The entomological code. A code of nomenclature for use in entomology

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^THE ENTOMOLOGICAL

CODE

A CODE OF NOMENCLATURE

FOR
USE IN ENTOMOLOGY

cc ,

WASHINGTON, D. C.

MAY, 1912

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE.

ARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS.

Page

Introduction 5

Binomial nomenclature 5

Publication 6

Priority 7

Names 8

Category I. Specific names, and ones of lower rank 10

Specific homonyms 12

Emendations, and misprints of specific names 14

Types of species 14

Category II. Generic, and subgeneric names 18

Types of genera , 19

Category III. Superfamily, family, and subfamily names 22

Category IV. Superordinal, ordinal, and subordinal names 22

Status of invalid names 23

Recommendations 23

Index 27

PRESS OF JUDD & DETWEILER, INC.
WASHINGTON, D. C.

v

PREFACE.

The following rules have been prepared for the purpose of aiding
entomologists in deciding questions of nomenclature arising in their
work. In preparing them the various codes of nomenclature have
been freely consulted and used, articles on nomenclature in various
journals read, and pamphlets on the subject have furnished some
points. After a mass of matter was prepared, copies were sent to
many of the principal systematic entomologists of America, in fact
all whom we knew to be interested in such matters. Nearly all have
expressed opinions on the more important rules, and many on almost
every one. Various other workers have been consulted personally
and the published utterances and catalogs of several entomologists
have furnished opinions. After being worked over and over again
the rules have gradually taken shape, often far from their original
form. They have been subjected to some use in catalog making,
type fixation, &c, and so far as possible they are brought into accord
with the general practice of entomologists. The result, while hardly
satisfactory to any one entomologist, expresses the opinion of sys-
tematic workers far more accurately than the vote of any committee.

These rules do not represent the personal desires of their prepara-
tors, since there are several important rules which have been accepted
reluctantly by one or both of the compilers in order to join the ma-
jority of American systematic entomologists. As they stand there
will probably be at least one objector to every rule, but we hope no
one will object to all of them. The point of the use of a misidenti-
fication as a genotype, and that on a name in synonymy preoccupy-
ing the use of such name in the genus, provoked the mosl discussion,
but the weight of opinion and of practice seems to sanction the rules
as herein set forth. A few object to a valid specific name being re-
quired as the basis of a genus, but by far the greater number express
themselves as in favor of the rule.

Rarely will two people express the same thought in the same lan-
guage, and likewise two persons reading the same statement may
disagree as to its meaning. An effort had been made to express the
following rules in language as plain and definite as possible, and
wherever it was thought helpful, examples are inserted. If the rules
are carefullv considered, in conjunction with the examples, where

4 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE.

given, little trouble ought result in their use. While an earnest
effort has been made to cover all the questions that commonly arise,
completeness in this matter is practically an impossibility.

It seems scarcely necessary to discuss the necessity of an entomo-
logical code. Most existing, codes fail to cover in a definite manner
many points that continually arise in entomological work, or the lan-
guage used is of such a broad or indefinite scope as to require official
interpretation to make the meaning evident. Scarcely an entomolo-
gist has been connected with the preparation of the larger codes and
the codes prepared by entomologists have been of restricted scope, or
made with certain questions in view.

Each entomologist of much experience has acquired certain
methods of dealing with points arising in his work, usually depend-
ent upon personal judgment. One cannot expect that many active
workers will sacrifice their personal judgment in favor of a consensus
of opinion. But the new worker, without established ideas, is apt to
use such tools as will do his work, and if he finds at hand a code that
will answer the greater number of the questions that arise he will
very likely use it, especially if it is clear and comprehensive and not
subject to official interpretation and decision. That the present code
of rules will be found helpful to many workers in the field of Ento-
mology is the earnest hope of the compilers,

Nathan Banks,

A. N. Caudell.

INTRODUCTION.

1. No person nor committee has authority to interpret, limit, or
extend the precepts here laid down ; every user interpreting the rules
for himself.

2. The word "VALID" as used in this code of rules means
"WITH STANDING IN NOMENCLATURE," and the word
"INVALID" means "WITHOUT STANDING IN NOMEN-
CLATURE."

Note. — Names in synonymy, or ones preoccupied, as well as names
in use may be valid, having standing as defined above. Invalid
names are nomina nuda.

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE.

3. All species of insects are to be named according to the binomial
system of nomenclature as applied by Linnaeus in the 10th edition
of his Systema Naturae of 1758. This consists of the generic, or
general, name of one word, and the specific, or trivial, name, of one
word, or a hyphenated word.

Example. — Alpha alba L.

Note. — If a "binary" (two categories whether named or not) sys-
tem were adopted as the basis of entomological nomenclature we
would be compelled to go back to the first edition of Linnaeus' Sys-
tema Naturae of 1735, as the use of the generic name (independent
of the specific name) dates from that work.

4. The nomenclature of any author who has not followed the bi-
nomial system is to be ignored. Accidental binomials occurring in
the works of such authors are to be rejected as invalid, and accidental
trinomials in works otherwise binomial are not to be excluded.

5. The use of a French binomial (or other language not in Latin
form) does not validate the name. Thus "Acridien algerien" Is not
available under the code.

6. The following cases shall be considered as complying with the
requirements of binomial nomenclature:

(a.) Where the Latin name of the foodplant has been used as a
part of the name of an insect such name shall be considered a bi-

6 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE.

nomial, and the two words are to be hyphenated or the name of the
foodplant abbreviated to the initial, the former preferred.

Example.— Cynips quercus palustris. This may be written Cynips
quercus-palustris, preferably, or Cynips q-palustris. The name of
the foodplant should not be dropped entirely.

(b.) If an author in an index to plates gives a specific name with
plate and figure reference between it and the generic name such
treatment shall be considered as binomial, even where the generic
name is more than one word.

Examples.— Amadis, pi. 39, fig. c— Sphinx. (From Cramer.)

Amalia, pi. 383, fig. b.— Phal Bomb. (From Cramer.)

Note.— This is the method of Stoll, Cramer, Drury, &c, whose
names have always been accepted.

(c.) Where an author writes the first Latin word after a generic
name in a different type from that of the other Latin words, or puts
it in parenthesis, such word is the specific name, and the author is
considered as having fulfilled the requirements of binomial nomen-
clature.

7. Names based on hypothetical insects, or knowingly based on a
composite specimen are invalid.

8. Names printed as provisional, or as suggested substitutes, are
on the same basis as though definitely proposed.

PUBLICATION.

9. Matter printed and offered for sale, or existant in the libraries
of public institutions, constitutes publication.

10. Printing shall include only such methods of reproduction by
which an edition is printed by use of type from one original. In the
case of plates, a name engraved on the plate will hold.

11. To be valid for the purpose of entomological nomenclature
matter must be printed in one of the European languages.

12. Names distributed in connection with specimens are not
thereby validated.

13. Publication of new names in newspapers, either daily or
weekly, popular magazines, non-technical agricultural journals,
school programs, programs of meetings, or in price lists are not valid,
no matter how or where printed.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 7

14. Additions or corrections given in one part of an article or
work to matter on a previous page of that same article or work are
admissible only when published on the same date.

Example. — On page 41 an author makes a new genus, Alpha for
a single species, alba n. sp. On page 105 he adds a second species,
X. nigra Jones, to the genus. Alpha is then not monobasic unless it
is shown that page 41 was published before page 105.

15. The date of a publication is the date of its first distribution.
The date of a work published in parts is the date of first distribution
of each part. In cases where the date of distribution is not given in
or on the publication an approximate date may be accepted until a
more definite date is known. There are a number of ways in which
such approximate dates may be obtained, such as the date of first
reception of the publication at some learned society or public institu-
tion, the review of the publication in other works, etc. Dates shown
to be false shall be corrected.

16. If reprints are distributed in advance of the distribution of
the general article or volume, they become separate publications, and
date from such distribution, if otherwise conformable to the rules.

PRIORITY.

17. The law of priority applies to all generic names, and ones of
lower grade, published since January 1, 1758, the assumed date of
publication of the 10th edition of Linnaeus' Systema Naturse. No
name, binomial or otherwise, published before this date has any
standing whatever in entomological nomenclature.

18. In case two conflicting names occur in the same work, the one
on the earlier page shall have precedence over that on the later page;
if both appear on the same page, the one coming first on that page
shall have precedence.

19. In case two conflicting names are published in separate works
in the same year or the same month, and no evidence is obtainable
of a more definite date, page precedence shall obtain until more ac-
curate dates are determined.

20. In case two conflicting names are published in separate publi-
cations on the same day, no account of longitude nor hour shall be
taken, but absolute page and line precedence shall obtain.

8 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE.

21. If a publication has the pages unnumbered, they shall be
counted as though they were numbered. If two styles of page num-
bering (as Roman and Arabic numerals) occur in the same work
the various pagings shall be considered as continuous.

Example. — The new generic name Alpha appears on page xi of a
work comprising preface pages i-xxi and text pages 1-100. On page
3 of the same work the generic name Alpha is used in a different
sense than that of page xi. Then the name on page xi preoccupies
that on page 3.

22. The law of priority shall apply where different stages (except
egg) broods, conditions, sexes or forms of insects have been described
under different names.

NAMES.

23. Generic and specific names should be taken from the Latin or
Greek languages, but any combination of letters in Latin form is
permissible. The letters K and W may be used in scientific names.

24. Subgeneric names, and all of higher rank, should be written
with a capital initial ; the specific name, and all of lower rank, with
a lower-case initial.

25. A name once published cannot be retracted, even by the
author. Nor does the author of a name, after the name is published,
have any more privilege than any other person with that name.

26. A name invalid at its first appearance can never be made valid
for that date by any subsequent action.

27. The author of a name is the one who validates it; however,
when one author publishes the manuscript description furnished by
another and anywhere in that work by direct statement, use of dif-
ferent type, quotation marks, &c, so indicates it, the name validated
by the publication of such manuscript (but not names of higher
rank dependent thereon) belongs to the author of that manuscript,
But the mere crediting a name to another without other indication,
the use of "MSS.," "in litt.," or collection label does not convey
authorship.

Example. — Alpha Smith, 1900; an invalid generic name. In
1910 Jones uses Alpha, giving Smith 1900 as authority and date,
and prints a description of Alpha alba n. sp. furnished by Smith, as
clearly indicated by quotation marks and different type. Alba, the
species, is credited to Smith, but Jones is responsible for Alpha,

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 9

the genus. However, had Jones also published a description of the
genus admittedly furnished by Smith, then the genus would also be
credited to Smith.

28. New names given with reference to figures, or previous de-
scriptions, belong to the author publishing such names, whether

credited to another or not.

29. Articles without signature, or with ones insufficient for iden-
tification, are to be credited to "anonymous," unless there is internal
or later evidence proving the real authorship.

30. Where an author has two names, or has changed his or her
name, that name shall be used which is used in the article quoted.

31. In the division or restriction of species, genera, families, &c.

the typical part must retain the original name.

32. When species, genera, families, &c, are united the oldest
name shall be retained in use.

33. Names used by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema
Naturas for species can never be changed, as they cannot In' homo-
nyms, synonyms (except of each other), nor misidentifications of
previous names, since nomenclatorially there are no names before
this work. Names appearing in synonymy in this work may be used
for purposes of identification of species, but cannot he resurrected,
being permanent synonyms.

34. Names used before 1758 are not validated by reprinting after
1758.

35. Names may be divided into the following grades, or cate-
gories :

I. Specific names, and ones of lower rank.
II. Generic, and subgeneric names.

III. Superfamily, family, and subfamily name-.

IV. Superordinal, ordinal, and subordinal nam.-.

36. The use of a name in one category does not invalidate it- use

in another category, but in no case shall the same name be used twice
in Zoology in the same category above category no. 1.

37. In species, subspecies, varieties, or races, the same aame -hall
not be used twice in the same genus, but name- of lower rank, as
hybrids, seasonal or colorational forms, hermaphrodites, gyandro-
morphs, sports. &c, may be used twice in the same genus but not in
the same rank immediately above.

10 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE.

Example. — Alpha alba, var. minor, form longipennis Jones.
Alpha alba, var. major, form longipennis Smith.

CATEGORY I.

(Specific Names and Ones of Lower Rank.)

38. A specific name becomes valid when published in connection
with a description or figure of that species, or with reference to a
previously published named or unnamed description or figure, or to
replace a valid name of specific or lower rank.

39. A specific name published without reference to or in connec-
tion with a generic name is invalid.

40. The citation of a manuscript name as a synonym of a valid
name does not of itself validate the manuscript name, its status being
subject to the rules governing new names.

Example. — Alpha minor Linn.

(= Alpha nor Latr. MSS.)

Alpha nor Latr. is still but a manuscript species, even
though a description of A. minor Linn, is therein
included.

41. A new specific name mentioned in the description of a new
genus is not thereby validated unless it is clearly stated that the
description is that of both a new genus and a new species.

42. The date of a valid specific name is that of first publication of
the page whereon that specific name becomes valid.

43. The name (or abbreviation) of the author of a specific name
is placed, without intervening comma, after the specific name.

44. If a species is removed from the genus in which it was origi-
nally described the author's name may be placed in parenthesis and,
if desirable, the name of the person responsible for the first use of
the new combination may be placed after the original author's name ;
but in no case is it allowable to substitute another name for that of
the original author of the species.

Example. — Alpha alba Linnaeus, when transferred to the genus
Beta by Gray, may be written :
Beta alba Linn.
Beta alba (Linn.)
or Beta alba (Linn.) Gray,
but not Beta alba Gray.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 11

45. A specific name, if a Latin adjective, should agree in gender
with the generic name, even when published in connection with a
subgeneric name of different gender.

46. Arbitrary specific names are not to be changed to agree in
gender with the generic name.

Example. — Cossus ore Str. is not to be changed to C088U8 orca,
orcus, or orcidis.

47. A specific name given to any part or stage (except egg) of an
insect, or to the cast or imprint of a fossil insect, is valid if otherwise
available.

48. A specific name based wholly on a cocoon, case, gall, leaf-
mine, or other work of an insect is valid, if otherwise available, only
until the insect itself is described, when that name and authority
replaces the one based on the work.

49. A specific name of an insect based wholly on characters of
internal anatomy, on habits, or on anything other than external
characters, or invaginated parts of the exoskeleton, is invalid.

50. Rules applicable to specific names apply also to names of lower
rank except as provided in section 37 and certain of the following
ones.

51. A subspecific, or varietal, name is a trinomial.

52. One of the subspecific or varietal names shall be a repetition
of the specific name and have the same type. The name of the
typical variety is usually omitted.

Example. — Papilio glaucus glaucus Linn (usually written Papilio
glomus L.).
Papilio glaucus turnus Linn.

53. The name of a race is a quadrinomial, and is usually given to
a local form.

Example. — Papilio glaucus turnus incricanus Linn.

54. A misidentification shall not be perpetuated as a valid species.

Example. — Fitch, under the genus (Ecanthus, treats and describes
a species (fasciatus) which he considers as being the Oryllus fasciatua
of DeGeer. It is now known thai the insed before Fitch was no!
DeGeer's species. Thus the name (Ecanthua faxchatua cannol hold
for the species treated by Fitch, as it was a misidentification, Dot the
proposal of a new species.

12 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE.

55. A subspecies, a variety, or a race described in connection with
a valid generic name but under an invalid specific name (or a mis-
identified species) is validly established as a species, but the status
of the invalid specific name is unchanged.

Example. — Jones describes a new variety nigripes of Alpha alba
Smith MSS. Nigripes stands as a valid species of Alpha and alba is
still a manuscript name.

56. In writing the subspecific or varietal name the author of the
species is omitted and that of the subspecies or variety given.

Example. — Jones' variety alba of Smith's Papilio nigra is written
Papilio nigra alba Jones.

57. The names of hybrids may be written with the male parent
first, as Papilio philenor X Papilio asterias, or as a fraction with the
male parent above as Papilio philenor.

Papilio asterias.

Specific Homonyms.

58. Homonyms (that is the same name for two different things)
are of two classes, primary and secondary; primary when two species
are described originally in the same genus under the same generic
name (emended or misspelled) , and secondary when they are de-
scribed under separate genera but later are referred to the same
genus.

59. Specific names differing only in gender termination are con-
sidered as homonyms, and a name is a homonym when it is the
same as the corrected form of an earlier name emendable under
these rules.

60. Specific names shall be considered as homonyms which are
equivalent in established Latin usage, as in the following examples:

i or ii at the end, as fitchi and fitchii.

as or iee at the end, as slossonse and slossonix.

ev or eu at the beginning, as euonomi and evonomi.

i or ;' at beginning, as ianthinum and janthinum.

03, se, or e, as cceruleus, cseruleus, and ceruleus.

i or y, as silvaticus and sylvaticus.

c, ch, or k, as microdon, mikrodon; cochi, kochi; antochi, and
antoki.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 13

Ending of prefixes in i, o, or a, as albipunctata, albopunctata, and
albapunctata.

r or rr before h, as hsem orhoidalis and haemorrhoidalis.

61. In case of primary homonyms the later name shall be
changed, no matter to what genus they are now referred.

62. In case of secondary homonyms the earlier one shall retain
the name, the later species to be renamed. This shall follow no
matter which is first referred to the genus.

Example. — Alpha alba Smith 1834.
Beta alba Jones 1847.
In 1848 Beta alba is referred to the genus Delta, and

in 1852 Alpha alba is also referred to Delta. Beta

alba Jones must be renamed.

63. In case a secondary homonym which has had its name
changed on that ground, is referred out of that genus, its former
name is to be restored; but if it is again referred to that genus, or
another in which it is a homonym, the previous change of name
again becomes effective.

Example. — Alpha alba Smith 1824 is referred to the genus Beta
and is not preoccupied by the Beta alba Jones 1812. which has been
referred to the genus Delta. But if now the Beta alba of Jones be
re-transferred to Beta, then the alba of Smith will have to be re-
named, or if it had been renamed before, while both species were in
Beta, the name by which it was previously replaced comes again
into use.

64. If a species is described in, or referred to, a genus to which a
species of the same name has at a previous time been referred, but
does not now belong thereto, the later name shall not be changed.1

Example.— A Ipha alba Smith L892. In L860 the Beta alba of
Jones was referred to Alpha, but later referred to Delta; the Alpha
alba Smith is not to be changed.

65. A specific name, even in synonomy, preoccupies the use of
that name in (he genus, provided the synonym is a valid name.

66. Misspelled specific names cannot preoccupy other names, but
an emended name and names suggested as substitutes will preoccupy
in both the emended and original spelling.

1 Entomologists should refrain from duplicating combinations which have
entered largely into recent literature, such as Phyllodromia germanica, Dory-
phora decimlmeata, Mytilaspis ixnimnnii, etc.

14 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE.

67. A species described in a subgenus is also described in the
genus to which the subgenus belongs, and any future combination
of that name with either the genus or subgenus constitutes primary
homonymy.

Example. — If a new species be described as Alpha (Nala) alba,
then a later Alpha alba or Nala alba is a homonym.

68. Two or more specific names in the same genus based on the
same root but spelled differently, except gender termination, do not
conflict.

Example. — Alpha hispana and Alpha hispanica do not conflict.

Emendations and Misprints of Specific Names.

69. A specific name once published shall not be changed except
for a few reasons. The following rules apply:

a. Where a name is clearly based on a food-plant, host, locality,
or a person's name and is misprinted, a change is permissible.

Example. — The specific name of a parasite said to have been bred
from Orgyia was originally spelled orvzise. This should be emended
to orgyise; or if a species said to be named in honor of Mr. Brown is
spelled brawni it should be changed to browni.

b. An evident misprint shall be corrected.

c. Corrections made in a work to matter on a previous page of
that work shall be accepted if published at the same date.

d. An evident typographical error shall be corrected.

e. An evident error in spelling a valid name cannot be treated as
a new name.

/. A properly emended name takes the date and authority of the
unemended form.

The Type of a Species.

70. The type of a species is a single specimen. Specimens other
than the type used in making the original description are termed
cotypes, or paratypes; cotypes when no type is designated, paratype
when a type is indicated. Many other names are in use for certain
identified specimens. A number of these are as follows:

Topotype.1 — A specimen from the original locality.

'A topotype of an insect in order to have any particular value should be
taken at the same general time of year, and under the same (ecological con-
ditions.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 1 ."

Metatype. — A specimen compared by the author of the species
with the type and determined by him as conspecific with it.

Homotype. — A specimen compared by another than the author
of a species with the type and determined by him as conspecific
with it.

Holotype. — A single specimen selected by the author of a species
as its type, or the only specimen known at the time of description.

Syntype. — One of two or more specimens upon which a species is
based when no holotype has been selected (=cotype).

Lectotype. — A syntype selected as a holotype.

Allotype. — A paratype of the opposite sex to the holotype.

Monotype. — The holotype of a species based on a single specimen.

Chirotype. — The type of a manuscript name.

Plesiotype. — A specimen upon which subsequent or additional
description or figure is based.

Apotype. — = Plesiotype.

Hypotype. — = Plesiotype.

Neotype. — A plesiotype selected to represent the holotype when
the holotype is lost or destroyed.

Heautotype. — A specimen named by the author of a species, or
one used by him for figuring. Practically a metatype.

Plastotype. — A cast of a type.

Morphotype. — The type of the dimorphic form of a specie-.

Autotype. — = Heautotype.

Homeotype. — = Homotype.

Ideotype. — A metatype. but a specimen not from the type locality.

Androtype. — Male type, Gynetype — female type.

Various combinations of the above have been used and many
other names could be given for particular conditions in entomology,
as for specimens from the same nest, as the type of social species, the
descendants of the type of a species described from living specimens,
from the same batch of eggs, from the same host, &C.

71. In the case of Coccids or other insects where a description is
based on specimens in the natural condition, and on ones mounted
on slides, the specimens in the natural condition may !"■ considered
as type material, and the slide (or one of the slides if there are more
than one) as the type slide, but in case of doubt, or a mixture of
species, the type slide shall retain the name.

16 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE.

72. In case of minute insects or acari where more than one speci-
men is mounted on a slide one should label but one slide as the type
slide, and if there is doubt or a mixture of species it shall be treated
as a case where the author has labeled more than one specimen as
type.

73. The following rules apply for the fixation of types of species
in the order given:

A. Author's Fixation in the Original Description.

a. If a specific name is based on but one specimen, that specimen
is the type.

b. If an author labels or, in the original description, designates a
certain specimen as type, that specimen is the type.

c. If an author in the original description designates a series or
collection of specimens as type, then the type is among such desig-
nated material.

Note. — Obvious errors or transposals of labels are sufficient
grounds for disregarding rules b and c.

B. Fixation by Others than the Author, or by the Author
Subsequent to the Original Description.

d. A specimen to be chosen as type must be found among ma-
terial presumably examined by the author at the time of its descrip-
tion.

e. The type shall not be selected from among material indicated
in the original description as variational or aberrational, nor from
material doubtfully included in the species.

/. If it is anywhere stated in a work that a new species described
therein is based on material wholly from a source other than the
author's own collection, the type is to be selected from among such
material.

g. If there are distributed to two or more collections specimens of
a species all labeled by the author as types, or none labeled as types,
the type should be selected from the specimens retained, if any, in
the collection of the author. In case of a joint work the first author
has precedence.

h. If two or more species are included in the original series of
specimens upon which a new species has been based and the author

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 17

has not labeled, nor has he nor any one else designated one as type,
nor restricted the type material, and it results that one of the in-
cluded species is a synonym of an older valid species or has been
afterwards (knowingly or unknowingly) described as a new species,
then the type is restricted to the remaining material.

Example. — Alpha alba Latr. 1831, described without type fixation
from two specimens, a and b, which prove to represent two species, a
proving to be the Alpha brunnea of Linn. 1768. Thus the type of
Alpha alba Latr. is the specimen b by restriction according to the
above rule. The same would have resulted had the species a been
described as new prior to the type designation of alba.

i. The first intentional definite type designation in accord with
the above rules is final. The mere reference to a specimen as type
is not to be considered as type fixation.

74. Where the type of a species is lost, or destroyed, the firsi in-
terpretation shall obtain unless later acquired information clearly
proves it should be otherwise, when a change is allowable.

75. In cases where specimens have been labeled as types by others
than the author of the species such type labels shall be interpreted
independently by each investigator since there is much variation in
the credibility of such labels.

76. A species based wholly on a figure has the original of that
figure as the type.

77. The type of a specific name proposed to replace a preoccupied
specific name is the same as the type of the name replaced, irre-
spective of any attached description.

78. The type of a new name proposed to replace a misidentifica-
tion is among the material in the collection of the author of- the new
name, if there is inherent evidence that he had material, and he
gives a description or figure; otherwise, if based on the misidentifica-
tion of a specified author the type is among the material utilized by
such specified author if there is inherent evidence that he had ma-
terial. If the name is given for the misidentification of several or
no specified authors, then the type may be selected by any subse-
quent worker from among the material of the authors concerned.
If it results that there is no described material hack <>l' a name based
on a misidentification or mi •interpretation then such name is
invalid.

18 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE.

CATEGORY II.

(Generic and Sub generic Names.)

79. A generic name becomes valid when published in connection
with, or with reference to, a valid (= described or figured) specific
name, or to replace a valid generic name.

80. A description without mention of a specific name, or the men-
tion of an invalid specific name, cannot validate a generic name.

81. A generic name first appearing as a synonym of another gen-
eric name is valid (and may preoccupy or replace) if there be a
valid specific name printed in connection with the names ; if no valid
specific name is there cited, the synonym is invalid.

82. A generic or subgeneric name is a homonym and subject to
replacement when it is spelled exactly like a previous valid generic
or subgeneric name, letter for letter. However, 1 or J, and Eu or Ev
at the beginning of a name are considered the same, and other words
that are equivalent in established Latin usage.

Example. — Julus and lulus; Euashmeadia and Evashmeadia;
Elmis and Helm is.

83. If a new generic name is proposed as new it shall be consid-
ered as new; if not stated to be new, it shall nevertheless be con-
sidered as new, unless it is a misspelling of a previous name.

84. A name which, as plainly shown by the text, is proposed as
an emendation, or a substitute for a certain indicated generic name,
is a new name and a synonym of the original name, and can pre-
occupy and replace.

85. All other variants are misspellings, and misspellings are
to be corrected.

86. Emendations can be permitted only for unpronounceable
names, or for misspelled generic, names given in honor of a person.

87. When a new species is also considered as representing a new
genus it is not necessary, although advisable, to separate the two
descriptions in order that both shall be validated. But when an
author proposes new genera in synoptic tables and mentions in con-
nection therewith only new or invalid specific names, such specific
name or names is not thereby validated, the generic name, therefore,
also being invalid at that place.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 19

88. A genus is not a synonym because it has among its originally
included species one or more that is already the type of another
genus.

89. Names, when used and treated by their author as generic
names, are such, even when called by some other names, as "conors,"
&c.

90. To rank as a subgenus a name, or its initial, must be so stated
or used, or placed in parentheses between the generic and specific
names. Any name given to any division of a genus and neither
designated nor used as a subgenus has no standing in nomenclature.

Note. — There are thousands of such names, called series, cohors,
divisions, groups, sections, legions, &c, or even families and races.
Such have not been cataloged as genera nor subgenera.

91. Subgeneric names are subject to the same rules as generic
names. One subgeneric name shall be the same as that of the genus
to which it is subordinate, and its type the same as that of the genus.

92. A genus does not lose its genotype by becoming a subgenus,
and a subgenus on becoming a genus retains its former type if it
had one; otherwise a type must be selected from among those sp
originally included under it as a subgenus.

Type of a Genus.

93. In every genus there shall be one species known as the type,
or genotype. Two essential qualifications of a genotype are: 1st.
It shall have a valid name. 2d. That name shall have been origi-
nally included, without question in the genus.

94. No specific name originally quoted in synonymy in a certain
genus can be accepted as the type of thai genus, nor one doubtfully
determined, provided there are others available for type citation
under these rules.

95. Genera with but one originally included specific name (ex-
clusive of synonyms and subspecies or varieties) are monobasic and
genera with more than one such name, not including synonyms, are
poly basic.

96. The genotype of a monobasic genus is the only specific w.iww
cited, irrespective of misidentification or restriction.

Example. — Alpha Smith, new genus with a single specific name
included, the Beta alba of Jones. Then Beta <tli<<i Jones is the geno-

20 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE.

type of Alpha Smith, even if it later results that Smith did not know
that species, what he thought to be that, being in reality a very
different species.

97. In regard to the genotypes of polybasic genera the following
rules apply:

a. When an author, in describing a new genus, mentions or refers
to any valid specific name, except one doubtfully included or quoted
in synonymy, as type, typus, genotype, &c, or states that the genus
is "based on" or "erected for" (or such similar phrase) some one
species, then the species properly represented by that specific name
is the genotype, irrespective of misidentification.

b. If a specific name not originally included in the genus, but
with an originally included species quoted in synonymy, is desig-
nated as the genotype of an established genus such designation is
deemed valid for the species in synonymy.

Example. — Alpha Smith 1870, based on two new species, alba and
nigra. In 1880 the genotype is designated as "brnnnea Jones 1860
(== nigra Smith 1870)." Then, by the above rule, nigra Smith
1870 is the properly designated type of Alpha.

c. If a genus, established in the text, is also given on a previous
page in a synoptic table with the mention of a valid specific name
or names, the type is not thereby selected or restricted.

98. If the author of a polybasic genus has not established the
genotype by any of the above methods, it may be selected by any
one as follows:

a. The first author to select as type one of the originally unques-
tionably included, specific names fixes the genotype, provided such
specific name has -not already been properly chosen as the type of
another genus, and such selected specific name represents the type,
irrespective of misidentification.

b. If all the originally unquestionably included species of a genus
are already properly selected as types of other genera, any one of
them may be chosen as the type of this genus.

99. A specific name cited as the genotype with a query, or indi-
cated as the probable type, is not thereby the type.

100. If two or more species are cited at one place as types of one
genus, neither is thereby the type, nor is type selection restricted.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 21

101. If all but one of the species of a polybasic genus are types of
other genera, then that one remaining, if otherwise eligible, is the
genotype.

102. If all but one of the species of a polybasic genus are removed
to other genera, but not as types, this one remaining does not thereby
become the genotype — that is, an author does not restrict a genus
except by type selection.

Example. — Alpha is established with four included species, none
cited as type. Later species 1, 2, and 4 are removed to the genus
Beta, but none of them as its genotype. Species 3, the only one not
removed from Alpha, is not thereby the type of Alpha, and no more
eligible for type selection than species 1, 2, or 4.

103. The citation of a generic name in synonymy under another
generic name does not thereby restrict either name.

Example. — Alpha is described with four originally included spe-
cies. Later Beta is described with Alpha quoted in synonymy, and
with the species 1 and 2 included. This does not restrict Alpha tu
the species 1 and 2.

104. When an author changes a generic name, or unites two or
more genera, the genotypes remain unchanged.

105. The type of a newT generic name which by sign or language
is clearly shown to be proposed to replace another valid generic
name is the same as that of the genus replaced.

106. If a polybasic genus without designated genotype contains
among its originally unquestionably included species one not in
synonymy and of the same name as the generic name. I lien that
species is the genotype (type by absolute tautonomy).

107. Genotypes fixed according to the above rules are stable, and
cannot be changed. No other form of genotype designation than
distinctly indicated above shall be valid ; therefore the use of "n. gen.
n. sp.," "sensu strictorum," the repetition of generic characters in
the specific description, the first species, the most common species, a
medicinal species, a figured species, nor one with the life history
given shall, of itself, be considered as genotype fixation.

22 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE.

CATEGORY III.

(Superfamily, Family, and Subfamily Names.)

108. The name of a family shall be formed by changing the last
syllable of the genitive case of an included generic name (preferably
the oldest) into idse.

109. The name of a subfamily shall be formed by using "inx" in
place of the idse. One of the subfamily names shall be based on the
same generic name as that of the family of which the subfamily is a
part.

110. The name of a superfamily shall be formed by replacing the
"idse" of one of the included family names with "oidea."

111. The name of a tribe (a prime division under the subfamily)
shall be based on that of an included genus, and shall end in "ini."
One of the tribes under a subfamily shall be based on the same
generic name as that on which the subfamily is based.

112. The name of a subtribe (a prime division under the tribe)
shall be based on an included genus and end in "ina." One of the
subtribes shall be based on the same genus as that of the tribe of
which it is a part.

Note. — The term "group," formed by adding "set' to the stem of
a genus, is used by many under the -tribe, subtribe or subfamily, but
the term is used also for other grades and is inadvisable owing to
this confusion.

113. The name of a family or subfamily is to be changed when
the basic generic name is a homonym, or is removed from the family
or subfamily, or becomes a synonym.

114. If there are two or more names proposed for the same family
or subfamily ending in idse or insc, the earlier name shall be adopted.

115. If there are two family or subfamily names of the same
spelling, the more recent shall be replaced, or so modified as not to
conflict.

CATEGORY IV.

(Superordinal, Ordinal, and Suborddnal Names.)

116. The names of superorders, orders, and suborders have no
relation in formation to names of lower rank.

117. No change in the commonly accepted names in this category
should be made for any cause, but when two or more names are in

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 23

use for one group of insects, as Physapoda and Thysanoptera for
thrips, or Siphonaptera and Aphaniptera for fleas, the earlier should
be used.

Status of Invalid Names.

118. If an author publishes a manuscript name, or any other
name that is invalid, such name may be adopted later by any author
for any purpose, and it will date from the first valid usage, and be
credited to the validating author, no matter in what sense used.

Example. — Alpha alba Smith 1834, MSS. does not preoccupy
Alpha alba Jones 1867. Likewise the generic name Beta Smith
1834 without included species does not preoccupy Beta Jones 1867
validly established.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

119. Reprints should always bear the name and volume of the
publication and the original pagination.

Titles should indicate the Order or Family, preferably both, to
which the insects discussed belong, and if the article treats of the
fauna of one general region that fact should also appear in the title.

Follow some plan in making descriptions, segregate the matter
relative to one part or pertaining to the color, &c. Comparative
notes relative to an allied species in the same genus, where sue!)
occurs, is recommended.

A new' genus or species should be clearly indicated as such ami
should be noticeably set off in position or type, not obscurely pro-
posed in the midst of a paragraph or other inconspicuous position.

A description should be given separately for each new genus mil
species and their types indicated.

When descriptions of new genera or species are given in languaj
other than Latin, German, French or English it is well to include a
diagnosis in Latin.

New species should not be based on the early stages, dot on the
work of insects.

Do not make overlong descriptions nor titles.

In describing new species a figure, especially of distinguishing
characters, should be given.

The Metric system of measurements should he used in all scientific

works.

A name should be euphonious, and of moderate length. Hybrid
names should be avoided.

24 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE.

In some groups it is customary to have uniform terminations or a
common root, thus facilitating reference. Examples are tortricid
specific names ending in ana, and tineid names ending in ella, &c.

Names taken from native languages, such as Indian, Malay, Phil-
ippine, &c, are often found useful when latinized for names of
genera and .species.

Personal names should be used sparingly, especially for genera.
The British Association in 1865 well said: "The handing down the
name of a naturalist by a genus has always been considered as the
highest honor that could be given, and should never be bestowed
lightly."

To form generic names from personal names, if the name ends in
e, i, o, u or y add a, us or um to the name. If it ends in a, then ia
is added to the name. If it ends in a consonant add ia, mm or ius
to the name.

In latinizing personal names for use as specific names the usual
rule is to add i, if masculine, or se, if feminine; but in many cases
where the name ends in a vowel it is better to change that vowel to i
and add i or se. Often names ending in o should have i or se added
to the genitive of the name.

Example. — An insect named in honor of Mrs. Slosson is slossonse,
one named for Mr. Smith is smitlii, one for Latreille is latreillii, and
one for Antonio is antonini.

A specific name based on that of a country should take its root
from the Latin name of that country, if there is one. Thus an
insect from Spain should be called hispanus or hispanicus, not
spainus nor spainicus.

Two names in the same genus should not be based on the same
Latin root. Thus hispanus and hispanicus in the same genus are
objectionable.

Prefixes or suffixes of a generic name are useful in forming names
for segregates of a genus, as Ilybius, Ilybiosoma, Galeruca, Galeru-
cella, Dachne, Megalodkichne, Hypodachne, &c.

In making names based on words having diacritic marks, such
marks'need not be retained, as Stalia, in honor of Stal.

Names expressing diminution or resemblance are often helpful,
as Tettix, Tettigelfa, Climacia, Glimcucina.

In general it is not advisable to fix genotypes for genera with
which the writer is unfamiliar.

In subdividing a genus it is well to have the new genera agree in

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 25

gender with the old one in order that no changes will be required in
the termination of specific names.

When a new generic name is based on an old species, the former
generic name of the old species should always be cited.

Before changing the name of a supposed secondary homonym care
should be taken to ascertain quite surely the generic position of both
species.

The name of the author should be given in conjunction with a
specific name.

In abbreviating words the following rule is usually good: Stop
before the second vowel unless the resulting abbreviation contains
but one consonant, in which case stop before the third vowel.

Examples. — Washington, Wash. ; History, Hist, ; Academy. Acad.,
&c.

In the abbreviation of author's names it is recommended to follow
the custom of the author himself.

Do not make generic names similar to ones already in use. or of
the same pronunciation.

Various signs have been used to indicate certain facts about names
in synonymy, not always with the same meaning. The following
six signs are recommended for constant use with the moaning here
given :

= primary homonym. $ = male.

# = secondary homonym. 9 = female.

f = misidentification. ?= neuter, worker.

Many other signs have been used, some in different senses. A
number are here given, and if they are made use of it is recom-
mended that they be used in the sense quoted below :

§ = figure of typical specimen. J) = pupa.

! = specimen examined. £ = hermaphrodite.

— = shorter than. * — many different things, and

+ = longer than, should be used only to in-

< = falling short of. dicate a footnote, when but

> = extending beyond. one occurs on a page, or

O = adult. where the use is explained

P) = egg lu ''K' work ni wn'rn it

0 = larva. appears.

Footnotes are best indicated by arabic numerals.

26 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE.

For the sake of uniformity, it is recommended that the following
scheme of grouping be followed in the order indicated below when-
ever applicable:

Order. Genus.

Suborder. Subgenus.

Superfamily. Species.

Family. Subspecies or variety.

Subfamily. Race.

Tribe. Aberration, sport, &c.

Subtribe.

•

In cataloging, the employment of a small serial number after each
reference, to be repeated in connection with the citation of informa-
tion therein given, will indicate the authority for each item.

Example. — Beta alba (Smith).

Alpha alba Smith, Proc. Ent. Soc. Paris, vol. xii, p.
76 (1900) (i); Jones, Rev. Ent. Inf., vol. ii, p. 7
(1904) <2> ; Beta alba Brown, Ent. Journ., vol. lv,
p. 80 (1911) <3>.

Hab.— United States*1-3); Mexico*2).

Feeds on Salix^ ; $ dimorphic (2).

Thus Brown is responsible for the statement that it feeds on Salix,
and Jones for the male being dimorphic, and occurrence in Mexico.

INDEX.

Abbreviations. 119.

Additions and corrections. 14.

Allotype. 70.

Anatomy, internal, names based on.

49.
Anonymous. 29.
Apotype. 70.

Arbitrary specific names. 46.
Artificial specimens, names based on.

7.
Author. 27, 28, 29, 30.

name, how written. 43, 44.

binomial. 4.

of species, omitted with va-
rieties, &c. 56.

authority over a name. 25.
Autotype. 70.

Description of immature stages. 22.
47.
species with that of

a genus. 41.
work of insects. 48.
pre-Linnean. 17, 34.
Distribution, date of. 15.
Division of genera and species. 31.

Early stages, names based on. 22, 47.
Egg, name based on. 21'. 47.
Elimination. 986, 101. Kn».
Emendation of generic names. 84, 86.

specific names. ii'.».
Emended names may preoccupy. 66.
Ending. See Termination.
Errors of spelling. 69.

Binary system. 3.
Binomial system. 3.

names not. 4.

French. 5.

cases considered as. 6.

accidental. 4.

Capital letters, use of. 24.

Chirotype. 70.

Coccids, type of. 71.

Cocoon, name based on. 48.

Comma, after specific name. 43.

Corrections. 14.

Cotype. 70.

Credit, of names. 27.

Date. 3, 20, 42.

how ascertained. 15.
of beginning of nomenclature.
17.
publication. 15.
separates. 16.
valid specific names. 42.
Description, specific date of. 42.

in work of another au-
thor. 27.

Family names, termination of. 108.

to be changed. 113.

priority. 114. 115.
Figure, author of. 28.

names based on. 28, 38, 76.
Fixation of genotype. 98.

types of species. 72.
Food plants, as names. 6fl.
Fossil insects, names based on. 17.
French binomials. 5.

Gall, names based on. 18.
Gender of specific names. 45, 46.
Generic names, as substitutes. 84,
109.
author of. 27.
emendation of. 84,
si;.

homonymous. 82.
in synonymy. si,

103.
Invalid. 80, 81, '.'7c.
< >ri _ri ii of. -'■'..
when neu v.. 89.
when valid. 7!».
sec also Genua

27

28

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE.

Genotype. See Genus, type of.
Genus and species, both new. 87.

division of. 31.

including type of another. 88.

in synoptic table. 87.

monobasic. 95.

type of. 96.

polybasic. 97, 98, 107.

reduced to subgenus. 92.

type of. 93, 9G, 97c, 98, 105.

united with another. 104.

without species. 79, 80.
Greek language. 23.
Group, use of term. 112.
Gyandromorphs, names of, 37.

Heautotype. 70.
Hermaphrodite, names of. 37.
Holotype. 70.
Homeotype. 70.

Homonyms, family and subfamily.
115.
generic. 82.
primary. 58, 61.
secondary. 58, 62, 63,

64.
special cases. 60.
specific. 58.
Homotype. 70.
Hybrids, names of. 37.

how written. 57.
Hyphenated words. 6a.
Hypothetical insects, names based

on. 7.
Hypotype. 70.

Ideotype. 70.

Illustration. See figure.

Immature stages, names based on.

47.
Index, names given in. 65.
Initial of names. 24.
Interpretation of rules. 1.
Invalid, definition of. 2.

names. 4, 26, 34, 118.

Journals, names published in. 13.

K, may be used in names. 23.

Labels, in type designation. 73c, 735,
75.

Language. 11, 23.

Larva, names based on. 47.

Latin, first word of description. 6c.

language. 23.
Latinizing of names, recommenda-
tions. 119.
Leaf mine, names based on. 48.
Lectotype. 70.

Linnaeus' Systema Naturae. 3, 17, 33.
Location of type of species. 73f, 73#.
Lost types. 74.

Magazines, names published in. 13.
Manuscript names. 12, 118.

cited in syn-
onymy. 27, 40.
Metatype. 70.

Metric system, use recommended. 119.
Minute insects, type of. 71, 72.
Misidentification, not to be perpetu-
ated. 54.
variety or subspe-
cies described un-
der. 55.
type of species
made to replace
78.
Misprints of specific names. 69.
Misspelled names do not preoccupy.

66.
Misspellings. 69, 85.

of generic names. 85.
Monobasic genus. 95.

type of. 96.
Monotype. 70.

Monstrosities, names based on. 37.
Morphotype. 70.
Mounted specimens, types of. 71, 72.

Names, author of. 27, 28, 29, 56.

based on composite species. 7.
early stages. 22, 47.

£mto*£; 22

fossils. 47.
hypothetical insects.

7.
internal anatomy.

49.
misidentification, 78.
works of insects. 4S.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE

•2! I

Names before Linnaeus. See Pre-

Linnean names,
between genera and species.

90.
binomial. See Binomial

names,
categories of. 33.
conflicting. 18, 19, 20.
generic. See Generic names,
grades of. 35.
hybrid. 57.

in synonymy preoccupy. 65.
in works of others. 27.
invalid. 26, 34.
in same category. 36, 37.
in magazines, newspapers,

&c. 13.
in same work. 18.
in different works. 19, 20.
in index. 66.

manuscript. 12, 27, 40, 118.
misspelled. 66, 69, 85.
of authors. 43, 44.
of same root. 68.
on plates. 6&, 10.
on same page. 18.
provisional. 8.
quadrinomial. See Quadri-

nomial names,
recommendations for form-
ing. 119.
specific. See Specific names,
subgeneric. See Subgeneric

names,
subspecific. See Subspecific

names,
trinomial. 51, 52.
used by Linnaeus. 33.
valid. 38, 79.
varietal. 37, 50, 51, 52, 55,

73e.
with specimens. 12.
Neotype. 70.

Newspapers, names in. 13.
Nomina nuda. 2.
Numbering of pages. 21.

Order, when two or more. 117.
Ordinal names, how made. 116.

Page precedence. 18, 19, 20.
Pages, unnumbered. 21.

two styles of numbering. 21.
Paper, in parts. 14.
Paratype. 70.
Parenthesis, use of. Gc.
Parts of a work. 14.
Personal names, names based on. 119.
Plastotype. 70.
Plates, names on. 10.
Plesiotype. 70.
Polybasic genera. 95.

types of. 97, 98,
107.
Pre-Liunean names. " 17, 34.
Preoccupied names, may be valid. 2.
Preoccupation of names of species.

66, 67.
Price lists, names in. 13.
Primary homonyms, definition of. 58.
to be changed.
61.
Printing, definition of. 10.
Priority. 17.

application to stages, &c,

of insects. 22.
applied to families and

subfamilies. 114.
in ordinal names. 117.
Programs, names published in. 13.
Provisional names. 8.
Publication, definition of. 9.

date of. 15.
Pupa, names based on. 47.

Quadrinomial names. 53.

Races, names of. 37, 53.

rules for species apply also.
50.
Recommendations. 119.
Reference, names based on. 38, 79.
Reprints. 16.

Restriction of genus, species, &c. 31.
Retraction of names. 25.
Root, names based on same. 68.
Rules, interpretation of. 1.

Secondary homonyms. 58, 62, 63.

30

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE.

Selection of types of genera. 98.

species. 73.
Separates, date of. 16.
Signs, recommendations relative to.

119.
Slide, type of specimens on. 71.
Species and genus both new. 87.
division of. 31.
in subgenus. 67.
in synoptic table. 87.
transferred. 44.
Species, type of. 70, 73, 77.

location of. 73/, 73g.
Specific names, arbitrary. 46.
author of. 27.
conflicting. 18, 19, 20.
date of. 42.
based on figure. 76.
differing only in gen-
der. 59.
emendations and mis-
prints of. 69.
invalid. 26, 34, 118.
in generic descrip-
tion. 41.
in subgenus. 67.
in synonymy preoc-
cupy. 65.
status of. 40.
misspelled. 69.
of same root. 68.
on in each genus. 37.
origin of. 23.
re-referred to genus.

64.
same in Latin usage.

60.
valid. 38.

without generic name.
39.
Spelling, in generic names. 82.
Stages, early, names based on. 22, 47.
Subfamily, name of. 109.

when changed. 113.
in priority. 114,115.
Subgeneric names, generic rules ap-
ply. 91.
Subgenus raised to generic rank. 92.
requirements of. 90, 91.
species described in. 67.
type of. 91, 92.

Suborder, name of. 116.
Subspecies, name of. 37.
Subspecific name, author of. 56.

not available a s

type. 73e.
one to be same as
the specific. 52.
rules of species ap-
ply. 50.
or varietal names are tri-
nomials. 51.
Substitute names. 8.

of generic name. 89.
Subtribe, name of. 110.
Suggested names. 8.
Superfamily, name of. 110.
Superorder, name of. 116.
Synonym, generic. 81, 103.

in Systema Naturae. 33.
may be valid. 2.
not available as a geno-
type. 94.
quoted under genotype.

97&.
specific. 40.
Synonymy, names in preoccupy. 65.
Synoptic tables, names in. 87, 97c.
Syntype. 70.

Systema Natura?, basis of nomencla-
ture. 3.
names in. 33.
names before. 17,

34.
priority dates from.
17.

Tables, names proposed in. 87.
Tautonomy, type by. 106.
Temporary names 8.
Termination of names of family and

higher rank. 108, 109, 110.
Terminations, gender. 59.

which are the same. 60.
Topotype. 70.
Tribe, name of. 111.
Trinomial names. 5.
Type, by elimination. 98&, 101, 102.

different kinds of. 70.

lost. 74.

material. 71.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE.

31

Type of genus. 92, 93, 99, 100.

in synoptic tables.

97c.
in other genus. 88.
by tautonomy. 106.
when not valid. 107.
of monobasic genus. 96.
of new name. 78.
of one genus not eligible as

type of another. 98a.
of polybasie genus. 97, 98.
of species. 70, 73. 77, 78.

of Coccidse. 71.
of subgenus. 91, 92.
of substitute genus. 105.
slides. 71, 72.
so labeled, not by author. 75.

Unition of genera, species, &o. 32.

Valid, definition of. 2.

generic name. 79, 80.
specific name. 38.
Varietal names. 37, 51.

author of. 56.
described under in-
valid species. 5.").
not available a s

types. 73e.
rules to species ap-
ply. 50.
Volumes, considered as one work. 14.

W, may be used in names. 23.
Work, in parts, date of. 15.

of insects, names based on. 48.

6*