what he prefers, as he has the greatest chance
of succeeding when he can combine his plea-
sure with his duty. A friend should be chosen :
a companion may be preferred. A wife should
be chosen, but unfortunately lovers are most
apt to give a preference in a matter where agood
or bad choice may determine one's happiness or
misery for life. A wise prince is careful in the
choice of his ministers ; but a weak prince has
mostly favourites whom he prefers.

There is nothing of so great importance to us, as the
good Hualitiesof oue to whom we juiu ourselves for life.
When the choice is left to friends, the chief point under
consideration is an estate, where the parties choose for
themselves, their thoughts turn most upon the person.
AUDISON.

When a man has a mind to venture his money in a
lottery, every figure of it appears equally alluring ; and
no manner of reason can be given why a man should
prefer one to the other before the lottery is drawn.
ADDISON.

Judgment was wearied with the perplexity of choice
where there was no motive for preference. JOHNSON.

To Choose, Pick, Select.

Choose, v. To choose, prefer.

Pick, in German picken, or bicken, French
bicquer, Dutch becken, Icelandic picka, Swedish
piacka, conies very probably from the old Ger-
man bag, bich, to stick, corresponding to the
Latin fiyo to fix.

Select, Litin selectus, participle of seligo,
that is lego to gather or put, and se apart.

Choose is as in the former case the generic ;
the others are specific terms : pick and select are
expressly differeat modes of choosing. We al-
ways choose when we pick and select : but we
do not always pick and select when we choose.

To choose may be applied to two or more
things ; to pick and select can be used only for
several things. We may choose one book out
of two, but we pick and select out of a library
or a parcel ; pick may be said of one or many ;
select only of many.

To choose does not always spring from any
particular design or preference ; to pick and
select signify to choose with care. What is
picked and selected is always the best of its
kind, but the former is commonly something of
a physical nature ; the latter of a moral or in-
tellectual description. Soldiers are sometimes
picked to form a particular regiment ; pieces ard
selected in prose or verse for general purposes.

My friend. Sir Roger, being a good churchman, ha
beautified the inside of his church with several texts of
his own choosin?. ADDISOX.

I know by several experiments, that those little animals
(the ants) take great care to provide themselves with
wheat when they can find it, and always pick out the
best. ADDISON.

The chief advantage which these fictions have over rea'
life Is that their author-- are at liberty, though not to
invent, yet to Klect object* JOHNSON.

CIRCLE.

To Choose, Elect.

Choose, v. To choose, prefer.

Elect, in Latin electus, participle of eligo,
is compounded of e and lego, signifying to
gather or take out from.

Both thesti terms are employed in regard to
persons appointed to an office ; the former in
a general, the latter in a paiticular sense.

Choosing is the act either of one man or of
many ; election is always that of a number ; it
is performed by the concurrence of many
voices.

A prince chooses his ministers ; the constitu-
ents elect their members of parliament. A
person is chosen to serve the office of sheriff ;
he is elected by the corporation to be mayor.

Choosing is an act of authority ; it binds the
person chosen : election is a voluntary act ; the
elected has the power of refusal. People are
obliged to serve in some offices when they are
chosen, although they would gladly be exempt.
The circumstance of being elected is an honour
after which they eagerly aspire ; and for the
attainment of which they risk their property,
and use the most strenuous exertions.

Wise were the kings who never chote a friend.
Till with full cups they had uumask'd his oul.
And seen the bottom of his deepest thoughts.

BOSCOMMON.

Cornwall elect! as many memben
is Cornwall better taken care of tlu

as all Scotland ; bnt
i Scotland? BUKKE.

Chronicles, v. Anecdotes.
Church, v. Temple.

Circle, Sphere, Orb, Globe.

Circle, in Latin circulus, Greek KVKAOS, in
all probability comes from the Hebrew choog
a circle.

Sphere, in Latin gphara, Greek <T$>aipa.,
from orretpa a line, signifies that which is con-
tained within a prescribed line.

Orb, in Latin orbis, from orbo to circum-
scribe with a circle, signifies the thing that is
circumscribed.

Grlobe, in Latin globus, in all probability
comes from the Hebrew gal a rolled heap.

Rotundity of figure is the common idea PX-
pressed by these terms ; but the circle is thit
figure which is represented on a plane super-
ficies ; the others are figures represented by
solids. We draw a circle by means of com-
passes ; the sphere is a round body, conceived
to be formed according to the rules of geometry
by the circumvolution of a circle round about
its diameter ; hence the whole frame of the
world is denominated a sphere. An orb is any
body which describes a circle; hence the
heavenly bodies are termed orbs : a globe is any
solid body, the surface of which is in every
part equidistant from the centre ; of this de-
scription is the terrestrial globe.

A circle may be applied in the improper
sense to any round figure, which is formed or
supposed to be formed by circumscribing a
cpace ; simple rotundity constituting a circle:
in this manner a circle may be formed by real
objects, as persons, or by moral objects, as
pleasures. To the idea of circle is annexed

CIRCUIT.

148

CIRCUMSTANCE.

that of extent around, in the signification of a
sphere, as a sphere of activity, whether applied
in the philosophical sense to natural bodies, or
in the moral sense to men. Hollowness, as
well as rotundity, belongs to an orb ; hence
we speak of the orb of a wheel. Of a globe,
solidity is the peculiar characteristic ; hence
any ball, like the ball of the earth, may be
represented as a globe.

Might I from fortune's bounteous hand receive
Each boou. each blessing in her power to give ;
K'en at this mighty price I'd not be bound
To tread the same dull circle round and round.
The soul requires enjoyments more sublime,
By space unbounded, undestroyed by time.

JENYNS.

Or if some stripes from Providence we feel,

He strikes with pity, and but wounds to heal ;

Kindly, perhaps, sometimes afflicts us here.

To guide our views to a sublimer tphere. JEXYN3.

Thousands of suns beyond each other blaze.
Orbt roll o'er orbt, and glow with mutual rays.

Thus roaming with advent'rous wing the globe,
From scene to scene excursive, I behold
In all her workings, beauteous, great or new,
Fair nature. MALLET.

Circuit, Tour, Round.

Circuit, in French circuit, Latin circuitus,
participle of circumco, signifies either the act
of going round, or the extent gone.

Tour is from the French tour, a turn, from
the verb lourner, to turn.

Round, marks the track round, or the space
gone round.

A circuit is made for a specific end of a
serious kind ; a tour is always made for plea-
sure ; a round, like a circuit, is employed in
matters of business, but of a more familiar
and ordinary kind. A judge goes his circuit
at particular periods of time : gentlemen, in
times of peace, consider it as an essential part
of their education to make what is termed the
grand tour ; tradesmen have certain routids
which they take on certain days.

We speak of making the circuit of a place ;
of taking a tour in a given county ; or going
a particular round. A circuit is wide or nar-
row ; a tour and a round is great or little. A
circuit is prescribed as to extent; a tour is
optional ; a round is prescribed or otherwise.
Circuit is seldom used but in a specific sense ;
tour is seldom employed but in regard to
travelling ; round may be taken figuratively,
as when we speak of going one's round of
pleasure.

Tli' unfledg'd commanders and the martial train.
First make the circuit of the sandy plain. DKYDEN.

Goldsmith's tour through Europe we are told was made
for the most part on foot. JOHNSON.

Tis night ! the season when the happy tako
Repose, and only wretches are awake ;
Now discontented ghosts begin their roundi,
Haunt ruin'd buildings and unwholesome grounds.

OTWAY.

Savage had projected a perpetual round of innocent
pleasure in Wales, of which he suspected no interruptioi
from pride, ignorance, or brutality. JOHNSON.

To Circulate, v . To spread.

To Circumscribe, Inclose.

Circumscribe, from the Latin circum
about, and scribo to write, marks simply the
surrounding with a line.

Inclose, from the latin inclusus, participle
of inclaudo, compounded of in and claudo to
shut, marks a species of confinement.

The extent of any place is drawn out to the
iye by a circumscription ; its extent is limited
to a given point by an inclosure. A garden is
circumscribed by any ditch, line, or posts, that
serve as its boundaries : it is inclosed by wall
or fence. An inclosure may serve to circum-
scribe, but that which barely circumscribes will
seldom serve to inclose.

Who can imagine that the existence of a creature is to
* cirtumtcribed by time, whose thoughts are not?
LDDISON.

Remember on that happy coast to build.

And with a trench inclose the fruitful field. DRYDEN.

To Circumscribe, v . To bound.
Circumspect, v. Cautious.

Circumstance, Situation.

Circumstance, in Latin circumstantia,
from circum and sto, signifies what stands
about a thing, or belongs to it as its accident.

Situation, in French situation, comes
from the Latin situs, and the Hebrew sot to
place, signifying what is placed in a certain
manner.

Circumstance is to situation as a part to a
whole ; many circumstances constitute a situa-
tion : a situation is an aggregate of circuni-
stances. A person is said to be in circumstances
of affluence who has an abundance of every
thing essential for his comfort ; he is in an
easy situation when nothing exists to create
uneasiness.

Circumstance respects that which externally
affects us : situation is employed both for the
outward circumstances and the inward feeling's.
The success of any undertaking depends
greatly on the circumstances under which it is
begun ; the particular situation of a person's
mind will give a cast to his words or actions.
Circumstances are critical, a situation is danger-
ous.

As for the ass's behaviour in such nice circurmtancct.
whether he would starve sooner than violate his neutrality
to the two bundles of hay, I shall not presume to deter-
mine. ADDISON.

We are not at present in a proper tltuation to Judge of
the councils by which Providence acts. ADDISON.

Circumstance, Incident, Fact.

Circumstance, v. Circumstance, situation.

Incident, in Latin incidens, participle of
incido, or in and cado to fall, signifies what
falls upon or to another thing.

Fact, in Latin foetus, participle of facio to
do, signifies the thing done.

Circumstance is a general term ; incident and
fact are species of circumstances. Incident is
what happens ; fact is what is done ; circum-
stance is not only what happens and is done,
but whatever is or belongs to a thing. To

CIRCUMSTANTIAL.

149

CITE.

every thing are annexed circvmstamctl either
of time, place, age, colour, or other collateral
appendages which change its nature. Every
thing that moves and operates is exposed to
incidents, effects are produced, results follow,
and changes are brought about ; these are
incidents whatever moves and operates does,
and what it produces is done or is the fact :
when the artificer performs any work of art,
it depends not only on his skill, but on the
excellence of his tools, the time he employs,
the particular frame of his mind, the place
where he works, with a variety of other cir-
cumstances, whether he will succeed in produc-
ing any thing masterly. Newspapers abound
with the various incidents which occur in the
animal or the vegetable world, some of which
are surprising and singular ; they likewise
contain a number of facts which serve to
present a melancholy picture of human de-
pravity.

Circumstance is as often employed with
regard to the operations as the properties of
things, in which case it is most analogous to
incident and fact : it may then be employed
for the whole affair, or any part of it what-
ever, that can be distinctly considered. In-
cidents and facts either are circumstances, or
have circumstances belonging to them. A re-
markably abundant crop in any particular
part of a field is for the agriculturist a
singular circumstance or incident: this may be
rendered more surprising if associated with
unusual sterility in other parts of the same
field. A robbery may either be a fact or a cir-
cumstance : its atrocity may be aggravated by
the murder of the injured parties : the
savageness of the perpetrators, and a variety
of circumstances.

Circumstance comprehends in its significa-
tion whatever may be said or thought of any
thing ; incident carries with it the idea of
whatever may befal or be said to befal any
thing ; fact includes in it nothing but what
really is or is done. A narrative therefore
may contain many circumstances and incidents
without any fact, when what is related i&
either fictitious or not positively known to
have happened : it is necessary for a novel or
play to contain much incident, but no/acts, in
order to render it interesting ; history should
contain nothing but facts, as authenticity is
its chief merit.

You very often hear people after a story has been told
with some entertaining circumstances, tell it again -with
particulars that destroy the jest. STEELE.

It is to be considered that Providence in it economy
regards the whole system of time and things together, so
that we cannot discover the beautiful connection between
incident* which lie widely separate in time. ADD1SON.

Tn describing the achievements and institutions of the
Spaniards in the New World, I have departed in many
instances from the accounts of preceding historians, and
have often related facts which seem to have been un-
known to them. ROBERTSON.

Circumstantial, Particular, Minute.

Circumstantial from circumstance, signi-
fies consisting of circumstances.

Particular, in French particular, from
the word particle, signifies consisting of
particles.

Minute, in French minute, Latin minutus,
participle of minuo to diminish, signifies di-
minished or reduced to a very small point.

Circumstantial expresses less than particular,
and that less than minute. A circumstantial
account contains all leading events ; a par-
ticular account includes every event and
movement however trivial ; a minute account
omits nothing as to person, time, place, figure,
fojm, and every other trivial circumstance con-
nected with the events. A narrative may be
circumstantial, particular, or minute : an in-
quiry, investigation, or description may be
particular or minute, a detail may be minute.
An event or occurrence may be particular, a
circumstance or particular may be minute. We
may be generally satisfied with a circum-
stantial account of ordinary events : but
whatever interests the feelings cannot be de-
tailed with too much particularity or minute-
ness.

Thomson's wide expansion of general views and his
enumeration of circumstantial varieties, would have
been obstructed and embarrassed by the frequent inter-
sections of the sense which are the necessary effects of the
ihyme JOHNSON.

I am extremely troubled at the return of your deaf-
ness ; you cannot be too particular m the accounts of
your health to me. POPE.

When Pope's letters were published and avowed, as
they had relation to recent facts, and persons either then
living or not yet forgotten, they may I* supposed to have
found readers, but ;is the fcicts were minute, and the
characters little known, or little regarded, they awakened
no popular kindness or resentment. JOHNSON.

To Cite, Quote.

Cite and Quote are both derived from the
same Latin verb cito to move, and the Hebrew
sat to stir up, signifying to put into action.

To cite is employed for persons or things ;
to quote for things only : authors are cited,
passages from their works are quoted : we cite
only by authority ; we quote for general pur-
poses of convenience. Historians ought to
cite their authority in order to strengthen
their evidence and inspire confidence ; con-
troversialists must quote the objectionable pas-
sages in those works which they wish to
confute : it is prudent to cite no one whose
authority is questionable ; it is superfluous to
quote any thing that can be easily perused in
the original.

The great work of which Justinian has the credit, con-
sists of texts collected from law books of approved au-
thority; and those texts are digested according to a
scientifical analysis ; the names of the orginal authors
and the titles of their several books being constantly
cited. SIB WM. JONES.

Let us consider what is truly glorious according to the
author I have to-day quoted in the front of my paper.
STEELE.

To Cite, Summon.

Cite, v. To cite, quote.

Summon, v. To call.

The idea of calling a person authoritatively
to appear, is common to these terms. Cite is
used in a general sense, summon in a particular
and technical sense : a person may be cited to
appear before his superior : he is summoned to
appear before a court : the station of the in-

CIVIL.

150

CIVIL.

dividual gives authority to the act of citing :
the law itself gives authority to that of
tummoning.

When cite is used in a legal sense, it is
mostly employed for witnesses, and summon
for every occasion : a person is cited to give
evidence, he is summoned to answer a charge.
Cite is seldomer used iu the legal sense than
in that of calling by name, in which general
acceptation it is employed with regard to
authors, as specified in the preceding article :
the legal is the ordinary sense of summon . it
may however be extended in its application to
a military summons of a fortified town, or to
any call for which there may be occasion ; as
when we speak of the summons which is given
to attend the death-bed of a friend, or figura-
tively, deaUl is said to summon mortals from
this world.

E'en social friendship d'liis his ear

And citet him to the public spners. SHRN'STOXE.

The sly enchantress tummnn'd all her train,
Alluring Venus, queen of vagrant love.
The boon companion Bacchus, ioud and vain,
Aud tricking Hermes, Uud of fraadful gain.

Civil, Polite.

Civil, in French civile, Latin civilis from
en-is a citizen, signifies belonging to or becom-
ing a citizen.

Polite, in French poll, Latin politics, parti-
ciple of polio to polish.

These two epithets are employed to denote
different modes of acting in social intercourse :
polite expresses more than nvil : it is possible
to be civil without being polite politeness sup-
poses civility and something in addition.

Civility is confined to no rank, age, con-
dition, or country ; all have an opportunity
with equal propriety of being civil, but not so
with politeness, that requires i certain degree
of equality, at least the equality of education ;
it would be contradictory for masters aud
servants, rich and poor, learned and unlearned.
to be polite to each other. Civility is a Chris-
tian duty ; there are times when all men
ought to be nvil to their neighbours : politeness
is rather a voluntary devotion of ourselves to
others: among the inferior orders civility is
indispensable : an uncivil person in a sub-
ordinate station is an obnoxious member of
society : among the higher orders politeness is
often a substitute ; and where the form and
spirit are combined, it supersedes the neces-
sity of civility: politeness is the sweetener of
hum in society ; it gives a charm to every
tiling that is said and done.

Civility is contented with pleasing when the
occasion offers : politeness seeks the oppor-
tunity to please, it prevents the necessity of
asking by anticipating the wishes ; it is full of
delicate attentions, and is an active benevo-
lence in the minor concerns of life.

Civility is anxious not to offend, but it often
gives pain from ignorance or erroi : politeness
studies all the circumstances and situations of
men ; it enters into their characters, suits
itself to their humours, and even yields in-
dulgently to their weaknesses ; its object is
no less to avoid giving pain than to study to
afford pleasure.

Civility is dictated by the desire of serving,

politeness by that of pleasing : cii-ility often
confines itself to the bare intention of serving ;
politeness looks to the action and its conse-
quences : when a peasant is civil he often does
the reverse of what would be desired of bin ;
he takes no heed of the wants and necessities
of others : politeness considers what is due to
others and from others ; it does nothing
superfluously ; men of good breeding think
before they speak, and move before they act.
It is necessary to be civil without being
troublesome, and polite without being affected.

Civilitif requires nothing but goodness of
intention ; it may be associated with the
coarsest manners, the grossest ignorance, and
the total want of all culture : politeness re-
quires peculiar properties of the head and the
heart, natural and artificial ; much goodness
and gentleness of character, an even current
of feelings, quickness and refined delicacy of
sentiment, a command of temper, a general
insight into men and manners, and a thorough
acquaintance with the forms of society.

Civilityis not incompatible with the harshest
expressions of one's feelings ; it allows the
utterance of all a man thinks without regard
to person, time, or season ; it lays no re.-traint
upon the angry passions : politeness enjoins us
to say nothing to another which we would not
wish to be s,ud to ourselves ; it lays at least a
temper iry constraint on all the angry passions,
and prevents all turbulent commotions

Civility is always the same ; whatever is once
civil is always so, and acknowledged as such
by ail persons: politeness varies with the
fashions and times ; what is polite in one
age or in one country may be unpotite in
another.

If civ>lil>/ be not a splendid virtue, it has at
least the recommendation of being genuine
and harmless, having nothing artificial in it ;
it admits of no gloss, and will never deceive ;
it is the true expression of good will, the com-
panion of respect in inferiors, of condescen-
sion in superiors, of humanity and kindness in
equals : politeness springs from education, is
the offspring of refinement, and consists much
in the exterior ; it ofteu rests with the bare
imitation of virtue, and is distinguished into
true and false ; in the latter case it may be
abused for the worst of purposes, and serve as
n mask to conceal malignant passions under
the appearance of kindness : hence it is possible
to be polite in form without being civil, or any
thing else that is good.

He has rood-nature.
And T have good manners
His sons too are ciml 10 me. t-ecause
I do not pretend to t>e wiser man they. OTWAY.

I heard a mermaid an a dolphin's back.
Uttering such dulcet an.1 harmonious sounds.
That the rude sea grew civil at ua ai.ni;

SHAKSPEARR.

The trne effect of gf-nuine mlitencti seems to be rather
ease than pleasure. JOHNSON".

Apatite country squire shall make you as many lws
in half an hour as would serve a courtier for a week,
ADOIBON.

Civil, Obliging, Complaisant.

Civil, v. Civil, polite,

Obliging-, from oblige, signifies either doing
what obliges, or ready to oblige.

CLANDESTINE.

151

CLASS.

Complaisant, in French complaisant,
comes from complaire to please, signifying
ready to please.

Civil is more general than obliging, one is
always civil when one is obliging, but one is
not always obliging when oue is civil : com-
plaisance is more than either, it refines upon
both ; it is a branch of politeness (v. Cicil,
politt)

Civil regards the manner as well as the ac-
tion, obliging respects the action, complaisant
includes all the circumstances of the action:
to be civil is to please by any word or action :
to be obliging is to perform some actual service ;
to be complaisant is to do that bervice in the
time and manner that is most suitable and
agreeable : civility requires no effort ; to be
obliging always cost the agent some trouble ;
complaisance requires attention and observa-
tion : a person is civil in his reply, obliging in
lending assistance, complaisant in his atten-
tions to his friends.

One is habitually civil ; obliging from dis-
position ; complaisant from education and dis-
position : it is necessary to be ticil without
being free, to be obliging without being officious,
to be complaisant without being servile.

Pride is never more offensive than when it condescends
to be civil. CUMBERLAND.

The shepherd florae

Hies merry-hearted, and by turns relieves
The ruddy milkmaid I her brimming pail.
The beauty whom periiaps his witless heart
Sincerely loves, by tnat best language shown
Of cordial glances, and obliging deeds. THOMSON.

I seem'd so pleased with what every one said, and smiled
with so much complaisance at all their pretty fancies,
that though I did not put cue word into their discourse, I
have the vainly to think they looked upon me as very
agreeaole company. ADDISON.

Civility, v. Benefit.
Civilization, v. Cultivation.
To Claim, v. To ask for. '
Claim, v. Pretension.
Claim, v. Right.
Clamorous, v. Loud.
Clamour, v. Noise.

Clandestine, Secret.

Clandestine, in Latin clandestinus, comes
from clam secretly.

Secret, in French secrete, Latin secretus,
participle of secerno to separate, signifies remote
from observation.

Clandestine expresses more than secret.

To do a thing clandestinely is to elude obser-
vation ; to do a thing secretly is to do it without
the knowledge of any one : what is clandestine
is unallowed, which is not necessarily the case
with what is secret.

With the clandestine must be a mixture of
art ; with secrecy, caution and management are
requisite : a clandestine marriage is effected by
a studied plan to escape notice ; a secret mar-
riage is conducted by the forbearance of all
communication : conspirators have many clan-
destine proceedings and secret meetings : an
unfaithful servant clandestinely conveys away

his master's property from his premises ; a
thief secretly takes a purse from the pocket of
the bystanders.

I went to this clandestine lodging, an 1 found to my
amazement all ihe ornaments oi a fine geutlt-mau, wiiku
he had takeu upon credit JOHNSON.

Ye boys vh>> [.luck the fl-.wers, and spoil the spring.
Beware the secret snake that shoots a sting. I)KYDEN.

To Clasp, Hug, Embrace.

To Clasp, from the noun clasp, signifies to
lay hold of like a clasp.

Hug, in Saxon hoyan, comes from the Ger-
man hagen. which signifies to enclose with a
hedge, and figuratively to cherish or take
special care of.

Embrace, in French embrasser, is com-
pounded of en or im and 6ms the arm, signify-
ing to take or lock in one's arms.

All these terms are employed to express the
act of enclosing another in one's arms : clasp
marks this action when it is performed with
the warmth of true affection ; hug is a ludicrous
sort of clasping, which is the consequence of
ignorance and extravagant feeling ; embrace is
simply a mode of ordinary salutation : a parent
will clasp his long-lost child in his arms on
their re-meeting ; a peasant in the exce=s of
his raptures would throw his body, as well as
his arms, over the object of his joy. and stifle
with hugging him whom he meant to embrace .
in the continental parts of Europe embracing
between males, as well as females, is universal
on meeting after a long absence, or on taking
leave for a length of time ; embraces are some-
times given in England between near relatives,
but in no other case.

Some more aspiring catch the neiRhbourinsr shrub.
With clasping tendrils, and invest her branch

t'OWPER.

Thyself a boy. assume a boy's dissembled face.
That when amidst the fervor of the feast
The Tyrian hugs and fouds thee on her breast,
Thou mayst infuse thy veuom in her veins.

DRYDEN.

The king at leui;th having kindly reproached Helim for
depriving him so long of such a brother embraced Balsora-
with the greatest tenderness ADDISON.

Class, Order, Rank, Degree.

Class, in French classe, Latin classis, very
probably from the Greek Aao-<n<-, a fraction,
division, or class.

Order, in French ordre, Latin ordo, comes
from the Greek opxoi,a row, which is a species
of order.

Rank is in German rang, connected with
row, &c.

Degree, in French dtgrf, comes from the
Latin gradus a step.

Class is more general than order ; degree is
more specific than rank.

Class and order are said of the body who are
distinguished; rank and degree of the distinction
itself : men belong to a certain class or order :
they hold a certain rank ; they are of a certain
degree: among the Romans all the citizens
were distinctly divided into classes according
to thsir property ; but in the modern constitu-

CLASS.

152

CLEAR.

tion of society, classes are distinguished from
each other on general, moral, or civil grounds ;
there are reputable or disreputable classes ; the
labouring class, the class of merchants, me-
chanics, <tc. ; order has a more particular signi-
fication ; it is founded upon some positive civil
privilege or di-tinction ; the general orders are
divided into higher, lower, or middle, arising
from the unequal distribution of wealth and
power ; the particular orders are those of the
nobility, of the clergy, of freemasonry, and
the like : rank distinguishes one individual
from another ; it is peculiarly applied to the
nobility and the gentry : although every man
in the community holds a certain rank in rela-
tion to those who are above or below him :
degree like rank is applicable to the individual,
but only in particular cases ; literary and
scientific degrees are conferred upon superior
merit in different departments of science ;
there are likewise degrees in the same rank,
whence we speak of men of high and low de-
gree. During the French revolution the most
worthless clast, from all orders, obtained the
supremacy only to destroy all rank and degree.
And sacrifice such as possessed any wealth,
power, rank, or degree.

We are by oar occupations, education, and habits of
life, divided almost uto different species. Each of these
clauet of the human race has desires, fears, and conversa-
tion, vexatious and merriment, peculiar to itself. JOHN-
SOX.

Learning and knowledge are perfections in us not as we
are men, but as we are reasonable creatures, in which
order of beings the female world is upon the same level
with the male. ADD1SON.

Young women of humble rank, and small pretensions,
should be particularly cautious how a vain ambition of
l.eiug noticed by their superiors betrays them into an
attempt at displaying their unprotected persons on a
llage. CUMBERLAND.

Then learn, ye tail ! to soften splendor's ray,
Endure the twain, the youth of low degree.

SHENSTONE.

To Class, Arrange, Range.

To Class, from the noun class, signifies to
put in a class.

Arrange and Range are both derived
from rank and row, signifying to place in a
certain order.

The general qualities and attributes of
things are to be considered in classing ; their
fitne.-s to stand by each other must be con-
sidered in arranging : their capacity for form-
ing a line is the only thing to be attended to
in ranging.

Classification serves the purposes of science ;
arrangement those of decoration and ornament ;
ranging those of general convenience : men
are classed into diffeient bodies according to
some certain standard of property, power,
education, occupation, <fcc. ; furniture is ar-
ranged in a room, according as it answers
either in colour, shade, convenience of situa-
tion, <fec., ; men are ranged in order whenever
they make a procession : classification is con-
cerned with mental objects ; arrangement with
either physical or mental objects ; ranging al-
together with physical objects : knowledge,
experience, and judgement, are requisite in
classing ; taste and practice are indispensable
in arranging ; care only is wanted in ranging.

When applied to intellectual objects, arrange-
ment is the ordinary operation of the mind,
requiring only methodical habits : classifica-
tion is a branch of philosophy which is not
attainable by art only ; it requires a mind
peculiarly methodical by nature, that is capa-
ble of distinguishing things by their generic
and specific differences ; not separating things
that are alike ; nor blending things that are
different : books are classed in a catalogue
according to their contents ; they are arranged
in a shop according to their size or price ; they
are ranged in a counter for convenience : ideas
are classed by the logician into simple and
complex, abstract and concrete : they are
arranged by the power of reflection in the
mind of the thinker; words are classed by the
grammarian into different parts of speech ;
they are suitably arranged by the writer in
different parts of a sentence ; a man of busi-
ness arranges his affairs so as to suit the tune
and season for every thing : a shopkeeper
arranges his goods so as to have a place for
every thing, and to know its place ; he ranges
those things before him, of which he wishes
to command a view: a general arranges his
men for the battle ; a drill serjeant ranges his
men when he makes them exercise.

We are all ranked and classed by him who seeth into
every heart. BLAIR.

In vain you attempt to regulate -our expence, if into
your amusements, or your society, disorder has crept.
You have admitted a principle of confusion which will
defeat all your plans, and perplex and entangle what you
sought to arrange. BLAIR.

A noble writer should be born with this faculty (a
strong imagination) so as to be well able to receive lively
ideas from outward objects, to retain them long, and to
range them together in such figures and representations
as arc most likely to hit the fancy of the reader.
ADDISON.

Clean, Cleanly, Pure.

Clean and Cleanly, is in Saxon claent.

Pure, in French pur, Latin puna.

Clean expresses a freedom from dirt or soil ;
cleanly the disposition or habit of being clean.

A person who keeps himself clean is cleanly ;
a cleanly servant takes care to keep other
things clean.

Clean is employed in the proper sense only ;
pure mostly in the moral sense : the hands
should be clean ; the heart should be pure : it
is the first requisite of good writing that it
should be clean ; it is of the first importance
for the morals of youth to be kept pure.

In the east, where the warmth of the climate makes
cleanliness more immediately necessary than in colder
countries, it is made one part of their religion. The
Jewish law, and the Mahometan, which in some things
copies after it, is filled with bathing, purifications, and
other rites of the like nature. Though there is the above
named convenient reason to be assigned for these cere-
monies, the chief intention was to typify inward purit*
of heart SPECTATOR.

Cleanly, v. Clean.
Clear, v. Apparent.

Clear, Lucid, Bright, Vivid.
Clear, v. To absolve.

Lucid, in Latin lucidus, f uvea iuceo to shine,
and lux light, signifies having light.

CLEARLY.

153

CLEARNESS.

Bright, v. Brightness.

Vivid, Latin vividus from vivo to live,
signifies being in a state of life.

These epithets mark a gradation in their
sense ; the idea of light is common to them,
but clear expresses less than lucid, lucid than
bright, and bright less than vivid : a mere free-
dom from stain or dullness constitutes the
clearness : the return of light, and consequent
removal of darkness, constitutes lucidity;
brightness supposes a certain strength of light ;
vividness a freshness combined with the
strength, and even a degree of brilliancy : a
sky is clear that is divested of clouds ; the
atmosphere is lucid in the day, but not in the
night ; the sun shines bright when it is unob-
structed by any thing in the atmosphere ;
lightning sometimes presents a vivid redness,
and sometimes a vivid paleness : the light of
the stars may bo clear, and sometimes bright,
but never vivid : the light of the sun is rather
bright, than clear or vivid ; the light of the
moon is either clear, brig/it, or vivid.

These epithets may with equal propriety be
applied to colour, as well as to light : a clear
colour is unmixed with any other ; a bright
colour has something striking and strong in
it ; a vivid colour something lively and fresh
in it.

Some choose the clearest light.

And boldly challenge the most piercing eye.

KOSCOMMON.

Nor Is the stream

Of purest crystal, nor the lucid air.
Though one transparent vacancy it seems,
Void of their unseen people. THOMSON.

This place, the brightest mansion of the sky,
I'll call the palace of the Deity. DKYDEN.

From the moist meadow to the wither'd hill,
Led by the breeze, the vivid verdure runs,
And swells, and deepens to the cherish'd eye.

THOMSON.

In their moral application they preserve a
similar distinction : a conscience is said to be
clear when it is free from every stain or spot ;
a deranged understanding may have lucid in-
tervals ; a bright intellect throws light on every
thing around it ; a vivid! imagination glows
with every image that nature presents.

I look upon a sound imagination as the greatest bless-
ing of life, next to a clear judgment, and a good con-
science. ADDISOJf.

I believe were Rousseau alive, and in one of his lucid
intervals, he would be shocked at the practical frenzy of
his scholars. BURKE.

But in a body which doth freely yield

His parts to reason's rule obedient,

There Alma, like a virgin queen most bright,

Doth flourish in all beauty excellent. SPENSEK.

There let the classic page thy fancy lead
Through rural scenes, such as the Mantuau swain
Paints in the matchless harmony of song,
Or catch thyself the landscape, glided swift
Athwart imagination's vivid eye. THOMSON.

Clear, v. Fair.

To Clear, v. To absolve.

Clearly, Distinctly.

That is seen Clearly of which one has
a general view ; that is seen Distinctly
which is seen so as to distinguish the several
parts.

We see the moon clearly whenever it shines ;
but we cannot see the spots in the moon dis-
tinctly without the help of glasses.

What we see distinctly must be seen clearly,
but a thing may be seen clearly without being
seen distinctly.

A want of light, or the intervention of other
objects, prevents us from seeing clearly ; dis-
tance, or a defect in the sight, prevents us
from seeing distinctly.

* Old men often see clearly but not dis-
tinctly ; they perceive large or luminous ob-
jects at a distance, but they cannot distinguish
such small objects as the characters of a book
without the help of convex glasses; short-
sighted persons, on the contrary, see near
objects distinctly, but they have no clear
vision of distant ones, unless they are viewed
through concave glasses.

The custom of arguing on any side, even against our
persuasion, dims the understanding, and makes it by
degrees lose the faculty of discerning clearly between,
truth and falsehood. LOCKE.

Whether we aK able to comprehend all the operations
of nature, and the manners of tbem. it matters not to
inquire; but this is certain, that we can comprehend no
more of them than we can dutinctly conceive. LOCKE.

Clearness, Perspicuity.

Clearness, from clear (v. Clear, lucid), is
here used figuratively, to mark the degree of
light by which one sees things distinctly.

Perspicuity, in French perspicuite, Latin
perspicuitas from perspicuus and perspicio to
look through, signifies the quality of being
able to be seen through.

These epithets denote qualities equally
requisite to render a discourse intelligible,
but each has its peculiar character, f Clear-
ness respects our ideas, and springs from the
distinction of the things themselves that are
discussed ; perspicuity respects the mode of
expressing the ideas, and springs from the
good qualities of style. It requires a clear
head to be able to see a subject in all its bear-
ings and relations ; to distinguish all the
niceties and shades of difference between
things that bear a strong resemblance, and to
separate it from all irrelevant objects that in-
termingle themselves with it. But whatever
may be our clearness of conception, it is requi-
site, if we will communicate our conceptions
to others, that we should observe a purity in
our mode of diction, that we should be partic-
ular in the choice of our terms, careful in the
disposition of them, and accurate in the con-
struction of pur sentences ; that is perspicuity,
which as it is the first, so, according to Quin-
tilian, it is the most important part of com-
position.

Clearness of intellect is a natural gift ; per-
spicuity is an acquired art : although intimately
connected with each other, yet it is possible
to have clearness without perspicuity, and per-
spicuity without clearness. People of quick
capacities will have clear ideas on the subject*
that offer themselves to their notice, but _for
want of education they may often use im-
proper or ambiguous phrases ; or by errors of

Vide Trusler : " Clearly, distinctly."

f Vide AbM Girard ; " ClarW, perspicuiW.*

CLEMENCY.

154

CLERGYMAN.

construction render their phraseology the
reverse of perspicuout : on the other hand it
is in the power of some to express themselves
perspicuously oil subjects far above their com-
prehension, 'from a certain facility which they
acquire of Ditching up suitable modes of ex-
pression.

The study of the clissics and mathematics
are most fitted for the improvement of clear-
ness ; the study of grammar, and the obser-
vance of good models, will serve most effectu-
ally for the acquirement of perspicuity.

Whenever men think clearly and are thoroughly inte-
rested, they express themselves with ixrtpicuity ami force.
ROBERTSON.

No modern orator can dare to enter the list with
Demosthenes and Tully. We have discourses, indeed,
that may be admitted for their pertpiciuty, purity, and
elegance ; but can produce none that abound in a sub-
limity wnich whirls away the auditor like a miglity tor-
rent. WAUTOX.

To Cleave, v. To stick.

Clemency, Lenity, Mercy.

Clemency, is in Latin dementia, signify-
ing mildness.

Lenity, in Latin lenitas, from len ; s soft, or
lavit smooth, and the Green Aeios mild.

Mercy, in Latin misericordia, compounded
of miseria and cordis, i.e. affliction of the heart,
signifying the pain produced by observing the
pain of others.

Clemency and lenity are employed only to-
wards offenders ; mercy towards all who are in
trouble, whether from their own fault, or any
other cause.

Clemency lies in the disposition ; lenity and
mercy in the act ; the former as respects supe-
riors in general, the latter in regard to those
who are invested with civil power : a monarch
displays his clemency by showing mercy; a
master shows lenity by not inflicting punish-
ment where it is deserved.

Clemency is arbitrary on the part of the
dispenser, flowing from his will independent
of the object on whom it is bestowed ; lenity
and mercy are discretionary, they always have
regard to the object and the nature of the
offence, or misfortunes ; lenity therefore often
serves the purposes of discipline, and mercy
those of justice by forgiveness, instead of
punishment ; but clemency defeats its end by
forbearing to punish where it is needfuL

A mild master who shows clemency to a
faithless servant by not bringing him to jus-
tice, often throws a worthless wretch upon the
public to commit more atrocious depredations.
A well-timed lenity sometimes recalls an offen-
der to himself, and brings him back to good
order. Upon this principle, the English con-
stitution has wisely loft in the hands of the
monarch the discretionary power of showing
mercy in all cases that do not demand the
utmost rigour of the law.

We wretched Trojans, toss'd on ev'ry shore.
From sea to sea, thy clemency implore ;
Forbid the fires our shipping to deface.
Receive th' unhappy fugitives to grace. DRYDEX.

The King (Charles II.) with lenity of which the world
has had perhaps no other example, declined to be the
lodge or avenger of hi own or his father's wrongs

Jromre .s

The gods (if gods to goodness are inclin'd,
If acts of mercy touch their heav'uly mind),
And more than all the gods, your geu'rous heart,
Conscious of worth, requite its own desert.

Clergyman, Parson, Priest, Minis-
ter.

Clergryman, altered from cleric, clericus,
signified any one holding a regular office, and
by distinction one who held the holy office.

Parson, is either changed from person,
that is, by distinction the person who spiritu-
ally presides over a parish, or contracted from
parochianwi.

Priest, in German, <fec. pricster, comes
from the Greek irpeo-/3uTepos, signifying an
elder who holds the sacerdotal office.

Minister, in Latin minister a servant,
from minor less or inferior, signifies literally
one who performs a subordinate office, and
has been extended in its meaning, to signify
generally one who officiates or performs an
office.

The word clergyman applies to such as are
regulatly bred according to the forms of the
national religion, and applies to none else. In
this sense we speak of the English, the French,
and Scotch clergy without distinction. A
parson is a species of clergyman, who ranks
the highest in the three orders of inferior
clergy ,- that is parson, vicar, and curate ; the
parson, being a technical term for the rector,
or he who holds the living : in its technical
sense it has now acquired a definite use ; but
in general conversation it is become almost a
nickname. The word clergyman is always
substituted for parson in polite society. When
priest respects the Christian religion it is a
tpecies of clergyman, that is, one who is or-
dained to officiate at the altar in distinction
from the deacon, who is only an assistant to
the priest. But the term priest has likewise
an extended meaning in reference to such as
hold the sacerdotal character in any form of
religion, as the priests of the Jews, or those of
Greeks, Romans, Indians, and the like. A
minister is one who actually or habitually offi-
ciates. Clergymen are therefore not always
strictly ministers ; nor are all ministers clergy-
men. If a clergyinan delegates his functions
altogether he is not a minister ; nor is he who
presides over a dissenting congregation a
clergyman. In the former case, however, it
would be invidious to deprive the clergyman
of the name of minister of the gospel, but in
the latter case it is a misuse of the term
clergyman to apply it to any minister who does
not officiate according to the form of an estab-
lished religion.

By a clergyman I mean one in holy orders. STEELE.

To the time of Edward III. it is probable that the
French and English languages subsisted together through-
out the kingdom ; the higher orders, both of the clergy
and laity, speaking almost universally French ; the l^wer
retaining the use of their native tongue. TYRWHITT.

Call a man a priett, or parson, and you 'set him in
some men's esteem ten degrees below his own servant,
SOUTH.

With leave and honor enter our abodes.

Ye sacred minitteri of men and gods. POPZ.

CLEVER

155

CLOAK.

Clever, Skilful, Expert, Dexterous,
Adroit.

Clever, in French leyere, Latin levis light.

Skilful, signifies full of skill; and skill
probably conies from the Latin scio to know.

Expert, in French experte, Latin expertus,
participle of experior to search or try, signifies
searched and tried.

Dexterous, in Latin dexter, in Greek
SeftTtpos, comparative of Sefios, clever, and
Ssfia the right hand, because that is the most
fitted for action, signifies the quality of doing
rightly, as w ith the right hand.

Adroit, in French adroit, Latin adrectus or
rectus righc or straight.

Clever and skilful are qualities of the mind ;
expert, dexterous, and adroit, refer to modes of
pnysioal action. Cleverness regards in general
the readiness to comprehend ; skill the matu-
rity of the judgement ; e.cperlnens a facility in
the use of things ; dexterity a mechanical
facility in the performance of any work ;
adroitness the suitable movements of the body.
A person is clecer at drawing who shows a
taste for it, and executes it weU -without much
instruction : he is skilful in drawing if ho
understands it both in theory and practice ; he
is expert in the use of the bow if he can use it
with expsdition and effect ; he is dexterous at
any game when he goes through the manoeu-
vres with celerity and an uneiiing hand ; he is
adroit if by a quick, sudden, and well-directed
movement of his body, ho eSccts the object
he has in view.

Cleverness is mental power employed in the
ordinary concerns of life : a peisun is clever in
business. Skill is both a m-.ntal and corporeal
power, exerted in mechanical operations and
practical sciences : a physician, a lawyer, and
an artist, is skilful ; one may have a skill in
divination, or a skill in painting. Expertness
and dexterity require more corporeal than
mental power exerted in minor arts and
amusements : one is expert at throwing the
quoit ; dexterous in the management of horses.
Adroitness is altogether a corporeal talent, em-
ployed ouly as occasion may require : uiie is
adroit at eluding the blows aimed by an adver-
sary.

Cleverness is rather a natural gift ; skill is
cleverness improved by practice and extended
knowledge ; expertness is the effect of long
prietice; dexterity arises from habit combined
with agility ; adroitness is a species of dexterity
arising from a natural agility.

O'er bar and shelf the watery path they sound.
With dext'rous arm, sagacious of the ground ;
Fearless they combat every hostile wind.
Wheeling in many tracks with course inclin'd,
jixpert to moor, where terrors line the road.

FALCONEK.

He applied himself next to the coquette's heart, which
he likewise laid open with great dexterity. A1JDISCN.

To Climb, v. To arise.
To Cling-, v. To stick.

Cloak, Mask, Blind, Veil.

These are figurative terms, expressive of
different modes of intentionally keeping some-
thing from the view of others. They are
burrowed from those familiar objects which
serve similar purposes in common life. Cloak
and Mask express figuratively and properly
more than Blind or Veil. The two former
keep the whole object out of sight ; the two
latter only partially intercept tne view. In
this figurative sense they are all employed for
a bad purpose.

The cloak, the mask, and the blind, serve to
deceive others ; the veil serves to deceive one's
self.

The whole or any part of a character may be
concealed by a blind; a part, though not the
whole, may be concealed by a mask. A blind
is not only employed to conceal the character
but the conduct or proceedings. We carry a
cloak and a mask about with us ; but a blind
is something externa 1 .

The cloak, as the external garment, is the
most convenient of all coverings fur entirely
keeping concealed what we do not wish to be
seen ; a good outward deportment serves as a
cloak to conceal a bad character. A mask only
hides the face ; a mask therefore serves to con-
ceal ouly as much as words and looks can
effect. A blind is intended to shut out the
light and prevent observation ; whatever,
therefore, conceals the real truth, and pre-
vents suspicion by a false exterior, is a blind.
A veil prevents a person from seeing as well as
being seen ; whatever, therefore, obscures the
mental sight acts as a veil to the mind's eye.

Religion is unfortunately the object which
may serve to cloak the worst of purposes and
the worst of characters : its importance in the
eyes of all men, makes io the most effectual
pas -port to their countenance and sanction ;
and its external observances render it the
most convenient mode of presenting a false
profession to the eyes of the world : those,
therefore, who set an undue value on the
ceremonial part of religion, do but encourage
this most heinous of all sins, by suffering
themselves to be imposed upon by a cloak of
religious hypocrisy. False friends always
wear a -mask ; they cover a malignant heart
under the smiles and endearments of friend-
ship. Illicit traders mostly make use of some
blind to facilitate the carrying on their ne-
farious practices. Among the various arts
resorted to in the me.ropolis by the needy
and profligate, none is so bad as that which
is made to be a blind for Hie practice of de-
bauchery. Prejudice and passion are the
ordinary veils which obscure the judgment,
and prevent it from distinguishing the tiuth.

When this severity of manners is hypocritical, and
assumed as a cloak to secret indulgence, it is one of the
worst prostitutions of religion. BLAIR.

Thou art no ruffian, who beneath the inaik
Of social commerce, uoiu'st to rob their wealth.

THOMSON.

CLOG.

156

CLOSE.

Those who are bountiful to crimes will be rigid to
merit, and penurious to service. Their penury is even
held out as a Hind and cover to their prodigality.
BU RKE.

As soon as that mysterious eei'Z which covers futurity
was lifted up. all the gaiety of life would disappear ; its
flattering hopes, its pleasing illusions would vanish, and
nothing but vanity and sadness remain. BLAIR.

To Clog, Load, Encumber.

Clogr is probably changed from clot or clod,
signifying to put a heavy lump in the way.

Load, from to load, in Saxon laden, Dutch,
Ac. laden, signifies to burden with a load,

Encumber, compounded of en or in and
, in German kummer sorrow, signifies
to burden with trouble.

Clog is figuratively employed for whatever
impedes the motion or action of a thing, drawn
from the familiar object which is used to im-
pede the motion of animals : load is used for
whatever occasions an excess of weight, or
materials. A wheel is clogged, or a machine is
clogged : a fire may be loaded with coals, or a
picture with colouring. The stomach and
memory may be either clogged or loaded : in
the former case by the introduction of im-
proper food ; and in the second case by the
iutroduction of an improper quantity. A
memory that is clogged becomes confused, and
confounds one thing with another ; that which
is loaded loses the impression of one object by
the introduction of another.

Clog and encumber have the common signifi-
cation of interrupting or troubling by means
of something irrelevant. Whatever is clogged
has scarcely the liberty of moving at all;
whatever is encumbered moves and acts, but
with difficulty. When the roots of plants are
clogged with mould, or any improper substance,
their growth is almost stopped : weeds and
noxious plants are encumbrances in the ground
where flowers should grow : the commands or
prohibitions of parents sometimes very fortu-
nately clog those whose sanguine tempers
would lead them into imprudence : no one
can expect to proceed with ease to himself in
any transaction, who is encumbered with a
variety of concerns at the same time.

Whatsoever was observed by the ancient philosophers,
either irregular or defective in the workings of the mind,
was all charged upon the body as its great clog. SOUTH.

Butler gives Hudibras that pedantic ostentation of
knowledge, which has no relation to chivalry, and loadt

him with martial encumtrai *--*

:!vll dignity. JOHNSON.

on 10 cnivairy. ana toatu
I that can add nothing to

This minority is great and formidable. I do not know
whether, if T. aimed at the total overthrow of a kingdom.
I should wish to be encumbered with a large body of
l^u tizaus. BUKKK.

Cloister, Convent, Monastery.

Cloister, in French * cloltre, from the word
elos close, signifies a certain close place in a
convent, or an enclosure of houses for canons,
or in general a religious house.

Convent, from the Latin conventus a meet-
ing, and conrenio to come together, signifies a
rcl'giuus assembly.

Vide Abb* Koubaud ; " Clottre, wuvent

Monastery, in French monastere, signifies
an habitation for monks, from the Greek (xovos
alone.

The proper idea of cloister is that of seclusion ;
the proper idea of convent is that of commu-
nity ; the proper idea of a monastery is that of
solitude. One is shut up in a cloister, put into
a convent, and retires to a monastery.

Whoever wishes to take an absolute leave of
the world, shuts himself up in a cloister ; who-
ever wishes to attach himself to a community
that has renounced all commerce with the
world, goes into a convent ; whoever wishes to
shun all human intercourse retires to a monas-
tery.

In the cloister our liberty is sacrificed : in
the convent our worldly habits are renounced,
and those of a regular religious community
being adopted, we submit to the yoke of
established orders : in a monastery we impose
a sort of voluntary exile upon ourselves ; we
live with the view of livhig only to God.

In the ancient and true monatteries, the
members divided their time between con-
templation and labour ; but as population in-
creased, and towns multiplied, monasteries
were, properly speaking, succeeded by con-
vents.

In ordinary discourse, cloister is employed in
an absolute and indefinite manner : we speak
of the cloister to designate a monastic state ; as
entering a cloister ; burying one's self in a
cloister : penances and mortifications are prac-
tised in a cloister.

It is not the same thing when we speak of
the cloister of the Benedictines and of their
monastery ; or the cloister of the Capuchins and
their convent.

Some solitary cloitter will I choose,

And there with holy virgins live immur'd Dr.YDEJf.

Nor were the new abbots less industrious to stock their
conrentt with foreigners. TVRWHITT.

Besides independent foundations, which were opened
for the reception of foreign monks in preference to the
natives, a considerable number of religious houses were
built and endowed as cells to diflerent momutcriet abroad.
LIST OF ENGLISH MOXASTEKIES.

Close, Compact.

Close, is from the French clos, and Latin
clausus, the participle of claudo to shut.

Compact, in Latin compactus, participle of
compingo to fix or join in, signifies jointed
close together.

Proximity is expressed by both these terms :
the former in a general and the latter in a
restricted sense. Two bodies may be close to
each other, but a body is compact with regard
to itself.

Contact is not essential to constitute close-
ness; but a perfect adhesion of all the parts of
a body is essential to produce compactness.
Lines are dote to each other that are separated
but by a small space ; things are rolled to-
gether in a compact form that are brought
within the smallest possible space.

To right and left the martial wings display
Their shining arms, and stand in dote array ;
Though weak their spears, though dwarfish be their

height,
Compact they move, the bulwark of the fight.

SIB WM. JOXXS.

CLOSE.

COADJtTTOK.

Close, Near, Nigh.

Close, v. Close, compact.

Near and Nigh, is in Saxon near, neah,
German, &c., na.1i.

Close is more definite than near: houses
stand close to each other which are almost
joined ; men stand close when they touch each
other : objects are near which are within sight ;
persons are near each other when they can
converse together. Near and nigh, which are
but variations of each other, in etymology, ad-
mit of little or no difference in their use ; the
former however is the most general. People
live near each other who are in the same
street ; they live close to each other when their
houses are adjoining.

Close is annexed as an adjective ; near is em-
ployed only as an adverb or preposition. We
speak of close ranks or close lines ; but not near
ranks or near lines.

Th' unwearied watch their listening leaders keep,
And couching close, repel invading sleep. POPE.

O friend ! Ulysses' shouts invade ray ear :
Distress'd he seems, and no assistance near. POPE.

From the red field their scatter'd bodies bear,
And nigh the fleet a funeral structure rear. POPF.

To Close, Shut.

Close, ^'. Close, compact.

Shut, is in Saxon scultan, Dutch sclmtten,
Hebrew satem.

Closing is to shutting, frequently as the
means to the end.

To close signifies simply to put together ; to
Shut signifies to put together so close that no
opening is left. The eyes are shut by closing
the eyelids ; the mouth is shut by closing the
lips. The idea of bringing near or joining is
prominent in the signification of close ; that of
fastening or preventing admittance in the word
shut. By the figure of metonymy, close may
be often substituted for shut ; as we may speak
of closing the eyes or the mouth ; closing a book
or a door in the sense of shutting ; but they
are, notwithstanding, very distinct.

Many things are closed which are not to be
shut, and are shut which cannot be closed. No-
thing can be closed but what consists of more
than one part ; nothing can be shut but what
has or is supposed to have, a cavity. A
wound is closed, but cannot be shut : a window
or a box is shut, but not closed.

When both are applied to hollow bodies, close
implies a stopping up of the whole, shut an
occasional stoppage at the entrance. What is
closed remains closed: what is shut may be
opened. A hole in a road, or a passage through
any place, is closed ; a gate, a window, or a
door, is shut.

Soon shall the dire Seraglio's horrid gates
Clote like the eternal bars of death upon thee.

JOHNSON.

Behold, fond man 1

See here thy pictur'd life : pass some few years
Thy flowering spring, thy summer's ardent strength,
Thy sober autumn fading into age.
And pale, concluding winter comes at last,
And shuts the scene. TllOMSON.

To Close, Finish, Conclude.

Close, v. To close, shut.

Finish, in French finir, Latin finio, comes
from jinis an end.

Conclude, in Latin concludo, is com-
pounded of con and cludo or claudo to shut,
signifying to shut up or together.

To close is to bring to an end : to finish is to
make an end : we close a thing by ceasing to
have any thing more to do with it ; we finish
it by really having no more to do to it. We
close an account with a person with whom we
mean to have no farther transactions ; -we finish
the business which we have begun.

It is sometimes necessary to close without
finishing, but we cannot finish without closing.
The want of time will compel a person to close
his letter before he has finished saying all he
wishes. It is a laudable desire in every one to
wish to close his career in life honourably, and
to finish whatever he undertakes to the satis-
faction of himself and others.

To conclude is a species of finishing, that is tr
say finishing in a certain manner ; we alwayw
finish when vre conclude, but we do not always
conclude when we finish. A history is closed at
a certain reign ; it is finished when brought to
the period proposed : it is concluded with a re-
capitulation of the leading events.

Close and finish are employed generally, and
in the ordinary transactions of life ; the former
in speaking of times, seasons, periods, &c., the
latter with regard to occupations and pursuits ;
conclusion is used particularly on moral and
intellectual operations. A reign, an entertain-
ment, an age, a year, may have its close; a
drawing, an exercise, a piece of work, may be
finished ; a discourse, a story, an affair, a ne-
gotiation, may be concluded. The close of
Alfred's reign was more peaceful than the com-
mencement : those who are careful as to what
they begin will be careful to finish what they
have begun : some preachers seldom awaken
attention in their hearers until they come to
the conclusion of their discourse.

Destruction hangs on every word we speak,
On every thought, till the concluding stroke
Determines all, and closes our design. ADDISON.

The great work of which Justinian has the credit,
although it comprehends the whole system of jurispru-
dence, was finished we are told in, three years..* SIU WM.
JONES.

To Close, v. To end.
Clown, v. Countryman.
To Cloy, v. To satisfy.
Clumsy, v. Awkward,

Coadjutor, Assistant.

Coadjutor, compounded of co or con and
adjutor a helper, signifies a fellow labourer.

Assistant signifies properly one that assists
or takes a part.

A coadjutor is more noble than an assistant :
the latter is mostly in a subordinate sta-
tion, but the former is an equal ; the latter
performs menial offices in the minor concerns
of life, and a subordinate part at all times ;

COARSE.

158

COERCE.

the former labours conjointly in some concern
of common interest and great importance. An
assistant is engaged for a compensation ; a co-
adjutor is a voluntary fellow-labourer. In
every public concern where the purposes of
charity or religion are to be promoted, coadju-
tors often effect more thaa the original pro-
moters : in the medical and scholastic profes-
sions assistants are indispensable to relieve the
pressure of business. Coadjutors ought to be
zealous and unanimous ; assistants ought to be
assiduous and faithful.

Advices from Vienna import th.it the Archbishop of
Saltzbm).* is dead, who is succeeded by Count Harrach,
formerly Bishop of Vienna; and for these three last years
coadjutor to the said Archbishop. STF.ELE.

As for yon, gentlemen and ladies, my assistants ami
grand juries, I have made choice of you on my right
hand, because I know you to be very jealous of your
honour; and you on my left, because I know you are
very much concerned fur the reputation of others.
ADDISOX.

To Coalesce, r. To add.

Coarse, Rough, Rude.

Coarse, probably from the Gothic kaurids
heavy, answering to our word gross, and the
Latin gravii.

Rough, in Saxon hrv.li, German, rank, roh,
&c.

Rude, in Latin rudis, changed iromraudis,
comes fronijja/36'os, a twig, signifying unpeeled.

These epithets are equally applied to what
is not polished by art. ]n the proper sense
coarse refers to the composition and materials
of bodies, as coarse bread, coarse meat, coarse
cloth ; rough respects the surface of bjdies, as
rough wood and rough skin ; rude respects the
make or fashion of things, as a rude bark, a
rude utensil.

Coarse is opposed to fine, rough to smooth,
rude to polished.

In the figurative application they are distin-
guished in a similar manner : coarse language
is used by persons of naturally coarse feeliug ;
rough language by those whoj-e tempers are
either naturally or occasionally rough; rude
language by those -who are ignorant of any
better.

The fineness and delicacy of perception which the
man of taste acquires, may be more liable to irritation
than the coarser feelings of minds less cultivated.

ciute.

This is some fellow.

Who. having been prais'cl for bhiiitiieds, doth affect
A saucy roughness. SHAKSPEAKE.

Is it in destroying and pulling down that skill is dis-
played? the shallowest understanding, the rudest baud,
18 more tbau eq.ua! to that task. BURKE.

Coarse, v. Gross.

To Coax, Wheedle, Cajole, Pawn.

Coax, probably comes from coke a simple-
ton, signifying to treat as a simpleton.

."Wheedle, is a frequentative of wheel, si -
nifying to come round a person with smooth
srt.

Caj ole is in French cajoler.

To Fawn, from the uouafuicn, siguifies to
act or move like a fawn.

The idea of using mean arts to turn people
to one's selfish purposes is common to all these
terms : coax has something childish in it ;
wheedle and cajole that which is kuavibh ; fawn
that which is servile.

The act of coaxing consists of urgent entreaty
and winning supplication ; the act of wheedling
consists of smooth and winning entreaty ; ca-
joling consists mostly of trickery and strata-
gem, disguised under a soft address and in-
sinuating manners ; the act of fawning consists
of supplicant grimace and antics, such as cha-
racterise the little animal from which it derive*
its name : children coax their parents in ordc-r
to obtain their wishes : the greedy and covet-
ous wheedle those of an easy temper ; knaves
cajole the simple and unsuspecting ; parasites
fawn upon those who have the power to con-
tribute to their gratifications : coaxing is mostly
resorted to by inferiors towards those on whom
they are dependent ; wheedling and eajoliinj are
low practices cmfined to the baser sort of men
with each other ; fawning, though not less
mean and disgraceful than the above-men-
tioned vices, is commonly practised only in the
higher walks, where men of base character,
though not mean education, come in connexion
with the great.

The nurse had changed her note, she was nuzzling and
codling the child ; "that's a good dear," says she.
L'ESTKANGE.

Regulus gave his son his freedom in order to entitle
him to the estate left him by his mother, and when he got
into possession of it endeavoured (as the character of the
man made it generally believed) to wheedle him out of
it by the most indecent complaisance. MELMOTU'S
LETTERS OF PLINY.

I must grant it a just judgment upon poets, that they
whose chief pretence is wit, should be treated as they
themselves treat fools, that is, be cajoled with praises.
POPE.

Unhappy he

Who scornful of the n.-itt,m'r's/"W'iim.7 art,
Dreads even to pour bis gratitude of heart.

ARMSTRONG.

To Coerce, Restrain.

Coerce, in Latin coerceo, that is con and
arceo, signifies to drive into conformity.

Restrain is a variation of restrict (v. To-
bind}.

Coercion i* a species of restraint : we always
restrain or intend to restrain when we coerce;
but we do not always coerce when we restrain :
coercion always comprehends the idea of force,
restrain that of simply keeping under or back ;
coercion is alwajs an external application ;
restraint either external or internal : a person
is coerced by others only ; he may be restrained
by himself as well as others.

Coercion acts by a direct application, it op-
poses force to resistance ; restraint acts indi-
rectly to the prevention of an act ; the law
restrains all men in their actions more or less ;
it coerces those who attempt to violate it ; the
unruly will is coerced; the improper will is
restrained : coercion is exercised ; restraint is
imposed ; punishment, threats, or any actual
exercise of authority, coerces ; feir, shame, or
a remonstrance from others, restrains : the
innovators of the present age ai e for having all

COEVAL.

159

COLLEAGUE.

coercion laid aside in the management of
children, in lieu of which a system of reasoning
is to be adopted : could they persuade the
world to adopt their fanciful scheme, we may
next expect to hear that all restraint on the
inclinations oueht to be laid aside as an in-
fringement of personal liberty.

Without coercive power all government is but toothless
and precarious, and does not so much command as beg
obedience. SOUTH.

The enmity of some men against goodness is so violent
and implacable, that no innocency, no excellence of
goodness, how great soever, can restrain their malice.
TILLOTSOX.

Coeval, Cotemporary.

Coeval, from the Latin cevumau age, signi-
fies of the same age.

Cotemporary, from tempus, signifies at
the same time.

An age is a specifically long space of time ;
a time is indefinite ; hence the application of
the terms to things in the first case and to
persons in the second : the dispersion of man-
kind and the confusion of languages were
coeval with the building of the tower of Babel :
Addison was cotemporary with Swift and
Pope.

The passion of fear seems coeval with our nature.

CUMBERLAND.

If the elder Orpheus was the disciple of Linus, he must
have been of toj early an ag to have been cotemporary
with Hercules ; for Orpheus is placed eleven ages before
the siege of Troy. CUMBERLAND.

Cogent, Forcible, Strong.

Cogent, from the Latin cogo to compel ;
and Forcible, from the verb to force, have
equally the sense of acting by/orce.

Strong: is here figuratively employed for
that species of streogth which is connected
with the mind.

Cogency applies to reasons individually con-
sidered : force and strength to modes of reason-
ing or expressioa : cogent reasons impel to
decisive conduct ; strong conviction is produced
by forcible reasoning conveyed in strong lan-
guage : changes of *ny kind are so seldom
attended with benefit to society, that a legis-
lator will be cautious not to adopt them with-
out the most cogent reasons ; the important
truths of Christianity cannot be presented
from the pulpit too forcibly to the minds of
men.

Accuracy and strength are seldom associated
Jn the same mind ; those who accustom
themselves to strong language are not very
scrupulous about the correctness of their
assertions.

(Tpon men intent only upon truth, the art of an orator
das little power ; a credible testimony, or a cogent argu-
ment will overcome all the art of modulation and all the
Violence of contortion. JOHNSON.

The ingenious author just mentioned, assured me that
the Turkish satires of Ruhi Bag-dadi were very forcible.
SIR WM. JONES.

Such is the censure of Dennis. There is, as Dryden ex-
presses it. perhaps " too much horse-play in his raillery ; " ,
wit if his jests are coarse his arguments are ttrong.-* '

JOH.NSOK,

To Coincide, Concur.

Coincide, v. To agree, coincide.

Concur, v. To agree, coincide.

These words are here considered only in
their application to things ; in which case
coincide implies simply meeting at a point ;
concur running towards a point ; the former
seems to exclude the idea of design, the latter
that of dunce : two sides of different triangles
coincide when they are applied to each other
so as to fall on the same points ; two powers
concur when they both act so as to produce the
same result.

A coincidence of circumstances is sometimes
so striking and singular that it can hardly be
attributed to pure accident ; a concurrence of
circumstances, which seemed all to be formed
to combine, is sometimes notwithstanding
purely casual.

A coincidence of sentiment may easily happen without
any communication, since there are many occasions in
which all reasonable men will nearly thin* alike. JOHN-
SON.

Eminence of station, greatness of effect, and all the
favours of fortune, must concur to place excellence in
public view. JOHNSON.

To Coincide, v. To agree.
Cold, v. Chill.
Cold, v. Cool.

Colleague, Partner.

Colleague, in French collegue, Latin
colleija, compounded of col or con and legatus
sent, signifies sent or employed upon the same
business.

Partner, from the word part, signifies one
having a part or share.

Colleague is more noble than partner : men
in the highest offices are colleagues; trades-
men, mechanics, and subordinate persons,
are partners : every Roman Consul had a
colleague; every workman has commonly a
partner.

Colleague is used only with regard to com-
munity of office ; partner is most generally
used with regard to community of interest :
whenever two persons arj employed to act
together on the same business they stand in
the relation of colleagues to each other ; when-
ever two persons unite their endeavours either
in trade or in games they are denominated
partners : ministers, judges, commissioners,
and plenipotentiaries, are colleagues : bankers, i
merchants, chess-players, card-players, and \
the like, have partners:

But from this day's decision, from the choice
Of his first colleagues, shall succeeding times
Of Edward judge, and on his fame pronounce.

WKST.

And lo ! sad partner of the general care,
Weary and faint I drive my goats afar. WABTON.

To Collect, v. To assemble.
To Collect, v. To gather.
Collected, v. Calm.
Collection, v. Assembly,
Colloquy, v. Conversation. -

COLOR.

160

COLORABLE.

To Color, Dye, Tinge, Stain.

Color, in Latin color, probably from colo to
adorn.

Dye, in Saxon deagen, is a variation of
tinge.

Tingre is in Latin tingo, from the Greek
reyyw to sprinkle.

Stain, like the French desteindre, is but a
variation of tinge.

To color is to put color < n ; to dye is to dip in
any color ; to tinge is to touch lightly with a
tolor ; to stain is to put on a bad color or in a
bad manner : we color a drawing, we dye clothes
of any color, we tinge a painting with blue by
way of intermixtxire, we stain a painting when
we put blue instead of red.

Tney are taken in a moral acceptation with
a similar distinction ; we color a description by
the introduction of strong figures, strong facts,
and strong expressions ; a person is represented
as dyeing 'his hands in blood, who is so engaged
in the shedding of blood as that he may change
.the color of his skin ; a person's mind is tinged
with melancholy or enthusiasm ; his character
is stained with crimes.

The childish coloring of her cheeks is nowas ungraceful
as that shape would have been when her face wore its real
countenance. STEF.LE.

With mutual blood the Ausouian soil is dyed,
While on its borders each their claim decide.

DBYDEN.

Now deeper blushes tinffd the glowing sky.
And evening rais'd her silver lamp on high.

SIR WM. JONES.

We had the fortune to see what may be supposed to be
the occasion of that opinion which I/ucian relates con-
cerning this river (Adonis), that is, that this stream at
certain seasons of the year is of a bloody color ; something
like this we actually saw come to pass, for the water was
ttained with redness. MAUNDRELL.

Color, Hue, Tint.

Color, v. To color.

Hue, in Saxon heye, probably connected
with eye or view.

Tint, from tinge, v. To color.

Color is here the generic term ; line and tint
are but modes of color ; the former of which
expresses a faint or blended color ; the latter
a shade of color. Betwixt the colors of black
and brown, as of all other leading colors, there
are various hues and tints, by the due inter-
mixture of which natural objects are rendered
beautiful.

Her color cbang'd. her face wag not the same,
And hollow groans from her deep spirit came.

DBYDEN.

Infinite numbers, delicacies, smell,

With hue* on hiiei, expression cannot paint

The breadth of nature, and her endless bloom.

THOMSON.

Among them shells of many a tint appear.
The heart of Venus and her pearly ear.

SIR WM. JONES.

Colorable, Specious, Ostensible,
Plausible, Feasible.

Colorable, from to color or tinge, expresses
the quality of being able to give a fair appear-

Specious, from the Latin upecio, to see,
signifies the quality of looking as it ought.

Ostensible, from the Latin ostendo to
show, signifies the quality of being able or fit
to be shown or seen.

Plausible, from plaudo to clap or make a
noise, signifies the quality of sounding as it
ought.

Feasible, from the French faire, and Latin
facia to do, signifies literally doable ; but here
it denotes seemingly practicable.

The first three of these are figures of speech
drawn from what naturally pleases the eye ;
plausible is drawn from what pleases the ear :
feasible takes its signification Irom what meets
the judgment or conviction.

What is colorable has an aspect or face upon
it that lulls suspicion and affoids satisfaction ;
what is specious has a fair outside when con-
trasted with that which it may possibly con-
ceal ; what is ostensible is that which presents
such an appearance as may serve for an indica-
tion of something real : what is plausible is
that which meets the understanding merely
through the ear : that which is feasible recom-
mends itself from its intrinsic value rather
than from any representation given of it.

A pretence is colorable when it has the color
of truth impressed upon it ; it is specious when
its fallacy is easily discernible through the
thiu guise it wears ; a motive is ostensible which
is the one soonest to be discovered ; an excuse
is plausible when the well-connected narrative
of the maker impresses a belief of its justice ;
an account is feasible which contains nothii/g
improbable or singular.

It is necessary, in order to avoid suspicion,
to have some colorable grounds for one's con-
duct when it is marked by eccentricity or
directed to any bad object : sophists are ob-
liged to deal in specious arguments for want of
more substantial ones in support of their erro-
neous opinions : men who have no ostensible
way of supporting themselves naturally excite
the suspicion that they have some illicit source
of gain ; liars may sometimes be successful in
inventing a plausible tale, but they must not
scruple to support one lie by a hundred more
as occasion requires ; if what an accused per-
son has to say in justification of himself be no
more than, feasible, it will always subject him
to unpleasant imputations.

All his (James I. of Scotland's) acquisitions, however
fatal to the body of the nobles, had been gained by attacks
upon individuals ; and being founded on circumstances
peculiar to the persons who suffered, might excite mur-
murs and apprehensions, but afforded no colorable pre-
text for a general rebellion. EOBERTSON.

The guardian directs one of his pupils to thinkwith the
wise, but speak with the vulgar. Tnis is a precept gpcciout
enough, but not always practicable. J OHXSON.

What is truly astonishing, the partisans of those two
opposite systems were at once prevalent and at once em-
ployed, the one ottentibly. the other secretly, during the
latter part of the reign of Louis XV. BURKE,

In this superficial way indeed the mind is capable </f
more variety of plautible talk, but is not enlarged as it
should be in its knowledge. LOCKE.

It is some years since I thought the matter feasible,
that if I could by an exact time-keeper find in any part
of the world what o'clock it is at Dover and at the same
time where the ship is, the problem is solved. ABBUTlf-
NOT.

Column, v. Pillar.

COMBAT.

161

COMBINATION.

Combat, * Battle.
Combat> v. Conflict.

To Combat, Oppose.

Combat, from the French combattre to fight
together, is used figuratively in the same sense
with regard to matters of opinion.

Oppose, in French opposer, Latin opposui
perfect uf.oppono to oppose, compounded of ob
and pono to place one's self in the way, signifies
to set one's self against another.

Combat is properly a species of opposing ; one
always opposes in combatting, though not vice
verm. To combat is used in regard to specu-
lative matters ; oppose in regard to private and
personal concerns. A person's positions are
combatted, his interests or his measures are op-
posed. The Christian combats the erroneous
doctrines of the infidel with no other weapon
than that of argument ; the sophist opposes
Christianity with ridicule and misrepre-
sentation.

The most laudable use to which knowledge
can be converted is to combat error wherever it
presents itself ; but there are too many, par-
ticularly in the present day, who employ the
little pittance of knowledge which they have
collected, to no better purpose than to oppose
every thing that is good, and excite the same
spirit of opposition in others.

When fierce temptation, seconded within
By traitor appetite, ami armed with darts
Tempered in hell, invades the throbbing breast,
To combat may be glorious, and success
Perhaps may crown us, but to fly is safe.

COWPEE.

Though various foes against the truth combine,
Pride above all oppose* her design. COWPEK.

Combatant, Champion.

Combatant, from to co-mbat, marks any
one that engages in a combat.

Champion, French champion, Saxon cempe,
German k-aempe, signifies originally a soldier or
fighter, from the Latin campus a field of battle.

A combatant fights for himself and for vic-
tory ; a champion fights either for another, or
in another's cause. The word combatant has
always relation to some actual engagement ;
champion may be employed for one ready to be
engaged, or in the habit of being engaged.
The combatants in the Olympic games used to
contend for a prize ; the Roman gladiators
were combatants who fought for their lives :
when knight errantry was in fashion there
were champions of all descriptions, champions
in behalf of distressed females, champions in
behalf of the injured and oppressed, or cham-
pions in behalf of aggrieved princes.

The mere act of fighting constitutes a com-
batant ; the act of standing up in another's de-
feiice at a personal risk, constitutes the cham-
pion. Animals have their combats, and conse-
quently are combatants : but they are seldom
champions. In the present day there are
fewer combatants than champions among men.
We have champions for liberty, who are the
least honourable and the most questionable
members of the community ; they mostly con-

tend for a shadow, and court persecution, In
order to serve their own purposes of ambition.
Champions in the cause of Christianity are not
less ennobled by the object for which they
contend, than by the disinterestedness of their
motives in contending ; they must expect in
an infidel age, like the present, to be exposed
to the derision and contempt of their self-
sufficient opponents.

Conscious that I do not possess the strength, I shall not
assume the importance of a champion, and as I am not of
dignity enough to be angry, I shall keep my temper and
my distance too, skirmishing like those insignificant
gentry, who play the part of teazers in the Spanish bull-
fights whilst bolder combatant* engage him at the point,

of his horns. CUMBERLAND.

In battle every man should fight as if he was the single
cftampion. JOHNSON.

Combination, v. Association.

Combination, Cabal, Plot, Con-
spiracy.

Combination, v. Association, combination.

Cabal, in French cabale, comes from the
Hebrew kabala, signifying a secret science pre-
tended to by the Jewish Rabbi, whence it is
applied to any association that has a pretended
secret.

Plot, in French complot, is derived like the
word complicate, from the Latin plico to en-
tangle, signifying any intricate or dark concern.

Conspiracy, in French conspiration, from
con and spiro to breathe together, signifies the
having one spirit.

An association for a bad purpose is ihe idea
common to all these terms, and peculiar to
combination. A combination may be either
secret or open, but secrecy forms a necessary
part in the signification of the other terms ; a
cabnl is secret as to its end ; a plot and conspi-
racy are secret, both as to the means and the
end.

Combination is the close adherence of many
for their mutual defence in obtaining their de-
mands, or resisting the claims of others. * A
cabal is the intrigue of a party or faction,
formed by cunning practices in order to give
a turn to the course of things to its own
advantage : the natural and ruling idea in
cabal is that of assembling a number, and
manoeuvring secretly with address. A plot
is a clandestine union of some persons for the
purpose of mischief : the ruling idea in a plot
is that of a complicated enterprise formed in
secret, by two or more persous. A conspiracy
is a general intelligence among persons united
to effect some serious change : the ruling and
natural idea in this word is that of unanimity
and concert in the prosecution of a plan.

A combination is seldom of fo "serious a
nature as a cabal, or a plot, though always
objectionable ; a combination may have many
or few. A cabal requires a number of persons
sufficient to form a party, it gains strength by
numbers : a plot is generally confined to a few,
it diminishes its security by numbers ; a con-
spiracy mostly requires many for the fulfil-
ment of its purposes, although it is thereby
the more exposed to discovery.

Vide Roubaud ; " Cabale, complot, conspiration, con,-
iuratiou."

COMBINATION.

162

COMFOKT.

Selfishness, insubordination, and laxity of
morals, give rise to combinations; they are
peculiar to mechanics, and the lower orders
of society. Restless, jealous, ambitious, and
little minds, are ever forming cabals; they
are peculiar to courtiers : malignity, revenge,
and every foul passion, is concerned in form-
ing plots : disaffected subjects and bad citizens
form conspiracies, which are frequently set on
foot by disappointed ambition.

The object of a combination, although not
less formidable than the others, is not always
so criminal ; it rests on ;i question of c aims
which it proposes to decide by force ; the end
is commonly as unjustifiable as the means : of
this description are the combinations formed
by journeymen against their masters, which
are expressly contrary to law. The object of
a cabal is always pet'y, and mostly contempti-
ble ; its end is to gain favour, credit, and in-
fluence ; to be the distributor of places, honors,
emoluments, reputation, and all such contin-
gencies as are eagerly sought for by the great
mass of mankind : at court it makes and un-
makes ministers, generals, and officers ; in
the republic of letters it destroys the reputa-
tion of authors, and blasts the success of their
works ; iu public societies it stops the course
of equity, and nips merit in the bud ; in the
world at large it is the never-ending source of
vexation, broils, and animosities. A plot has
always the object of committing some atrocity,
whether of a private or public nature, as
the murder or plunder of individuals ; th
traitorous surrender of a town, or the destruc-
tion of something very valuable. Astarba in
Telemachus is represented as having formed
a plot for the poisoning of Pygmalion : the
annihilation of the English government was
the object of that plot which received the
mme of gunpowder treason. The object of a
conspiracy is oftener to bring about some evil
change in public than in private concerns ; it
is commonly directed against the governor, in
order to overturn the government : in a re-
public, conspiracies are justified and hailed aa
glorious events when sanctioned by success :
the conspiracy of Brutus against Csesar is al-
ways represented by the favourers of a re-
public as a magnanimous exploit. Where
every man can rule, there will always be
usurpers and tyrants, and where every man
has an equal right to sec himself up against
his ruler, there will never be wanting con-
spiracies to crush the usurpers ; hence usurpa-
tions and conspiracies succeed each other as
properly and naturally in republics PS cause
and effect ; the right of the strongest, the
most daring, or the most unprincipled, is tbe
only right which can be acknowledged upon
the principles of republic -n equality : on the
contrary, in a monarchy where the person of
the sovereign and his authority are alike
sacred, every conspirator to his country, and
every conspiracy, does no less violence to the
laws of God, than to those of man.

The protector dreading combination* between tbe par-
liament ami tbe malcontents in the army, resolved to
ally* no leisure for forming conipiraciet against him.

I see you court the crowd.
When with the shouts of the rebellious rabble,
1 see you borne on shoulders to cafrair DEVDEN.

Oh ! think what anxious moments pass between
The birth of plott, and their last fatal periods.

ADDISOX.

Contpiradei no sooner should be formed than executed.

ADDISON.

Combine, v. Connect.

To Come, Arrive.

Come is general ; arrive is particular.

Persons or things come; persons only, or
what is pet sonified, amre.

To come specifies neither lime nor manner :
arrival is employed with regard to some par-
ticular period or circumstances. The coming
of our Saviour was predicted by the prophets ;
the arrival of a messenger is expected at a
certain hour. We know that evils must come,
but we do wisely not to meet them by antici-
pation ; the arrival of a vessel in the haven,
after a long and dangerous voyage, is a cir-
cumstance of general interest in the neigh-
bourhood where it happens.

Hail, rey'rend priest ! to Phojbus' awful dome,
A suppliant I from great Atrides com*. POPE.

Old men love novelties ; the last arrir'd

Still pleases best, the youngest steals their smiles.

YOUNO.

Comedian, v. Actor,
Comely, v . Becoming.
Comely, v. Graceful.

Comfort, Pleasure.

Comfort, v. To cheer, encourage.

Pleasure, from to pleases, signifies what
pleases.

Comfort, that genuine Englif-h word, de-
scribes what England only affords : we may
find pleasure in every country ; but comfort is
to be found in our own country only: the
grand feature in comfort is substantiality ; in
that of pleasure it is warmth. Pleasure is
quickly succeeded by pain ; it is the lot of
humanity that to every pleasure there should
be an alloy : comfort is that portion of plea-
sure which seems to lie exempt from this dis-
advantage ; it is the most durable sort of
pleasure.

Comfort must be sought for at home ; plea-
sure is pursued abroad : comfort depends upon
a thousand nameless trifles which daily arise ;
it is the relief of a pain, the heightening of a
gratification, the supply of a want, or the
removal of an inconvenience. Pleasure is the
companion of luxury and abundance : it dwells
in the palaces of the rich and the abodes of
the voluptuary : but comfort is within the
reach of the poor, and is the portion of those
who know how to husband their means, and
to adopt their enjoyments to their habits and
circumstances in life. Comfort is less than
pleasure in the detail ; it is more than pleasure
m the aggregate.

Thy growing virtues justified my cares,

Aud promised comfort to my silver hairs. POPE.

I will believe there are happy tempers in being, to whom
all the good that arrives to any of thir fellow creature*
gives & pleasure. STEELE.

COMMAND.

163

COMMISSION.

To Comfort, v. To cfieer.
To Comfort, v. To console.
Comical, v. Laughable.

Command, Order, Injunction,
Precept.

Command is compounded of com and
mando, manudo, or dare in manus to give into
the hand, signifying to give or appoint as a
task.

Order, in the extended sense of regularity,
implies what is done in the way of order, or
for the sake of regularity.

Injunction, iu French injunction, comes
from in and jungo, which signifies literally to
join or briug close to ; figuratively to impress
on the mind.

Precept, in French precepte, Latin prce-
ceptum, participle of prcecipio, compounded of
prce and capio to put or lay before, signifies the
thing proposed to the mind.

A command is imperative ; it is the strongest
exercise of authority : order is instructive ; it
is an expression of the wishes : an injunction
is decisive ; it is a greater exercise of authority
than order, and less than command : a precept
is a moral law ; it is binding on the conscience.
The three former of these are personal in their
application ; the latter is general : a command,
an order, and an injunction, must be addressed
to some particular individual ; a precept is ad-
dressed to all.

Command and order flow exclusively from
the will of the speaker in the ordinary con-
cerns of life ; injunction has more regard to
the conduct of the person addressed ; precept
is altogether founded on the moral obligations
of men to each other. A command is just or
unjust : an order is prudent or imprudent ; an
injunction is mild or severe ; a precept is general
or particular.

Command and order are affirmative ; injunc-
tion or precept are either affirmative or nega-
tive : a command and an order oblige us to do
a thing ; an injunction and precept oblige us to
do it, or leave it undone. A sovereign issues
his commands, which the well-being of society
requires to be instantly obeyed : a master gives
his orders, which it is the duty of the servant
to execute : a father lays an injunction on his
children, which they with filial regard ought
to endeavour to follow ; the moralist lays down
his precepts, which every rational creature is
called upon to practise.

Tis Heav'n command! me. and you urge in vain :

Had any mortal voice th' injun.tion laid.

Nor augur, seer, or priest, had been obey'd. POPE.

A stepdame too I have, a cursed she,

Who rules my henpack'd sire, and ordert me.

DRYDEN.

Thi done, JSneas ordert for the close,
The strife of archers with contending bows.

DKYDEN.

The duties which religion enjoim as to perform towards
God are those which have oflenest furnished matter to
the scuffs of the licentious. BLAIR.

We say not that these ills from virtue flow ;
Did her wise preceptt rule the world, we know
The golden ages would again begin. JKHYNS.

Commanding, Imperative, Imperious,
Authoritative.

Commanding 1 signifies having the force
of a command (v. To command).

Imperative, from impero, signifies in the
imperative mood.

Imperious, from impero, signifies in the
way of, or like a command.

Authoritative signifies having authority,
or in the way of authority.

Commanding is either good or bad according
to circumstances ; a commanding voice is
necessary for one who has to command ; but
a commanding air is offensive when it is
affected : imperative is applied to things, and
used in an indifferent sense : imperious is used
for persons or tilings in the bad sense : any
direction is imperative which comes in the
shape of a command, and circumstances are
likewise imperative, which act with the forco
of a command ; persons are imperious who ex-
ercise their power oppressively ; in this man-
ner underlings in office are imperious ; neces-
sity is imperious when it leaves us no choice
in our conduct. Authoritative is mostly
applied to persons or things personal in the
good tense only ; magistrates are called upon
to assume an authoritative air when they meet
with any resistance.

Oh ! that my tongue had every grace of speech.
Great and commanding as the breath of kings.

Quitting the dry imperative style of an act of Parlia-
ment he (Lord Somers) makes the Lords and Commons
lall to a pious legislative ejaculation. BUUKE.

Fear not. that I shall watch, with servile shame,
Th imperiout looks of some proud Grecian dune.

Authoritative instructions, mandates issued, which the
member (of Parliament) is bound blindly and implicitly
to vote and argue for, though contrary to the clearest con-
viction of his judgment and conscience; these are things
utterly unknown to the laws of this land. BUKKE.

To Commemorate, v. To celebrate.
To Commence, v. To begin.
To Commend, v. To praise.
Commendable, v. Laudable.
Commensurate, v. Proportionate.
Commentaries, v. Remarks.
Comments, v. Remarks.
Commerce, v. Trade.
Commerce, v. Intercourse.
Commercial, v. Mercantile.
Commiseration, v. Sympathy.

To Commission, Authorize,
Empower.

Commission, from commit, signifies the
act of committing, or putting into the hands of
another.

To Authorize signifies to give authority ;
to Empower, to put in possession of power.

The idea of transferring some business to
another is common to these terms ; the cir-

COMMODIOUS.

164

COMMODITY.

cumstances under which this is performed
constitute the difference. We commission in
ordinary cases; we authorize and empower in
extraordinary cases. We commission in matters
where our own will and convenience are con-
cerned ; we authorize in matters where our
personal authority is requisite ; and we em-
power in matters where the authority of the law
is required. A commission is given by the bare
communication of one's wishes ; we authorize
by a positive and formal declaration to that
intent ; we empower by the transfer of some
legal document. A person is commissioned to
make a purchase ; he is authorized to com-
municate what has been confined to him ; he
is empowered to receive money.

Commissioning passes mostly between equals ;
the performance of commissions is an act of
civility ; authorizing and empmcering are as
often directed to inferiors, they are frequently
acts of justice and necessity. Friends give
each other commissions ; servants and sub-
ordinate persons are sometimes authorized to
act in the name of their employers ; magis-
trates empower the officers of justice to appre-
hend individuals or enter houses. We are
commissioned by persons only ; we are author-
ized sometimes by circumstances ; we are
empowered by law.

Committitm'd in alternate watch they stand,
The sun's bright portals and the skies <xninand.

TOPE.

A more decisive proof cannot be given of the full con-
viction of the British nation that the principles of the
Revolution <lid m>t authorize them to elect kings at pi

JSmpowet-d the wrath of Gods and men to tame,
; E'en Joe revertt the venerable dame, POPE.

To Cocimit, v. To consign.
To Commit, . To perpetrate.

Commodious, Convenient,

Commodious, from the Latin commodus,
or con and modus, according to the measure
and degiee required.

Cpnvenient, from the Latin convenient,
participle of con and venio to come together,
signifies that which comes together with
something else as it ought.

Both these terms convey the idea of what is
calculated for the pleasure of a person. Com-
modious regards the physical condition, and
convenience circumstances or mental feelings.
That is commodious which suits one's bodily
ease ; that is convenient which suits one's pur-
pose. A house, or a chair, is commodious ; a
tune, an opportunity, a season, or the arrival
of any person, is convenient. A. noise incom-
modes; the staying or going of a person may
inconvenience. A person wishes to sit com-
modiously, and to be conveniently situated for
witnessing any spectacle.

When a position teems thus with commodious conse-
C * n without regret CO" 16 * 8 to be false ?

Within an ancient forest's ample verge,
ffhere stands a lonely, but a healthful dwelling.
Built for convenience and the UK of life. BOWE,

Commodity, Goods, Merchandize,
Ware.

These terms agree in expressing articles of
trade under various circumstances.

Commodity, in Latin commoditas, signi-
fies in its abstract sense convenience, and in an
extended application any thing that is con-
venient or fit for use, which being also sale-
able, the word has been employed for things
that are sold.

Goods, which denotes the thing that is
good, has derived its use from the same
analogy in its sense as in the former case.

Merchandize, in French marchandise,
Latin mercatura or merx, Hebrew tnaear, signi-
fies saleable things.

Ware, in Saxon ware, German, &c., ware,
signifies properly any thing manufactured,
and, by an extension of the sense, an article
for sale.

Commodity is employed only for articles of
the first necessity ; it is the source of comfoit
and object of industry : goods is applied to
everything belonging tj tradesmen, for which
there is a stipulated value : they are sold re-
tail, and are the proper objects of trade :
merchandize applies to what belongs to mer-
chants ; it is the object of commerce : wares
are manufactured, and may be either goods or
merchandize : a country has its commodities ; a
shopkeeper his goods ; a merchant his 'merchan-
dize ; a manufacturer his wares.

The most important commodities in a country
are what are denominated staple commodities,
which constitute its main riches ; yet, although
England has fewer of such commodities tban
almost any other nation, it has been enabled
by the industry and energy of its inhabitants,
the peculiar excellence of its government, and
its happy insular situation, not only to obtain
the commodities of other countries, but to
increase their number, for the convenience of
the whole world and its own aggrandizement.
It is the interest of every tradesman to pro-
vide himself with such goods as he can recom-
mend to his customers ; the proper choice of
which depends on judgment and experience :
the conveyance of merchandize into England is
always attended with considerable risk, as
they must be transported by water ; on the
continent it is very slow and expensive, aa
they are generally transported by land : all
kinds of wares are not the most saleable com-
modities, but earthen ware is in universal
demand.

Men must have made some considerable progress to-
wards civilization before they acquired the idea of pro-
perty so as to be acquainted with the most simple of all
contracts, that of exchanging by barter one rude com-
modity for another ROBEBTSON.

It gives me very great scandal to observe, wherever I

go, how much skill in buying all manner of goods there

1 ' eCeS5ary ** defeud y ourseU fro being cheated.

If we consider this expensive voyage, which is under-
taken in search of knowledge, and how few there are who
take in any considerable merchandize ; how hard is it,
that the very small number who are distinguished with
abilities to know how to vend their wore*, should suffer
being plundered by privateers under the very cannon that
should protect them. ADD1SOM.

COMMON.

165

COMMOTION.

Common, Vulgar, Ordinary, Mean.

Common, in French commun, Latin coin-
munis, from con and munus the joint office or
property of many, has regard to the multi-
tude of objects.

Vulgar, in French vulgaire, Latin vulgaris,
from vulgas the people, has regard to the
number and quality of the persons.

Ordinary, in French ordinaire, Latin
ordinarius, from mdo the order or regular
practice, has regard to the repetition or dis-
position of things.

Mean expresses the same as medium or
moderate, from which it is derived.

Familiar use renders things common, vulgar,
and ordinary; but what is mean is so of itself :
the common, vulgar, and ordinary, are there-
fore frequently, though not always, mean : and
on the contrary what is mean is not always
common, vulgar, or ordinary ; consequently in
the primitive sense of these words, the fitst
three are not strictly synonymous with the
last : monsters are common in Africa : vulgar
reports are little to be relied on; it is an or-
dinary practice for men to make light of their
word.

Common is unlimited in its application ; it
includes both vulgar and ordinary ; the latter
are said in reference to persons only, common
with regard to persons or things : an opinion
is either common or vulgar; an employment
is either common or ordinary : it was long a
vulgarly received notion, that the sun turned
round the earth ; it is the ordinary pursuit of
astronomers to observe the motions of the
heavenly bodies : disputes on religion have
rendered many facts vulgar or common, which
were formerly known only to the learned , on
that account it is now become an ordinary or
a common practice for men to dispute about
religion, and eveu to frame a new set of
doctrines for themselves.

In the figurative sense, in which they con-
vey the idea of low value, they are synonymous
with mean : what is to be seen, heard, and en-
joyed by every body is common, and naturally
of little value, since the worth of objects
frequently depends upon their scarcity and
the difficulty of obtaining them. What is
peculiar to common people is vulgar, and con-
sequently worse than common ; it is supposed
to belong to those who are ignorant and
depraved in taste as well as in morals : what
is done and seen ordino.nly may be done and
seen easily ; it requires no abilities or mental
acquirements ; it has nothing striking in it, it
excites no interest : what is mean is even be-
low that which is ordinary ; there is some-
thing defective in it.

Common is opposed to rare and refined ; vul-
gar to polite and cultivated ; ordinary to the
distinguished ; mean to the noble : a common
mind busies itself with common objects ; vulgar
habits are easily contracted from a slight in-
tercourse with vulgar people ; an ordinary
person is seldom associated with elevation of
character ; and a mean appearance is a cer-
tain mark of a degraded condition, if not of a
degraded mind.

Men may change their climate, but they cannot their
nature. A man that goes out a fool cannot ride or sail
Himself into common sense. ADDISON.

The poet's thought of directing Satan to the sun, which
in the vulgar opinion of mankind, is the must conspicuous
part of the creation, and the placing in it an angel, is a
tircumstance very finely contrived. ADDISON.

A very ordinary telescope shows us that a louse is itself
a very lousy creature. ADDISON.

Under his forming hands a creature grew.
Manlike, hut difl'ient sex, so lovely fair.
That what seem d fair in all the world seem'd now
Moan, or in her sumin'd up. MILTON.

Commonly, Generally, Frequently,
Usually.

Commonly, in the form of common (v.
Common).

Generally, from general, and the Latin
genus the kind, respects a whole body in dis-
tinction from an individual.

Frequently; from frequent, in French fre-
quent, Latin frequens, from frago, in Greek
<t>payui and dtpayvvfj.!. to go about, signifies pr
perly a crowding.

Usually, from usual and use, signifies
according to use or custom.

What is commonly done is an action common
to all ; what is generally done is the action of
the greatest part ; what is frequently done is
either the action of many, or an action many
times repeated by the same person ; what is
usually done is done regularly by one or many.

Commonly is opposed to rarely ; generally and
frequently to occasionally or seldom ; usually
to casually : men commonly judge of others by
themselves ; those who judge by the mere
exterior are generally deceived ; but notwith-
standing every precaution, one is frequently
exposed to gross frauds ; a man of business
usually repairs to his counting-house every
day at a certain hour.

It in commonly observed among soldiers and seamen,
that though there is much kindness, there is little grief.
'OHNSOX.

It if generally not so much the desire of men. sunk
into depravity, to deceive the world, as themselves

JOHNSON.

It Is too frequently the pride of students to despiss
those amusements and recreations which give to the rest
of mankind strength of limbs and cheerfulness of heart

JOHNSON.

The inefficacy of advice ia usually the fault of tbt
counsellor JOHNSON.

Commonwealth, v. State.

Commotion, Disturbance.

Commotion, compounded of com or cum
and motion, expresses naturally a motion of
several together.

Disturbance signifies the state of dis-
turbing or being disturbed (v. To trouble).

There is mostly a commotion where there is
a disturbance ; but there is frequently no dis-
'urbance where there is a commotion : comino-
lon respects the physical movement ; distur-
>ance the mental agitation. Commotion is said
only of large bodies of men, and is occasioned
only by something extraordinary ; disturbance
maybe said of a few, or even of a single indivi-
dual : whatever occasions a bustle, awakens
general inquiry, and sets people or things in
motion, excites a commotion ; whatever inter-

COMMUNICATE.

166

COMMUNITY.

rupts the peace and quiet of one or many pro-
duces a disturbance any wonderful pheno-
menon, or unusually interesting intelligence,
may throw the public into a commotion;
drunkenness is a common cause of disturbances
in the streets or in families : civil commotions
are above all others the most to be dreaded ;
they are attended with disturbances general
and partial.

Ocean, unequally press'd, with broken tide
And blind commotion heaves. THOMSON.

Nothing can be more absurd than that perpetual con-
test for wealth which keeps the world in commotion.
JOHXSON.

A species of men to whom a state of order would be-
come H sentence of obscurity, are nourished into a dan-
gerous magnitude by the heat of intestine disturbances.

BURKE.

To Communicate, Impart.

Communicate, in Latin communicatus,
participle of communleo, contracted froai com-
munijico, signifies to make common property
with another.

Impart, compounded of in and part, sig-
nifies to give in part to another.

Imparting is a species of communicating;
one always communicates in imparting, but not
vice versa.

Whatever can be enjoyed in common with
others is communicated ; whatever can be
shared by another is imparted: what one
knows or thinks is communicated, or made
commonly known ; what one feels is imparted
and participated in : intelligence is communi-
cated ; secrets or sorrows are imparted : those
who always communicate all they hear, some-
times communicate more than they really
know ; it is the characteristic of friendship to
allow her votaries to impart their joys and
sorrows to each other.

A person may communicate what bc'ongs to
another, as well as that which is his own ; but
he imparts that only which concerns or be-
longs to himself : an openness of temper leads
some men to communicate their intentions as
soon as they are formed ; loquacity impels
others to communicate whatever is told them :
a generosity of temper l j ads some men to im-
part their substance for the relief of their
fellow creatures ; a desire for sympathy leads
others to impart their sentiments. There is a
great pleasure in communicating good intelli-
gence, and in imparting good advice.

A man who publishes his works in a volume has an
Infinite advantage over one who communicate* his writ-
Ings to the world m loose tracts. ADD1SON.

Yet hear what an unskilful friend may say,
As if a blind man should direct your way ;
So I myself, though wanting to be taught.
May yet impart a hint that's worth your thought.
GOLD ING.

Communication, v. Intercourse.

Communicative, Free,

Are epithets that convey no respectful senti-
ment of the object to which they are applied :
a person is Communicative, who is ready
to tell all he knows ; he is Free, when he is
ready to say all he thiuks : the communicative

person has no regard for himself ; the free per-
son has no regard for others.

A communicative temper leads to the breach
of all confidence ; a free tejnper leads to viola-
tion of all decency ; communicativeness of dis-
position produces much mischief ; freedom of
speech and behaviour occasions much offence.
Communicativeness is the excess of sincerity ;
it offends by revealing what it ought to con-
ceal : freedom is the abuse of sincerity ; it
offends by speaking what it ought not to
think.

Tbese terms are sometimes taken in a good
sense ; when a person is communicating for tho
Instruction or amusement of others, and is
free in imparting to others whatever he can
of his enjoyments.

The most miserable of all beings it the most envious J
as on the other hand the most communicative is the hap-
piest. GROVE.

Aristophanes was in private life of a free, open, and
companionable temper. CUMBERLAND.

Communion, Converse.

Communion, from commune and common,
signifies the act of making common (v. Com-
inon).

Converse> from the Latin converto to con-
cert or translate, signifies a transferring.

Both these terms imply a communication
between minds ; but the former may take
place without corporeal agency, the latter
never does; spirits hold communion with each
other ; people hold converse.

For the same reason a man may bold com-
munion wirh himself ; he holds converse always
with another.

Where a long course of piety and close communion with
God has purged the heart and rectified the will, know-
ledge will break in upon such a soul. SOUTH.

In varied converse softening every theme.
You frequent pausing turn; and from her eyes.
Where meeken'd sense, and amiable grace.
And lively sweetness dwell, enraptured drink
That nameless spirit of ethereal joy. THOMSON.

Communion, v. Lord's supper.

Community, Society.

Both these terms are employed for a body
of rational beings.

Community, from communitas and com-
munis common (v. Common), signifies abstract-
edly the state of being common, and in an
extended sense those who are in a state of
common possession.

Society, in Latin societas, from socius a
companion, signifies the state of being com-
panions, or those who are in that state.

Community in any thing constitutes a com-
munity ; a common interest, a common lan-
guage, a common government, is tbe basis
of that community which is formed by any
number of individuals ; communities are there-
fore divisible into large or small ; the former
may be states, the latter families : the coming
together of many coustitutes a society ; societies
are either private or public, according to the
purpose for which they meet together ; frien 's
form societies for the purpose of pleasure ; in-

COMPARISON.

167

COMtEL.

different persons form societies for the purposes
of business.

Community has always a restrictive and rela-
tive sense ; society has a general and unlimited
import : the most dangerous members of the
community are those who attempt to poison
the minds of youth with contempt for religion
and disaffection to the state ; the morals of
tociety are thus corrupted as it were at the
fountain head.

Community refers to spiritual as well as
corporeal agents ; society mostly to human
beings only : the angels, the saints, and the
spirits of just men made perfect, constitute a
community; with them there is more com-
munion than association.

The great community of mankind is necessarily broken
into smaller independent locieliet JOHNSON.

Commute, v. Exchange.
Compact, v. Agreement.
Compact, f. Close.
Companion, v. Accompaniment.
Companion, v. Associate.
Company, v. Assembly.
Company, v. Atsociation.
Company, v. Sand.
Company, v. Society.
Company, v. Troop.

Comparison, Contrast.

Comparison, from compare, and the Latin
eomparo or com and par equal, signifies the
putting together of equals.

Contrast, in French contraster, Latin con-
traslo or contra and sto to stand against, signi-
fies the placing one thing opposite to another.

Likeness iii the quality and difference in the
degree are requisite for a comparison : likeness
in the degree and opposition in the quality
are requisite for a contrast : things of the same
colour are compared; those of an opposite
colour are contrasted: a comparison is made
between two shades of red ; a contrast between
black and white.

Comparison is of a practical utility, it serves
to ascertain the true relation of objects ; con-
trast is of utility among poets, it terves 10
heighten the effect of opposite qualities :
things are large or small by comparison ; they
are magnified or diminished by contrast: th
value of a coin is best learned by comparing it
with anotber of the same metal ; the generosity
of one person is most strongly felt when con-
trasted with the meanness of another.

They who are apt to remind ns of their ancestors only
put us upon making compariiont to their own disadvau
tage. SPECTATOR.

In lovely eontrcat to this glorious view,
Calmly magnificent, then will we turn
To where the silver Thames first rural grows.

THOMSON.
Comparison, v. Simile.

Compassion, v. Pity.
Compassion, v. Sympathy.

Compatible, Consistent.

Compatible, compounded of com or cum
with, and patior to suffer, signifies a fitness to
be suffered together.

Consistent, in Latin consistens, participle
of coiisisto, compounded of con ana sisto to
)lace, signifies the fitness to be placed to-
;ether.

Compatibility has a principal reference to
slans and measures ; consistency to character,
junduct, and station. Every thing is com-
patible with a plau which does not interrupt its
prosecution ; every thing is consistent with a
person's station by which it is neither de-
graded nor elevated. It is not compatible with
;he good discipline of a school to allow of
foreign interference ; it is not consistent with
;he elevated and dignified character of a
ilergyman to engage in the ordinary pursuits
of other men.

Whatever is incompatible with the highest dignity of
our nature should indeed be excluded from our conversa-
tion. HA WKESWORTH.

Truth is always consilient with itself, and needs nothing
to help it out TILLOTSON.

To Compel, Force, Oblige,
Necessitate.

Compel, Latin compello or pello to drive,
signifies to drive for a specific purpose or to a
point.

Force, in French force, comes from the
Latin fortis strong : force being nothing but
the exertion of strength.

Oblige, in French obliger, Latin obligo,
compounded of ob and ligo, signifies to bind
down. These three terms mark an external
action on the will, but compel expresses more
than oblige, and less than force. Necessi-
tate is to make necessary

Compulsion and force act much more directly
and positively than oblige or necessitate; and
the latter indicates more of physical strength
than the former. We are compelled by out-
ward or inward motives ; we are obliged more
by motives than anything else ; we sure forced
sometimes by circumstances, though oftener
by plain strength ; we are necessitated solely
by circumstances. An adversary is compelled
to yield who resigns from de-pair of viitory ;
he is forced to yield if he btand in fear of his
life ; he is obliged to yield if he cannot with-
stand the entreaties of his friends ; he is
necessitated to yield if he want the strength to
continue.

An obstinate person must be compelled to
give up his point ; a turbulent and dii-orderly
man must deforced to go where the officers of
justice choose to lead him : an unreasonable
person must be obliged to satisfy a just de-
mand : we are all occasionally necessitated to
do that which is not agreeable to us.

Pecuniary want compels men to do many
things inconsistent with their station. Hon-
our and religion oblige men scrupulously to
observe their word one to another. Hunger
forces men to eat that which is most loathsome
to the palate. The fear of a loss necestitatet a
man to give up a favourite project.

COMPENSATION.

168

COMPENSATION.

He would the ghosts of slaughtered soldiers call.
These his dread wands did to short hie compel,
And/orc'd the fate oi battles to foretel. DKYDEX.

He that once owes more than he can pay is often obliged
to bribe his creditors to patience, by increasing his debt.
JOHNSON.

I have sometime* fancied that women have not a rxten-
tire power, or the faculty of suppressing their thoughts.
hut that they are neceuUaUd to speak every thing they
think. ADDISON.

Compendium, v. Abridgement.

Compensation, Satisfaction, Amends,
Remuneration. Recompense, Re-
quital, Reward.

The first three of thesj terms are employed
to express a return for some evil; remunera-
tion, recompense, and requital, a return for
some good ; reicard, a return for either good
or evil.

Compensation, Latin compensatio, com-
pounded of COM and pensatio, pensus and pendo
to pay, signifies the paying what has become
due.

Satisfaction, from satisfy, signifies the
thing that satisfies, or makes up in return.

Amends, from the verb to amend, signifies
the thing that makes good what has been bad.

Remuneration, from remunerate, Latin
remunei-atus or remunero, compounded of rea- d
iimmit an office, or service, signifies what is
given in return for a service.

Recompense, compounded of re and com-
pense, signifies the thing paid back as an
equivalent.

Requital, compounded of re and quital, or
qinttal from quit, signifies the making one's
self clear by a return.

Reward is probably connected with re-
gard, implying to take cognizance of the
deserts of any one.

A compensation is something real ; it is made
for some positive injury sustained ; justice
requires that it should be equal in value, if
not like in kind, to that which is lost or
injured : a satisfaction may be imaginary,
both as to the injury and the return ; it is
given for personal iujmies, and depends on
the disposition of the person to be satisfied :
tunends is real, but not always made so much
for injuries done to others, as for offences
committed by ourselves. Sufferers ought to
have a compensation for the injuries they have
sustained throueh our means, but there are
injuries, particularly those which wound the
feelinga, for which there can be no compensa-
tion: tenacious and quarrelsome people de-
mand satisfaction : their offended pride is not
satisfied without the humiliation of their adver-
sary : an amends is honourable which serves to
repair a fault ; the best amends which an
offending person can make is to acknowledge
his error and avoid a repetition : Christianity
enjoins its followers to do good, even to its
enemies ; but there is a thing called honour
which impels some men after they have insul-
ted their friends to give them the satisfaction
of shedding their blood : this is termed an
honourable amends : but will the survivors
find any compensation, in such an amends for

the loss of a husband, a father, or a brother ?
Xot to offer any compensation to the utmost of
our power, for any injury done to another,
evinces a gross meanness of character, and
Belfishness of disposition : satisfaction can
seldom be demanded with any propriety for
any personal affront ; although the true Chris-
tian will r use no satisfaction which is not in-
consistent with the laws of God and man.

Compensation often denotes a return for ser-
vices done, in which sense it approaches still
nearer to remuneration, recompense, and re-
quital ; but the first two are obligatory ; the
latter are gratuitous. Compensation is an act of
justice : the service performed involves a debt;
the omission of paying it becomes an injury
to the performer. The labourer is worthy of
his hire ; the time and strength of a poor man
ought not to be employed without his receiv-
ing a compensation. Remuneration is a higher
species of compensation ; it is a matter of
equity dependant upon a principle of honour
in those who make it ; it differs from the or-
dinary compensation, both in the nature of the
service, and of the return. Compensation is
made for bodily labour and menial offices ; re-
muneration for mental exertions, for literary,
civil dt political offices ; compensation is made
to inferiors, or subordinate persons ; remune-
ration to equals, and even superiors in educa-
tion and birth, though not in wealth a com-
pensation is prescribed by a certain ratio ;
remuneration depends on collateral circum-
stances. A recompense is voluntary, both as
to the service and the return ; it is an act of
generosity ; it is not founded on the value of
the service so much as on the intention of the
server ; it is not received FO much as a matter
of right, as of courtesy : there are a thousand
acts of civility performed by others which are
entitled to some recompense, though not to any
specific compensation. Requital is a return for
a kindness ; the making it is an act of grati-
tude ; the omission of it wounds the feelings :
it sometimes happens that the only requital
which a kind action obtains, is the animosity
of the person served.

It belongs to the wealthy to make compensa-
tion for the trouble they give : it is scarct-ly
possible to estimate too high what is done for
ourselves, nor too low what we do for others.
It is a hardship not to obtain the remuneration
which we expect, but it is f ally to expect that
which we do not deserve. He who will not
serve another, until he is sure of a recompense
is not worthy of a recompense. Those who be-
friend the wicked must expect to be ill re-
quited.

Reward conveys no idea of obligation ; -who-
ever rewards acts altogether optionally ; the
conduct of the agent produces the reward In
this sense, it is comparable with compensation,
amends, and recompense ; but not with satisfac-
tion, remuneration, or requital : things as well
as persons, may compensate, make amends, re-
compense, and reward ; but persons only can
give satisfaction, remuneration, and requital.

Reicard respects the merit of the action ;
but compensate and the other words simply
refer to the connection between the actions
and their results : what accrues to a man as
the just consequence of his conduct, be it
good or bad, is a reward. Compensation and

COMPETENT?.

COMPETITION.

amends serve to supply the loss or absence of
any thing ; recompense said reicard follow from
particular exertions. It is but a poor compen-
sation for the loss of peace and health to have
one's coffers filled with gold : a social inter-
course by letter will make amends for the
absence of those wbo are dear. It is a mark
of folly to do anything, however trifling,
without the prospect of a recompense, and yet
we see this daily realized in persons who give
themselves much trouble to no purpose. The
reward of industry is ease and content : when
a deceiver is caught in his own snare, he meets
with tbe reward which should always attend
deceit.

What can compensate for the loss of honour?
AVhit can make amends to a frivolous mind
for the want of compnny ? What recompense so
sweet as the consciousness of having served a
friend? W h it reward equals the reward of a
got'd conscience ?

Now goes the nightly thief prowling abler' 1
For plunder, much solicitous how best
He may compensate for a day of sloth,
By works of darkness and nocturnal wrongs.

COWPEB.

Savage had the tatitfaction of finding that though he
could not reform his mother, he could punish her.

JOHNSON.

Nature has obscurely fitted the mole with eyes. Bnt
for amends, what she is capable of for her defence, and
warning of danger, she has very eminently conferred
upon her, fur she is very quick of hearing. ADDISOX.

Remnneratory honors are proportioned at once to the
usefulness and difficulty of performances. JOHNSON.

Patriots have toiled, and in their country's cause
Bled nobly, and their deeds, as they deserve.
Receive proud recompense. COWPEB.

As the world is unjust in its judgement*, so it is un-
grateful in its rcyuituls. BLAIR.

There are no honorary reward* among us which are
more esteemed by the person who receives them, and are
cheaper to the prince, than the giving of medals.
ADDISON.

Competent, Fitted, Qualified.

Competent, in Latin competens, participle
of competo to agree or suit, signifies suitable.

Fitted, from fit (r. Becoming).

Qualified, participle of qualify from the
Latin qualis and faeio, signifies made as it
ought to be.

Competency mostly respects the mental en-
downments and attainments ; fitness the dis-
position and character ; qualification the arti-
ficial acquirements. A person is competent to
tindertake an office ; fitted or qualified to fill a
situation.

Familiarity with any subject aided by strong
mental endowments gives competency : suitable
habvts and temper constitute the fitness: ac-
quaintaince with the business to be done, and
expertness in the mode of performing it, con-
stitutes the qualification: none should pretend
to give their opinions on serious subjects who
are not competent judges ; none but lawyers are
competent to decide in cases of law : none but
medical men are competent to prescribe medi-
cines ; none but divines of sound learning, as
well as piety, to determine on doctrinal ques-
tions : men of sedentary and studious habits,
with a serious temper, are most fitted to bo

clergymen : and those who have the most
learning and acquaintance with the Holy
Scriptures are the best qualified for the im-
portant and sacred office of instructing the
people.

Many are qualified for managing the concerns
of others, who would not be competent toman-
age a concern for themselves. Many who are
fitted from their turn of mind for any particular
charge, may be unfortunately incompetent for
want of the requisite qualifications.

Man is not competent to decide upon the good or evil of
many events which befall him in this life. CUMBEU-
LAND.

What is more obvious and ordinary than a mole T and
yet what more palpable argument of Providence than
it? The members of her body are so exactly fitted to her
nature aud manner of life. ADDISON.

Such benefits only can be bestowed as others are capable
to receive, and such pleasures imparted as others are
qualified to enjoy. JOHNSON.

Competition, Emulation, Rivalry.

Competition, from the Latin competo,
compounded of com and peto, signifies to sue
or seek together, to seek for the same object.

Emulation, in Latin emulatio, fr&m
(emulor, and the Greek ajxiAAa a contest, signi-
fies the spirit of contending.

Rivalry, from the Latin rivus the bank of
a stream, signifies the undivided or common
enjoyment of any stream which is a natural
source of discord.

Competition expresses the relation of a com-
petitor, or the act of seeking the same object ;
emulation expresses a disposition of the mind
towards particular objects ; rivalry expresses
both the relation and the disposition of a
rival. Emulation is to competition as the
motive to the action ; emulation produces com-
petitors, but it may exist without it : they
have the same marks to distinguish them from
rivalry.

Competition and emulation have honour for
tkeir basis ; rivalry is but a desire for selfish
gratification. A competitor strives to surpass
by honest means ; he cannot succeed so well
by any other; a rival is not bound by any
principle ; he seeks to supplant by whatever
means seem to promise success. An unfair
competitor and a generous rival are equally un-
usual and inconsistent.

Competition animates to exertion ; rivalry
provokes hatred : * competition seeks to merit
success ; rivalry Is contented with obtaining
it.

Competitors may sometimes become rivals in
spiri 1 -, although rivals will never become com-
petitors It is further to be remarked, that
competi tion supposes some actual effort for the
attainment of a specific object set in view :
rivalry may consist of a continued wishing for
and aiming at the same general end without
necessarily comprehending the idea of close
action. Competitors are in the same line with
each other ; rivals may work toward the same
point at a great distance from each other.
Literary prizes are the objects of competition
among scholars ; the affections of a female are
the object of rivals. William the Conqueror

Vide Abbe Eoubaud : " Emulation, rivalite."

COMPLAIN.

170

COMPLAINT.

and Harold were competitors for the crown of
England ; JEneas and Turnua were rivals for
the hand of Lavinia. In the games which
were celebrated by jEneas in honour of his
father Anchlses, the naval competitor* were the
most eager in the contest. Juno, Minerva,
and Venus, were rival goddesses in their pre-
tensions to beauty.

It cannot be doubted but there is as great a desire of
glory in a ring of wrestlers or cudgel-players as in auy
other more refined competition for superiority. HUGHKS.

To be no man's rival in love, or competitor in business
i a character which, if it does not recouiuiend you as it
ought, to benevolence among th.ae whom you live with,
yet has it certainly this effect, that you do not stand so
much in need of their approbation as if you aimed at
more. STEELE,

To Complain, Lament, Regret.

Complain, in French complaindre or
plalndre, Latiu plango to beat the breast as a
sign of grief, in Greek n-Ajj-yw to strike.

Lament, v. To bewail.

Regret, compounded of re privative and
grains grateful, signifies to have a feeling the
reverse of pleasant.

Complaint marks most of dissatisfaction ;
lamentation most of grief ; regret most of pain.
Complaint is expressed verbally ; lamentation
either by words or signs ; regret may be felt
without being expressed. Complaint is made
of personal grievances ; lamentation and regret
may be made on account of others as well as
ourselvts. We complain of our ill health, of
our inconveniences, or of troublesome circum-
stances ; we lament our inability to serve
another ; we regret the absence of one whom
we love. Selfish people have the most to com-
plain of, as they demand most of others, and
are most liable to be disappointed ; anxious
people are the most liable to lament, as they
feel every thing strongly ; the best-regulated
mind may have occasion to regret some circum-
stances which give pain to the tender affections
of the heart.

The folly of complaint has ever been the
theme of moralists in all ages : it his always
been regarded as the author and magnifier of
evils ; it dwells on little things until they
become great : lamentations are not wiser
though more excusable, especially if we lament
over the misfortunes of others : regret is fre-
quently tender, and always moderate : hence
it is allowable to mortals who are encompassed
with troubles to indulge in regret. We may
complain without any cause, and lament beyond
what the cause requires ; but regret will always
be founded on some real cause, and not exceed
the cause in degree. It would be idle for a
man to complain of his want of education, or
lament over the errors and misfortunes of his
youth, but he can never look back upon mis-
spent time without sincere regret.

We all of us complain of the shortness of time, saith
Seneca, and yet have much more than we know what to
do with. ADDISOX.

Surely to dread the future is more reasonable than to
lament the past __ JOHJiSON.

t u f*?? 1 *? d ^rtnon
ment of life. JOHNSON.

it tendf to the

To Complain, Murmur, Repine.

Complain, v. To complain.

Murmur, in German murmdn, conveys
both in sound and sense the idea of dissatis-
faction.

Repine is compounded of re send pine, from
the English pain, Latin jxsna punishment, and
the Greek n-cica hunger, signifying to convert
into pain.

The idea of expressing displeasure or dis-
satisfaction is common to these terms. Com-
plaint is not so loud as murmuring, but more
so than repining.

We complain or murmur by some audible
method ; we may repine secretly. Complaints
are always addressed to some one; murmurs
and repinings are often addressed only to one's
self. Complaints are made of whatever creates
uneasiness, without regard to the source from
which they flow ; murmurings are a species of
complaints made only of that which is done by
others for our inconvenience ; wnen used in
relation to persons, complaint is the act of a
superior ; murmuring that of an inferior ; re-
pining is always used in relation to tne general
disposition of things. When the conduct of
another offends, it calls for complaint : when
a superior aggrieves by the imposition of what
is burdensome, it occasions murmuring on the
part of the aggrieved ; when disappointments
arrive, or ambition is thwarted, men repine at;
their destiny.

Complaints and murmurs may be made upon
every trivial occasion : repinings only on
matters of moment. Complaints, especially
such as respect one's self, are at best but
the offspring of an uneasy mind ; they betray
great weakness, and ought to be suppressed :
murmurs are culpable ; they violate the re-
spect and obedience due to superiors ; tho-e
who murmur have seldom substantial grounds
for murmuring ; repinings are sinful, they
arraign the wisdom and goodness of an in-
finitely wise and go d Being. It will be diffi-
cult, by the aid of philosophy, to endure much
pain without complaining religion only can
arm the soul against all the ills of life : the
rebellious Israelites were frequently guilty of
murmurings, not only against Moses, but even
against their Almighty Deliverer, notith-
stinding the repeated manifestations of his
goodness and power : a want of confidence iu
God is the only cause of repinings ; he who
sees the hand of God in all things cannot
repine.

Ill not complain ;
Children and cowards rail at their misfortunes. TRAP.

Yet O my soul ! thy rising murmurt slay,

Nor dare th' ALL WISE DISPOSER to arraign;

Or against his supreme decree.

With impious grief complain. LYTTLETOH.

Would all the deities of Greece combine,
In vain the gloomy thund'rer might repine;
Sole should he sit. with scarce a god to t'riend.
And see his Trojans to the shades descend. POPE.

Complaint, Accusation.

Complaint, v. To complain.
Accusation, v. To accuse.
Both these terms are employed in regard to
the conduct of others, but a complaint i*

COMPLAISANCE.

171

COMPLETE.

mostly made in matters that personally affect
the complainant; an accusation is made of
matters in general, but especially those of a
moral nature. A complaint is made for the
sake of obtaining redress ; an accusation is
made for the sake of ascertaining a fact or
bringing to punishment. A complaint may be
frivolous ; an accusation false. People in
subordinate stations should be careful to give
no cause for complaint: the most guarded
conduct will not protect any person from the
unjust accusations of the malevolent.

On this occasion (of an interview with Addison), Pope
made his complaint with frankness and spirit, as a mail
undeservedly neglected and opposed. JOHNSON.

With guilt enter distrust and discord, mutual accusa-
tion and stubborn seli-defeuce. JOHNSON.

Complaisance, Deference,
Condescension.

Complaisance, from com and plaire to
please, signifies the act of complying with, or
pleasing others.

Deference, in French deference, from the
Latin defero to bear down, marks the inclina-
tion to defer, or acquiesce in the sentiments of
another in preference to one's own.

Condescension marks the act of conde-
scending from one's own height to yield to the
satisfaction of others, rather than rigorously
to exact one's rights.

The necessities, the conveniences, the ac-
commodations and allurements of society, of
familiarity, and of intimacy, lead to complais-
ance; it makes sacrifices to the wishes, tastes,
comforts, enjoyments, and personal feelings of
others. Age, rank, dignity, and personal
merit, call for deference : it enjoins compliance
with respect to our opinions, judgments, pre-
tensions, and designs. The infirmities, the
wants, the defects and foibles of otheis,
call for condescension : it relaxes the rigour of
authority, and removes the distinction of rank
or station.

Complaisance is the act of an equal ; deference
that of an inferior ; condescension that of a
superior. Complaisance is due from one well-
bred person to another; deference is due to all
superiors in age, knowledge, or station, whom
one approaches ; condescension is due from all
superiors to such as are dependant on them
for comfort and enjoyment

All these qualities spring from a refinement
of humanity ; but complaisance has most of
genuine kindness in its nature ; deference most
of respectful submission; condescension most
of easy indulgence. Complaisance has un-
alloyed pleasure for its companion ; it is
p eased with doing : it is pleased with seeing
ihat it has pleased ; it is pleasure to the giver
and pleasure to the receiver. Deference is not
unmixed with pain ; it fears to offend, or to
fail in the part it has to perform ; it is mingled
with a consciousness of inferiority, and a fear
of appearing lower than it deserves to be
thought. Condescension is not without its
alloy ; it is accompanied with the painful
sentiment of witnessing inferiority, and the
no less painful apprehension of not maintain-
ing its own dignity.

Complaisance is busied in anticipating and
meeting the wishes of others ; it seeks to amal-
gamate one's own will with that of another :
deference is busied in yielding submission,
doing homage, and marking one's sense of an-
other's superiority : condescension employs it-
self in not opposing the will of others ; in
yielding to their gratification, and laying aside
unnecessary distinctions of superiority. Com-
plaisance among strangers is often the fore-
runner of the most friendly intercourse : it
is the characteristic of self-conceit to pay de-
feren.ee to no one, because it considers no one
as having superior worth : it is the common
characteristic of ignorant and low persons
when placed in a state of elevation, to think
themselves degraded by any act of conde-
scension.

Complaisance renders a superior amiable, an equal
agreeable, and an inferior acceptable. ADDISON.

Tom Courtly never fails of paying his obeisance to
every man he sees, who has title or office to make him
conspicuous ; but his deference is wholly given to out-
ward consideration. STEELE.

The same noble condctcension which never dwells but
in truly great minds, and such as Homer would represent
that of Ulysses to have been, discovers itself likewise in
the speech which he made to the ghost of Ajax. ADDI-
SON.

Complaisant, v. Civil.
Complaisant, v. Courteous.

Complete, Perfect, Finished.

Complete, in French complet, Latin com-
pletus participle of compleo to fill up, signifies
the quality of being filled, or having all that is
necessary.

Perfect, in Latin perfectus participle of
perficio to perform or do thoroughly, signifies
the state of being done thoroughly.

Finished, from finish (v. To close), marks
the state of being finished.

That is complete which has no deficiency ;
that is perfect which has positive excellence;
and that is finished which has no omission in it.

That to which any thing can be added is in-
complete : when it can be improved it is im-
perfect ; when more labour ought to be be-
stowed upon it it is unfinished. A thing is
complete in all its parts ; perfect as to the beauty
and design of the construction ; and finished as
it comes from the hand of the workman and
answers his intention. A set of books is not
complete when a volume is wanting : there is
nothing in the proper sense perfect which is
the work of man ; but the term is used rela-
tively for whatever makes the greatest ap-
proach to perfection : a finished performance
evinces care and diligence on the part of the
workman.

A thing may be complete or finished, without
being perfect ; and it may be perfect without
being either cnmplete or finished. The works of
the ancients are, as they have been handed
down to us, incomplete, and some probably un-
finished ; and yet the greater part are perfect in
their way : the works of the moderns are
mostly complete and. finished; yet but a small
part have any claims even to human perfection.

None better guard against a cheat,

?han he who is a knave complete. LEWIS.

COMPLETE.

172

COMPLY.

It has been observed of children, that they are longer
before they can pronounce perfect sounds, because perfect
sound* are not pronounced to them. HAWKESWOKTH.

It is necessary for a man who would form to himself a
f nuked taste of good writing, to be well versed in the
works of the best critics ancient and modem. ADDISOX.

To Complete, Finish, Terminate.

Complete is to make complete (v. Com-
plete).

Finish, v- To dote.

Terminate, Latin terminates, comes from
terminus a term or boundary, signifying to
make a boun lary.

We complete* what is undertaken by con-
tinuing to labour at it ; we finish what is begun
in a state of forwardness by putting the la?t
hand to it ; wa terminate what ought nut to
last by bringing it to a close. So that the
characteristic idea of completing is the conduct-
ing a thing to its final period ; that of finishing,
the arrival at that period ; and that of termi-
nating, the cessation of a thing

Completing has properly relation to perma-
nent works only, whether mechanical or in-
tellectual ; we desire a thing to be completed
from a curiosity to see it in its tntire state.
1o finish is employed for passing occupations ;
we wish a thing finished from an anxiety to
proceed to something else, or a dislike to the
thing in which we are engaged. Terminating
respects discussions, differences, and disputes.
Light minds undertake many things without
completing any. Children and unsteady people
set about many things without finishing any.
Litigious people terminate one dispute only to
commence another.

It is perhaps kindly provided by nature, that as the
feathers and strength of a bird grow together, and her
wings are not completed till she is able to fly, so some
proportion should be preserved in the human kind
between Judgment and courage. JOHNSON.

The artificer, for the manufacture which twfinithet in a
day, receives a certain sum ; but the wit frequeutly gains
no advantage from a performance at which he has toiled
many mouUis. HAWKESWOKTH.

The thought ' that our existence- terminate* with this
life,' doth naturally check the soul in any generous pur-
suit BERKELEY.

Complete, v. Whole.
Completion, v. Consummation.
Complex, v. Compound.

Complexity, Complication, Intricacy.

Complexity and Complication, in

French complication, Latin comphcatio and
complico, compounded of com and plico, signi-
fies folding one thing within another.

Intricacy, Latin intricatio and intrico,
compounded of in and trico or trices, small
hairs which are used to ensnare birds, signifies
a state of entanglement by means of many in-
volutions.

Complexity expresses the abstract quality or
state ; complication the act : they both convey
less than intricacy ; intricate is that which is
very complicated.

Vide Girard ; " Achever, ftnir,

Complexity arises from a multitude of objects,
and the nature of these objects ; complication
from an involvement of objects ; and intricacy
from a winding and confused involution. What
is complex must be decomposed ; what is com-
plicated must be developed; what is intricate
must be unravelled. A proposition is complex ;
affairs are complicated ; The law is intricate.

Complexity puzzles ; complication confounds ;
intricacy bewilders. A clear head is requisite
for understanding that which is complex ;
keenness and penetration are required to lay
open that which is complicated ; a comprehen-
sive mind, coupled with coolness and perse-
verance of research, are essential to disentangle
that which is intricate. A complex system may
have every perfection but the one that is re-
quisite, namely, a fitness to be reduced to
practice : complicated schemes of villainy com-
monly frustrate themselves; they require unity
of design among too many individuals of dif-
ferent stations, interests, and vices, to allow of
frequent success with such heterogeneous com-
binations : the -intricacy of the law is but the
natural attendant on human affairs ; every
qestion admits of different illustrations as to
its causes, consequences, analogies, and bear-
ings ; it is likewise dependent on so many
cases infinitely ramified as to impede the exer-
cise of the judgment in the act of deciding.

The complexity of a subject often deters
young persons from application to their busi-
ness. There is nothing embarrasses a physician
more than a complication of disorders, where
the remedy for one impedes the cure for the
other. Some affairs are involved in such a
degree of intricacy, as to exhaust the patience
and perseverance of the most laborious.

Through the disclosing deep
Light my blind way ; the mineral strata there
Thrust blooming, thence the vegetable world,
O'er that the rising system mom complex
Of unimala, and higher still the mind- THOMSON.

Every living creature, considered in itself, has many
very complicated parts that are exact copies of some
other parts which it possesses, and which are complicated
in the same manner. ADDISON.

When the mind, by insensible degrees, has brought
itself to attention and close thinking, it will be able to
cope with difficulties. Every abstruse problem, every
intricate question, will not baffle or break it LOCKE.

Complication, v. Complexity.
To Compliment, v. To adulate.

To Comply, Conform, Yield, Submit

Comply, v. To accede.

Conform, compounded of con and form,
signifies to put into the same /OTTO.

Yield, v. To accede.

Submit, in Latin submitto, compounded of
sub and mitto, signifies to put under, that is to
say, to put one's self under another person.

Compliance and conformity are voluntary ;
yielding and submission are involuntary.

Compliance is an act of the inclination ; con-
formity an act of the judgment : compliance is
altogether optional ; we comply with a thing
or not, at pleasure : conformity is binding on
the conscience ; it relates to matters in which
there is a right and a wrong. Compliance with

COMPLY.

173

COMPOSED.

the fashions and customs of those we live with
is a natural propensity of the human mind
that may be mostly indulged without impro-
priety : conformity in religious matters, though
not to be eufoiced by human law, is not on
thut account les binding on the consciences
f every member .iu the community ; the vio-
lation of this duty on trivial grounds involves
in ic that of more than cue branch of the
moral law,

Compliance and conformity are produced by
no external action on the mind ; they flow
spontaneously from the will and understand-
ing : yielding is altogether the result of foreign
agency. We comply with a wish as soon as it
is known ; it accords with our feelings so to
do : we yield to the entreaties of others ; it is
the effect of persuasion, a constraint upon or
at least a direction of the inclination. We
conform to the regulations of a community, it
is a matter of discretion ; we yield to the
superior judgment of another, we have no
choice or alternative. We comply cheerfully ;
we conform willingly ; we yield reluctantly.

To yle.ld. is to give way to another, either
with one's will, judgment, or outward conduct :
submission is the giving up of one's self alto-
gether ; it is the substitution of another's
will for one's own. Yielding is partial ; we
may yield hi one case or in one action though
not in another : submission is general ; it in-
cludes a system of conduct.

We yield when we do not resist ; this may
sometimes be the act of a superior : we submit
only by adopting the measures and conduct
proposed to us ; this is always the act of an
inferior. Yielding may be produced by means
more or less gentle, by enticing or insinuating
arts, or by the force of argument ; submission
is made only to power or positive force : one
yields after a struggle ; one submits without
resistance : we yield to ourselves or others ;
we submit to others only : it is a weakness to
yield either to the suggestions of others or our
own inclinations to do that which our judg-
ments condemn ; it is a folly to submit to the
caprice of any one where there is not a moral
obligation : it is obstinacy not to yield when
one's adversary has the advantage ; it is sinful
not to submit to constituted authorities.

A cheerful complia nee with the requests of a
friend is the sincerest proof of friendship : the
wisest and most learned of men have ever been
the readiest to conform to the general sense of
the community in which they live : the har-
mony of social life is frequently disturbed by
the reluctance which men have to yield to each
other ; and the order of civil society frequently
destroyed by the want of proper submission to
superiors.

I would not be thought in any part of this relation to
reflect upon Signer Nicoliui, who in acting this part only
compliet with the wretched taste of his audience.
ADDISON.

Being of a lay profession. I humbly conform to the con-
stitutions of the church and my spiritual superiors, and
I hold this obedience to be an acceptable sacrifice to God.
HOWEL.

There has been a long dispute for precedency between
the tragic and the heroic poets. Aristotle would have the
latter yield the post to the former, but Mr. Dryden and
many others would never ttiontit to this decision.

Compliant, Yielding, Submissive.

As epithets from the preceding verbs, serve
to designate a propensity to the respective
actions mostly in an excessive or improper
degree.

A compliant temper complies with every
wish of another good or bad ; a yielding:
temp r lians to every opinion right or wrong ;
a submissive temper submits to every de-
mand, just or unjust.

A compliant person wants command of feel-
ing ; a yielding person wants fixedness of prin-
ciple ; a submissive person wants resolution :
a compliant disposition will be imposed upon
by the selfish and unreasonable ; a yielding
disposition is most unfit for commanding ; a
submissive disposition exposes a person to the
exactions of tyranny.

Be silent and complying ; you'll soon find
Sir John without a medicine will be kind.

HARBISON.

A peaceable temper supposes yielding and condescend-
ing manners. BLAIB.

When force and violence and hard necessity have
brought the yoke of servitude upon the people's neck,
religion will supply them with a patient and a tubmiuieo
spirit. FLEETWOOD.

To Comply, v. To accede.

To Compose, Settle.

Compose, from the Latin composui, per-
fect of compono to put together, signifies to
put in due order.

Settle is a frequentative of set.

We compose that which has been disjointed
and separated, by bringing it together again ;
we settle that which has been disturbed and
put in motion, by making it rest : we compose
our thoughts when they have been deranged
and thrown into confusion ; we settle our mind
when it has been fluctuating and distracted
by contending desires ; the mind must be
composed before we can think justly ; it must
be settled before we can act consistently.

We compose the differences of others : we
settle our own differences with others it is
difficult to compose the quarrels of angry oppo-
nents, or to settle the disputes of obstinate
partisans.

Thy presence did each doubtful heart compote,
And factious wouder'd that they once arose.

TICKELL.

Perhaps my reason may but ill defend
My tettted faith, my mind with age impair'd

SHENSTONE.

To Compose, v. To compound.
To Compose, v. To form.

Composed, Sedate.

Composed expresses the state of being
composed (v. To compose).

Sedate, in Latin sedalus, participle of
sedo to settle, signifies the quality of being
settled.

Composed respects the air and looks exter-
nally, and the spirits internally ; sedate relates
to the deportment or carriage externally, and

COMPOUND.

174

COMPRISE.

the fixedness of the purpose internally : com-
posed is opposed to ruffled or hurried, sedate to
buoyant or volatile.

Composure is a particular state of the mind ;
tedattness is an habitual frame of mind ; a part
of the character : a composed mien is very be-
coming in the season of devotion ; a sedate
carriage is becoming in youth who are engaged
in serious concerns.

ITpon her nearer approach to Hercules she stepped
before the other lady, who came forward with a regular
competed carriage. ADDISON*.

Let me associate with the serious night.

And contemplation, her tedate compeer. THOMSON.

Composed, v. Calm.

Compound, Complex.

Compound comes from the present of
cnmpono to compound, from the preterite of
which, composui, is formed the verb compose
(v. To compose).

Complex, v. Complexity.

The compound consists of similar and whole
bodies put toge-her; the complex consists of
various parts linked together : adhesion is
sufficient to constitute a compound ; involu-
tion is requisite for the complex; we distin-
guish the whole that forms the compound ; we
separate the parts that form the complex : what
is compound may consist only of two ; what is
complex consists always of several.

Compound and complex are both commonly
opposed to the simple but the former may be
opposed to the single, and the latter to the
simple : words are compound, sentences are
complex.

Inasmuch as man is a cnmnannd and a mixture of flesh
as well as spirit, the soul during its abode in the body
does all things by the mediation of these passions, and
inferior affections. SOUTH.

With such perfection fram'd.

Is this complex stupendous scheme of things.

THOMSON.

To Compound, Compose.

Compound and compose, v. To compose.

Compound is used in the physical sense
only ; compose in the proper or the moral
sense : words are compounded by making two
or more into one ; sentences are composed by
putting words together so as to make sense :
a medicine is compounded of many ingredients ;
society is composed of various classes.

The simple beauties of nature, if they cannot be multi-
plied, they may be compounded. BATHURST.

The heathens, ignorant of the true source of moral evil,
generally charged it on the obliquity of matter. This
notion, as most others of theirs, is a competition of truth
and error. GBOVE.

To Comprehend, v. To comprise.
To Comprehend, v. To conceive.

Comprehensive, Extensive.

Comprehensive, from comprehend, in
Latin comprehcndo or com and prehendo to
take, signifies the quality of putting up to-
gether or including.

Extensive from extend, in Latin extendo,
or ex and tendo to stretch out, signifies the
quality of reaching to a distance.

Comprehensive respects quantity, extensive
regards space : that ia comprehensive that com-
prehends much, that is extensive that extendt
into a wide field : a comprehensive view of a
subject includes all branches of it ; an exten-
sive view of a subject enters into minute
details : the comprehensive is associated with
the concise ; the extensive with the diffuse : it
requires a capacious mind to take a compre-
hensive survey of any subject ; it is possible for
a superficial thinker to enter very extensively
into some parts, while he passes over others.

Comprehensive is employed only with regard
to intellectual objects ; extensive is used both in
the proper and the improper sense : the signifi-
cation of a word is comprehensive, or the powers
of the mind are comprehensive ; a plain is exten-
fire, or a field of inquiry is extensive.

It is natural to hope that a comprehrntiee is likewise
an elevated soul, and that whoever is wise is also honest.
JOHNSON.

The trade carried on by the Phenicians of Sidon and
Tyre was more extensive and enterprising than that of
any state in the aucieiit world. ROBERTSON.

To Comprise, Comprehend, Em-
brace, Contain, Include.

Comprise, through the French comprit,
participle of comprendre, comes from the same
source as comprehend (v. Comprehensive).

Embrace, v. To clasp.

Contain, in French contenir, Latin con-
tineo, compounded of con and teneo, signifies
to hold together within one place.

Include, in Latin includo, compounded of
in and cludo or claudo, signifies to shut in or
within a given space.

Persons or things comprise or include ; thinefl
only comprehend, embrace and contain : a per-
son comprises a certain quantity of matter
within a given space ; he includes one thing
within another : an author comprises his work
within a certain number of volumes, and in-
cludes in it a variety of interesting particulars.

When things are spoken of, comprise, com-
prehend, and embrace, have regard to the aggre-
gate value, quantity, or extent ; include, to
the individual things which form the whole :
contain, either to the aggregate or to the in-
dividual, being in fact a term of more ordinary
application than any of the others. Comprise
and contain are used either in the proper or
the figurative sense ; comprehend, embrace, and
include, in the figurative cense only : a stock
comprises a variety of articles ; a library com-
prises a variety of books ; the whole is comprise*
within a small compass : rules comprehend a
number of particulars; laws comprehend a
number of cases ; countries comjrrehend a cer-
tain number of districts or divisions ; term?
compreJiend a certain meaning: a discourse
embraces a variety of topics : a plan, project,
scheme, or system, embraces a variety of objects :
a house contains one, two, or more persons ; a
city contains a number of houses ; a book con
tains much useful matter ; a society contain!
very many individuals j it includes none but pj

CONCEAL.

175

CONCEAL.

a certain class ; or it includes some of every
class.

Their arms and fishing tackle comprise the
personal effects of most savages ; all the mo 1 al
law of a Christian is tompristd under the word
cbarity : Sweden comprehends Finland and
Lapland : London is s*id to contain anove three
millions of inhabitants : bills of mortality are
made out in most large parishes, but they
include only such persona as nie of diseases ; a
calculator of expenses will always fall short of
his e-timate who does not include the minor
contingencies which usually attach to every
undertaking.

What, Egypt, do thy pyramids comprise,
What greatness lu the high raised folly lies ?

SEWELL.

That particular scheme which comprehend! the social
virtues may give employment to the most industrious
temper, and find a man in business more than the most
active station of life. ADDISON.

The virtues of the several soils I sing,
Maecenas, jow the needful succour bring ;
Not that my song in such a scanty space
So large a subject fully cau embrace. DRYDEN.

All a woman has to do in this world is contained within
the duties of a daughter, a sister, a wife, and a mother.
STEELE.

The universal axiom in which all complaisance is in-
cluded is, that Tio man should give any preference to him-

tei/. JOHNSON.

It is here worthy of observation that In the
two last examples from Steele and Johnson
the words comprehend and comprise would, ac-
cording to established usage, have been more
appropriate than contain and include.

Compulsion, v. Constraint.
Compunction, v. Repentance.
To C