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THE
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ENTOMOLOGICAL
MAGAZINE.
VOL. IV.
^4 Re LUMl^^
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE PROPRIETORS, BY R.CLAY, BREAD-STREET-HILL;
AND SOLD BY W. BALL, ALDINE CHAMBERS,
P.\TERNOSTER-ROW.
MDCCC XXXVII.
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" If we attend to the history and manners of Insects, they will furnish us with many useful
lessons in ethics, and from them we may learn to improve ourselves in various virtues. We
have, indeed, the inspired authority of the wisest of mankind for studying them in this view,
since he himself wrote a treatise upon them, and sends his sluggard to one for a lesson in
wisdom. And if we value diligence and indefatigable industry; judgment, prudence, and
foresight; economy and frugality; if we look upon modesty and diffidence as female orna-
ments ; if we revere parental affection ; of all these, and many more virtues, insects, in their
various instincts, exhibit several striking examples." Kirbv & Spence.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
A. S. K. 257.
Babington, C. C, M.A. F.L.S., Cambridge, 365, 438.
Bond, J. W. 4, Lenham's Buildings, Friar's Mount, Church Street, Bethnal
Green, 221.
Bowerbank, J. S., F.G.S., 19, Critchell Place, New North Road, 179.
Burlingham, S. A., Worcester, 82.
Christy, William, jun. F.L.S., Clapham Road, 462.
Delta, 106, 230.
Desvignes, T., 2, Golden Square, 255.
Douglas, J. W., 16, Edward Street, Windsor Terrace, City Road, 154, 340,
343.
Editor, 84, 343.
Fennell, James, 4, Chester Terrace, Borough Road, Southwark, 82.
Griesbach, Rev. A. W., Westow, near Whitwell, Yorkshire, 254.
Haliday, A. H., M.A., Belfast, 38, 92, 144, 147, 203, 251.
H. S. B., 152.
J. B n, 365.
J. G. B., Brighton, 83.
Inquisitor, 177.
Insect Hunter, 26, 85, 197, 389.
Kidd, Waring, Quarry Street, Guildford, 263.
Lighton, Sir John, 189.
Newman, Edward, F.L.S., 21, Union Street, Deptford, 83, 234, 255, 258.
Norman, J. T., Secretary of the Society of Practical Entomologists, 155.
Rudd, Rev. G. T., M.A. F.L.S., 189.
Shuckard, W. E., V.P.E.S., 32, Robert Street, Chelsea, 78, 156.
Walker, Francis, F.L.S. and G.S. Member of the Entomological Society of
France, 49, Bedford Square, 9, 83, 113, 226, 349, 411, 439.
Westwood, J. O., F.LS., The Grove, Hammersmith, 435.
Wilson, James, F.R.S.E. &c., Woodville, near Edinburgh, 76.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Plate XV.— See Art. XXII. page 179.
The wing of Chrysopa Perla, intended to illustrate the circulation of the blood,
and the distribution of the Trachaese.
Plate Xiy.—See Art. XXXV. p. 255.
Fig. 1. Propomacrus Arbaces.
2. Scarabasus .' Croesus.
Plate X\l.—See Art. LIII. p. 411.
Fig. 1 . Embolemus Ruddii.
2. Labeo excisus.
3. Aphelopus melaleucus.
4. Dryinus collaris.
5. Dicondylus pedestris.
6. Epyris niger.
Explanation of Wood-Cuts.
D. 1. p. 37. A portion of Llanthony Abbey, Monmouthshire.
2. p. 161. The apical portion of the abdomen of Chrysis ignita, l^ar. Alcione'.
3. " Ditto ditto ditto Vat: Asterope.
4. p. 162. Ditto ditto ditto Var. Celeno.
5. " Ditto ditto ditto Var. Electra.
6. " Ditto ditto ditto Var. Maia.
7. " Ditto ditto ditto Var. Taygeta.
8. p. 185. The Bull Inn, Birch-Wood Corner.
9. p. 204. Anatomical details of the genus Opius.
10. p. 221. Wing of Gnaptodon pumilio.
11. p. 236. Diagram to illustrate the Septenary System.
12. p. 253. Anatomical details of Diglossa mersa.
13. p. 342. Pales Meeting House.
14. p. 388. Two hemipterous Insects.
15. p. 410. Rhonllwyn, Radnorshire, the residence of Thomas Rogers.
16. p. 436. Pleuropachus costalis.
17. p. 437. Platynocheilus Erichsonii.
18. p. 483. The Needles, Isle of Wight.
A Diagram illustrative of the Septenary System, to face p. 236.
CONTENTS.
Minutes of the Entomological Club 1
Introductory Address 6
Art. I. Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker .... 9
Art. II. Wanderings and Ponderings of an Insect Hunter. Series
the Second 26
Art. III. Essay on Parasitic Hymenoptera. By A. H. Haliday,
M.A 38
Art. IV. Observations on certain curious Indentations in the Old
Red Sandstone of Worcestershire and Herefordshire, &c. By
Jabez Allies, Esq. one of the Council of the Worcestershire
Natural History Society 59
Art. V. New Group of Orthoptera, Family of Mantides. By M. A.
Lefebvre. Extracted from the Annales de la Societe Entomo-
logique de France 66
Art. VI, A List of Coleoptera. taken in the County of Sutherland.
By Mr. J. Wilson 76
Art. VII. Entomological Notes. By W. E. Shuckard 78
Art. VIII. List of Entomological Works 80
Art. IX. Varieties 81
Art. X. Wanderings and Ponderings of an Insect Hunter ... 85
.Art. XI. Essay on Parasitic Hymcin)jitera. By A. H. Haliday,
M.A 92
VI CONTENTS.
Page
Akt. XII. Some Scraps by the Author of the Delta Letters . . . 106
Art. XIII. Notes on Diptera. By Francis Walker 113
Art. XIV. Researches on the Insects injurious to the Vine, known
to the Ancients and Moderns, and on the Means of preventing
their Ravages. By M. Le Baron Walckenaer 117
Art. XV. Additional Notes on the Order Thysanoptera. By A. H.
Haliday, M.A 144
Art. XVI. Notes, &c. upon Diptera. By A. H. Haliday, M.A. . 147
Art. XVII. Verses on Spring. By H. S. B 152
Art. XVIII. Thoughts on the Study of Entomology 154
Art. XIX. List of Rare Insects, taken at Darenth Wood, by Mem-
bers of the Society of Practical Entomologists, from June 20 to
July 11, 1836 155
Art. XX. Description of the Genera and Species of the British
Chrysididee. By W. E. Shuckard, M.E.S 156
Art. XXI. Notes on Butterflies questionably British 177
Art. XXII. Observations on the Circulation of Blood, and the Dis-
tribution of the Tracheae in the Wing of Chrysopa Perla. By
J. S. Bowerbank 179
Art. XXIII. Proceedings of the Entomological Club 186
Art. XXIV. List of Captures at Lyndhurst and Ryde. By Sir
John Lighton and the Rev. G. T. Rudd 189
Art. XXV. Pith of the Periodicals 191
Art. XXVI. Wanderings and Ponderings of an Insect Hunter • . 197
Art. XXVII. Essay on Parasitic Hymenoptera. By A. H. Hali-
day, M.A 203
Art. XXVIII. Notes on various Insects By J. W^. Bond . . . 221
Art. XXIX. Notes on Diptera. By Francis Walker 226
Art. XXX. Notes of Captures. By Delta 230
Art. XXXI. Further Observations on the Septenary System. By
E. Newman 234
Art. XXXII. Notes about Cillenum Latcralc, and a submarine
Species of Aleocharida\ By A. II. Haliday, M.A 251
CONTENTS. Vll
Page
Art. XXXIII. Note on the Economy of Gyrinus Villosus. By the
Rev. A. W. Griesbach 254
Art. XXXIV. Note on Elater Crocatus of Zeigler. By Thomas
Desvignes 255
Art. XXXV. Description of two Scarabaei in the Cabinet of Samuel
Hanson, Esq. M.E.S. &c. By E. Newman ib.
Art. XXXVI. A Sonnetoid on Llanthony 257
Art. XXXVII. Notes on Tenthredinina. By E. Newman . . . 258
Art. XXXVIII. Some Account of the Birds of Godalming. By
Waring Kidd arj^ others 263
Art. XXXIX. Proceedings of the Entomological Club .... 275
Art. XL. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of France . . 283
Art. XLI. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London . 289
Art. XLII. List of Entomological Works 291
Art. XLIII. Researches on the Insects injurious to the Vine, known
to the Ancients and Moderns, and on the Means of preventing
their Ravages. By M. le Baron Walckenaer 293
Art. XLIV. Random Thoughts on Entomology, &c. By J. W.
Douglas 340
Art. XLV. Query respecting the Collection belonging to the Ento-
mological Club. By J. W. Douglas 313
Art. XLVI. New Group of Orthoptera, Family of Mantides. By
M. A. Lefebvre iO.
Art. XLVII. Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker . . 349
Art. XLVIII. Note on Malachius ruficollis, Panz. ; and M. bipunc-
tatus, Bab. By C. C. Babington, M.A 365
Art. XLIX. Observations on Spontaneous or Equivocal Generation.
By J. B n ib.
Art. L. Narrative of Captain Henry Foster's Voyage to the South-
ern Atlantic Ocean, in His Majesty's Ship, Chanticleer. By
W. H. B. Webster 375
Art. LI, Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London . . 383
Art. LII. Wanderings and Ponderiugs of an Insect-Hunter . . . 889
VUl CONTENTS.
Art. LIII. On the Dryinida), &c. By Francis Walker .... 411
Art. LIV. Descriptions of two new Genera belonging to the family
Chalcididse. By J. O. Westwood, F.L.S. &c. ...... 435
Art. LV. Note on Macroplea Zosterae. By C. C. Babington,
M.A 438
Art. LVI. Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker . . . 439
Art LVII. Notes of a Vo)fage to Alien, Hammerfest, &c. By
William Christy, Jun 462
Art. LVIII. Proceedings of the Entomological Club 484
Death of Mr. Standish 492
The Editor returns Ms best thanks to those Gentlemen who hai'e obligitigly
sent him their names as Snhscrihers to this Volume : and also to those
Entomologists who have hindly favoured hiin with Contributions.
ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.
JULY, 1836.
MINUTES OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
(Printed hy Order.)
At a Meeting of the Entomological Club, held at Mr. Ben-
nett's, 48, Cannon Street, on Thursday Evening, 9th of June,
1836, a Committee appointed, at a prior Meeting of the
Club, to take into consideration the state of the Laws of the
Entomological Club, with reference to the Property of which
the Club is now becoming possessed, and to frame a Consti-
tution adapted to its present circumstances, brought in the
following Preamble and Code of Laws ; which, after sundry
alterations now incorporated therewith, was unanimously
agreed to.
PREAMBLE.
Whereas, an Entomological Club established in London, in
the year 1826, for the purpose of social meetings at the
residences of its Members, for the communication of facts,
the comparison of notes, the naming of specimens, and
mutual improvement in the science of Entomology, has
existed and met regularly from that time to the present — a
period of ten years ; and whereas the proceedings of the
said Club have been governed by certain understood, but
for the most part unwritten Regulations, mutually agreed on
between the Members ; and whereas, in consequence of the
NO. I. VOL. IV. B
MINUTES OF-. j;^
establishment of a Collection, and the contribution of sub-
scriptions for the pui'chase of cabinets, and donations of
books, collections of insects, &c., the said Club is now
becoming possessed of considerable property : It is Re-
solved AND AGREED, That all former Rules and Regula-
tions shall cease and determine, and the following be adopted
as the Laws of the Club.
CODE OF LAWS.
1.
That this Ckib be entitled the Entomological Club.
IL
That the Club consist of eight Members.
in.
That the Club may elect an unlimited number of Honorary Cor-
responding Members.
IV.
That any vacancy occurring in the Club be filled up, by election,
from tlie Honorary Corresponding Members resident within five
miles of the General Post-Office.
That a Candidate for Membership be proposed and seconded at
an ordinary Meeting of the Club, and be balloted for at the next
Meeting. A single negative to exclude.
VL
That the Honorary Corresponding Members have an equal right,
with the Members, to attend the ordinary Meetings of the Club, and
to introduce Visitors, either personally or by letter, to inspect the
Collection.
VIL
That no subscription or pecuniary consideration whatever be an
essential qualification to Membership in this Club, but that all
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. 3
voluntary contributions from Members, Honorary Members, or
others, be received and applied to the purposes of the Club.
VIII.
That a Treasurer, Secretary, and Curator, be elected annually at
a Special Meeting in May, to be appointed with a Chairman for the
occasion at a previous Ordinary Meeting, at vv^hich Special Meeting
the Treasurer, Secretary, and Curator, for the past year, are to
present their respective Reports. The exertions of these officers
shall be given gratuitously.
IX.
That the Ordinary Meetings of the Club be held monthly, at the
houses of the Members, in alphabetical rotation. The Member at
whose house the Meeting falls shall be the Chairman, but shall not
thereby lose his vote.
That the property of the Club be vested in three Trustees, to be
elected by ballot, but subject to removal by vote of the Club ; to
whom, on behalf of the Club, all donations are to be made and
legacies devised, and in whose name conjointly the property of the
Club shall be insured. Any vacancy occurring in the number of
Trustees shall be filled up, by a fresh appointment, as soon as
possible.
XI.
That no Member shall possess any right or property in the Club
disposable either during life or by testament.
XII.
That no alteration in these Laws be made, nor resolution affecting
them be agreed to, with less than six Members present, four of whom
shall vote in the affirmative. That a copy of any proposed emen-
dation, alteration, or repeal, of either of these Laws, and a copy of
any proposed new Law or Resolution, shall be delivered, by the
proposer thereof, to each Member of the Club, at least ten days
previously to the debate thereon taking place.
XIIL
That every Member of the Club be required to sign these Laws.
^' MINUTES OF
Resolved also, That the following Regulations for the Cabinet and
Library of the Entomological Club be adopted.
I.
That a general collection be made, consisting of specimens of
Exotic and British Insects, Arachnoida, Myriapoda, and Crustacea,
with books and MSS. relating to the science in all its branches ; and
that a special object of the Club be to form a model named Cabinet
of Insects unquestionably British.
II.
That the Cabinet and Library be open at the house of the
Curator, 21, Union Street, Deptford, on the Friday in every week
during the months of January, February, March, April, September,
October, November, and December.
III.
That Visitors be introduced either personally or by written order
of a Member or Honorary Corresponding Member, and that all
Entomologists consulting the Cabinet or Library shall be at perfect
liberty to make any notes, memoranda, descriptions or drawings of
any insect, or from any book or MS. contained therein ; but that no
insect be allowed to be taken from the cabinet on any pretence
whatever, without the special vote of the Club first obtained for
that purpose.
IV.
That the Curator keep a complete register of the insects, &c.
belonging to the Club, and that any valuable or unique specimens
presented to the Club be registered, with the name of the donor,
and be reclaimable by him at any time in case of the dissolution of
the Club.
Resolved also, That the thanks of the Entomological Club be
given, and are hereby given, to the Rt. Hon. the Earl of
MouNTNORRis, also to Wm. Christy, Jun., Edward Doubleday,
Thomas Ingall, Wm. Bentley, J. Chant, Giles Munby,
John Walton, George Newman, Jun., Robert Foster, George
Trusted, Henry Metford, and J. V. Thompson, Esquires, for
their various valuable donations to the Club.
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. 5
Resolved also, That the present Officers of the Club, viz. Mr.
J. HoYER, as Treasurer ; Mr. F. Walker, as Secretary ; and
Mr. E. Newman, as Curator ; be re-elected to their respective
offices during the current year.
Resolved, That the whole of the foregoing Resolutions be printed
in the Entomological Magazine.
Francis Walker, Secretary.
Contributions of Insects, Books, MSS., &:c. to the Entomological
Club, may be sent or addressed to either of the Members of the
Club, as under : —
Mr. W. Bennett, 48, Cannon Street.
Mr. J. B. Bevington, 1, King William Street.
Mr. J. S. BowERBANK, 3, Critchell Place, New North Road, or at
Messrs. Bowerbank and Sons, Distillers, Sun Street.
Mr. J. F. Christy, Clapham Road, or at the Stangate Glass Works,
Lambeth.
Mr. A. H. Davis, at Messrs. Westley and Davis, 10, Stationers'
Hall Court, Ave Maria Lane.
Mr. J. HoYER, at 9, Fortes' Terrace, Junction Road, or at Messrs.
BoYsoN and Hoyer, 1, Crown Court, Threadneedle Street.
Mr. E. Newman, 21, Union Street, Deptford, or at Messrs. Hut-
chinson and Son, 48, Mark Lane.
Mr. F. Walker, Arno's Grove, Southgate, or 49, Bedford Square.
Also to the following Honorary Corresponding Members : —
Mr. W. Christy, Jun., Clapham Road.
Mr. E. DouBLEDAY, Epping, Essex.
INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.
We are sure that we cannot preface the Fourth Volume of
the Entomological Magazine with any thing half so agreeable
to the Entomologists of Great Britain as the information
embodied in the foregoing Minutes. We never felt a more
unmixed pleasure than we now experience in publishing a
series of Resolutions which, we proudly feel, do honour to
the little Association from which they emanate ; and, at the
same time, must contribute effectually and permanently to the
advancement of the science of Entomology.
The Entomologists of this country have, for a number of
years, been indebted solely to the liberality of individuals for
the opportunity of comparing their captures with the regularly
arranged and accurately named collections of those gentlemen
on whom they had, generally, no claim, and to whom it was
seldom in their power to make any adequate return. We
need scarcely call the attention of our readers to the liberality
of Mr. Stephens and Mr. Curtis in this respect. It is not
to be expected that the collection of the Entomological Club
can, at the outset, vie either in extent or in accuracy of
nomenclature with the collections of Messrs. Stephens and
Curtis, on which large sums of money, and almost an infinity
of labour, have been expended ; but it is no light matter to
be able to assert that it already contains a greater number of
species of British Insects than are named in Mr. Stephen's
Catalogue, or Mr. Curtis's Guide. It will be an obvious inter-
ference with the duties of a Curator to enter into further detail
here ; we can only say that, as throughout the debates on the
question of the establishment of this collection, the advance of
Entomology in this country has been the single object kept in
view; so we hope our brother entomologists will, in the same
INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. i
spirit, and with equal zeal, contribute each his best endeavours
to render the collection, as nearly as possible, perfect and
complete : every locality has its peculiar insects, and there
exists no local cabinet so poor but it could contribute desi-
derata to the richest.
At the commencement of this Magazine, now four years
ago, we stated our intention of freely and fairly reviewing
every entomological work that came before us. To the best
of our ability we did so for a time, but by degrees the practice
has been falling into disuse, until we have at last determined
utterly to abandon it. Experientia docef. We do not say
that we shall not, under the semblance of a review, occasion-
ally extract some of the sweets contained in the publications
of others, even though such publications be rife with much
that our judgment condemns as illiberal or erroneous. The
bee gathers honey from the most poisonous flowers. We
do not say that we shall never avail ourselves of the title
of a work as a shelter, from beneath which, though unseen, we
may scatter the information which it ought to have contained.
The mocking-bird of America warbles a thousand songs which
the denizens of her primeval forests ought to have sung; but
the searching and caustic critique will never again be seen in
our pages — those who enjoy it will look for it in vain. Hence-
forth we shall give the titles of entomological works generally,
occasionally, perhaps, with extracts, or a tabular view of their
contents, but never again, at least such is our intention, never
again shall we point out errors, or criticise opinions or asser-
tions. Many things are written which we would were un-
written— many things which we now believe to have been far
more severe than the occasion warranted, but we have some
satisfaction in being able most explicitly to state, that at the
moment of writing we fully and firmly believed each article to
be just and impartial. If we have erred, we have done so
unintentionally ; let us remind those whom we have injured,
if such there are, that —
" To err is human, to forgive divine."
Coetaneous with the appearance of this work was that of
" Annales " of the Entomological Society of France, a work
S INTRODUCTORY ADDRRSS.
commenced under circumstances and with objects precisely
similar to our own. We have great pleasure in noticing the
regularity with which that valuable work has been carried on,
and in expressing our opinion that its contents, so often
alluded to by us with approbation, have in no degree dimi-
nished in interest.
Of the Entomological Society of London we have already
said much ; we have to report that it continues to flourish ; a
considerable library and collection have been formed, a
periodical publication of much merit has been commenced, and
there appears to be a constant accession of members, among
whom may now be reckoned many of the most eminent British
zoologists.
We have also to record the establishment of another society,
called the " Practical Entomological Society," which has
already enrolled a great number of members. Its meetings
are held weekly, in Macclesfield-street, City Road, and its
principal objects appear to be the keeping up of a social
feeling among the metropolitan entomologists, and the formation
of a perfect collection of British insects. The meetings of
this Society are held at a tavern (the Duke of Bridgewater)
until more suitable accommodation can be procured. The
secretary is Mr. W, Courtney.
These recent associations, and the success which attends
them, prove that the love of the science of Entomology is
increasing in this country. May we not venture to express a
belief that the earliest association of the kind now in exist-
ence, the Entomological Club, and this Magazine, which has
emanated from it, and which is unwearying in the diffusion of
information, have been in some degree instrumental in inducing
the change ?
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
Art. 1. — Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker.
{Continued from Vol. III. y;ag-e496.)
the green myriads in the peopled grass."
Pteromalus.
Sectio XLIX.— Mas et Fern.
Gastracanthus et Hetroxys, Westwood.
Mas. — Caput magnum, thorace latius : antennae filiformes, hirti,
corpora paullo breviores ; articuli 5°. ad 10^™. longitudine decre-
scentes ; clava fiisiformis, acuminata, articulo 10°. multo longior :
mandibulae quadratas, subarcuatse ; una 4-dentata, dens externus
mediocris incurvus acutus, 2^^ 3^^. et 4"^. breves obtusi ; altera
3-dentata, dens externus major incurvus acutus, 2'^^. mediocris
subacutus, 3^^. brevis latus obtusus : maxillae breves ; laciniae
longae, angustse, subarcuatas, acuminatae, lobatae; parpi4-articulati,
subclavati, articuli l'^^ 2"^. et 3^^. breves subaequales, 4"^ fusi-
formis longior : labium breve, obconicum ; ligula brevis, antice
lata et ciliata ; palpi 3-articulati breves crassi, articulus 2"^.
brevissimus : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevis : mesothoracis
parapsides convexee, prominentes ; suture conspicuas : metathorax
mediocris : abdomen cochleatum, planum, thorace paullo longius ;
segmentum 1"™. longum, 2^™. et sequentia breviora subagqualia :
pedes subaequales : alae amplae ; nervus humeralis ramulum
brevem rejiciens ; radialis cubitali ramulum brevissimum emittente
plus duplo longior.
Fern. — Antennae clavatae, corporis dimidio longiores ; articuli 5°. ad
lO"'"- longitudine decrescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 10°. paullo
latior et duplo longior : abdomen fusiforme, thorace paullo angus-
tius et dimidio aut duplo longius, apicem versus attenuatum
acuminatum pubescens, non angulatum ; segmenta subaequalia :
oviductus dum quietem agit occultus.
Sp. 164. Pter. pulcherrimus. Fem. Viridi-ceneus, abdomen
cicpreum subtus ruftim, antennae nigrce, pedes flavi, proalis
fasc'ice 2fuscce.
Gastracanthus pulcherrimus, Westwood^ Loudon s Mag. Nat.
Hist. VI. 121.
Caput viridi-aeneum, supra cupreum : oculi ocellique rufo-picei :
antennae nigrae ; articulus l"^. pallide fulvus ; 2"^. nigro-aeneus :
NO. I. VOL. IV. C
10
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
thorax obscure agneo-viridis, subtus cupreus : abdomen cupreum,
subtus nifum : pedes pallide flavi ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : aljB
limpidae ; proalse cujusque disco fascias 2 fuscae, abbreviatas,
enormes, medio connexas ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma
minutum. (Corp. long. lin. 2| ; alar. lin. 4|.)
September; near London. North Wales.
Sp. 165. Pter. scenicus. Mas etFem. Viridis aut ceneusy
abdomen cupreum plerunqiie basi et subtus rujum, antennce
nigrcB, pedes ruji aut fulvi, metafemora nonnunquam supra
fusca, proalce scepissimefusco nebulosce.
Mas. — Caput viride : oculi ocellique rufo-picei : antennae nigrae ;
articulus 1"^. fulvus, apice fuscus ; 2"^. nigro-viridis : mandibulae
rufas : maxillae et labium viridia : palpi, laciniae et ligula flava :
thorax viridis ; segmentorum suturee aeneo-virides : abdomen
cupreum, basi et subtus rufum : pedes pallide rufi ; coxas virides ;
meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fulvi : alae subfuscae ; proalae fusco
nebulosae ; squamulae et nervi obscure fulva ; stigma parvum.
Fern. — Caput postice aeneum: antennis articulus 1"^ fulvus; 2"^.
viridi-fuscus : thorax viridi-aeneus : mesothoracis scutellum sneo-
cupreum : abdominis segmentum 1^™. viridi-varium : oviductus
rufus : pedes laete fulvi ; coxae virides ; meso- et metatarsi flavi ;
ungues et pulvilli fusci : alarum squamulae et nervi fulva. (Corp.
long. lin. 1|— 2 ; alar. lin. If— 2i.)
Var. /3. — Mas, caput et thorax cyaneo-viridia.
Var. y. — Mas, thorax aeneo-viridis ; mesothoracis scutellum aeneum.
Var. h. — Mas, abdomen omnino cupreum : antennis articulus 1"^.
nigro-viridis, basi fulvus : proalas non nebulosae.
Var. E. — Mas, Var. S. similis : caput et thorax omnino viridia :
abdomen ante medium et subtus obsolete fulvum : metafemora
apice supra fusca.
Var. f. — Mas, metafemora supra viridi-fiisca.
Var. 7], — Mas, caput et thorax viridia : abdomen cupreum.
Var. d. — Mas, Var. r). similis : abdomen basi et subtus fulvum :
pedes pallide fulvi : alae sublimpidas.
Var. I. — Fern, antennis articulus 1"^. fuscus, basi et subtus fulvus ;
2us_ nigro-viridis.
Var. K. — Fem, metathorax cyaneo-viridis.
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 11
Var. X. — Fern, thorax viridis : mesothoracis scutellum eeneum :
abdominis rufum vix conspicuum.
Var. fi. — Fern, abdomen supra viride, apice cupreum.
June to August; near London. Hampshire, &c. Found in
Ireland by Mr. Haliday.
Sp. 166. Pter. invenustus. Mas. Nigro-viridis, P. scenico
minor obscurior, abdomen nigro-cupreum, antennce nigrce,
pedes fusci, alcefusccc.
Caput et thorax nigro-viridia : oculi ocellique rufo-picei : antennae
nigrae ; articulus \^^. viridi-fuscus, basi fulvus ; 2"^ nigro-viridis :
abdomen nigro-cupreum : pedes fusci; coxae virides ; pro-etmeso-
pedum tibias et tarsi fulva : proalas fuscee ; squamulse et nervi
fulva ; stigma parvum ; metalee subfuscffi. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ;
alar. lin. Ig.)
Var. /3. — Metatarsi basi fulvi. ^
June ; near London. Hampshire.
Sp. 167. Pter. macromerus. Mas. P. scenico similis at
gracilior, alee longiores angustiores.
Caput viridi-asneum : oculi ocellique rufo-picei : antennae nigrae ;
articuli 1 ^*. et 2^^. nigro-virides, ille basi fuscus : thorax viridi-
0eneus : abdomen cupreum : pedes pallide fulvi ; coxae virides :
al£e sublimpidae ; proalee fusco obsolete nebulosae ; squamulae et
nervi fulva ; stigma minimum. (Corp. long. lin. 1| ; alar,
lin. 2J.)
Found near London.
Sp. 168. Pter. stenogaster. Fem. P. scenico similis, an-
tennce breviores, abdomen minus attenuatum. Viridi-ceneus,
abdomen cupreum subtus basi fulvum, antennce nigro-fuscce,
pedes jlavi aut fulvi, tibice nonnunquam fuscce, proalce
subfulvce.
Caput ffineo-viride : oculi ocellique rufo-picei : antennas nigro-
fuscse ; articulus 1"*. fulvus, subtus flavus ; 2"^, fusco-feneus ;
thorax viridi-asneus ; latera viridia : abdomen cupreum ; seg-
mentum 1"™. Isete viride, subtus fulvum : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ;
femora et protarsi fulva : proalas subfulvfe ; squamulae et nervi
fulva ; stigma minutum ; metalae sublimpidcB. (Corp. long. lin.
1|- If; alar. lin. \'i—2.)
1^ MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
Var. /3. — Caput viride : antennis articulus 1"^ fulvus, apice fuscus :
thorax seneo-viridis.
Var. y. — Tibiae et tarsi fulva.
Var. 6. — Var. p. similis : mesothoracis scutellum cupreum : abdo-
minis segmentum 1"™. supra cupreum : tibiae fulvas.
Var. £. — Var. S. similis : caput et thorax cuprea.
Var. 4. — Caput cyaneo-viride : antennis articulus 1"^ fulvus, apice
fuscus, thorax viridis ; discus aeneus : abdomen basi supra cyaneum :
tibiae fuscse : alarum squamulae et nervi obscure fulva ; stigma
pallida fuscum.
July ; near London.
Sp. 169. Pter. prsepileus. Fem. F.scemco, scepissime minor,
aniennce gracUiores plus clcwatce. Viridis, abdomen cu-
preum, antennce fuscae, pedes j'ulci, alee suhlimpida.
Caput et thorax viridia : oculi ocellique rufo-picei : antennse obscure
fuscse ; articulus 1"^. fulvus ; 2"^ pallida fuscus : abdomen
cupreum : pedes pallida fulvi ; coxae virides ; meso- et metatarsi
flavi, apice fulvi : alae sublimpidas ; squamulas et nervi pallide
fulva; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. lin. \\ ; alar. lin. 1-|.)
Found near London.
Sp. 170. Pter. dimidiatus. Fem. Viridi-aneus, prcece-
dentibus brevior, abdomen cupreum, antennce el pedes fusca,
femora viridia, alee, limpida.
Caput viride : oculi ocellique rufo-picei : antennas fuscae ; articulus
1"^ fulvus, apice fuscus ; 2"^ viridi-fuscus : thorax aeneo-viridis ;
discus cupreus : abdomen cupreum, subtus viride cupreo fasciatum ;
segmentum 1™\ laste viride, cupreo varium : pedes fusci ; coxae
et femora viridia, hae apice basiqua fulva ; tarsi basi fulvi : alas
limpidae ; squamulae at nervi fulva ; stigma fuscum, mediocre.
(Corp. long, lin, \\ ; alar. lin. 2.)
Found near London.
Sp. 171. Pter. fuscescens. Fem. Viridi-ceneus, P. dimi-
diato brevior, abdomen cupreum basi et subtus rufum, pedes
jiavi aut fulvi, alee limpidce.
Caput obscure viride : oculi ocellique rufo-picei : antennae nigro-
fuscae ; articulus P^ fulvus ; 2"^ fusco- fulvus : thorax obscure
MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDITUM. 13
viridi-aeneus : abdomen cupreum, basi et subtus rufum ; seg-
mentum 1"™. viridi micans : pedes flavi ; coxaD virides ; femora
pallide fulva ; ungues et pulvilli fulvi : alas limpidae ; squamulos
et nervi pallide fulva ; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. lin. | — 1 5 ;
alar. lin. 1 — 1^.)
Var. [3. — Caput Isete viride : thorax aeneo-viridis : proalee subfulvse.
Var. y. — Thorax teneus : proalse subfulvae.
Far. c. — Tibiag et protarsi fulva ; femora obscuriora : proalae sub-
fulvae.
Far. e. — Far. S. similis : metathorax viridis.
Far. ^. — Caput et thorax viridia.
Far. T]. — Abdomen basi supra cupreum.
Far. 6. — Antennis articulus 1"*. fuscus ; 2"^ fusco-ceneus ; meta-
femora fusca ; tibiae et protarsi fulva : proalae subfulvae.
Far. I. — Far. d. similis : metatibias fuscae.
Found near London.
Genus XIV.— Cheiropachus, Westwood.
Alas. — Caput mediocre, thoracis latitudine : antennae filiformes,
graciles, corporis dimidio paullo longiores ; articuli 5". ad lO^'".
curtantes ; clava fusiformis, acuminata, articulo 10°. multo
longior : mandibulae quadratae ; una 4-dentata, arcuata, dens
externus acutus incurvus sat longus, 2^^ et 3"^ minores obtusiores,
internus brevis latus obtusus ; altera 3-dentata, subarcuata, dens
externus acutus incurvus sat longus, 2"^ brevior latior subacutus,
internus latus obtusus : maxillae latae, sat longae ; lacinias angustse,
subarcuatse, acuminates, intus lobatas ; palpi 4-articulati sub-
clavati, articuli 1"^. 2"^ et 3"^ breves subasquales, 4^^. longior
fusiformis : labium angustum, fusiforme ; ligula brevis, antice lata
et ciliata ; palpi 3-articulati breves lati, articulus 2"^ brevissimus :
thorax sublinearis, parum convexus, basi et apice angustatus :
prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturee vix
conspicuae : metathorax mediocris : abdomen lineare, thorace
paullo brevius et angustius; segmenta transversa, 1"™. magnum
sequentia breviora subsequalia : sexualia vix conspicua : femora
valida : alae mediocres ; nervus humeralis ramulum rejiciens
obsoletum, radialis cubitali plus duplo longior.
Fern. — Caput sat magnum, thorace paullo latins : antennae extrorsum
crassiores, corporis dimidio vix longiores ; articuli 5°. ad 10"™.
14 MONOaRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
curtantes, vix latescentes ; clava longi-ovata, acuminata, articulo
10°. paullo latior et fere duplo longior : thorax ovatus, convexus :
abdomen longi-ovatum, acuminatum, thorace longitis, subtus
carinatum, apice pubescens : oviductus rima ventrali occultus.
Sp. 1. Cheir. quadrum. Mas et Fem. Mas. Viridis, ab-
domen cupreum fulvo maculatum, antennce fusees, pedes
fulvi, proalis maculce 'Zfuscce. Fem. Ctipreus, abdomen
hnmaculcdum, antennae nigro-fuscce, pedes qiiam mari ob-
scuriores.
Diplolepis quadrum . . Fabr. Syst. Piezat. 152.
Cleonymus maculipennis . Curtis, Brit. Ent. IV. 194.
Cheiropachus quadrum . Westicood, Zool. Journ. IV. PI. 2,
fig. 2.
Mas. — Lsete viridis, cupreo varius : oculi ocellique rufo-picei : an-
tennae fuscse ; articulus 1"^. fulvus : abdomen cupreum, basi laete
viride, medium ante fulvo maculatum : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ;
meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alae albo limpidae ; squamulse
et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum ; proalse cuique maculae 2 qua-
dratse nigro-fuscse, una ad nervi ulnaris apicem, altera apud
stigma major.
Fem. — Obscure cupreus : caput antice et subtus seneo-viride : oculi
ocellique rufo-picei : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus 1"*. fulvus,
2"s. fusco-viridis : abdomen aeneo-viride ; segmentum I"'", micans
cupreo varium ; discus obscure cupreus : pedes obscure fulvi ;
coxae virides ; femora incrassata, subtus denticulata ; tarsi flavi,
apice fusci; protarsi pallide fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. \\ — 1^ ;
alar. lin. 2— 2i.)
Var. /3. — Fem. caput et metathorax aeneo-viridia.
Var. y. — Fem. caput et thorax aeneo-viridia: abdomen basi cyaneum.
July, September; near London. Isle of Wight.
Sp. 2. Cheir. tutela. Mas et Fem. Mas, viridis aut viridi-
csneus, abdomen cupreum flavo maculatum, pedes fulvi,
antennce et femora fusca, proalis macula rotunda nigro-
fusca. Fem. cupreus, abdomen immaculatum, antennce
nigro-fuscce, j^roalis macula major pallidior.
Mas. — Caput viride, inter ocellos viridi-asneum : oculi ocellique
rufo-picei : maadibulae rufae : maxillae virides ; lucinioe fulvae :
MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM. 15
labium et palpi fusca ; ligula fiava : antennae fuscae ; articulus
1"^. fulvus ; 2"^ fusco-viridis : thorax viridis ; discus cupreo
varius : abdomen cupreum, medium ante flavo maculatum, apice
viridi-aeneum : pedes fulvi ; coxfe virides ; meso- et metafemora
et metatibise pallide fusca ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; protarsi ob-
scuriores : alae limpidae ; squamulce et nervi fulva ; stigma
minutum ; proalae cuique macula apud stigma rotunda nigro-
fusca.
Feni' — Caput cupreo-aeneum, antice viridi-aeneum: antennee nigro-
fuscae ; articulus 1"\ fulvus ; 2"^ viridi-feneus : thorax et abdo-
men cuprea, ejus discus obscurior, segmentum 1^™. micans viridi
varium : pedes fulvi ; coxae asneae ; femora fusco cingulata ; meso-
et metatarsi flavi, apice fulvi : alarum maculae quam mari majores
et pallidiores. (Corp. long. lin. \\ — Ig ; alar. lin. 2 — 2|.)
Var. 13. — Mas, caput viride : thorax teneo-viridis ; suturae cyaneo-
virides : metafemora et metatibiae obscure fusca.
Var. y. — Mas, femora et tibiae omnino fulva.
Var. L — Mas, Var. y. similis : thoracis suturae et metathorax
omnino cyaneo-viridia.
Var. f. — Mas, Var. y. similis : thorax aeneo-viridis ; mesothorax
cyaneo- viridi fasciatus.
Var. I,. — il/as, abdomen nigro-cupreum ; macula flava vix conspicua :
profemora fusco cingulata ; metafemora nigro-fusca.
Var. T), — Fe7n. caput et thorax viridi-aenea, ilium antice viride, ejus
scutum cupreum.
Var. 6. — Fem. caput viridi-aeneum, antice viride : femora nigro-
fusca ; metatibiae fuscae.
Var. t. — Fem. alarum maculae vix conspicuae.
Var. K. — Fem. caput et metathorax seneo-viridia.
May to September ; on beams of wood perforated by Ano-
biwn, ash-trees, ivy, &c. ; near London ; North Wales. Found
in Ireland by Mr. Haliday.
** Prothorax productus, antice angustus.
Genus Trigonoderus, Westwood.^
Mas. — Corpus squameum, fere glabrum : caput magnum, thorace
'^ Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag. and Journ. of Science. Third Series. Vol. I.
No. 2, p. 127.
IG MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
latius, antice non impressum : oculi extantes : antennae fili-
formes, pubescentes, 1 3-articulatse, corporis dimidio longiores ;
articuli 5°. ad lO^'". curtantes ; clava fusiforrais, acuminata, articulo
10,^. multo longior non latior : mandibulas quadratae ; una 4-den-
tata fere recta, dentes breves minuti subacuti ; altera 3-dentata
subarcuata, dens externus mediocris subacutus incurvus, 2"^. et
3*^*. lati minuti obtusi : maxillae breves ; lacinise longae, angustae,
acuminatge, lobatae ; palpi 4-articulati, subclavati, articuli 1^^. 2"^.
et 3"^. breves snbsequales, 4"*. longior fusiformis: labium breve,
obconicum ; ligula brevis, antice lata et ciliata ; palpi 3-articulati,
breves, crassi, articulus 1"^. mediocris, 2^^. brevissimus, 3^^. fusi-
formis 1°. longior: thorax longi-ovatus : segmenta optime deter-
minata : prothorax magnus, antice attenuatus : mesothoracis
scutum angustum ; parapsides discretae, extantes, convexse ;
scutellum angustum, obconicum : metathorax magnus ; scutellum
medio canaliculatum : abdomen cochleatum, planum, fere lieve,
thoracis longitudine, apicem versus latius ; segmenta 6 subaequalia
supra conspicua ; sexualia subexerta : pedes graciles, simplices,
subsequales : alse amplee ; nervus humeralis ramulum rejiciens
brevem, radialis cubitali triplo longior.
Fern. — Caput quam mari minus, breve, antice impressum : antennas
graciles, corporis dimidii longitudine, extrorsura vix crassiores ;
articuli 5°. ad 10"^™. curtantes, vix latescentes ; clava longi-ovata,
acuminata, articulo 10°. duplo fere longior vix latior : thorax
ovato fusiformis, quam mari angustior : abdomen lanciforme,
thorace longius, apicem versus acuminatum et attenuatum, subtus
carinatum et canaliculatum non angulatum nee compressum ;
segmenta dorsalia 7 conspicua, 1"™. 2"^™. et 3™^. brevia, 4"™.
longius, 5*1™. brevius, 6"™. 4°. longius, 1^"^. breve : oviductus ad
segment! 4'. apicem conspicuus, dum quietem agit occultus.
Sp. 1. Tri. pulcher. Fem. j^neo-viridis, abdomen cupreo
fasciatum, antenncB nigrcs, pedes rttfi, proalis macula suh-
lunaris fusca.
Caput viride : oculi ocellique rufo-picei : trophi rufi : antennae
nigrae ; articulus 1^^ flavus apice supra fuscus ; 2^^ viridi-seneus :
clava articulo 10". latior : gula flava : thorax aeneo-viridis :
abdomen viride, pubescens ; segmenta apice obscure cuprea :
pedes pallide rufi ; coxae virides ; meso- et metatarsi flavi ;
ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae sublimpidae, fusco obsolete nebulosse ;
squamulae et nervi obscure fulva ; stigma minutum ; proalae
MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDIIUM. 17
macula in cujusqiie disco sublunaris fusca. (Corp. long. lin.
2|— 2i ; alar. lin. 3i— 4.)
Var. /3. — Mesothorax viridi-aeneus.
June ; near London.
Sp. 2. Tri. filatus. Fem. P. pulchro gracilior, alee lon-
giores et angustiores. ^neo-viridis, abdomen viridi-
cupreum basi rufiim, antenncB nigrce, pedes rufi, j^roalis
macula fusca.
Caput cyaneo-viride : oculi ocellique rufo-picei : antennae nigrae ;
articulus 1"^ fulvus, apice fuscus : trophi rufi : thorax viridis,
hie et illuc aeneo-viridi varius : abdomen supra cupreum, subtus
viride fasciis cupreis, basi rufum ; segmentum 1™\ laete cyaneo-
viride ; 2"™. et sequentia basi utrinque viridia : pedes pallide
rufi; coxae virides ; meso- et metatarsi flavi ; ungues et pul villi
fusci : alae sublimpidae, fusco obsolete nebulos^ ; squamulae et
nervi obscure fulva ; stigma minutum ; proalae macula in cujusque
disco fusca. (Corp. long. lin. 2 — 2^ ; alar. lin. 2| — 3h-)
Var. /3. — Thorax omnino viridis : abdomen basi subtus tantum rufum :
metatarsi fusci.
Found near London.
Sp. 3. Tri. tristis. Fem. Prcecedenli similis, abdomen
brevius. ^neo-viridis, abdomen cupreum, antennce nigro-
picecB, pedes fulvi, proalis macula fusca.
Caput viride : oculi ocellique rufo-picei : antennae nigro-piceae ;
articulus 1"^ fulvus, apice fuscus ; 2"^. viridi-fuscus : thorax
aeneo-viridis : metathorax viridis : abdomen cupreum ; segmentum
1"™. cyaneum ; 2"™. et sequentia basi utrinque viridia: pedes
fulvi ; coxae virides ; metafemora supra viridi-fusca ; tarsi flavi,
apice fulvi ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae subfuscae ; squamulae
et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum ; proalae macula in cujusque
disco fusca. (Corp. long. lin. \\ ; alar. lin. If.)
Found near London.
Sp. 4. Tri. ductilis. Mas et Fem. Viridis aut ceneo-viridis,
cyaneo et cupreo varius, antennce nigrce, pedes fulvi, marl
femora fusca, alee limpidce.
Mas. — Viridis : caput, pro- et mesothoracis latera et metathorax
viridi-cyanea : oculi ocellique rufi: maxillae et labium viridia;
NO. I. VOL. IV. D
18 MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM.
palpi fusci : ligula et lacinijE flava : antennae nigrae, pilis albis
hirtse ; articuli P^. et 2"\ nigro-virides : gula flava : mesothoracis
segmentorum margines seneo-virides ; scutellum basi seneo-
cupreum : abdomen obsciire cupreum, apice etutrinque viridescens;
seofmentum 1"™. basi cyaneo-viride : sexualia flava : pedes fulvi ;
coxse virides ; femora et metatibia? supra fusca ; meso- et meta-
tarsi apice pallide fasci : alas limpidas ; squamulae et nervi obscure
fulva ; stigma minutum.
Fern. — Lsete viridis : antennis articulus 1"^. flavus: prothoracis
latera, mesothoracis paraptera et metathorax cyanea : mesothoracis
scutellum antice et postscutellum cuprea : abdomen aeneo-viride,
cupreo varium, apice pubescens ; segmentum 1""". viridi-cyaneum :
oviductus pallide fulvus ; vaginae nigrae : pedes pallide fulvi ;
tarsi flavi ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alis squamulae et nervi fulva.
(Corp. long. lin. li— 2i; alar. lin. If— 2|.)
Var. /3. — Mas, caput viride : mesothoracis scutellum et epimera
viridi-aenea : metathorax cyaneus.
Var- y. — Fern, caput cyaneum.
Var- 3. — Fern, mesothoracis scutum, epimera et postscutellum viridi-
aenea.
Var. e. — Fern, caput et mesothoracis epimera cyaneo-viridia : ab-
domen viridi-cyaneum; segmenta basi et apice aenea, P™.
cyaneum.
Var. t,. — Fern, capitis vertex cupreo varius : mesothoracis scutellum
cupreum : metathorax cyaneo-viridis.
Var. Tj. — Fem. thorax cyaneo-viridis : mesothoracis scutellum et
epimera aeneo-viridia, ilium antice cupreum : abdominis segmenta
2°. ad 7""^. viridia, basi et apice obscure aenea.
Var. d. — Fem. metafemora supra pallide viridi-fusca.
Var. I. — Var. 6. similis: metatibiae obscure fulvse.
Var. K. — Caput et thorax viridi-cyanea, ejus segmentorum margines
cupreo-aenei : antennis articulus 1"^ supra et apice fuscus.
Var. X. — Var. I. similis: corpus cyaneum: thoracis discus aeneo-
varius : abdominis segmenta basi obscure cuprea.
Var. fi.. — Caput cyaneo-viride : thorax aeneo-cupreus : abdomen
cupreum ; segmentum 1"™. cyaneo-viride ; 2"™. et sequentia
viridi-varia.
May and June ; on posts and beams of wood perforated by
Anobium, &c.
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 19
Sp. 5. Tri. affinis. Fern. T. ductilis similitudine, abdomen
hrevius. Viridi-ctiprevs cyaneo varius, antennce, obscure
fulvcv, pedes fulvi, femora J'usca, alee Umpidcs.
Caput viride : ociili ocellique rufi : antennae obscure fulvae ; arti-
culus 1"^. fulvus, apice fuscus ; 2"". viridi-fuscus : thorax cupreus :
prothorax et mesothoracis scutum utrinque viridi-cyanea : meta-
thorax viridis, utrinque cyaneus : abdomen cupreum ; segmenta
basi viridi-ajnea : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; femora et metatibiae
supra pallida fusca ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alae
limpidse : squamulse et nervi flava ; stigma fulvum, minutum.
(Corp. long. lin. 1|— 1§ ; alar. lin. If— 2|.)
Var. /3. — Capitis vertex viridi-asneus : mesothoracis scutellum,
paraptera et epimera viridi marginata : abdominis segmentura 1"™.
laete viride, cupreo varium ; 2"". et 3"'". basi viridia.
Var. y. — Prothorax et mesothoracis latera anteriora viridia : meta-
thorax cyaneo-viridis : abdomen cupreum ; segmentum 1"™. Isete
cyaueo-viride.
September; near London. North Wales.
Sp. 6. Tri. linearis. Fem. Viridi- cupreus, cyaneo varius,
T. ductili angustior, antennce obscure fuscce, pedes fulvi^
femora et nonnunquam metatibice fusca, alee sublimpidce.
Corpus longum, gracile : caput viride, antice cyaneum : oculi
ocellique rufi : antennae obscure fuscae ; articulus 1"^ fulvus,
apice fuscus : thorax viridis, antice utrinque cyaneo-viridis ;
discus aeneo-cupreus : abdomen cupreum, subtus aeneo-viride,
basi cyaneum : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; femora pallide fusca ;
meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alse sublimpidae ; squamulse
et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. lin. \\ — 1| ;
alar. lin. 1^—2.)
Var. (3. — Prothorax utrinque purpureo -cyaneus : abdomen basi
viride : femora fulvo fusca.
Var. y. — Var. /3. similis : antennae fuscse : thoracis discus aeneo-
viridis.
Var. d. — Thorax viridi-aeneus ; latera et metathorax viridia ; pro-
thorax utrinque purpureo -cyaneus : abdomen cupreum, basi
viride : metatibiae fuscae.
Found near London.
20 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
Sp. 7. Tri. amabilis. Fem. T. affinis staiura, alee angtis-
tiores. Viridi-cupreus, antenncB nigro-f usees, pedes fulviy
femora viridi-fusca, metaithi e fusco cingulata, alcsfidves-
centes.
Caput lajte viride : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigro-fuscas ;
articulus 1"^ fulvus, apice fuscus : thorax cupreus, utrinque
■ antice viridis : abdomen viridi-aeneuro ; segmentura 1"™. Isete
viride ; 2^™. et sequentia apice obscure cnprea : pedes fulvi ;
coxEe virides; femora viridi-fusca; metatibise fusco cingulatae ;
meso- et metatarsi apice fusci : alag fulvescentes ; squamulae et
nervi fulva ; stigma minutum, obscurius. (Corp. long. lin. \\ ;
alar. lin. 2.)
October ; near London.
Sp. 8. Tri. figuratus. Mas. Cupreus, T. ductilis statura,
anteimce nigrce, j)edes fulvi, femora fusco vittata, ales
subfulvescentes aut limpidce.
Caput aeneo-viride : oculi ocellique rufo-picei : antennae nigrae ;
articuli 1^^. et 2"^ nigro- virides : thorax cupreus ; latera et meta-
thorax viridi-aenea : abdomen nigro -cupreum, basi cupreum,
medio obsolete fulvum : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; femora fusco
vittata ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice pallide fusci : alae sub-
fulvescentes ; squamuluL' et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum. (Corp.
long. lin. 1 — 15 ; alar. lin. 1^ — 2.)
Var, jj. — Caput viride : abdomen basi virldi-asneum : alse limpidae.
Var. 7. — Far, fi . similis : tibiae flavse.
Found near London.
Sp. 9. Tri. deductor. Mas. T. ductili nimis affinis at ob-
scurior et scepissime multo minor. Viridi-cupreus cyaneo
varius, antenncB nigrce, pedes fulvi, femora et nonnunquam
tibice fusca, al<s subfusccB aut sublimpidce.
Caput viride : oculi ocellique rufo-picei : antennae nigrae ; articuli
lus_ et 2"^ virides : thorax cupreus, antice et utrinque viridis ;
prothoracis latera cyanea : abdomen nigro-cupreum ; segmentum
1"'". basi osneo-viride : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; femora viridi-
fusca ; metatibiae pallide fuscae : proalse subfusca? ; squamulae
et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum ; metalre sublimpida. (Corp.
long. lin. 1 — \\ ; alar. lin. 1^ — 1|.)
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 21
Var. /3. — Metathorax viridis.
Var. y. — Metatibiae obscure fulvae.
Var. h. — Caput viridi-cyaneum.
Var. £. — Pro- et mesotibias basi fulvo-fuscae.
Var. ^. — Thorax viridis, antice utrinque cyaneum.
Var. 7). — Minutus : abdomen omnino cupreum : pro- et mesotibia)
fusco fulvae.
Var. 6. — Thorax viridis, utrinque viridi-cyaneus : mesothoracis
scutellum viridi-aeneum : proalae sublimpidae.
Var. I. — Caput, pro- et metathorax obscure viridia : mesothorax
cupreus : abdomen nigro-cupreum : tibiae omnes fuscse.
Var. K. — Thorax cupreus, utrinque viridis : aire sublimpidae.
Var. X. — Thorax obscure aeneo-viridis : alae sublimpidae.
Found near London.
Sp. 10. Tri. elegans. Mas. Obscure viridis, prcecedentibus
gracilior, abdomen nigro-cupreum, antenna nigrce, pedes
fusco-fulvi, ales fuscce.
Corpus gracile : caput obscure viride, postice aeneo-viride : oculi
ocellique rufo-picei : antennae nigrae ; articuli 1"^. et 2"^. nigro-
virides : thorax obscure viridis, aeneo varius : abdomen nigro-
cupreum, basi obscure viride: pedes fusco-fulvi; coxae virides ;
tarsi et protibiae fulva : alae fuscje : squamulae et nervi fulva ;
stigma minutum ; metalae pallidiores. (Corp. long. lin. 1 1 — 1 \ ;
alar. lin. 1|— 2.)
Var. [i. — Thorax omnino viridis : abdomen basi viridi-jeneum :
femora viridi-fusca.
Found near London.
Sp. n. Tri. obscurus. Fem. /Eneo-viridis, abdomen
cupreo varimn, antennce nigra, pedes fusci, femora nonnun-
quam viridia, al(B sub-fuscce, proalce infumatce.
Caput viridi-cyaneum: oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrae;
articuli 1^^. et 2"^. aeneo-virides : thorax aeneo-viridis : meso-
thoracis scutellum cupreum : metathorax viridis : abdomen
cupreum ; segmentum 1"™. laete viride, cupreo varium ; 2^^^".
3""*. et 4'^™. utrinque viridi-cyanea : oviductus rufus : pedes
fiilvi ; coxae virides ; femora fusca ; tibiae fulvo-fuscae ; protarsi
22 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
obscure fulvi ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci : alse subfuscae ;
squamulse et nervi fiisca ; stigma minutum; proalae cujusque
discus infumatus. (Corp. long. lin. If — 2| ; alar. lin. 2i — 85.)
Far. ft. — Thorax viridis ; scutellum viridi - seneum : abdominis
segmentum 1"™. cyaneum : femora viridi-fusca ; tibiae fuscse.
Var. 7. — Far. ft. similis: abdomen viridi-cyaneum ; segmenta apice
cuprea ; 1"™. micans, cupreo varium.
Far. c. — Far. ft. similis : protarsi fusci : meso- et metatarsi obscure
fulvi.
Far. E. — Thorax asneo-viridis : tibiae et protarsi fulva : meso- et
metatarsi pallidiores.
Far. 'C. — Far. ft. similis: meso- et metatarsi fusci, basi fulvi.
May, August, and September ; near London ; Devonshire.
Sp. 12. Tri. contemptus. Fern. T. ohscuro qffiuis at breiior
et latior. /Eneo-viridis, abdominis discus ctipreus, an-
tennce iiigrce, pedes ferruginei, femora extus fusca, ales
subfusc(B.
Caput viride : oculi ocellique rufo-picei : antennae nigrae ; articulus
1"^. fiilvus, apice viridi-fuscus : thorax viridi-asneus : pro thorax
utrinque viridis : mesothoracis scutellum cupreo varium ; abdo-
men viride, cupreo varium ; discus cupreus : pedes ferruginei ;
coxse virides ; femora extus fusca ; genua fulva ; meso- et meta-
tarsi basi flavi, apice fusci : alse subfuscze ; squamulae et nervi
obscure fulva ; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. lin. 2 ; alar.
lin. 3.)
Found at New Lanark, Scotland.
Sp. 13. Tri. atrovirens. Fem. T. obscuro gracilior et
obscurior. Nigro-viridis, abdomen cupreum, antennce nigro-
fuscce, pedes fusci, alee sublimpidce.
Corpus gracile : caput obscure viride : oculi ocellique rufo-picei ;
antennae nigro-fuscse ; articulus I"*, viridi-fuscus : thorax obscure
viridis : metathorax cyaneo-viridis : abdomen obscure cupreum,
subtus et basi viridi-cyaneum: pedes fusci; coxae virides; femora
supra viridi-fusca ; meso- et metatarsi basi fulvi : ala; sub-
limpidje ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum. (Corp.
long. lin. Ig ; alar. lin. 1|.)
Found near London.
MONOGRAPHIA CII ALCIDITUM. 23
Sp. 14. Tri. dolosus. Mas et Fem. Cupreus, thoracis latera
viridia aid cyanea, antenncR mari nigrcs, fem. nigro-picecv,
pedes fulvo-fusci, alcB limpidcB.
Mas. — Caput obscure viride : oculi ocellique rufo-picei : antennae
nigrse ; articuli I"'*, et 2"^. virides : thorax viridi-seneus : pro-
thorax utrinque viridi-cyaneus : mesothoracis latera anteriora et
metathorax viridia : abdomen nigro-cupreum, basi nitentius :
sexualia fusca : pedes fulvi ; coxae seneo-virides ; femora fusco-
senea ; metatibiae fuscse ; meso-et metatarsi basi flavi : alee limpidae;
squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum.
Fem. — Caput viride: antennae nigro-piceae ; articuli 1"^. et 2"^ aenei :
thorax cupreus ; latera anteriora cyaneo viridi et purpureo varia :
metathorax laete viridis, utrinque purpureus : abdomen nigro-
cupreum, basi viride. (Corp. long. lin. 1 — 15 ; alar. lin. 14 —
U.)
Var. /3. — Fem. caput cyaneo-viride : antennae pallidiores ; articulus
1"^ seneus, basi et subtus fulvus : meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice
fusci.
Var. y. — Fem. metathorax cyaneus : mesotibiae fuscae.
Found near London.
Sp. 15. Tri. hirticornis. Mas. Thorax quam prcBcedenti-
bus hrevior, proalis nervus cubitalls radiali angulum obtu-
sioremjingens. Cupreus cyaneo varius, antennce nigro-picece
hirtce, pedes fusci, tarsi flavi, alee limpidce.
Caput et thorax cuprea : oculi et ocellique rufi : antennae nigro-
picese, pilis fulvis hirtae ; articuli 1"^ et 2"^ virides : prothorax,
metathorax et mesothoracis latera cyanea : abdomen nigro-
cupreum : pedes fusci ; coxae virides ; femora viridi-fusca ;
protarsi fulvi ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : ala3 limpidae ;
squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. lin.
I— |; alar.-lin. l—\\.)
Var. /3. — Caput cyaneum : prothoracis discus cupreus.
Found near London.
Genus — Isosoma.
Isos. vacillans. Mas. I. longulo j^ciullo validius, antenna
et alee latiores.
Atrum : Eurytomcc speciebus nonnullis simillimum : antennae cor-
poris dimidio longiores : prothoraci macula utrinque rufa, minima :
24 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
genua et tarsi picea : alse fere limpidse ; nervi nigro-fusci. (Corp.
long. lin. If ; alar. lin. 2^)
May ; on grass in woods ; near London.
Isos. brevicolle, (Haliday.) Mas. Prcecedenti simile at va-
lidius, antenncs crassiores, aim latiores.
Atrum : antennae latce, corporis dimidio paullo longiores : abdomen
thorace brevius, fere planum : tarsi nigri : alae limpidse ; nervi
picei, (Corp. long. lin. 1| ; alar lin. 22.)
Found on sand-hills^ at Port Marnock, by Mr. Haliday.
Isos. brevipenne. Fem. I. angustato similis, alts hreviores,
angustiores.
Atrum, angustum : abdomen thoracis longitudine : genua et tarsi
picea : alse subfuscse, breves, angustae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long,
lin. 1 ; alar. lin. 1.)
Found near London.
Genus — Euryto
MA.
Eur. fumipennis. Mas et Fem. Atra, tarsi ruji, alee
fusccB.
Mas. — Antennae graciles, corporis dimidio multo longiores : genua
rufa : alarum nervi picei.
Fem. — Multo brevior et latior. (Corp. long. lin. 1| — 1| ; alar. lin.
June ; Windsor Forest. New Forest, Hampshire.
Genus — Decatoma.
Dec. mesomelas. Fem. Flava, anteniice metathorax abdo-
minisque dorsum nigra, alee limpidce, macula apud stigma
quadrata minima.
D. mellea brevior : caput inter ocellos et postice nigro-varium :
oculi picei : ocelli rufi : antennae apice piceae ; articulus 1^^
flavus : mesothoracis scutum antice utrinque nigrum : ungues et
pulvilli picei : alis nervi flavi, maculae fuscje. (Corp. long, lin.
l—lj; alar. lin. 1|— U-)
June ; oak woods, at Lara in the county of Wicklow ; Mr.
Haliday. July; near London.
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 25
Dec. flavicornis. Mas et Fem. D. planae similitudine, an-
te tmce Jlavce. J.
Nigra : oculi ocellique piceo-rufi : antennae flavae ; articuli 2"^. 3"^.
et mari 1"'. quoque pieei : fem, caput antice et prothorax utrinque
flava : petiolus apice fulvus : pedes picei ; trochanteres genua et
tarsi flava : alae limpidae ; nervi flavi ; maculae sublunatee fuscne,
apud stigma quadratae obscuriores. (Corp. long. lin. | — 1 ; alar,
lin. 1— 1|.)
June ; oak woods, at Lara in the county of Wicklow ; Mr.
Haliday.
Dec. aspilus. Fem. Nigra, subtiis fulva, ales immaculatcB.
Caput antice et subtus fulvum : oculi ocellique piceo-rufi : thorax
subtus fulvus : prothoracis latera fulvo varia : abdomen subtus
fulvum, basi supra utrinque fulvo maculatum : pedes fulvi ; femora
et tibiae nigro cingulata : alee limpidas ; nervi flavi, ad costam ob-
scuriores. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. 1|.)
June; Isle of Wight.
Genus — Callimome.
Call, rudis. Fem. C. quadricolori similis at angustior, an-
tenncB quoque et pedes graciliora.
Viridis, parum nitens : caput inter ocellos mesothoracisque scutum
viridi-senea : oculi ocellique rufi: palpi flavi: antennae nigrae ; arti-
culus 1"^. flavus : abdomen nigro-aeneum, basi fulvum : oviductus
abdomine dimidio longior : alse fuscae ; nervi concolores ; stigma
parvum. (Corp. long. lin. I5 ; alar. lin. 2.)
June; near London.
Call. Angelicas. Fem. C. Geranii colorihus at trientis tan-
tum magnitudine.
Torymus abdorainalis ? Boheman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad.
Handl. fdr ar 1833.—'' Habi-
tat in Smolandia ad Anneberg
rarius."
Viridis, nitens, subtus cyaneo-viridis : caput et mesothorax viridi-
aenea : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus I"^ flavus, apice supra
NO. I. VOL. IV. E
26 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
fuscus : gula flava : abdomen cnpreo-seneum ; segmentum 1""^.
flavum, basi viride : oviductus corporepaullo brevior : pedes flavi ;
meso- et metatarsis traminei, apice fusci : alie limpidte ; nervi flavi ;
stigma concolor, minimum. fCorp. long. lin. 1 — Ij ; alar. lin.
n-m-
Far. 13. — Mesothorax viridis.
Far. y. — Metapedum femora et tibiae fulva.
Found by Mr. Haliday, on Amjelica sylvesiris, at Holy-
wood, in Ireland.
Art. II. — Wanderings and Ponderings of an Insect-Hunter.
SERIES THE SECOND,
Chapter I.
[The Insect-Hunter speaketh of Darenth and Greenhithe.]
When I awoke the sun was high in the heaven. My com-
panion of yesterday was gone ; he had been out for hours. I had
never before been on the spot ; I knew nothing of the ground ;
however, I marched up the lane, and entered the wood. In
this lane, be it recorded, I took Drilus flavescens and heptura
6-guttata, besides a great number of Criorhina oxycanthce,
which till now I had never seen, and I well recollect how
much I was struck by their velvety backs and beautiful
appearance. Almost immediately on entering the wood there
is a high sandy bank to the left ; when I now first saw this
bank, the beams of a cloudless sun fell full upon it, and
the bees were at work mining it in all directions. I soon
scrambled up nearly to the top. The black AnthopJiora
was throwing the loose sand behind her from an exquisitely
round hole, which she was digging with all her energies,
whilst her white-nosed partner was pendulizing over and
about her like a sentinel on guard. The sand-wasps were
flitting about and entering their burrows, and the gorgeous
I
OF AN INSECT HUNTER. 27
golden wasps were eagerly running over the whole surface
of the bank, going in antl out of the various holes in search
of some occupants by which they might insidiously deposit
their eggs.
After surveying this lively scene for some time, making
an occasional capture of a brilliant Chrysis, I turned round,
and saw three of that elegant butterfly, Paphia, sailing round
in circles beneath me, their spotted wings shone on, and
brightened by, a most glowing sun. I thought I had never
seen any thing more lovely. They were beautifully fresh,
and perhaps had that very morning burst from the chrysalis,
and were for the first time essaying their powers of flight.
By patient waiting, and much labour, I made them all my
own, and then regretted my success ; they did not appear
half so beautiful when pinned in a collecting box as when
sailing on sunshine in the full enjoyment of their liberty.
Well does Crabbe call this butterfly a " silvery queen ;" he
surely was an entomologist.
Leaving this bank, the heat of which began to be almost
unbearable, I struck more deeply into the wood, delighted
beyond measure at the infinite diversity of insect forms which
filled my boxes ; at last, after the lapse of many hours spent
in racing after every insect I saw on the wing, I found
myself completely tired out; I was in a heat approaching
to fever ; hungry and thirsty to an extreme ; and, last and
not least, I had no knowledge whatever of the way, nor
knew I by which path I came into the wood, or by which
path I could get out. I sat down and pondered. What,
thought I, is the most rational course I can pursue? it is
three o'clock, the sun must be getting south-west ; there must
be the north, and if I march through the wood northward,
without turning right or left, I must, before long, reach the
Dover road; the river cannot be many miles to the north
of me, and the Dover road must be between me and the
river. Keeping this arrangement of localities constantly in
view saved me from a hungry night in the woods, which,
had there been no sun, I should probably have endured.
I proceeded till the country opened before me ; a corn-field
appeared on the right, and a-head of me were fields and
woods, and the placid Thames, speckled with vessels. Cross-
ing a lane, in which I took some half-dozen of the beautiful
28 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
little scarlet frog-hopper, Cercopis vulnerata, I entered a
chalk-pit, a very little chalk-pit, bilt a very productive one ;
here I took among other insects that pleased me exceedingly,
a whole row of the brilliant beetle Cryj^tocephalus lineola,
and from a dead snake I pi'ocured a multitude of carrion-
beetles of all sorts and sizes. I reached Greenhithe as the
sun was setting, and procured the needful restoratives.
Greenhithe is a remarkable place: its immense chalk-pits
strike the beholder with wonder; what labour must there
not have been in the excavation ! a town of considerable
magnitude, with its churches, tall spires, and stately towers,
might be concealed therein from the passer by. As it is,
numerous cottagers have settled there, have fenced in their
garden, and cultivated fields of corn. The view over these
pits from above, the precipitous steepness and the tortuous
margin of their banks, and the broad Thames flowing beyond
them, cannot fail to arrest the notice and attract the admiration
of the most cursory beholder, while their contents amply repay
the entomologist. The finest view is from the corner nearest
to Gravesend, almost close to the turnpike-road. Crossing
the road at this spot, into a scrubby, bushy kind of meadow,
you are on the almost sole locality within many miles of
London of the spider orchis, Ophrys aranifera ; it is every
year found here in the early spring, but botanists have pursued
it with such vigour that it is now nearly exterminated. In the
chalk-pits Ophrys anthropophora, and many other Orchidea,
are very abundant.
Chapter II.
[The Insect-Hunter at Paris; he visiteth the Jardin du Roi ; he commenteth
thereon ; he returneth to England by night, and pondereth by the way.]
In London the collector of insects is supposed, at least by
the many, to be insane : in Paris it is quite the reverse — he
is considered a philosopher. The Insect- Hunter was not only
respected, but met with every assistance. The year had
moved onwards ; it was September ; and Lathonia was flying
in swarms in that most elegant, most sentimental, most tasty,
OF AN INSECT HUNTER. 29
and most French of all cemeteries, P^re-la-Chaise. The
Champs de Mars was alive with GryUidcB. The Champs
Elysees and Bois de Boulogne abounded in autumnal insects.
In the garden of the Tuileries, flying about the China-asters,
was the deep blue Xylocopa, This bee never comes into our
colder, damper island. Be it also noticed that the China-
asters in the garden of the Tuileries are magnificent ; but at
all seasons these gardens are a blaze of bloom ; but let us pass
to the Jardin du Roi. Here science seemed to predominate
over beauty.
Our Zoological Gardens are the nearest approach that this
country has ever made to the Jardin du Roi at Paris ; but
there is a difference between them that time will never remove.
The Jardin du Roi has the various merits of the Zoological
Gardens, the Botanical Garden at Chelsea, the British Museum,
and the Museum of the College of Surgeons, united in one.
In Regent's Park the garden is a pretty garden, and the
flowers are pretty ; and in this an approach is made to the
garden of the Tuileries, but only an approach — the orange
trees, the marble basin, the tasty fountain, the elegant statues,
the efiect, the tout ensemble, is wanting. In the Jardin du
Roi there is no attempt at beauty, but every attention paid to
science. The plants are arranged, and in accuracy of nomen-
clature are above, far above, an Insect-Hunter's praise, and
far above his comprehension. If we compare the live stock,
the English collection scarcely equals the French ; the feline
animals with us are very inferior. But our giraffes, our four
giraffes ! I had forgotten them. Certainly mine eyes never
before beheld a sight so splendid : the graceful, snake-like
flexibility of those long necks, and the statue-like repose of
their usual attitude, are alike superb, and are worth a menagerie
of lions and tigers. Throughout this vast and comprehensive
establishment (the Jardin des Plantes) there appears to be
every endeavour to place the animals in a situation as near
to a state of nature as possible ; they all look exceedingly
healthy, clean, and in good condition, and the greatest possible
space consistent with safety is allowed them. Much care has
been exercised also in the feeding department. It has been
ascertained that some of the carnivorous animals are most
healthy, and most inclined to increase in bulk, if only fed once
in several days. The jaguar is an animal remarkable for the
30 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
excess of this peculiar power, and will eat at a single meal
sufficient to support him for a week. In the wild solitudes of
which he is a native, he probably is equally abstemious during
the time of repletion. The cage system for the feline animals
exists here as elsewhere ; it would be evidently dangerous to
keep them in any other way. Day after day the Insect-Hunter
visited this interesting place, and always found something new,
something worthy of observation, that had before escaped him.
He could almost have been willing to take up his abode in
Paris for the pleasure of continually visiting the Jardin
du Roi.
Sunday in Paris every one knows is a complete holiday. A
few of the Parisians go to mass in the morning, and only a
few, but in these few there is more appearance of sincere reli-
gion than we even meet with in our large congregations. The
attenders of mass, however, are generally of the working
classes : the lowest tribe of mechanics, or people from the
country — men in blue frocks, and women in the high caps of
Normandy and Bretagne. These people are scattei'ed about
the churches, kneeling most devoutly on the cold stones. In
the afternoon all is gaiety. In September, during three suc-
cessive Sundays, is a fair at St. Cloud. Thither the Insect-
Hunter repaired, mixed in the scene, and enjoyed it with the
rest. A person of the name of Charles was in the crowd,
moving continually from place to place ; staying for a moment
before the beautiful water-works, then surveying the young-
sters who rode in the wooden roundabouts. Charles ap-
proached the Insect-Hunter, who pressed forward to see
him. " A bas les chapeaux ! " shouted the gigantic Swiss
mercenaries. There was Charles, and a little laughing boy in
the costume of a colonel of guards, and a sweet, smiling woman
holding the latter, that he might not fall out of the carriage.
These three persons, a king, a prince, and a duchess, have since
that time risen into notice, have played a conspicuous part in
the politics of the day, have disappeared, and are forgotten.
Sic transit gloria mmidi !
France is a merry nation, a restless nation, a dancing nation.
Of all people the Insect-Hunter has seen, the French dance
the best, and walk the worst. The grace with which the
peasants and the lower class of tradespeople dance beneath
the fine old trees at St. Cloud is unequalled by any class
OF AN INSECT HUNTER. 31
in England. Judging from appearances, I should say, the
French women never attempt to diminish the natural size of
the waist ; and this freedom allows the elegance and elasticity
of the frame to display itself advantageously. Nature is seldom
improved by alteration ; deformity may be concealed, I grant,
but the alteration of a symmetrical form induces deformity :
an unnaturally slender waist is, in my opinion, as great a
deformity as a hump back.
Dear reader, I know very well this has little to do with
entomology, but you must not suppose that I can write on and
on always on the same subject. Nobody ever got any thing
by playing on one string except Paganini. I shall be very
entomological by and by ; but I must have my talk out on any
subject that comes uppermost. Well ! the netted gates of
Paris opened to receive the " cuckoo " that brought back the
Insect-Hunter from St. Cloud. He alighted, and strolling
through the Place Louis XV. entered the garden of the
Tuileries by moonlight. The mass of palaces rose before me
against a cloudless sky ; old, and in my opinion ugly, is the
whole mass, but interesting and noble, and by moonlight
somewhat imposing. We say that in London the monarch has
no residence worthy of a king ; for my own part, I think Paris
little better off in this respect. If a Frenchman should whisper,
" Versailles," I reply " Windsor : " one is as much in London
as the other in Paris.
From Calais you start at a certain time of tide, let the hour
be what it may, or the wind blow as it pleases. It was mid-
night, and the wind having blown hard several days there was
a heavily rolling sea. The steamer started, and as the wheels
dashed aside the waves, they seemed to kindle into light ; it
became a sea of fire. I leaned over the vessel's side, and thus
I pondered : — " Now for a lecture of the luminosity of the
ocean." Gentle reader, no such thing. The " luminosity of
the ocean " and the " humming in the air " are favourite
themes, I know, and therefore I should perhaps be pardoned
if I were to scribble a few " conjectures " on these subjects ;
but they have neither at present happened to disturb my peace
of mind ; I have never looked on them as riddles. While the
countless tribes of summer are a-wing, why should we imagine
it mysterious that there is a humming in the air ? While
multitudes of luminous atoms inhabit the ocean, why should it
32 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
be strange that the ocean itself is luminous ? If the pseudo-
philosophers were to manage their wonder aright, they would
temper it with adoration rather than sophistry.
Chapter III.
[The Insect-Hunter becometh an Author.]
Shortly after my return from France I became an author,
a very important era in a man's existence, and one not likely
to be forgotten. It was the practice occasionally to read
original essays at the meetings of the Entomological Club,
(which had not then a Magazine of its own,) and I composed
and read my maiden essay. I was recommended to publish
it, and with considerable coyness I consented. A mutual
friend, a sort of stepping-stone in the wide gulf between
me and the great editor of a magazine, undertook to hand it
to the latter personage. Shall I ever forget the next magazine-
day? with what impatience I hastened to Paternoster-row —
with what glee I laid out three shillings and sixpence — with
what tremor I cut the leaves, with what eagerness I skimmed
over the whole number without any previous reference to the
" contents " — with what disappointment I found that my con-
tribution had been omitted ! Another magazine-day came and
went in like manner ; a third, and a fourth, and still my
invaluable contribution did not see the light ; fourteen shillings
had been laid out in the hopes of having my vanity gratified,
and I began to feel cool on the subject, and resolved not to
buy any more. It is the right way to be indifferent; the
number which I did not buy contained my essay, or rather a
portion of it. The editor had cut it in pieces at the paragraphs,
and published about half the paragraphs in a lump as a com-
plete article ; the remainder served as occasional stopgaps for
the next twelvemonth. By this sage device the connexion, or
rather the brains, were completely knocked out of my essay;
and proud as we always are of our own performances, I must
confess I think mine far below par. I have since wished a hun-
dred times that it had been burnt by the editor rather than thus
OF AN INSECT HUNTER. S3
mutilated ; but it was my first-born, and I read and re-read it
with infinite complacency, although it was so altered I could
scarcely myself understand it : this was my first attempt with
the public.
CHAPTER IV.
[The Insect-Hunter visiteth Wales. Black Mountain. Llanthony.]
Seven years had rolled over the head of the Insect-Hunter
since his first wanderings in Darenth Wood — seven whole
years — a large portion of human life ! And what had I
been doing ? Creating myself enemies. I had written myself
into fame. I was feared by many, yet feared none ; I was
hated by many, yet hated none ; I was persecuted by many,
yet persecuted none. Reader, if thou art not an author,
resolve never to be one. Of all parts that we can play in this
world, that of an honest author is the most dangerous. It
were better for an honest man never to write. I look upon
it as a thing impossible for a man to write honestly and not
give offence. After the offence is taken comes the retort — the
revenge : a passage misquoted, a fact mistated, and a thou-
sand other petty annoyances. Sometimes the same attack,
clothed in various language, defiles half a dozen different
periodicals. Honesty has no remedy for this : it cannot wield
the same weapons.
Such were my ponderings as I traversed the lofty ridges of
the Black Mountain for the fourth time in the summer of 1835.
Far as the eye could reach there was no trace of the handy-
work of man, — nothing but one wild, boundless waste of
heather, interspersed with the bright young green of the
whortleberry, the blossoms of which were the resort of
myriads of bees. That fine humble bee, Bombus regelationis,
was in tolerable abundance ; and from the rapidity of its flight,
and the inequalities of the ground, gave us much trouble and
amusement in its capture. I should have explained that I was
not now alone. I had two companions, — one the dreader of
no. I. VOL. IV. F
34 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
dogs, the cynopbobist before described, the name of the other
appears in your Magazine, and I do not care to repeat it here —
I will call him the grouse-shooter. The high ridges of the
Black Mountain, more especially those which stretch out
like promontories towards the town of Hay, are in a state
of perpetual moisture. Thousands of little ponds, or maun-
pits, varying from five to thirty yards in circumference, are
scattered over the surface of the ground. The water is per-
fectly clear ; but being, I suppose, strongly impregnated with
iron, it stains every thing immersed in it with a bright rust-
coloured tint. Each pond has generally six to eighteen
inches of water, and three to five feet of the blackest mud.
I took Colymbetes collaris in great abundance in these ponds.
It was very pretty to watch them paddling about on the mud,
at the bottom of the water, and rising occasionally to the
surface to renew their bubble of air. So luxuriant has been
the growth of the heath, Calluna vulgaris more especially,
that the masses of it not unfrequently completely met over
those little pools, hiding them from the sight; and in pur-
suing the rapid bees, {Botnbi,) it was by no means uncommon
for one or the other of us suddenly to disappear in one of the
pitfalls ; and in answer to the halloos of his comrades, for —
" Though lost to sight, to memory dear,''
he would slowly emerge, dripping with wet, and plastered with
mud.
We took little in the way of entomological rarities, with the
exception of the Bomhus above-mentioned, and a single speci-
men of Hadena glauca : we found a very large female of the
Emperor moth, which I mention, as proving its being an inha-
bitant of these high grounds. The red grouse is abundant on
this mountain, and is carefully preserved; they rise with a
strong and rapid whirr, stretch out the neck to an extreme
length, and almost invariably utter their peculiar call when on
the wing. After traversing the mountain four hours, in a
somewhat southerly direction, we arrived at a rude hut, built
of rough stout stones, piled together in a most careless manner.
I believe this was formerly used as a resting-place by the grouse
shooters, or a refuge for them in storms, but it is now too
ruinous to shelter any human being. Just below this hut rises
a stream of the most delicious water, as clear as crystal ; and
OF AN INSECT HUNTER. 35
as the grouse shooter was provided with that article commonly
called a pocket pistol, containing mountain dew, we thought
we could not do better than seat ourselves on some large flat
stones by the stream, and diluting the mountain dew with the
mountain stream, refresh ourselves with the mixture. While
seated, and quietly smoking our cigars, (strike that out, Mr.
Editor, if you please,) numbers of a small black Telephorus
crawled over our clothes — I believe it is T. j^tUiops ; and a
single specimen of that very common fly Eristalis vulpinus
hovered over us, and settled on a dry stone in the middle of
the tiny stream ; and this identical feat he persevered in for at
least fifty times ; at last I caught him in my bag-net, reasoned
with him on the risk he ran, and throwing him up in the air,
was amused to see him settle again on the very same stone.
The sight, or even the vivid remembrance of particular spots,
brings to mind almost invariably particular conversations which
have occurred there. I well recollect a remarkable instance of
this. I travelled outside a coach, a journey of about thirty-five
miles, with a most agreeably talkative companion, and returned to
London with eleven other outsides, but perfectly alone. Well,
every morsel of the conversation was brought to mind at the
precise place at which it had been uttered. In the present
instance, the very circumstance of writing in this chit-chatty
way about the streamlet on the Black Mountain recalls more
forcibly to my mind a remarkable history which was related on
the spot by the grouse shooter : it was the history of the
Dragon of Mordiford, and will range more properly further
on. I will entitle a chapter " Legends of Lugge."
The tale was told ; the Insect-Hunter and his companions
resumed their way and their occupation, and walked on and on
over the almost interminable mountain, leaving the heights of
Macnamara, with their snow-filled defiles, far to the right.
We noticed frogs of an enormous size, exceeding by more
than one half any I have seen elsewhere ; the colours on their
backs were peculiarly varied and vivid, and beneath they were
beautifully red. Elaier cuiyreus abounded occasionally on
tufts of long grass which marked the presence of some little
spring. There was no butterfly of any rarity from one end
of the mountain to the other; abundance of the little Parn-
philus, and occasionally a specimen of Napi, were all that
we saw. Geometra atomaria was flying in great abundance ;
36 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
and Dolerus niger was on every blade of grass. The surface
of the mountain became dry and sohd as we advanced, without
pools or springs, occasionally without heath, and with scarcely
any vegetation, the ground being strewn with loose stones.
Under these we hunted for beetles, but without success.
A magnificent valley, the Vale of Ewias, was now opening
before us, and the beautiful and abrupt rock with which it ter-
minates became distinctly visible ; at last, about five o'clock in
the afternoon, we looked down on the giant ruins of Llan-
thony, the hoped-for haven in which to obtain food and rest.
We found the descent most wearisome and tedious ; at last,
with slipping, and sliding, and tumbling, I grew quite dis-
heartened, and sat down ; when, lo and behold, the effect was
like a ship-launch, — oiF I went as a vessel from the stocks ;
and, seeing my advantage, I held my legs clear of the ground,
waved my insect-net in the air, and trusting to chance for a
rudder, proceeded with incredible rapidity, cheered by the
diminishing shouts of my receding companions. The turf of
this slope is short and smooth, but abounds rather too much
with a species of thistle (called, I believe, Carduus acaulis,)
to be very comfortable for this mode of progression.
When my companions at last reached me, I was catching
Melitcea Euphrosyne in a beautiful meadow enamelled with
flowers — a meadow which extended to the very walls of
Llanthony.
Llanthony is one of those speaking monuments of the olden
time, that assure us not only of the wealth but of the taste of
the Romish church in days that are by-gone. It stands in the
very bosom of the Black Mountain, the enormous and rounded
masses of which rise on its every side. Luckily this beautiful
spot has no road approaching it sufficiently macadamised to
admit the passage of the luxurious vehicle of the opulent ruin-
hunter ; it is not, therefore, and never can be, the rage of the
tourist. Few, very few, have seen it ; few, very few, know of
its existence. A portion of the Abbey is converted into an
inn : what was perchance a buttery is now a kitchen, and what
was a jovial lay brother is now (if Pythagoras conjectures
aright) a jovial landlord, the incarnation of mirth and good
humour ; he may perhaps have passed the years intervening
between the states of priest and publican as a fox, a bee, and
a raven, being all the time a free wanderer over the scenes in
OF AN INSECT HUNTER.
37
which he still delights. He spread the table for the Insect-
Hunter and his friends. The venison pasty, the brown ale,
the sack, and Rhenish, were produced and despatched ; at
least, let me say, viands and diluents which stood in the stead
of these. Then the party rose, and leaving the buttery,
entered the grand, but roofless hall ; they passed along its
whole length in silence, and beneath that spacious arch they
turned to gaze upon its beauty. The moon was up, and
threw an unclouded blaze of light into the interior, silvering
the velvet turf, which now, instead of marble, floored the hall.
They stood silently in the black shadow of the arch — and their
silence was expressive — it told how deeply they were im-
pressed with the beauty of the scene.
There is something far more satisfying in the silent gaze of
admiration, even though in the presence of those whose voices
and whose words have at other times delighted us, than in the
most appropriate expressions talent could devise or feeling
suggest.
38 HALIDAY ON
Art. III. — Essay on Parasitic Hynicnoptera.
By A. H. Haliday, M. A.
{Continued from Vol. III. page 147.)
Gen. X. — RoGAs.
Palpi maxillares 6-articulati ; lahiales ^-articulati. Man-
dibulcB prominulcB apice videntiilce, a clypei margine con-
cavo distantes, interjectd rima fere circidari. Lahruni
inflexum trigonum. Occiput marginatum. Alfe anticcE
areola disci-antica remota. Ala postica nervo recurrente
disci ducta {mode non omnibus-)
Adnot. — Neesii ab Esenbeckio Monographia Ichneumonidum Adsci-
torum, opus summopere desideratum cujus autem expectatio spem
fidemque promissorum jam paene eluserat, inter alia studia prae-
clari auctoris omissum et abjectum fuisse ssepe dolebam, quum
praeludia ista evolverem quibus ille lustris abhinc quinque Acta
Bevolinensia ditaverat. Eo gratius afFulsit nuper opus illud de
novo instauratum, castigatum, plurimis auctum, quibus subsidiis
Ichneumonologia Europsea absoluta quodammodo fuisse videbatur.
Quod 6 manibus nondum perfrixerat, — et ecce Wesmaelius hujus
vestigia premeus protulet Monographiam Braconidarum Belgi-
corum, industriae, solertise, judicii monumentum amplissimum.
Vir inclytus a Methodo Neesii, et recentiorum fere quot in hoc
campo decertarunt, absistens, Systematis vetustioris Latreilliani
auspicia partim revocavit ; et ilia palporum computatione (lubrica
sane et difficili) posthabita, ad apertiora quaedam affinitatis dis-
crimina se contulit. Unde maxima scientiae adjumenta petenda
fere spero. Malim tamen (pace viri tanti dixerim) palporum
normam non penitus neglectam, quam ipse expertus sum in dubiis
sagpe lucem afferre, de Generibus constituendis et disponendis ubi
agitur ; etsi Generum characteres artificiales quantum licet e
faciliore materia ducendos concedo. Rogades nostros et Bracones
Genuinos una in tribum Ccelostomce Wesmaelius consociavit,
propter oris fabricam rima fere circulari patentis inter mandibulas
prominulas et clypei elevati marginem. Palporum vero ratio
discrepans, indiciis sat constantibus structurae reliquae stipata,
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 39
dictrotomiam hujus tribus me judice commendat. Etenim
Bracones a vicinia Agathidum distrahi posse vix mihi persuadeo.
Rogades ex adverse cum Opiis (Wesmaelii, quod genus mihi
pridem Gnamptodon audiebat) arctissimo vinculo conjuncti, viam
recta pandunt in Alysias.
Bracones Genuini a Rogadibus Heteroclitis plerisque discrepant
occipite immarginato, metathorace laevi, abdominis segmentis
singulis discretis, valvula ventrali acuminata adpressa, alas anticae
areolis brachialibus absolute conterminis, posticae nerve recur-
rente disci deficiente, areola vero brachiali posteriore pererigua.
— Rogades Genuini et Ademon statura tota, aculeo recondite,
alisque dispari mode areelatis longe discrepant ab illis. — Opii a
Colastis linea nulla certa disjuncti sunt. — Helcentes dignoscuntur
areola disci antica contigua ereque clause — Dyscolus lancifer
(sp. ined.) Rhyssali fere speciem mentitur, sed accuratius per-
spectus difFert ore clause et insuper nerve recurrente illo deficiente
in alae pestica, cujus areola brachialis posterior major est ratione
anterioris ; quae omnia palperum computatione firmata huic
insecte locum proprium vindicant. — Aphidii pauci {i.e. Subg.
Ephedrus m. quod Wesmaelio Elassus) Colastis non valde dis-
similes sunt prima facie ; sed multiplici discrimine gaudent, vel
oris ratione neglecta ; scil. abdominis incurvatilis incisura 2"^*.
flexili, aculeo brevissimo cempresse, valvula ventrali sufFulte, alae
posticae areola brachiali unica, &c. Penuria exemplarium in hoc
Genere nfaxime obfuit mihi, quum pauculae tantum species in hoc
angule terrarum vulge obviae sunt. Quas angustias multum
adlevavit vir amicus Franciscus Walker, qui seriem lecupletissi-
mam Braconidarum Anglise liberali manu ad me transmisit. Multa
prEeterea Clm. Curtisii benevolentiae indefessae debeo.
40
HALIDAY ON
p
o
n
o
H
Oh
O
!zi
^^
<
D
C3
pidvD '. suauo
acousod pstp aB[oa.iB
soousod sd)iuii[ adojd
snpijv.ivd 'siu.isn a>3t}uv
3>in ! sauuojuoo asuuuaj subui
_« a)jv i -Eiounfos ajoajaad pnEi[
.22 S
'uinpZ ?3 •ranral vjiiJuiSas '. ajissasqns
uaiuopqv ! S3JJ
s9iv;iqno a^iodM) aJOijuv a?jy
PARASITIC IIYMENOPTERA. 41
Subgen, I. — Spathius.
AlcB anticce areolce cubitales tres, 2'^\ nervum recurrentem
excipiens. Caput cuhicum. Abdomen depressum ovafo-
orbiculatiim, ^Jetiolo gracili lineari, terebra longa.
Spathius N. ah Es. Act. Acad. IX.
301. Gen. III.
N. ah Es. Monogr. I. II.
Gen. III.
*Bracon, Fam. II. Heterocl. I. N.abEs.Berl. Mag. V. 24.
, spp Spinola, Ins. Lig.
Cryptus, spp Fab. Syst. Piez — Panzer
Fna Germ.
Ichneumon, spp Schranck, Villars, Rossi,
Thunherg, ^c.
Caput globoso-cubicum, occipite lato truncate, fronte depressa late
declivi, oculis parvis, ocellis in triangulum valde approximatis.
Mandibulae peibreves trigonae apice leviter bidentes : palpi longi
graciles ; labialium articulus 3''"*. 4'°. vix brevior : antennae longas
graciles multi articulatse, scapo brevi ovato-obconico, pedicello
minuto globoso, articulis flagelli interioribus longis filiforraibus,
exterioribus longitudine decrescentibus : thorax oblongus utrinque
parum attenuatus ; mesothoracis dorsuna sulculis ordinariis postice
concurrentibus ; scutellum linea porcata discretum ; metathorax
rotundato-declivis subtiliter areatus, solito longior, ideoque areas
dorsales longiores sunt postice oblique attenuatae, area interjecta
apicis angusta rhombica aut pentagona, fere in illarum medium
usque incurrente : abdominis segmentum imum petiolum gracil-
limum depresso-cylindricum conficit : abdomen reliquum ambitu
fere ovale, planiusculum ; segmenta 2^^"™. et 3''^™. vix discreta
sequentium longitudinem sequiparant : pedes mediocres, femo-
ribus validis clavatis : alse anticae stigma oblongo-lanceolatum
cubitum e medio emittens : areola cubitalis secunda angulo
posteriore baseos valde attenuate et introrsum producto nervum
recurrentem recipit ; ejusdem nervus interior anteriori fere
aequalis : areolae brachiales fere conterminae, nervus parallelus ^
prope limites anticos areolae disci-posticse oritur (quae res Hormii
afRnitatem indicat :) alee posticaj nervus recurrens disci mani-
festus ; areola brachialis-posterior perexigua (ut in Bracone) \
* Nervus parallelus postremus e nervis qui longitudinalitef in alse marginem
exteriorem excurrunt. — Vid. Wesmael. Monogr. Brae. Belg. p. IS.
NO. I. VOL. IV. G
42 H ALIO AY ON
anteriores longitudine vix superans. — ParasitJE sunt Coleopterorum
Xylophagorum proprii quantum hactenus constat.
Sp. 1. R. Sp. rubidus : alisfuscis, basi, fascia sub stigmate
et ajnce albidis ; petiolo § reliqui abdominis longitudine.
Fern, terebra abdomine breviore. (Long. corp. 1 — 2 ;
alar, l^— 3| lin.)
Spathius rubidus . . N. ab E. Mongr. I. 15. sp. 2.
Bracon rubidus . . Spinola, Ins. Lig. II. 137. No. 23.
. . N. ab E. Berl. Mag. V. 24. No. 37.
*Ichneumon rubidus . Rossi, Mant. AjyjJ. II. 110. No. 88.
Cryptus umbratus . . Fabr. Syst. Piez. 89. No. 85.
Ichneumon umbratus . Fab. E. S. Suppl. 229. No. 207.
Antennae longitudine corporis, in mare longiores, articulis 21 aut
pluribus (26 computavi in exemplari quodam et tamen nonnulli
deerant), frons transversim striolata : thorax totus subtiliter
squaraeus mesothoracis dorso medio non distincte canaliculate :
segmentum l™um^ | abdominis reliqui longitudine, inter basin et
medium angulatum antehac attenuatum, dorso longitudinaliter
parce striatum, angulis apicis tenue membranaceo-marginatis ;
segmentum 2'^"'^. vix basi squameum, reliqua laevissima : colores
variant ut magnitude : modo rubiginosus est, antennis apice,
scutelli regione et abdominis apice fuscescentibus : modo piceus
aut niger, capite et thorace antice vel prothorace solo rubiginosis :
terebra abdominis longitudine petiolo demto : femora, tibiae et
unguiculares rufo-ferruginei sunt, coxse tarsique pallidiores, tibiae
basi summa albidae, harum posticae annulo medio fusco distinctae :
alae brunneae, stigmate brunneo basi flavo, fascia distinctissima
albida inde alam transcurrente, etiam basi et apice albidae : in
minoribus vero quorum colores in piceum transeunt, alarum fasciae
et pedum pictura valde obsoletae evadunt.
Habitat Italiam, Germaniam. Auclt. — In Anglia rarior occurrit ;
F. Walker communicavit. — Cuinam specie! e Coleopteris Xylo-
phagis infestus sit compertum non habemus. E brevitate terebrae
patet illam fore diversam ab Anohiis quae populatur Sp. clavatus
nee cuniculos tam alte agentem.
Sp. 2. R. Sp. clavatus. Alarum fasciis binis fuscis ; meso-
thoracis dorso canaliculato ; petiolo longitudine abdomitiis.
Fem. terebra longitudine corporis. (Long. corp. et terebr.
Z—Q', alar. 2|— 5.)
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 43
Spathius clavatus . . N. ab E. Monogr. I. 12. No. 1.
Bracon clavatus . . . N. ab E. Berl. Mag. V. 25. No. 38.
*Cryptus clavatus . . Panz. Fna. G. 102. No. 16.
rautillarius . Fabr. S. P. 88. No. 81.
Ichneumon mystacatus Schranck. Ins. Austr. No. 746.
attenuator . Thunberg, Act. Petrop. IX.
immaturus . Grav. Verz. 3753.
&c. . . . Geoffr. II. 359. No. 86.
exarator . Lin. Fna. S. 1614. ?
Sp. rubido simillimus at longior, subtilius squameus ; metathoracis
area3 productiores sunt, antennae graciliores, tarsi antici prselongi
graciles, terebra gracillima longitudine fere corporis : mesotho-
racis lobus medius canaliculatus : petiolus longior et gracilior,
tuberculis inconspicuis fere, basi vix attenuatus, rugulosus : seg-
mentum 2'^^'". basi punctulatum vel subtiliter squameum : antennae
29 — 38-articulatae, femince corpore parum, mari dimidio longiores,
ferrugineae apice fuscescentes : corpus fusco-ferrugineura aut casta-
neum, abdomine postice fusco, nonnunquam apice pallido fasciam
fuscam designante : pedes clarius annulati fulvo-ferruginei femo-
ribus fere castaneis, tarsis coxisque pallidioribus, trochanteribus et
basi tibiarum albidis, tibiis medio fuscis : pedes antici pallidiores :
alarum fuscedo dilutior et in 2 fascias soluta, quarum interior minus
distincta.
Habitat Germaniam, Galliam, Sueciam. Auctt. — Frequens occurrit
in Anglia, Scotia, et Hibernia. Destruit sobolem Anobii str'tati
et pertinacis in tignis vetustis. Femina terebra ad perpendiculum
immissa cuniculos Anobii scrutatur : huic negotio tota incumbit
nee amovetur contrectata. Hujus vitae indolem Clm. Graven-
horstius jam observavit.
Adnot. — Bracon petiolatus Spin. Ins. Lig. II. 137. No. 23, (qui a
Neesio inter PeriUtos interrogative relatus) forsitan ad varietates
minores Sp. ruhidi pertinet. — Ich. extensor Latr. Hist. Nat. XIII.
180, No. 7, et Cryptus affinis Fabr. S. P. 89, No. 82, uterque
nimis breviter adumbrati, forsitan hujus subgeneris. — Ichneumon
ductus autorum potius pro Hemitele quodam habendus videtur.
Subgen. II. — Doryctes.
Ala antictB areolee cubitales ires, nervus recurrens 1™*.
insertus vel inter stitialis, nervus parallelus prope limit es
posticos areolae disci-posticce oriens : caput cubicum : ab-
domen subsessile oblongum segmentis 2^°. et 3*'°. concretise
'- aculeo exerto.
44 HALIDAY ON
Bracon Sphserocephali spp. . . . N. ab E. Monogr.
y^c^wo/. — Inopia materise coactus subgenus valde incompositum
relinquo. Prima species proprium fere vindicat. Sunt equidem
omnes affines Spathio, Heterospilo et Hecabolo, a reliquis Hete-
roclitis difFerunt maxime capite longiore.
Sp. 3. R. D. obliteratus. ^igro piceoque varius, t'lbiis bast
albidis; alarum stigmate punctisque tribus brunneis, nervo
recurrente interstitiali ; " feminae terebra abdominis lon-
gitudine." (Long. corp. If — 2| ; alar. 3 — 4 lin.)
*Bracon obliteratus . . N. ab E. Monogr. I. 104, No. 62.
Macrocentrus maculipes . Curtis, Guide G. 546, No. 5.
Caput punctulatum pubescens, oculis parvulis, fronte subtilissime
rimuloso, facie lata confertim punctulata punctis 2 impressis fere
contiguis in basi clypei brevissimi ; mandibulse parvae : maxillae
lobus ut in Hecabolo trigono-acuminatus : palpi maxillares prse-
longi, articulis 2 baseos ratione reliquorum perparvis, 3 ultimis
rectis filiformibus ; labialium articulus l«»iis_ obconicus ; 2"^^^., 3'^"^.
ovati breviores ; 4*"^. binis antecedentibus conjunctim sequalis,
linearis, basi subito attenuatus : antennas maris corpore longiores
articulis circiter 35, omnibus post 2*^""". cylindricis : thorax elon-
gatus, utrinque attenuatus, collari conspicuo, mesothoracis dorso
punctato opaco pubescente, sulcis postice leniter convergentibus,
lobo medio canaliculato : metathorax attenuato-declivis, confertim
punctatus ; arese dorsales magnse, oblongae, apice nonnil divari-
catae, basi Isevigatse ; area interjecta inter illas vix incurrens et
reliquaB apicales perparvae : abdomen maris longitudine capitis
thoracisque, oblongum utrinque attenuatum, latitudine maxima
pone medium, et ano rotundato : segmentum l™»im_ latitudine
apicis fere triplo longius, basi lenissime attenuatum, punctato-
reticulatum, medio fere rugulosum lineisque 2 manifestioribus
antrorsum divergentibus postice obliteratis : segmenta 2'^**™. et
gtium^ indiscreta, conjunctim 1™°. paulo longiora, punctato reti-
culata hujus margine postico Isevissimo ; reliqua lasvissima vel
proxima basi tantum punctulata : pedes sat longi femoribus
validis : color totius corporis fusco-piceus, antennarum inser-
tione, scutelli regione et pleuris medio rufescentibus at indeter-
minate ; abdominis segmenta 3*'"™. et sequentia margine postico
fulvescunt splendore fere electreo : abdomen plerunque medio
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA.
43
dilutius est et caput fere nigrum : tibiae basi et trochanteres albidi :
alse fumato-hyalinse stigmata brunneo, punctisque tribus in area
cubitali : stigma oblongo-lanceolatum cubitum e medio emittens :
nervus recurrens interstitialis : areole cubitales 2^^. et 3*'*. indis-
cretse inter se propter nervum interjectum decolorem : brachiales
conterminae : alae posticse areola brachialis posterior dimidio an-
terioris brevior. Feminam non vidi ; terebra longitudine est
"abdominis secundum Neesium.
Habitat Germaniam N". ab E. — Angliam, minus frequens^ exhibue-
runt J. Curtis et F. Walker.
Adnot. — Bracon fuscatus N. ab E. Mon. I. 106, No. 63, huic valde
affinis et congener.**
*" Sp. 3^. R. D. flaviceps. Fem. Rufo-castaneus capile
pedibusque flavo-ferrngineis abdominis segmentis 1™". et
2^°. rugoso striatis ; terebra abdomine longiore. (Long.
Corp. 1|; alar. 2f lin.)
R. H. Qucestori Fem. Prima facie simillimus sed abiinde distinctus :
de mare nil constat, sed verisimile est alas hujus fore conformes
femince : caput laevissimum flavo-ferrugineum, ocellis fuscis : an-
tennae fusco-ferrugineas articulis 2 baseos flavo-ferrugineis : muti-
latse sunt : thorax fere qualis R. Qucestori sed metathorace
magis obtuso : nitidus estvage punctulatus, pilisque longis albidis
aspersus : metathoracis areae dorsales lasves nitidae, postice rotun-
datae ; area interjecta vix ad illartim medium provecta, metathorax
reliquus punctato reticulatus : abdomen oblongum utrinque parum
attenuatum, segmentis 1"^°. et 2*^°. rugoso-striatis, reliquis laevi-
bus : segmentum linum_ latitudine apicis brevius est et antrorsum
parum attenuatum, carinulse baseos utrinque, mox desinente :
2cium_ et 3''"™. subaequalia, linea arcuata obsoletissima discreta,
hoc linea transversa punctata bipartitum ; reliqua lente decres-
cunt : pedes medii perbreves quales fere Heterospilo sed tibiae
tarsique postici longiores : terebra rufa apice fusca : alae fumato-
hyalinae stigmate ovato-lanceolato nervisque brunneis, radice et
squamulis ferrugineis : nervus recurrens fere interstitialis vel apici
summo areola? cubitalis l™'^. insertus : alae posticae areola brachi-
alis posterior ^ anterioris longitudine.
Habitat Insulam Sti. Vincentii, F. Walker communicavit.
IIALIDAY ON
Subgen. III. — Heterospilus.
Alee anticce areola cubitales ires, V^^. et 2^^. fere indiscretce,
.^ nervus recurrens interstitialis : alee postica maris stigmate
crasso aucta : caput cubico-transversum : abdomen subses-
sile depressum, segmentis S''". et o"". indiscretis, reliquis
sensim decrescentibus, terebra exerta.
Sp. 4. 1^. D. striatellus. Fem. Niger pedibus rufis, tibiis
bast albis ; abdominis segrnento \™°. et 2^. basi rugulosis ;
terebra abdominis longitudine. (Long. corp. 9/1 ; alar. 4|
lin.)
Bracon striatellus, iV. ab E. Monogr, I. 107, No. 64.
Frons liEvis : antennae filiformes (mutilatse sed supersunt'articuli 35)
articulis 1°^°. et 2'*°. piceis, reliquis nigris cylindricis, 3*'°. et 4'°.
subsequalibus : palporum maxillarium articuli 3 exteriores prae-
longi filiformes : labialium articulus 2"*"*. vix longior 3*'°. hie et
sequens, qui longior, filiformes; mesothoracis sulci rugulosi,
effusi ante scutellum : metathorax rotundato declivis ; areae
dorsales oblongo-quadratse postice rotundatae antrorsum laevius-
culae ; reliquae minus distinctae ob sculpturam rugulosam : abdomen
oblongo-lanceolatum dorso planiusgulum : segmentum imum^
oblongum basi perparum attenuatum, latitudine apicis vix paulo
longius, longitudinaliter rugulosum, carinulis baseos tantum
inchoatis : segmenti 2*^'. et 3'". limites vix apparent ; illud fere
totum rugulosum rufo-piceum ; reliqua lagvissima: pedes validi
rufi tibiis basi albidis : tarsus anticus tibia duplo longior, medius
brevis : ungues parvi ; alas hyalinae radice ochraceo squamulis
fusco piceis, nervis stigmateque fuscis : stigma oblongo lanceo-
latura cubitum vix ante medium excipiente : nervus recurrens
areolae cubitali 1™*. insertus ; areolae cubitales exteriores propter
nervum decolorem confusae ; brachialis-posterior anteriore longior :
alae posticae areola brachialis posterior \ anterioris vix longior.
Habitat Italiam N. ab E. — Angliam perraro, vidi unicum exemplar
tantum.
if^v Sp. 5. H. D. Imperator. Fem. Niger abdominis medio
pedihusque rujis; tibiis basi albis; abdominis segrnento 1™°.
striato ; terebra corporis longitudine. (Long. corp. o ;
alar. 5\ lin.)
Praecedenti simillimus sed satis distinctus : frons supra antennas,
fades, genae punctato rugulosae : antennae basi latius rufescentes,
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. '* '
piaeserlim sublus; articuli iiiteriores flagelli longiores, S""**. 4'".
longior : metathorax fere totus crasse rugosus : abdomen longius
lanceolatum : segmentum imum^ sesquilongius quam latius, con-
cinne striatum, foveolis lateralibus baseos sat profundis, adjacente
cannula acuta mox desinente ; reliqua Igevissima fascia rubra a
basi 2'''. in medium 3*". efFusa : reliqua fere praecedentis : alarum
stigma piceo ferrugineum.
Habitat in Anglia. /. Curtis.
Sp. 6. R. D. tabidus. Mas. Fusco-piceus pedum genicuUs
pallidioribus , abdominis segmento 1™°. ruguloso. (Long.
Corp. IJ; alar. 2^ lin.)
Praecedentibus sat affinis : caput laevissimum : antennae corpora
paulo longiores 29-articulatae : palpi fusco pallidi breviores quam
illis, labialium articulo penultimo minore : metathorax punctulatus,
area interjecta minuta inter dorsales vix incurrente : abdominis
segmentum 1™"™. sesquilongius quam latius, antrorsum parum
attenuatum, rugulosum ; reliqua lasvia pallidiora : pedum statura
fere eadem : trochanteres, tibias tarsique basi depallescentes : alas
hyalinas nervis stigmateque fuscis : alae posticae areola brachialis-
posterior \ anterioris longior est.
Habitat prope Londinum lectus. — F. Walker.
Adnot. — Bracon nobilis N. ab E. Monogr. I. 61 No. 16 forsitan hue
potius collocandus quam inter Helcontes. — Br. leucogaster N. ab
E, Monogr. I. 98, No. 57- Rogas esse videtur ; an hujus loci,
aut cum Rhyssalo consociandus 1 an potius subgeneris proprii ?'^
I" Sp. G*". R. Het. Quaestor. Ferrugineus, capite j)edibusque
jlavescentibus ; fern, terebra dimidii abdominis longitudine.
(Long. Corp. 1| ; alar. 9,\ lin.)
Caput transverso-cubicum, totum aut fronte tantum subtiliter trans-
versim aciculatum, flavo-ferrugineum : ocelli valde approximati in
puncto fusco : oculi sat magni, orbiculati, sinu levi excavati prope
antennas : facies longe villosa : clypeus parvus punctis 2 approxima-
tis impressus: mandibulae apice fuscac : palpi graciles villosi pallidi:
antennae longse graciles pubescentes, ferrugineae articulis longis
cylindricis, 1™°. et 2*^°. brevibus flavis ; (mutilatae equidem at super-
sunt articuli 21 :) thorax oblongus utrinque rotundatus, subtiliter
squameus, ferrugineus nonnunquam fusco-inumbratus : mesothora-
cis lobus medius longitudinaliter depressus, cannula laterali sulcos
48 HALIDAY ON
Subgen. IV. — Hecabolus.
AlcE anticce areolce cubitales diicc ; ala postica maris stigmate
crasso aucta : caput cubicum : abdomen maris Uneari-
lanceolatum ; feminse Imeari-clavatum, terebra elongata.
Hecabolus, Curt. Br. Ent. 507.
Sp. 7. R. Hec. sulcatus. Niger abdomine piceo, antennis
pedibusque ferrugineis, antennis opice, coxis posticis basi
et femoribus late fuscescentibus ; fern, terebra corpore
longiore. (Long. corp. 2 — 2i ; alar. 3 — 3| lin.)
decurrente : sulci punctati concurrunt in foveam porcatam ad basin
scutelli : metathoracis arese dorsales postice rotundatae, area inter-
jecta magna rhombica fere in illarum basin usque porrecta : area
dorsales squameae sicut, metathorax reliquus reticulatus et vage
pilosus : abdomen obovato-lanceolatum, lenissime fornicatum,
ferrugineum, nonnunquam castaneum linea flava transversa in
medio segment! 3*". et sequentium : segmentum p^um^ apice
quam basi duplo latius latitudine apicis vix longius ; lineae 2
elevatae e foveis basalibus in apieem excurrunt, retrorsum paulo
convergentes, area interjecta punctata et striis paucis elevatis
insignita, laterales confertim striatag : secundum cum 3'^°. conna-
tum et confertim striatum, hujus campo postico laevi linea trans-
versa subarcuata a campo striato disjuncto : reliqua segmenta
lajvia sunt vel basi subtiliter punctulata : terebra dimidio abdo-
minis vix longior, valvulis fuscis : pedes pallide ferruginei villosi :
intermedii perbreves tibiis basi curvatis : femora valida : coxae
posticse crassse obconicae, basi angulatas : alae hyalinse radice et
squamulis pallide-flavis, stigmate fusco-testaceo basi et apice
pallescente : stigma sat crassum trigonum : nervus recurrens
interstitialis areolae cubitalis 2^^^. angulus posterior introrsum valde
productus sed nervus illam a prima segungens hyalinus est et
nervo anteriore longior : areolae longitudo postica anticam duplo
excedit : nervi brachiales in apice areolae disci-posticae concurrunt
in cuspidem, unde nervus parallelus oritur : alse posticse areolae
brachiales perparvae, antica \ alae longitudinem non attingens,
postica ilia plus duplo brevior. Maris ala postica ut in Hecabolo
stigmate crasso corneo aucta.
Habitat in Insula Sti. Vincentii. F. Walker communicavit.
PARASITIC IIVMKNOPTERA. 49
* Hecabolus sulcatus . Curt. Br. Ent. 507.
Spathius sulcatus . . Curt. Guide. G. 545, No. 5.
Caput supra laeve nitidum fronte subdeclivi subtiliter rimulosa, facie
quadrata transversum subtiliter rugulosa, oculis parvis : antennaj
corpore breviores, 24 aut 25-articulatae flagelli articulis cylindricis
striatic : maxillae lobus oblique attenuatus, trigonus : palpi fere
quales Dorycti striatello : thorax oblongo-ovatus postice magis
attenuatus : mesothoracis sulci crenati in campum late rugoso-
reticulatum dorsi medii concurrentes ; lobus medius scuti antror-
sum obtusus ; scutelli regio etiam rugoso-reticulatus ipsius apice
laevigato : metathorax attenuato-declivis totus rugoso-reticulatus
nee areatus : ahdomQn femina; a basi retrorsum sensim incrassatum,
apice fornicato-rotundatum segmentis l™°. 2''°. 3"°. longitudine
decrescentibus et latitudine crescentibus ; segmentum 1"^"™. vix
duplo longius quam latius apice fere duplo latius quam basi, ante
medium obsoletissirae tuberculatum, striatum interstitiis punctu-
latis ; 2^^^. et 3"'. dimidium anterius pari modo exculpta ;
reliqua lasvissima : pedes breves : femora prasvalida : tarsi medii
perbreves, articulo 1™°. breviore quam 5*°., intermediis subovatis :
stigma-elliptico lanceolatura cubitum e medio emittens : areola
disci-antica longe remota ; radialis oblongo-lanceolata apicem alae
attingens ; cubitalis 1™^. apice nervum recurrentem excipiens,
2"^'*. angulo posteriore baseos attenuato : nervus parallelus e
brachiali anteriore sinu excurrit, areola disci-postica deinde brevi
spatio aperta : alffi posticae areola brachialis posteriore anterioris.
Mas differt antennis paulo longioribus, abdomine versus apicem
attenuato, lineari lanceolato, alae posticae stigmata crasso fusco
areolas brachiales fere implente.
Corpus nigrum aut nigro-piceum, litura ad utrunque oculum et in
genis picea : abdomen piceum medio dilutius : terebra rufa apice
fusca : antennae rufo-ferrugineae apice fuscae : pedes ferruginei
coxis posticis basi, femoribus fere totis et apice summo tarsorum
fuscis : alae fumatae stigmate nervisque fuscis, radice et squamulis
ferruginosis.
Habitat Angliam : mecum communicaverunt J. Curtis et F. Walker.
" In larvis Ptilini pectinicornis sobolem procreat." — Z)""*. T. G.
liudd, in Curtis Br. Ent. 1. 1.*^
^ Subgen. V. — Pambolus.
Areolce cuhitales duce : nercus parallelus prope limites
anticos areolce disci-posiicce enatus : caput iransverso-
voL. IV. NO. I. H cuhicum :
50 II A LI DAY ON
Subgen. VI. — Chremylus.
Areolce cubitales tres ; nerviis recurrens interstitiaUs ; nervus
parcdlelus jirope limites anticos areolcB disci-posiiccs in-
sertiis : ccqmt transverso-cubicum, antemns brevibus 12-
articulatis : abdomen ovatum planum segment o 1™°. bi-
carmato, 2^°. 3*'°. connatis, reliquis fere oblectis, terebra
exerta.
Chremylus . . . A. H. H. Ent. Mag. I. 9SQ.
* Hormius. Sect. II. N. ab E. Act. Acad. IX, 305.
Monogr. I. 155.
*
cuhicmn : abdomen sessile ovatuin, segmento l™°. bicari-
nato, 2^°. et 3''". jjlane connatis, relicjuis fere recondilis.
Sp. 7**. R. P. biglumis. Mas. Niger ore pedibiisque brun-
neis. (Long. corp. vix 1 ; alar. 1| lin.)
Statura capitis thoracisque fere ut in Chremylo ; ambo subtillissime
punctulata : anteniise corpore paulo longiores, nigrse, 23-articulatce
articulis flagelli cylindricis : mandibulse fere quales Chremylo :
palpi longiores, maxillarium articulus 3*'"^. duobus antecedentibus
fere sequalis ; labialium ratio longitudinis 2431 : scutellum basi
fovea gemina porcata discretum : metathorax areis 2 dorsalibus
majoribus, reliquis plurimis parvis reticulatis : anguli postici in
mucronem excurrunt : abdomen ovatum depressum ; segmentum
imum_ obconicum subtiliter striolatum, carinis 2 elevatis postice
paulo convergentibus : segmentum 2^^^™. (cum quo 3'^^™. conna-
tum esse puto, etsi nullum discrimen appareat) basi subtillissime
squameum, reliqua Isevissimum, sequentia minima et fere recon-
dita : pedes brunnei trochanteribus et tibiarum basi pallidioribus ;
femora valida : stigma lanceolatum : areola radialis ovato-lanceo-
lata, ala; apicem vix attingens : nervus recurrens cubitalis l'"'^^.
apici insertus : alaj posticae areola brachialis posterior 3 anterioris
longitudine : alae fumato-hyalinas nervis stigmateque brunneis :
femina mihi invisa.
Habitat in sylvis prope Fontem Bellaqueum Gallia lectus. —
F. Walker.
Adnot. — Leiophronta putares nisi ad alas attenderis ; sed nervus
recurrens disci in ala postica manifestus est, et oris fabrica cum
palpis vere hujus generis.
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 51
Sp. 8. R. Chr. rubiginosus. Fem. Fusco-castaneus an-
tennis pedihusque rufo-ferriigineis, capite anoque nigris ;
terebra § abdominis longitudine. (Long. corp. 1 ; alar. 2
lin.)
* Horraius rubiginosus . iV. ab E. Monogr. I. 156. No. 3.
Chremylus elaphus . . A. H. H. Ent. Mag. I. 2m.
Totus confertim subtiliter punctulatus subopacus, scutelli disco
abdomineque postice nitidis, metathorace magis ruguloso : caput
transverso-cubicum, in basin antennarum nonnil productum :
oculi pronimuli : antennae capitis cum thorace longitudine,
12-articulatae, scapo cylindrico, pedicello etiam cylindrico, solito-
raagis extricate, scapo duplo breviore ; articulus 3^^^^ gracilior est
et paulo brevior 1™°.; ultimus penultimo sequalis ovato-attenuatus :
mandibulas paulo longiores quam in hoc genera solet, et nonnil
curvatse : maxillae lobus transversus obtusus : palpi breviusculi ;
maxillarium articuli basales ambo ratione sequentium solito
longiores, ultimus apice attenuatus : labialium articulus 3'^"^ 2*^".
longitudine sequalis, ratio articulorum 4|1. Thorax solito
brevior oblongus subdepressus ; mesothoracis scutum fere semi-
circulare, lobo medio longitudinaliter impresso : metathorax
transversus fere rectangularis, haud areatus : abdomen thorace
latiu,s et paulo longius ovato-orbiculatum planum segmento 1"^".
\ totius constituente fere semicirculare ; lineae 2 acute carinata? e
basi excurrentes fere parallelse, areas tres, mediam rectangularem,
laterales trigonas, omnes subtiliter at confertim punctulatas,
segungunt : segmenta posteriora modo non retracta intra 3*^^™. cum
secundo connatum, hoc basi punctulatissimum v sqaraeum, reliqua
Isevia : terebra dimidio abdominis longior : pedes mediocres ;
femora, tibias validse ; tarsi graciles : stigma oblongo-lanceolatum,
at subtrigonum, cubitum e medio emittens : nervus recurrens
interstitialis : alas posticse areola brachialis posterior g anterioris
brevior : colores jam expressi, antennae apice fuscae, thorax
nonnunquam nigricans, alse hyalinae stigmate nigro-fusco, nervis
fusco-pallidis.
Habitat Gerraaniam N. ab E. — In Anglia, Scotia, Hibernia minus
frequens ; in fenestris asdium vetustarum plerunque obvius, nuni
Coleoptorum Xylophagorum pestis.
5'2 UALIDAY ON
Subgcn. VIL— HoRMius.
Areolce cuhitales ires, secunda nerviim recurrentem excipiens :
nervus parallelus inter stitialis : abdomen ovale planum
segmento 1™°. perhrevi marginato, 2*^°. 3"". imperfecte
sejunctis, ierebra exerta : caput transverso-cubictim.
Hormius. Sect. I N. ab E. Act. Acad. IX.
305. G. X.
MonocpA. 152.
A.H.H. Ent. Mag.l.'Zm.
* Bracon. Fam. III. Heterocl. B. N. ab E. B. M. V. 35.
Sp. 9. R. Hor. moniliatus. Metathorace nigricante reliqui
corporis colore variabili ; fem. ierebra \ corporis loncji-
tndine. (Long. corp. If; alar. 2f lin.)
Hormius moniliatus . N. ab E. Monogr. I. 153. No. 1.
Bracon . N. ab E. Berl. Mag. V. m. No. 56.
Tab.II.fig.il.
Caput transverso-cubicum rugulosum, occipite piano vix angustato,
acule marginato, oculis prominulis : antennae capite cum thorace
longiores, articules 18 — 20 in femina, pluribus usque ad 24 in
mare, et huic fere corpori aequales : articuli flagelle omnes cylin-
drici subaequales, exteriores magis discreti : palpi mediocres ;
maxillarium articulus S''"**. binis antecedentibus conjunctim brevier,
ultimus apice attenuatus : ratio longitudinis hsec fere A'^b 1 2 :
labialium articulus 3'^'^'^. brevior ovatus : thorax oblongus utrinque
parum attenuatus, laevis nitens : mesothoracis sulci in foveam rugu-
losam concurrunt : scutelli basis fovea gemina punctato-reticulata
discreta : metathorax rotundato-declivis, reticulato-rugosus : abdo-
men exacte ovale, planum pelluceus, limbo et segmentorum margi-
nibus subincrassatis : segmentum 1™"'". latins multo quam longius
lateribus depressis, campo medio quadrato ruguloso ; 2'i'-i™. S''".
fere duplo longius linea impressainterrupta imperfecte sejunctum,
linea laterali impressa in basin cum adversa arcuatim concurrente :
segmenta 4*"™. — 6*"™. longitudine subsequalia, sequentia minora :
terebra perbrevis pubescens : pedes longiusculi graciles : stigma
oblongo-lanceolatum, cubitum ultra medium emittens : areola
cubitalis 2da. nervum recurrentem excipiens in angulo interiore
valde attenuate, propter nervum interiorem obliquatum et ante-
riore longiorem : nervus parallelus cum nervo brachiali-anteriore
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. OO
continuus ideoque in limitibus ipsis areolarum disci enatus : alse
posticas areola bracialis posterior i anterioris brevior.
Variat multum coloribus.
P'ar. a. — Rufo-ferrugineus metathorace nigro antennis apice segmenti
l™i. campo medio et pectore fuscis : pedes testacei : alarum stigma
pallidum X N. ah E.
Modo pedes, alarum stigma flavo-testacei, antemise basi testacese.
Var. j3. — Mas orbita, coUari rufo-piceis ; abdomine fusco-testaceo
medio flavo-pellucido ; alis ahiplis hyalinis.
Far. y. — Fern, abdomine flavo-testaceo, segmenti 1™. medio fusco ;
alis amplis pallidis.
Var. L — Fern, fusco-piceus orbita rufescente, alarum vitta fusce-
scente.
Var. £. — Fern, idem sed alae parvae antennae perbreves IS-articulatas.
Modo femora postica v posteriora, cum coxis fusca; orbita
thoracisque liturae dorsales rufo-piceas ; abdominis segmenta
posteriora fusca : alae pallidae vitta distincta fuscescente.
Var. ^. — Alarum stigmate testaceo.
Var. r]. — Alarum stigmate fusco.
Habitat Italiam, Germaniam, N. ah J5.— Angliam, F. W. — Hiber-
niam minus frequens. — In trunco putrido quercus Neesius invenit ;
forsan itaque Coleopteris Xylophagis infestus est, ut congeneres.
Varietatis a. exemplar nullum inter nostratia mihi obvium fuit.
Adnot. — Species altera H. dimidiatus N. ah E. Monogr. I. 155,
No. 2, nobis invisus Germaniam habitat.
Subgen. VIII. — Rhyssalus.
AreolcB cuhitales tres: ahdomen suhsessile segmentis 2*^°. et
3"°. connatis, feminae compressum terebra longa : caput
transversum.
Rhyssalus, A. H. H. Erit. Mag. I. 2m.
Sp. 10. R. R. clavator. Piceiis abdominis medio pedibusqne
ferrugineis ; alarum stigmate angustissimo ; metathorace
atleniiato ; mas tibiis posticis clavatis fuscis ; fem. antennis
fulvis, terebra suberecta corpore breviore. (Long. corp.
1— If ; alar. 2—3^ lin.)
Caput cum oculis protuberantibus thorace latius, pone illos aitenu-
atum : antennas femince corpore parum longiores fulvescentes
54 HALIDAY ON
apice fuscse 25 — 26-articulat3e, articulis flagelli inteiioribus longis
exterioribus cito decrescentibus, tribus ultimis conjunctim 3*".
longitudinem vix superantibus, ultimo acuminato precedente vix
longiore ; maris corpore dimidio longiores articulis 2 baseos
ferruginosis, 25 — 33-articulatae : palpi longi graciles ; labialium
articulus penultimus minutissimus rotundus : prothoracis coUum
parvum, antice recta truncatum, pone hoc constrictum : meso-
thoracis dorsum in medio qua sulci punctati concurrunt, punctato-
rugosum, utrinque carinula antica abrupta sulcos decurrente :
metathorax attenuatus rugoso-reticulatus, areatus ; area media
elongato-rhombica inter dorsales tota longitudine incurrente :
abdomen maris lineari-clavatum, segmento 1™°. fere lineari et
triplo longiore quam latiore, ante medium obsolete tuberculato,
nitido ruguloso, marginibus elevatis linea impressa discretis ;
segraenta reliqua fusco picea postrema obscuriora : femince breve
deltoideum, compressum, apice truncatum, segmento 1™°. validiore
quam maris, posterioribus brevissimis carinatis ; 2'**'. 3''°. et 4*'.
basi fulvescentibus, sequentibus fuscis, tunc 2 ultimis ferrugineis :
terebra abdominis thoracisque longitudine, suberecta : pedes
ferruginei, femoribus subclavatis, maris tibiis posticis crassis
clavatis et basi demta fuscis : alae subfumato-hyalinse radice et
squamulis dilute ochreis, stigmate ochreo-fusco, nervis fuscis :
stigma tenuissimum cuneiforme, cubitum ultra medium excipiens :
nervus recurrens interstitialis : areolae cubitalis secundae nervus
interior valde obliquus anteriori aequalis : nervi brachiales valde
approximati in apice areolse brachialis, quae anteriorem superat :
alas posticse areola brachialis posterior ^ anterioris vix longior.
Habitat in nemoribus umbrosis Anglise et Hiberniae passim nee
infrequens.
Adnot, — Q,uum species sequens ab hac pluribus discrepet, et Colastis
affinis sit, banc pro typo subgeneris profero.
Sp. 11. R. R. Indagator. Niger pedibus ferrugineis, femo-
ribus tibiisque posticis apice fuscis ; metathorace obtuso ;
fem. terebra longitudine corporis. (Long. corp. If — 2;
alar. 5\—^ lin.)
Caput hujus postice minus attenuatum, ocule minus prominuli :
antennae femince crassiores nigrae 33-articulatae articulis flagelli
interioribus arctius contigtlis et brevioribus, 3*"*. duobus ultimis
conjunctim vix longiore; maris 39-articulata) articulis 3*'". et
PAKASIJIC HYMENOPTERA. 55,
ultimo subaequalibus : os ferruginosum palporum labialium arti-
culus 3*'"^ perparvus ut in praecedente : thorax brevier, collari
obtuso, carinulis humeralibus ut in ilia, sulculis punctatis efFusis
in foveam porcatam : metathorax brevier, obtusangulus ; arcoe
dorsales postice oblique divaricatse, area interjecta in medium
illarum usque incurrente : areae dorsales Iseves, apicales subtiliter
transversim striatae, laterales rugoso-reticulatce : abdomen ob-
longum minus compressum et dorso planiusculum sed thorace
angustius ; segmento 1™". oblongo, basi vix attenuate, nitido
striate, lineis 2 elevatis retrorsum parum convergentibus, margine
laterali non acute elevate, tuberculis minutissimis ante medium,
segmenta reliqua Isevissima in mare nigro-picea ; posteriora
femince brevissima lineari-transversa, : terebra herizontalis, corpore
fere longior : pedes ferruginei aut ecbrei, coxis pesticis basi,
femoribus tibiisque iisdem apice, tarsis apice, pesticis fere totis
fuscis : alee fumato-hyalinEe radice fusce-picea, squamulis nigris,
nervis stigmate que nigro-fuscis : stigma duple latius quam prae-
cedenti : nervus recurrens apici areolae cubitalis primae insertus :
2'^^ minor nerve anteriori et interiori aequalibus : nervi brachiales
latius distantes nervi axillari-recurrentis rudimentum ante apicem
areolae brachialis : alae pesticae areola brachialis posterior | ante-
rioris lengitudine.
Habitat T^To^e Londinum leetus. — F. Walker.
Subgen. IX. — Colastes.
Areolce cubitales tres : nervus parallelus prope limites posticos
areolce disci-jiosticce enatus : caput transverstitn abdomeu
subsessile depressum segmentis ^'^°. 3''". cotmatis, posteri-
oribus longitudine sensim decrtscentibus : terebra exerta
abdomine brevior.
Colastes, A. H. H. Ent. Mag. I. '2>m.
Occiput his subtiliter marginatum et nonnil cencavum est : antennte
ut plurimum graciles, corporis circiter longitudine : palporum
labialium articuli in plerisque lengitudine subaequales ; in R. lan-
ceolatore 3*'"^ brevier est et cum 4*°. arete conjunctus, unicum
elongate-fusiformem referens, — in R. funesto 3''"**. perparvus est
ut Rhyssalis : thoracis sculptura laevior est quam antecedentibus,
mesothoracis sulculi saepius tenuissimi, impunctati, ante scutellum
concurrunt : segmenta abdominis 2'^™\ et 3*^'^'". valde indiscreta
sunt inter se, in B. catenatore solo lineA crenata sejuncta : pedes
ut plurimum lengi graciles : stigma plurisque lanceolatum, in
.56 HALIDAY ON
R. hraconio magis elongatum quod in Opiis fieri solet : nervus
recurrens areolae 1™*. vulgo insertus, in R. hraconio et R. lanceo-
latore interstitialis, in R. funesto solo areolae mediae insertus :
areola brachialis posterior anteriorem superat : alse posticas nervus
recurrens disci in R. Mediatore deficit ; areola brachialis posterior
5 anterior! s longitudinem fere attingit : Opii cum his proxime
cohaerent, sed discrepant capite latiore, occipite retuso, oris rima
transversa, mesothoracis sulculis interruptis vel obliteratis, multi
praeterea areola cubitali media longiore, nervique recurrentis
insertione ; tamen 0. comatus Wesm. quoad haec fere omnia
intermedins est : O propter sculpturam crassam Rogadihus magis
conformis, stigmate alarum elongate, aliisque notis Opiorum pro-
priis gaudet.
Sp. 12. R. Col. Meditator. Mas. Niger paljns 23edibusq?ie
ferrugineis stigmate fusco ; abdomine brunneo, segmento
l^°, nigra: alee posticcB nervo recurrente deficiente. (Long.
Corp. If; alar. o\ lin.)
Caput fere hemisphericum, thoracis latitudine : antennae 31-articu-
latae, corporis longitudine : thorax elongatus, utrinque attenuatus,
nitidus vage pubescens, metathorace parce rugoso-reticulato, areis
minus conspicuis, area interjecta inter dorsales non incurrente :
abdomen lineare, antrorsum sensim attenuatum : segmentum
l™"i". latitudine apicis sesqui-longius, basi duplo angustius, paulo
ante medium tuberculatum, carinis 2 acutis in medio dorsi con-
currentibus et dehinc in apicem continuis : reliqua superficies
nitida subtiliter rugulosa : segmenta reliqua lagvia, brunnea
margine obscuriora : pedes longi pubescentes ferruginei : alae
subhyalinae radice et squamulis ferrugineis ; nervis stigmateque
brunneis : stigma oblongo-lanceolatum cubitum in medio excipit :
alae posticae areola brachialis-posterior ^ anterioris vix longior ;
nervus recurrens in disco nullus.
Habitat prope Londinum lectus. — F. Walker.
Sp. 13. R. Col. fragilis. Fern. Niger, palpis pedibusque
sordide ochreis ; alis infumatis ; terebra brevissima. (Long.
Corp. 1| ; alar. 2^ lin.)
Caput thorace paulo angustius, subglobosum, laevissimum : antennae
fere corporis longitudine graciles 2-4-articulatae : thorax elongatus
utrinque attenuatus collar! angusto ; mesothoracis loevissimi sulculis
PARASITIC IIYMENOPTERA.
57
tantum inchoatis ; metathorace scabriculo : abdomen oblongo-
lanceolatum, segmento 1"*°. perbrevi scabriculo seu punctato-
exasperato, absque carinulis : segmenta reliqua leevissima,
fusco-picea : terebra brevissime exerta : pedes ochrei : alae
angustae, infumatae stigmate nervisque fuscis : stigma elliptico-
lanceolatum in medio cubitum excipiens : nervi brachiales medio
approximati : alae posticae areola brachialis posterior ^ anterioris
brevior.
Habitat prope Londinum lectus. — F. Walker.
Sp. 14. R. Col. braconius. Niger antennis basi, palpis
pedibusque silaceis ; alarum stigmate lineari-lanceolalo,
testaceo, cubitum ante medium excipiente ; nervo recur-
retite inters titiali; fern, terebra J abdominis longitudine.
(Long. Corp. f — 2; alar. 1§ — 4| lin.)
Colastes braconius ined. A. H. H. Ent. Mag. I. 9.QQ.
Caput thorace angustius, subglobosum : antennae corpore longiores,
graciles, basi pallide flavescentes : thorax oblongus utrinque
attenuatus, mesothoracis sulcis in depressionem latam rugulosam
ante scutellum efFusis : metathorax attenuato-declivis confertim
punctulatus, pubescens, areis obsoletis : abdomen elliptico-lanceo-
latum, lateribus medio deflexis in femina (ut in Braconihus
Mierocephalis) segmentum imum. parvum obconicum, latitudine
apicis longius, striolatum nonnunquam carinula media instructura,
foveisque 2 contiguis pone medium in lineam transversam sitis :
sequentia laevissima : terebra segmento 1"^°. longior : pedes gra-
ciles silacei : alae hyalinse stigmate flavo-testaceo vel pallide-flavo :
stigma lineari-lanceolatum, cubitum in triente prima excipiens :
nervus aream cubitalem postice designans ssepe incrassatus : nervi
brachiales valde approximati : alae posticae brachiales-posterior g
anterioris brevior.
Variat autem magnitudine et colore.
Var. a. — Majores. (Long. corp. 1| ; alar. 3| lin.) : antennae 30-arti-
culatae : caput, thorax, abdominis segmentum 1™"™. nigra ; seg-
mentum 3*'™\ et nonnunquam proxima fulvescentia, reliqua fusca :
mas gracilior, antennae longiores et basi latius flavescentes :
abdomen lineari-clavatum segmento l"^". sublineari.
Var. (j. — Maximus. (Long, corp, 2 ; alar. 4^ lin.) Far. a. similis
sed abdominis segmentum 2'^'^™. tantum fuscum, sequentia fulves-
centia.
NO. I. VOL. IV. I
58 HALIDAY ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA.
Far. y. — Minores. (Long. corp. | — 1 ; alar. If — 2| lin.) Antennae
22 — 24-articulatae : corpus fusco-piceum, abdominis medio dilu-
tiore : pedes adhuc pallidiores, fere albidi : sculptura metathoracis
et segmenti 1™'. subtilior : mas, fern.
Habitat in lucis umbrosis Angliae, Hiberniae, passim frequens.
Sp. 15. R. Col. Lustrator. Mas. Niger palpis pedihusque
pallide Jiavis ; abdomine fusco-medio ferrugineo ; stigmata
fusco cubitam ultra medium excipiente. (Long. corp. l^;
alar. 2^ lin.)
Caput nigrum nitidissimum ad antennarum insertionem nonnil pro-
tuberans : antennae corpore fere longiores 29-articulatse, fuscse
basi dilutius : thorax niger nitidus ; mesothoracis lobi singuli
convexi ; sulculi punctulati ; metathorax punctulato-rugulosus :
abdomen oblongum planum ; segmentum l™um^ paulo longius
quam latius, medio leviter striolatum fuscum, margine laterale
apicis subdepresso flavescente : segmenta intermedia ferruginea,
2^". basi media subtilissime striolatum ; posteriora obscuriora :
pedes pallide flavo-ferniginei, tarsorum apiee summo fusco : alae
angustse, hyalinse, stigmate magno elliptico fusco : nervus cubi-
talis propius apici insertus quam reliquis.
Habitat in Hibernia boreali mihi semel lectus.
Adnot. — Discrimen certissimum hujus e fronte protuberante alis
angustis, stigmate crasso et cubiti insertion e.
Sp. 16. R. Col. lanceolator. Niger antennis basi, palpis
pedibusque Jlavo-ferrugineis; stigmate sordide flavescente,
cubitum medio excipiente ; nervo recurrente interstitiale ;
abdominis segmento 1"°. et 2'^\ basi rugulosis; tibiis posticis
subsinuatis ; fern, terebra dimidii abdominis longitudine.
(Long. corp. 1 — 1|; alar. 2|— 3| lin.)
Bracon lanceolator, N. ab E. Monogr. I. 92, No. 53.
Caput brevius transversum, occipite contracto facie subtiliter punc-
tulata, medio subcarinata ; oris rima fere semicirculari : antennae
femince corpore breviores, 20— 25-articulatae, fuscae basi flave-
scentes, pedicello extricato, et articulis exterioribus solito magis
discretis (ut in Hormio) maris graciliores, corpore vix breviores :
mesothoracis sulculi laeves, in depressionem confertim punctatam
TRACKS IN TEME. 59
et pubescentem exeunt ante scutellum : metathorax rugoso-reti-
culatus, areis dorsalibus postice rotundatis et nonnunquam laevi-
gatis : abdomen obovato-lanceolatum ; segmentum 1^^'°^. oblongum
antrorsum vix attenuatum, latitudine apicis sesquilongius, rugu-
losum, prope basin tuberculatum, angulis apicis margine depresso
membranaceoauctis: segmenta reliqua ssepe fusco-picea ; secundum
nonnunquam ferrugineum margine laterali et postico determinate
fusco ; basi aut fere totum rugulosum ; reliqua laevia : terebra
dimidii abdominis longitudine, apice subattenuata et decurva,
ferruginea, apice fusca : pedes mediocres : tibise posticae ante
medium gibbulae ideoque manifestius extrorsum sinuatae quam
spp. caett. : variant pedes colore, modo toti flavo-ferruginei tarsis
apice subfuscis, modo coxae posticae basi fuscae ; turn maribus
tibiae vel etiam femora postica aut posteriora apice fusca sunt vel
tibiae mediae totae hujus coloris : tibiae maris posticae apice paulo
crassiores esse videntur : alee hyalinae radice et squamulis flavo-
ferrugineis, nervis fuscis stigmate sordide flavo, vel ochraceo :
stigma magis informam anguste trigonam effictum, cubitum
perpaulo ultra medium excipit : alas posticae areola brachialis
posterior | anterioris paulo longior est.
Habitat Germaniam N. ab E. — Angliam sat frequens : F. Walker. —
In Hibernia nonnisi rarissime mihi obvius fuit, etiam per Ebrides
Insulas.
{To be continued.)
Art. IV. — Observations on certain curious Indentations in
the Old Red Sandstone of Worcestershire and Hereford-
shire, Sfc. By Jabez Allies, Esq. one of the Council of
the Worcestershire Natural History Society. London :
Edwards. Worcestei* : Lees.
Reader ! there are times and seasons with us all when it is
scarcely within the compass of our ability to follow out the
dictation of even a reasonable wish ; when the spirit may
be fully aware of the necessity of acting, yet may not be
empowered to act. Such times and seasons await us all : how
needful then is it that when strong we trust not to our present
strength, saying that that strength will continue till to-morrow.
To-morrow has no existence. What we think worthy to be
GO TRACKS IN TEME.
done, should be done to-day ; tor we know not that we shall be
able to accomplish it at any luture time. We are not,
nowever, about to persevere in this sad strain ; we are not
lachrymose, and least of all men are we lack-a-daysical ; yet be
it known that we scorn the coward who fears to pen sober
truisms, especially when such truisms have been recently and
deeply pressed on his attention. Reader ! these observations
have forced themselves on the writer from circumstances which
in all probability thou wilt never know ; to thee, rejoicing in
health, they may be as chafF; to the writer they are the
treasured result of daily and nightly thought. " Somewhat too
much of this :" we would not make thee melancholy ; and if our
article contains a tinge, however slight, of melancholy, trust us
not again.
In our hand is a book containing 132 pages, scarcely one of
which can be read without a smile. Whether it was the
intention of the author thus to make us smile, it is not in our
power to say. When he gravely " submits" that " the twelve
signs of the Zodiac are hieroglyphics of the antediluvian patri-
archs ;" when he ekes out the number twelve by making Eve a
patriarch, and " submits " that Pisces is the sign representing
Noah, from that patriarch's celebrated voyage on the waters of
the deluge, and, we opine, his consequent proximity to the
^fishes ; we hesitate whether we are to believe Jabez Allies, Esq.
to be in earnest or in jest ; whether his book, like Dr. Ure's,
is an attempt to prove an exact accordance between the facts
disclosed by geology and the pages of holy writ ; or whether
it is intended as a burlesque on those who are engaged in this
arduous work. It is too ludicrous for the former, it is too
serious for the latter. Jabez Allies, Esq. reminds us of an
excellent raconteur, who keeps the whole table in a roar while
his own countenance remains unmoved.
The book, though, as before stated, containing but 132
pages, treats of at least as many totally different subjects ; we
give a few consecutive " cases" — " fish-bones — remains of
rhinoceros and mammoth — St.Catherine — St. Augustine's oak —
efTects of certain noxious plants on cattle, and the speedy
remedy — a stratum of coal at the Berrow-hill — an ancient
camp there — a body of evidence relative to the ignis fatuus —
old English black rats — dry rot — Turkish oaks, Valonia," &c.
&c. ; indeed the el ceteras might be prolonged for whole lines.
TRACKS IN TEME.
61
The preface, which is in fact a table of contents, thus con-
cludes : " The facts and evidence relative to each case are detailed
as minutely as possible, in order that, should my learned readers
not be satisfied with my conclusions, they may be enabled to
draw their own deductions therefrom." This is certainly
considerate, and we avail ourselves, as " learned readers," of
the license here given, and express our dissatisfaction and
dissent from the conclusion that the sign of the Bull repre-
sents Eve : " our own deduction therefrom " is — no, we will
not publish it.
It will be obvious to our readers that we cannot enter a
critique on all the " cases," contained in the book of Jabez
Allies, Esq. ; it has been proved possible that one man
possessed sufficient knowledge to write on all these " cases,"
but surely it cannot be supposed that any other should be
sufficiently accomplished to review him. We candidly ac-
knowledge, that with ourselves the attempt would be idle. We
are learned in the " Lives of the Saints," but we are ill versed
in the bones of fish ; we are amateurs in ancient camps, but
utterly ignorant of black rats. We will consider one " case "
only, that of St Catherine.
In a stained glass window, in the church of West Wickham,
in Kent, is a notable effigy of St. Catherine; she is repre-
sented as wearing a coronet, marvellously like that of an
English duke, with its strawberry leaves, &c. complete ; her
left hand supports a sword fit for a giant, and a book probably
intended for the Bible ; her right hand is tracing the lines of
the book she is reading. BenQ^th her feet is the Emperor
Maxentius, crown, sceptre, and purple robe. The emperor is
thus punished through an infinity of ages, because whilst
St. Catherine and himself were both tenants of this perishable
clay, he caused her head to be removed from the shoulders
which it adorned.
" This saint," says William Hone, " is in the Church of
England calendar and almanacks. It is doubtful whether she
ever existed; [how painful to hear such doubts expressed !]
yet in mass books and breviaries we find her prayed to, and
honoured by hymns, with stories of her miracles so wonder-
fully apocryphal, that even Cardinal Baronius blushes for the
threadbare legends. In Alban Butler's memoirs of this saint
it may be discovered, by a scrutinizing eye, that while her
62 TRACKS JN TEME.
popularity seems to force him to relate particulars concerning
her, he leaves himself room to disavow them ; but this is
hardly fair, for the great body of readers of his * Lives of the
Saints ' are too confiding to criticise hidden meanings. * From
this martyr's uncommon erudition,' he says, ' and the extra-
ordinary spirit of piety by which she sanctified her learning,
and the use she made of it, she is chosen in the schools the
patroness and model of christian philosophers.' According to
his authorities, she was beheaded under the Emperor Maxentius,
or Maximinus II. He adds, — ' she is said first to have been
put upon an engine made of four wheels joined together, and
stuck with sharp pointed spikes, that when the wheels were
moved her body might be torn in pieces.' The * Acts * add,
that at the first stirring of the terrible engine, the cords with
which the martyr was tied were broken asunder by the invisible
power of an angel, and the engine falling to pieces by the
wheels being separated from one another, she was delivered
from that death : hence the name of St. Catherine's wheel.' "
This St. Catherine our author supposes not to be his
St. Catherine. " I am satisfied that the St. Catherine in
question could not be the same as is said to have been born at
Alexandria at the latter end of the second century, and suf-
fered martyrdom under the Emperor Maxentius (and whose
wheel is so celebrated) as upon consulting my Clavis Calen-
daria, by Brady, it does not appear that the Egyptian
saint was ever in Britain." Our author here admits the
existence of two St. Catherines; this is much better than Hone,
who doubts of even one ; as for ourselves, we would admit
three, four, aye even five, rather than there should be the
slightest hitch in the theory of Jabez Allies, Esq. Indeed
we have excellent evidence of a third St. Catherine, whose
sphere of existence in this world was confined to the London
side of Worcester, and the immediate vicinity of our author's
habitation, and after whom a whole catalogue of Catherine
nomenclature has arisen, beginning with Catherine-hill, the
residence of Thomas Newman, Esq.; Catherine-villa, the seat
of the learned Jabez Allies, Esq. ; Catherine-cottage, Cathe-
rine-house, Catherine-row, Catherine-street, Catherine-place,
&c. &c.
We must give Jabez Allies, Esq. the benefit of a doubt he
has expressed as to the veracity of the legend of St. Catherine :
TRACKS IN TEME. 63
" I am not going to support that fiction," says he, " however
ingenious it may be," &c. (p. 2) ; yet it appears to us that
every subsequent fact related, or argument urged, tend to
support the " fiction" in question. We must proceed with
the history itself: — " A person, said to be a girl with a pair of
pattens on, having stolen St. Catherine's mare and colt, and led
them down several brooks to avoid detection — the saint, upon
being informed of her loss, prayed that wherever the animals
and thief trod the marks of their feet might be left ; and that
in answer to this prayer the prints of the animals' feet, and
also of the patten rings, were deeply indented, not only in the
earth, but also in the stones, wherever they trod, and that
thereby they were traced to, and found at Ledbury." Nothing
can possibly be more clear: the facts are overwhelm-
ing. No sooner were we aware that the Tracks in Teme
were thus readily accounted for, than we took a place per
Worcester mail, inside, back to the horses, and before ten
o'clock the next morning we waited on Mr. Evans, the Secretary
of the Worcestershire Natural History Society, and solicited per-
mission to view the miraculous impressions. Mr. Evans, with
that cordial politeness which never forsakes him, introduced us
to the wonders, and we were convinced ! Dr. Buckland — how
the name shrinks into insignificance before that of Jabez
Allies, Esq. — Dr. Buckland had ventured to express a doubt,
indeed he went so far as to suppose that the tracks were softer
portions of the stone, and hinted that they might probably be
traced below the surface : or, " cavities from which concretions
of marlstone and other matter have been washed out by the
action of the brook." The stone had been sawn in twain,
and the doctor disappointed ; the track descended not a frac-
tion of a millemeter into the stone; and the same stone is
preserved in the museum, to the eternal honour of Teme,
St. Catherine, and Jabez Allies, Esq., and the eternal dis-
comfiture of Dr. Buckland and Roderick Impey Murchison.^
Jabez Allies, Esq. has of course made several expedi-
tions to ascertain every particular ; he has literally waded
knee-deep in Teme ; of one visit he speaks thus : — " About
half-a-mile further down we were shown a stone in the channel
of the brook containing several very distinct tracks ; namely,
' " I am confirmed in this opinion by Mr. Murchison, who was here yester-
day."— Buckland.
G4 TRACKS IN TEME.
two called those of the mare, three of the colt, one rather
doubtful track, one patten-ring impression" — " all the said
tracks have protuberances corresponding with the frogs of the
animals' feet, very finely developed." — " Some distance further
down the brook we found another stone, containing two tracks
of the mare blended together, one of the colt," &c. — " Upon
one not very large stone we found a rather worn impression of
the mare's tracks," (p. 16.) — " At Mr. Downes', of the Farm,"
they saw " a stone containing one patten-ring impression, one
track of the mare, and two of the colt," (p, 17.) " The colt's
track, marked O, is a most excellent impression; the frog of
this track is level with the surface of the stone, at the hinder
part of it," (p. 19.) "I must add here, that so distinct are these
tracks, even now, that I should as soon be led to believe that
a clear representation of the ' human face divine' would be
produced on various stones by the attrition of the stream, as
that such attrition produced these tracks," (p. 25.) " Here
then I take it we have the tracks of antediluvian horses and
colts, and of patten-ring impressions. And if so, they clearly
prove that this country was not only inhabited, but that it was
in a state of considerable civilisation," &c. (p. 29.)
The reader will perhaps be struck with the alteration of
phraseology as the writer warms in his subjects through the
pages above quoted; first, we have " tracks called those of the
mare;" then we have it fairly stated, "one track of the mare;"
lastly, we have the inference clearly : " Here then, I take it,
we have the tracks," &c., implying that a doubt no longer
exists on the subject. We omitted to say that the prints of
the mare's feet formerly exhibited traces of shoes with cockers
to them, and nails ; this, however, does not come as a positive
fact vouched for by the author, and therefore he need not have
raised a theory touching blacksmiths thereon, proving, as he
says, " the use of iron in those remote ages, and the then
existence of the blacksmith," (p. 29.) The patten-ring is
quite as satisfactory a proof of the existence both of iron and
smith.
We have it then fairly admitted and insisted on, in the
Essay before us, that tracks of an animal wearing pattens, and
of two horses of very different sizes, one of them supposed to
be shod, exist at this day, on the surface of the old red sand-
stone in Teme, Sapey, Whelpley, and other streams in the
TRACKS IN TEME. 65
neighbourhood of Knightsford-bridge, on the borders of Wor-
cestershire, towards Herefordshire. We know, and the author
knows, and makes no attempt to doubt or disprove it, that these
impressions could only be made when the old red sand-stone was
plastic, and in the process of formation. All geologists, includ-
ing the author, admit that this formation of the old red sand-
stone took place long anterior to the deluge; "some even
contend that it was formed thousands of years previous to the
creation of man;"'' (p. 29,) in fact, we are not aware that a
single geologist now assigns it a more recent date. Let us
attempt to gather into a simple sentence the obvious inference
to be drawn from the admissions and assertions of our author,
thus : —
Long before the Noachian Deluge, nay, even before the
creation of man himself, there existed, in the neighbourhood
of Knightsford-bridge, in Worcestershire, in England, some
animals which wore pattens, and horses which were shod in
the manner 'practised at the present day; the existence of
pattens and horseshoes clearly proving, moreover, the exist-
ence of blacksmiths, as the fabricators thereof
Kisum teneatis amici ! A word more and we have done.
In order to prove that the good people wore pattens long,
long before the flood, Jabez Allies, Esq. quotes the book of
Job: — " 'It is turned as clay to the seal,' xxxviii. 14. And,
unless Job meant the boils with which he was afflicted, it
might reasonably be inferred that he figuratively alluded to the
patten," (p. 31.) We know not whether Jabez Allies, Esq.
ever heard of a non sequititr. We opine that the foregoing
passage is an apt illustration of the term. We cannot see why,
if Job meant not a boil, he meant a patten.
Jabez Allies, Esq. is a man of talent, and a man of much
reading; he is one whom the Natural History Society of
Worcestershire delighteth to honour ; he is looked up to as a
philosopher, he is consulted as an oracle, and it is not our wish
to diminish his reputation ; we are no geologists, but we can
take a common-sense view of most subjects. We always
have, and always will differ from those who consider the Bible
a work on Natural History ; and we believe, firmly believe, that
those who attempt to prove it such, raise doubts without
b Mark ! the author himself makes this observation, in order to prove the
antiquity of the impressions.
NO. I. VOL. IV. K
66
LEFEBVRE ON MANTIS.
removing them ; we have always wished them a better employ-
ment. Let Teme flow on in all its beauty — in all its crystal
clearness. Oh that we were now a tenant of that little house
above its fall, listening to the eternal hum of waters ! Oh that
our eyes beheld that beauteous valley, and all its orchards !
Oh that we could now sweep with our net the rich grass
along those meadows ere it yields to the unrelenting scythe !
Oh that we could wade, with naked feet, adown its bed, and
dwell with delight on those curious tracks over which our
friend Allies theorises so beautifully, but in vain !
Art. V. — New Group of Orthoptera, Family of Mantides.
By M. A. Lefebvre. {Extracted from the Annales de la
Societe Entomologique de France.)
The Mantides present forms and exterior anatomical dis-
tinctions so marked, that we can no longer leave them con-
nected as they have remained for some years past. Illiger,
sensible of the necessity of dividing the genus, was the first to
separate, under the name of Empiisu, those in which the head
terminates in an elongated point, and the males are dis-
tinguished by pectinated antennae. But he still left in the
genus Mantis species as dissimilar, and capable of forming
groups as distinct, as the one he had himself created.
Lichenstein was of essential service in describing a portion
of the species figured by Stoll, and more especially in pointing
out well-ascertained distinctions ; but, in the monograph he
published in the 6th vol. of the Transactions of the Linnaean
Society of London, he proposed no arrangement of genera ;
and Latreille, in the second edition of his Families Natu-
relles, did not think proper to establish one, although the
generic history of these insects demanded the closest attention
of his master mind. At length M. Audinet-Serville, in his
Revue Methodique des Orthopteres, published in the 22d
vol. of the Annales des Sciences Naturelles, rescued this
family from the chaos in which it had been so long buried ;
and from the external organic characters, — taking sometimes
the foliaceous membranes observable on the legs of certain
species, sometimes the elongation of the head, the swelling
LEFEBVRE ON MANTIS. 67
of the thorax, &c., — he established nine genera ; which, added
to the two already in existence, raised to the number of eleven
the divisions which these Orthoptera now range under
naturally and conveniently.
Still there was one species which had escaped the attention
of this indefatigable and clever entomologist, who would, on
no occasion, establish new genera except with the specimens
before him, and who did not venture to form an opinion of a
species, and a fortiori make a new genus from any figure,
however correctly drawn.
It was in the account of the Expedition to Egypt, (PI. 2,
Orthop.) that the insects of the genus now under consideration
were figured for the first time. M. Audouin had been very
desirous of furnishing the descriptions to these plates, but, as
he informed me, in the absence of every kind of specimens,
and having only the engravings, without either the insects or
the MSS., which, for thirty years, had lain buried in the pos-
session of M. Savigny,^ he could only (as in the Arachnoida)
give a sketch of the tribes and groups to which the insects
described belonged ; and these Orthoptera were in like man-
ner included by him in the genus Mantis. I shall distinguish
them here under the name of Eremiaphila.
When I was travelling in Egypt, in 1829 and 1830, under
the guidance of Dr. Pariset, (the head of the medical com-
mission appointed to make observations on the plague) an
excursion to the Oasis of Bahryeh^ was deemed advisable by
him, partly for the analysis of the thermal waters it contains,
and partly for other medical investigations connected with his
mission. Drs. Lagasquie and Darcet were charged with the
chemical and medical observations, and Dr. Pariset allowed me
to avail myself of this invaluable opportunity of investigating
the natural history of this isle of the desert, which is yet
hardly known to us in a physiological point of view.
We left the last traces of vegetation on the 27th of February,
to commit ourselves to these burning wastes ; and I beheld
one by one disappear, even the last vestige of animal life, with
the plants which might support it. After a day and a half's
journey, what was my surprise, when amongst the debris of
shells, of which I collected some magnificent specimens, (now in
the Museum,) amongst the nummulites which our dromedaries.
" See Note I. at the end oi this article. '' See Note II.
68 LEFEBVRE ON MANTIS.
crushed beneath then- feet, and amongst which I sought, with
little hope, for insects; what, I say, was my astonishment to
see slowly crawling a small species of iMcrnfis, with a squat,
thick-set body, apterous, or nearly so, and seeming to recon-
noitre the smallest holes in the ground in search of prey!
I left our caravan, and remamed with my servant Hralil, a
young Arab, who had already collected insects for me with
much attention. We stayed to observe this singular creature,
whose presence in such a place had excited my wonder to the
utmost. But vainly, for a length of time, did we follow his every
motion ; not a fact could I learn of his manners, habitat, or
means of existence. Already two hours had been passed in these
fruitless observations, and my companions had disappeared in
the distance, amid the magic waters of the mirage. To have
prolonged our stay in these solitudes would have been im-
prudent: I bid adieu to the Mantis, and rejoined our party.
Similar insects were repeatedly seen, and I examined them in
like manner, but without ascertaining one point I wished to
know. The morrow brought the same adventures — the same
observations fruitlessly prolonged for hours, and with as unsa-
tisfactory results.
But what struck me most forcibly was the change of colour
I observed in these insects'^ according to the soil on which I
found them, the tint of which they assumed in the most
perfect manner ; so much so, that it was only by their
motions that I could distinguish them on this soil so destitute
of life. No doubt from this cause numbers escaped me, worn
out and overcome as I was by the vertical rays of an African
sun.
The nimble j^dicnernus, almost the only bird which ven-
tures amidst these desert regions, and a small Saurian, the
Trapelus j^gyptiacxis, true Arab of these sandy wastes, and
which I found occasionally with my Eremiaphilce, presented
that perfect resemblance to the colour of the ground which I
had heard described, but which I never believed could have
existed in so great a degree. This identity of tint was so
striking that in a spot where the soil was brown, insects and
reptiles assumed the same colour ; and if, at the distance of
one hundred paces, I strolled over the debris of shells, or on a
calcareous surface, whose whiteness was dazzling, there these
' See Note in.
LEFEBVRE ON MANTIS. 69
same creatures had assumed that silvery tint which rendered
them undistinguishable from the asperities of the ground.
Do they then hve in these hmited spheres without wander-
ing ? Can they, at pleasure, assume the colour of the soil on
which they may happen for a time to sojourn ? The physical
cause seems incapable of explanation.
We well know that in the Polar regions several Mammi-
ferce, as well as birds, can (but only for a time) assume the
white colour of the snow ; but I do not think this chameleon
faculty has ever been observed among the Invertebrata.
As for the intention of Nature in this case, must it not have
been to afford the Ereviiaphilcc more facility to escape the
attacks of their enemies (since they are placed in a dangerous
position, being the only insects which in these regions can
serve as a prey) that she has identified these Orthoptera with
the colour of the soil so completely that it is totally impossible
to see them except when in motion.
In spite of all my care, and all my investigations, I could
not find a single other insect in the habitats of the Eremiaphilce.
Some, indeed, were to be seen in approaching the Oases, but
only in their immediate vicinity, and these were the genera
Anfhia, Graphipterus, Scolia, Pimelia, Acrida, Mantis,
(proper,) Formica, the universal Vanessa cardui, the Da-
naides, &c., but when we came in sight of these the Eremi-
aphilcB had long disappeared !
This strange fact, which I had an opportunity of confirming
on my return from Bahryeh, by another route across the
desert, continued to puzzle ray brains as much as before.
What indeed can be the food of these Orthoptera
amidst such frightful wastes, where no other herbivorous
insect can by possibility exist ; for there is not a plant, not a
vestige of vegetation ; and where I met with them 1 never
found even the glasswort and colocynth, — sad and scanty
traces of vegetable life, but on which the eye dwells with plea-
sure,"^ and which are generally seen in parts more proximate to
habitable land.
These Eremiaphilce, too, are armed with predatory claws,
strongly toothed, and are covered with elytra, hard and solid in
comparison with those of the other Mantides; every thing about
them announces habits essentially carnivorous — a life alone de-
•^ See Note IV.
70 LEFEBVRE ON MANTIS.
pendent on rapine and plunder. Where then are the insects so
strong as to require such arms for their capture, when, during
a week I spent in the desert itself, (out of a month which our
excursion lasted,) not one of us could find other insects at the
same time as the Eremiaphilce ?
Not only to myself, but to my companions, who took every
pains for me, and to the Arabs whom I employed, especially in
zoological research, all investigation proved vain. Unques-
tionably, if other insects had existed, the Bedouins of our
escort, whom the promise of a reward, worthy of their utmost
ambition, (good European powder,) kept constantly on the
watch, would not have allowed them to escape ; for we could
well trust their eyes, shaded by long lashes, and practised to
discover the smallest particle of wheat, powder, or dourrah,
which chance throws before them. I am therefore almost
tempted to believe that in the places where I found the
Eremiapliilce no other insects could have existed.
On the other hand, the elytra, half petiolated, small and
patelliform in their greatest development, in these Orthoptera,
and the wings equally unadapted to flight, forbid the idea that,
like the Acridiens, they can make distant excursions, reach
the cultivated lands, there feed, and then return to the deserts.
It is equally impossible to believe that their claws, useless
for leaping, should be sufficiently powerful locomotives to
transport them to such distances. Besides their quiet, soli-
tary habits, and apparent want of the disposition to wander,
render such excursions improbable. It is true that the
wind, as at sea, blows constantly, and in every direction, over
these burning tracts, rolling the sands like waves to a dis-
tance ; but as I have never found these insects except in the
desert, and as they disappeared when I approached vegetation,
every thing tends to the belief that it is not the ordinary hurri-
canes of these districts which transport them by accident, but that
the desert is their dwelling-place, and that they never leave it.
In spite of the extreme facility with which certain insects
support a long abstinence, we can hardly imagine that the
Eremiaphilce have no other nourishment than what the wind
may carry into the desert from the cultivated lands. This
precarious existence, of which the spiders, ant-lions, &c.
may serve as an example, cannot be reasonably admitted here
as a law of nature ; neither can I suppose that she has destined
LEFEBVRE ON MANTIS. 71
the Orthoptera always to devour one another, as has some-
times been accidentally observed among the Mantides. This
question remains, therefore, to me insoluble, and this express
condition of living in the most uninhabited and most uninhabit-
able places is, to me at least, incapable of explanation. But if
the habitat of these insects attracted my attention in some
particulars, the organic conformation of one of them was not
less able to fix it most intently.
Up to the present time, all authors have agreed in recognising
five articulations in all the tarsi of the Mantides ; and yet one
of the individuals which I found among them exhibited four
only on the anterior, and three on the intermediate and
posterior legs !
Although they were in the pupa state, it is not to be sup-
posed that the development of the other articulations takes
place at the time when these insects arrive at perfection, since
the larvae of species allied to them, as in all the other known
Matdides, have five articulations in all their tarsi. I could not,
with the most powerful microscope, detect even the rudiments
of the missing joint, which might have been attached to the
adjacent part, as is observed in some insects.
With respect to this anomalous and puzzling conformation,
I should have been tempted to consider it as one of those
whimsical freaks of nature which sometimes occur, had it
not been for certain characters peculiar to this insect, and
which I shall point out in referring to this species, which
afforded a most marked difference between it and the other
Eremiaphilcs ; in short, if in the work on the Expedition to
Egypt — (Pi. 2, fig. 5,) I did not find this very insect accurately
figured, and (fig. 6. d,) this same anomaly faithfully portrayed.
It is not probable that, after a lapse of thirty-four years, the
same monstrosity should have reappeared. Laying aside this
supposition, which cannot reasonably be admitted, it must be
allowed that this species has in fact but four and three articu-
lations of the tarsi, and that there may be other species of
Mantis of a similar conformation.
Reflecting upon the recent observations on the number of
the articulations of the tarsi in Coleoptera, and their disputed
importance in classification, it must be remarked that in this
anomaly of the tarsal joints nature has only followed the line
she has pointed out in the heteromerous Coleoptera, where the
72 LEFEBVRE ON MANTIS.
number of articulations in the tarsi is always more numerous in
the anterior than in the posterior legs. The genus Hetero-
tarsus, as well as showing one articulation less than the
Heleromera possess, also gives an additional proof of the
regularity in the relative number, which seems invariable, since
it affords four articulations of the anterior and three of the
posterior tarsi.
Here is a system of arrangement entirely overthrown by this
insect, and a fresh blow given to the tarsal classification, already
enough shaken by the observations recently published in the
Recueil des Annales de la Societe.
This insect then demands the institution of a new division,
as we shall hereafter see.
I have in my possession the Eremiaplnla in question, in
the pupa state, whilst in the work on the Expedition to Egypt
it is only figured in the larva state ; therefore I am able to
judge with more certainty respecting the distinctive character
of this truly curious creature, and which, in whatever state we
find it, is perfectly identical. But as I have before asked,
may we suppose that at the same time that the elytra and
wings are developed, the tarsi might assume the additional
number of joints which the allied species exhibit in a perfect
state ? — Nothing proves this.
Though it is unadvisable, I well know, to create a genus
from an insect not in the perfect state, I feel persuaded, from
all the precedents we have relative to the transformations of
this family of Orthoptera, that this species will preserve the
same constancy in the conformation of the tarsi, the same
difference in their claws, and the same peculiar form in the
subanal plate of the female, &c. T think I may therefore
make it the type of a genus, which I shall describe by the
name oi Heteronutarsus.
Fully impressed with the excellent principles laid down
by M. Germar in his Conspectus Cicadarium, on the too
great facility with which many modern entomologists have
created new genera, I have long hesitated to institute this for
fear of falling under the same lash, and I have only yielded
to the opinion of persons whose advice has such weight with
me that I could not do otherwise than obey.
LEFEBVRE ON MANTIS.
NOTES.
Note I.
May I take advantage of this opportunity of observing how
desirable it would be that government should require from
M. Savigny the return of those valuable insects and manu-
scripts, which have for so many years remained useless in the
possession of that entomologist, whose miserable state of
health, unhappily, precludes him from rendering any further
service to that science which he has adorned by his labours ?
It would be offering no offence whatever to a professor
whose sight is so far gone as to incapacitate him from any
exertion, to entrust to another the conclusion of so valuable
and splendid a work, and which has, in its progress, cost such
immense sums. Daily do we see strangers publish and de-
scribe as new numberless species which have, for thirty years,
been described in that work. The S^jhola Physicce, pub-
lished at Berlin, affords us a sufficiently striking instance of it.
It would be to the credit of the Entomological Society of
France to take the first steps in this matter, and to require of
government the completion of the entomological part of that
monument of science of which our misfortunes in Egypt have
not been able to deprive us, but from which we see daily one
of the laurel wreaths the scientific world adjudged it torn
away.
The Society, in undertaking the completion of this work,
would worthily act up to the object of its institution — the
propagation and advancement of entomology.
Note II.
El Ouah el Bahryeh, the most northerly of the four Oases
which, on the left of the hill, stretch from the heights of
Faioum to those of Assouan, a distance of nearly one hundred
leagues. It is about four days' march from the Nile, and covers
almost two leagues in extent. With respect to the three others,
NO. I. VOL. IV. L
LEFEBVRE ON MANTIS.
Farafrea, Daket, and Khardjeh, it ranks third in importance,
for by its different productions, and especially dates, it
brings in at least 200,000 francs per annum to Hassan Bey,
governor of Upper Egypt, who now holds it, and who reduced
it, fifteen or sixteen years ago, to the yoke of the pacha, by
exterminating the robbers whose resort it was.
It consists of four principal villages, which, together, contain
a])out 2000 souls : viz. Zabou and Mendisch on one side, and
Qasi and Baoneit on the other, separated by a ravine and a
high promontory of granitic, silicious, and basaltic formation.
Under the thick forest of dates which shadows them, may be
found some of our European plants, intermixed with those
peculiar to Africa, — there may be seen the peach, the apricot,
the almond, the olive, the vine, the Indian fig, and some of
our esculent vegetables.
The thermal waters, warm and ferruginous, (one only is
cold and sulphurous,) rising often to 3S° Reaumur, flow every
where over the native soil, and unite to form the frequent mo-
rasses, where you may see in profusion the MoUnsca, the
splendid AnipuUana carinata, and, in insects, the pretty
Gyrinas ^neus, &c.
This oasis, like another small one (the Oasis of Hanab,
which is uninhabited,) contiguous to it, is protected on the
west by immense hills of sand raised by the west wind, which
is most prevalent there, and renders the place more healthy.
It affords few cultivated spots of great extent, and, except
the fields of barley, lupins, and rice, it consists only of an
infinite number of small gardens, enclosed by hedges through
which it is difficult to pass.
The greater part of our birds of passage, both land and
water, are to be found there : the dangerous Cerastes, the
Scincus officinalis, Sphmnops Capistrata, and other reptiles,
abound. Of insects, some of our species will be seen on the
wing, in company with those essentially Egyptian. Thus, in
Lepidoptera, you will observe Pieris Brassicce and Daplidice,
mingling with Danais C/irysippus, Argus Lijsimon, Theo-
p)hrastes, &c. ; however, the nocturnal ones offer more species
exclusively African. In Coleoptera, Graphipteras variegatus,
Anthia Marginata, and numbers of Pimelece and Erodites,
inhabit the sand-hills, whilst C/eo/«M5 Clathratus, Brachycerus
AJricanus, &c. are frequent in the cultivated grounds, with
I
LEFEBVRE ON MANTIS.
75
several species peculiar to Senegal. Of Orthoptera, the
beautiful Truxalis grandis of Kley, the Blephar'is mendica,
&c. are in motion, with multitudes of Acridiens. Hymetioptera
are no less abundant ; the Pompili and the Xijlocopce are
buzzing about in thousands. Quantities of the handsome
Scol'ics, among others the pretty Eriophora of Klug, and
Vestita, were plentiful when I was there ; and in this numerous
order, as in all the others, I met with the major part of the
species figured in the work on Egypt, and in the Symbolce
Physicce of Klug and Ehrenberg. The abundance of water
attracts crowds of Neuroptera and Diptera, amongst which I
met with some new and beautiful species.
The Tipulce were in such numbers that their swarms render
a residence in this oasis most cruel to an European newly
arrived. But it is only for a time; for I remarked here, as in
Sicily, when at Augusta, in the vicinity of the pestilential
marshes of Lentini, that toll once taken by these little vampires,
they leave you at last easy enough ; but nothing can equal the
sanguinary pertinacity with which they fall upon the new
comer, the purgatory they make him endure, and from which
he in vain attempts to escape. Fire only, instead of attracting
them, drives them from the tents.
In other respects, this oasis (undoubtedly the Oasis Minor of
the Romans, for a triumphal arch, coins, &c. seem to prove it,)
is a sweet and tranquil residence, as much from the absence of
wild beasts as from the peaceable character of its inhabitants,
and their easy means of subsistence, notwithstanding the small
number of cattle which they possess. Any one who could
reside there some time would assuredly, at least in entomology,
make a most valuable and abundant collection, and which
would have a much greater interest if he should extend his
excursions to the other oasis of the south.
Note III.
I can only speak of the Pupa; and I do not know if the
perfect insect is susceptible of the same changes. What I say
here upon the colour and means of living of these insects I do
not mean to apply to other Eremiaphilce. which have been sent
me, as I am totally ignorant of the circumstances under which
they have been found.
76
COLEOPTERA OF SUTHERLANDSHIRE.
Note IV.
We must, however, believe that these insects do not exclu-
sively inhabit those places where vegetation is impossible.
Those species which occur in Syria and Lebanon, where there
exist vast tracts dry but not barren, and where other insects
are also found, prove the contrary ; but I think we may,
without fear of mistake, believe that the Eremiaphilce inhabit
dry places in preference to those which are cultivated.
I. F. C.
Art. VI. A List of
Sutherland, in June
Cicindela campestris
Cychrus rostratus
Carabus Catenulatus
Glabratus
Clathratus
Violaceus
Cancellatus
Arvensis
Helobia brevicollis
Gyllenhalii
Leistus rufescens
Lamprias chlorocephaliis
Tarus basalis
Clivina fossor
Dischirius gibbus
Broscus cephalotes
Feronia nigrita
Orinomum
nigra
Melanaria
Abax Striola
Paecillus cupreus
Argutor erythropus
pullus
Patrobus rufipes
Harpalus asneus
limbatus
ruficornis
Coleoptera taken in the Counttj of
1834. By Mr. J. Wilson.
Curtonotus aulicus
Bradytus apricarius
Amara eurynota
familiaris
communis
similata
vulgaris
Olistrophus rotundatus
Calathus cisteloides
melanocephalus
mollis
piceus
Agonum viduum
parum-punctatum
msestum. Var.
Anchomenus prasinus
Albipes
Loricera pilicornis
Badister bipustulatus
Trechus minutus
Blemus paludosus
Peryphus littoralis
Notiophilus biguttatus
aquaticus
Elaphrus cupreus
Blethisa multipunctata
Dytiscus marginalis
Hydroporus trivialis
COLEOPTERA OF SUTHERLANDSHIRE.
77
Colymbetes bipustulatus
uliginosus
agilis
Gyrinus natator
marinus
Elmis cupreus
Helophorus aquaticus
griseus
granulans
Hydrobius fuscipes
melanocephalus
orbicularis
Sphseridium 4-maculatum
Necrophorus Vespillo
Oiceoptoma sinuata
rugosa
thoracica
Silpha obscura, var. ?
Phosphuga atrata
Meligethes viridescens
Byrrhus pilula
fasciatus
» Eeneus
varius
Hister carbonarius
Geotrupes stercorarius
sylvaticus
Isevis
vernalis
Onthophilus striatus
Aphodius fossor
rufipes
terrestris
fimetarius
Phyllopertha hordeola
Serica brunnea
Trichius fasciatus
Cataphagus pectinicornis
tessellatus
cupreus
Anathrotus ruficaudis
niger
Selatosomus seneus
minutus
Hypnoidus riparius
Elater obscurus
marginatus
Campylus linearis
Atopa cervina
Malthinus biguttatus
Telephorus rusticus
dispar
bicolor
nigricans
testaceus
pallidus
Anthobium castaneum
Hylobius abietis
Sitona lineata
Hypera arator
Barynotus mercurialis
obscurus
Strophosomus coryli
Phyllobius argentatus
parvulus
uniformis
mali
mali, var. ?
Thalacites geminatus
Sciaphilus muricatus
Otiorhynchus tenebricosus
laevigatus
atro-apterus
Rhagium bifasciatum
Donacia sericea
simplex
cincta
Galeruca tanaceti
caprese
Luperus fulvipes
Phsedon vitellinge
raphani
Chrysomela fastuosa
staphylea
Coccinella, 30-punctata
Helops caraboides
Aleochara con color
Tachyporus chrysomelinus
r8
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.
Tachinus marginellus
rufipes
Creophilus maxillosus
Staphyiinus murinus
castanopterus
stercorarius
seneocephalus
Georius olens
Ocypus similis
Quedius tristis
picipennis
Philonthus politus
splendens
varians
Othius fulgidus
Gyrohypnus longiceps
linearis
Lathrobium lineare
Carahus Jiortensis was rave ; C. (]lahratns and clathratus
were frequent, and C. catenulatus extremely abundant.
Trichius fasciatus. — Of this insect a single specimen only
was taken.
Otiorynchus Icsvigatus was taken on Ben-na-mac-dhui, at
an elevation of 4300 feet.
Corcinella 30-punctata. — Three specimens of this insect
were taken in Cromarty, between Invergorden and Tain: it is
remarkable tliat not one other species of the genus was seen
in Sutherland.
Art. VII. — Entomological Notes. By W. E. Shuckard.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.
Dear Sir, — It may be interesting to your readers to know
the locahties of one or two good insects, which have been
captured this year by friends of mine ; but I must note as one
of the greatest rarities a remarkable case of hermaphroditism
in the apidae, in an Anthophora retusa, (Lin.,) the description
of which is as follows.
Right half of the head and of the thorax, female ; antennae
and legs on the right side, female ; abdomen entirely female ;
but the whole of the thorax above is female ; what is not
described as female is of the other sex.
This insect presents a very remarkable appearance ; its face
being half coloured with white and black, and the difference
of its legs and antennae being so marked ; but it is needless to
point out that such is the case, as it will necessarily suggest
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES. 79
itself to every one who is acquainted with the vast discrepancy
of the sexes in this species. It is also remai'kable from giving
a positive contradiction to theory, which makes the right side
the nobler ; and adduces in evidence that in all cases of herma-
phroditism amongst insects the right side is male. In my
humble opinion, Sir, the collecting of facts is more valuable
than the constructing of crude theories ; for the latter too much
resembles building upon sand, which the first tide washes away,
and in as far as one word of truth is worth a million of false-
hoods. Instances of hermaphroditism amongst the Hyme-
noptera are rare. I possess a Cinibex Griffinii, in which the
left anterior leg only is female ; and a specimen of Andrena
fulvescens, (Kirby, MSS.,) in which the sexes are intimately
intermingled. The antenna on the right side is female, on the
left male, but althoug-h having thirteen joints, not longer than
that of the female. The nose is only coloured in streaks;
[in the male the entire clypeus is of a milky colour ;] the
abdomen is female, having only six segments ; the podex is
precisely as in the females, whereas there are seven ventral
plates ; and in the legs the male conformation predominates,
although also (there) there is a struggle between the sexes for
precedence.
The instances of the occurrence of rare insects are that of
HyleccBtus dermestoides, (Fab.,) which is marked as foreign in
Stephens's nomenclature, but of which Mr. T. Desvignes took
seven specimens in Sherwood Forest on the 1st of May, one
of which, through his kindness, I possess. Of these, six were
male, and only one female. He also took the Elater rufipennis,
(Hoffmans,) in some numbers ; and my friend Mr. F. Smith has
received a specimen of Carahus intricatus, (Lin.) included
amongst many specimens of Carahus catenulatus, (Fab.) col-
lected upon Horsley Downs, by a country friend of his. I should
have observed, that the specimen above described, of the herma-
phrodite Anthrophora retusa, was captured at Barnes, by Mr.
F. Smith.
If these notices are worth your acceptance they are wholly
at your service. Yours very truly,
31, Robert. Street, King's Road, Chelsea, W. E. ShuckarD.
June 23, 183r..
LIST OF ENTOMOLOCxICAL WORKS.
Art. VIII. — List of Entomological Works.
1. British Entomology; by John Curtis. Nos. 147—
150, March to June, 1836.
2. Illustrations of British Entomology ; by J. F. Stephens.
^os. 80—82. December 1835, to April 1836.
3. Coleopteres de Mexique ; par A. Chevrolat. Fasci-
cule 7. Strasbourg, 1835.
4. Monographie des Ceto'ines, et Genres voisins, Sfc. ;
par M. H. Gory, et M. A. Percheron. Livraisons 11 — 13.
Paris, 1836.
5. Iconographie du Regne Animal de M. le Baron
Cuvier ; par M. F. E. Guerin. Livraisons 42, 43. Paris.
6. Magasin de Zoologie ; par F, E. Guerin. Paris.
7. Iconographie, &^c. des Coltopteres d' Europe ; par M.
le Comte Dejean, et M. le Docteur J. A. Boisduval.
8. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France.
Tome IV. Trimestre 4: Paris, 1835.
9. Genera et Species Curculionidum, cum Synonymia
hujusfamilicB ; a C. J. Schoenherr, Sfc.
10. Die Wanzenartigen Insecten. Getreu nach der
Natur abgehildet und beschrieben von D. Carl.Wilh. Hahn.;
Dritter Band, Zweites Heft. Drittes Heft. {Forseizuny
des Hahnschen Werks.) Von Dr. G. A. W. Herrich-
Sch'dffer. Nurtiberg, 1836.
11. Die-Arachniden. Getreu nach der Natur ahgebildet
und beschrieben (Forsetzung des Hahnschen Werkes ;) von
C. L. Roch. Dritter Band, Erstes Heft, Zweites Heft.
Nurnberg, 1836.
12. Iconographie des Chenilles, Sfc; par M. Duponchel.
VARIETIES. 81
13. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London.
Vol. I. Part IV. 1835. Character and Description of a
new Genus of the Family Melolonthidcn ; by John Ctcrtis'
Esq. F. L. S. &c. On a Species of Moth found inhabiting
the Galls of a Plant, near to Monte Video ; by John Curtis,
Esq. F. L. S. ^c.
14. The Magazine of Natural History; conducted by
J. C. Loudon. London : Longman. 1836. Nos. 60 — 62.
1. Illustrations of British Zoology ; by George Johnston,
M.D. 5fc. 2. Notes on the Habits of the Chegoe of Guiana
{Pulex penetrans), and Instances of its Effects on Man and
Dogs ; by Charles Waterton, Esq. 3. An Account of the
Pulex penetrans L., translated from Pohl and Rollars
Work on the Noxious Insects of Brazil ; by W. E. Shuckard,
Esq. ; &-C. ^c.
15. Outlines of Comparative Anatomy ; by Robert E.
Grant, M. D. §•€. Part III. containing Nervous System^
Organs of the Senses, and Digestive Organs. With twenty-
three Wood-cuts. London, 1836.
16. The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine
and Journal of Science. Third Series. Vol. VIII. No. 49,
June 1836. Characters of some undescribed Species of
Araneidce ; by John Blackviall, Esq. F.L.S.
17. Index Entomologicus ; by W. Wood, F.R.S. No. XIII.
containing the Tortricites.
Art. IX. — Varieties.
Sight and Smell of Insects. — The sense of smell is unquestion-
ably a material guide to insects in the discovery of their food :
but as we are aware of the fact of the bee possessing five eyes,
and others of this class having as many, and in some cases
more, I think that to such as these we may with greater pro-
priety ascribe acuter powers of vision than of smell, and
especially when we consider that hitherto no naturalist has
NO. I. VOL. IV. M
8'2 VARIETIES.
detected the seat of smell in insects. I have often observed
that when an insect discovers a flower by its sight, it does not
assure itself of its reality, or of its containing honey, by using
its sense of smell ; for if it did so it would not waste its time
in vainly searching for food in the honeyless nectaries. Bees
may be frequently seen to alight upon flowers which have been
completely deprived of their honey by bees that had previously
visited them, — instances which show that they are led thither
by their vision, for if smell were then their guide they would
not be deceived. Some time since a tortoise-shell butterfly
entered my room, and flew in a direct line to some artiticial
flowers placed under glass covers, about the smooth slippery
sides of which it fluttered, spoiling its wings in vain attempts
to gain its object. I once saw, at Paddington, a bee's attention
for a long time engaged by the sight of some flowers painted
upon a china-dish, and against which it flew, appearing much
balked to find them hard and honeyless. Now, if these
insects have such an acute sense of smell as some writers
ascribe to them, how comes it that it allows their vision to
mislead them? James Fennell.
Nov. 12, 1835. 4, Chester Terrace, Borough Road, Southwark.
2. A Query. — Kirby and Spence, in their " Introduction to
Entomology," mention some insect,* the name of which I
forget, which, they say, was the means of saving the life of
Latreille. By explaining their allusion you will oblige myself
and others. James Fennell.
Southwark, Nov. 12, 1835.
3. Vanessa C. album. — This butterfly has been exceedingly
abundant at Worcester and Malvern this autumn ; it settles on
the apples which have fallen in the orchards, and appears to
feed on their juices ; the larva feeds on the leaves of the hop.
( Comviunicated to E. Newman by)
Worcester, Nov. \G, 1835. SaM. AleX. BurLINGHAM.
4. Colias Hyale and Electra. — About sixty specimens of
Hyale have been taken this year in the neighbourhood of this
• Necrobia ruficollis. Latreille only informs us (Gen. Crust, et Insect. 1, 275,)
that it secured his life and liberty by the assistance of his friends Dargelas and
Bory dc St. Vincent. — Ed.
VARIETIES. Od
town, flying over lucern fields on sunny days in August.
Electra has been taken at Henfield. A number of Deilephila
Gain have been bred here this summer from larvae.
Brighton. 1835. J. G. B.
5. Characters of two undescribed British Coleoptera. —
Abdera, Stephens.
Abdera picea. Picea, Abifasciata et quadrifasciata angustior,
antennis bast, pedihus thoracisque ntargina fulvis.
Picea, nitens, subtilissime punctata, fere glabra : oculi nigro-picei :
thorax fulvus ; discus piceus: antennae fuscae, basi fulvae ; pedes
fiilvi. (Corp. long. lin. 1|.)
Found near London.
Orchesia, Latreille.
Orchesia minor. O. micante multo minor, antennce graciliores,
pedes obscuriores, thoracis fovece optime determinatce.
O. micantis forma et colore, fusco-picea, sericeo-pubescens ; sub-
tilissime punctatus : caput, thorax, pectus, abdomen et pedes
picea : palpi ferruginei : antennae graciles, subclavatag, obscure
piceae, basi et subtus ferrugineae. (Corp. long. lin. 1|.)
Found at New Lanark, Scotland. In the cabinet of the
Entomological Club. F. Walker.
6. A Species of Coccinella ?iew to Britain. C. M.-nigrum of
Fabricius. — The entire upper surface testaceous, occasionally
varying, probably in immature specimens, to a dirty white ; the
eyes and divers spots on the head varying in different speci-
mens, nearly black : prothorax, dirty white, with an undulated
black line in the form of a W, the component parts of the W
sometimes wanting connexion : elytra testaceous, the hue ex-
ceedingly variable in diflferent specimens; each has on the disc a
dark longitudinal line, frequently interrupted in the middle ;
this line in many specimens is totally wanting. The under
surface is dark brown, anteriorly approaching to black: the
legs are entirely pale. The size is precisely that of C. variabilis^
but the form more oblong.
Beaten in some abundance from the larch on Lady Rodney's
84 VARIETIES.
estate at Berrington, in Herefordshire, during the second week
in May, 1836. Eighteen specimens, of which no two are
precisely similar, are preserved in the cabinet of the Ento-
mological Club. E. Newman.
7. Two perfect Specimens of the Emperor Moth produced
from one Caterpillar. — Mr. Marshall, at page 511 of the
last volume, is somewhat severe on the editor of the Fire-
fly, for not expressing his doubt or disbelief of the state-
ment made by Mr. Edmonds of Worcester, touching the
production of two moths from one caterpillar. Without
expressing a decided opinion on the subject, we should
like to call Mr. Marshall's attention to the fact, that the same
assertion had been previously made by at least half a dozen
different authors of respectability, among whom we may mention
Kirby and Spence. Mr. Dale, in the Magazine of Natural
History, asserts that he reared Arctia Menthrasti, and six of
Ophion Vinulce^ from a pupa of Cerura Vinula. This is far
more extraordinary ; for supposing the six Ophions to be the
natural parasites of the Cerura caterpillar, then from whence
came Arctia Menthrasti ? Was that insect really produced
from a portion of the caterpillar of the puss moth? We believe
neither the editor of the Magazine of Natural History, nor
any of his correspondents, ever expressed a doubt of this
" curious fact," as Mr. Dale very appropriately calls it. An-
other correspondent of Mr. Loudon's excellent and scientific
periodical roundly asserts, that the " tail of the caterpillar
becomes the head of the butterfly : this is as remarkable as if
it stood thus : " the great toe of the boy becomes the nose of
the man." We still would not dispute the question ; we should
only conclude that our researches into insect anatomy had been
too shallow to develop the fact, which this insect anatomist had
by almost superhuman skill and elaborate investigation dis-
covered. The real name of this extraordinary genius, we
believe, has not yet transpired ; nor do we hear that he is at
present publishing his researches : we venture to predict, that
when they are fully received by entomologists, the works of
Straus-Durckheim, Herold, Lyonnet, Dufour, and Audouin,
will become waste paper. Editor.
ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.
OCTOBER, 1836.
Art. X. — Wanderings and Panderings of an Insect-Hunter.
{Continued frovi p. 37.)
Chapter V.
[Llanthony. Black Mountain.]
That evening sounds of revelry were heard within the walls
of Llanthony. There was the jovial landlord with his fiddle,
on which instrument, by the way, he excelled. There was his
spouse, fair, fat, and forty, or perhaps a trifle more. There
was Theophila, a graceful being, that seemed to have dropped
amongst them from the clouds. There was a minor female
help, altogether Welsh, with long hair, that appeared totally
upkempt. There was a gamekeeper and grouse preserver, — a
man of the mountain, — who was at first half suspicious of our
appearance, for the which I cannot much blame him, for I
never saw three honest travellers equipped in more poacher-
like apparel, although the artist has contrived to make us look
wondrously genteel in the tail-piece of the foregoing chapter.
After a while the way to this man's heart was discovered, and
he was jovial, and his songs were loud and tuneful. There
were two others under this man's authority, and one male
help, an attache of the establishment. There were, more-
over, the grouse-shooter, the cynophobist, and the insect-
hunter; in all, eleven souls. But the human beings were not
the only inhabitants of Llanthony ; there were six fox-dogs,
the finest creatures imaginable, long-legged, wiry-haired,
NO. II. VOL. IV. N
86 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
fawn-coloured, slim-tailed, bright-eyed, half-reasoning brutes,
that Edwin Landseer would have been proud to paint ; and
there were three thorough-bred pointers, that Cooper (entomo-
logical Cooper) would have gloried in ; besides sundry cats,
which, like ghosts, wandered about unnoticed by the dogs.
The poor cynophobist, from the praiseworthy desire to be
social, dovetailed an occasional half-score words into the
conversation, or delivered himself of an apology for a laugh,
whenever the landlord was unusually facetious; but he was
evidently in purgatory, and trembled for my safety, in addition
to his own, when he beheld a fox-dog resting his wiry nose
in my lap, while another, with sparkling eyes, his forefeet
on my knees, was asking for every mouthful that I ate.
It was late ere we retired; and then the winding staircase
lighted by loop-holes, the quaint bed-rooms, the deep-latticed
gothic windows in the massive walls, had so many charms and
attractions, and the moon continued to shine for hours so very
brightly, that the Insect-Hunter slept not till morning was far
advanced; and when at last sleep did come, he was employed
in swinging censers, kneeling to crucifixes, confessing sinners,
or regaling his palate with the most exquisite grayling, and
quaffing the delicious wines of Germany in the cool and well-
appointed cellars of Llanthony. Oh may Llanthony never
become common ! may it never, like the banks of Niagara,
re-echo the cries — " good cigars, ginger pop, and soda water !"
'Twas morning, — all was stir and bustle, the incessant
bleating of mountain sheep, brought to be washed in the
river, and crying to their lambs, now unable to recognise their
mothers in their cleanliness, was unutterably wearisome : then
the bay of the fox-dogs, the cheering of the huntsman, and
the occasional blast of his horn, called forth the echoes of
every mountain, which, reverberating from side to side, seemed
as though they never would be still. Alas, what labour after
consistency have those to undergo whose writings are the
result of imagination ! Which of them all would dare to couple
the Midsummer sheep-shearing and the hunting of foxes ? yet
these are coetaneous at Llanthony. Foxes at Llanthony are
" animals of so base a nature that the law will not protect
them at any season :" they are hunted to the death ; the object,
though never to be accomplished, is their extermination. The
dogs used in the chace are of prodigious speed — they almost
OF AN INSECT-HUNTER. 87
equal greyhounds ; and, in a few hundred yards, will run down
any fox, if they have a fair start. The foxes burrow in the
almost perpendicular cliffs of the mountains, which are often
completely honied-combed with their holes ; when they reach
these the hunt is over, and the fox secure.
It is difficult to take leave of Llanthony, but my readers
are tired, and I will " move on." The wanderers are again
a-foot ; they turn their faces northward, and pursue the course
of the Honddu, the beautiful rivulet that used in the olden
time to furnish gi'ayling to the gastrological monks. The
Honddu is a little fretful mountain stream ; its voice was ever
in our ears ; it was the companion of our way for seven miles :
sometimes its channel was big enough for a mighty river ; its
rocky banks, many hundred yards apart, and rising fifty feet
on either side, covered with versicolorous lichens, and in the
crevices affording a lodgment to graceful and most luxuriant
ferns. Nothing could exceed the beauty of some spots,
where the cold lichen-stained rocks bore at every ledge where
a handful of soil would rest, a bunch of feathery fern, which
was incessantly in motion, and on their summit a crest of
delicate and graceful birch. Generally, however, the banks
of the Honddu slope gradually to the stream ; they are often
cultivated for the distance of a full mile on either side, and
appear to produce excellent grass ; it was now ready to cut,
and every field was enamelled with flowers. It would be
impossible in such a walk as this for the Insect-Hunter not
to meet with success ; box after box was filled till it would
hold no more ; and then proceeding at a better pace, the tra-
vellers at last emerged from the ravine, where the stream is
no longer capable of yielding its tribute to man, and was
therefore untouched by his hands, and trickled over the barren
and rugged side of the mountain : there they sat down and
drank of its crystal waters, and rested awhile from their
labours. Then they turned northward through the Bwlch-
y-fingel, and wandered on under the heights of Cusop, till
they found a hospitable home at Llydyadyway, the residence of
the brother of the grouse-shooter.
88 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
Chapter VI.
[Walks in Wales.]
It has always seemed to the Insect-Hunter something like a
drawback to the full enjoyment of a lofty Welsh view, that it
so frequently wants the horizon. Mountain follows mountain,
more and more distant in every direction, and more and more
indistinct, till those in the extreme distance are not to be
distinguished from the exhalations with which the air seems
ever to be loaded. I speak now of bright sunny days.
When the weather is overcast, of course you see no moun-
tains : in cloudy weather one may stay at Capel Curig, at the
very foot of Snowdon, for a month, without once seeing its
triple head. This fact of the haziness of the air does not so
much affect views from lower situations, where hill rises over
hill, until some giant mountain shuts out the distance ; and it
is on this account that these less extensive views are often so
much more satisfying.
Passing through the town of Hay, on the Brecon road, the
Black Mountain presents a noble spectacle to the right; the
variety of its profile seems endless, as it stretches out its
promontories into the more level country ; but as you advance,
your attention becomes fixed on the majestic Beacon, which
now occupies all the horizon before you. There is a grand
and mighty confusion in Snowdon, and its giant neighbours,
Glyder Vawr, David, Llewellyn, and others, which contest
the point with it as to superiority in height ; but the Brecon
Beacon has no compeers, its bifid head rises majestically
above every thing around it, in placid and unquestioned pre-
eminence. The height of the Beacon, I think, cannot have
been correctly taken, as it is visible at so great a distance ;
I have seen it in clear weather, and traced its singular outline
with accuracy at more than forty miles' distance, even from
low ground.
A very remarkable character of Welsh, and, I suppose, all
mountainous scenery, is its excessive liability to change.
One cause is the frequent variation in the purity of the atmo-
sphere : sometimes hills at less than two miles' distance terminate
the view, and present their outline as the horizon ; if the air is
OF AN IN SECT- HUNTER. 89
less loaded with vapour, others appear in the background
at five, ten, twenty, thirty, or even forty miles' distance, and in
every instance those at the greatest distance present their own
outline as that of the horizon. Another cause of the liability
to change is the varied shadows cast by vapours, clouds, or
even the mountains themselves, according to the position of
the sun or moon ; this second cause is so unceasing, that it
is next to impossible to see the same view twice under the
same circumstances, consequently all its colouring is changed.
The colouring of distant scenery depends wholly on extra-
neous causes : the blackest fir plantations, or the brightest
purple heaths, entirely lose their natural colours under
peculiar circumstances; the fir may become purple, and the
heather black. Snow, however, is an exception; it is almost
invariably white.
Reader, whoever thou mayst be, that art about to visit Brecon
for the first time, take my advice on three points: 1st. visit
the Priory Walk before breakfast; 2d. take up thy quarters
at the Castle ; 3d. engage a bedroom that commands a
view of the Beacon. The Priory Walk is pretty, even
of an evening, when all the fashionables, male and female,
of Brecon, are flirting there ; and if there has been or is
expected any commotion at Merthyr, or other great iron-
works, a smart sprinkling of military is mixed with the natives,
making the assemblage gayer still by an admixture of scarlet ;
but the Insect-Hunter is no adept in country coquetry, or
country finery, nor is he a lover of red coats. He does not
censure all this — he applauds it ; if the enacters are gratified,
that is enough ; but give me, for my own particular enjoy-
ment, the hour of morning, when the voice of nature reigns
supreme, when the birds are offering up their morning hymn,
and —
Reader, 'tis midnight ! gaze with me from the windows of
my bedroom on that glorious mountain. Talk not of conti-
nental wonders, of mountains which exceed the one before
us five times in height ; I tell you that excessive height
makes them less beautiful, less intelligible. Observe those
clouds slowly floating from the north-west, the edges of each
illuminated by the radiant moon, sailing in spotless purity over
the summit of the Beacon, but not illuminating any single
object adown its hundred slopes : the mountain is one mass of
90 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
blackness. The clouds increase and multiply; faster and
faster, they float onward, borne on the wings of the wind;
soon the bright but evanescent beings will pass behind the
mountain, and be lost to us. Ah, how is this? they pass
not behind ; but, one after another, they cut the dark out-
line of the mountain, and float in wondrous beauty between
us and that magnificent mass. On, on they come, till the
mountain's base is lost, and the mountain itself, as the bank
of clouds climbs higher and higher up its side, looks like an
island sinking in the sea.
For hours did I ponder on this beautiful sight, till the moon,
getting farther to the north-west, lighted up some of the more
prominent ridges, throwing the other parts into shadow still
more deeply than before : every minute now gave fresh
features to the scene ; the clouds parted, and were scattered
or hidden behind by the projection of the mountain ; few of
them were in sight when the Insect-Hunter retired to rest.
Chapter VII.
[The Brecon Beacon.]
The next morning was cloudy ; there had been rain in the
night, and the atmosphere was beautifully transparent; the
immediate prospect was remarkably distinct, but there was
no Beacon, — this great feature in the landscape appeared to
have been shorn from the earth. The Insect-Hunter had
determined to ascend the mountain, and therefore listened,
with somewhat amused ears, to the repeated statements of
the utter impossibility of doing so. The ascent is at all times
dangerous; but when the mountain is enveloped in cloud, the
danger is tenfold, because you may walk over a precipice
without being at all aware that you are near one. We found
no one who could give the least information as to the course
we ought to take ; no one to whom we spoke had ever
ascended the mountain, or had the slightest intention of ever
doing so. The Beacon is not like Snowdon, Malvern Hills,
&c. — fashionable, — there are no donkies or ponies pressed
into your service by their disinterested proprietors: there is
but a solitary feeling on the subject — wonder at the excessive
OF AN INSECT-HUNTER. 91
folly of any one who undertakes so useless and perilous an
adventure. By the by, it was once the custom among some
of the young men of Brecon to make parties to perform the
ascent of this mountain ; it was something to be able to boast
of the achievement; these were frequently attended with loss
of life, and in the summer of 1833, when, I believe, the last
adventure of the kind took place, two young men fell from the
highest point over the precipice, and were dashed to pieces ;
their bodies were with great difficulty found, and were in the
most horrible condition. I believe these youths had been
wrestling, as a feat to talk of, on the very summit, and
grappling each other too near the edge, one slipped, and both
were precipitated headlong down the abyss.
The Insect-Hunter had so accurately noted the readiest
ascent of the mountain during the long approach on the
previous day, that it was made with the greatest facility,
although we were constantly enveloped in a cloud, and there-
fore could make no observation on points previously ob-
served. If you manage well, the last 200 yards is the only
very steep part, as there are stone quarries three-quarters of
the way up, the tracks to which afford the easiest ascent.
The mountain is almost entirely covered with carex and
coarse sour grasses, which afford a miserably scanty living
to the ragged sheep, scattered every where, even to the
summit, and the few still more ragged horses, which serve
the Welsh drovers as locomotives. There is occasionally to
be seen a scattering of the two usual species of vaccinium,
and sometimes, but in no abundance, one or two species of
heath. As we approached the summit, the clouds were evi-
dently much lighter, and the sky above us was beautifully blue,
the wind blowing pretty strongly from the north-west. The two
heads are of nearly equal height, and apparently 600 yards
asunder ; but, though we occasionally saw the head which we
did not ascend, there were always clouds driving in the gap
between, which prevented the possibility of judging the dis-
tance with any accuracy. The extreme top of each head is
perfectly flat, and about 100 yards across. The one we
climbed contained several small pools, with sandy bottoms ;
other such pools had dried with the excessive heat of the
weather, and their sandy beds were resorted to by the sheep,
one of which would occasionally start up, and dart off like a
92 HALIDAY ON
wild animal driven from its lair. These sheep are frightfully
fearless of the precipices ; they appear to have excellently safe
feet, and no idea of the extreme danger that surrounds them.
That the danger is not ideal is proved by their skeletons, seen
bleaching on the sides of the mountain in every direction.
(To be continued.)
Art. XI. — Essay on Parasitic Hymenoptera,
By A. H. Haliday, M.A.
(Continued from p. 59.J
Sp. 17. R. Col. decorator. Fem. Testaceus antennis basi,
palpis pedibusque silaceis ; puncto verticis thoracisque
lituris metathorace abdominisque seginento 1™°. nigris ; tere-
bra f abdominis longitiidine. (Long. corp. 2 ; alar. 41 lin.)
Caput latum, pallide testaceum, puncto vertices nigro, mandibulis
apice fuscis : ocelli protuberantes : antennae corpore longiores, gra-
ciles, 38-articulatse ; fuscse, basi subtus, articulis l"*". 2'^°.que totis
pallide flavis : thoracis dorsum fuscum aut nigricans, plaga media
testacea antrorsum bifida : sulculi impunctati ante scutellum in
depressionem la^vem efFusi : scutellum apice rufescens metathorax
niger subnitidus, vage punctulatus, pubescens, linea media elevata
parum conspicua : pectus testaceum puncto fusco sub alis :
abdomen oblongo-ovatum, segmento 1"^°. nigro, 2'^°. 3*". basi,
7™°. 8^°. ferrugineis, reliquis subfuscis. Segmentum 1™^. fere
duplo longius quam latius, antrorsum sensim attenuatum, niti-
dum, vage punctato-rugulosum ; reliqua laevissima : pedes pallide
flavescentes, tarsis apice, posticis totis tibiisque iisdem apice sub-
fuscis : alae longae, hyalinge radice et squamulis flavo-ferrugineis,
stigmate fusco : stigma elliptico-lanceolatum cubitum perpaulo
ante medium excipiens : alae posticse areola brachialis-posterior
i anterioris brevior.
Habitat inter quercus cseduas mihi lectus in convalle Cartland Craigs
dicta, prope fiuenta Cluthae.
Sp. 18. R. Col. hariolator. Fem. Testaceus antennis basi,
palpis pedibusqtw silaceis ; capite thoracis lituris, meta-
thorace abdominisque segmento 1™°. nigris ; terebra f abdo-
minis longiiudine. (Long. corp. 1| ; alar. oj. lin.)
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 93
Praecedente dirnidio minor sed statura et sculptura absolute similis,
nisi caput paulo minus videatur : hoc totum nigro-piceum, ore
testaceo ; pectus fusco-testaceum lineola media punctisque nigris,
litura picea insuper sub alis. Tibiae posticae totse fuscescentes :
reliqua praecedentis.
Habitat in Anglia lectus semel : F. Walker.
Sp. 19. R. Col. catenator. Fem, Niger nitidus antennis
basi, palpis, pedihus ( abdominisque limbo laterali) sila-
ceis ; stigmate fusco ; abdominis segmento primo et '"Z^^.
basi lineaque hujus apicem definiente rugulosis; tere-
bra I abdominis longitudine. (Long. corp. 1^, 1| ; alar.
S—^ lin.)
Caput et thorax laevissiraa nitida albido-pubescentia. Occipitis margo
superus tenuissimus : antennae circiter 33-articulatae fuscae basi
flavescentes : mesothoracis sulculi subtilissimi impunctati : meta-
thorax declivis crebre punctulatus et pubescens, spatiis nonnullis
laevigatis : abdomen thorace paulo longius et vix latius oblongo
obovatum : segmentum imum^ obconicum latitudine apicis fere
sesquilongius, circa medium subtiliter tuberculatum rugulosum
linea elevata longitudinali antrorsum bifurca : segmenta reliqua
breviora, longitudine parum decrescentia, 2^^^^ basi rugoso-
striatum margine laterali et postico laevigatis, 3"™. a secundo
linea crenata discretum ; reliqua Isevissima ante marginem albido-
ciliata, margo lateralis segmentorum 2*^^ — 5*' flavescit in uno
exemplari, in alio vero piceus est : pedes paliide flavescentes
tarsis apice, posticis totis subfuscis : alae hyalinae radice et
squamulis flavo-ferrugineis stigmate fusco nervis pallidioribus :
areolae fere quales binis prascedentibus.
Habitat in Hibernia mihi semel lectus : alterum ex Anglia trans-
misit F. Walker.
Sp. 20. R. Col. funestus. Mas. Niger palpis pedibusque
sordide ochreis ; abdominis segmento \^°. bicarinato,
stigmate fusco ; nervo recurrente evecto. (Long. corp.
1 1 ; alar. 3 lin.)
Antennae corporis longitudine 32-articulatse : palporum labialium
articulus S'''^^. perparvus : caput, thorax subtilissime punctulati
pubescentes : mesothoracis sulci obliterati : metathorax obsolete
areatus abdomen obovatum: segmentum l™"™^ ^j^si angulatum
dehinc in apicem fere aquilatum, sesquilongius quam latius
carinulis duabus retrorsum parum convergentibus interstitiis punc-
tulatis angulis apicis membranaceo marginatis : segmentum 2**"™.
NO. II. VOL. IV. ©
94 HALIDAY ON
basi punctulatum ; reliqua laevia breviora : pedes ochracei aut sub-
fusci : alae hyalinse stigmate nervisque fuscis : stigma crassum,
ovato-lanceolatum, cubitum in medio fere excipiens : nervus recur-
rens areolae cubitali secundae insertus : al£e posticas areola brachi-
alis posterior g anterioris longitudine. Species loci ambigui, etsi
longe plurimis notis cum proxime preecedentibus conveniat.
Habitat in Anglia semel lectus. F. Walker.
Subgen. X. — Clinocentrus.
AreolcB cuhitales ires, 1™^. nervum recurrentem excipiens :
abdomen ohlongo-ovatum, segmentis 3 anticis magnis
suhcequalihus, 2''". ei 3*'°. imperfecte sejuncto, reliquis
minutissimis : terehra exerta caput transversum.
Clinocentrus . . . . A. H. H,, Ent. Mag. I. 266.
Rogas spp. et Bracon spp. N. ah. E.
Hi transitum parant in Rogades genuinos quarum alse conformes,
suntmodo angustiores, stigmate tenuiore : quoad corporis staturam
Clinocentri breviores sunt, capite latiore, palpis brevioribus, sculp-
tura corporis subtiliore, abdominis ambitu subovato, incisura 2^^.
obsoletiore, terebra longiore. Segmentum 1™"™. abdominis in
Rogadibus prope basin, in his versus medium fert tubercula
Sp. 21. R. CI. excubitor. Niger, ore, orbita, pectore,
lineola ante alas pedib usque testaceis ; abdominis basin
rugulosi segmento 1™°. obconico. Fem. Terebra | abdo-
minis longitudine. (Long. corp. 2, 2§; alar. 4|, 5^ lin.)
Caput nigro-fuscum ore, clypeo, orbita testaceis ; palpus pallidioribus :
antennae corporis fere longitudine, circiter 33-articulatae, articulis
2 baseos pallide testaceis : thorax niger, margine prothoracis
ante alas pallide ferrugineo ; pectus fusco-testaceum : abdomen
obovatum nigrum, segmento 1™°. et 2^°. rugolosis interstitiis punc-
tatis ; 3*'°. punctato-ruguloso, margine laterali summo nonnun-
quam fulvescente ; reliquis sublaevibus : segmentum 1™"™. apice
quam basi fere duplo latius, latitudine apicis vix duple longius,
linea media elevata antrorsum bifurca : pedes pallide testacei :
alae hyalinse radice et squamulis pallide testaceis : stigmate fus-
cescente basi pallido : maris abdomen angustius ; segmenti 2'^\ et
3^". limites adhuc magis deleti ; variat hie plaga sordide rufes-
cente ante scutellum.
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 95
Adnot. — Discrimen certissimum a binis sequentibus ex abdominis
sculptura rudi.
Habitat in lucis umbrosis Angliae, Hiberniae.
Sp. 22. R. CI. cunctator. Niger, ore, orbiia, thoracis antici
lituris, abclornine postice, 2}edib2isque testaceis ; abdominis
basin striate segmento 1™°. obconico. Fern. Terebra
I abdominis longitudine. (Long. corp. 1^ — 2; alar. 3 — 41
lin.)
Precedenti affinis, differt prascipue abdominis sculptura : segmenta
jmum^ gt 2^*^™. subnitida sunt concinne striata, interstitiis baud
punctatis ; reliqua sordide testacea vel fusco inumbrata, 3*"^™.
subtilissime transvershn aciculatum, sequentia fere laevigata :
venter pallide testaceus : caput testaceum facie sub antennis,
verticis medio et occipitis limbo fuscis : tborax antice cum pleuris
et pectore testaceus, liturae tres dorsi confluentes fuscae : raeta-
thorax niger punctato-reticulatus, nee areatus ; pedes pallide
testacei : alse hyalinae stigmate pallide testaceo, apice fuscescente :
mas differt abdominis segmentis posterioribus minus abbreviatis
et latius Isevigatis, nonnunquam alarum nervis exterioribus in-
crassatis.
Habitat in neraoribus umbrosis Hiberniae occidentalis minus
frequens.
Sp. 23. R. CI, umbratilis. Fem. Niger, ore, orbita,
pectore, thoracis antici lituris, pedibicsque testaceis;
abdominis basin siriati segmento \^°.fere lineari ; terebra
I abdominis longitudine. (Long. corp. 2|; alar. 5 lin.)
Prsecedenti iterum sculptura similis, sed abdomen longius et angus-
tius ; segmentum 1™"™^ antrorsum vix attenuatum, latitudine
apicis plus duplo longius : hoc et secundum striata, tertium vage
punctatum punctis in strias irregulares subtilissimas, versus latera
transversim ductas, diffluentibus, hujus segmenti margo lateralis
summusrufescit; dorsum reliquum nigro-fuscura ; venter testaceus.
Habitat, cum prsecedentibus, semel lectus.
Sp. 24. R. CI. vestigator. Niger, ore, orbita, pedibusque
testaceis; abdominis basi rugulosa ; mas stigmate toto
fusco. Fem. Terebra 5 abdoyninis longitudine. (Long.
corp. 1^ — 2; alar. 3 — 4 lin.)
96 HALIDAY ON
PrsBcedentibus brevior, metathorace crassius rugoso : antennae,
27-articulat8e : abdomen brevius ovatum segmentis 2 anticis,
nonnunquam 3^" basi, rugulosis ; reliquis laevigatis, nigro,
piceis ; terebra femince quam illis plus duplo brevior, validior,
subclavatus : alae hyalinae, stigmate paulo crassiore, fusco basi
pallido, in mare toto nigro-fusco.
Variat abdominis segmento 3"°. lateribus testaceo, medio fusco.
Variat — Mas scutelli apice fusco.
Variat — Mas sculptura subtiliore, capite nigro facie pallide testacea.
Habitat Angliam, Hiberniam, cum prsscedentibus ; minus frequens.
Adnot. — In hoc subgenus referendi sunt praeterea.
Rogas exertor, N. ab E. Monogr. I. 207. No. 10, (quem ne cum
specie nostra 23*'^. conjungerem obstitit rubedo clara pedum,) et
Bracon orbitator, ibid. 91. No. 52, Species Ttalica a Specie 21™^
thorace toto nigro ; a Sp. 24*^. terebrse longitudine discrepans. —
Etiam Rogas luteus, N. ab E. Mon. 218. No. 26, propter seg-
menta 2'^"™. et 3*'*^™. fere, connata et terebram exertam transitum
ex his in Rogades Genuinos perducere videtur. — Bracon uni-
cinctus vero Spinolas, (Ins. Lig. II. 130. No. 19), quem Neesius
cum R. exertore conjunxit, Rogas Genuinus foret ni fallor,
propter segmenta anteriora abdominis medio carinata.
Subgen. XI. — Rogas.
AreolcB cubitales tres 1™^. nervum recurrentem excipiens ;
hrachialis posterior anteriorem longe superans ; stigma
lanceolatum: abdomen ohlongum sessile, segmentis 3 an-
ticis subcsqualibus discretis, reliquis brevissimis ; terebra
recondita aut subexerta.
Rogas Curt. Br. Ent. 512.
A.H.H. Ent. Mag. I. 2m.
*Rogas, Sect. II. Gasteratores, N. ab E. Act. Acad. IX. 306.
Monogr. \.\m. 2m.
Bracon, Fam. III. Genuini Berl. Mag. V. 30.
Bracon, Fam. II. ... Spin. Ins. Lig. II. 120.
Wesm. Mon. Brae. Belg. 171.
Jurine.
Fabr.
Fabr.
Schizodes .
Bracon, Spp.
Bassus, Spp.
Ichneumon, Spp.
Corpus in his fere lineare, nusquam coarctatum : caput thoracis vix
latitudine transversum, occipite parvo acute marginato, oculis
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 97
prominulis : antennae corporis longitudine articulis flagelli plu-
rimis, breviusculis, arete contiguis : mandibulse perbreves trigonae
porrectae : labrum elongato-trigonum, epipharyngis apice angulum
anticum truncatum reficiente : palpi longiusculi, labialium articuli
exteriores longitudine subaequales : thorax subcylindricus, meso-
thoracis sulculis inconspicuis ; metathorace baud distincte areato,
linea media elevata : abdomen lineare aut lineari-obovatum ;
segmenta tria anteriora majora, longitudine plerunque decre-
scentia et latitudine crescentia, saspe exculpta et linea media
elevata ; 2*^"™. a 3"°. linea profunde incisa sejunctum ; reliqua
brevissima cito decrescentia : terebra recondita aut subexerta :
stigma lanceolatum est, cubitum in medio plerumque recipiens,
nervus reeurrens areolae 1™*. cubitali insertus longe ante apicem ;
areola brachialis-posterior anteriorem longe superat (ut in Miero-
gastre) ideoque postica disci multo brevior est in antica : nervus
reeurrens alae posticae perparvus saspe evanescit : species ple-
rumque majores sunt ut in hoc Genere et inter nostrates. De
vita et indole nil fere traditum est. Species queedam e larva
Zygcence Filipendulce Neesio prodibat.
Sectio a. Areola cubitali 2^ oblonga.
Sp. 25. R, rugulosus. Niger ; pedibus crassis rufis, tibi'is
posticis pallidioribus , apice tarsisque iisdem totis nigris ;
abdomine antice attenuato, postice Icevissimo nilido.
(Long. Corp. 3i — S^\ alar. 51 — 7 lin.)
Rogas rugulosus, N. ab. E. Monogr. I. 209. No. 13.
*Bracon id. Berl. Mag. V. SS.^No. 49.
Antennae plusquam 50-articulatse nigrse : palpi nigro-fusci aut rufo-
picei : thorax subtiliter confertim punctulatus : metathorax punc-
tulato rugulosus : abdomen antrorsum magis attenuatum quam
sequentibus ; segmenta posteriora et etiam minus abbreviata sunt,
postrema vero in femina compressa : segmenta imum^ gj 2^11™.
striata sunt et inter strias punctulata 3'^**™. basi tantum intri-
catim punctatum, hoc apice et reliqua laevissima nitida vage
pubescentia : pedes validi sunt tarsique breviores et crassiores
quam in uUa alia specie : coxae omnes rufae ; femora postica apice
subinfuscata : tarsi anteriores apice, postici totis cum apice tibi-
arum earundem nigri : alae solito majores hyalinse cinerascentes,
radice et squamulis ferrugineis, vel harum puncto fusco, nervis et
98 HALIDAY ON
stigmate fuscis : stigma apice solito magis attenuatum ; areola
radialis angustior : nervus brachiali-recurrens anterior valde
obliquatus est : nervus recurrens alae posticae fere deletus :
maris abdomen gracilius apice lenius attenuatum.
Var. a. — Abdomine toto nigro.
Far. /3. — Litura picea, mox in fasciam rufam ampliata segmenti
l™i. apicem 2*^^^ vero totum ad summum occupante.
Far. y. — Segmentis 1™°. et 2*^°. totis clare rufis.
Habitat Germaniam N. ab E. — Angliam, Hiberniam, autumno
non infrequens. — Apricatur in umbelliferis.
Adnot. — Sculptura hujus subtilior est quam caeteris nostratibus.''
Sp. 26. R. nobilis. Niger abdominis segmentis 1™°. 2^°. et
3'". basi rufis; reliquis nigris, dense jlavo-hirtis vitta
media et margine nitidis: ijedibus rufis, femoribustibiisque
posticis tarsisque apice nigris. (Long. corp. 2f ; alar.
5 lin.)
R. nobilis. Curt. Br. Ent. 512. No. 8.
Antennarum scapus niger, flagellum piceo-rufum apice nigricans :
OS rufo-ferrugineum, palpi pallidiores : collare et propectus, abdo-
minis segmenta 1™"™. 2^^^^ et 3'''. basis, pedesque rufo-ferruginei ;
segmentum l^um^ ^j^se nigro-maculatum, segmenta posteriora
citius abbreviata quam prascedenti, confertissime punctulata villis
densis fiavis decumbentibus obtecta, margine postico segmenti
singuli et vitta longitudinali loevi intente : pedes perpaulo
* Sp. 25.'' R. tricolor. Rufus, metathorace, antennis pedibusque nigris;
abdominis segmentis 1"°. et 2'^°. albisbasi nigro-maculatis, reliquis nigris margine
albo; alis fuscis basi subhyalinis. (Long. corp. S^ ; alar. Tg lin.)
Caput, thorax antice, cum pleuris et pectore laevissima nitida rufa : mandibulae
apice nigro-picese, palpi picei basi rufi : antennee circiter 6b'-articulatae, nigrse:
metathorax rotundato declivis, subtiliter punctulatus, niger nitidus: abdomen
thoracis latitudine ; segmentum primum, antrorsum sensim attenuatum et
secundum punctulata, linea media elevata, alba illius macula magna scutiforme
baseos, hujus macula multo minora nigra ; segmenta reliqua nigra margine
postico albo: venter albus, segmentorum I™', et 2'''. macula communi nigra
utrinque, 3'". macula magna biloba, reliquis basi nigris : pedes nigri : alae
fuscse, basi subhyalinae, nervis fusco-limbatis, stigmate fusco, radice et squamulis
pallide rufis : areolae fere ut in nostratibus antica disci parum remota : terebra
recondita.
Habitat Australasiam : communicavit F. Walker.
Adnot. — Propter sculpturam laeviorem quam in nostratibus, haec species primo
aspectu pro Bracune accipi posset, a quo genere tamen longe distat.
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 99
graciliores quam praecedentis, validiores quam reliquis : tarsorum
articulus ultimus tantum niger, etiam femorum et tibiarum pos-
ticorum apex : alse breviores, cinerascenti-hyalinse radice et
squamulis flavo-ferrugineis nervis stigmateque fuscis : areolae fere
ut in przecedente : alae posticae nervus recurrens obsoletus.
Habitat in Hibernia boreali mihi semel lectus.
Sp. 27. R. gasterator. Niger abdominis 1™°. et 2'^°. seg-
mento, 3'". basi pedibusque riifis ; abdomi?iis apice Icsvi
nitido. (Long. corp. 3 — 3| ; alar. 5^, 5| lin.)
Rogas Gasterator . . N. ah E. Monogr. I. 212. No. 18.
*Bracon id. Jurine, Hym. Tab. VIII. Fig. 5.
Id. id. Var. III. Spin. Ins. Lig. II. 121. No. 14.
Femina sola quae adest difFert a plerisque sequentibus tarsis bre-
vioribus crassioribus : mandibulas rufae sunt, palpi picei apice
rufi : antennarum flagellum basi piceo-rufum : collare rufum :
abdominis segmenta anteriora rugulosa, 1™^™. et 2^^^\ tota, 3*™^.
basi rufa; reliqua nigra nitida subtilissime punctulata flavo-
pubescentia in apicem rotundatum cito abbreviata: pedes rufi,
tarsorum apice solo fusco : alse subhyalinae radice et squamulis
ferrugineis, stigmate flavo-testaceo apice infuscato.
Mas ab F. Walker transmissus e Gallia meridionali congruit quidem
abdominis apice laevi sed in multis discrepat : thorax niger : ab-
dominis segmenta 1™°. 2''"™. tota, 3""™. basi rufa: pedes rufi,
coxis et trochanteribus superis, femorum et tibiarum posticorum
apice nigris, tarsis fuscis : alae ut in sequente.
Habitat Italiam, Gerraaniam, Helvetiam. Auctt.
mo
Sp. 28. R. geniculator. Niger abdominis segmento 1
apice 2^°. toto, 3*'°. basi rujis ; pedibus ritfis ; abdominis
apice punctulato. (Magnitudo praecedentis.)
*Rogas geniculator. . . A^. abE. Monogr. 1.211. No. 16.
Bracon rugulosus, Var.fi. Berl. Mag. V. 33.
Hujus tantum bina exemplaria vidi, quae praecedenti perquam
similia, tarsis longioribus, abdominisque apice subopaco discrepant :
mares ambo in altero : segmenta imum_ et 2'i"™. rufa sunt, illius
tantum maculae baseos nigra, 3*". basis concolor : pedes rufi,
coxis anticis basi, femoribus tibiisque posticis apice nigri-
cantibus ; tarsi fusci annulis rufescentibus : palpi picei : alae
100 HALIDAY ON
fumato hyalinae radice ferruginea, squamulis subfuscis stigmate
brunneo puncto baseos pallidiore areola cubitalis 2^^. brevior
quam in R. ruguloso : in altero segmenti 1™. margo posticus et
2tium^ totum rufa sunt, reliqua nigra : pedes rufi, coxis anticis
totis, femoribus tibiisque posticis apice, tarsisque nigris : palpi
picei.
Habitat Italiam, Germaniam N. ab. E. Ubique rarior esse videtur :
exemplar in Cajsaria Insula, et alterum in Anglia lectum trans-
misit F. Walker.
Adnot. — De tribus proxirae prsecedentibus quid dicam nescio :
mirum foret unam speciem tantas formse, colons et sculptural
mutationes subire : itaque seorsim exhibui in prassens, dura
melior copia exemplarium dubia solvat.
Sp. 29. R. alternator. Rufus, capite, thorace et abdomine
postice, pedumque posticorum geniculis nigris ; abdominis
apice punctulato. (Long. corp. 3; alar. 5^ lin.)
*Rogas alternator. N. ab E. Monogr. 1.213. No. 20.
balteatus. Curt. Br. Ent. No. 12 et Fig.
Caput cum antennis nigrum, orbita postica et scapi basis piceae,
palpi nigro-picei (secundum Neesium testacei) : thorax rufo-tes-
taceus, scutelli apice, metathoracis dorso et pectore nigris :
abdomen oblongum, nee basi attenuatum, segmentis anterioribus
rugulosis linea media elevata, posterioribus punctulatis ; 1™°. et
2^°. rufo-testaceis, illius basi nonnunquam nigro-maculata : 3*^^™.
vel basi rufescens, vel totum nigrum : pedes quam prsecedentibus
graciliores, sed validiores quam R. testaceo, rufo-testacei ; femorum
et tibiarum apice (saltem posticorum,) tarsisque fere totis fuscis :
alie cinerascentes nervis fuscis.
Habitat Germaniam N ab. E. — Hiberniam borealem.
Sp. 30. R. bicolor. Niger, capite, thorace antice, pedibus-
que riifis ; abdominis punctulati, basin rugulosi, lateribus
subsinuatis. (Long. corp. 2^ — 3| ; alar. 4^ — 5^ lin.)
Rogas bicolor. N. ab E. Monogr. I. 213. No. 21.
*Bracon id. Spin. Ins. Lig. IL 128. No. 18.
Sculptura hujus crassior : metathorax reticulatus linea elevata
distinctiore : abdomen late rugulosum, apice punctato opacum,
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 101
basi nonnil attenuatum, incisuris coarctatis (3''*. progsertiin ;)
segmentis intermediis utrinque prope stigmata leviter foveolatis
postremis valde abbreviatis ; linea elevata media usque in 3*'™'.
continuata : terebra subexerta : colores variant ultra modum :
in Genuinis feminis rufa sunt caput, thorax antice cum scutello,
pedesque ; nigr^ antennas, pectus, metathorax et abdomen : tarsi,
et nonnunquam genua postica, fusci : alae obscure hyalinas, nervis
fuscis, stigmate fusco-ferrugineo, basi pallescente ; in mare pr£E-
terea nigra sunt vertex medio cum genis, et scutellum.
Var. j3. — Niger, ore, orbita, thoracis antici lineis, pedibusque rufis ;
femoribus tibiisque posticis apice fuscis ; coxis posticis rarius
basi nigris.
Var. y. — Niger, ore, orbitaque rufescentibus ; pedibus rufo-testaceis,
posticorum geniculis tarsisque fuscis.
Rogas ater. Curt. Br. Ent. 512. No. 1.
Var. I. — Orbita postica vix rufescente ; reliqua Var y.
Rogas prserogator. N. ab E. Monogr. I. 219. No. 27.
Bracon id. Berl. 'Mag. V. 33. No. 52.
{Synon. demt.)
Var. t. — Niger, ore, orbita, prothoracis lituris, lineola sub scutello,
abdominis segmenti 1™'. lateribus et apice, 2*^. toto, 3*". basi,
pedibusque rufis.
Variat insuper (Spinola teste) abdominis dorso postica rubescente,
vel etiam abdomine toto rubro.
Habitat Italiam, Germaniam, Auctt. — Angliam, Scotiam, Hibemiam,
minus frequens : in arenis maritimis ut plurimum mihi obvius.
Sp. 31. R. testaceus. Colore mutabilis, pectore semper tes-
taceo ; pedibus pallide testaceis, velfusco-annulatis. (Long.
Corp. 2i — 3| ; alar. 4 — 6 lin.)
Rogas testaceus. N. ab E. Monogr. I. 215. No. 24.
Bracon id. Berl. Mag. V. 34. No. BS. Tab.
II. Fig. 9.
Id. id. Spin. Ins. Lig. II. 131. No. 20.
Bassus id. Fabr. S. P. 101. No. 31.
*Ichneumon id. Fabr. E. S. Suppl. 228. No. 189.
R. circumscriptus. N. ab E. Mo?iogr. I. 216. No. 25.
NO. II. VOL. IV. p
102 HALIDAY ON
Var. a. R. ochraceus. . Curt. Br. Ent. 512. No. 4.
Var. T). R. sirailis . . No. 6.
Var. y. R. subucola. . — No. 5.
Var. d. R. spathuliformis. No. 11.
Recedit hie nonnil a reliquis (transitum in Clinocentros parans,)
antennarum articulis paucioribus, nee tarn arete contiguis, palpis
brevioribus, pedibus gracilibus, alis amplis, stigmate crassiore,
areola disci antica parum remota, cubitali media longiore. Sunt
vero valde inconstantes magnitudine, colore et forma, namque
exemplaria majora, longiora, metathorace subcylindrico, anten-
narum articulis pluribus, R. testaceum N. ab E. exhibent ; minora
vero, metathorace rotundato-declivi, antennis brevioribus, arti-
culis paucioribus, R. circumscriptum ejusdem quae tamen sensim
confunduntur nee colorum legem qualem ille expressit servant.
Antennas corporis longitudine vel paulo breviores, 33 — 48-articu-
latag : metathorax punctulatus, lineola elevata tenui : abdomen
basi nonnil attenuatum, antrorsum subtilissime striolatum, postice
Isevigatum : alae latiores unde plura discriminu a congeneribus
oriuntur ; praesertim vero alae posticae areolae brachiales latiores,
nervus recurrens disci distinctus.
Var. a. — Flavo-testaceus, antennis apice punctoque verticis tantum
fuscis ; pedibus pallidioribus ; stigmate coneolore.
yar. (i. — Flavo-testaceus, stigmate fusco basi puncto pallido.
Far. y. — Testaceus metathorace abdominisque segmento 1™°. fuscis ;
stigmate flavo-testaceo immaculato, vel litura subfusca.
Var. h. — Segmenti 2'^'. lateribus insuper fusco-limbatis.
Var. f. — Metathorace, abdominis basi, limbo et apice fuscis.
Var. 'C. — Verticis medio, thoracis antici lituris fuscis ; reliquae ut
in Var. y.
Yar. Tj. — Segmente 2^. limbo laterali insuper fuscescente.
f^ar. 6. — Fuscus, ore, orbita, thoracis antici lineis, scutelli apice,
peetore, abdominis plaga oblonga medi'A, pedibusque testaceis.
y^r. I. — Femoribus posticis extrorsum late fuscis, nonnunquam
mediorum et tibiarum posticarum apice fuscescente ; reliqua ut ^.
Yar. K. — Pedes ut in Var. i, reliqua d.
Habitat passim per Europam ; in Hibernia obvius per aestatem
totam et usque in finem Octobris : nusquam frequentiores vidi
quam indumetis rupestribus ad litora insulie Scias, August©
mense.
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 103
Sect. AA. — Areola eubitali media breve trapeziformi.
Sp. 32. R. dispar. Fem. Riifus capite, thorace antice,
ahdomine ])ostice nigricantihus ; antennis tricolorihus ; alls
cinereis lineola hyalina. Mas. Testaceus, thoracis lituris
abdominisque dorso suhfuscis ; antennis gracillimis ; alis
(flaiico-hyalinis. (Long. corp. 3 ; alav. 5 lin.)
Rogas dispar. Curtis, Br. Ent. 512. No. 10.
Statura gracilis corpus yemmce totum fere punctis elevatis scabrum
et opacum : caput solito minus oblatum fronte protuberante :
antennae corpore paulo breviores quam in reliquis validiores fere
ad 5 longitudinis rufae, deinde fuscae, articulis 15°°. — IQ"". albis :
mandibulae ferrugineae ; palpi albidi basi fusci : thorax antice cum
scutello nigricans : mesothoracis sulculi obliterate : metathorax
cylindricus et prope foramen apicale denticulo minuto auctus,
rufus : abdomen a basi angusta in apicem segmenti 3*" recta dila-
tatum turn reliqua sub hujus margine retracta, apiculam parvam
rotundam membranaceam tantum exhibentia : segmenta 2 ante-
riora rufa, linea raedi^ elevata, punctato-rugulosa : S'**^"*. con-
fertim punctatum nigrum : pedes quam in prsecedente parum
validiores, rufescentes, femoribus apice fuscis, trocbanteribus
omnibus et coxis anterioribus, posticis modo subtus, pallidis : alse
anticse fusco-cinereae stigmate flavo apice fusco, nervis nonnullis
areae cubitalis lineola hyalina signatis sub stigmate alse posticae
subhyalinae.
Mas longior ; caput latins, fronte non protuberante : antennae
corpore fere longiores, graciliores quam in ullo alio ex Ich-
neumonidis, fuscse basi rufescentes : capitis thoracisque sculp-
tura multo subtilior quam femince : color testaceo fuscoque
mixtus : metathorax et abdominis dorsum fusca : abdomen
angustum lineare : segmentum imum^ i^^si sensim attenuatum
2duui^ et 3''"™. subtiliter rugulosa, linea media elevata tenui :
4tum^ 3"°. dimidio brevius confertim punctatum ; reliqua fere
retracta Ijevia : pedes prselongi et gracillimi, pallide testacei
unguibus crassiusculis fuscis : alse glauco-hyalinse radice et
squamulis ferrugineis, stigmate flavo apice infuscato fascia pallida
sub stigmate ; areolae alarum satis conveniunt in utroque sexu
stigma quam reliquis tenuius : cubiti abscissa 1""=*. 2^^. longior,
quod valde insolitum : areola cubitalis 2'^^ brevis trapeziformis,
antrorsum valde attenuata nervo anteriore interioris longitudinem
vix aequante : cubitalis 3^*=^. prselonga ; antica disci parum reraota "•
104 HALIDAY ON
areolse posteriores angustiores brachiales solito minus elongata :
alae posticae brachialis vix i anterioris longitudine, nervus
recurrens manifestus.
Habitat in pinetis Hiberniee borealis et Scotiae, Augusto mense
at infrequens. — Etiam in Anglia lectus. J. C. Dale.
Supersunt tres species Europee septentrionalis incolse, sed intra
fines Britannice hactenus non inventae quantum mihi innotuit.
1. R. dissector, N. ab E. Mon. I. 208, No. 11. — 2. R. signatus,
ibid. 210, No. 15, qui forsitan inter varietates R. hicoloris annu-
merandus erit. — 3. R. Zygaence, ibid. 210, No. 14, a varietate
nigra ejusdem ut videtur sculptura longe subtiliore discrepans. —
Species reliquae Cisalpinae sunt neque sperandae sub nostro coelo.
4. R. reticulator, ibid. 211, No. 17. — 5. R. cruentus, ibid. 212,
No. 19. — 6. Bracon coxalis, Spinola, Ins. Lig. II. 126, No. 17.
— 7. Br. unicinctus, ibid. 130, No. 19. — 8. Br. dimidiatus, ibid.
123, No. 15, qui nostro R. dispart affinis videtur.
Rogas luteus, N. ab E. Mon. I. 218, No. 26, propter sculpturam
thoracis et incisuram abdominis 2*^*™. iraperfectam dubius est etiam
Bracon hifasciatus, Spin. Ins. Lig. II. 125, No. 16, pulchra
species post Spinolam nemini visa, pro Rogade genuino vix
accipi potest ob terebram longiorenj,
Subgen. XII. — Ademon.
AreolcB cubitales tres ; radialis apice incompleta ; stigma
tenuissimum : alcB posticce nervus recurrens disci nullus.
Abdomen sessile oblongo-lanceolatum segmentis 2''°. et
3"°. discretis, posterioribus brevissimis, terebra recondita,
antennce pedesque gracillimi, feminae ungues elongati.
Ademon A.H.H. Ent. Mag. I. 2m.
Rogas, Sectio III. decrescentes, N. ab E. Act. Acad. IX.
Monogr. I. 220.
*Bracon, Fam. III. Heterocl. A. Berl. Mag. V. 34.
Sp. S^. R. A. decrescens. Abdominis segmento 3"°. trans-
versim carinato. (Long. corp. 1 — 1| ; alar. 2| — 3| lin.)
Rogas decrescens, N. ab E. Monogr. I. 220, No. 28.
*Bracon id. Berl. Mag. V. S5, No. 55.
Rogadibus Genutnis statura satis similis. Caput transversum, lati-
tudine thoracis, rugosum, occipite lato hujus et genarum finibus
acute prominulis ; oculi prominuli : antennae corpore breviores,
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 105
21 — 27-articulatae flagelli articulis interioribus praelongis, exte-
rioribus cito decrescentibus : articulus ultimus penultimo non
longior, 3*^"^ quatuor ultimis aequalis. Oris partes fere quales in
Subgenera praecedente : palpi paulo breviores, maxillarum arti-
culus 4*^^ ratione reliquorum magis elongatus ; labialium articuli
exteriores ovati, decrescentes. Thorax oblongus scabriculus, collari
brevi porcato ; mesothoracis lobo medio canaliculato et utrinque
carinula seu plica elevata antrorsum angulata instructo ; fovea
porcata scutelli basin sejungente ; metathorace truncato, crasse
rugoso-reticulato : abdomen femince subconvexum, oblongo-
ovatura, segmentis l™°. 2^°. longitudine paribus sed antrorsum
attenuatis, dense punctato-scabris ; 3*'""*. 2"^°. duplo brevius,
punctatum margine postico laevi depress© carinulam trans-
versam fingente, 2''"'". a 3*'°. linea arcuata profunda impressa
sejunctum ; reliqua brevia lineari-transvarsa, laevia val 4^"™. basi
punctulatum ; ultimum minutum conicum terabra recondita :
pedes praelongi et graciles unguibus in femina elongatis : alse
angustse, stigmate tenuissimo cuneiformi, cubitum ultra medium
excipiente : nervus recurrens apici areolae cubitalis 1^^. insertus :
cubitalis 2<^°^ . nervus anterior interiore non longior : nervi longi-
tudinales ante marginem alee evanescunt, ideoque areola radialis
apice incompleta est ; brachialis posterior anteriore parum lon-
gior : alse posticae perangustee nervo disci recurrente nullo, areola
brachiale posteriore i anterioris longitudine. — Maris sculptura
saepe subtilior, abdomen subdepressum, longius, segmentis poste-
rioribus minus abbreviatis, 3*'°. que Iseviore.
Variat quam maxime coloribus, ut varietates terminis nullis nee
numero compescendae sint. Commemorabo insigniores in serie
duplici.
— P. Alae fumatae stigmate nervisque fuscis : corpus nigrum abdo-
mine postice nonnunquam piceo ; — mares, feminceque.
Far. a. — Pedes nigro-fusci trochanteribus dilutioribus aut flavis, in
aliis insuper tibiarum et tarsorum basi dilutius fuscis.
Far. (i. — Coxae femora et tibiarum basis fusco-ferrugineae ; vel pedes
ferruginosi, tibiis tarsisque apice fuscis.
Far. y. — Prothoracis macula laterali rufa ; reliqua Var. a.
— 2°. Alae flavicantes basi et apice subfuscae, stigmate flavo, nervis
extrorsum depallescentibus. ■ — Nullus mas in hac serie mihi
obvius fuit.
Far. S. — Niger prothorace rufo, segmentorum 3*". 4*'. margine
postico et sequentibus piceis : pedes nigro-fusci trochanteribus
flavis, tibiis basi, tarsis fere totis ferrugineis.
106 SOME SCRAPS BY THE
j/ar. £. — Niger, thorace antice abdominis segmento 4»°. et sequenti-
bus rufis, femora nigro-fusca, tibiae fuscae, coxae tarsique fere toti
ferruginei, femora apice et tibiae basi flavae, in aliis litura rufa
occipitis et alia sub antennis.
f^ar. 'C- — Rufus, vertice, metathorace, abdominis segmento 1™°.
nigris : antennee nigrse : pedes fusci, coxis, femorum apice, tibia-
rum basi tarsisque late flavo-testaceis ; trochanteribus flavis,—
in aliis metatborax et segmentum l'^^™. tantum medio infuscata
s^nt,— in aliis color abdominis pedumque magis flavo-testaceus,
femorum posterioram ima basi, tibiis tarsisque apice fuscis.
His omnibus alarum radix et squamulae rufae sunt puncto nigro.
Hahilat Italiam Germaniam, N. ab E.-Angliam, Hiberniam, Ebrides
Insulas.— In Anglia rarior esse videtur quum inter collectanea
ditissima F. Walkerii nonnisi unicum exemplar obvium erat.—
In Hibernia deprehendi fere gregarium per margines fluviorum
plantis aquaticis insidentem.
^dno^— Altera species R. mutuator, N. ab E. Monogr. I. 221.
No. 29. mibi invisa Germaniam habitat.
Explicit Genus Rogas.''
Art. XU.—Some Scraps hy the Author of the Delta
Letters.
The early historians of the conquest, or rather the de-
struction of America, present us but too often with httle,
save details of horrid atrocities committed on those harmless,
innocent lambs (as the truly excellent Bishop of Chiassa calls
them) the native Americans. How heart-rending are these
details !
The hand that mingled in the meal,
At midnight drew the felon steel,
And gave the host's kind breast to feel
Meed for his hospitality.
The friendly hearth which warmed that hand,
At midnight armed it with the brand
That bade destruction's flames expand
Their red and fearful blazonry.
Then woman's shriek was heard in vain ;
Nor infancy's unpitied plain,
More than the warrior's groan, could gain
Respite from ruthless butchery.
»> Tha characters of the Subgenus HeterospilusM^id^ should be in connexion
with the foot-note in page 47, have been misplaced m prmt.ng.
AUTHOR OF THE DELTA LETTERS. 107
The hurricane that whistled shrill,
The thunders echoing round each hill,
Though wild and pitiless, had still
Far more than Spanish clemency.
Long have my harp's best notes been gone,
Few are its strings, and faint their tone ;
They can but sound in desert lone
Their grey-haired master's misery.
Were each grey hair a minstrel string,
Each chord should imprecations fling.
Till startled earth aloud should ring
Revenge for blood and treachery.
Amongst these " tigers in human form" there were, however,
some who could pause in their career of blood and cast a
glance — a short one, truly ! — over the pure page of nature.
They read that page wrongly, or did not read it enough to
have their minds softened by its perusal. The auri sacra
fames was their ruling passion, and that.
Like Aaron's serpent, swallowed up the rest.
However, amongst the Conquistadares, some were curious in
investigating the nature of the country, the customs of the
people, &c. whom they were destroying, and from these many
an interesting fact has been handed down to the more regular
chroniclers, sometimes, however, not unmixed with fable.
In my perusals of these Chronicles, which often occupy my
leisure hours, I sometimes find little scraps of natural history,
which may serve to amuse some of your readers, if they do
not profit them much. Of these I mean, if you so please,
to forward you occasionally a few small extracts. Though I
may not always keep quite close to Entomology, I shall
expect that you will not be more severe to me than you have
been to other of your correspondents, whose wanderings you
have overlooked until they have run into dissertations on
patten-rings, saints, blacksmiths, Windsor Castle, Versailles,
et de omnibus rebus et quibusdam aliis.
At present I mean to confine myself to Entomology, to the
narration of a fact purely entomological. I will neither enter
into the history of the marvellous bird seen by muchos y muy
huenos Christianos, which was very like a kittiwake, but had
one foot like a hawk's, and one like a duck's, by means of which
structure it played the part of a hawk on land, and a gull on
108 SOME SCRAPS BY THE
the water; neither will I go into the history of the aviaries
or the serpent-houses of Montezuma; nor of the little bags
found in his treasure-house containing entomological speci-
mens ; nor of those trees into whose bark the humming-birds,
when flowers were scarce, thrust their beaks, and remained
fixed there till the rainy season revived the flowers, when they
drew out their beaks and flew away ; nor yet of those trees
whose leaves when they dropped became beetles. But, gentle
reader, the subject I have chosen will serve to show how
weak man is against the smallest insects, and how these little
creatures can involve him in ruin, destroying in a few days the
labour of years ; I mean the *' plague of ants" which in the
year 1519 desolated the Queen of the Antilles and the ad-
joining island of San Juan de Puerto Rico.
The learned Antonio de Herrera, Coronista Mayor de su
Magestad de las Indias y Coronista de Castilla y Leon, (I like
to have name and titles at full length,) informs us that the
Hieronymite Fathers not only took care (a la mode Espagnole,
of course) of the Indians, but also persuaded the Spaniards to
form farms, make plantations, and pay attention to agricultural
affairs. That at their persuasion the cultivation of the Cassia
Jistula was commenced, which succeeded there so well that it
appeared as if the soil had been made expressly for the purpose,
and that had all the inhabitants of Europe, Asia, and Africa,
taken to using the fruit of it instead of bread, enough could
have been grown in Espaiiola to supply them. Moreover, a
Spaniard of the name of Aguilon had brought in the year 1506
some plants of the sugar-cane from the Canaries, which did so
well that the Bachiller Bellosa, a resident in St. Domingo,
a surgeon, native of Verlanga, began a regular manufactory of
sugar.
Now, as the poor Indians were pretty well exterminated,
the Spaniards had got numbers of negro slaves for these
plantations, and they had thrived so well that it was a firmly
established opinion that a negro would never die save by
hanging him, — an experiment no doubt tried by the planters as
often as circumstances occurred to render it expedient. " In
fact," says the learned Coronista, "they and the orange-trees
found in Espanola a country better suited to them than even
their native clime." But, notwithstanding this, when they
had been set to labour at the sugar works awhile, they
AUTHOR OF THE DELTA LETTERS. 109
did sometimes die without hanging, which the Spaniards
attributed chiefly to their manufacturing spirituous liquors
from the canes, and therewith getting drunk at times, though
some thought that hard work had a little helped to kill them.
The negroes, though liking the liquors, not liking the extreme
labour they had to endure, ran away at times ; and this, —
as there was great plenty of them, — brought them, when
captured, to their natural end, namely, the gallows.
In spite of these little troubles with runaway negroes, the
plantations were now (in 1519) flourishing, and the planters
rejoiced in a good return for their troubles ; but on a sudden
all this pleasant prospect was destroyed by a dire calamity
which fell upon them. This was a " plague of ants," to such
an extent, that fears were entertained of its causing the aban-
donment of the Islands of Espaiiola and Porto Rico. " As
to the ants," says Oviedo, " I do say that in this island of
Espauola there are very many, and especially in this city of
Sancto Domingo, many more than we wish for, though infi-
nitely fewer than formerly," — that is to say in the years 1519-
20, and part of the year 1521.
Countless were the myriads of myriads which desolated every
plantation, especially of Espanola. Though in Porto Rico
they were equally numerous, yet they were smaller, and not so
injurious to the trees, but their sting was much more acute.
Already in the glorious Vega of St. Domingo, extending from
sea to sea above eighty leagues, watered by innumerable limpid
streams, and blessed with a most fertile soil, had innumerable
plantations been formed. The Franciscans, in particular, had
a most magnificent orchard of orange trees of every variety,
pomegranates, and Cassics Jistulce. In a moment all was de-
stroyed. The ants attacked them at the roots ; and " imme-
diately," says Herrera, "as if fire had fallen on them from
heaven, they were withered and destroyed. Such was, likewise,
the fate of every plantation in the Vega and the rest of the island.
Wherever the ants were, there was desolation; and the ants
were everywhere. Even the houses in the city were filled
with them ; and to sleep safe from them at night, it was neces-
sary to place the feet of the bed in large vessels of water.
" And in the time of this plague," says the gallant Alcayde
of the fortress of the city of St. Domingo, " hardly could any
persons live in their houses, neither could they keep provisions
NO. II. VOL. IV. Q
110 SOME SCRAPS BY THE
of any kind from being covered with infinite swarms of small
black ants ; and had it continued much longer thus, it would
not have been surprising had it happened to this island as to a
city of Spain." Now it appears, from the Alcayde's statement,
that this city was deserted by its inhabitants because the
rabbits round about had multiplied so much that they burrowed
under the town until the inhabitants, fearing lest their houses
(the foundations being destroyed,) should tumble down about
their ears, thought fit to run away. Moreover, he informs us,
that in Thessaly a like misconduct on the part of the moles
caused another city to be abandoned. In Franco another city
was deserted on account of — of what, thinkest thou, kind
reader? — the frogs. Another in Africa shared the same fate
from the swarms of locusts; one in Italy from the vipers.
Thus much sayeth the Capitan Gonzalo Hernandez de Oviedo
y Valdez, Alcayde de la fortaleza de la ciudad de S*°. Do-
mingo, &c. Turn we now to the Coronista mayor.
From him we learn that some tried to thin them by digging
trenches round the trees, and filling them with water; others tried
fire ; but nothing availed them in the least. If millions were
destroyed, tens of millions replaced them. " The Franciscans
of the Vega placed a lump of corrosive sublimate, weighing three
or four pounds, on the flat roof of the monastery ; all the ants
in the building at once ran to it, and, biting it, fell down dead;
and as though messengers had been sent to invite all within half
a league to a banquet, the roads were filled with them. They
scaled the walls, and tasting the poison, fell dead like their
companions, until the roof was blackened with them. This
continued as long as the lump of sublimate lasted." Then
the friars having found that they gained nothing by this expe-
riment save the bringing fresh swarms of ants, did not care
to renew it. It seems that they were much puzzled at two
things, first, to ascertain what instinctive knowledge the ants
possessed to guide them to the sublimate ; secondly, consider-
ing how hard the sublimate was, to account for their being
able to bite it, they being so small and weak.
The Spaniards were now, by the continuance of this plague,
reduced to the greatest tribulation. It seemed as though an
avenging Providence was punishing them for their atrocities ;
and, the more to humble them, had chosen these small creatures
as the instruments of his wrath. At last they resolved to choose
AUTHOR OF THE DELTA LETTERS. Ill
by iot some saint to intercede for them ; whereupon the Bishop
Alexander Geraldinus, the Clergy, and all the citizens of St.
Domingo, made a very solemn and grand procession ; the
bishop said a solemn pontifical mass, made a most devout
prayer, took the catalogue of saints, wrote the names on slips
of paper, blessed them, shook them together, and the first
name drawn was that of St. Saturninus, — " the glorious St.
Saturninus, who was born at Rome, and sent by the Pope to
preach at Thoulouse on account of his great sanctity." No
sooner does he enter the city than —
" The oracles are dumb ;
No voice or hideous huiiii
Runs through the arched roof with words deceiving.
Apollo from his shrine
Can no more divine."
This of course did not please Apollo's priests, and they per-
suaded the people to put the saint to death. The people,
therefore, tied him to the tail of a bull, and thus was he
dragged through the city till he was dashed to pieces, — "as
is written more at large in the history of his glorious mar-
tyrdom."
Through the intercession of the saint, or some other cause,
the numbers of ants soon began to diminish : " and if they are
not yet all gone, it must be that all are not clear of sins."
Oviedo especially desires two things to be noted, namely,
that the bishop, who was a very holy man, was, like the saint,
a Roman ; item, that whereas the idols of Thoulouse were by
the saint's presence struck dumb, his being chosen was to
show idolatry was soon to be destroyed in the island. This
actually did soon happen, because very soon the Indians were
annihilated, or nearly so. Previous to this time, Tarquemada
tells us that the priests v/ere in the habit of passing their
time away in chatting with the evil spirits which the idols
represented, and which spoke from the lips of these images.
But though the ants were now nearly gone, the trees and
plants they had attacked did not recover ; but new plantations
were formed to remedy the mischief, and again the plantations
flourished.
" But even now," says the gallant captain, " there is no
want of ants, but rather, there are more than we want."
112 SCRAPS BY THE AUTHOR OF THE DELTA LETTERS.
These are chiefly of two casts, both rather red in colour :
of these one is mischievous, the other not ; " and it ap-
pears that they divide the soil between them, and keep it
divided in good earnest, for the spot of ground is clearly
marked out which one sort possesses without doing any mis-
chief, and that which the other occupies causing destruction ;
and the good sort will not allow the bad to pass these limits.
And what I now say is well known to all in this city and
island to be true, and I can show it in a plantation of my own,
one league from this city, and also it may be seen in many
parts of this island."
Truly if the people of Espanola were delivered from their
troubles by St. Saturninus, I should much doubt his humanity.
Happy would it have been had the Spaniards been driven
from every inch of ground they possessed in that glorious
new world Columbus gave them ; but, perhaps, the day is
not far distant when Spain will be without a colony there ;
even now she has scarce foothold.
" 01), could their ancient incas rise again,
How would they take up Israel's taunting sti-ain —
Art thou, too, fallen, Iberia? do we see
The robber and the murderer weak as we ?" &c.
But before I conclude this, I must beg you and my readers
to forgive me if I trespass for a few lines. Early in this
article occurs the name of one, the glory of his country, the
pious, the kind-hearted, the undaunted Bishop of Chiassa,
Bartolome de Las Casas, one of the best men the world ever
saw.
But there is one cloud on his fame, one dishonouring spot
on the wreath that encircles his brow. This never ought to
have been allowed to remain. I should not have remarked
on this now, had not very recently Dr. Madden, and my friend
Mr. E. Abdy, in his work on the United States, repeated the
old charge, — I suppose on the authority of Robertson, who
ought to have known better. What I allude to is the charge
of his being the first to introduce negro slaves into the
Western Indies. Herrei-a, the only old writer that I can find
making the charge, sufficiently refutes himself. (Compare
Decade 2, cap. 20, and cap. 8.) Other authors have followed
Herrera, trusting to his usual accuracy. Not only is there no
NOTES ON DIPTERA.
11.^
proof tliat Las Casas was the first to propose the carrying
negroes thither; but we have no proof that he ever sanctioned
it directly or indirectly. Did not he give up his own repar-
timiento because he felt that no Christian could hold it with a
clear conscience ? And had he been so inconsistent after this as
to sanction the slave-trade, would not some one of his enemies
have cast this in his teeth ? Enemies he had plenty ; but it
remained for the man who stole most of his decades from
the manuscripts of Las Casas, to stand forth as his traducer.
May we never hear more of this charge, so falsely brought
against one whom we may truly call justum et tenacem pro-
positi virum !
Sudbury, July 13, 1836.
Art. XIIL — iVb^es on Diptera. By Francis Walker.
Messala.
Messala Saundersii, Curtis, Brit. Ent. 581, is the same as
Bolitophila cinerea (mas), Hoff.
DiXA. Meigen.
D. aestivalis, Mee^rew. Summer and autumn; near London;
North Wales.
D. aprilina, Meigen. Autumn ; near London ; North Wales.
D. maculata, Meigen. Spring and autumn ; near London ;
Wales ; Devonsh^ ; Scotland.
D. nebulosa, Meigen. Autumn ; near London ; Wales ; De-
vonshire.
Macrocera. Meigen.
M. phalerata, Hoffmansegg. Summer and autumn ; near
London; Ireland.
M. angulata, Meigen. Summer; near London; Scotland.
M. centralis, Mei(/e/«. Summer; near London.
M. maculata, Meigen. Summer; near London.
114 NOTES ON DIPTERA.
M. lutea, Panzer. Summer and autumn; near London;
Windsor; Wales; Scotland.
M. stigma, Curtis. Summer ; near London ; Scotland.
M. fasciata, Meigen. Summer and autumn ; near London ;
North Whales.
M. pusilla, Meigen. Autumn ; near London ; North Wales.
M. dorsalis, Curtis. Summer; near London.
M. multicincta, Curtis. Spring to autumn ; near London ;
Wales ; Hampshire.
Platyura. Meigen.
Div. A.
P. marginata, Meigen. May and June; Hampshire; Isle of
Jersey.
Div. B.
P. vitripennis, Meinen. .)
■n a Ts jr ' ?iMay; near London,
P. rutipes, Hojfmansegg :) -^ '
P. flavipes, Meigen. May and June; lime and oak trees;
near London ; Hampshire.
P. laticornis, Meigen. June ; near London ; hovering about
boleti.
P. discoloria, Meigen. June ; lime and oak trees ; near
London ; Hampshire.
P. fasciata, Xaire^7/e. June; near London; Hampshire.
P. servula, n. s. Mas. Nigro-picea, suhnitens, jruhescens :
antenncB picecc : coxce et femora jlava ; tihice ohscuriores ;
tarsi fnsci : alee subfusccB, immaculatce : halteres flavi,
apice fusci. (Corp. long. 1| lin. ; alar. 3 lin.)
Found near London. »
Mycetobia. Meigen.
Mycetobia pallipes, Meigen. June ; on grass in woods ; near
London; Windsor Forest.
Leia. Meigen.
L. fascipennis, Megerle.]
L. fasciola, Meigen. . .i
L. bimaculata, Meigen. Found near London.
T r • 1 TIT • I Summer and autumn: on oak trees.
L. tasciola, Meigen. . .)
NOTES ON DIPTERA. 115
L. Winthemii, Lehmann. Spring and summer; on box trees;
near London.
L. flavicornis, L. fascipennis, and L. fasciola, of Meigeii, seem
varieties of one species.
L. pubescens, n. s. (Div. B. b. Meigen). Mas. Atra, ob-
scura, alho-piihescens : antennce nigrcR ; palpi flavi: pedes
jlavi; coxcB basi, femora subtiis tarsique omnino fusca:
alcB sublimjndcB, apice obscuriores ; nervifusci, ad costam
bene determinati : halter es jjallide Jlavi. (Corp. long, l^
lin. ; alar. 3 lin.)
Found near London.
Seiophila. Hojfmansegg.
S. fimbriata, Meigen. June; near London; Windsor Forest.
Var. ? — Abdomen black, shining : tip red.
September; North Wales.
S. annulata, Meigen. ) Spring and autumn ; near London ;
S. cingulata, Meigen.) North Wales.
S. maculata, Meigen.
S. marginata, Megerle. Common near London.
S. ferruginea, Meigen.
S. hirta, Hojfmansegg. September ; near London ; North
Wales.
S. vitripennis, Meigen. May and July ; near London.
S. lutea, Macquart. Found near London.
S. nigra, Macquart. Spring and autumn ; near London ;
North Wales.
Seiophila rufilatera, (Div. C. Meigen.) Fem. Atra, antenncB
nigro-fusccB, thoracis lotera et abdominis segmenta apice
rufa, pedes fulvi, alee sublimjndce.
Atra, parum nitens, fere glabra : palpi pallidi : antenna? nigro-
fuscae, basi rufse : thoracis latera rufa : abdomen pubescens ;
segmenta apice rufa ; pedes fulvi; tarsi obscuriores ; coxae rufae;
trochanteres fusci : alse sublimpidte ; nervi et halteres fusci.
(Corp. long. 2 lin. ; alar. SJ lin.)
Found near London.
CoRDYLA. Meigen.
C. fasciata, Meigen. September; North Wales.
116 NOTES ON DIPTERA.
Mycetophila. Meigen.
M. biusta, Hoffmansegg. September ; near London ; North
Wales.
M. lunata, Fahricius. September ; near London ; Wales ;
Scotland ; Ireland.
M. fuscicornis, Meigen. Spring and autumn ; near London ;
Wales ; Scotland.
M. arcuata, Meigen. Spring and autumn; near London;
Wales.
M. lineola, Meigen, Spring and autumn ; near London ;
Wales ; Hampshire ; &c.
M. luctuosa ? Meigen. September; North Wales.
M. distigma? Meigen. August; near London.
M. punctata, Meigen. Spring to autumn; near London;
Whales ; Devonshire ; Scotland.
M. lateralis, Meigen. Spring and autumn ; near London.
M. fusca, Meigen. Spring and autumn; near London; North
Wales.
]M. semifusca, Meigen. Spring and autumn; near London.
M. discoidea, Meigen. Spring and autumn ; near London ;
North Wales.
M. ornaticollis, Meigen. Spring to autumn ; near London ;
L'eland ; &c.
M. lugens, Wiedemann. Spring to autumn; near London;
Wales.
M. nigra, Meigen. \ Spring to autumn ; near London ; Wales ;
'M.. mixAa., Meigen.) Cumberland; &c.
M. crassicornis, Stann.} t i t i i
-y/r J ^- Tt/r • f September; near London; Ireland.
M. domestica, Meigen. -> ^ ' '
M. cingulata, Meigen. Autumn ; near London ; North W^ales.
W. guttiventYis, Meigen. June; near London ; Hampshire.
M. leptura, Meigen. July; near London.
M. seriata, Meigen. September ; North Whales.
M. pusilla, Meigen. Spring and autumn ; near London ;
Wales; Scotland.
M. sciarina, Meigen. Spring and autumn ; near London.
M. trivialis, Meigen. Found near London.
M. pallida, Stann. Spring and autumn ; near London; North
Wales.
M. intersecta, Hoffmansegg. Found near London.
ON INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE,
117
M. fenestralis, Hoffmansegg. Spring and autumn ; near
Lonclon ; North Wales.
M. sericea, jMffc</M«rL\ September ; near London; North
M. sericoraa, Meigen. ) Wales.
M. nemoralis, Meigen. Summer and autumn ; in woods ;
near London; Wales.
M. flavipes, Macquart. Summer and autumn; in woods;
near London ; Wales ; Cumberland ; &c.
M. pygmaea, Macquart. Epping ; near London.
M. flava, n. s. (Div. C. Meigen.) Mas et Fem. Pallide
flava : ociili picei : antenncB fusccB, hasi jiavce : thoracis
discus luteus: abdomen versus apicem fuscescens : tibia
fulvcB: tarsi fusci: alcB jlavo-UmpidcB ; nervifidvi. (Corp.
long. 21 lin. ; alar, ol lin.)
July ; in woods ; near London.
M. ferruginea, (Div. D. Meigen.) Mas et Fem. Ferruginea,
antenncs fuscce, thorax S-vittatus, abdomen rufo-fuscum
segmentis apice Jlav is, pedes Jiavi, tarsi fusci, alee limjndis.
Pallide ferruginea : oculi nigri : palpi flavi : antennae fuscae, capite
thoraceque paullo breviores, basi flavae : thoracis dorso vittoa
3 rufo-fuscae, quarum media anteposita et furcata ; vitta quoque
unica postica : abdomen rufo-fuscum ; segmenta apice flava :
coxae et femora flava ; tibiae obscuriores ; tarsi fusci : alae lim-
pidae, vix fulvescentes ; nervi fusci : halteres flavi. (Corp. long.
3 1 lin. ; alar. 5 lin.)
Found near London.
Art. XIV. — Researches on the Insects injurious to the Vine,
known to the Ancients and Moderns, atid on the Means
of preventing their Ravages.
By M. Le Baron Walkenaer.
[Extracted from the Annales de la Soci^t^ Entomologique de France.]
INTRODUCTION.
General Considerations. — Division of the Researches into three Sections.
In Europe, when, after a long succession of ages passed in
the darkness of barbarism, the human mind began to resume
its powers of advancement, its progress was everywhere the
same, and it adopted a similar method in all tlie sciences.
NO. II. VOL. IV. R
118 BARON WALKENAER ON THE
Before the invention of printing we had no other sources of
instruction than those furnished by the ancients. After this inven-
tion their works were more diffused and became better known.
The admiration they excited, and the influence which they had
acquired over the mind, was yet more increased by means of
the invention of printing ; and was, indeed, a necessary con-
sequence of the abundance and perfection of their writings.
To expound and understand them well, and to classify
the notions they exhibited, was everywhere the ambition of
learned men. Every treatise, on whatever branch of human
learning it might be, was a compilation, more or less metho-
dical and complete, of what the ancients had written on the
subject. To this was occasionally added what the moderns
thought or had observed respecting it ; but these additions did
not carry the same weight and authority to the mind of the
reader as the rest of the book ; nor was it ever intended by
the author that they should do so. But little account was
made of any proposition or observation without the addition of
ut ait Aristoteles, ut ait Plinius, ut ait Hippocrates, and
other phrases of the like import.
It was fortunate for the progress of natural history, that the
great number of new productions brought to Europe from
newly discovered countries, toward the end of the fifteenth and
at the beginning of the sixteenth centuries, soon convinced
every one of the incompleteness of the writings of the ancients
on the science.
It was then discovered that most of the objects which they
had occasion to describe were absolutely unknown to them,
and that they had very superficially observed and imper-
fectly described those with which they were acquainted. We
most readily come to this conclusion in regard to the smallest
animals ; because the ignorance of the ancients on this point
was greater than on almost any other, and the application of
their notions respecting them to the uses of modern science is
proportionably difficult and perplexing.
In the case of insects it was quickly ascertained that the
ancients had only treated of a small number, and of these very
incorrectly. When naturalists left off studying their writings,
and gave themselves up to the study of nature exclusively, the
science soon made rapid advances.
However, the names which the ancients gave to some classes
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 119
of insects, the meaning of which is easy to be understood, remain,
because they have become part of languages now in use,
derived from ancient ones : others, more obscure than these,
the meaning of which was doubtful or unknown, were
employed by naturalists for the numerous genera w^hose
establishment the progress of modern science had rendered
requisite. Naturalists seemed determined to make no new
names until all those employed by the ancients were exhausted ;
and when at length this came to pass, with but one exception,
(that of M. Adanson,) they always derived them from the
Greek and Latin : and when they had given a name used in
ancient writers to a new genus, it was hardly ever with the
intention of applying it to the kind of insect these ancient
authors had intended to allude to, and without any design of
its assisting in any way to ascertain the species. It has been
sometimes considered sufficient authority for giving an ancient
name to a new genus, that that name formerly belonged to an
insect (no matter what), or in some instances even if it could
not be satisfactorily proved that the word had not been so
applied.
Some names occur in our entomological catalogues whose
meaning is so entirely lost, that it is very uncertain whether
they belong to a plant or an animal. My purpose will be
best served here if I illustrate this by an example, which is far
from being the only one I could adduce.
M. Camus, the French translator of Aristotle's Natural
History of Animals,'"' well observes in his notes that comr
mentators differ as to the meaning of the word Stapfiylinus
employed by that writer. Some consider it the name of an
insect, others the name of a plant ; but, says Camus, relying
on the authority of Valmont de Bomare's Dictionary of Natural
History, where he found the word staphylinus, " The staphy-
linus is an insect well known to naturalists, because it has
preserved its name both in French and Latin." We learn
from these words that Camus did not know that the application
of the word staphylinus to a genus of coleopterous insects,
which is now subdivided into a great number of genera to
which other names have been given, cannot be traced farther
back than the time of Linnaeus, who first made use of this
■' Camits, Hist. Nat. des Animaux d\4rtstoic, in 4to. t. ii. p. 783.
120 BARON WALKENAER ON THE
word in naming this genus witliout in the least intending that
this signification should interfere with the meaning it might
have in Aristotle, to whom indeed he does not allude.
In the instance of the higher animals, such as quadrupeds,
birds, fishes, and reptiles, naturalists have established, as far
as they could, a correct synonymy of those species known to
the moderns which have been described in ancient writers,
because they have there met with notices of some which have not
been so well observed since, and others that are now alto-
gether unknown ; so that on this account they continue to be
considered as portions of the science ; but the case is very
different with insects. In spite of the present imperfection of
entomology, which is the most difficult of all branches of
natural history, the moderns have made such progress that we
may rest assured we have nothing to learn from the ancients
on the subject ; with the exception of the honey-bee and
the caterpillar of Bomhyx mori, or the silkworm, insects
which perhaps occupy as important a situation and position
in the history of the human race, commerce, and the arts, as
any of the largest animals. Naturalists of the present day
have paid but little attention to the study of ancient writers
on the subject of insects ; however, the names which they
have borrowed from them show that they have read them,
though, in some cases, perhaps without any other intention
than that of establishing a connexion by means of a similarity
of nomenclature between the writings of antiquity and their
own ; but they appear to have considered this kind of research
as too difficult for them ; or else that it was impossible to
undertake it with any chance of success. This is why there
are so few dissertations on the subject extant ; and in those
we do possess it very frequently happens that no attempt has
been made to determine the species or genus, but only to
discover the class to which the ancient name was intended to
apply.
If the science of natui*al history has little to hope from
these investigations, we may perhaps, however, obtain by their
means a better and more exact interpretation of passages of
ancient authors, and the difficulty attending such pursuits
should not deter us from the attempt. In entering on this
subject, as indeed when about to explore any of the uncul-
tivated portions of the vast field of science, we may say, " If
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 121
this had been easy to do, it would hardly have been left
undone."
These considerations have induced me to write and to
submit to the Academy'' these researches, whicli I was led to
make by a question put to me by one of our learned brethren
on the subject of the interpretation of the name of an insect
infesting the vine, mentioned by Plautus. The passage ap-
peared so plain to me that I thought I could at once have
given the meaning required. In order to satisfy myself that
I was not mistaken, I examined what had been said by ancient
and modern authors concerning the kinds of insects injurious to
the vine, and on the means of destroying them. But, in un-
ravelling the meaning of ancient passages, in comparing these,
and afterwards in considering them in connexion with the
observations of the moderns, I found greater difficulties than
I had anticipated ; to overcome these I used every effort —
such was the origin of this memoir. The subject will doubt-
less appear trifling to some, but as it is alike interesting
whether considered in connexion with the study of ancient
learning, natural history, or agriculture, I cannot consider it
as useless or unworthy of attention.
This memoir will be divided into three sections. The first,
which may be considered as merely preparatory, will contain
a critical examination of ancient passages in relation to the
meaning of the names of insects which are mentioned therein
as being particularly injm-ious to the vine.
In the second, I shall determine, by means of results ob-
tained in the first, what are the species of insects injurious to
the vine, known to the ancients and moderns, and shall point
out the best means of preventing their attacks.
In the third section, a classified concordance of names ; i. e.
a synonymy of all the names which occur in these researches,
will terminate the treatise, and render it of easy reference
to those naturalists and agriculturists who may wish to con-
sult it.
*> This paper was read at the Academy of Inscriptions, of which tlie author is
a member, before it was communicated to the Entomological Society.
122 BARON WALKENAER ON THE
SECTION I.
CRITICAL EXAMINATION, ETC.
1. Preliminary.
This section being, as I have just observed, only prepara-
tory in reference to the principal object of the memoir, no
application of modern names to the interpretation of passages
in ancient authors will be made in it. We shall content
ourselves with examining the meaning of ancient words, with
such assistance as a knowledge of the sense in which the
ancients themselves employed them may afford us. The
circumstances or peculiarities attending this use will, in the
second section, enable us to interpret ancient names, i. e.
to ascertain those in the language of naturalists with which
they correspond, which are the only ones connected with
definitions and descriptions sufficiently explicit to enable us to
determine the objects intended. We shall only give a
secondary consideration to popular names.
The names given in ancient, and often in modern, languages
to objects, the differences between which would not attract
the notice of superficial observers, were often of a general
description, and common to many kinds, and therefore very
vague. A single word was sometimes used for beings of a
very different nature. Scholiasts, grammarians, and lexico-
graphers, by their false distinctions, frequently added error
to confusion, and occasionally the prodigious erudition of
commentators still further perplexed the matter. It appears
to us that the best way to acquire an exact and complete idea
of the notions each of the names in question represents, will
be to examine every passage in which they occur, and to
endeavour to ascertain the various meanings which have been
attached to these names when they have been employed in
different significations. By this method we shall be enabled
to found our opinions and conjectures with greater certainty
on ancient passages ; and we shall also be less exposed to
the danger which so many, before they were aware, have
fallen into, and some indeed knowingly, of selecting those
passages only in the writings of the ancients which supported
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE.
123
their interpretations and systems, while they discarded all
such as were opposed to them.
2. List of the Names of Insects injurious to the Vine, men-
tioned by ancient Authors.
All the vine-insects, or those mentioned in connexion with
the vine, which I have been able to find in ancient authors,
are the followincf : —
1. Thola, Tholea, or Tholaat.
2. Gaza.
3. Ips.
4. Iks.
5. Spondyle, or Sphondyle.
G. Cantharis.
7. Phteire, or Phteira.
8. Kampe.
9. Joulos, or Julus.
10. Biurus, or Bythurus.
11. Involvolus, Involvulus,
or Involvus.
12. Convolvulus.
13. Volvox.
14. Voluera.
15. Eruca.
3. List of Authorities in which these Names occur, and which
consequently will have to be alluded to in this Dissertation.
The Bible.
Strabo.
Palladius.
Homer.
Pliny.
Herodian (the Gram
Ctesias.
Columella.
marian).
Alcman.
Athenaeus.
Festus.
Aristotle.
Origen.
Suidas.
Theophrastus.
St. Chrysostom.
Hesyehius.
Plautus.
St. Epiphanius.
Eustathius.
Cato.
Ammonius.
Philus.
Cicero.
4. Thola, or Tholea, or Tholaath.
This is a Hebrew word : it occurs in Deuteronomy ; where
the animal which it desiiijnates is mentioned among the judo--
ments the Israelites are threatened with if they transgress the
law of God.'^ The verse in which it occurs is rendered as
under, in the translation made from the Greek and Hebrew
texts by the pastors and professors of the church of Geneva :'i —
" Thou shalt plant vines and dress them, but thou shalt not
" Deutcronome, xxviii. 29. — ? 39, Translator.
"^ La Sainte Bible, on, le Vieux et le Nouveau Testameiit, traduit par les Pasteurs
et les Professeurs de I'Eglise de Geneve. — Geneve, 1805, 1, i, p. 276.
124 BARON WALKENAER ON THE
drink of the wine, nor gather the fruit thereof, for the worm
shall eat it."
Sacy, translating from the Vulgate, has : —
" Thou shalt plant the vine and dress it, but thou shalt not
drink the wine thereof, neither gather any thing therefrom,
because it shall be destroyed by worms."
Respecting the first of these versions, we may remark, that
the word " fruit" is printed in italics because there is no such
word in the Hebrew, and, indeed, there was no necessity for
its insertion. The sense does not require it, it is complete
without the word ; and it is, moreover, liable to mislead ; for
the insects which injure the vine by wounding the roots are
not the same that eat the leaves, and these again differ from
such as consume the fruit.
The word tholath in the interlined version of the Hebrew
Bible of Arius Montanus,^ is also translated by worms {yer7nis).
But the Hebrews had also another word for worm — r'lmma.
This word is often employed in the Bible in a figurative sense,
in the same way that thola is — for an unclean creature, or an
animal which is engendered in corruption.
In this sense the word rirama occurs frequently in Job ; it
occurs also in Exod. xvi. 24 ; in Hosea xiv. II.
The word tholaat is also used in Job xxiii. 6; in Exod.
xvi. 20 ; in the passage in Deuteronomy we have quoted ; in
Psalm xxii. 17; and in the book of Jonah, iv. 7.
But it will be necessary for our purpose to quote the whole
of this passage, and to demonstrate the correctness of the
translation we shall ourselves make of it, which differs from
that of the Geneva professors, and also from Sacy's version
from the Vulgate. It is said that the prophet, having gone
out of the city, stopped on the eastern side of it, and built him-
self a booth.
" Then," says the prophet, " God created a plant {kikajon),
which grew higher than Jonah, and formed a shade over his
head, and this caused Jonah exceedingly to rejoice ; but the
next day, very early in the morning, God brought a worm
{tholaat), which injured the plant {hikajon), and made it wither."
It will be easy for me to show that I have good reasons for
thus translating the passage, and rejecting the three versions
before me.
* Bible d' Arias Montanus.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 125
The Hebrew word which I have rendered by plant is
kihnjon, and the sense of the phrase shews that it must have
been a plant large enough to have foliage affording shade.
But what was this plant? No one knows. The Septuagint
make it a gourd; St. Jerome translates the word ivy; but
St. Augustine, in a letter to that father, informs us this change
had offended some of the African brethren, who had com-
pelled their bishop to withdraw the word from the translation
of St Jerome; Sacy, though he retains the ivy of St. Jerome's
version because it is in the Vulgate, is disposed to think it
was a vine or fig-tree. The pastors of Geneva and M. Gese-
nius'^ make Jcikajon a palma Christi, and Bochart^ appears to
agree with them in this view of the matter, though he does
not, so it seems to us, succeed in showing its soundness, for
the texts he adduces in its support are precisely those which
furnish the best reasons for adopting a contrary opinion.
But if we determine beforehand the plant mentioned in this
passage of Jonah, we decide also what kind of insect would
be likely to destroy it, and we are in danger of giving to the
word tholaat a different meaning to what it really has. The
chances of error are still greater if we translate with Sacy,
" it pierced the ivy by the root;" a fact of which no men-
tion is made, either in the Hebrew text, or in that of the
Vulgate. If we adopt this version we are in danger of
drawing conclusions from false premises, which will be so
much the more erroneous in proportion as they shall have
been regularly and critically deduced. I am, therefore, justi-
fied in altering the translation of the passage so as not to
leave any word in it which does not occur in the original.
From all that has been said, it results that the words
rimma and thola, or tholaath, have been often used in the
Bible indifferently, one for the other, in the sense of worm,
or grub, an animal produced in corruption, vile and con-
temptible, but with this difference, that twice the word tholo,
or tholaat, is employed to designate a worm that eats a plant.
In the first of these passages the plant is the vine, in the
second the kind of plant is not known ; but, however, we are
sure it is a plant ; and we know that such an animal as there
alluded to, though it may have the form of a worm, cannot be
f Geseiiius, Handbuch, &c., 1828, in 8vo. p. 883.
^ Bocliarti, Hierozoicon, torn. ii. p. 623.
NO. II. VOL. IV. S
12G BARON WALKENAER ON THE
a worm properly so called ; we are certain it must be a grub,
or a small insect, or the larva of an insect undergoing a
metamorphosis. The word r'mima is never employed in this
latter sense, at least in the Bible. It would seem, therefore,
that in this respect the Hebrew language is richer than our
own, since, in common parlance, we have only one word to
designate the worm of the nut, of the pear, of the apple, and
of all other fruit, and the earth-worm, though these animals
are not only not of the same genus, but belong to very dif-
ferent orders.^'
5. Gaza.
Gaza is also a Hebrew word : it is used in the Bible in
one place to designate an insect injurious to the vine in par-
ticular, but afterwards for an insect destructive to all kinds of
plants, in connexion with many other insects, the names of
which have occasioned a vast number of dissertations, some
of which would fill volumes. We too have examined the
modern names which might correspond with the ancient names
of insects mentioned with the word gaza in the Bible, and
shall, perhaps, treat of them in another paper. Here we
must confine ourselves to that which concerns the word gaza,
because it is the only one of these names which is employed
for an insect particularly injurious to the vine, and we shall
only occupy ourselves with the other names of insects which
are mentioned in connexion with the word gaza, as far as
they may assist us in interpreting it correctly. But the diver-
sities of opinion among translators has been so great, that it
will be needful, in order to obtain clear ideas on the subject,
to give the passages as we have translated them, without
altering the Hebrew names.
We find the following passage, in which gaza is used for
the name of an insect destructive of the vine, in Amos iv. 9: —
" I have smitten you with the searching wind and mildew.
Gaza has devastated your gardens, and all your vines and your
fig and olive trees, and you have not returned to me, saith the
Lord."
^ Fid. Cuv. Regne Animal, torn. iii. p. ISO, s.ur la troisieme grand division
des animaux articules oil ce naturaliste etablit que les vers, autrementdit Ann6-
lides, doivent marcher en tete de cette division etavant lesCrustacees, les Arach-
nides et les Insectes.
IN5ECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE.
127
The word gaza occurs in Joel ii. 25 : — " I will restore to
you the fruits of the year, and all that arbeh, jelek, cha;::il,
and gaza, that devouring multitude which I sent against you,
have destroyed."
But the passage in Joel in which ga^^a occurs, that is most
important to the interpretation of the word, is in chap. i.
ver. 4: — " y^ha,t gaza leaves arbeh eats; that which arbeh
\ea.\es jelek eats ; and what jelek leaves chazil eats."
In these different passages, the Septuagint translates gaza
by kanipe, and the Vulgate by eruca, i. e. a caterpillar.
The pastors of Geneva, and Sacy, have adopted this latter
translation. Bochart and Michaelis agree with them in
opinion.' But the Chaldean version employs the word gaza
to designate a kind of wingless locust ; and in the book of the
Prophets alone, the Talmud enumerates ten species of locusts,
among which gaza is included.
The three other insects mentioned in Joel in the same verse
with gaza, i. e. arbeh, jelek, and chazil, are also included
among the ten species enumerated by the Hebrew doctors in
the Talmud. The interpreters of the Bible differ as to the
signification of the words jelek and chazil, but they all agree
on the meaning of the word gaza. There is no doubt that it
was intended for a locust. The Chaldean version agrees with
the Septuagint and Vulgate in all the passages where the word
is found in the Bible. Arbeh is the first of four kinds of
insects, or crawling creatures, pointed out by Moses as fit for
food ; and Forskael tells us that the Arabs still give the name
of arbeh to a kind of locust they eat in their country. Now
we learn from Joel, that whdit gaza leaves the arbeh eats, and
we may safely conclude that gaza was the name of an insect
eminently destructive, not only to the vine, but to all kinds of
plants ; and that to its ravages succeeded the attacks of many
kinds of locusts, who finished the work of destruction, and
completely consumed every thing this formidable insect had not
devoured. Some learned interpreters have considered this insect
to be a caterpillar ; others, of equal authority, have concluded
that it was a kind of wingless locust. We will endeavour to
ascertain the true meaning hereafter, but at present, adhering
to our proposed plan, as we have now examined all that the
Hebrews have handed down to us respecting the insects
' Rocliart, Hierozoicon. part ii. p, 483.
128 BARON WALKENAER ON THE
injurious to the vine, we will turn to vt'hat the Greeks have
said on the subject.
6. Ips. — Iks.
I have placed these two words together, because, as we shall
see, they cannot be separated in this discussion.
The word ips occurs in ancient authors as the name of an
insect injurious to the vine in particular; but it is also
employed by Homer, St. Chrysostom, and the lexicogra-
phers and grammarians of the middle ages, to designate an
insect which eats horn ; and in neither of these acceptations
can it be a worm, properly so called, which is named otherwise
in Greek.
We will first consider the ips mentioned in Homer ; it is in
the Odyssey, b. xxi. v. 295. They have given Ulysses, while
as yet he is unknown to his friends, his formidable bow. The
poet says : — " The hero took the bow, examined it attentively,
and bent it in every direction, fearful lest the horn should have
been eaten by the ips in the absence of the master."
If we wish to know what kind of horn Homer's ips attacked,
we have only to find out the animal whose horns were used in
the time of Homer to make bows of the best description, such
as would be suitable for the use of a king like Ulysses. On this
point Homer himself gives us information. In the Iliad, b. iv.
V. 105, et seq. we are told that the bow of the divine Pindar
was made of the horns of the aigos, or crgagre, or wild goat ;
that these horns were sixteen hands in length ; and that a
skilful workman, after having polished and joined them care-
fully, had gilded their extremities.
The horns of the aegagre are frequently three feet and a
half long ; they bend naturally, and if united as Homer men-
tions, would form a bow of the size alluded to.
The aegagre, or wild goat, is found, though very rarely,
in the mountains of western Europe : one was killed during
my stay among the Pyrennees, and I saw horns of this
animal which measured two feet and a half: it is, however,
very common in the East. In Persia it is called paseng.
Burckhardt tells us that the Arabs of Syria give it the name of
bidin (beden) : that traveller also informs us they have been
seen in troops of forty or fifty in that country. Their flesh
is in high esteem, and they are also sought for their horns.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. Ij^.'
which are taken to Jerusalem, where they are used for making
knife and poniard handles. Burckhardt^ saw a pair three
feet and a half in length. Thus the ips of Homer may be
known and dreaded by the warriors of that country.
But this meaning of the word ips disappears, or is at least
somewhat altered, in the Greek authors after Homer, whose
works have come down to us ; and in Strabo, Theophrastus,
and the wi'itings of learned agriculturists, passages from which
we shall give presently, the word ips is always used for
an insect or a worm injurious to the vine, and consequently
for a larva, the food of which is plants, and not horn.
However, we again find the word with the Homeric signi-
fication in a remarkable passage of St. Chrysostom, which I
shall translate : — " The injurious effects produced by copper on
the body, by rust on iron, by the moth on wool, and by the
ipes on horn, vice produces on the soul."'
However, I maintain that the ipes mentioned in the best
Greek authors, i. e. by those whose writings are of the highest
authority, is an insect which eats the vine.
Strabo says :™ — " The Erythreans gave Hercules the name
Ipoctone, i, e. the destroyer of the ipes, as those insects are
called that injure the vine."
Theophrastus," after having told us how the worms come in
wheat, adds, that the ipes are produced by a south wind, and
farther on he says, *' There are, however, some places where
the vine is not infested by them ;^fsuch as open, exposed, and
dry situations."
We read in the Geoponicks :° " To prevent the little worms
^ Burckhardt, Travels in Syria and the Holy Land, 1822, p. 405 ; Fiscli.,
Synopsis Animal, p. 483 ; Cuvier, Regne Animal, 2d edit, torn i. p. 275.
' Sanct. J. Chrysost. ap. torn, iv, p. 669, E. St. Chrysostom uses the word scolex
for the worm which eats wood. In the grammarians of the lower ages, scolex is
used for the earth-worm (which is the worm properly so called) ; scolex signifies
also, according to the same grammarians, the worm that infests the ox, which is
quite another animal, either an intestinal worm, or the larva of an insect. St.
Chrysostom's scolex, or wood-eating worm, must be the larva of an insect, and
Aristotle employs the word in this sense, since he says, every insect comes from
a scolex.
"■ Strab. edit. Almenoven, in folio, liv. xiii. p. 613 au 912, de la traduction
Franc, torn. iv. p. 213.
" Theoph. de Cans. Plant, liv, iii. c. 22, (ou 23 de Ted. de Schneider, torn. ii.
p. 299). Scaliger translates ips by convolmilus; why he does so we shall see hereafter.
° Geoponicas, edit. Niklas, c. 53, v. 423.
1<>0 BARON WALKENAER ON THE
called ipas attacking the vine, it is necessary to smoke the
reeds that are used for props, because by decaying in the
ground these produce little worms which crawl up the vine."
Galien, cited by Aldrovandus, informs us that black mould
destroys the ipes.
In the Dictionary of SuidasP we find the word ipi defined
by worm, with the addition that it would be better to say rps.
This work gives the same meaning for that word.
But the name ips, with a little alteration in the form of
the word, or another insect with a slightly different name, is
mentioned by various authors as being very injurious to the
vine.
In a fragment of Alcman, quoted by Bochart,^ it is said,
" the speckled ika is the pest of the shoots of the vine."
The grammarian Ammonius also, in his treatise on Syno-
nyms,"^ says, " The ikes are animalcules which eat the shoots
of the vine."
Bochart thinks ips and iks the same words in different
dialects.
Valckenaer, in his Notes on Ammonius, is of the same opi-
nion. " Ego verisimilam censeo (says this clever critic) Sam.
Bocharti sententiam qui ah Alcman ika, ex dlalecto pro ipa
positum sagaciter animadvertit et ex idoneis auctoribus loca
produxis in quibus, qui in vitibus nascuntur vermiculi ipes
dicunlur.'' Valckenaer concludes with Bochart that ips is the
most ancient form of the word.
However, in Hesychius, and an anonymous grammarian
cited by M. Boissonade, the two words are distinct, and are
used for different insects.
The Dictionary of Hesychius gives the word iks as the name
of an animalcule (theridion) injurious to the vine ; and in the
same work the word ips occurs again with this explanation,
that it is employed by grammarians to designate an insect
which eats horn.
According to the anonymous grammarian quoted by M.
Boissonade in the Notes to his editio princeps of Herodian/
p Siiid. Lex., ed. de Ivust. 1705, in folio, torn. ii. p. HI.
■i Boch. Hironicon, torn. ii. p. 213.
' Am. tit. ii. c. 5, de differentia adfinium vocabulorum, nunc pvimum edit,
ope MSS. Prima> edit. Aldina\ Vulgavit Valck. pp. 73, 74.
^ Herod. Variit. Lond. 1819, in 8vo. p. 58.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 131
who gives the names appHed to various insects from the sub-
stances they inhabit, or are destructive to, iks is the worm
of the vine, and ips the worm feeding on flesh and horn.
Are we now in possession of sufficient information to enable
us to distinguish these two species of insects, and shall we
call them by different names? Or is the distinction alluded
to one falsely established by grammarians and lexicographers,
who out of one word, with some slight alteration, have use-
lessly made two different words ? We have, however, nothing
to do with these inquiries at present, we must here confine
ourselves to collecting those facts which a critical examination
of the passages may afford us, without any anticipatory view
of the conclusions we may have to deduce therefrom : these
will come afterwards. We may now conclude from all that
has been said : —
First, That by the most learned ancient authors who have
treated ex jirofesso of agriculture, natural history, and geo-
graphy, the word ips is only used for the larva of an insect
injurious to the vine :
Secondly, That in Homer, St. Chrysostom, and the lexico-
graphers and grammarians, who lived during the decline, the
word ips is exclusively employed to designate the larva of an
insect which eats horn :
Thirdly, That the word iks^ whether different from ips,
or the same word in another dialect, was applied by Alcman,
and the lexicographers and grammarians of the lower ages,
exclusively to an insect injurious to the vine, the shoots of
which it eats.
7. Spondylus, or Sphondylus.
Aristotle, in his Natural History of Animals,' after having
described the way in which flies and beetles copulate, adds,
the spoiidylus (or sphondylus) the phalangia, and other insects,
copulate in the same manner.
I have said spondylus or sphondylus, because the editors
and ti'anslators of Aristotle's work are divided on the word.
M. Schneider has written in the Greek text spondylai, and
M. Camus sphondylai : both make it an insect, because here
' Arist. Hist. An. lib. v. c. 7, ed. Schneider, torn. ii. p, 181 de la traduction, et
torn. i. p. 190, du grec, et liv. v. c. 8, torn. i. p. 219, de la traduction de Le Camus.
\32 BARON WALKENAER ON THE
the meaning of the word is very evident : but in another
passage of the same work," Aristotle, speaking of the diseases
of the horse, mentions a case in which that animal drags his
leg, and says, " he is affected in the same way if he eats the
staphf/linus." The staphyUnus is like, and as large as, the
sphondylus.
M, Camus, in his translation, still writes sphondylus, and
so does Hesychius, who considers the staphylinus, and conse-
quently the spondylus, to be an animal. M. Schneider, on the
contrary, who this time also writes sphondylus, thinks that the
word is entirely different from spondylus, the name of an
animal in the first passage I have quoted. M. Schneider,
adopting Scaliger's opinion, makes the staphylinus a plant
(the parsnip), and consequently considers that the spondylus
mentioned in the latter passage was also a plant. ^
M. Schneider, in his note, does not attempt to show the
correctness of his translation, but is satisfied with citing
Scaliger's opinion in its support. I must confess I here
incline to agree in opinion with Le Camus. But what advan-
tage are we to expect to gain by the discussion? What
matter is it whether the name of the insect thus twice men-
tion'ed by Aristotle is spondijlus or sphondylus, since he does
not in either passage give us any information about it? In
the second it is true he compares it to the staphylinus, but we
know as little of the staphylinus as we do of the spondylus ;
and in neither passage is there any mention made of the vine.
We should have had no occasion to allude to the spondylus
if the word had only occurred in Aristotle ; but Pliny ,'^
speaking of the birthwort and the wild vine (vitis sylvestris),
which lives for a year in shady places, makes the remark, that
no animal touches the roots of these plants, or of any other
plant he has mentioned, except the spondylus, a kind of
serpent, which attacks all. " J^t Aristolochia ac vitis sil-
vestris anno in umbra servantur : et animalium quideni
exterorum nullum aliud radices a 7iobis dirtas attingit
excepta spondyle quce omnes persequitur. Genus id ser-
pentis est."
Schneider, after quoting this passage, adds, Inepte ut solet.
" Arist. lib. viii. c. 24 ; Schn. torn. iii. p. 276.
^ Sch. Arist. des Anim. Hist, torn. iv. p. 665.
y Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. xxvii. sec. 1 1 8, c. 13 ; torn. viii. p. 106, de I'edit. de Franz.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 133
Pliny had the genius to conceive, and the talent to execute,
an abridged encyclopedia of human knowledge : we may,
perhaps, even say that he has produced the most learned book
that was ever written ; and it is perfectly unallowable to speak
of a writer of such merit with the rudeness and contempt
which the learned German has shown on the present occasion.
Pliny, however, is not altogether undeserving of censure ; he
has borrowed largely from Aristotle's Natural History of
Animals, and in so doing he is not content merely to trans-
late, but often perplexes, by useless or pompously obscure
phrases, subjects which Aristotle has explained with pre-
cision and clearness, and mixes up with his (Aristotle's)
matter, vulgar and silly stories, or vague and erroneous
notions.
However, it would certainly have been better if Mr.
Schneider, who unites the knowledge of a naturalist with the
learning of the philosopher, instead of allowing himself to give
vent to such a sally on the subject of the passage in Pliny
we have quoted, had endeavoured to obtain what information
he could therefrom, as he would have seen that this very
passage (of which he speaks so disrespectfully,) enables us
to ascertain the species of insect named spondylus in the
first passage of Aristotle, and perhaps also of that named in
the second. In fine, as we are very certain that no ser-
pent, at least in Europe, is injurious to the roots of plants,
we infer from comparing the two passages (of Pliny and
Aristotle) : —
First, That the larva of an insect named spondylus by the
Greeks, was known to the Romans, and that it ate the roots
of all kinds of plants ;
Secondly, That this larva was very large, since it is com-
pared to a little serpent ;
We shall presently see the conclusions we shall obtain from
these results.
We shall, perhaps, be told that we might have spared our-
selves this long discussion on the word spondylus, since Pliny
has only spoken of it in connexion with the wild vine, vitis
silvestris, which is not a vine, and has nothing to do with the
plant that bears grapes ; but it is, as Pliny himself tells us, an
annual, like hirthwort. I reply, that the vine is included
amongst the plants Pliny has spoken of, and which, he says,
NO. II. VOL. IV. T
134 BARON WALKENAER ON THE
are all obnoxious to the attacks of the spondylus ; and that
what concerns this insect is directly connected with our
subject.
8. Cantharis.
In the Geoponicks, c. 49, a receipt is given to prevent the
injuries of the cantharides : it is to macerate these insects in
oil, and to rub the vine with the decoction.
Palladius also has a receipt to be used against the insects
that infest the vine ; he directs the cantharides which are
found on the rose to be macerated in oil till it acquires an
unctuous consistence, and the vines they intended to be
pruned, to be rubbed with this liniment.^
The name cantharis frequently occurs in many Greek and
Latin authors ; but without any mention of the vine being
made at the same time. In Pliny we read, however,^ " Ver-
rucas cantharides cum uva taminia intritcs exedunt :"
*' Cantharides, pounded and mixed with the uva taminia,
destroy warts."
What uva taminia was is not now known ; it has been
translated wild grapes, but it certainly was not the fruit of the
vine.
It would be superfluous to adduce here the numerous pas-
sages in the works of ancient authors, in which the word
kantharis occurs, because the signification of this word is
well known. It is evident, from all these passages, that they
intended the perfect insects, and not their larvae, by this word ;
that they belonged to the order Coleoptera, or beetles ; that
cantharis was a general term for different species of beetles,
though not for all kinds indifferently. The ancients always
used this word to designate certain species of Coleoptera, or
beetles with brilliant colours, which were remarkable for their
blistering or poisonous properties, differing considerably, how-
ever, as to the particular species intended.
Thus the cantharis of Aristotle appears to be the same
species as that mentioned by Aristophanes ;^ but it is a very
different insect to the one with black and yellow bands, which
Dioscorides has described so well that it is impossible for natu-
^ Palladius, lib. i. c. 35 ; torn. i. p. 43, ed. Biponti. " Plin. lib. xxx. c. 9.
'' Aristophane cite dans Aldrovandes, de Insect, c. 3, torn. i. p. 180.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 135
ralists to mistake it ; it is to this latter insect we must refer
the winged cantharide, of a pale red colour, to which, on
account of its virulent and deadly poison, Epiphanius likens
heresy.'^ The cantharide of Origen,'* which is produced from
a larva subsisting on the flesh of the ass, is still different
from those of St. Epiphany, Dioscorides, Aristotle, and
Aristophanes ; though probably most nearly allied to the last
mentioned.
Pliny mentions various kinds of cantharis,^ but it is not
easy, for want of a proper description, to make them out ; when,
however, he says (lib. xviii. chap. 44) — " Est et cantharis dictus
scarabseus parvus frumenta erodens,"^ we immediately recog-
nise the little formidable beetle to which, in this place, he gives
the name cantharis. Theophrastus, who has also spoken of
this little insect, which breeds in wheat, gives it the same
name.
From all that has been just said, it results, that in order to
find the insect to which the name cantharis was applied,
considered by the ancients as injurious to the vine, we must
look among perfect insects in the class Coleoptera ; amongst
such as have brilliant colours, or are known for their venomous
or vesicatory properties ; but which are as likely to be of
large as small size.
9. Kampus and Phteirus.
I here bring these words together, though they have very
different meanings, because they occur together in a passage
of the Geoponicks,s the only one in which the first is mentioned
in connexion with the vine. The author gives a receipt in
use in Africa for protecting the vine from the phteirus and
kampus which breed on it. Ctesias also mentions the phteiri
as being destructive to the vine in Greece.'^
*= S. Epiph. Pan. rom. p. 1067, ed. Petaz.
•' Orig. Co7it. Cels. lib. iv. c. 57, p. 549, et ed. Delarue.
"^ Plin. Nat. Hist. liv. xxix. c. 30; torn. iii. p. 107, de I'edit. de Miller.
'' Plin. Hist. Nat. c. 44, ou 17; torn. vi. p. 138, de I'edit. Franzius.
g Gcoponic. edit. Niklas, cap. 30 ; torn. iii. p. 485.
*" Ctesias Tndicor. cap. 21, p. 253, edit, Baehr. Francof. 1824, in Svo.
136 BARON AVALKENAER ON THE
10. Kampe.
Aristotle' was well acquainted with the metamorphosis of
the butterfly, the larva of which he calls kampe, and he makes
particular mention of the caterpillar of the cabbage.
Theophrastus,"^ in his History of Plants, uses the word
Jcampe for an animal which eats the leaves and flowers of all
kinds of trees.
Pliny,^ abridging this passage of Theophrastus, translates
kampe by eruca, the caterpillar.
We have already seen that the word kamj)e occurs three
times in the Septuagint (Greek) version of the Bible ; twice in
Joel, and once in Amos;™ and in the Latin translation of the
same passages in the Vulgate, the word eruca always cor-
responds with kampe, although it is by no means certain, as
we have already remarked, that these are considered synony-
mous with the Hebrew word gaza, of which they are the
interpretation.
St. Chrysostom, in a remarkable passage, speaks of the
kampas as having been an object of religious worship in
pagan times," and the word is correctly rendered by erucas,
caterpillars, in the Latin translation. In the Dialogues of
Pope Gregory the Great," mention is made of one Boniface,
Bishop of Ferentum, who went into a garden filled with cater-
pillars : — " Ingressus portum, magna hunc erucarum multi-
tudine invenit esse coopertum."
Pope Zachary, in translating these Dialogues into Greek,
renders erucas by kampes.
But the following passage of Columella sets the matter
completely at restiP — " Animalia quae a nobis appellantur
erucce Graece autem KAMFIAI nominantur:" " The animals
that we (the Romans) name erucce are called in Greek kampai."
Palladius and Columella, though writing in Latin, have
' Aris. de Anim. liv. v. c. 19. ^ Theophrastes, liv. iv. c. 16.
' Pline, liv. xii. c. 24. °> Joel i. 4 ; Ibid. ii. 25 ; Amos iv. 29.
■" S. Joannes Chrysostom, Homel. 2, in Acta Apostol.; torn. iv. p. 621,. liv. xiv.
edit. Eton, 1612, in fol.
° S. Gregor. Dialogorum libri, 4, lib. i. cap. 9 ; torn. ii. p. 396, edit, de Paris,
1675, in folio. .
p Columella, lib xi. cap. 3.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 137
often used the Greek word in preference, when they have had
occasion to speak of the caterpillar.
Palladius, speaking of a method of destroying the insects
that infest the vine and pot-herbs, for which purpose he
recommends that the stalks of garlic should be burnt in the
gardens, and that the knives used in pruning the vine should
be rubbed with garlic, says: — " Campas fertur evincere qui
fusticulos allii sine capitibus per horti omne spatium combu-
rens, nidorum locis pluribus excitavit. Si contra easdem
vitibus voluerimus consulere. Allio trito falces putatoriae
feruntur unguendae."i
Columella, having occasion to speak of the devastations
committed by the caterpillar, twice makes use of the word
campe : —
'/ Nee solum teneras audent erodere frondes
Implicitus conchae limax, hirsutaque campe.''^
And afterwards —
" Non alitur quam decussa pluit arbora nimbus
Vel teretes mali, vel tectze cortice glandis,
Volvitur ad terram distorto corpore campe."
It is, therefore, clearly shown, that it is among caterpillars,
or the larvffi of Lepidoptera, or butterflies, that we must look
for the hampes which, according to the Geoponicks, breed in
and are injurious to the vine.
11. Phteire.
We know that this Greek word was applied to an insect
parasitical on man — the louse; but it is questionable whether
Ctesias,* and the author of the Geoponicks, intended to indi-
cate by this word all kinds of vermin injurious to the vine,
including the kampes, or caterpillars, or one insect in particular,
which was very small, and was, by reason of its diminutive
size, considered by husbandmen as the louse of the vine.
This we shall have to examine.
' Palladius, dans les Scriptores de Re Rustica, edit. Biponti, torn. i. p. 43.
■• Columell. de Cultu Hort. vers. 324, torn. i. p. 410, edit. Biponti, 1787,
in 8vo.
' Columell. de Cultu. Hort. liv. x. vers. 366. Gesner dans son Dictionnairc, cite
aussi Sextus Empiricus, torn. xiv. au sujet du mot Campe.
' Ctesias Indicorum, cap. 21, p. 253, ed. Boehr. Francof. 1824, in 8vo.
138 BARON WALKENAER ON THE
12. Julos, or Julus.
Suidas, an author of the ninth or tenth century, says in
his Dictionary," that jidos is the worm of the vine ; that it has
many feet ; and is also called raultipede, and that it rolls up
and breeds in moist earth.
On this sole authority, the most learned lexicographers
have not hesitated to make julos synonymous with ips, iki,
and convolvulus, and every other insect mentioned in ancient
writers as injurious to the vine. We shall soon have an
opportunity of seeing what a number of errors this arrange-
ment has caused, for which no authority can be found in
any ancient manuscript. No ancient author has made mention
of julos in connexion with the vine, or as injurious to it.
The Romans employed the word julus, or Julius, in many
instances, with the same meanings as the Greeks ; but never,
as far as I know, applied the name to a worm, or an insect,
or, indeed, to any animal.
Aristotle, in his History of Animals,'^ mentions the juUos ;
but all that he says about it is, that it is an insect without
wings, like the scolopendra. In speaking of animals in gene-
ral, Aristotle distinguishes those with four legs from those that
have a greater number ;y and he includes the scolopendra and
the bee in the latter division. It is easy to see that Aristotle
intended by these two examples to give the two extremes ; one,
an animal with six legs, two more than quadrupeds possess,
the other, an animal with a much greater number. However,
a scholiast on Aristotle, forming, like the dictionary-makers,
his opinion from the connexion, makes a wasp of this
scolopendra — (an insect without wings a wasp !) Aristotle
makes mention of the marine scolopendra,^ an animal differing
from the one above alluded to, which lives in the sea. He
gives a description of it, and tells us it is like the land scolo-
pendra, but redder; that its legs are slenderer and more
" Suidas, Lexicon, torn. ii. p. 126, edit. Francof.
* Arist. Hist. Anim. lib. iv. c. 1 ; torn. i. p. 129, du texte grecque ; et torn, ii,
p. 126, de la traduction latine dans I'ed. de Schneider; torn. i. p. 171, de la
traduction de Le Camus.
'' Arist. liv. i. c. 5 ; torn. ii. p. 16, de la traduction dc Lccamus.
^ Arist. liv. ii. c. 4.
(
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 139
numerous. Concerning the land species/'' he remarks that, if
cut into many pieces, each has a forward motion.
Phny,^ translating this passage of Aristotle on the marine sco-
lopendra, says that it resembles the centipede ; and in another
part of his work*' he thus defines the centipede : — " The milli-
pede, which is called also centipede, or multipede, is a kind of
earth-worm, which uses all its feet, and describes the arc of a
circle in walking, and which rolls itself up at the least touch.
The Greeks name it oniscon, and sometimes tylon." Farther
on, he says, that kind of centipede, which some Greek
writers give the name seps, and others scolopendra, is very
poisonous: — " Millipeda, ab aJiis centipeda aut multipeda
dicta, animal e vermibus terrae pilosum, multis pedibus arcuatim
repens, tactuque contrahens : se oniscon Graeci vocant, alii
tylon. . . . 1 11am (centipedem) autem qu^ non arcuatur sepa
Graeci vocant, alii scolopendrem minorem perniciosumque."
I may remark here, that Pliny, in this place, confounds the
julios with another species of millipede, which Aristotle*^
has mentioned by the name of the polypede of the ass,
onos a polupos. Pliny appears afterwards to give the name
of seps and scolopendra to the onisci, and says they are
smaller than the centipede, and that they do not describe
curves in walking. But errors of this kind are common in
this author.
Numenius, quoted by Atheneus, calls the juUos the entrails
of the earth.
Eustathius, in commenting on this passage, and Theon, a
very old author, give diflferent reasons for the expression.
Hesychius says, iha joulos is like the polypede; that it in-
habits moist earth, and differs from the onus, or asellus.
Lycophron applies the epithet jidiopezos to a many-oared
ship.
From all these passages, we may infer, that the julos, or
julus, was an apterous or wingless insect, with a great number
of legs, which rolled up at the touch ; which described curves
or sinuosities in walking ; concealed itself in the ground ; is
^ Arist. Hist. Anim. liv. iv. c. 7. ^ Plin. Hist. Nat. liv. ix. c. 43,
" Plin. Hist. Nat. liv. xxix. c. 6; torn. x. p. 128.
^ Plin. Hist. A^af. liv. xxix. c. 39; torn. viii. p. 273 ; Arist. Hist. Anim.
torn. V. c. 25 (vulgo 31); Scaliger, 126, torn. ii. p. 224, edit. Schneider.
140 BARON WALKENAER ON THE
found in damp situations; and finally, that Suidas alone has
said that this insect is injurious to the vine,
13. Biurus.
We now come to the names of insects injurious to the vine
in use among the Romans, and the first is a 'wox(\ that, by its
etymology, would appear to be derived from the Greek.
The name biurus, used by Cicero for an insect injurious to
the vine, is only known to us by a passage of the naturalist
Pliny. That ancient writer, speaking of divers medical pre-
sci'iptions, and some singularities relating to the natural history
of animals, ends a chapter with these words : — " Marcus
Cicero says, there are insects called biuri, which eat the vines
in Campania:" " M. Cicero tradit animalia biuros vocari qui
vites in Campania erodant."
It has been well remarked, that this word is derived from
the Greek oura, and appears to be synonymous with bicaudes,
an insect with two tails.
It is necessary to pay attention to this etymology, which
furnishes us with the only particular which can enable us to
recognise this insect. The most ancient manuscripts read
biuros, and we must therefore reject the reading, byturos,
which certain of Pliny's editors have adopted, whilst they have
neglected the true reading. Modern naturalists have applied
the word byturos to a genus of Dermestidae.
14. Involvolus, Involvulus, or Tnvolvus
The words we have now to examine are purely Latin ; they
have, indeed, if I may be allowed the expression, a family
likeness, and appear to be derived from each other.
We will begin with the word used by the oldest author, the
same which occasioned these Researches.
Involvolus, or involvulus, occurs in Plautus. In the Cistil-
laire. Act I. Scene ii. ver. 455 — 458, a slave, Lampadisca,
addressing her mistress, says of another slave, who is also
one of the dramatis personcB, that she is like a dangerous
animal : —
" Imitatur, nequam bcstiam, et damnificam."
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 141
" Which, I pray you?" asks the mistress.
" Quamnani, amabo ?"
The slave replies: — " The involvulus ; for as that creature
rolls and wraps itself up in the leaf of the vine, so she is ambi-
guous in her conversation."'^
" Involvolorum, que in pampini folio intorta implicat se
Itidem hasc exorditur sibi intortam orationem."
I find, in the Dictionary of Pomponius Festus/ this defini-
tion of the word involvus : — " Vermiculi genus qui involvit
pampino."
Every one will recognise the involvulus of Plautus in the
involvus of Festus. It is the same word, with a very slight
alteration. The singular economy of this insect is confirmed
by the testimony of two authors ; and we learn from Festus,
that the bestiola of Plautus was the larva of an insect, and
not a perfect insect.
15. Convolvulus,
Marcus Fortius Cato, in his treatise De Re Rustica, gives
a recipe against an insect named convolvulus, which breeds on
the vine. This recipe consists in boiling the dregs of oil till
they acquire the consistence of honey, and rubbing the top
and joints of each plant therewith:^ — " Convolvulus in vinea
ne siet, amurcam condito," &c. — and, in conclusion — " Hoc
vitem circum caput, et sub brachia unguito, convolvulus non
nascitur."
Pliny, quoting Cato, copies this recipe:^ — " Ne convolvulus
fiat in vinea, amurcse congios duos decoqui in crassitudinem
mellis," <&c. &c. ; and afterwards says — " Hoc vites circa
capita ac sub brachiis ungi, ita non fore convolvulum.''
* I have translated this passage literally, because my purpose is best answered
by so doing : to see how it has been translated by others, Limiers may be consulted,
(Euvres de Plaute, in 12mo. torn. iii. p. 293 ; Levee, TliMtre des Latins, in Svo.
torn. iii. p. 416 ; Theatre de Plaute, in Svo. torn. iii. p. 187.
' Pomponius Festus, liv. ix. p. 193, edit, de Dair.
5 M. P. Cato, de Re Rustica, c.95; torn. i. p. 52, edit, des Deux Fonts;
torn. i. p. 84, des Scriptores Ret Agraria, 2d edit, de Gesner,
•^ Plin. liv. xvii. c. 28, 47 ; torn. ii. p. 91, de I'c^dit. d'Hardouin, in folio;
torn. V. p. 741, de I'^dit. de Franzius.
NO. II. VOL. IV. U
142 BAKON WALKENAER ON THE
These passages, which are the only ones where the name
convolmilus occurs, do not give us any information respecting
the insect it was apphed to, except that it was very injurious
to the vine. We shall have to examine whether this insect is
the same as the invuhndus of Plautus, or whether the two
words were employed to designate two different insects.
1 6. Volvox.
We shall have no occasion to inquire if the insect called
volvox by Pliny is the same as that to which he gives the
name of convolvulus, for he distinguishes them himself.
This writer, after having pointed out a remedy against the
convolvulus, informs us that the volvox, which eats the young
grapes, is a different insect, and recommends, in order to
prevent its attacks, that care should be taken to wipe the
pruning-knife with the skin of a beaver, and to rub the vines
in those places where they have been cut with bear's blood :
*' Alii volvocem appellant animal praerodens pubescentes uvas :
quod ne accidat, falces, cum sint exacutce fibrina pelle detergent,
atque ita putant sanguine ursino liniri volunt post putationem
easdem."
17. Volucra. — Eruca.
We cannot separate these two words in this discussion,
because they are mentioned together in the same passage of
Columella, and perhaps volvox ought not to have been sepa-
rately considered, for I should not conceal the circumstance,
that many editors read volucra instead of volvocem, in the
passage of Pliny I have just quoted; but volvocem is the
reading of all the ancient manuscripts, and volucra has only
been introduced into his text because they have found a
passage in Columella which, although somewhat different,
seems to be derived from the same source; and as in Colu-
mella it is not possible to substitute the word volvox for
volucra, because that word is a second time employed in the
plural, in a verse which cannot be altered without injuring
the metre, these editors of Pliny have determined to transfer
into his text the reading of Columella. Gesner, the com-
mentator on Columella, reasonably finds fault with them
for making this change, and reconmiends that the readings
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 143
of the manuscripts should be retained in both authors, and
the word volvocem, consequently, restored to the passage in
Pliny.
Columella, in his Treatise on Trees,' after speaking of the
mice and rats that infest the vine, says : — " Genus est ani-
malis, volucra appellatur, id fere prasrodet teneras adhuc
pampinos et uvas : quod ne fiat, falces quibus vineam putaveris,
peracta putatione sanguine ursino linito . . . . vel si pellem fibri
habueris, in ipsa putatione quoties falcem acueris, ea pelle
aciem detergito atque ita putare incipito : " " There is a kind
of animal called volucra, which eats the young shoots of the
vine almost entirely, and consumes the grapes. To prevent
its attacks, when the vine is cut, it should be frequently
rubbed with bear's blood, and whilst pruning the knife must
be rubbed with the skin of a beaver every time it is
sharpened."
In his poem on horticulture. Columella, after having spoken
of culinary plants, recapitulates the disasters that deceive the
hopes of the agriculturist, i. e. tempests, rain, hail, floods, and
what is still more to be dreaded than these, the volucras and
the caterpillars, enemies of Bacchus and the green willows,
which poison the seeds, devour the leaves, and leave nothing
besides a naked trunk, withered and useless : —
" Brassica, cumque tument pallentia robora bete,
Mercibus atque olitor gaudet securus adultis,
Et jam maturis quaerit supponeie falcem
Ssepe ferus duros jaculatus Jupiter imbres,
Grandine dilapidans hominumque boumque laborcs :
Sa!pe etiam gravidis irrorat pestifer undis
Ex quibus infestse Baccho, glaucisque salictis
Nascuntur volucres, serpit eruca per hortos
Quos super ingvediens exurit semina morsu
Quce capitis viduata coma, spoliataque nudo
Vertice, trunca jacent tristi conjuncta veneno." ^
Thus the volucrce and the erzicce are here mentioned as
different insects by Columella; the first are said to be par-
ticularly injurious to the vine, the second in osier grounds : —
" Et quibus infestaj Baccho nascuntur volucres, glaucisque
salictis (infesta) serpit eruca per hortos."
' Colum. dcs Arbor, c. 15 ; torn. i. p. 5!j.
" Columella, liv. x. dc Ciiltu liortor mw, vcr. 3, 26, 33C.
114 ADDITIONAL NOTES
This interpretation, which we think is the correct one, will
occasion us to remark the singular fact, that, with the exception
of the Vulgate translation of the Bible, and that of St. Jerome
in Latin, where the word gaza is erroneously rendered eruca,
the word enica has never been used by the Romans, in a
Latin iorm, for an animal particularly injurious to the vine.
Pliny and Colum.ella make frequent mention of the eruca, as
being destructive to trees and plants in general, without ex-
cepting the vine, but they do not speak of it as injurious to
the vine in particular ; and when Palladius, in the passage we
have quoted, gives a specific against the caterpillars that injure
the vine, we see he employs the word campce, and not erucce.
This would incline us to conclude that, amongst the number
of names used by the Romans for insects injurious to the vine,
there do not occur any which were applied to caterpillars, or
the larvae of Lepidoptera ; and we may presume that the
insects which destroyed the vine, mentioned by the names
involvulus, convolvulus, volvox, volucrcc, were considered by
them as particular kinds of worms, or insects, and not as the
larvae of Lepidoptera, or caterpillars, or creatures of the same
kind as the campcB and erucce, and consequently that the
Romans were not acquainted with the metamorphoses of these
insects.
In this critical examination, I have been careful to omit no
words made use of to designate insects injurious to the vine in
those Hebrew, Greek, and Roman writings, which remain to
us. We now come to the second part of this discourse, in
which modern science will enable us to illustrate passages of
ancient authors, and where we shall also give some practical
instructions on the subject likely to be useful to the agricul-
turist.
(To he continued. )
Art. XV. — Additional Notes on the Order Thysanoptera.
By A. H. H ALIO AY, M.A.
{See Vol. III. page 439.)
The insects of this order are sometimes infested by Ocypete;
and Thr. cereaVium is often covered with the small white mites
that are found in damp hay.
ON THE ORDER TH YSANOPTERA. 145
Genus I. — Phl.'eothrips.
In the pupa the antennae are applied to the sides of the head, form-
ing a regular margin. The close resemblance of PliL ulmi to
another very common species, makes a fuller description of each
necessary.
Sp. 3. Phi. ulmi. Piceo-nigra antennarurti articulo 3"". iolo
sequentibus bast flavo-jiallidis ; tibiis basi apiceqve anticis
totis tarsisqiie ferrugineis ; femoribus anticis incrassatis ;
pollice distincto. Mas, subaptera : fem. subaptera, vel
alata elytris subjiavescentibus.
Larva much depressed, white ; the head, a bilobed spot on the pro-
thorax, the last two segments of the abdomen and a lateral spot
on the preceding one, black. A few black dots on the thorax.
Antennae black, with the base pale. Pupa white, with a few red
dots on the thorax, and in the place of the simple eyes. Some-
times a faint reddish tinge in parts of the abdomen. The ptero-
thecse extend to the middle of the abdomen. The insects disclosed
from these pupae had perfect wings, but the subapterous indivi-
duals are more numerous.
Inhabits under the bark of dead trees, elm, ash, &c.
Sp. 3". Phi. pini- PrcBcedenti similUma, sed magis elon-
gota. Mas, subaptera : fem. subaptera, vel alata elytris
extrorsum infumatis.
The eggs are milky, or bluish white, about ^^ of an inch in length,
by -^ diameter. They are cylindric, with each end equally rounded,
thus differing from those of Phi. statices. They are attached in
loose clusters to the bark, and hardened by a gummy wash, soluble
in water, by the application of which they are detached, and be-
come flaccid. The larva is longer and less depressed than that of
Phi. ulmi : of a red flesh colour, with the head and feet paler ;
the body is thickly freckled with bright red on a paler ground,
which produces the general tint. The last two segments of the
abdomen are black ; also the antennae, which have the base pale.
Very young larvae are of a dirty watery tint, with the antennae and
tail black. The antennae are then proportionally larger ; the ab-
domen small and attenuate, the hairs of the body very long and con-
spicuous. The pupa is very pale flesh colour, the red dots being
fewer : the head whitish, with a reddish patch in the middle : the
legs and last two segments of the abdomen white : the fore-thighs
very little thickened. The pterothecK were very small in those
14(3 NOTES ON THE ORDER THYSANOPTERA.
examined, which would probably have produced subapterous
individuals, these being the most numerous. The perfect insect
exceedingly resembles the last species, but is longer, a female of
Phi. ulmi measuri)ig ^^ of an inch in length, by ^ in breadth ;
while one of Phi. pini, scarcely so broad, was ,'J- in length. The
fore-thighs, besides, are less thickened, which difference is particu-
larly observable in comparing the males. The winged females
evidently differ by the darker colour of their wings, the upper
pair being brown in the outer half, with the hind margin paler,
and the lower having that margin alone brown.
Inhabits under the bark of old pine stumps in profusion.
Gen. IV.— Thrips.
Sp. 2. T/ir. L. cerealmm.
The larva is deep yellow, with the greater part of the head, and two
spots on the prothorax, dusky. The antennae and legs have alter-
nate rings of pale and dusky. The pupa paler yellow, with the
antennae, legs, and wing-cases, whitish, the latter reaching to the
middle of the abdomen. The eyes are dusky red, and the simple
eyes sometimes indicated by red dots.
Sp. 5. Thr. A. nitidula.
Shorter than Thr. riifa, dusky chestnut, with the eyes and incisures
of the abdomen darker; the antennae (except the sixth joint)
with the shanks and feet, paler.
Sp. 7. Thr. phalcrata.
Tlie larva is entirely reddish orange.
Is common on the flowers of Vicia saliva.
Sp. 10. Thr. atrata.
Abounds most of all upon Spergula nodosa.
Sp. 15". Thr. PersiccB.
The larva is entirely light yellow, not unlike that of Thr. ulmi-
foliorvm, but without the small spines at the tail.
A small species, found on the diseased leaves of peach-trees.
Gen. V. — Melantiirips.
Sp. 1. M. obesa.
Is common in the flowers of Sinapis iiigra.
NOTES ON DIPTERA. 1 1?
Art. XVI. — Notes, ^c. upon Diptera. By A. H.
Haliday, M.A.
1. Notes upon Diptera.
The leaves of the holly often abound with the larvas of
Phytomyza ohscurella (Fallen, Phytom. 4, No. 8), which
mine below the cuticle, producing patches like blisters. The
puparium is much flattened, of eleven segments, and light
chestnut in colour. When the fly is ready to come forth,
its parts may be distinctly seen through the case, the eyes and
wings being dark, the rest pale ; only the hairs of the thorax
have their full blackness, and are laid flat on the back. The
eyes of the fly lie at the fourth segment of the puparium,
the first three being occupied by the frontal vesicle. When
the fly is about to emerge, these segments split down each
side from the double point (i. e. the anterior spiracles) to the
eyes, and the vesicle is protruded and inflated, assuming
various forms, and being at intervals contracted and wrinkled.
When at its full extent it is almost as large as the thorax.
It is entirely composed of a soft skin, minutely punctured,
without hairs or inequalities. When the fly has nearly got
free, the vesicle is contracted about the middle, so as to show
the true form of the head ; and its exterior pouch is soon intro-
verted and withdrawn into the head, the two transverse lines,
or wrinkles, at which it was strangled, being applied to each
other, and forming the suture which separates the front from
the face. When the fly is emerging, the halteres are inflated,
and the antennae reclined, with the arista pointed under the
eye. The hind-legs are used to wipe and develop the wings.
Phytomyza fiaviceps (Macquart, S. a B. II. p. 616, No. 3),
was bred from subcutaneous larvfE in the leaves of woodbine,
by Mr. G. C. Hyndman, from whom I received specimens of
the fly.
For some seasons past, Mr. Hyndman has found plants of
Veronica chamedrys, with the opposite leaves connected all
round by their edges, forming an oval case, containing the
larva of a Cecidomyia. The fly has the two posterior ner-
vures of the wing connected near the middle, and in other
respects seems identical with C. bicolor.
14S
NOTES ON DIPTERA.
A capsule very similar is constructed of the leaves of Hype-
ricum perforatum and H. humifusum, by another Cecidomy'ia,
described by IVIr. G. Gene, and figured in the Memoirs of the
Academy of Turin, Vol. XXXVI. page 287.
Psila hicolor, which occurred abundantly in the beginning
of August, at Moundstone Bay, in Connanara, appeared to be
exclusively attached to Tanacetum vtilgnre.
Leucopis obscura (Ent. Mag. Vol. I. page 173) is found on
larch and lir-trees, at Holywood, in the month of August.
Opomyza maculata (Macquavt, S. a B. II. p. 558, No. 15),
which, as well as Geomyza inarginella (Fallen, Geom. o,
No. 5), belongs to the genus Helomyza, is not uncommon
among Ehjmus arenarius, on the sandy coasts of the county
Dublin.
Anthomyza grisea (Fall. Agrom. 7, No. 2) is found in the
same situations, but very rarely.
Chyl'iza annuUpes (Macq. S. a B. II. p. oSO, No. 2) was
taken in July at Blarney, near Cork.
Toxoneura fasciata (Macq. S. a B. II. p. 404, No. 1) has
occurred at Holywood, and was the cause of n)y erroneously
inserting Otites pulchella in a former list. This species
should therefore be erased from the Irish Fauna. Toxoneura
presents a very trifling modification of the characters of Pal-
loptera. The latter genus has been rightly circumscribed by
I'allen, but confounded by R. Desvoidy, with several species
of Helomyza, in his genus SuilUa, and by Macquart mixed
with some hyc'ice. The larvae of the latter are saprophagous,
while the Pallopterce breed in flowers, like Trypetce. The
generic name Sapromyza, interpreted by etymology, would
probably be applicable only to the genera Lycia and Scy-
pliella,^ as I have reason to think that the remaining groups,
viz. Sylvia, Miiiettia, and Peplomyza,^ are thalerophagous,
as well as their near affinities, the Lauxania'. Estelia,
(Rob. D.) is synonymous with OcldliipliHa, Fallen, and should,
perhaps, constitute a separate tribe.
Teichomyza fusca (Macq. S. a B. II. p. 5o5, No. 1) is
found on the damp walls of old buildings, and Macquart states
^ With which the Liselhe are not only generically, but, in one case, specifically
identical.
^ Characterised in Vol. I. of this Magazine under the generic name Plujllo-
myza, previously employed by Fallen lor another group.
(i''
UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF MUSCID^. 149
that the larvae feed among the decayed mortar. I have found
it in Dublin, but always in winter, and have received English
specimens from my friends, Mr. Curtis and Mr. F. Walker.
Teichomyza can only be considered as a section of the genus
Ephydra, Fallen.
Herbina suilUoidea (Rob. D. p. 698, No. I.) is the insect
which I referred to in Vol. I. of this Magazine, as perhaps a
variety oi Helomyza ustidata, from which I believe it is quite
distinct. It occurs, but rarely, in Ireland and the Western
Isles, in the same situations with Helomyza tigrina,^ from
which, at first sight, it differs only by the more hoary tinge
and generally inferior size. When examined with a lens, the
pubescent arista at once discriminates the species.
2. Characters of some undescribed Species of the Family
Muscidce.
I. Calypterati, R. D.
Trie.— MusciD^, R. D.
Gen. — MuscA, Meig.
Subgen. — Morellia, R. D.
Sp. 1. M. M. hortorum. Calyptris infumatis.
Musca hortorum. Fall. Muse. 52, No. 33.
In the male, the fore and middle shanks are nearly naked : the fore-
thighs ciliate beneath : the hind-shanks scarcely curved, having a
few long hairs on the inside, below the middle.
Sp. 2. M. M. importuna. Calyptris albis.
Morellia agilis, Rob. D. 405, No. I. ?
In the male, the fore-thighs are thickly bearded below : the fore-
shanks clothed with short thick hair on the inside, and tufted
with long hairs behind, from the middle downwards. The middle-
thighs have a larger tuft at the tip, and the shanks are thicker,
with the down on the outside standing up. The hind-shanks
<^ Stiillia communis of Rob. Dcsvoidy, but not Musca suilla, F., which scemj;
rather to be identical with Helomyza ncmornm.
NO, II. VOL. IV. X
150 UNDESCRIBED SPECIES 01" MUSCID.'E.
are longer and curved, nearly naked inside, but with a few long
hairs scattered on the outside.
This species is much more common than M. hortorum, about
Holywood.
Trie. — Anthomyzid.e, Latr.
Gen. — Anthomyia, Meig.
Subgen. — Fannia, Rob. D.
Sp. A. F. aprica. C'lnerea pedibus jiosierioribus testaceis.
Except in colour, agrees with A. F. rufipes'-^ (Fall. Muse. p. 84,
No, 3.) The thorax and abdomen are cinereous ; the impressions
of the latter in the male produce, in some lights, a band of tri-
angular dark spots. Tlie face and orbits are silvery in the male,
duller white in the female ; the frontals, antenna?, and palpi,
black. The wings obscure, their base, with the calyptra and
poisers, yellow. The fore-legs almost black in the male ; in the
female the thighs are testaceous at the base and tip. The thighs
and shanks of the other legs are testaceous ; the structure of the
middle pair exactly as in A. F. riifipes.
At Holywood ; in sunny places ; not common.
Note. — The subgenus Fannia may be distributed in the following
sections.
A. Legs rufous. — A. ornala, rufipes, aprica.
AA. Legs black.
B. Thorax streaked. — A. scalaris, lepida.
BB. Thorax black. — A. manicata, armala, c^'c.
I can see no sufficient cause for regarding the subgenus
PhiUnta (Rob. D.) as distinct from Fannia.
II. ACALYPTERATI.
Tkib. — ScATOMYziD^, Fallen.
Gen. — CoRDYLURA, Fallen.
Subgen. — Delin'a, Rob. D.
Sp. C. D. flava. Flava alts hyalinis.
Yellow, with hyaline wings : a dot on the vertex and the occiput
^ Described by Macquart (S. a P>. II. 312, No. 10) iincler the name oi Limno-
pliorn hamata. I bave received it from F. Walker, Esq.
undescribed'species of muscid.e. 151
soiTiG-what dusky : orbits and face whitish : arista black, very
slender: palpi not dilated. (Length, above 2 lines; wings, 4|.)
In moist places, Holy wood ; in the month of June ; rare.
Trie. — Geomyzid^, Fallen.
Gen. — Opomyza, Meig.
Subgen. — Geomyza, Fallen.
Sp. O. G. sabiilosa. Ferritginea puncto verticis thoraceque
fiiscis, ahdomine nigro, alls ahbreviatis.
Head, antennae, and legs, pale ferruginous ; a spot on the vertex,
and two larger patches on the occiput, brown. Thorax dusky.
Abdomen glossy black. Poisers pale. Wings imperfect, scarcely
longer than the thorax, and very narrow. The hairs of the arista
are much shorter than in 0. G. comhinata, &c. (Length, ^ line.)
Occurs but rarely, at the foot of the sancl-clifFs which skirt
the Bay of Killiney, and on the sands of Port Marnock. It
leaps with great vigour, but cannot fly.
Subgen. — Leptomyza, Macq.
Sp. O. L. cinerella. Cinerea, fronte antice ei antennis
subtus ferrugineis, facie palplsque alb'uUs.
Ash-colour, the head and thorax, above, of a rusty tinge. The margin
of the front, and the third joint of the antennas, beneath, rusty-red.
The face and palpi yellowish-white. The extremity of the abdo-
men, in the female, attenuate, inflected, and terminated by two
styles. Halteres yellowish- white. Wings brownish ; the second
transverse nerve distant by twice its own length from the margin,
the interval of the transverse nerves scarcely greater. The legs
long and slender, black, the base of the shanks and feet sometimes
brownish. (Length, 1 line ; wings, 2, or less.)
On the muddy sea-shore at Holy wood; in August.
Gen. — DiASTATA.
Sp. D. fulvifrons. Thorace citiereo, abdomine nigro, fronte
pedibusque ferrugineis, alarum basi fusco-maculata.
Allied to D. ohscurella, the antenna; similar, but the hairs of the
arista shorter. Front and antennae ferruginous, face whitish.
152 VERSES ON SPRING.
Occiput and thorax cinereous. Abdomen black, greyish towards
the base. Poisers whitish. Wings obscure, with a dusky costal
spot at the base. (Length, 1^ line; wings, 2|.)
Has occurred but twice at Holywood.
A. H. H.
Art. XVII. — Verses on Spring, By H. S. B.
Medio de fonte leporum
Surgit aniari aliquid quod in ipsis floribus angat.
I.
In rainbow garb of smile and shower
Sweet Spring returns, — desired Spring ; !
Caressingly o'er brake and bower
"Waves the soft West his airy wing.
In higher arch Day's orient car
Refulgent climbs the southern height ;
And later gleams the Evening star,
Paled in a flood of pearly light.
II.
Wreath after wreath — how radiant Dawn
The curling mists with glory fringes !
And slanting onwards, wood and lawn
In hues almost celestial tinges.
See, springing from the spangled clod,
The early lark mount skyward, till
She, pouring all her soul abroad,
Is heard aloft, — invisible.
III.
With frequent plash and gurgle soft.
All voice and sparkle, hurries by
The elfin-rill, yet lingers oft
Where pools in browner shadow lie,
And lurking dim, the speckled trout
Insidious marks with upward gaze
The glancing swarms, that all about
Rise and revolve in lucid maze.
VERSES ON SPRING. 153
IV.
Now o'er the path a siiUry hum
Is floating on the breathless air ;
And leafy groves again become
A covert from the noon-day glare :
There, as th' entangled sunbeams flow
In sparkling rout athwart the glade,
The quivering foliage plays, below
Repeated in the chequered shade.
V.
As twilight falls, the nightingale
And thrush in mellow concert vie,
Filling the windings of the vale
With long-drawn tits of melody.
And while to Night some dewy-damp
Pale flowers their love are whispering,
The glow-worm hangs her tiny lamp
By fringed copse or faery ring.
VI.
Enchanted hours of love and song !
Spring-time of life ! — why were ye ever
Fleeting as bubbles swept along
By hoarse Avoca's dusky river :
Image of Time ! thy dark waves bear
Upon the surface straws and foam,
Flung on the bank and lost in air
Ere thou have reached thy ocean-home.
VII.
So — fled our Spring — we learn to know
Its joys the root of future pain,
Our cherished fame an empty show.
Our time mispent, our science vain :
Happy — if warned in time, before
We find our home the heaped sod.
Faith and repentance may restore
The changed spirit back to God.
H, S. B.
May, 1836.
1^54 ON THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY.
Art. XVIII. — Thoughts on the Studz/ of Entoinology.
Sir, — I do not know if the following thoughts are suited to
your Magazine, but if you think that they will do any good,
they are at your service.
I was very much pleased by reading, in your last Number,
the Rules of the Entomological Club, and I sincerely wish
that such societies were more general. It is not now very
often necessary to offer any defence of entomology ; yet most
persons are very ignorant of the nature and habits of insects.
People go through the world with their eyes shut, and com-
plaining of having nothing to do, though surrounded by the
most interesting objects. The book of Nature is open on all
sides, and on every leaf is something to engage our attention ;
and of all the branches of natural history, I believe none is
so engaging as entomology, and certainly none is easier of
pursuit.
Who does not remember some happy time in his childhood,
when on a bright and sunny day he ran after the butterflies in
the fields, and, attracted by their beauty, and too happy to
care, was heedless of flowers he trampled under foot ? Who,
thinking of that time, does not wish he could recall those joys
and be a child again ; and does not regret that his entomology
ended there ?
It is in vain that we complain of the vicious and immoral
pursuits of men, if we do not at the same time give them some
better object to engage their intellectual powers. The evil is,
that their attention has too often been directed to morality and
science in dry and abstract forms, and they have turned away
in disgust. If our young men, instead of idling their time in
the streets or in frivolous amusements, were to walk into the
fields, looking for plants and insects, they would have a far
higher gratification than they can at present possibly possess.
But they do not these things, because they are ignorant of
them, or have no taste for them ; and therefore every lover of
nature and mankind must be anxious to see natural history
take a prominent place in our systems of education. If, for
instance, boys, instead of being taught to look upon insects
with disgust, were led to view them as highly beautiful in-,
stances of the skill and contrivance of the Creator, they would
LIST OF RARE INSECTS.
155
soon acquire a love of the science, and would eventually become
wiser and happier men than they would otherwise have been.
I hope we shall soon begin to see our way to such a desir-
able state of things; and wishing that the Entomological Club,
and your Magazine, may continue to prosper,
I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
Amicus.
City, Avg.ZO, 1836.
Art. XIX. — List of Rare Insects, talcen at Darcnlh Wond,
by JSJembers of the Society of Practical Entomologists,
from June 20 to July 11, 183G.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.
Sir, — Observing that the pages of the Entomological Maga-
zine are open to receive all communications respecting the
captures and locality of rare insects, we hand you the accom-
panying List of Captures, made by members of the Society
of Practical Entomologists, in Darenth Wood, between the
20th of June and the 11th of July, in the present year.
Believing this List (should you think it worthy of insertion
in your valuable Journal) may be interesting to collectors,
particularly those residing near the metropolis,
I am, your obedient servant,
J. T. Norman, Sec.
CoLEOPTERA.
Agrilus biguttatus.
E later prseustus.
Molorclius umbellatarum.
Leptiira sexguttata.
Eryx nigra.
LEPIDOrXERA.
Sesia fuciforinis.
bombiliformis.
^Egeria apiformis
bembeciformis.
vespiformis.
cestriformis.
-S^geria myopseformis.
formiciformis.
Triphcena fimbria.
Acronycta ligustri.
Polyjiogoii derivalis.
Hipparchus papilionarius.
Lozotgenia cinerana.
Grotiana.
Pseudotomia Jaoquiniana.
Semasia Splenditana.
Pararaesia cerusana.
Macrochila marginella.
Adela Sulzella.
Frishella.
Crambus pinitellus.
156 SHUCKARD ON THE
Observations on the above.
Asrrilus birtuttatiis was taken in the hollow to the left of the
main path through the wood.
Elater prcetistuSf on the western edge of the wood.
Molar chus ziinbellatarum was in the greatest profusion.
/Egerla apiformis, bembeciformis, cynipiformis, myopcB-
formts, formiciformis, and vesp'iformis, Sesia fuciformis
and bombyliformis, and Polypogon derivalis, were taken in
the hollow.
Acronycta ligustri, on the trunks of oaks.
Several of the larvse of each of the following insects were
found full-fed on the 11th of July: — Notodonta perfusca,
Chaonia roboris, and Biston prodromarius.
Art. XX. — Description of the Genera and Species of the
British Chrysididce. By W. E. Shuckard, M.E.S.
It is not from having made any notable discoveries, or
additions to the already recorded indigenous species of these
exceedingly pretty insects, that I am prompted to bring
together the dispersed notices of them, but from a desire
that season after season shall not pass away without making
them more accessible to cabinets in general, by placing in the
hands of the remote collector the ready means to determine
his captures, and thereby stimulate him to further exertion.
Latreille, in the second edition of the Regne Animal, makes
them the sixth tribe of the second family, viz. of the Hymen-
optera ptipivnra ; he had previously placed them preceding
the Oxyurites, in his Families Naturelles, but he here alters
their situation. I have not leisure at the present moment to
discuss the question, for this paper will be solely technical,
and I therefore leave them where he places them ; but they
form a very natural group, the essential character of which is,
an articulated ovipositor, each articulation of which is retractile
within the other, like the tubes of a telescope. Latreille says
they have a sting at the end of it. I know, from experience,
that it will fre({uently puncture and produce momentary pain,
BRITISH CHRYSIDID^. 157
which I consider as solely mechanical, for it has no true acnleus,
a necessary condition of which is, that it should likewise instil
a poison ; but no poison-secreting organs have yet been detected
in them, nor have I ever understood that the puncture has pro-
duced inflammation. They are supposed to be parasites —
many, to all appearance, upon species of the genus Odynerus,
and some upon Osmia hicornis, Halicti, and Andrence. But
little is known of their history. Dahlbom says, their larvae are
apods, and subvermiform. In hot, sunny, sandy places, they
are to be observed running and flying with agility, and in con-
stant motion, investigating every aperture or crevice they meet
with. They are also found in numbers upon palings, posts,
the trunks of trees, and the leaves of plants, but less frequently
in the latter situation, and never but in the sunshine. But
their habits vary as much as their habit, and did we know their
history thoroughly we should, I dare say, find that they differ as
much throughout their developments as when arrived at their
perfect state, which will necessarily be adapted to their respec-
tive functions. But, not to weary the reader with hypotheses,
I will give a short synopsis of the external characters which
separate them into their several genera. But I must premise
that they are, in the majority of species, of a tolerable size ;
and I have never observed, even amongst their minims,
one less than a line in length, nor quite so small ; and their
colours are more or less metallic, in which copper, gold, steel,
and brass, vie with each other in refulgency ; but retournons
a nos moutons.
A. Thorax narrowed in front: abdomen lanceolate, not
convolvent I. Cleptes.
B. Thorax not narrowed in front, and truncated at both
extremities: abdomen concavo-convex, con-
volvent.
1. Scutellum not produced.
a. Abdomen semi-cylindrical II. Chrysis.
b. Abdomen subquadrate III. Euchrceus.
c. Abdomen semi-circular IV. Hedychrum.
2. Scutellum produced at its apex into a flat mucro . V. Elampus.
Short generic descriptions will suffice for the ostensible
object of this paper, which is merely to facilitate the recog-
nition of species, and especially as brief external generic
characters will sufficiently mark the discrepancies of the British
NO. II. VOL. IV. Y
158 SHUCKARD ON THE
genera, which do not interHnk so closely as to require a
detailed examination of the oral organs. The British ento-
mologist may, therefore, take for granted, that sufficient
differences exist, besides those given, to warrant retaining the
genera already established.
Genus I. — Cleptes, Latr.
Head transverse, as wide as the mesothorax : antennae with thirteen
joints in both sexes : prothorax subquadrate, somewhat narrowed
in front : metathorax truncated, and produced on each side into
an acute spine : legs moderate : superior wings with a closed
marginal cell, the radial^ nervure being rounded; the cubital
nervure is obsolete just beyond the first recurrent, but the space
it leaves for the submarginal cells is unusually wide ; the first
and second discoidal cells complete, small, the latter oblong-
quadrate ; the first apical cell almost complete, but the subdis-
coidal nervure does not quite extend to the apex of the wing :
abdomen ovato-conical, with five segments in the male, and in
the female four, with a protruded ovipositor.
In general habit, the insects of this genus approach closely
to the aculeate genera Meria, Plesia, and Tiphia, but their
retractile ovipositor, parasitic habits, and metallic colours,
necessarily bring them into the present family. They cannot,
from the structure of the abdomen, roll themselves up, like the
other species of the family, upon the approach of danger.
Sp. 1. CI. semiaurata.
Latr. Hist. Nat. T. XIII. ^S6. 1. Notw. Diet. VII.
190. Fah. Piez. 154. 1. Le Pelet. Ann. du Mus.
T. VII. 119. 1.
Sphex semiaurata . . Linn. Fn. Suec. 1661. Systema^
Ed. 12. 946. S5.
Chrysis semiaurata. . Fab. S. E. 357. 14. Sp. 457. 17.
OUv. Ency. Meth. Lis. II. 676.21.
a For an explanation of the terms I use in the description of the nervures of
the superior wings, I must refer to my Essay on tlie Indigenous Fossorial
Hymenoptera, p. 17, and the illustrative plate; and also to a Paper on the
Neuration of the Superior Wings of the Hymenoptera in general, where they are
treated in greater detail, which will ap])ear in Part III. of the Transactions of
the Entomological Society.
BRITISH CHRYSIDID^. 159
Ichneumon semiauratus, Fab. Mant. 269. 127. Ent. System.
II. 184. 210.
Id. splendens . Fab. Ent. Syst. Sup. 229. 211. $
Cleptes splendens . . Fab. Piez. 155. 3.
Ichneumon auratus . . Panz. F. G. 52. I. ? Cleptes.
Panz. Krit, Rev. II. 95.
Id. semiauratus, Panz. F. G. 51. 2. $ Cleptes.
Panz. Krit. Rev. II. 95.
Id. id. Rossi. II. 8vo. 78. 790.
In the male. Head, first joint of the antennae, and thorax, of a
brilliant metallic green or blue, and very much punctured, espe-
cially the vertex and the prothorax ; the metathorax rugose :
the wings slightly fuscous, vi^ith an iridescent reflection ; the
nervures piceous : the legs testaceous, excepting the femora, which
are all of the same colour as the thorax ; but the posterior ones
are above testaceous, which becomes fuscous towards the apex :
the extreme tip of the coxae, the four posterior trochanters, and
the extreme base of the femorae, are red : the tarsi dusky : the
abdomen shining testaceous, with the marginal half of the third
segment black, and the fourth and fifth of a steely-blue.
In the female, the head and thorax are of a rich coppery-red, or
gold-colour, less deeply punctured than in the male : the antennae
testaceous ; the eight apical joints fuscous : the wings with a
clouded fascia passing over the base of the space apportioned to
the submarginal cells and the discoidal cells, and another dark
cloud towards the apex : the legs entirely testaceous : the abdo-
men the same, except the black margin of the third segment, as
in the male, and the fourth of a metallic blue or green : ovipositor
exserted. (Length, 3 — Zh lines ; expansion of the wing, 5 lines.)
This species has been found all round the metropolis.
Mr. Westwood once took it in numbers at Chelsea ; it has
occurred near Southgate, captured by Mr. Walker ; and it has
been taken in the Regent's Park. I have taken males this
year at Old Brompton. St. Fargeau considers that it is para-
sitic on a Tenthredo.
Sp. 2. CI. nitidula. Rossi.
Latr. Hist. Nat. T. XIII. 2^^. 2. Le Pelet. An. du
Mus. VII. 119. 2. Fab. Piez. 154. 2.
Ichneumon nitidulus. Rossi, II. Fab. Ent. System. 184.
211. Coquebert, 19. PI. 4. Fig. 5.
160 SHUCKARD ON THE
The male. I can detect no difference between the insect I possess,
as the male of this species, and the male of the preceding, with
the exception of the slighter exsertion of the fifth abdominal
segment, and the colour of the head and thorax being more blue.
The female has the head bronzy, inclining to coppery ; the scape of
the antennae bronzy above, red beneath ; and the two first joints
of the flagellum also red, the rest black ; vertex and face with
scattered deep punctures : prothorax testaceous ; mesothorax
bronzy black, both slightly punctured ; metathorax blue and
rugose ; legs testaceous : the intermediate and posterior coxae,
trochanters, and femorae, of a bronzy black : abdomen shining
testaceous, with the posterior half of the third segment black, and
the fourth steely-blue : ovipositor exserted.
I believe this species has not occurred near London ; it has
been found in Suffolk, by Mr. Rudd, and it has also occurred
in the New Forest, Hants. The male is not yet fully or well
determined ; the difTerences between the one I have received as
such fi'om my friend, the Rev. G. T. Rudd, and the preceding
species, are too slight to admit of my considering it determi-
nate, for I have carefully examined it under a lens of high
power.
Genus II. — Chrysis, Litm.
Head transverse, as wide as the thorax, which is truncated anteriorly
and posteriorly, and the metathorax has a minute tooth on each
side : abdomen consisting of three segments, the third being
sulcated towards its extremity, and along the margin of this sulca-
tion it has a row of minute fossulets : the apex frequently dentate,
but the teeth, in some species, obsolete, or entirely deficient : the
superior wings with a marginal and first and second discoidal
cells complete, and a first apical cell nearly complete : the radial
iiervure forms an angle (except in Chr. cyanea, where it is
rounded,) and the second discoidal is quadrangular (except in
Chr. neglecta, where it is triangular) : legs moderate.
The insects of this genus possess the power of rolling them-
selves up into a ball upon the approach of danger. They are
supposed to be parasitic, but their history is not known, as
their earlier stages have not been ascertained. They are to be
'' This cell is open in Chnjsis neglecta.
BRITISH CHRYSIDID^. 161
found almost every where in the height of summer in sunny
situations ; they are extremely active.
Sect. I. Abdomen more or less dentate at the apex.
Sp. 1. Chr. ignita.
Linn. F. S. 1665. S. N. 947. 1.
Fab. S. E. 358. 6. Sp. I. 455. 8. Mant. 283. 9.
Ent. Sijsl. II. 241. 10. Piez. 173. 14.
Olivier, Ency. Met. Ins. II. 673. 11.
Latr. Hist. XIII. 2^S. 4. Noiw. Diet. VII, 71.
Le Pelet. Ann. du Museum, VII. 126. 12.
Cuvier, Tableau Elementaire, 502. 1.
Panz. F. G. 5. 22.
Spin. I. 64. 6.
Rossi, F. E. II. 119. 842. in 8vo.
Donovan, Brit. Insects, Vol. I. pi. 7.
Schrank, F. B. II. 2. 344. 2195.
Var. 1. — {Alcione-) Head, thorax, and legs,
(except the tarsi, which are black,) of a beau- .
tiful metallic blue or green, occasionally and W,--,..^^
variously splashed with a golden refulgence ; ^^ ^^
sometimes dull blue : abdomen of rich reful-
gent metallic crimson, red, or purple, sometimes obscure, the
apex terminated by four teeth ; the two central ones distant
from each other and nearer the lateral ones, their apices describ-
ing a curve : headj thorax, and abdomen, very coarsely and
deeply punctured, the margin of the second and entire third seg-
ment being less deeply so ; an elevated longitudinal smooth line
running down the centre of the abdomen, frequently obsolete upon
the third segment. (Length, varying from 3 — 7 lines ; expansion
of wings, from 5| — 10-| lines ; from the inspection of twenty
individuals.)
Var. 2. (^Asterope.) Colour and sculpture
nearly the same as in the former, but the ter-
minal teeth of the abdomen are at equal \^ ^
distances, their apices describing a decided l'~v^v»
curve. The colour is generally somewhat
less vivid, and the apical portion of the second segment, and the
entire third, is a little more punctured, but in general habit it
much resembles it. (Length from 4 — 51 lines, from the inspection
of seventeen individuals.)
162 SHUCKARD ON THE
Var. 3. (Celeno.) In this variety the abdomen
is much more punctured than in the two pre- .
ceding ; it is also more quadrate, being \^» ., ,„ •m^
broader in proportion to the general size.
Its colour is more opaque ; the terminal
teeth also have the two central ones closer together, and the
lateral ones wider from them, the depth of the central curve or
emargination being considerably less than that of the lateral ones,
and the apices of the teeth nearly equal. (Length from 3| —
4h lines ; from the inspection of thirty-four individuals.)
Var. 4. (Electra.) In this the puncturing and
refulgence of the abdomen resemble Far. 3,
but the terminal teeth are all at equal dis- \-^i. ^..,-f
tances,the emarginations they form are of equal
depth, and their apices are in a straight line.
(Length 3 — 41 lines; from the inspection of nineteen individuals.)''
Var. 5. (Mdia.) In this the puncturing and
refulgence is the same as the Var. 3 and 4, .
but the terminal teeth are considerably bent VrT^Tv
round the lateral emarginations, describing
two-thirds of a circle, and the lateral teeth ad-
vance beyond the central ones. (Length from 3i — 5| lines;
from the inspection of two individuals.)
Var. 6. (^Taygeta.) In this the sculpture of the
abdomen is the same as in the last, but the
apices of the teeth describe a slight curve, v y
and the two central ones are closer together '^^rV~^
than to the lateral ones. (Length 3| — 4g
lines ; from the inspection of two individuals.)
I must make a few observations upon the colours of these
insects, which have been too often had recourse to for specific
subdivision in British entomological cabinets. In every va-
riety above described, the colours vary in intensity from bril-
liant green and gold to deep blue, and the abdomen from
crimson, with a golden refulgence, to purple, and even its
darker shades, arising, I conceive, from the quantity of juices
within the insect at the time of its death, and also from the
mode of killing, or the length of time in dying. As no two
specimens agree exactly in colour, I was obliged to resort to
what I consider safer characters, but which I think are also
doubtful, and characterise nothing more than varieties ; still
■^ In this wood-cut there should be but four teeth.
BRITISFI CHRYSIDID.E. 163
it has struck me as remarkable, that Vars. 1 (the type)
and 2, agree together in general habit and sculpture, as do
also Vars. 3 and 4. In the former two varieties the effulgence
of the abdomen is greatest, having smooth portions, but in the
latter two, it is uniformly punctured throughout, which gives
them a more opaque appearance ; and even those which have a
golden glow are less vivid than in the two first varieties. In
these, both sexes appear to be mixed, but there are fewer males
than females. Var. 3 appears to consist entirely of females,
and Var. 4 of males ; these, perhaps, may constitute species,
viz. 1 and 2, one, and 3 and 4, another. I have not data
sufficient to found any hypothesis upon as to their habits, or
thence to separate them, as I have omitted distinguishing those
which I have collected upon old road rails, &c., from those
that I have taken upon sand; but this description of them may
perhaps lead to some satisfactory result in giving a clue for
entomologists to thread the maze by. Species in other orders
have certainly been established upon much less tangible
characters, and therefore, although I have considered them as
varieties merely of one insect, I have given them names, which
can be rejected or adopted at pleasure. In general habit, Vars.
5 and 6 resemble 3 and 4, but too few have occurred to
admit of my considering them more than varieties ; upon which
subject I may observe, that we find, throughout the domains
of nature, some genera and species have a constant inclination
to vary from their types, whereas, others are constantly true
to one peculiar structure. This species, therefore, may possi-
bly admit of being classed amongst the regular irregularities.
Sp. 2. Chr. Ruddii.
Head, first and second joints of the antennae, and legs, excepting
the tarsi, of a rich green or blue, more or less splashed with gold ;
the collar and scutellum more or less cupreus ; the tarsi and fla-
gellum of the antennae black : the abdomen of a rich carmine
pink, opaque, and occasionally with a golden glow, very densely
and minutely punctured with a slight longitudinal carina along
the centre, becoming obsolete on the third segment : the terminal
teeth approximating to Var. 2 of Chry. ignita. (Length 4 — 5
lines.)
It will be expected that 1 should give my reasons for con-
sidering this, which has the same distribution of colour as all
164 SHUCK ARD ON THE
tlie varieties of the C. ignila, a distinct species, and why I
treat those merely as varieties. I may refer to my observa-
tions under that species for some reasons ; others are, the
minutely punctured abdomen, its invariably carmine pink colour,
and the coppery refulgence, always in some degree present, of
the prothorax and scutellum. I have much pleasure in dedi-
cating this elegant species to my kind friend the Rev. G. T.
Rudd, he having first attracted my attention to it by some
splendid specimens from the New Forest. His claims upon
entomologists for his discoveries in the obscure families of
the StajihyUnidcs and of the Ichneumones adsciti, justify
also a departure from the rigid rules of scientific nomenclature,
which are but too frequently sinned against to record merely a
private friendship. This species has occurred near London,
and in the New Forest, Hampshire,
Sp. 3. Chr. fulgida.
Llnyi. F. *S'. 1699. 5. N. 948. 7.
Fah. Sp. I. 455. 7. Mant. 283. 7. Ent. Sys. II.
240. 8. Piez. 172. 11.
Coquehert, 59. PL 14. 6.
Olivier, Ency. Met. Ins. II. 673. 9.
Latreille, Hist. XIII. 237. 2.
Le Pelctier, Ann. du Museum, VII. 126. 13.
Panz. F. G. 79. 15. Spinola, I. 64. 4.
Schrank, F. B. II. 2. 343. 2194.
Head, first joint of antennae, thorax, and first segment of abdomen,
of a metallic green, playing into blue, with occasionally bright
o-olden spottings ; all these colours varying in almost every indi-
vidual ; second and third segments of the abdomen of a golden
red, sometimes obscured, the terminal teeth the same as in my
Var. 2 of Chr. ignita : venter green : wings fuscous, very slightly
iridescent ; nervures piceous : legs metallic green or blue : tarsi
and flagellum of antennse black : head, thorax, and abdomen,
very much and deeply punctured, the latter having a central,
longitudinal, smooth, elevated line. (Length, 4| — 5| lines ; ex-
pansion of wings, 6| — V2 lines.)
This species has occurred at Combe, Darenth, Birch
Wood, and Bexley ; Mr. Walker has taken it near South-
gate ; Mr. Ingall, at Caraberwell ; and Mr. F. Smith, at Black-
water, Hampshire.
BRITISH CHRYSIDIDiE. 165
Sp. 4. Chr. Stoudera.
Jtirine, PI. 12. F. 9.
Spi7iola, II. 169. 14.
Head, first joint of antennae, thorax, first segment of abdomen, and
a large semicircular spot at the centre of the base of the second
segment, of a metallic green or blue, splashed occasionally with
gold, the remainder of the abdomen of a golden red : the terminal
teeth as in my Far. 6 of Chr. ignita : wings slightly clouded ;
nervures piceous, legs metallic green or blue : tarsi black or
piceous : sculpture as in Var. 6 of Chr. ignita. (Length, 3f
lines ; expansion of wings, Q\ lines.)
Mr. Stephens, to whom I am indebted for this insect, tells
me, he used to take it formerly at Darenth ; I know no other
locality where it has occurred.
Sp. 5. Chr. analis.
Spinola, Ins. Lig. II. 26. No. 26.
Deeply punctured : the abdomen without the central, smooth, longi-
tudinal, and elevated line : head, thorax, legs (except the tarsi,
which are reddish), and third segment of the abdomen, of a me-
tallic blue or green, splashed with gold : the first and second
segments of the abdomen of a golden red, the apex of the third
with four teeth. (Length, 3 lines.)
" The only British specimen of this beautiful insect I have
seen, was certainly taken at Yarm, by me." (Note of T. Meynell,
jun. Esq. to the Rev. G. T. Rudd, to whose kindness I am
indebted for a sight of the insect, and for being able to describe
it.) It is singular that the name Mr. Rudd proposed for it
should agree with that which I subsequently discovered Spi-
nola had applied to it. I have seen a foreign specimen of it
in the collection of Mr. Curtis, taken by him at Rouen, in
Normandy.
Sp. 6. Chr. bidentata.
Linn. Syst. Nat. 947. 2.
Fab. S. E. 358. 7. Sp. I. 456. 9. Mant. 283. 10.
Ent. S?jst. II. 241. 11. Piez. 173. 16.
Olivier, Ency. Meth. Ins. II. 674. 12. Le Peletier,
Ann. du Museutn, VII. 128. 23.
Patiz. F. G. 77, 15. Donovan, Brit. Insects, Vol. I.
PI. 19.
NO. II. VOL. IV. Z
166
SHUCKARD ON THE
Chr. diraidiata? Fab. E. S. Sup. 258. 15. 16. Piez. 174.
22. Coquebert, 58. PL 14. F. 2 and 3.
Latr._ Hist. XIII. 238. 5. Xe Peletier,
Ann. du Museum, VII. 127. 20. Spin.
II. 170. 15.
Head, first joint of anteniic-e, metathorax, excepting post dorsolum,
extreme base of the first segment of the abdomen, and its terminal
segment, of a rich metallic golden green or blue : pro- and meso-
thorax, and the post dorsolum, the first segment of the abdomen,
excepting as above, and the second segment, of a rich crimson
red, sometimes obscured : legs green or blue ; tarsi pitchy : wings
slightly clouded : entire insect sculptured as in the preceding
species : abdomen terminated by two lateral teeth, generally
obsolete, and sometimes by four obsolete equidistant teeth.
This species is exceedingly common. I always find it in
sand-banks, chiefly abundant where Epipone spinipes abounds.
I have not the least doubt the above authors have described
this species under the above two names, and it stands in the
Banksian cabinet, named by Fabricius, as his Chr. bidentata.
Sp. 7. Chr. succincta.
Linn. Sys. Nat. 947. 3.
Fab. S. E. 358. 8. Sp. I. 456. 10. Mant. 283. 12.
Ent. Sys. II. 241. 13. Piez. 174. 19.
Oliv. Ency. Meth. Ins. II. 674. 14. Le Peletier,
Ann. du Museum, VII. 128. 24.
Panz. F. G. 77. 16. Spin. I. 64. 7. Rossi, Vol. II.
8vo. 122. 846.
Of a metallic blue or green, splashed with gold : the dorsolum and
abdomen of a rich crimson red, splashed with gold, esjiecially the
first segment ; the terminal segment having four obtuse teeth ;
the central ones nearer together than to the lateral ones : tarsi
pitchy : head and thorax rather coarsely punctured : the abdomen
delicately so, and wanting the central, elevated, smooth line, conspi-
cuous in the majority of the species of this genus : the prothorax
has usually a couple of golden red spots in the centre of its ante-
rior margin, above. (Length, 3 lines ; expansion of wings, 4^
lines.)
The only localities I know for this very pretty species, is
the sandy lane near Brockenhurst, in the New Forest, where
BRITISH CHRYSIDID^.
167
several of my friends have taken it, and Blackwater, on the
borders of Berkshire and Hampshire.
Sp. 8. Chr. cyanea.
Linn. F. S. 1667. S. N. 948. 5.
Fab, S. E. 359. 11. Sp. I. 456. 14. Mant. 283.
12. Eiit. St/s. II. 241. 13. Flez. 174. 19.
Olivier, Encij. Meth. Ins. II. 675. 19.
Latr. Hist. XIII. 238. 6. Le Peletier, Ann. du
Museum, VII. 128. 22.
Cuvier, Tableau Elementaire, 502, 2.
Panz. F. G. 51. 10. Schrank, F. B. II. 2. 345.
2199.
Spinola, 1. G5. 12. Rossi, Vol. II. 8vo. 122. 845.
Donovan, Brit. Ent. Vol. VII. PI. 235.
Entirely of a rich metallic blue or green, splashed with gold ; occa-
sionally obscure: head and thorax deeply punctured: abdomen
delicately so, without the central, elevated, smooth, longitudinal
line; the apex of the abdomen distinctly tridentate : the tarsi
pitchy, and the flagellum of the antennae black : the wings nearly
hyaline, but very slightly clouded.
This species is common ; but I have found it only on palings
and worm-eaten trunks of trees.
Section XL — The apex of the abdomen edentate.
A. Marginal cell complete.
Sp. 9. Chr. coerulipes.
Chr. coerulescens . Fab. Ent. Syst. Sup. 357. 9. 10. Coque-
hert, 59. PI. 14. Fig. 5.
Chr. coerulipes . Fab. Sys. Piez. 173. 13. Spin. I. 64. 5.
Chr. Leachii . . Stephens's Catalogue.
Chr. cuprea . . Rossi, Vol. II. 8vo. 126. 851.
Entirely of a rich crimson, with the exception of the metathorax,
legs, and first joint of the antennae, which are of a metallic blue
or green : the flagellum of the antennae, the tarsi, and nervures
of the wings, are black : the wings themselves clouded : head
and thorax coarsely punctured, and the abdomen delicately so.
(Length, 5 lines.)
168 SHUCKARD ON THE
The only British specimen of this splendid insect is in the
British Museum. I do not know its locality. It is a common
species in the South of France and Italy.
Sp. 10. Chr. Leachii.
Face and occiput blue : vertex green : prothorax, mesothorax, and
scutellum, of a rich golden red, with their sutures playing into a
deep blue-green : metathorax blue : abdomen, with the first
segment, of a golden green, playing into blue; the second and
third, as far as its transverse ridge, of a rich golden red, with a
centrah elevated, longitudinal, blue line passing down the second ;
the apical portion of the third segment blue : the femorte, tibiae,
and first joint of the antennae, of a golden green ; the flagellum of
the latter black : the tarsi piceous : the wings hyaline : the head
and thorax are deeply punctured, and the abdomen delicately so.
(Length, 2 lines.)
This very beautiful species stands as Chrysis nitidula ? in
the collection of the British Museum ; but Fabricius having
described one by that name from America, I have altered it to
the name of a gentleman, who deservedly stands high in the
estimation of all naturalists, and especially of entomologists.
Sp. 11. Chr. Austriaca.
Fab. Piez. 173. 15. Le Peletier, Ann. du Mus. VII.
128. 28.
Chr. refulgens? . Spinola, Ins. Lig. I. 8. 4; 11. 170. 16.
Very pubescent : head, several of the basal joints of the antennae,
above, thorax, legs, excepting the tarsi, which are black, either
blue or green, variously intermingled, and occasionally splashed
with gold : the wings subfuscous ; the nervures piceous : post-
scutellum and metathorax gibbous : abdomen edentate at its
extremity, and of a rich golden red, varying in intensity and
metallic refulgence ; it is coarsely punctured, chiefly on the sides,
with a central, smooth, longitudinal carina. (Length, 4 — 5 lines.)
This is apparently a rare species ; in general external habit,
it greatly resembles the larger specimens of the 1st and 2d Vars.
of the Chr. ignita, and might therefore be easily mixed with
that species unless the apex of the abdomen be examined. It
lias occurred in the vicinity of London ; one of my own speci-
mens was taken at Hampstead, and a second at Bexley, in
Kent.
BRITISH CHRYSIDID^. 1G9
B. Marginal cell open at its apex.
Sp. 12. Chr. neglecta.
Closely punctured : head, thorax, basal joints of the antennte, and
legs, excepting the tarsi, which are black, of a dull blue or green,
or variously intermingled, and occasionally splashed with gold :
wings subfuscous ; nervures piceous : abdomen edentate at its
extremity, very minutely punctured, of an opaque carmine colour,
with a slight longitudinal elevation in the centre of its second
segment. (Length, 3 — 3h lines.)
This common and very distinct species appears to be unde-
scribed ; it may probably have been intermixed, or mistaken
on the continent for the C/ir. Austriaca, from which it con-
siderably differs, not only in size, (for it is never more than
half the size of that species,) but by its open marginal cell, and
its very opaque abdomen. In British cabinets and catalogues,
it has hitherto stood as the Chr. riifa of Panzer, which,
however, is the Hedyclirum roseum of Illiger's Rossi. It
frequents sandy situations, and is very abundant, with the
Chr. bidentata, at Highgate.
Genus III. — Euchrceus, Latr.
Head transverse, as wide as the base of the prothorax : thorax
truncated anteriorly and posteriorly, with an acute tooth on each
side of the metathorax, placed low : abdomen very convex above,
consisting of three segments, the terminal segment having an
elevated transverse ridge just before its apex, which is multi-
dentate : superior wings with an incomplete marginal and first
apical cell, and complete first and second discoidal cells ; the
radial nervure obtusely angulated, and that, as well as the subdis-
coidal nervure, gradually terminating before reaching the extre-
mity of the wing : legs moderate.
Sp. 1. Euch. quadratus. Leach, MSS.
Euch. sexdentata . Latr. Nouv. Diet. T. X. 529. (without
his synonymes.)
Chrysis festiva ? . Fab. Pie z. 171.3.
Entirely of a rich, refulgent, metallic green or blue : the flageJlum of
the antennae black : the femorae and tibiae of a golden green : the
170 SHUCKARD ON THE
knees and tarsi piceous : the occiput, the centre of the meso-
thorax, the base of the second segment, and the entire third
segment of the abdomen, of a beautiful blue, the latter serrated at
its extremity, having thirteen teeth, the three central ones most
distant from each other, the others smaller and closer together:
head and thorax deeply punctured, the abdomen less so ; the
second segment having an elevated, central, longitudinal, smooth
line: the wings slightly clouded. (Length, 4 lines.)
I know no locality fov this beautiful and apparently very
rare insect ; the only British specimen I have seen is in the
British Museum; it is said to have been captured by Dr.
Leach. I have been obliged to reject every synonyme of the
Chr. sexdentata of Fabricius and Panzer, as all mention six
terminal teeth to the abdomen, Latreille only noticing its
serration ; but, as he calls it by a name evidently belonging to
another insect, and not at all appropriate, I cannot do better
than retain Leach's MS. name, under which it stands in the
collection of the Museum. 1 quote Fabricius's synonyme with
doubt, on account of the locality he gives, and yet I think it
deserves retaining, as the species may be widely distributed,
for I possess specimens from the Cape of Good Hope which
perfectly correspond, differing only a litde in size ; but, if this
doubt can be overruled, Fabricius's name must take the place
of Leach's.
Genus IV. — Hedychrum, hair.
Head transverse : thorax oblong, quadrate, truncated at both extre-
mities, the metathorax having a minute tooth on each side :
abdomen consisting of three segments ; in the first section, semi-
circular, convex above ; in the second section, more elongate,
gibbous above, and marginate at its extremity : superior wings in
the first section with a marginal cell nearly complete, the radial
nervure which encloses it gradually terminating upon the super-
fices, before reaching the extremity ; a first recurrent nervure,
and incipient cubital, and the discoidal nervures, very slightly
traced, but distinctly existing ; the commencement of the subdis-
coidal more strongly marked, but leaving the first apical cell in-
complete ; in the second section the radial nervure terminates very
abruptly shortly after its commencement, and in some specimens
a line of colour merely indicates its course, which also obsoletely
BRITISH CHRYSIDIDyE. 171
marks the course of the commencement of the cubital, first
recurrent, and discoidal nervures, but wliicli do not exist : whereas,
by a singular irregularity, the subdiscoidal nervure is present, and
tolerably strongly marked, but it does not extend to the apex of
the wing : legs moderate.
The same observations apply here as those noticed under
the genus Chrysis ; but for the individual habits of the
species, I must refer to the observations under their several
descriptions.
Section I. — Abdomen not emarginate.
Sp. 1. Hed. regium.
Le Peletier, Ann. du M us turn, 7. 122. 4.
Chrysis regia . . Fah. Ent. Sys. II. 243. 19. Piez. 175. 26.
Coquebert, 60. PI. 14. Fig. 8. Panz. F.
G. 51.9. Spin.\.G5.\\.
Id. punctatum, Leach. MSS.
The head and thorax very coarsely punctured ; the abdomen more
delicately so ; a minute tooth on each side towards the base of the
terminal segment : the head, first joint of the antennae, thorax
and legs, (except the tarsi,) of a deep blue, or green : the tarsi
rufescent : the wings very fuscous : the abdomen of a rich carmine.
(Length, 3 — 4 lines ; expansion of the wings, 6 lines.)
There are several specimens of this insect distributed in
cabinets ; but I do not know any locality for it. The above is
described from one of the specimens in the collection of the
British Museum, in which the series varies from 3 — 4 lines.
Sp. 2. Hed. lucidulum.
Latr. Hist. XIII. 239. 2. Nouv. Diet. XIV. 255.
Le Pelet. Aim. du M. VII. 122. 9.
Chrysis lucidula . . Fab. S. E. 358. 9. Sp. I. 456. 11.
Mant. 283. 13. Ent. Syst. II. 242. 15.
Piez. 174. 21. Coquebert, 58. PI.
14. Fig. 4. Oliv. Ency. Metk. Lis.
II. 675. 15. Spin. I. 64. 8. Rossi,
Vol. II. 8vo. 123. 847. Schrank, F.
i?. II. 2. 344. 2198.
Id. fervida . . Panz. F. G. 5\. 6.
172
SHUCKARD ON THE
The head, scape of the antennae, scutellum, and metathorax, pectus,
and legs, (excepting the tarsi, which, as well as the flagellum of
the antennae, are black,) of a rich green or blue : the dorsal por-
tion of the pro- and mesothorax, of a refulgent red : head and
thorax deeply and coarsely punctured ; abdomen minutely so,
with its apex much rounded. (Length, 2| — 3 lines.)
This conspicuous and rare species is in several cabinets. I
believe it has been caught in the vicinity of London.
Sp. 3. Hed. coerulescens. St. Farg.
Le Peletier, Ann. du Musemyi, VII. 122. 10.
Violacea?. . Rossi, Vol. II. 8vo. 128. 848.
Entirely of a beautiful blue, (excepting the flagellum of the antennae
and the tarsi, the former black, the latter piceous :) wings clouded :
head and thorax coarsely punctured : abdomen delicately so.
(Length, 2 lines.)
There are two specimens of this insect in the British Museum.
I do not know any locality for them.
Sp. 4. Hed. ardens. Curtis.
Hed. nitidum? Le Peletier, Ann. du Museum, VII. 123. 12.
Chrysis ardens ? Latr. in Coquebert, 59. PI. 14. Fig. 7.
The vertex of the head, dorsal portion of the pro- and mesothorax,
the scutellum, and abdomen, of a vivid coppeiy red, under certain
lights reflecting a greenish refulgence : the scape of the antennae,
face, anterior angles, sides, and pectus of the thorax, as well as
the metathorax, and legs, (excepting the tarsi,) of a rich green or
blue : tarsi, rufescent : flagellum of the antennae, black : wings,
slightly clouded : venter, black. (Length, 1 — 2\ lines.)
I have occasionally found this species at Hampstead. The
Rev. F. W. Hope has taken it in plenty at Southend ; and the
Rev. G. T, Rudd, in the New Forest. The specimens from
the latter locality are invariably larger than all others that I
have seen. I have always captured it settling upon sand.
Sp. 5. Hed. fervidum. Fab.
Latr. H. XIII. 240. 3. Le Pelet. Ann. du Museum,
VII. 122. 7.
BRITISH CHRYSIDID^. 173
Chrysis fervida. Fab. Sp. T. 456. 12. Mant. 283. 14. Ent.
S?/s. II. 242. 16. Piez. 175. 23. Oliv.
Encij. Mtth. Ins. II. 675. 16. Spin. I.
64.9.
The head and thorax very coarsely punctured ; the abdomen more
delicately so, but more coarsely than in its congeners ; the abdo-
men very broad, and much rounded at its extremity ; the last
segment having a minute tooth on each side towards the base •
the vertex and dorsal portion of the pro- and mesothorax, with the
scutellum, of a rich coppery green, intermingled with red : the
face, legs, (excepting the tarsi, which are ficeous,) pectus, and meta-
thorax, of an intense blue : wings very fuscous, especially towards
their extremity : abdomen of a pinkish red, with a golden reful-
gence : the venter, black. (Length, 4 lines.)
This splendid species, which has been taken three times at
Wandsworth, by my friend, W. W. Sanders, Esq. (to whose
liberality I am indebted for my specimen,) is the largest British
one I am acquainted with. There is a specimen in the British
Museum, but I am unacquainted with the place of its capture.
Sp. 6. Hed. roseum.
Chrysis rosae, Rossi, Fauna Etrusca, T. II. ed. 8vo.
Le Peletier, Ann. du Museum, VII. 12.3. 13.
Chrysis rufa Pan^. F. G. 79. 16.
Head and thorax very coarsely punctured ; abdomen delicately so :
head, scape of the antennae, thorax, and legs, (excepting the
tarsi, which are piceous,) green or blue, occasionally splashed with
gold : the scutellum frequently golden : the wings hyaline ; the
apex with a broad fuscous band : the abdomen testaceous or
carneous, sometimes darker towards its apex, which is much
rounded, and it has occasionally a violet reflection.
This very pretty insect, which I had the pleasure of intro-
ducing to the British Fauna, occurs in abundance at one
particular spot on Hampstead Heath, where I captured it
settling on the sand. I have for hours endeavoured to trace
its habits, but in vain ; all that I have been able to observe is,
that it alights on the ground, runs a few inches, turns round,
and flies off again. I have not been able to find whence it
comes, or whither it goes ; it may probably be parasitic upon
Tachytes pompUiformis, or Gorytes tumidus, for I have
NO. II. VOL. IV. A A
174 SHUCKARD ON THE
sometimes lost it amongst the short grass at the roots of furze,
whither I have also traced these insects. I took a solitary
specimen at the beginning of August, on the umbels of the
Pastinacca, at Birch Wood, in Kent.
Sect. II. Abdomen gibbous, and emargtnate nervures abruptly
terminated.
Sp. 7. Hed. auratum.
Latr.Hist.Xlll. 239. LePelet.Ann.duMus.7. 12. 1.
Chrysis aurata . Linn. F. S. 1666. S. N. 948. 4.
Id. id. . Fab. S. E. 359. 10. Sjj. I. 456. Fig. 13.
Mant. 284. 16. Ent. S//s. 242. 18.
Id. id. . Pie^. 175. 25. Olivier, Ency. Meth.
Ins. II. 675. 18.
Id. id. . Panz. F. G. 51. 8. Rossi, 8vo. V. II.
121. 844.
Id. id. . A. ScJirank, F. B. II. 2. 345. 2200.
Head and thorax very coarsely punctured ; the abdomen extremely
minutely : the terminal segment much acuminated, and the entire
abdomen very gibbous : the head, basal joints of the antennae,
legs, excepting the four last joints of the tarsi, which are piceous,
and venter of a rich blue, or green, sometimes, but rarely, with
some golden splashes : the abdomen of a very vivid and fiery
red, the disc of its dorsal portion not unfrequently aeneous or
black. (Length, H — 3 lines.)
This is doubtlessly the most common species of the genus.
It is generally found settling upon the leaves of shrubs, and,
like its congeners, generally rolls itself up into a ball upon the
approach of danger, and thus, unexpectedly falling, it contrives
to escape. I found it common in July, on the umbels of the
parsnip, and upon a currant-bush infested by an aphis in a mar-
ket garden in Battersea-fields ; to the latter it doubtlessly
resorted for the honey secreted by the aphis.
Sp. 8. Hed. bidentulum.
Le Pelet. tie St. Fargeau, An. du Mus. VI I. 121. 3.
Hed. imperiale . . . Leach, MSS. Stephens, Catalogue.
391. 5283. Curt. Guide. 657. 5.
BItlTISH CHRYSIDIDiE 175
Chrysis senea ? .... Fab. Mant. I. 2S4^. 15. Ent. St/st.
II. 242. 17. Pies. 175. 24.
Pans. F. G. 51. 7.
Omalus nitidus ? . . . Panz. F. G. 97. 17.
Hedychrum nitidum ? . . Sjnn. II. 170. 15. 1
Id. Eeneum ? . . lb.
Chrysis ccerulea . . . Dahlbom. Excercitationes Hy-
menopterologic(B P. 33. 17.
Var. 1. (Imperiale.) Entirely of a deep dark blue or purple,
with the exception of the flagellum of the antennae and the tarsi,
which are black : the venter green : the wings edged with a broad
fuscous band : the head and thorax very coarsely punctured :
the abdomen more delicately, and very gibbous ; the latter
pubescent, especially the last segment, which is also much
acuminated. (Length, 3? lines.)
Var. 2. (Bidentulum.) Of a brilliant bluish green, excepting
the disc of the abdomen, which is of a shining blackish green,
punctured, and the form of the entire abdomen similar to the
preceding, but not more than two-thirds of its size, and not at all
pubescent : the antennae, wings, and legs, as in the preceding.
(Length 1 — 2h lines.)
Far. 3. (Viride.') When alive entirely of a brilliant green; it
differs from the preceding in the green not having a blue tinge ;
after death, the head and thorax change to a deep blue green, and
the disc of the abdomen becomes black : the punctures as in the
last, and, like it, it wants the pubescence of the first variety, but
the wings, antennae, and legs are similar, but it differs in the
terminal segment of the abdomen being much more rounded, and
the abdomen itself not so gibbous. (Length, I2 — 2| lines.)
Var. 4. {yEnea.) Entirely of a dark aeneous tinge, nearly black : in
sculpture and in the form of the abdomen, it resembles Vars. 1 and
2, as also in its legs, wings, and antennae : from Var. 2 it differs
only in colour. (Length, 2 lines.)
Var. 1, of which I have one specimen only, was taken at
Bexley, by Mr. Bainbridge, who kindly gave it to me : it stands
in the cabinet of the British Museum as the imperiale of
Leach ; it is certainly Var. 2 of the Chrysis ccerulea of
Dahlbom. Vars. 2 and 3, I have taken in Battersea-fields ;
Var. 2 appears to be the bidentuliim of St. Fargeau ; Var. 3
I have called viride, from its colour wlien alive; and I have
176 SHUCKARD ON THE BRITISH CHRYSIDID^.
named it in case further observation sbould confirm it as a
species ; Far. 4 was captured at Yarm, in Yorkshire, by the
Rev. G. T. Rudd, who tells me it is common there, where it
occurs amongst grass, and tliat all are exactly alike ; its dark
colour is remarkable ; it is evidently the Chrysis cenea of
Panzer and Fabricius. Why I treat all these as varieties of
one species is, because the two which differ most essentially
in habit I captured within a hundred yards of each other, and
observed they had precisely the same habits, and because
their differences are but a trifling degree wider than those I
detect in my series of the Hedychrum aurahim.
Genus V. — Elampus, Spinola.
Head and thorax as in the preceding, with the exception of the
seutellum being produced posteriorly into a porrect spine, which
is plane above : abdomen rather more elongate than the second
section of the preceding genus, but above, convex, not gibbous,
but like it, emarginate at its extremity : superior wings, with
merely the commencement of a radial nervure, which terminates
very abruptly ; and all, excepting the basal nervures of the wings,
totally obsolete, or their course very slightly coloured, but no
nervures existing : legs, moderate.
Sp. 1. El. Panzer;,
Chrysis Panzeri . . Fah. Piez. 172. 9. Spin. I. Qo. 3,
Id. scutellaris . Panz. F. G. 51. 11.
Hedychrum spina . Le Peletier, Ann. du Mus. VII. 121. 2.
Head and thorax deeply and coarsely punctured ; abdomen very
delicately so : the mucro of the postscutellum flat upon the top,
and also very coarsely punctured : an obtuse tooth on each side
of the last segment of the abdomen, half-way between the emargi-
nation and the base : head, scape of the antennae, thorax, and
legs, (excepting the tarsi, which are rufescent,) of a metallic blue
and green, variously disposed, and occasionally splashed with gold :
the abdomen of a rich, golden, or carmine red, the refulgence upon
it sometimes, under some aspects, appearing green. (Length,
2| lines.)
My specimens of this apparently rare insect were taken at
Leaves Green, in Kent ; the Rev. G. T. Rudd has captured
NOTE ON BUTTERFLIES QUESTIONABLY BRITISH. 177
it this year in the New Forest. Panzer figures his with tlie
abdomen green, which, under some hghts, and in some
specimens, will appear so, from their excessive refulgency; but
the positive colour of the abdomen is red.
Art. XXI. — Note on Butterflies questionably British.
In the Lists of British Lepidoptera which have been
published by Messrs, Stephens and Curtis, many names occur
which, in our cabinets, that is, in the cabinets of those few
entomologists who are scrupulous, stand, year after year, as
names only ; now, if there really are British insects corre-
sponding to these names, it is very well to allow the vacancies
left for them to remain, until some fortunate entoraoloo-ist
discovers the locality for these rarities, and supplies our
cabinets ; but, on the contrary, if there exist no such insects
in Britain, it is surely ill-advised in us to retain the names ;
I suggest that it would be far better to forget that such insects
have ever been recorded as British, and should they hereafter
occur, I would re-introduce them as entire novelties. The
following butterflies are more or less abundant in cabinets of
professedly British insects, but of any authentic record of
capture in this country we are wholly ignorant.
Podalirius, far from uncommon.
Europome, very common, existing in thirty-one cabinets
that I have inspected.
Palceno, in catalogues only.
Chrysotheme (?)
Apollo, a fine series in a cabinet in the North of England,
and single specimens in several cabinets.
Mnemosyne, Tessellata, Maturna, Hampsteadiensis , Niobe,
PopiiH, Sibilla, Levana, Huntera, Ncera, Pltcedra, Alcyone.
Ligea, in the cabinet of Mr. Stephens, and lately introduced
into those of Mr. B. Standish, and several of our dealers.
Mr. Stephens, in his Illustrations, acknowledges himself igno-
rant of the time and place of its capture, and of the name of
its captor.
Mnestra.
178 NOTE ON BUTTERFLIES QUESTIONABLY BRITISH.
Hero, not uncommon in cabinets.
Arcanius, not uncommon in cabinets.
Sjnni.
Chryseis. In every collection of any importance, either in
town or country ; sometimes a whole series of males, females,
and undersides, being displayed ; to be purchased abundantly
of dealers, at a price seldom exceeding one shilling for a
specimen.
Hippothoe. Introduced as dispar ?
Virgaurice. In every collection; I have seen nearly a
thousand of this species, said to be British ; fine recent speci-
mens, said to be taken last year (18S5), may be purchased
abundantly, and at a very low price, of many dealers. I am
not aware that a single syllable, even hinting at a capture of
this insect in Britain, has ever been written.
Dorylas, Icarius, Eros. Those described under these
names varieties of Alexis? or intended as recording the
capture in this country of the species so named on the con-
tinent?
Titus, MalrcB, Odeus, Sylvius, Bucephalus, Vitellius.
Can any of your correspondents oblige the writer of this
article with any information on either of the above-mentioned
species, or with any positive fact relative to the capture of any
butterflies, with the exception of the sixty-five following : —
Machaon, Rhamni, Eleclra, Hyale, BrassiccB, Rajxs,
Napi, Daplidice, Cardamines, Sinapis, Cratcegi, Lucina,
Athalia, Artemis, Cinxia, Dia, Selene, Euphrosyne, La-
thonia, Adippe, Aglaia, Pajohia, C. album, Polychloros,
UriiccB, lo, Antiopa, Atalanta, Cardui, Iris, Camilla,
jEgeria, Megcera, Semele, GalatJiea, Tithonus, Janira,
Blandiaa, Cassiope, Hyperanthus, Davus, Pampliilus,
BetulcB, Pruni, W. album, Quercus, Rubi, Phlceas, Dispar,
Argiolus, Alsus, Acis, Arion, Corydon, Adonis, Alexis,
Argus, Agestis, Alveolus, Tages, Paniscus, Linea, Actceon,
Sylvanus, Conwia.
The above-named sixty-five butterflies I consider unques-
tionably British ; and of this number, three have been intro-
duced since the publication of that portion of Mr. Stephens's
" Illustrations," in which they would have occurred. These are
Dia, on the authority of Mr. Weaver; Pruni, on the authority
of Mr. Seaman ; and Actceon, on the authority of Mr. Dale
I
A
y>
4 1,
i/ia
BOWERBANK ON THE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD. 179
But it must be observed that, although specimens unquestion-
ably British of all these sixty-five insects do exist, yet the
majority of the rarer ones, as Daplidice, Lathonia, Antiopa,
&c., although exhibited as British, are decidedly and evidently
exotic : the three last-named species may be purchased for a
mere song. In order that I may not offend gentlemen
possessing rich series of the questionable species, I subscribe
myself simply, Inqusitor.
Art. XXII. — Observations on the Circulation of Blood and
the Distribution of the Trachea in the Wing of Chrysopa
Perla. By J. S. Bowerbank.
(For the references see Plate XV. J
TO THE EDITOR OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.
Sir, — You did me the honour of inserting in an early Number
of the Entomological Magazine, the result of a series of obser-
vations on the circulation of the blood in the larva of Ephemera
marginata; and I regret much that other occupations have
prevented me from following up those researches with that
degree of attention which so interesting a subject demands. I
have, however, occasionally, as opportunities occurred, examined
such adult insects as I imagined were likely to enable me to
proceed with the subject, and more particularly those whose
wings I considered would form favourable subjects for investi-
gation, but without arriving at any very satisfactory results
until lately. A few evenings since, while strolling with some
friends in the cool of the evening, in my garden, I was requested
by one of them, who had taken a fine specimen of the Chry-
sopa perla, to place it beneath the microscope, that he mio-ht
gratify himself by viewing its extremely brilliant eyes. After
having pleased ourselves for some time, by examining these
beautiful objects, I could not resist the inclination I felt to take
a passing glance at the wing, whose transparency, I thought,
might enable me to observe some traces of the circulation; and,
to my great delight, I saw globules of the blood rushing with
rapidity through the two large canals of the under wing. As,
however, I had unfortunately grasped the thorax of the insect
with the forceps, life very shortly became extinct, and with it
180 BOWERBANK ON THE
terminated ray expectations for that evening. But I had seen
enough to assure me that I might now, with every reasonable
prospect of success, expect to attain the long wished-for object
of my researches ; I mean, a view of the course of the circula-
tion in the adult insect. On the following day I was fortunate
enough to procure several specimens of C perla. I immediately
commenced upon one of these, by fixing it with a little thick
gum-water upon its back, upon a small slip of glass, and having
extended its wings as nearly at right angles to its body as I
could place them, I retained them in this position by a small
drop of gum-water under the tip of each, leaving the intermedi-
ate spaces of the wings quite free. I am thus particular in the
description of my proceedings, as it will be seen hereafter that
my great care in thus stretching the wings was most probably
the occasion of much vexation and loss of time. When I sat
down to the instrument, I was gratified beyond measure by
seeing the particles of the blood flowing with considerable
rapidity from the proximal end of the wing towards its opposite
extremity, through the large canal A, and with equal rapidity
through the canal B, from the distal point of the wing towards
the proximal ; and was congratulating myself upon having the
satisfaction of observing, at one view, the course of the circula-
tion through canals, which might be considered as equivalent to
artery and vein, when all at once, to my great surprise, the
blood in the supposed vein B commenced flowing in the oppo-
site direction ; while that in the canal A was stationary for
several seconds, and then again flowed forward in the same
direction as before, at the same time a series of oscillations, of
a very singular description, took place in the canal B. I must
hei'e state, that the power used in making these observations
was 230 linear, and the field of view was equal to ^ of an
inch in diameter. In this exceedingly minute portion of the
canal B, a number of oscillations of the same globules occurred,
in one instance for 2\ times, before I lost sight of them, in
consequence of the struggling of the insect giving fresh impetus
to the blood. In another instance, 84 oscillations took place
before the group of globules, upon which my eye was fixed,
quitted the field of the microscope. These oscillations seldom
exceeded half the length of the field, or ■— of an inch, and
were extremely irregular in the time of their occurrence ; some-
times the motion of the globules was most rapid when the blood
CIRCULATION OF BLOOD. 181
was flowing towards the distal point of the wing ; at other
times, when it passed in the opposite direction. Occasionally,
two or three oscillations followed each other with considerable
rapidity, while at other periods the alternations were compara-
tively slow and irregular ; but the general average was at the
rate of about 20 in two minutes. Being thus foiled in deter-
mining the proper direction in which the blood flowed in the
canal B, I mounted another of the insects in a like careful man-
ner, and was much mortified to find the result of my second
examination, after several hours' careful observation, so similar
in every respect to the first, as to leave me still undecided as to
the true course of the blood in the canal B. The only certain
result I gained was, that the proper motion of the blood in the
canal A was from the proximal towards the distal extremity of
the wing. The weather on the following days was w^et and
cold, and we did not succeed in capturing any fresh insects ;
I therefore continued my observations on those I had remain-
ing, but which became so languid as to allow me to gain very
few fresh results, beyond that of detecting a solitary globule
slowly winding its way through some of the small canals of the
wing, near its centre ; but this was something. I now confi-
dently expected, if I could but secure some fresh insects, I
might yet succeed in satisfying my doubts, and in determining
the true course of the blood in the canal B, which the before-
mentioned circumstances had rendered very uncertain. Fortu-
nately, the evening of the following day produced me another
specimen, and I addressed myself to the task of preparing it
for observation, and profiting by my previous failures ; after
having fixed the back of its head, thorax, and abdomen, firmly
to the glass, I separated the under wings just so far from the
body as to allow me to see distinctly the whole of their surface,
slightly fixing them by a small speck of gum-water beneath
each tip — and by these means I avoided that unnatural strain
which was the consequence of their former position, and which
had been so detrimental in my former attempts. I was now
amply repaid for my care. I at once perceived the globules of
the blood flowing steadily forwards towards the distal extremity
of the wing, not only in the canal A, as before mentioned, but
also in the canal B, in which its course in my former observa-
tions appeared so ambiguous. I was now able clearly to trace
the progress of the blood in both canals, from near the proximal
NO. II. VOL. IV. B B
182 BOVVERBANK ON THE
to the distal point of the wing, where it was discharged into the
great incurrent canal C, which, as may be seen in the figure,
passes in one unbroken line from the distal extremity of the
wing, until it arrives at the point D, near the proximal extremity,
where it divides into two branches before entering the body of
the insect. This canal I believe to be the only incurrent one in
the wing, as upon a careful examination of the canals EFGH,
Fig. 1, near their origin, I perceived at each spot, where an
arrow is placed, the globules flowing in the direction to which
they point, pursuing their course in a direct line along them,
as indicated by the straight arrows, or quitting the larger ones,
and passing, as indicated by the curved arrows 1 1 1 1, Fig. 1,
into the small lateral branches. In a similar manner I saw the
globules quit the large canal B, and flow in the direction of the
curved arrows at Fig. I, a a, through the small branches h c ;
and in many other cases I detected single globules struggling
through these small transverse canals, sometimes gliding slowly
forward, while at other times they were stationary for a con-
siderable period, but always while in motion progressing towards
the incurrent canal C In the upper marginal canal /, marked
with double-headed arrows, the blood oscillated so continually
and equably, that I could not determine from the motion of the
globules its proper direction ; but from its position, and the
direction of the lateral canals connecting it with the great one
B, I think I may be warranted in considering it as an ex-
current one, particularly as the quantity and character of the
motion of the blood contained in it differed so materially from
that in the canal C, for while the motion of the blood was of
such an indeterminate character in the former, it was rushing
steadily through the latter with a rapidity greatly superior to
that of any other canal, and thjs we may conclude would naturally
be the case, as the canal C appears to be the sole incurrent
canal for the whole of the blood flowing through the two large
canals A B and their branches.
The blood in its progress through the principal canals, A
and B, presents some singular features. While it was flowing
in a steady, continuous stream in the latter, it frequently
occurred that it would either ebb with considerable rapidity in
the former, for several seconds, or in the place of ebbing,
would oscillate for a similar period, and then resume its natural
course towards the distal extremity of the wing, but its velo-
city at no time appeared to be quite equal to that in the canal
CIRCULATION OF BLOOD. 18t3
B, nor was it of equal steadiness, for in this latter canal, any
reflux or interruption to its progress was comparatively rare.
On first viewing the circulation of the blood in these canals,
I imagined I perceived an irregular pulsation, but am now
inclined to think no such motion exists naturally in the vising,
but that the proper flow of the blood is in a steady, uniform
stream. This apparent pulsation I think may be attributed
to momentary obstructions, which the large elongated globules
meet with in their progress through their comparatively small
channels, as in several instances I observed a sudden stoppage
of the circulation, and consequent accumulation of globules
within the range of the field of view, which was followed by
an equally rapid disengagement upon the blood resuming its
course ; slight struggling of the insect likewise produces
momentary interruptions very similar to pulsations.
Within the whole of the excurrent canals, branches of the
trachea are seen that in the canal A is comparatively small
compared with the like vessel in the canal B. Upon mea-
suring these canals and the trachea contained within them, I
found the former at the point d, Figs ! and 2, to be ^,^, and
its trachea ^^ of an inch in diameter, while the diameter of
the latter was ~^^, and of its trachea ,i . Upon examining the
wings of several other specimens of the insect, I found the
same disparity in the proportions of the trachea to the canals
to exist in the whole of them, and this also appears to be the
case on the corresponding canals of the upper wings, which
have hitherto been but slightly examined, the under wing
having been selected as preferable for examination on account
of its superior delicacy and transparency.
The trachea in the canal A, throughout nearly the whole of
its course, runs in a straight line along the anterior part of the
cavity which contains it, as at Fig. 2, A, and lessens gradually
in diameter, until at the termination of that canal it can no
longer be traced in consequence of its extreme tenuity. Near
its proximal extremity it gives off a small branch to the
transverse canal ??, which terminates in a fine point at its
junction with the canal /; excepting in this instance, I could
not, after a careful examination, detect any other branch given
off from it to the transverse canals which connect it with the
canal /, although from its position in the canal A we might
naturally be led to suspect that was the case ; for, although
these small transverse canals, throughout nearly their whole
184 BOWERBANK OS THE
length, were so opaque as not to allow of their internal cavity
being examined, yet at their junction with the canal A they
were so far transparent as to allow of the branch of the trachea
being seen had it been present, neither did the trachea in the
canal A curve towards the mouths of the transverse canals,
as it usually does when it gives off a branch. The trachea
in the canal B, unlike that in canal A, pursues an exceedingly
tortuous course, with very little diminution in its diameter for
about three-fourths of its length ; it then gradually decreases in
size until it reaches the distal extremity of the canal B, when
it becomes so slender as generally to elude observation. In
its progress it gives off a branch to the canal E, at its origin i,
Fig. 1 ; which, shortly after its entrance into that canal,
divides into two parts ; one of these branches passes at k into
the canal K, Fig 1. Here the trachea is very large in propor-
tion to the space containing it, filling up at least three-fourths
or four-fifths of the cavity, and giving off small branches to
each of the posterior transverse canals ; which canals ap-
pear, in every wing I have examined, to receive the branch of
the trachea destined for their use from the trachea of the large
canal immediately above them, and in no instance that I have
observed from that belonging to the one beneath them.
These fine branches, which pass through the small trans-
verse canals, do not enter the trachea, which runs through the
large longitudinal one beneath them, but usually terminate
in a fine point at the spots where the transverse canals join
the longitudinal ones beneath ; sometimes instead of termi-
nating at the junction of the two they run for a short distance
into the large longitudinal one ; and in one instance, g, Figs.
4 and 1, I observed that the trachea divided at the spot where
it usually terminates, into two branches, which after running
for a short distance along the canal C, the one towards the
distal, and the other towards the proximal extremity of the
wing, then terminated in the usual manner in a fine point.
Generally speaking each canal contains but one branch of the
trachea, and in the large ones, A and B, I believe this to be
universally the case, but in one wing in the canal ^,IFig. 1, at
the point ??f, and in F, Figs. 1 and 4, at the point b, I observed
two branches in each, and in one instance in the latter, as
many as three branches ; and indeed, in this canal, the trachea
seems to be more subject to divide into separate branches than
in any other in the wing. In the upper marginal canal /,
CIRCULATION OF BLOOD.
18i
I did not succeed in tracing any branch of the trachea, neither
could I in any part of the incui'rent canal C, although J
could readily perceive the terminations of these vessels in the
canal B, where it enters the incurrent one C, and of the
branches which run down the small transverse canals, and dis-
charge their contents into it throughout its whole course.
The trachea?, in their passage through the large canals,
seldom pursue a straight course, but run in a serpentine direc-
tion, as represented at B, Fig. 2, through the space con-
taining them, and frequently at the spots where they give off
branches to supply the transverse canals, they curve so much as
to drop in the form of a loop within its mouth, as at Fig. 0,
e f, which is a magnified representation oief, canal K, Fig. 1,
and likewise as at o, Fig. 4, which is an enlarged view of the
transverse canal h g, connecting canals -Fand C, Fig. 1.
During the course of these observations, I have used every
endeavour to discover, if possible, whether the blood had
proper vessels, or only occupied the internal cavity of the
canals ; the latter I am convinced is the case, as I could fre-
quently perceive the particles not only surrounding all parts of
the tracheae, and occupying the whole of the internal dia-
meter of the canals, but it frequently happened that globules
experienced a momentary stoppage in their progress, occasioned
by their friction against the curved surface of the tracheae,
which sometimes gave them a rotatory motion.
THE 15ULL INN, BIRCH WOOD CORNER.
186 PROCEEDINGS OF TFIE
Art. XXIII. — Proceedings of the Entomological Club.
Sitting of the 15th September, 183G.
Present, — Messrs. Bevington, Bennett, Bowerbank, J. F.
Christy, Alex. Christy, Davis, Hanson, Hoyer, Ingall,
Stanger, Trusted, and Newman.
Mr. J. F. Christy in the Chair.
After the minutes of the last meeting had been read, a dis-
cussion of considerable length took place? touching the propriety
of the appointment of Trustees, agreeably to the tenth law, as
agreed to at the last meeting. A legal opinion bad been taken
as to the necessity of the appointment of Trustees previous to
an insurance on the property of the club being effected ; which
opinion was unfavourable to such appointment, on account of
the great expense of a deed of trust ; stating also, that no addi-
tional security would be afforded thereby. The propriety of
forthwith insuring the property of the club, the office in which
to insure, and the amount to be insured, were then considered ;
and the decision of the club on all these points was embodied
in the following resolution, which was carried unanimously : —
That the Curator be directed to insure the property of the
club in the Sun Fire Office, in the names of the members
conjointly, to the following amount : —
Museum and glass £600
Cabinets, furniture, &c 150
Total .... £750
The Curator read the following list of donations to the club : —
Mr. Bennett. The whole of his collection of insects.
Mr. Bevington. The whole of his collection of insects.
Mr. Bowerbank. The whole of his collection; being some
exceedingly valuable New Holland insects, and some British
Crustacea.
Mr. J. F. Christy. A handsome mahogany cabinet, of forty
drawers, each 18 inches square; together with his whole col-
lection of insects.
ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. 187
Mr. Davis. The whole of his exotic insects, and numerous
rare British ones.
Mr. HoYER. The whole of his collection of insects.
Mr. Newman. The whole of his collection of insects.
Mr. Walker. An immense collection of British and exotic
insects.
The Earl of Mountnorris. Some rare exotic Crustacea.
Mr. WiiLLAM Christy, jun. of London. The whole of his
collection of British and exotic insects, with the exception of the
British Lepidoptera. Also, the following books : — Dejean's
" Catalogue des Coleopteres," 4 Nos. ; Wilson's " Entomo-
logia Edinensis;" Kirby's "Century of Insects;" Stephens's
" Nomenclature."
Mr. Edward Doubleday, of Epping. Numerous valuable
British and exotic Coleoptera, including an unquestionably
British specimen oi Melolontlia fallo , recently taken.
Mr. Ingall, of London. His whole collection of exotic
insects and British Arachnoida, and a large number of British
insects of all classes. Also, the following books : — " Trans-
actions of the Entomological Society," 1 vol. ; Geoffroy's
"History of Insects," 2 large vols. 4to. with numerous plates.
Mr. Bkntley, of London. His whole collection of exotic and
numerous rare British insects.
Mr. Chant, of London. His whole collection of exotic and
numerous rare British insects.
Mr. MuNBY, of Edinburgh. A collection of French insects.
Mr. Walton, of Byard's Lodge, near Knaresborough. Vari-
ous British CurcuUonites.
Mr. George Newman, jun. A splendid series of African
species of the genus C'etonia.
Mr. Robert Foster, of London. An immense number
of British insects, collected principally at Leominster, Hast-
ings, and Mickleham.
Mr. George Trusted, of Ross. His whole collection of
insects, being principally Scotch and French.
Mr. Henry Metford, of Stoke Newington. A collection
of French insects.
Mr. J. V. Thompson. Some rare exotic Crustacea.
Mr. Joseph Eveleigh, of Manchester. Remarkably fine
specimens, of Apatura iris, Carabus arvensis, Saperda sca-
laris, ^geria bembeciformis, and other rare British insects.
188 ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
Mr. Henry Newman, of Liverpool. Some rare British
Crustacea.
Mr. Samuel Alexander Burlingham, of Worcester. A
collection of rare British Crustacea in a high state of preserva-
tion, also numerous British insects of all classes.
Mr. William Spriggs, jun. of Worcester. Some rare
British Libellulidce.
Mr. William Enoch, of Hay. Some rare British Crus-
tacea.
Rev. Mr. Ainger, of Greenwich. British Arachnoida.
Mr. J, Bond, of London. Some rare British Ceramby cites,
in a high state of preservation,
Mr. Alexander Christy, of London. Some beautiful
Lepidoptera, from Jersey.
Mr. RoGERSON, of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich.
Some living specimens of the larva of the common glow-worm,
just hatched from the egg, and about a line in length : these
little creatures are distinctly luminous, and Mr. Rogerson
states that the egg also is luminous : (the glow-worms were on
the table for inspection).
Mr. J. C. Loudon, of London. The 65th number of the
Magazine of Natural History.
Resolved Unanimously,
That the thanks of the Entomological Club be given to these gen-
tlemen, for their various and valuable donations to the club.
Mr. Bennett exhibited a splendid collection of Brazilian
insects, consisting of nearly 1000 specimens of all classes, and
in the highest possible state of preservation. Mr. Bennett an-
nounced that he had purchased this beautiful collection for the
purpose of presenting it to the Entomological Club. The an-
nouncement was received with great applause, and it was
Resolved Unanimously,
That the thanks of the Club be given to Mr. Bennett, for his
superb donation.
After the nomination of two gentlemen as honorary corre-
sponding members, the Chairman made some observations on
the necessity of limiting the number of members as much as
possible, and using great caution in the nomination of new ones ;
CAPTURES AT LYNDHURST AND RYDE. 189
liis observations had no reference to the gentlemen now nomi-
nated, but he thought if the Club became very large, there
would be a difficulty in entertaining its members in the present
way, and if that difficulty ever occurred the present social cha-
racter of the club would be in a great measure destroyed.
Mr. BowERBANK and Mr. Davis took a different view of
the subject; it was suggested that if the club had honorary
members in every county it would tend to its general benefit,
and that even supposing this to be the case, the average attend-
ance of honorary members at each meeting of the club would
not amount to half a dozen, a number which every member of
the club would feel gratified in entertaining.
The Chairman said that his observations had reference solely
to honorary members residing in the neighbourhood of London,
the number of whom he hoped would not be very large.
Mr. Newman agreed in the view of the subject taken by the
Chairman, but thought it still necessary there should be some
honorary members resident in London, from amongst whom to
recruit any defalcation in the number of the regular members,
agreeably to the fourth law.
The club then adjourned to Thursday evening, the 20th of
October, at Mr. Bennett's, 48, Cannon Street.
Art. XXIV. — List of Captures at Lijndhurst and Ryde.
By Sir John Lighton and the Rev. G. T. Rudd.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.
Dear Sir, — If you have a corner to spare, and think the
inclosed Lists of Captures, by my friend. Sir John Lighton,
and myself, of interest, will you oblige me by their insertion ?
I hope to have sufficient leisure to prepare descriptions of
what I consider new genera of Staphylinidce , and for the
favour of your notice in a future Number of your Magazine.
1 am, dear Sir, truly yours,
G. T. Rudd.
Yarm, Sept. 10, 1836.
NO. II. VOL. IV. C C
190
CAPTURES AT LYNDHUKST AND RYDE.
List of a few of the Insects captured by the Rev. G. T. Ruddy
at Lyndhurst and at Ri/de, during July and August, 1836.
Hymenoptera.
COLEOPTERA.
Cicindela Germanica, R.
Zabrus gibbus, R.
Antliicus humilis, R.
Mordella pumila, R.
variegata, R.
fasciata, R.
Abdera bifasciata, R.
Three very distinct new genera Elampus Panzeri, L.
of Staphylini, R. Chrysis succincta, L. common.
Cucujus unifasciatus, L. Plancus apicalis, R.
a n. s. (?) R. Elasmus.
Rhopalum tibiale, R,
rufi ventre, R.
Astata boops, L.
Tachytes pompiliformis, L. R.
unicolor, L. R.
Pompilus rufipes, R.
Alyson Kennedii (both
sexes), R.
Nysson 3-maculatus, R.
II. Rvde.
L. Lyndhurst.
It is, I believe, doubtful how far A. Kennedii is distinct
from A. spinosus.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.
Sir, — The following butterflies and moths have come under
the notice of my brothers and self, during the past summer,
in the immediate vicinity of Ryde, Isle of Wight.
I remain, Sir, your obedient servant,
J. W. LiGIlTON.
Ryde, Sept. 10, 1836.
Colias hyale.
Leucophasia sinapis
Pieris crataegi.
Melitsea cinxia.
selene.
Argynnis paphia.
Vanessa polychloros.
Cynthia cardui.
Limenitis Camilla.
Hipparchia galathea.
Thecla quercus.
Polyommatus argiolus.
Smerinthus populi.
Macroglossa stellatarum.
jEgeria ichneumoniformis.
Lasiocampa quercus.
Psilura monacha.
Arctia villica.
Agrotis ocellina.
Catocala nupta.
riTH OF THE PERIODICALS. 191
Art. XXV. — Pith of the Periodicals.
We once plumed ourselves pretty considerably on being an
editor ; it was something a little above the common, a little
select ; but now, forsooth, the tables are turned, and it is
equally select not to be an editor. The whole world of natu-
ralists are now editors. Evei'y one who can string ten lines
together must announce himself as the editor, or the half-
editor, or the third-part editor, or the quarter-editor, of some
magazine, designed to teach the science of natural history.
Our table, positively, groans with Transactions of Zoolof^ical,
Natural History, Entomological, &c. Societies, with Naturalists,
and Field-Naturalists, and Zoological Magazines, and Maga-
zines of Zoology, and Natural History Magazines, and Maga-
zines of Natural History, et genus id omne. Whither, whither
will the mania carry us at last ! But, oh ! the partnership
editorships ! Oh ! the strings of editorial names, with tails
longer than those of the comet or O'Connell. We have "regis-
tered a vow in" the Firefly, never again to criticise an entomo-
logist ; — fear not, therefore — piracy, put on thy most unblushing
front ; quackery, rejoice ; dulness, resume thy helm ; stupidity,
thy reign. It is with the determination of finding something
to admire, something to commend, that we have turned over the
mass before us, and we find the following : —
L Natural History of the British Entomostraca, by William
Baird, Sm-geon.^
The appearance of the Entomostraca, insects inclosed in a
shell, is enough to excite curiosity ; numbers of them are so
like shells that an uninstructed person would so consider them,
and this singularity of structure has suggested their name,
derived from two Greek words, signifying "an insect" and
" a shell ;" a name given by MLiller, and since retained. Before
Midler's work, all the Entomostraca were comprised in one
genus, called Monociilus, from its being supposed they possessed
but a single eye. Linnaeus, in his " Sijstema Naturcc,'' describes
nine species of Monoculns. Seven others were figured by
Joblot, Baker, Frisch, Geoffroi, and LedermuUer, and a
few added by Stroem, Goeze, and Herbst. Degeer describes
and figures accurately seven species ; he appears to have
been aware of the transformations of C //clops, figuring and
" fid. JMasazine of Zoology.
192 PITH OF THE FERIODICALS.
describitig the young, but not tracing them to their iinal state,
which Rhamdohr and Jurine have since done. Leeuwenhoek,
Swammerdam, and Schseflfer, give some details respecting these
insects ; but it is to Miiller we are chiefly indebted. He col-
lected in one memoir, and arranged into genera and species, not
only those previously known, but added a number of new
species found in the fresh waters of Denmark and Norway, and
gave many important and interesting details respecting them.
Although Miiller has subsequently been detected in some errors,
his work, published in 1785, is a most interesting and valuable
memoir. The memoirs of Straus, on Daphnia and Cypris, are
exceedingly perfect, and Jurine (fils), Daudebart de Ferussac
(fils), Adolpe-Brogniard, Hermann (fils), and Prevost, Milne,
Edwards, and Andouin, have each further extended our know-
ledge of these animals.
With the exception of Dr. Leach, British naturalists have
done little for the Enio?)Wstraca : this author, in the Edinburgh
Encyclopaedia, enumerates sixteen British species. Samouelle
increases these to twenty, and at about this number the cata-
logue remains at the present period.
The natural arrangement of Entomostraca has been dis-
puted by naturalists. Desmarest gives a view of all arrange-
ments of them, previous to his own. Latveille, in his " Cours
d'Entomologie," gives the following arrangement of Crustaced
generally : —
( Malacostraca.)
First Division — Crustacea Maxillosa.
First Order Decapoda.
Second Stomapoda.
Third LcEMODiPODA.
Fourth Amphipoda.
Fifth Isopoda.
Sixth Diclapoda.
(Entomostraca.)
Seventh Lophyropa.
Eighth OsTRAPODA.
Ninth Phyllopa.
Tenth Trilobites.
Second Division — Crustacea Edentata.
Eleventh Xiphosuha.
Twelfth Siphonostoma.
PITH OF THE PERIODICALS. 193
Of the Entomostracous orders he gives the following cha-
racters : —
Order. — Lophyropa.
From the observations of Rhamdohr, &c. it appears that the
last pair of thoracic feet in these Entomostraca correspond
with the third pair in the Amph'ipoda and Isopoda, and to the
first pair in the Deccqwda. According to J urine, the number
of thoracic feet is eight, but we observed, from the succession of
the appendages v/hich precede them, that those which he has
designated by the name of hands answer to the second pair of
maxillee, and therefore the three anterior pair of feet, properly
so called, represent as many foot-maxillae {pieds-machoires.)
The genus Daphnia has, according to Straus, ten feet, of
which the two first answer to the second pair of maxillie.
First family. — Seticera. The thorax is more or less
oval, and divided into four segments, of which the anterior is
much the largest, and includes the head, and presents ante-
riorly and centrally the organ of vision. The superior
antenn<j8 are long, setaceous, simple, and composed of nume-
rous minute articulations. The inferior antennae are short,
filiform, and simple, or forked ; they seem to have but four
articulations. Each mandible bears a feeler, which is some-
times entire, at others divided into two branches. Imme-
diately behind the organs, answering to the superior maxilla,
are five pair of feet, divided into two cylindrical branches,
more or less furnished with hair. The tail is composed of
six rings, with two spears and bristles at the extremity.
Under the first, we observe in the female two appendages, in
the form of feet; and under the second, in both sexes the
organs of generation, and two oviferous pedunculated sacs.
Genus, Ct/clops.
Second family. — Cladocera. Head large, projecting, often
terminating below in a beak-like point, and bearing superiorly
an eye varying in size, preceded in some species by an oculi-
form black spot, and having at its junction with the thorax
an antenna always projecting, commonly very large, in the
form of an arm, and serving as an oar; it is divided into two
or three branches, and furnished with bristles. Testaceous
covering folded in two, but without a hinge, enveloping the
thorax and feet, and generally terminating in a point at its
194 PITH OF THE PERIODICALS.
posterior extremity. Feet ten, more or less divided, and fur-
nished at their extremities with bristles. Tail short, folded
below the body, and terminated by two conical or setaceous
appendages. Eggs interior, until the moment of deposition
in the water ; ovary lateral, in a dorsal cavity between the
body and testaceous covering. Genera, Polyphemus, Dajj/i-
niu, Lijnccus.
Order. — Ostrapoda.
Covering forming an oval bivalve shell laterally compressed,
bent and dorsally inflated, and almost straight, or a little
notched on the opposite side. Before the hinge in the median
line the eye appears like a large black spot. The antennae
inserted immediately below are setaceous, shorter than the body,
composed of seven or eight articulations, of which the last are
the shortest, and terminated by a fascicle of bristles, which assist
the creature in swimming, and which, according to Jurine, the
animal develops in different degi'ees, as it desires to move itself
more or less rapidly. The mouth is composed of a carinated
labrum and two dentate mandibles, each bearing a triarticulate
palpus. The feet are six in number, of which the anterior
(the strongest pair), are directed forwards, terminated by two
joints, furnished with stiff bristles, or long hooks, and situated
below the antennae ; the other feet are without these bristles ;
the second are first thrown back, bent and terminated in a
long and strong hook ; the last pair are not seen outwardly ;
they are raised and placed by the sides of the body, they
support the ovaries, and terminate in two small hooks. Ge-
nera, Cypris, Cytherea.
Order. — Phyllopoda.
The Phyllopoda have a body sometimes naked, at others
defended by a case which envelops them, in the manner of a
bivalve shell, or else covering them above, in the form of a
semi-oval buckler, is divided into a great number of small
segments, each of which, with the exception of the last, bear a
pair of foliaceous feet : it is often terminated by a tail, having
at its extremity two threads or appendages adapted for swim-
ming. The head has two eyes, and sometimes even three ; four
or two antenna?, a labrum, two mandibles ; four or tvvomaxillse
and a tonijuc.
PITH OF THE PERIODICALS. 195
First Jamil//. — Myteloides. These have only two eyes,
which are situate close together, and borne by a head which is
perfectly distinct from the case. The case is in the form of a
bivalve shell, capable of enclosing the body. It has four an-
tennae, of which the exterior pair are very large, each composed
of an eight-jointed peduncle, and two setaceous branches of
twelve joints each. Below the inflated, armed and truncate
mandibles, is a pair of foliaceous maxillas. The body is divided
into twenty-three segments, each, with the exception of the
last, bearing a pair of similar feet, bifid at the end, with the
exterior division simply ciliated internally, at the other quadri-
articulate, and strongly ciliated exteriorly. The ovaries extend
under the sides of the body, from the first pair of feet to the
eighteenth, and the eggs, some time prior to oviposition, pass
into the dorsal cavity, as into a matrix, where they finish their
development. At first they are round and transparent, but they
finally become more obscure, and assume an irregular and an-
gular shape. Genus, Limnadia.
Second family, — Aspidiphora. The body stripped of its
case is at first almost cylindrical, above convex, below concave,
with a central longitudinal furrow, and terminated by an elon-
gate cone. It is composed of a head, and thirty or more rings,
which diminish greatly in size towards the posterior extremity,
and of which the last five or seven are without feet. Genus,
Ajms.
Third family. — Ceratophthalma. Of which Latreille has
given no general characters, but described the genera which
appear to differ very considerably from each other. Genera,
Eulimene, Artejnia, Branchipus.
Order. — Xyphosura,
Being the first edentate order of Crustacea. There is no
siphon ; maxillas formed by a maxilliform and spinous prolonga-
tion of the internal and superior extremities of the coxae of the
six anterior pair of legs, and surrounding the pharynx : the case
of two pieces ; the anterior large and semilunar, having two
compound eyes on its superior surface, the second piece of the
case is much less, and in shape is somewhat triangular, trun-
cate, and notched at its posterior extremity; to this second piece
is appended a sharp, solid, triangular tail. Genus, Limulus.
196 PITH OF THE PERIODICALS.
Order. — Siphonostoma.
These have a siphon, or sucker, more or less distinct,
formed of four pieces, corresponding to the labrum, tongue,
and two mandibles, of the dentate Crustacea. Number of
feet never exceeding fourteen ; case composed of a single
piece, forming in front a kind of buckler.
First family. — Caligides. These have many of their feet,
more especially the posterior ones, formed for swimming.
The posterior extremity of the body is preceded by a shield-
like or semi-lunar case. Genera, Argulus, Caligus, Pan-
darns, Pteryg02iodo, Dinemoura, Anthosoma, Cecrops.
Second family. — Lernceiformes. Their body is elongate,
cylindrical, attenuated posteriorly, composed of from seven
to ten segments. The feet are small, or the analogues of the
natatory feet in the preceding order are composed of but a
single articulation, and two fingers, or two minute articulated
stalks ; sometimes the sides of the thorax are dilated into
large lobes, bent in the form of a horse-shoe, and embracing
the posterior portion of the body : they have at least two
antenna, and the feet are furnished with claws. Genus,
Nicothde (found in branchiae of the lobster), Dichelesiium
(found on the sturgeon). Nemesis.
Order. — Trilobites.
This singular order of Crustacea, apparently belonging to
another and an older creation, are, perhaps, of all animals
the most difficult to place naturally. They at first sight
appear to supply a void which occurs between the Crustacea
and the genus Glomeris, at the commencement of the Myr'ia-
poda. Genera, Calymenes, Asaphus, Oxygya, Para-
doxidcs.
( To be continued.)
TkE
JENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.
JANUARY, 1837.
Art. XXVI. — Wanderinqs and Ponderiiigs of an Inseci-
Hunter.
{Continued from p. 92.)
Chapter VIII.
[Cwni Elan.]
Vast beyond man's conception was the shock that gave
Cwm Elan birth : the sohd rock was forced upwards from the
bowels of the earth, and rent in twain, a portion subsiding
either way, while the shattered and loosened fragments thun-
dered down the sides of either precipice, till they met, with
deafening clang, in the yawning abyss beneath. This abyss,
thus formed of fragments of rock of every size and shape, is the
channel through which the boisterous Elan pours its snowy-
crested waters. The rocky banks are partially clothed with
vegetation. The bare cliff anon presents its perpendicular
face to the pass ; then a shelf above will be seen affording
footing for a little forest of oak, and birch, and witch elm ; and
the wild rose, honeysuckle, and brier intermingle and consoli-
date the mass : the wild rose throwing its streamers of red
blossoms — in Wales how brightly red ! — far adown the face of
the bare cliff below. Above this forest the naked rock again
appears, and again a nature-planted garden, and so alternately
to the top, the green gradually decreasing, and the pinnacles of
weather-beaten rock peering over all. It is in such a place as
this, when we are alone with nature, and commune with her
face to face, gazing on her in her wildest forms — when we are
NO. III. VOL. IV. D D
198 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
amidst the rush of waters, roaring so that thunder might
pass over us unheeded — when we are overwhehned with the
grandeur and majesty of the scene^^" dazzled and drunk with
beauty," that we feel most deeply our own insignificance.
The Insect- Hunter may, perhaps, never have a reader who
has roamed, or who even will roam, where he next bent his
footsteps, though Cwm Elan may be better known than it is ; and
even now it is known, though but little admired or toured. There
is a gentleman's residence, known by the same name beyond
the pass, and another beautiful place embosomed in wood, called
Nantgwilt : leaving these behind, and proceeding towards
Rhayader, you enter the stupendous pass of Cwm Elan. After
feasting himself upon the scene, the Insect-Hunter scaled the
rocky mountain to the left ; it was a toilsome and wearisome
ascent. As he ever and anon sat down to rest and refresh
himself with gazing on the scene below, he oft repeated
' — " I am not what I have been ;" and, in truth, he was
not : disappointment had stricken him, sickness had weakened
him ; limbs, once untiring, had lost their vigour — he was but as
the shadow of his former self. His eye dwelt on the landscape
beneath his feet ; as a map, the country was spread before him.
He traced the course of Elan up to the town of Rhayader, a
town through which the joyous Wye comes leaping to meet
Elan, his mountain-bride. Elan, though considerably the
larger stream, loses its name at the junction, and assumes
that of Wye. The Insect-Hunter gazed on the meeting of
the waters, and then followed them in imagination (for a moun-
tain concealed them from his eye), till they were united
with the waters of Severn, and lost in the Bristol Channel.
These beautiful rivers. Wye and Severn, rise side by side, on
the mighty Plinlimmon, and side by side they flow into the
ocean. The Severn makes a fine curve northward, passing
through Shrewsbury, then southward through Worcester and
Gloucester. The Wye runs southward through Rhayader,
Bualt, Hay, Hereford, Ross and Monmouth, and they again
unite at the entrance of the Bristol Channel. Here let the
reader supply a simile — two brothers — different courses
through life — old age — settle down together, &c.
Time, which has clad the scene before and about me with
such surpassing majesty and loveliness, may, in days to come,
overthrow these features of ages by the tempestuous workings
OF AN INSECT-HUNTER. 199
of an hour. Earth may again tremble to its very centre ; these
stupendous rocks, which century after century have become
more and more beautiful, as time has established for Flora a
footing here and there amidst the general desolation, may fall
headlong to earth, may lose their flowers and leafy honours,
and be ground to powder in the rush of elements. When
earth again rests from the convulsion, Cwm Elan may be the
centre of an all but boundless plain ; the muddy waters of some
mighty river may twice a day slowly ebb and flow through
cattle-feeding meadows, in the very track over which the head-
long Elan now hurries in all its boiling haste. On this river
stately ships, with their smoky chimneys, may be incessantly
running to and fro, warehouses may raise their heads half way
to the clouds, and myriads of money-hunting men may be
traversing the streets of some mighty city.
So pondered the Insect-Hunter; and as he gazed, the
hateful scene forced itself on his imagination. He arose, and
clambered up the cliff", — the summit was gained ; and though
higher lands rose before him, the ascents were comparatively
easy; he strode on and on, he stretched over moss and moor,
waded knee-deep through acres of bog covered with smiling
green, or beds of luxuriant heaths purpling the mountain far
as the eye could reach : on he went, guided solely by the
sun's position in the heavens, for the sun was for a moment
seen through the driving clouds ; at last he reached a point
which seemed higher than all around him, and here he scared
a dozen carrion crows from the carcase of a sheep on which
they were feeding; the crows flew round and round him,
uttering their awful imprecations. In every direction the same
wild desert met his eye ; a thousand mountains were around
him, all alike covered with moss, and carex, and cotton-grass
and heath. Not a single tree, not a track, not a trace of man
was to be seen ; the clouds thickened, and swept the mountain
top on which he stood, completely shutting out the scene, whose
very sameness began to weary him, clothing him in a mantle
of vapour. The Insect-Hunter sat down to rest.
The Insect-Hunter is looking on the Wye ; the banks are
crowded with people, some with hooks, some with spears, some
with lines ; a hundred or more stationed on the bridge were,
like the Insect-Hunter, merely lookers on. The object of the
£00 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
pursuit was salmon, which were just now on the move. Unfor^
tunately not one was captured while he was there ; he cannot,
therefore, give a circumstantial account of the affair, but the
zest with which the sport was followed was highly animating.
About 100 yards above the bridge — it was at Rhayader-y-
Gowy — the Wye falls five feet, in one unbroken sheet, over a
ledge of rocks, and thirty yards below the bridge about as
much over a similar ledge : the salmon make nothing of leaping
these falls in their way up the river. In the very midst of the
agitated water, directly beneath the falls, the anglers were inces-
santly plying their lines, with what chance of success I know
not ; but with one accord, at the sudden arrival of the fish,
butchers, bakers, shoemakers and blacksmiths had left their
various employments, and, with tucked-up shirt sleeves, had
joined in the animating pursuit.
Chapter IX.
[The Insect- Hunter again descanteth on Welsh mountains; he arriveth at
Llandegly.]
The road from Rhayader, or more properly Rhayader-y-
Gowy, through Pen-y-bont to Llandegly, has little in it that is
worthy of remark. The Rhayader mountains present a cha-
racter wholly different from those I have noticed in the neigh-
bourhood of Hay and Brecon ; these last are of gentle ascent
near th.e base, and carefully cultivated halfway up their sides,
and above this limit are to be found sheep walks, which increase
in poverty, and give way to carex, heath, and maun pits on the
summits. The Rhayader mountains rise abruptly, are
generally beautifully wooded at the base, the wood decreas-
ing gradually with the ascent, and here and there intermingled
with bare grey rock, which, above the limit of wood, becomes
more apparent. The summits are peaty and wet, producing
heath, Carea% Eriop/wron, and Narthecium ossifrac/um, which
was now in blossom ; and afford wretched sheep walks. Again,
as we approach Pen-y-bont, but far beyond both this place and
Llandegly, we have before us quite another character of
mountain, highly cultivated two-thirds of the height, and above
this an exquisitely rounded summit, smooth, covered with
velvet tuft, affording the finest possible pasturage for sheep.
OF AN INSECT-HUNTER. 201
This is preeminently the character of Radnor Forest, the
highest land of the kind, and is possessed by all that mass of
Radnorshire mountains which now present themselves in front
of the traveller. Approaching Pen-y-bont a minor object
attracts our notice — a chain of hills running along the valley,
with a clearly defined and exquisitely picturesque outline,
standing out in bold relief against the distance-dimmed forest.
This chain has a character peculiar to itself; its summit is
craggy, rocky, and uneven, and is in no part rounded like
the mountains which surround it : it is totally unconnected
with other hills, and forms the most striking object of the
neighbourhood. This chain is known by the name of Llan-
degly Rocks.
At Pen-y-bont the old and new bridge are objects worthy of
a passing note ; the old bridge is built of wood, is very long,
and very tottering. The fair at Pen-y-bont was annually held
on this bridge. It was a strange and a dangerous place for the
Welsh folk to congregate, but nevertheless they would not for-
sake it ; so the authorities took on themselves to hang a sus-
pension bridge across the Ithon, which has been accomplished
in a most masterly style ; and is not only an elegant object, but
capable of bearing all the fair folk, were they increased a hun-
dred fold : the two bridges stand side by side, the wooden one
supported by a hundred props, the iron without a single one.
The " twa brigs," the old and the new, are now conveniently
situated to hold a discourse, if it so pleased them, on times past,
present, and to come ; they would at least know quite as much
of the future as any of the wiseacres who are continually pre-
dicting thereanent.
From Pen-y-bont to Llandegly there is little to attract atten-
tion ; the Llandegly rocks accompany the road on the left nearly
all the way, but the traveller is on ground too low to observe
any of the higher grounds in the neighbourhood.
Chapter X.
[Llandegly Rocks. Sunset. W:iter-break-its-neck, Kington, Leominster.]
The Insect-Hunter tarried some days at Llandegly, and
found much to admire and to enjoy. At evening he mounted
S02 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS, &C.
the " Rocks," and watched the sun sink into a tumultuous mass
of mountains. The mists rising at sunset became resplendent,
as the god of day finished his daily course, and the mountain
tops threw their long black shadow on the illuminated vapour,
as though it were a solid plain. When the sun was gone, the
mist flooded the scene, and imposed a level surface where a
thousand hills had reared their heads a few moments before.
But the sky seemed to gain the beauty that the earth had lost ;
first it became golden, afterwards the loveliest red, and finally
subsided into a clear transparent green, over which little rosy
clouds continued floating for hours. The Llandegly rocks
are about as high as Malvern Hills; around on every side
the mountains rise far above them ; to the north and east, the
nearer and more exquisitely rounded masses of Radnor forest
close the view ; to the south and south-west, the gigantic Black
Mountain and majestic Beacon tower above the surrounding
scenery; west and north-west, the Rhayader mountains, and
the Plinlimmon chain beyond, present a numberless series of
summits, amongst which Plinlimmon itself is not to be dis-
tinguished.
Although the Insect-Hunter stayed some days at Llandegly
— mevi. not to drink its nauseous waters, — he did but very little
for Entomology. Here, as at other places, the dogs be-
came his friends ; Taffy and Trusty, tenants of the same roof,
were his constant companions. The Llandegly country is
abundant in flowers ; the meadows — and I think the character
is peculiarly Welsh — are really brilliant with the assemblage of
colours ; the hedges were half filled with the exquisitely beau-
tiful Vicia cracca, and roses of the deepest red. The Entomology
of such a country must be rich. Leaving Llandegly, the In-
sect-Hunter once more turned his face towards England ; the
road passes over a part of Radnor forest, and the constantly
varying views present many scenes of interest. Water-break-
its-neck is a wild spot, a dark and dull chasm, in the mountain
side, apparently torn long since by some violent convulsion of
the earth. The rocks are beautifully adorned with shrubs and
stunted trees, springing in wild and grotesque forms from every
ledge ; a silvery stream of water issues from the summit of the
chasm, and falls into the abyss ; the rocks, which are steep and
of very difficult access, afibrd building-places to numberless
hawks, some of which may be constantly seen floating, ghost-
HALIDAY ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 203
like, within the chasm, or hovering on winnowing wings about
it. The innumerable rabbits which frequent this part of the
forest are probably a considerable attraction to these birds.
Water-break - its - neck is after all but a little affair, though
striking from its peculiarity ; the looking down — for the
traveller can only see it to advantage from the top — on rocks
and trees, and the backs of the hawks and other birds as they
float across, is pleasing from its novelty.
Approaching Kington, Stanner Cliff, to the left, is a much
finer object. The Insect-Hunter has never seen a better in-
stance of the beautiful effect of intermingled trees and rocks.
It is isolated and unconnected in character with the surrounding
scenery. It derives no beauty from any thing but itself, and
alone is perfect. It would make a most lovely picture, but
is a subject that a painter would never choose. It has no
foreground, no distance, — it is in itself the picture. At Kington
the Insect-Hunter entered England, and the same evening
reached Leominster. At that town he has spent many happy
days, and its natural history has claimed his particular atten-
tion ; but whether he detail the result of that attention, or pass
on in his narrative to other scenes, remains for chance and time
to determine.
Art. XXVII. — Essay on Parasitic Hymenoptera,
By A. H. Haliday, M. A.
( Continued from p. 106.)
Gen. XI. — Opius.
Palpi maxillares 6-artictdati. Mandibular forcipatw^ clypeo
contiguw tel rima transversa distantes. Occiput retustim im-
marginatum. Abdominis segmentum 2 cum 3 concretum^
9'eliqua discreta. Alarum anticarum areola disci anticd
remota^ cubitales tres. Posticce nerw recurrente disci auctw
in plerisque.
Subgen. I. — Opius.
Palpi labiates ^articulati. Terebra linearis. Areola cubitalis
2 longior quam latior.
204
Opius
HALIDAY ON
, . . . Wesm. Monorjr. Brae. Belg. 11 5.
G. IX.
*Bracon, Fam. I. Heterocl. I. N. ah E. Berl. Mag. V. 15.
Sectio III. . . Act. Acad. IX. 303.
—Monogr. I. 52.
. . . A. H. H. Ent. Mag. I. 265.
Fig. a.
Gnamptodon ....
Characteres generic! a Wesma-
elio jam optime determinat
sunt : paucula tantummodo
I pro regula nostra animad-
vertenda erunt : labrum
transversum fere semicircu-
lare, epipharyngis ligula
apicali brevissima obtusa
prostante : palpi maxillares
longitudine varii, articulis
2 interioribus minimis : la-
bialium articulus basalis ple-
' runque brevior est, reliqui
subsequales : occiput ut in
Alysiis retusum, superne cum
vertice sensim collabitur :
abdominis segmenta septem
tantum integra apparent, e quibus 2 maximum, quippe e duobus
conflatum, quorum juncturam stria subtilissima raro prodit.
Opii statura universa alisque non obscure referunt Alysias. Cum
Rogadihus ex adverse mediante subgenere Colaste facile concur-
runt. Typum genericum praestabunt 0. carhonarius atque
proxime afRnes*
Specierum descriptiones in Monographia Braconidarum Belgicorum
Clm. Wesmaelii, plene et accurate quantum fieri poterat expressas
hie iterum perscribere nolui. Illas tantum ex integro illus-
trandas mihi delexi, quae vel hactenus ineditse videbantur, vel in
multitudine aucta discrimina quoedam adjecta poscebant.
A. Cubitus e hasi stigmatis exortus, (Fig. c.)
Sp. 1.0. abnormis. Niger., antennarum basi ore pedibus abdo-
mineqxie longe petiolato testaceis^ieia. terebra exerta bremssima,
(Long. 1— U lin.)
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 205
O. abnormis. Westn. Monogr. 117. No. I.
Habitat in Hibernia boreali mihi semel lectus fem. : marem ex
Anglia (prope Vindisoram Junio mense lectum) transmisit
F. Walker.
A A. Cubitus a stigmate exceptus.
B. Areoltje cubitalis 2'^^'^. limes anterior interiore longior.
C. Pleurae leaves, aut sulco medio impunctato.
D. Nervus recurrens erectus in areolam cuhitalem 2''^"\
E. Mesothoracis dorsum Icevissimum.
F. Os patulum i.e. mandibulce a clypeo distantes.^
Sp. 2. O. Pygmaeator. Niger, mandibulis testaceis, palpis brevi-
usculls pedlbusque piceis, femoribus anticis et tibiarum bast
dilutius, fem. terebra ^ — | abdominis longitudine. (Long.
1 lin.)
*Bracon pygmeator N. ah. E. Berl. Mag. V. 15. No. 19.
Id. id. N. ab. E. Monogr. 52,'No. 6.
Opius funebris. Wesm. Monogr. 124. No. 8.
Habitat in nemoribus Angliae et Hibernias passim sat frequens.
Sp. 3. O. pendulus. Niger, palpis elongatis et mandibidis tes-
taceis,pedilms piceis, femorum plaga later ali et tibiarum basi
dilutius, fem. terebra \ abdominis longitudine. (Long. 1 lin.)
Statura O. instabilis. Antennae corpore breviores 19-articulatae
nigrse : clypeus fuscus : mandibulee testaceae, basi dilatatae et
subtus excisae : palpi longissimi testacei basi fusci : metathorax
nitidus sublaevis : abdominis segmentum 1 subtiliter rimulosum
at subnitidum : pedes fusco-testacei, coxis nigris, trochanteribus
femorum margine supero et infero tibiis apice tarsisque fusco-
piceis : al^ hyalinse, squamulis piceis, stigmate nervisque fuscis :
cubiti abscissa 1 e stigmate breviter extricata, quae speciei prae-
cedenti subnulla : praeterea areola radialis minus efFusa, cubitalis
2 longior et alae posteriores latiores existunt.
Habitat Hiberniam borealem rarissime. — Marem feminamque prope :
Londinum inventos misit, F. Walker.
a Conferendus Rogas funestus, ante, p. 93, No. 20.
NO. III. VOL. IV. E E
206 HALIDAY ON
Sp. 4. O. lugens. Niger, mandihulis testaceis, pedibus piceis,
femorihus anticis tlbiis tarsisque dilutius, fem. terebra sub-
exerta. (Long. | lin.)
Niger nitidissimus : antennas corporis longitudine, 21 — 23-articu-
latas ; metathorax Isevissimus : abdomen suborbiculatum, seg-
mento 1 gracili obconico-attenuato Isevissimo : palpi pedesque
fusco-testacei, coxje nigrae, femora basi, posteriora fere tota, tibiae
posticae, tarsique apice fusco pieei : alae hyalinae, stigmate ner-
visque fuscis : areola radialis alee apicem non attingit : proeterea
stigma paulo latins et areola cubitalis 2 brevior apice attenuata a
sequente distinguent : nervi recurrentis vestigium in alis posticis.
Habitat Angliam, Hiberniam, Ebudes insulas, at infrequens.
Sp. 5. O. apiculator. Niger, ore pedibusque testaceis, tibiis
posticis apice fuscis, fem. terebra exerta brevissima. (Long.
^ lin.)
*Bracon apiculator. N ab. E. Monogr. 5Q. No. 10.
Opius levis. . . Wesm. Monogr. \22. No. 5.
A praecedente discrepat, prseter alas et pedum colores, abdominis
segmento 1 sublineari nitidiusculo quidem at subtilissime rimuloso ;
exemplaria varietatis, mas plerunque majora et stigma paulo
crassius videtur : discrepant hsec ab 0. spreto coloribus, statura
minore, antennis pauci-articulatis et cubiti abscissa extima
subrectti, quae in illo lenissime reflexa seu postice concava extat.
Far. (3. — Abdominis segmento 2 basi pallide piceo.
Var. y. — Coxis et femoribus posticis superne fuscis.
Var. S. — Antennarum scapo pedibusque totis testaceis.
Opius exiguus. Wesm. Moiiogr. No. 123. No. 6. ?
Habitat in nemoribus Anglias, Hibernias passim frequens.
Sp. 6. O. clarus. Niger, antennarum scapo ore pedibus ahdomi-
nisque segmento 2 antice riifis, terebra suhexerta, fem. (Long.
1 lin.)
Antennae corpore longiores, articulis 34, binis interioribus rufis :
mandibulffi basi subtus excisse et clypeus rufi : metathorax late-
ribus rugulosus medio laevigatus : abdominis segmentum 1 ob-
longura rugulosum, 2 rufum apice determinate nigrum, sequentia
' nigra : pedes rufi, coxis anticis testaceis : alas hyalinae, squamulis
rufis, nervis fuscis : stigma dilutius fuscum, lineari-lanceolatum
angustum, intra primam trientem cubitum excipiens : areola
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 207
radialis in alfe apicem fere effusa, cubitalis 2 apice parum atte-
nuata : alse posticae nervi recurrentis vestigio.
Sp. 7. O. spretus. Niger, antennarum scapo ore ahdominisque
segmento 2 antics testaceis, pedihus Jlavo-testaceis, fern, terehra
suhexerta. (Long. 1 lin.)
Praecedentis statura, sculptura alseque ; colores tantum nonnil
diversi : antennae 31 — 34-articulatse ; articuli 2 priores, clypeus,
mandibulse testacei : palpi pedesque pallidiores ; tibiae posticae
apice subtus obscuriores, tarsi iidem fuscescentes : abdominis
segmentum 2 basi sordide testaceum, utrinque obsolete foveo-
latum, apice fuscum : venter pallidus.
Habitat in Hibernia boreali lectus Octobre ineunte, — etiam prope
Senani ripas, — marem ex Anglia misit F. Walker.
Sp. 8. O. victus. Niger, antennarum basi late ore pedibusque
JIaw-testaceis, tihiis posticis apice fuscis, stigmate longo linear i,
terehra exerta brevissima, fern. (Long, f — 1 lin.)
Antennae femince corpore fere sesquilongiores, articulis 31 — 34,
interioribus testaceis, exterioribus fuscis : facies obsolete carinata :
mandibulae et clypeus testacei : palpi longi pallidiores : meta-
thorax et abdominis segmentum 1 punctato-rugulosa subnitida,
hoc sublineare, 2 basi utrinque foveolatum, fusco-testaceum :
pedes flavo-testacei, tibise posticae apice fuscse, tarsi iidem con-
colores pallidius annulati : alee longae hyalinae, squamulis testa-
ceis, nervis stigmateque fuscis : stigma tenuissimum lineare,
cubitum prope basin excipit : areola radialis alas apicem attingit,
cubitalis 2 elongata extimam aequiparans, apice nusquam atte-
nuata : postica disci clausa : nervi recurrentis vestigium in alis
posticis.
Obs. — 0. anali non dissimilis, sed os patulum, cubitus propior a
basi stigmatis abscissa prima breviore, et areola cubitalis 2 multo
longior.
Habitat prope ripas Senani autumno lectus rarissime. '^
F F. Os clausum i. e. Mandihulce clypeo contiguce.
Sp. 9. O. tacitus. Niger, antennarum basilate ore pedibusque
testaceis, abdominis segmento % antice rufo, mas. (Long.
1 lin.)
Bracon orbiculator. N. ab. E. Berl. Mag. V. Tab. L Fig. 2. l
Antennae corpore fere sesquilongiores, 30-articulatae, articuli longi-
ores quam 0, spreto, interiores late rufescunt : facies subcarinata ;
208 HALIDAY ON
clypeus et mandibulae testaceee : pleurae stria media impunctata
metathorax efc abdominis segmentum 1 rugulosa : alse hyalinee,
squamulis testaceis, nervis fuscis, stigmate dilutius fusco aut
fusco-testaceo, lineari lanceolate : areola cubitalis 2 apice atte-
nuata, brevior quam 0. spreto : nervi recurrentis vestigium in
alis posticis.
Far, l3 ? minor ; antennte basi fuscae, articulis 2 interioribus testa-
ceis: pedes pallidiiis testacei : abdominis segmentum 2 fuscum :
terebra exerta brevis : alarum stigma angustius. (Long, f lin.)
Habitat Hiberniam borealem rarissime, prioribus olim commixtus ;
exemplar genuinum prope Londinum lectum exhibuit F. Walker.
Sp. 10. O. exilis. Niger, antennarum scapo ore pedihusque
testaceis, ahdominis segmento 2 basi rufo-piceo, areola cubitali
2 brevi apice attenuata, fem. (Long. | lin.)
Hie iterum similis 0. tacito et parvulo : antennae, corpora parum
longiores 26-articulatae, articulis 2 prioribus tantum testaceis :
metathorax medio Isevigatus nitens : pedes testacei, coxis posticis
basi tarsis apice fuscis : areola cubitalis 2 limes anterior inte-
riore vix longior : antennarum articuli breviores quam 0. parvulo.
EE. Mesothoracis dorsum foveola punctiformi impressum ante basin
scutelli.
F. Os clausum.
Sp. 11. O. pallipes. Niger, antennarum basi ore pedihusque
testaceis, fem. terebra subexerta. (Long | — 1 lin.)
O. pallipes. Wesm. Monogr. 118. No. 2.
Antennae basi latius obscure rufescunt in nostro.
Habitat mas — prope Londinum lectus F. Walker.
Far. ft. Abdominis segmento 3 rufo-piceo.
Sp. 12. O. analis. Niger, antennarum scapo ore pedibitsqac
testaceis, posticorum tibiis apice tarsisque fuscis, ahilomine
medio fusco, apice riifo, terebra exerta bremssima, fem. (Long.
Ulin.)
O. analis. Wesm. Monogr. 130 No. 13.
Habitat in Anglia semel lectus, in Hibernia boreali iterum.
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 209
FF. Os patulum.
Sp. 13. O. instabilis. Niger, antennarum basi ore pedibus-
qiie testacels, metathorace Icevi nitido ; fem. coxis posticis basi
fuscis, terebra \ abdominis longitudine. (Long. 1 lin.)
O. instabilis. Wesm. Monogr. 126. No. 9.
Obs. — In nostris abdominis segmentum 2 medio Iseve nitens : alae
albido-hyalinae : nervus recurrens in areolam cubitalem 2 longe
evectus : tarsorum articulus unguicularis feminis incrassatus.
Habitat Hiberniam borealem in neraoribus at infrequens.
Sp. 14. O. crassipes. Niger, mandibidis pedibiisque crassis
testaceis, coxis trochanteribus femorumque margine supero et
infero nigris, stigmate elUptico ; fem. terebra \ abdominis
longitudine. (Long. 1 lin.)
O. crassipes. Wesm. Monogr. 127. No. 10.
Habitat in Hibernia boreali semel atque iterum lectus.
Sp. 15. O. saevus. Niger, antennarum scapo ore pedibusque
testaceis, nervo recurrente subinterstitiali, metathorace rugu-
loso; fem. terebra \ abdominis longitudine. (Long. corp. 1| ;
alar. Sg lin.)
0. instabili major, antennae longiores, alse multo ampliores, areola
radialis longior, nervi recurrentis insertio fere interstitialis : an-
tennae corpore longiores, articulis mas 34, fem. 29, duobus
interioribus testaceis : clypeus et mandibulee testaceae, hae basi
non excisae : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1 rugulosi,
hoc validum basi bicarinatum : alse hyalinse, squamulis testaceis,
nervis et stigmate fuscis : stigma tenuissimum lineari lanceolatum,
cubitum in triente prima excipiens : areola radialis in apicem alae
eftusa, cubitalis 2 sat longa, apice parum attenuata, nervus recur-
rens in alis posticis manifestus.
Habitat per Ebudes insulas mas et femina lecti Augusto mense, —
feminum Damnoniensem misit F. Walker.
Sp. 16. O. celsus. Niger, antennarum scapo ore pedibusque
testaceis, metathorace ruguloso, areola cubitali 2 elongata wqui-
lata, mas. (Long. 1 — 1\ lin.)
Antennae corpore longiores, 33 — 36-articulatce : alse amplae glauco-
hyalinae, squamulis testaceis, stigmate nervisque fuscis : E.
glO HALIDAY ON
terebra femince discrimen quale peteudum sit ignotum : mas
prsecedenti sirailliraus, iiervi recurrentis insertione areolaque cubi-
tali longiore nee apice attenuata difFert. O. cingulato, mas areola
radialis et stigma quam huic latiores sunt, metathoracis abdo-
minisque segment! 1 sculptura crassior.
Sp. 17. O. vindex. Niger, antennarum scapo ore pedihusque
testaceis, areola cuhitali ^ perbrem, mas. (Long. IJ lin.)
0. scevo, mas similis ; diversus tamen videtur. Mandibulae basi
subtus dentato-excisse : antennae ST-articulatse corpore sesqui-
longiores : metathorax medio Ijevigatus : areola cubitalis 2 limes
anterior interiore vix longior, nervus recurrens ab ilia exceptus.
Thorax acu perforatus, ideo situs in hac sectione (EE.) incertus.
Habitat in Hibernia boreali semel lectus.
Sp. 18. O. maculipes. Niger, antennarum scapo ore pedibus
abdominis segmento 2 et sequentibusrufo-testaceis, tibiis posticis
apice fuscis, mas abdomine postice fusco, fem. terebra exerta
bremssima. (Long. | — 1 lin.)
O. maculipes. Wesm. Monogr. 128. No. 11.
Ohs. — Exemplaria Belgica. 0. cingulato majora erant, nostra vero
minora.
Habitat — marem feminamque cepi Maio mense in Salice Hiberniae
borealis, y^Tw. prope Senanum Augusto ; alteram eamque minimam
ex Anglia misit F. Walker.
Sp. 19. O. cingulatus. Niger, antennarum basi ore pedihusque
testaceis, abdominis segmento 2 et sequentibus testaceis fusco-
cingulatis, fem. terebra exerta bremssima. (Long. 1 lin.)
O. cingulatus. Wesm. Monogr. 120. No. 3.
Var. ft. — Abdominis segmentis posterioribus totis fuscis.
Habitat in nemoribus Angliae, Hiberniae, passim frequens.
DD. Nervus recurrens in areolam cubitalem 1 rejectus, aut
inter stitialis.
Confercndus O. ssevus, No. 15 ante; Rogas braconius, ante, p. 57.
No. 14.
PARASITIC IIYMENOPTERA. 211
Sp. 20. O. irregularis. Niger, antennariim hasi ore pedibus-
qtie testaceis, ahdo7mnis segmento 2 rufo-piceo, fern, terebra
exerta brevisslma. (Long, vix 1 lin.)
O. irregularis. Wesm. Monogr. 182. No. 15.
Add. — Thoracis dorsum puncto antescutellari impressiim, ut in
proxime prsecedentibus : abdominis segmentum 2 basi utrinque
obsoletissime rugulosum.
Habitat Angliam, Hiberniam, passim frequens.
CC. PleurcE suico medio erenato vel rugoso.^
D. Nervus recurrens evectus.
E. Os clausma.
Sp. 21. O. leptostigma. Niger, antennarum scapo ore pedibus
abdominis segmento 2 et sequentibus testaceis, stigmate lineari
longissimo, terebra exerta brevissima,fem. (Long. 1 — 1| lin.)
O. leptostigma. Wesm. Monogr. 138. No. 20.
Habitat — semel tantum lectus, et cum 0. cingulato diu commixtus,
quare de loco dubius sum.
Sp. 22. O. parvulus. Niger, ore pedibusque testaceis, coxis
posticis fuscis, mas oris regione et antennarum basi testaceis,
fem. terebra exerta brevissima. (Long. | — | lin.)
O. parvulus. Wesm. Monogr. 1-39. No. 21.
Var. /3. — Abdominis segmento 2 basi rufescente. '
Add. — Mesothoracis dorsum Isevissimum foveolA nulla prse scutello.
Habitat — mas semel lectus et cum Sp. 5, diutius commixtus.
EE. Os patulum.
F. Mesothoracis dorsum Icevissimum.
Sp. 23. O. docilis. Niger., antennarum scapo ore pedibus
abdominisque segmento 2 antice testaceis, mas. (Long, vix
1 lin.)
Antennae corpore longiores, articulis 31, duobus interioribus testa-
ceis : facies carinata : clypeus raandibulae testacese, hae basi
^ Sulcus ille supra coxas medias oblique ductus epimeron ab episterno
discernit.
212 HALIDAY ON
subtus excisie : genre apice, prothorax, suturreque thoracis la-
terales rufo-picea; : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1 ru-
gulosa, hoc basi piceum: alse hyalinae stigmate nervisque fuscis :
stigma latius quam Sp. 25, attenuato-trigonam, cubiti abscissam
interiorem opprimens: areola cubitalis 2 quam illi longior, extror-
sum parum attenuata : postica disci clausa : nervi recurrentis in
alis posticis vestigium nullum.
Habitat prope ripas Senani autumno semel lectus.
FF. Mesothoracis dorsum foveola antescutellari impressum, sulcis
humeralibus inchoatis tantum.
Conferendus O. reconditor, No. 29 post.
Sp. 24. O. sethiops. Niger, mandibuUs ritfis, pedihus piceis,
femorihus anticis apice et tibiarum basi dilutius, mas. (Long.
i lin.)
Antennae corporis longitudine 21-articulatae nigrse : palpi breves
fusci : metathorax medio laevis nitens : abdominis segmentum I
sublineare punctulatum, reliqua lasvissima : alie hyalinse, stig-
mate nervisque fuscis : stigma angustum fere lineare : areola
radialis ante apicem alae clausa, cubitalis 2 longa vix apice
attenuata, postica disci baud perfecte clausa : nervi recurrentis
vestigium in alis posticis O. pygmceatori, mas, prima facie similis,
difFert sculptura, alis hyalinis, areola radiali strictiore, cubitali
vero longiore.
Sp. 25. O. pactus. Niger, antennarum scapo mandibuUs
pedibus abdominisque segmento 2 antice riifo-testaceis, fem.
terebra subexerta. (Long. 1 lin.)
Antennae corpore paulo longiores 29-articulatae : metathorax abdo-
minisque segmentum I rugosa, opaca, hoc basi utrinque carinatum :
alarum stigma angustum lineari - lanceolatum : cubiti abscissa
prima brevissima extricata : alae latiores quam 0. spreti (cujus
simillimae,) et areola cubitalis 2 minus attenuata : nervi recur-
rentis in alis posticis vestigium nullum.
Habitat prioribus olim commixtus.
Sp. 26. O. aemulus. Niger antennarum basi late ore pedibus
abdominisque segmento 2 antice testaceis terebra exerta breviy
fem. (Long. 1 lin.)
Antennae graciles corpore longiores 27-articulat8e testaceae apice
fuscse : oris rima tenuis ; clypeus et mandibulas testaceae :
.1'
PARASITIC HYtVIENOPTERA. 2\S
hietathorax subtiliter rugulosus : pleurae sulco tenui in fuiido
crenulato : abdominis segmentum 1 lineare rugulosura, 2 testa-
ceum, posteriora fusca : terebra fere ^ abdominis longitudiiie
(annon casu longius protrusa ?) pedes toti flavo-testacei : alee
quales O. pallipedi, antennarum articuli longiusculi etiam hujus
affinitatem innuunt, etsi os non absolute clausum et sulcus pleu-
rarum crenulatus diversum vindicant.
Habitat ■? Unicum modo vidi.
Sp. 27. O. polyzonius. Niger, antennarum scapo facie orbita
pedibusque testaceis, abdominis segmento 2 et sequentibus testa-
ceis fusco cingulatis, areola cubitali 2 latiuscula, terebra sub-
exerta, fem. (Long, l^ lin.)
O. polyzonius. Wesm. Monogr. 136. No. 18.
Habitat in Anglia, semel lectus.
Sp. 28. O. nitidulator. Niger, antennarum scdpo facie orbita
thoracis lineis 4 dorsalibus scutello pedibus abdominisque sub-
circidaris segmento % antice rufis, mas. (Long. 1| lin.)
Bracon nitidulator. N.ab. E. Monogr. 56. No. 11.
Caput rufum, vertice medio nigro, linea fusca clypei basin cingente :
antennae corpore pafum longiores 34-articuIatae articulis 2 interi-
oribus rufis : thoracis lineae interraediae postice inter se antice cum
exterioribus connexee : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1
'. crasse rugosa, hoc late obconicum : pedes testacei : alae obscure
hyalinas, squamulis testaceis, nervis stigmateque fuscis ; stigma
attenuato-trigonum cubitura paiJo prae medio excipit : areola
radialis ante apicem alae acute clausa, cubitalis 2 sat longa apice
attenuata : alae posticse latiusculss nervo recurrente manifesto.
Habitat in Salicetis Hibernise borealis mihi semel lectUs.
F. F. Mesothoracis sulci plus minusve distincti.
Sp. 29. O. reconditor. Niger, antennarum basi palpis
pedibusque testaceis, mandibidis (mas clypeo) rufo-testaceis,
fem. abdomine subcircidari, terebra recondita. (Long. 1 —
Hlin.)
O. reconditor. Wesm. Monogr. 134. No. 17.
Exemplaria quae F. Walker prope Londinum legit pertinent Var. 3.
His praeterea incisurae posteriores abdominis pallido micant, fem.
NO. III. VOL. IV. F F
214 HALIDAY ON
venter anusqiie flavo-pallidi : pedes toti silacei aut pallide-estacei,
coxis fere albidis : alffi latse hyalinee squaniulis flavidis, nervis
stigmateque fuscis : hoc aitenuato-trigonum cubitum paulo prse
medio excipit ; cubili abscissa 1 brevis extricata ; areola cubitalis
2 brevis apice attenuata : thoracis sulci humerales laeves postice
in medio dorsi evanescunt, linea media prse scutello profundius
impressa antrorsum evanescit.
Var. 1. — Abdominis segraento 2 plus minus rufo-testaceo, mas et
fern.
Var. 2. ut Var. 1. — Sed prothorace testaceo, max.
Var. 3. ut Var. 1. — Sed facie orbitisque rufo-testaceis, /em.
Sp. 30. O. truncatus. Niger, antennarum scapo ore pedi-
busque testaceis, mesothoracis humeris truncatis, fem. abdomine
subcircidari, terebra exerta brevissima. (Long. 1| lin.)
O. truncatus. Wesm. Monogr. 187. No. 1.9.
Habitat prope Londinum et Vindisoram etiam in Insula Vecti lectus
Junio — Septembre. F. Walker.
Sp. 31. O. bajulus. Niger, mandlbidis pedibusque rufis, coxis
nigris, scutello rugoso, mas. (Long. l\ lin.)
Niger nitidus : facies punctulata subcarinata : palpi fusci : antennae
(mutilatai) nigra; pedicello piceo : mesothoracis sulci tenues ante
scutellum acute concurrunt : scutellum gibbum basi Isevigatum:^
metathorax rugoso-punctatus : abdominis segmentum 1 late
obconicum concinne striatum, reliqua laevissima : alae hyalinae
squamulis piceis, nervis stigmateque fuscis ; stigma elongatum
tenuissimum cubitum intra primam trientem excipit, areola radi-
alis oblonga apicem alae non attingit, cubitalis 2 elongata extimam
sequiparans, apice aequilata : nervi recurrentis vestigium in alls
posticis.
Habitat — mar^Vunici relliquias valde laesas in Sylv^ Regia prope
Hantoniam lecti dedit F. Walker.
Sp. 32. O. rudis. Niger, ore orbita abdominis segmento 2
antice pedibtisque rufis, facie et thoracis dorso scabriculis, fem.
terebra recondlta. (Long. 1 lin.)
O. rudis. Wesm. Monogr. 141. No. 23.
Obs. — Propter puncturum reliqui capitis occiput hujus laeve superne
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 215
sat definitum extat, ut in Rogadihus e subgenere 9°, sed characteres
vere Opii.
Habitat prope Londinum, lectus F. fValker.
Sp. 33. O. caesus. Niger, mandihuUs pedihusque testaceis^
femoribus posticis tibiisque apice fuscis^ abdominis segmento 2
scabriculo, fem. terebra subexerta. (Long, f — 1 lin.)
Niger parum nitens vage punctulatus et pubescens : os late patulum,
fades subcarinata ; antennae corporis fere longitudine {mas lon-
giores) 21 — 24-articulatae : mesothoracis sulci parum discreti,
punctulati, postice non concurrentes : humeri subangulati : pleu-
rarum sulcus late rugosus: metathorax rugulosus : abdomen /em.
late ovatum subdepressum, vias angustius ; segmentum 1 breve
late obconicum, gibbum rugulosum, basi abrupte bicarinatum, 2
late scabriculum, basi utrinque oblique impressum, impressionibus
in arcum concurrentibus : pedes longi testacei ; femora posteriora
apice, tibiae apice aut fere totse cam tarsis fusci ; rarius pedes toti
fere testacei : alae hyalinae, squamulis piceis, nervis stigraateque
fuscis ; stigma angustissimum ; areola cubitalis 2 apice vix
attenuata: alas posticae angustas nervi recurrentis nullo vestigio.
Habitat in pratis humidis Anglis, Hiberniae, minus frequens.
DD. Nervus recurrens rejectus aut inter stitialis.
Conferendus O. rudis, No. 32 ante, etiam e Subgenere 9°. Rogadum,
R. lanceolator, ante, p. 58. No. IG.
Sp. 34. O. comatus. Niger, antennarum basi late ore orbita
thoracis lituris dorsalibus scutello pedibusque testaceis, fem.
terebra subexerta. (Long. \\ lin.)
O. comatus. Wesm. Monogr. 145. No. 26.
Caput sordide testaceum, vertice medio late et occipite fuscis : oris
rima fere semicircularis : palpi longi pallidi : antennae femince
corporis fere longitudine, 23-articulatae, articulo 3 longo, testaceas
articulis apice fusco-punctatis exterioribus fuscis ; mas longiores
graciliores latius infuscat^ : thoracis dorsum lineis 2 testaceis
postice in lituram confusis, sulcis subtilissime crenulatis aut punc-
tatis ante scutellum concurrentibus : scutellum sutura porcata
16 HALIDAY ON
discretum, apice testaceum : metathorax niger rugoso-reticulatus :
abdomen obovatum subdepressum segmento 1 longiusculo ob-
conico, ruguloso, medio subcariiiato : 2 pone medium stria trans-^
versa obsoletiore bipartitum et ibidem ssepe testaceo signatum,
basi nonnunquam substriatum ; reliqua Isevissima nigra : alee
obscure hyalinse, squamulis pallide testaceis, nervis subfuscis,
stigma lanceolatum fusco-testaceum, medio fere cubitum excipiens,
nervus recurrens vix rejectus : areola radialis alae apicem attingit,
cubitalis 2 extrorsum vix angustata, postica disci subincompleta :
nervus recurrens in alis posticis manifestus.
0^5. — Ambigit hie si ullus alter in ipsis finibus Opiorum etRogadum
conterminis.
Habitat in lucis umbrosis Angliee, Hibernise rarius.
Sp. 35. O. rufipes. Niger, antennarum scapo ore pedibus
abdominisque seqmento 2 mitice rufis, cubito e medio stigmate
prodemite, fem. terebra recondita. (Long. 1 — \% lin.)
O. rupides. Wesm. Monogr. 147. No. 28.
Var. (3. — Abdomine toto nigro.
Habitat in Hibernia boreali rarissime,— /emzwaw ex Anglia misit
etiam F. Walker.
Sp. 36. O. cselatus. Niger, antennarum scapo subtus mandi-
bulis pedibusque testaceis, posticorum tibiis apice tarsisque
fuscis, facie thoraceque late rugosis, stigmate lineari attenuato,
mas. (Long. 2 lin.) ;j
Caput oblatum punctatum, occipite Isevi, facie rugulosa subcarinata :
oris rima ampla fere semicircularis : palpi longi pallidi : antennae
corpore multo longiores, mutilatse at supersunt articuli 40, duo
interiores subtus rufescunt : thorax solito longior, confertim punc-
tatus subopacus, mesothoracis lobis humeralibus medio laevigatis,
intermedio vage punctato : abdomen oblongum, segmento 1 longo
: lineari subtiliter ruguloso, reliquis laevissimis: alee hyalinae, squa-
mulis rufo-testaceis, nervis fuscis, stigmate fusco-testaceo angusto
lineari, cubitum in triente prima excipiente ; areola cubitalis 2
apice non attenuata, nervus recurrens insigniter rejectus : nervus
^ recurrens in alis posticis manifestus.
flabitat — marem unicum ex Anglia mecum communicavit benevole
Rev. G. T. Rudd.
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 217
BB. Areola cubitalis 2 limes interior cequalis.
C. Cubitus ultra medium stigmatis crassi exceptus ; — os patulum^
Sp. 37. O. caffer. Niger nitidus, tibiis basi piceis, alis ob~
scuris, cuhito versus apicem evanescenfe, fem. terebra \ abdominis
longitudlne. (Long, li lin.)
O. caffer. Wesm. Monogr. 150. No. 80.
Habitat prope Londinum lectus, mas etfem. F. Walker.
Sp. 38. O. fulgidus. Ru/us, antennis metathorace pectore
abdominis segmento 1 et sequentium cingulis nigris, alis fuscis^
mas. (Long. If lin.)
Statura hujus crassa : caput rufum, palpi picei, antennae nigrse,
articulis 2 baseos subtus piceis, mutilatae at supersunt articuli 28
breves (ideoque plurimi forent integris), mesothoracis dorsum
rufum, sulcis impunctatis in medio evanescentibus et foveola prae
scutello : pleurae rufo-piceae, sulco profunda crenato : scutellum
et metathorax nigri, hie crasse rugosus : abdomen ovato-orbicula-
tum, segmento 1 oblongo ruguloso : segmenta posteriora fusco-
cingulata, cingulis confluentibus : alae fuscse, squamulis rufis ;
stigma obovato-lanceolatum, nervus recurrens fere interstitialis :
alarum posticarum nervus recurrens incurvus areolam disci fere
perficit.
Habitat in Insula Vecti legit Junio mense F. Walker.
CC. Stigma angustius cuhitum in medio, vel ante medium, excipiens.
D. Os patulum.
Sp. 39. O. placidus. Niger, atitennarum scapo subtus ore
abdominis segmento 2 antice pedibusque rujis, posticorum tibiis
apice tarsisquefuscis, terebra recondita, fem. (Long. H lin.)
Antennae corpora longiores 38-articulatse, articulis 2 baseos subtus
piceis : facies carinata : mesothoracis sulci inchoati tantum et
foveola prae scutello : pleurae sulco impunctato : metathorax sub-
tiliter rugulosus : abdomen ovatum, segmento 1 striato, 2 basi
rufo, apice et sequentibus piceis : pedes testacei, coxis basi nigris,
tibiis posticis apice tarsis iisdem totis fuscis : alse hyalinas, squa^-
mulis testaceis, nervis fuscis, stigma longissimum lineare, fuscO'*
testaceum, cubitum in triente prima excipiens.
Habitat in Hibernia boreali semel lectus.
218 HALIDAY ON
DD. Os clausum.
F. Pleurce sulco Icevi.
Sp. 40. O. carbonavius. Niger, antennarum scapo suhtus
cljipeo maridibidis pedlbusque testaceis, fern, terehra recondita.
(Long. 2— 2i lin.)
* Bracon id. . N. ah E. Moiwgr. 58. No. 13.
Opius procerus. Wesm. Monogr. 156. No. 35.
Ohs. — Nervi alarum in maribus crassi, feminis tenuiores.
Habitat in pratis^Angliae, Hibernisa, passim autumno frequens.
Sp. 41. O. impressus. Niger mit0nyiarum scapo clgpeo man-
dibulis pedibusque testaceis, abdominis medio fusco-testaceo,
fem. terehra recondita. (Long. 2 lin.)
O. impressus. Wesm. Monogr. 157. No. S6.
O. carhonarii omnia fere, modo abdominis segmentum 2 apice et
tria sequentia fusco-testacea sunt, cute mollioii, quae in exsiccatis
late subsidit ; tunc singula medio transversim impressa videntur
margine undique elevato.
Habitat Hiberniam borealem et occidentalera, praecedente longe
rarior ; — marem ex Anglia misit F. Walker.
EE. Pleurae sulco crenato seu rugose.
Sp. 42. O. Rusticus. Niger, antennarum scapo clgpeo mandi-
hulis pedlbusque testaceis, scutelU apice punctato, stigmate
Uneari cubitum ante medium excipiente, fem. terebra recondita.
(Long. 1| lin-)
0. carbonarii alae et omnia fere sed pleurae sulco late rugoso et statura
minor; ab 0. Wesmaelii et proxime afRnibus differt, antennis
longioribus, thoracis sculptura leviore, stigmate longiore, cubiti
insertione et areola radiali paulo longiore.
Habitat in Brassica Bapa Hiberniae borealis autumno lectus rarius.
Sp. 43. O. scabriculus. Niger, mandibulis trochanterum
apice tibiis feynorih usque rujis^ his superne tarsisque fuscis^
capite thoraceque late rugosis, fem. " terehra -^ abdoiuinis
longitudine."" (Long. 1| lin.)
O. scabriculus. Wesm. Monogr. 15i. No. 33.
J
PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 219
Obs.— Maris segmenta abdominis 2, 3 et 4 singula ante apicem
spmulas geminas subtilissimas albidas gerunt.
Habitat—marem unicum ex Anglia niisit F. Walker.
Sp. 44. O. Wesmaelii. Niger, antennarum scapo siihtvs
chjpei apice mandihiiUs pedibmque testaceis, scutello ruqoso,
stigmate lineari-lameolato, maris nigro, femin« fusco, terebra
recondita. (Long, vix 2 lin.)
O. carbonarius. Wesm. Monogr. 152. No. 32.
Areola radialis ab alas apice sat remota, oblongo-Ianceolata ; cubiti
abscissa extima recta vel apice lenissime inflexa.
Habitat in Salicetis Hiberniae borealis nee infrequens, Maio— Junio •
ex Angha misit etiam F. Walker.
Sp. 45. O. sylvaticus. Niger, antennarum scapo subtus man-
dibidis pedibmque testaceis, scutello rugoso-, stigmate lineari-
lanceolato fusco-testaceo, fem. terebra recondita. (Long, vix
2 lin.)
O. carbonarius. Wesm. Monogr. 152. No. 32. (cum prsecedente
conjunctus, an jure ?)
Pr^cedenti similis, facias et thorax confertius rugosi : discrimen
certissimum e forma areolae radialis qu^ perpaulo longior est
cubiti abscissa extima levissime reflex^ seu postice concava i
stigma semper fusco-testaceum.
Habitat Hiberniam borealem prsecedente longe rarifls, — marem
unicum ex Anglia misit F. Walker.
Sp. 46. O. hffimorrhoeus. Niger, antennarum scapo chipeo
mandibuhs pedibus abdominisque dimidio anali rufo-testaceis,
scutello rugoso, fem. terebra recondita. (Long. 2 lin.)
Fig, a. b.
O. carbonarius, Var. 2. Wesm. Monogr.
O. Wesmaelii amnis, major, Utior: scutellum totum rugosum • ate
fere quales 0. silvatico, stigmate obscure testaceo. Abdominis
segmentura 2 apice sequentia tota rufo-testacea.
Far. /3.-Abdominis segmento 2 apice et sequentibus rufo-piceis
nigro-cmgulatis, stigmate fusco.
Habitat-maremfeminasque^xo^e Londinum lectos misit i^. Walker,
—feminam Var. ft. cepi ipse in Salice Hiberniae borealis.
S20 HALIDAY ON
Sp. 47. O. blandus. Niger, antennarum scapo suhfus, or&
pedibusque rujis, tibiis posticis apice fuscis, scutelli apice puiic-
tato, fem. capite rufo, vertice medio nigro, abdominis segmento
% rufo, posterior ibus fuscis, fern, orhita genis abdominisque seg-
mento 2 et sequenfibus rufo-piceis, his nigro-cingidatis, terebra
recondito. (Long, vix 2 lin.)
Caput maris latissimum, rufum, vertice medio et occipite nigris ;
facias punctata medio carinata, litura fusca utrinque prope cly-
peum : palpi breviusculi testacei : antennae vix corporis longitu-
dine 4l-articulatse nigrse vel picese : thoracis dorsum nitidum
sulcis humeralibus inchoatis et foveola ante scutellum ; hoc apice
crasse punctatum : pleurae suico lato transversim porcato : meta-
thorax rugulosus medio Isevior : abdomen oblongum segmento 1
basi perparum attenuato, ruguloso, carinula media antrorsum
bifurca, 2 rufo, sequentibus sensim obscurioribus : pedes breves,
femoribus validis, rufo-testacei, tibiis posticis apicis spatio brevi
tarsis iisdem totis fuscis : alae hyalinae, squamulis testaceis,
nervis fuscis, stigmate subfiisco cubitum medio fere excipiente. —
Femina minor colore obscurior, abdomine latius ovato.
Habitat in Salicetis Hiberniae borealis mense Maio, femina serael,
mas nonnisi rarissime lectus.
Sp. 48. O. bicolor. Niger, antennarum scapo subtus ore
pedibus abdominis segmento 2 et sequentibus riifis, fem. terebra
recondita. (Long. \\ lin.)
O. bicolor. Wesm. Monogr. 15L No. 3L
Habitat Hiberniam borealem mihi semel lectus.
Subgen. IL — Gnaptodon.
Palpi labiales S-articidati. Terebra brevissima subulata deflexa :
areola cttbitalis 2 latior fere quam longior.
Bracon Microcephali, Spp. N. ab. E. Monogr.
Sp. 49. O. Gn. pumilio. Niger, ore antennarum basi pedi-
busque flavis, abdominis segmento 2 basi apiceque arcuatim
impresso. (Long, f — 1 lin.)
Bracon. pumilio. N. ab. E. Monogr. 90. No. 51.
Nitrer nitidus : caput subtilissime punctulatum facie media levigata :
mandibulae parvae a clypeo rima brevi distantes, flavo-testacejB ;
NOTES ON VARIOUS INSECTS. 221
palpi flavi : antennas corpore vix longiores articulis 21 — 23,
quatuor aut quinque interioribus flavis : mesothoracis dorsum
sulcis binis subtilissimis postice evanescentibus : metathorax et
pleurae Iseves : abdomen fern, ovatura convexum, segmento 1
obconico subtilissime rimuloso basi bicarinato ; 2 linea transversa
arcuata in fundo punctata prope basin impressum, et altera in
apice, utriusque sinu in basin abdominis obverso, pone illam sub-
tiliter rimulosum, arcu antico tumido laevi : venter carinato-
compressus pallidus : terebra" subexerta subulata deflexa, ut in
Leiophrontibus nonnullis et Euphoris. — Maris abdomen angustius
ovato-lanceolatum : pedes flavi unguibus fuscis : alae {fig. d.)
limpidae, squamulis flavis, stigmate fusco, nervis expallidis :
stigma ovato lanceolatum cubitum perpaulo prae medio excipit :
areola radialis oblongo-lanceolata alae Fig- d.
apicem non attingit, cubitalis 2 brevis
antrorsum angustata et minor prima,
hsec apice summo nervum recurrentem
excipit : nervi recurrentis vestigium in
alis posticis.
Variat mas antennis nigris, articulis 2 baseos tantum subtus flaves-
centibus, coxis posticis femorum margine supero tibiis posticis
tarsisque apice fuscis.
Habitat per Ebudes Insulas et Hiberniam in foliis Betulce albce at
infrequens, mensibus, Julio et Augusto.
Explicit Genus Opius.
Art. XXVIII. — Notes on various Insects. By J. W. Bond.
1. Combat of Ants.
Sir, — I beg to call your attention to one of the most asto-
nishing phenomena regarding insects that ever came under my
notice. A relation of mine, Mr. R. Long, having employ-
ment near Hornsey church, in the summer of 1828, was
attracted by the singular actions of some sawyers, who were
at work at a short distance from the house in which he was
staying. On reaching them, he found they were annoyed
by an immense body of ants flying above their heads, numbers
of which were incessantly falling on them. The saw-pit was
NO. Ill, VOL. IV. G G
222 : NOTES ON
situated between two trees, one of which appeared to be the
station of an army of black, the other of an army of red ants.
After each army had been flying for awhile round the tree of
which it had taken possession, both, as by some mutual signal,
rushed forward, and, meeting in mid-air, commenced a most
desperate battle.
It clamor totis per propugnacula muris ;
Inteiidunt acres arcus, amentaque torquent.
Sternitur omne solum telis ; turn scuta cavseque,
Dant sonitum flictu galeae, pugna aspera surgit.
ViRG. jEn. ix. 664.
As they fought, numbers fell to the ground, and always in
pairs, one black and the other red; and, when thus engaged,
as it were hand to hand, each pair continued the horrid combat
until one or both were completely disabled and unable again
to rise. At last a truce was sounded, and each party retired
to its respective post ; but, alas! this was but for a time — it
was only to recover their strength and recruit their exhausted
energies. Burning with cruel rage and insatiable revenge, each
party again rushed into battle — again the horrors of war were
repeated and prolonged — and again they retreated. This con-
tinued during the whole day ; and the carnage did not cease
till the sun was below the horizon. The air was then deserted
by the combatants ; but the earth was strewn with the slain, the
dying, and maimed. Not one that bit the dust ever again left
the earth, to which his own rashness and savageness had
brought him !
2. Economy of Clytus arcuatus.
Sir, — I published some remarks on this insect in the Ento-
mological Magazine, Vol. I. p. 212; perhaps you will oblige
me by inserting the following particulars, in addition. The
females lay their eggs in the chinks of the bark of oak-trees
that have been felled, but not stripped of their bark ; and, as
they appear to frequent the trees for this purpose only, it is
obviously the reason why the insect is never found on those
trees which have the bark stripped. As soon as the eggs are
VARIOUS INSECTS. 223
hatched, tlie larvae bpgin to burrow in the bark, and they
are frequently so numerous as completely to undermine it
and detach it from the wood ; as they proceed, the passage
through which they pass is filled up with their excrement,
which becomes as hard as the wood itself. The larva is
white, and the pupa of the same colour, until within a few
days of the change, when the elytra become darker, and the
golden marks of the perfect insect become visible, and of a
cream colour. To the eye of the Entomologist, this insect, at
large, is a beautiful and truly interesting sight. When the
sun is shining in its fullest splendour, these insects run over
the surface of the bark, occasionally stop, and moving their
thorax, produce a little creaking noise, indicative of happiness.
Then they approach some little eminence, wave their antennae
backwards and forwards, as if elate with pride and joy, and,
opening up their wing-cases, fly off in quest of other scenes.
As I mentioned in my former communication, the males are
excessively quarrelsome. I have often watched their combats;
they stand at a little distance from each other, like bulls, then
rush together with great violence, each aiming at the antemiae
and legs of his opponent. On these occasions there is usually
a female standing by, coolly looking on. I have this year
(1836) taken above two hundred specimens of this insect, be-
sides a great number of larvae and pupae, which, I believe,
were before unknown to Entomologists.
3. Nests of the Common Wasp.
It is necessary to observe, that the nests of this insect are
situated in banks, and sometimes a considerable distance from
the surface. The best mode is to attack them by night,
putting into the external aperture a lighted fusee, composed
of moistened gunpowder mixed with sulphur and saltpetre.
After this has been in the nest about five minutes, the wasps
become so stupified with the fumes of the powder, that the
nest may be dug out in perfect safety. Great care should
now be taken not to cut the nest with the spade ; it is fre-
quently so large that there is great danger of this. After the
nest is obtained, it is best to bring it home in a bag, carefully
224 NOTES ON
tied up, as the wasps are very tenacious of life, and soon
recover from the effects of the powder.
No. 1. — This specimen was nearly of a globular form; it
contained seven plates, placed horizontally above each other;
the central one was the largest, and the others gradually
diminished in size. The plates were supported by rudely-
constructed pillars, placed at irregular distances from each
other, and composed of the same material as the plates them-
selves, a material resembling pulverized decayed leaves. The
purpose of these pillars is to support the plates, and keep them
at an equal distance from each other, so that the working
wasps can freely visit all parts of the nest. The plates are
divided into numerous inverted hexagonal cells, in each of
which is deposited an egg of an oblong form, attached to the
side, nearly at the bottom, by a glutinous matter, which
envelops it at the period of its extrusion. From the egg is
produced the white larva, which is so favourite a bait with
fishermen ; after this has been fed by the working wasps for a
few days, it is covered in by them with a substance resembling
whity-brown paper, and becomes a pupa, which resembles the
larva in being perfectly white.
The cells do not, as might be supposed, contain, indif-
ferently, males, females, and neuters on the same plate, but
each kind is confined to a separate plate, one containing all
males and neuters, and another all females. Those plates
which contain the females are very readily distinguished from
the others, by the superior size of the cells. Having observed
a number of worm-like substances at the bottom of the cells,
I was at a loss to know what they could be. It struck me
they might have some reference to the black streak contained
in each larva. On dissecting several larva I found that this
streak was the intestinal canal; and I further learned, from
the dissection of pupae, that they were entirely without the
black streak. On carefully examining the cells, I found that
each of the cells in which were pupae possessed one of the
worm-like substances, and that the cells in which there were
larvae were invariably without them. I therefore conclude,
that this substance is the contents of the intestinal canal,
discharged at the time of transformation from the larva to the
pupa state.
No. 2 contains but five plates, the central one the largest,
VARIOUS INSECTS. 2Q5
as before, and all of them somewhat convex ; tlie plates were
supported by pillars of much less strength than those of No. 1.
The substance of which the nest was constructed was of a
lighter colour, and there was but one single perfect female in
the whole hive. In every other respect this nest agreed with
No. 1. On examining the perfect insects, I found them to
belong to a totally different species from V. vulgaris; they
W'ere smaller, and of a brighter colour. As I was examining
the cells of this nest, one of those which had been covered in
was gently opened, and the black antennae of a. male Rt'pijy/wms
paradoxus protruded through the opening. Its appearance
in emerging was truly singular; first the antennae, then the
head, the thorax, and abdomen ; at last, when quite clear of
its prison, it ran about with amazing celerity. I had shortly
afterwards the pleasure of seeing a female Uipiphorus escape
in the same manner.
No 3 was, in every respect, similar to No. 1. containing
seven plates, and of this the perfect insect was the common
wasp.
No. 4 was also similar, and was an amazingly large speci-
men, the central plate measuring upwards of fourteen inches
in diameter. The larvse, when in a state of rest, lay with
their heads bent somewhat downward, but on moving anything
befoi'e the cell which contains them, they stretch out their
necks and open their mouths, reminding you of a nest of young-
birds. If a fly or piece of bread is given them, they emit a
small portion of very transparent fluid from the mouth, and
then attempt to eat, but I could never ascertain that the food
diminished. I am. Sir, yours, &c.
J. W. Bond.
4, henliarn s-huildings, Friar s-moimt,
Church-street, Bethnal-green.
226 NOTES ON DIPTERA.
Art. XXIX. — Notes on Diptera. By Francis Walker.
( Continued from page 117.)
Molobrus. Latreille.
Molobrus Thomae, Linnanis. Autumn ; seashore ; North
Wales.
M. morio, Fahridus. Spring and autumn ; near London ;
Wales ; Isle of Wight.
M. praecox, Meigen. Spring and autumn ; near London ;
Wales.
M. fuscipes, Meigen. Spring to autumn ; near London ;
Wales.
]M. fucatus, Megerle. Spring to autumn ; near London ;
Wales.
M. vitripennis, Hoffmansegg. Spring to autumn ; near
London.
M. fenestratus, Meigen. Spring to autumn ; near London ;
Wales ; Isle of Wight.
M. fuscipennis, Meigen. Spring and autumn ; near London ;
Isle of Wight ; Scotland.
M. pulicarius, Hoffmansegg. Spring to autumn ; near
London.
M. scatopsoides, Meigen. Autumn ; near London.
M. sylvaticus, Meigen. Near London.
M. nervosus, Meigen. Spring to autumn ; near London ;
Windsor Forest.
M. nitidicoUis, Megerle. Spring ; near London.
M. minimus, Meigen. Spring ; near London.
M. flavipes, Panzer. Spring and autumn; near London;
North Wales.
M. annulatus, Meigen. Near London.
M. pallipes, Fahricins. Autumn ; near London ; Wales ;
Isle of Wight.
M. hyalipennis, Meigen. Summer and autumn ; near London.
M. aprilinus, Meigen. Spring and autumn ; near London.
M. pusillus, Meigen. Autumn ; near London ; Wales.
M. longipes, Meigen. Spring to autumn ; near London j
Windsor Forest.
NOTES ON DIPTERA. 221
M. brunnipes, Mcigen. Summer and autumn ; near London ;
Windsor Forest ; Wales ; Cumberland.
M. nemoralis, Meigen. Near London.
M. hirticornis, Meigen. Near London.
Platypalpus. Macquart.
P. cWiax'is,, Fallen. June; July; September; near London;
Windsor Forest; New Forest; Devonshire.
P. longicornis, Meigen. May to October ; near London ;
Devonshire; Wales; Isle of Wight.
P. luteus, Meigen. June to October ; woods, near London ;
Windsor Forest ; New Forest.
P. dissimilis, Fallen. June ; Windsor Forest ; New Forest.
p. ventralis, Megerle. Near London.
p. candicans, Fallen. July ; near London.
P. flavicornis, Meigen. June ; near London ; Windsor
Forest.
P. h\co\o\\ Fahricius. May; June; August; near London;
Windsor Forest ; Isle of Wight.
P. flavipes, Fabricius. June to October ; near London ;
New Forest ; Devonshire; Isle of Wight; Scotland.
P. cursitans, Fabricius. May ; June ; near London ; Wind-
sor Forest.
P. fasciatus, Meigen. Near London.
P. fascipes, Meigen. June ; September ; Isle of Wight ;
Isle of Portland ; Cumberland.
P. annulatus, Fallen. June to August; near London;
Windsor Forest.
P. annulipes, Meigen. ) . ^ _. .
D ^ • 1 • T\f 4. fNear London.
r. navipalpis, Macquart.)
P. articulatus, Macquart. September ; near London ; Cum-
berland.
P. ca[ce2ii\x^, Meigen. June; July; near London.
P. exiguus, Meigen. June to September; near London;
Windsor Forest ; New Forest ; Isle of Wight ; Cumber-
land.
P. minutus, Meigen. May to September ; near London ;
Isle of Wight; North Wales ; Devonshire; Cumberland.
P. dichroas, Meigen. June; September; New Forest;
North Wales.
228 NOTES ON DIPTERA.
P. comptus. Mas et Fem. Ater, nitens, pedes ritfi ftisco
cinctt, aid' subfascw, nerti bene determinati.
Ater, nitens, lasvis : antennae nigrse, capite paullo longiores : thorax
fere glaber : abdomen pubescens : pedes rufi ; mesofemora parum
incrassata, nonnunquam apice supra fusca ; metaferaora apice
nigra; protibise fuscse ; metatibiae apice fuscse; tarsi fusci, basi
rufi : alse subfuscae ; nervi obscuriores, optime determinati : hal-
teres flavi. (Corp. long. lin. | — l^ ; alar. lin. l:j — 1|.)
Spring to autumn ; near London ; Hampshire ; Dorset-
shire ; Wales ; Isle of Wight ; Cumberland ; Cornwall ;
grass in woods.
P, robustus. Mas. Niger, ohscurus, antennw nigro-picew,
pedes Jiavi, tarsi nigro-annulati, ales limpidw, nervi flavi.
Niger, obscurus, pubescens : antennae nigro-piceae, capite vix lon-
giores : trophi fusci : abdomen basi fuscum : pedes flavi ; meso-
femora valde incrassata ; tarsorum articuli apice nigri : alae
limpidae ; nervi flavi, non bene determinati : halteres flavi.
(Corp. long. lin. \\ ; alar. lin. 1|.)
Found near London.
P. mundus, Fem. Ater, parum nitens, antenna:; nigrw, pedes
flavi, meso- et metafemora nigra, alw sublimpidw, nervi bene
determinati.
Ater, parum nitens, parce pubescens : antennae nigrae, capite vix
longiores : trophi nigri : pedes flavi ; meso- et metafemora nigra ;
ungues et pulvilli fulvi : ala^ sublimpidse ; nervi fusci, tenues,
bene determinati ; halteres flavi. (Corp. long. lin. Ij ; alar. lin.
u.)
Found near London.
Hemerodromia. Hqffmansegg.
H. obsecratoria. Mas et Fem. Ferruginea, abdomen et tho-
racis dorsum fusca antennw fuhw, pedes flavi, alw sub-fuscwy
nervi obscuriores.
Ferruginea, parum nitens, fere glabra : caput fuscum : oculi nigri :
antennae fulvae, capite longiores : trophi fulvi : abdomen fuscum,
NOTES ON DIPTERA. 229
subtus fulvum : pedes flavi : alae subfuscte ; nervi fulvi, bene
determinati : halteres flavi. (Corp. long. lin. Ij ; alar. lin. 2.)
Summer and autumn ; in woods ; near London ; North
Wales.
Ragas. Walker.
Microplioras similis, at nsrmis lonptudinulis apice ramulum
emittem.
Sp. 1. Ra. unica. Mas et Fem. Atra^ puhescens^ alw nigro-
fuscw, ad costam, obscuriores, nervi nigri. (Corp. long. lin.
1—1; alar. lin. 1|— 1^.)
June ; Isle of Wight.
Atelestus. Walker.
Collomyiae et Platypezae similis, at alarum nervi aliter
collocati.
Sp. 1. Ate. sylvicola. Mas et Fem. Nigra ohscura, puhes-
cens, antenna! pedes et halteres picea, alee fuscw, nervi obsciir
riores. (Corp. long. lin. | — 1 ; alar. lin. \l — 1^.)
June ; New Forest ; Hampshire.
Cyrtoma. Meigen.
C. atra, Meigen. Spring to autumn ; near London ; Wind-
sor Forest ; Hampshire ; Ireland ; Scotland.
C. melaena, HaUdag. Spring and summer ; near London ;
Windsor Forest.
MiCROPHORA. Macquart.
M. velutinus, Macquart. Spring to autumn ; near London ;
Windsor Forest; Isle of Wight.
M. crassipes, Macquart. Summer; near London; Isle of
Wight.
Trichina. Meigen.
T. flavipes, Meigen. Autumn ; near London ; North Wales.
NO. III. VOL. IV. H H
230
NOTES OF CAPTURES.
T. clavipes, Meigen. Summer; Windsor Forest; Isle of
Wight.
T. elongata, Holiday, Summer ; near London.
^ HiLARA. Meigen.
H. thoracica, Macquart. Spring to autumn ; on windows ;
grass in woods, &c. ; near London ; Windsor Forest ;
Scotland.
H. nana, Macquart. Summer and autumn ; near London ;
Hampshire ; Cumberland.
H. litorea. Fallen. Summer and autumn; near London;
Windsor Forest ; Cumberland ; Ireland.
LoNCHOPTERA. Meigen.
L. lutea, Panzer. Summer and autumn ; near London ;
Windsor Forest ; Isle of Wight; Devonshire; Cornwall.
L. lacustris, Meigen. Spring and autumn ; near London ;
North Whales.
L. palustris, Meigen. Spring and autumn ; near London ;
North Wales.
L. flavicauda, Meigen. Spring to autumn ; near London ;
North Wales.
L. r'\vdi\\^, Meigen. Summer; near London.
L. tristis, Meigen. Autumn ; woods ; North Devonshire ;
North Wales.
L. flavicauda^ riparia, and ritalis are probably varieties of
one species, so also L. lacustris and palustris^ so also L. ni-
grimana and thoracica.
Art. XXX. — Notes of Captures. By Delta.
Dear Sir,^ — Though the past summer has been by no means
favourable to the- Entomologist, yet I have a few species to
add to the list of Lepidoptera found near Epping, published in
your Magazine, Vol. Ill, p. 157, the discovery of which, with
one exception, are due to Mr. Henry Doubleday. Although
NOTES OF CAPTURES. 231
.iie species are somewhat rare, and one or two peculiarly inte-
resting, I should not have troubled you with this, had it not
afforded me an opportunity of stringing to it a few remarks I
made whilst collecting at Sudbury and Colchester, having,
when at home, been too much immersed civilibus undis, to
have leisure for Entomology.
The first insect I have to allude to is, Llmenitis Camilla. A
specimen of this butterfly was captured by Mr. Ray, near Park-
hall, about a mile and a half from Epping, in a spot I have
often hunted. The occurrence of a single specimen is rather
remarkable ; but, perhaps, is the prelude of a more numerous
appearance next year, as I have observed to be the case
sometimes.
For the first time in my life I saw this beautiful butterfly
near Colchester last July, and its elegant appearance when on
the wing will not soon be effaced from my mind- It is vain
to try to describe it, but any Entomologist who would journey
from London to Colchester, would be well repaid all expence,
trouble and time, were he only to pass one fine July day in the
woods bordering the road from Colchester to Ipswich. There
he will find L. Camilla in profusion, Apatura Iris, Melitwa
Athalia, Sec. ; ^ and should he be fond of the fossorial Hymen-
optera, and bees, he will find every sunny bank alive with them.
The larva of L. Camilla may be found by carefully hunting
the leaves of the honeysuckles. The figure in Curtis is not
the larva of Camilla, but of some other European species.
I here also may remark that Apatura Iris was more common
at Epping this summer than we have ever known it before; but
alas ! none could be taken. Had I been at home, I should have
tried a plan which I know has proved very successful at Col-
chester. This is merely to have a quantity of black, very
wet mud spread in some open place in the woods where Iris
is seen,
Mille trahens varios, adverse sole, colores.
They will soon come down to it, to enjoy its coolness and
moisture, and are then easily taken.
The next insect which I have to mention is Paranthrene
Vespiformis, touching which, a little book was once written.
This was captured, being " in kortnlo siio,'" by Mr. H. Double-
^ Specimens of all these may also be piircliascd for a tiific of a person named
Biggs, residing in these woods.
2S2 NOT us OF CATTURES.
day, very early one morning in June, flying over the path, like
an Odynerus, for which he took it at first sight.
JEgeria Jiemhi'dformis appeared in July in different parts of
our woods ; but from the rapidity of their flight over the fern
and underwood, only two were taken.
Ovfjij'ia gonosticima. Several larvge of this insect have
occurred this autumn ; as well as one of —
Stauropnsfacii, which was beaten out by a person who was
assisting me in collecting autumn caterpillars.
Charwas (/raminis and ca'spitum. A new road from Epping
to Woodford, through the forest, has been some years in hand.
A labourer employed upon it, brought to Mr. H. Doubleday
a number of pupse which he had found in paring some turf to
put on the sides of the embankments. Most were injured
from their lying exactly the depth below the surface that the
turf had to be cut. Mr. D. went himself to try and obtain
more, and uninjured. Whilst there, he observed some moths
darting like lightning over the turf, and occasionally over the
low beech bushes. These proved to be Charceas cframinis.
Referring to Mr. Wailes's paper in your first volume, we
found that they came out chiefly early in the morning. Accord-
ingly he proceeded to the same spot very early one morning, in
order to be there at the time Mr. Wailes mentions, but none
appeared. However, about nine, out they came whizzing
about in all directions over a small space of open ground.
Their swiftness rendered them very hard to capture ; but yet
many were secured ere they retired to rest, which was in about
two hours.
Wishing to see the insect alive, I went to the spot the next
day but one, but after waiting two or three hours I could not
see one ; so I ran off into the thick of the forest for a ramble.
The weather afterwards set in bad, so we could get no more.
The pupae found were chiefly Heliopkobus popnlaris and Hama
testacea, but two or three were Charwas cwspitum. ,f,
The entire additions to our list of Lepidoptera are as under : —
Limenitis Camilla Charaeas graminis
Parathrene vespiformis caespitum
jEgeria Bembeciformis Cymatophora Oo. ' "
Orgyia gonostigma Xanthia rufina.
Ceiura bicuspis
NOTES OF CAPTURES. 233
I have also one bird to add to the hst pubhshed at page
290 of your last volume, as well as an omission to correct.
A specimen of Muscicapa luctuosa, (the pied fly-catcher,)
vras killed in this town last May. The omission to which
I allude, is that of the common kingfisher, Alcedo ispida.
In a little wood near Sudbury, I this summer met with
several specimens of Laphria nigra and Thecla W. album. I
also took there Cleptes semiaurata and nitidida, Szc. Sudbury
is, perhaps, one of the best localities in England for land and
fresh water shells ; but is not, from the deficiency of wood,
very favourable to the Entomologist. However, some rare
Lepidoptera occur, as Acirotis wqua., Orthosia lota, &c. Last
July, Leucania pallens, common, to be sure, everywhere,
swarmed in countless myriads over the meadows. A large
lime tree in the garden of Mr. W. P. King, when in flower,
offered a most interesting spectacle. Millions, i might say,
of Noctaites visited it every evening. They were chiefly Leu-
cania pallens, Polia dysodea, Agrotis exclamationis, Segetum,
Hortorwh, Sec, intermixed with Mamestra hrassicw, Oleracea,
Persicariw, and other Noctuites in smaller numbers.
Colchester and its vicinity appears to me to be one of the
most favourable spots in our country for the Entomologist,
and at the same time one of the most beautiful. I hope to be
able to enter more into its Entomology soon, as I trust it will
another year be fully investigated by one quite competent to
the task, and residing on the spot. Of our Lepidoptera I have
no doubt that a very large proportion are to be found there.
The sandy soil is peculiarly favourable to Hymenoptera and
Coleoptera.
I find amongst my papers a note of the following extract,
from Oviedo, touching scorpions, which I may be allowed to
append here. I have a lot of notes of other little scraps of
natural history, to be extracted from some of the Spanish his-
torians of America, but have not time now to search them out
and arrange them. They relate, at least many of them, to the
bees of tropical America, but I wish first to study Latreille's
paper in Humboldt's Zoologie, &c. ; which, at this moment, I
have not by me. Some of these bees are said to produce sour
honey, others are —
234 NEWMAN ON THE
Like to those bees of Trebezouil,
Which, from the sunniest flowers that glad
With their pure smile the gardens round,
Draw venom forth which drives men mad.
Should I have leisure, I may do this for your next Number, but
it may happen that Delta may have something better to do be-
fore that time.
Now to the scorpions ; and we shall see that Oviedo was fully
convinced of the exaggerations of those who talk of fatal effects
ensuing from their stings.
" There are in all the West Indies and Terra Firma scor-
pions, which are what in Castille we call Alacranes, and in
some parts there are many of them. Concerning this animal,
Pliny says, [book ii. cap. 25, that it causes death in three
days after it has stung any one,' and that its sting is always
mortal to virgins, and in fact, to women in general : and he
says other things of it, of which most will not apply to the scor-
pions of these parts. For here their sting is not mortal,
although it causes much pain for about the space of a quarter
of an hour, and sometimes longer. And in these parts I have
many times been stung by these scorpions, and I have found
out that some give much more pain than others : and this,
perhaps, may depend on a person being stung immediately
after a meal, or when hungry, or may arise from the state of
the scorpion itself; but, be this as it may, no man or woman
incurs any danger from it. And I consider the sting of a wasp,
(abispa,) to cause quite as much pain as that of the scorpion of
these Indies, and of some wasps more. But I, as one who
have experienced both, consider that the pain from the scor-
pion's sting lasts longest."
Yours, most truly,
A.
Epping, Nov. 27, 1836.
Art. XXXI. — Further Observations on the Septenary System.
By Edward Newman.
" Quicquid ex Phenomonis non deducitur hypothesis vocanda est." — Newton.
Four years have elapsed since the publication of " Sphinx
Vespiformis." During this period, although it has been coarsely
and virulently criticised, no single attempt has been made to
demonstrate, by fair argument, the unsoundness of a single
SEPTENARY SYSTEM. 235
proposition Which it contained. The bitter and declaniatory
language of these criticisms was, doubtless, intended to super-
sede the necessity of argument, as by this devise the various
scribes cunningly preclude the possibility of a reply. Still
though there has appeared nothing like a refutation of th^
proposition contained in '' Sphinx Vespiformis," I am unable to
boast of success in the way of proselytism. Unwillin^ that a
sTntTnt: b • ''"n ^^ '' ^'^ ^"^^'^-"^ --' ^^-"M - ea^;
smk into oblivion, I have attempted, in the following pa^es
again to call the attention of Entomologists to the subject, f am
ifte^TinTnT' '"'"^"^ Entomologists, who say that
th! tl ^"^PP^.^^^'^^^.i^ -y-^^f-1 purpose; and, therefore,
hat the inquiry is an idle one. Others, however, think differ:
emly, and regard system as the high object and aim of their
.e.earches. It is to the latter class I more particularly address
It will be my endeavour to avoid entirely the dangerous and
difficult subject of affinity and analogy. If either of^he words
occur, It will be incidentally, and without any reference to their
It IS difficult wholly to exclude words in common use, yel I Sm
persuaded, that a great benefit would be conferred on zoology
It every word were restricted to one decided meaning, and em-
ployed with that meaning only. In attempting to attain this
precision, writing may occasionally appear pedantic, but even
this fault IS preferable to that of vagueness.
The object of the present article is not to retrace the argu-
ments employed in " Sphinx Vespiformis," but to supply some
deficiencies which occur therein. It will not, however, I
rus , be deemed an unnecessary prolixity if I here recapi-
tulate the principles ofthe Septenary System. They are these :-
1st. Ihat a natural groups are divisible into seven minor
groups. 2dly. That in all groups thus composed of seven-
minor groups, one of such minor groups contains beings more
perfect than those in the other six. Sdlv. That each of the six
mmor groups contains individuals equally related to the more
perfect group, though each probably through some different
character 4thly. That each of the inferior groups containing
mdividuals equally related to the more perfect group, such rela-
tion could only be accommodated by placing the more perfect
group m the centre, and the others around it, f/ms—
236
NEWMAN ON THE
^
'K
VII
n
^
V
^
w
By supposing the diagram to contain forty-nine individuals,
it will be evident that each individual must be related to at least
three others, and if central, to no less than six. The Roman
numerals express the seven typical or more perfect individuals,
VIL being most perfect of the whole; the arrows express six
other individuals around each type, each of them after its fashion
related to some other group to which the arrow is pointing.
The arguments whence this view of the subject was deduced,
in the pages of " Sphinx Vespiformis," were expressed without
that attention to precision, or that reference to detail which
such a proposition obviously demands ; and I cannot feel sur-
prised that my opinions have made so little progress. I further
attempted, in that Essay, to show that the seven classes of
insects occupied places in the above diagram, corresponding
with the numerals now attached to them: I. Lepidoptera,
II. Diptera, III. Hymenoptera, IV. Coleoptera,V. Orthoptera,
VI. Hemiptera, and VII. Neuroptera. {See the diagram
opposite).
The central position of the class Neuroptera implies its supe-
riority to the classes by which it is surrounded; but as this may
not be admitted by the whole of my readers, it would, perhaps,
have been the most courteous plan to have defined, at length,
the grounds on which I have imagined this superiority. As,
however, the space which an article of this kind necessarily
Shewing that Newman's Septenary Division of Insects is in pe]
the Alary System of Aristotle, Linnaeus, &c., the Maxillary Systen
ville, &c., and the Metamorphotic System of Ray, Swammerdam, &
M:
EXPLANATION.
A — O — B Alary Line: to the right, Forewings, to the left, Hindwings, developed
M — O — L Maxillary Line : above the line, Mandibulate, below it, Haustellate, ii
T — O — E Metamorphotic Line.
A — O — E and A — O — L. The same division rendered more precise.
Entomologiciil Magazine, N(
SEPTENARY SYSTEM. ^O /
occupies is very considerable, I must decline entering, at pre-
sent, on that very intricate subject; at the same time, of course,
relinquishing the very important assistance my views would
obtain from the established superiority of the Neuroptera. I
cannot, however, dispense with the necessity of taking a
cursory view of this interesting class.
The heterogeneous contents of the class Neuroptera are
excessively perplexing; but, I find, the more strenously we
attempt to place them naturally, the more nearly will such
irrangement accord with that which a Septenary System
•equires. Latreille divided them into four " natural families."
Three of these appear sufficiently precise, " LihelluUnes,
Ephemerines and Fliryanides^'' The fourth, called " Plani-
pennes," including Nemopteryx, Bittacns, Panorpa, Boreus,
Ascalaphus, Myrmeleon, Osmylus, Hemerohius, Psocus, Termes,
Embia, Raphidia, Maiitispja, Corydalis, Sialis, Nemoura and
Perla. A glance at these genera will show that this group is
a most carelessly constructed one ; its very name leads one to
expect as much. Psocus, Termes, and Embia, are isomorphous
genera, and possess a limited, though various, prothoracic deve-
lopment ; their tarsi are tri-articulate. Perla and Nemoura are
also isomorphous, but have a much more extensive prothoracic
development ; their tarsi are likewise tri-articulate. Ascalaphus,
Myrmeleon, Osmylus, Sialis, Hemerohius, Raphidia and Man-
tispa are necromorphous ; they have moderate prothoracic
development, with the exception of Rapjhidia and Mantispa,
in which that segment is exceedingly elongate, as in Collyuris,
Mormolyce, and other carnivorous Coleoptera: all these genera
have five-jointed tarsi. There is another group still remaining,
which consists of Bittacus, Panorpa, Boreus, and Nemopteryx.
These singular genera agree in the structure of the parts of the
mouth, which are prolonged in the form of a beak ; their meta-
morphosis is unknown ; their tarsi are five-jointed ; their pro-
thorax is restricted as in Hymenoptera. Here, then, we have
seven groups, some of which, though very closely allied in ap-
pearance, present still those striking structural differences which
render it impossible to unite them. I will attempt to sketch
an arrangement of these groups.
To begin with the central or typical group, I select the
Libellulina, as in every way the most perfect ; whether we con-
sider their powers of locomotion, or parts of manducation. It
NO HI. VOL. IV. I I
238 NEWMAN ON THE
will be observed that each of the remaining groups, in some of
their genera, copy, as it were, the quantity of surface and power,
as well as reticulation of wing, possessed by the Li bellulina. The
differences in the development of the pro- meso- and metathorax,
afford us steady assistance in the distribution of the circumferen-
tial groups. The Ephemerina possess the minimum degree of
prothorax and metathorax. The reverse is the character of the
Perliva ; in these we find the prothorax and metathorax of
considerable volume, though not the maximum degree, and the
mesothorax proportionally decreased.
The Kphemerina and Perlina are thus placed in exact oppo-
sition to each other. From Ephemera we perceive very slight
difference in structure, if we pass to Nemoptenjx, thence to
Panorpa, and thence to Bittacus ; and the minute Boreiis is too
closely related to /*a«orjoa to be excluded. These four genera
constitute the Stirps Panorpina. The hind wings in this group
equal or exceed the fore wings in size. From the Panorpinn
we pass to another group, distinguished by a still greater de-
velopment of prothorax and metathorax, a less development of
mesothorax, a greater perfection of mouth, and a decided
necromorphous metamorphosis. This group includes the
Myrmeleonhm and Corijdallna of Mr. MacLeay. The larvae
are among the most singular productions of nature. They are
exceeding voi'acious, subsisting on the juices of other insects
which they kill : they conceal themselves on leaves, under
rubbish, or construct pitfalls in the earth. They have mandi-
bles perforated at the extremities, through which they suck the
juices of their victims. Raphiclia seems, in some degree, a
departure from the typical character of this group, its larvae,
according to Mr. Waterhouse, feeding on the bark of trees. On
this subject I cannot speak from observation ; but, if the
description is correct, it is a singular proof of the waywardness
of nature, which seems to defy our arbitrary laws. S'lalis has
a quiescent pupa. Thence we pass to Peria, or rather the
Perlina : here the metamorphosis is strictly isomorphous ;
the mouth strictly mandibulate, the pro- and metathorax fully
developed, and the mesothorax restricted. From the Perlina
we proceed to Emhia, thence to Termes, and from Termes to
Psocus. The Genus E7nbia exists without a history ; its
general habit points to Termes, as the type of its economy, but
at this we can only guess. The connexion between Psociis
SEPTENARY SYSTEM. 239
and Perla is readily traced, by means of this genus and the
genuine Termites. In many of the Psoci the mouth undergoes
a complete change, the component parts become linear and
rigid. By this character, as well as the narrow prothorax,
increasing mesothorax, and often folded hind wings, we are
prepared for the obsolete mouth, obsolete prothorax, fully deve-
loped mesothorax and folded hind wings, which characterise
the Stirps Phryganina. The circle is here complete ; from the
Phryganina to the Ephemerina, the transition is perfectly
natural.
I am well aware how very little this tends to the corrobora-
tion of any system. I am as unable as my readers to see any
striking relation between these groups and the classes to which
I suppose they lead. All that I assert is, that, attending
solely to structure and metamorphosis, the foregoing appears a
natural arrangement of the principal groups into which
Neuroptera may be divided. It possesses points which indi-
cate the truth of a septenary arrangement, an assertion that we
shall see exemplified as we proceed. To myself these gradual
indications appear of paramount importance. An insect may
hereafter be met with which shall possess the hind wings of
Neuroptera, with a pair of rudimental or protecting fore wings ;
the prothorax may be that of Coleoptera, the head and mouth
those of Mantispa or Raphidia. These peculiarities, coupled
with the relations shown above, would render such a genus
invaluable ; without them it would be a mere stumbling-block,
like Stylops and Atractocerus.
The supposed position of the classes surrounding Neurop-
tera may be seen by the diagram.
The arguments on which the proposed position of the seven
classes was defended, were drawn up with scarcely a reference
to those important characters on which natural arrangement
essentially depends. On more attentively considering the
subject, I found that the exact points of union between neigh-
bouring classes was a subject of very limited importance, while
the approximating location of great groups was the grand object
to achieve. With this view I determined to learn before again
attempting to teach. I sought out, and, I think I may say,
mastered every arrangement of insects that has been transmitted
to us. When we look back at our predecessors in Entomology ;
when we consult the works of Aristotle, Linneus, Fabricius,
240 NEWMAN ON THE
Ray, Swamraerdara, Latreille, Cuvier, and a host of others, we
cannot for a moment hesitate in acknowledging that they were
men well versed in the science which they professed to teach.
As regards divisional characters no recent writers have attempted
to undervalue those which these authors proposed. On the
contrary, all our systems, however various, have reference to
the writings of these great men. If we build systems of our
own, we are compelled to use their materials, or rather their
writings are the materials with which we build.
It requires long and close attention to any branch of Natural
History, to ascertain what characters are the least liable
to change. Those which remain unaltered, or but little altered,
while all around them has undergone repeated change, are
invaluable. On the contrary, those parts over which generic,
specific, and even sexual distinction holds an unlimited power
of change, are amusing and instructive as objects of study ; but
in the formation of great and important divisions, even colour
and size could not be more utterly valueless.
Though Entomologists, who have attempted a general
arrangement of the objects of which their science treats, have
taken various views of those differences on which divisions are
founded, all appear to admit the truth that system depends
on differences, but scarcely two seem agreed as to what differ-
ences, or what mode of differences, are of paramount importance.
Some prefer for purposes of division the differences observable
in the structure of the mouth, some the differences in the
structure of the wings, or of those parts whence the wings
arise ; others again have insisted that the only true guide is to
be found in the differences of metamorphosis ; and a fourth class
of systematists have availed themselves of all these differences.
These last are certainly in the right. I say this not because
their views correspond with my own, but because we have
abundant proof that nature will not be bound by any of our
arbitrary and rigid laws. We must trace her in all her infi-
nitely varied creations ; and, if we would understand her, we
must avail ourselves of each.
With a view to work out the systems dependent on each
series of differences, pointed out by the great men to whom I
have already referred, I have endeavoured to trace the cha-
racters in question through their every change. The result of
the inquiry has been published in three chapters of consider-
SEPTENARY SYSTEM. 241
able length : in these it has been my wish clearly to explain
the principal differences that are to be found among insects in
the structure of the segments, and the mouth, and in the stages
of metamorphosis. I would not be guilty of the impertinence
of referring to my own works, but that they really form a part
of my subject, and, united, constitute the source from which my
present observations are drawn. Moreover, the three chapters
in question are to be found in the prior pages of this Magazine,
and may fairly be considered introductory to the present inquiry.
The chapters are these — '* Art. XLVI. Osteology, or External
Anatomy of Insects." Ent. Mag. Vol. I. p. 394. " Art. VI."
on the same subject. Ent. Mag. Vol. II. p. 60. " Art. II.
A few words on the Transformation of Insects." Ent. Mag.
Vol. III. p. 12.
In the first of these chapters I have detailed the principal
differences occurring in the segments of which every insect is
composed, both as regards bulk and form ; particular stress being
laid on the differences of those segments which bear the imple-
ments of locomotion, and on those differences which exist in
the structure and design of such implements. On these differ-
ences is founded the Alary System. In the second chapter
the differences occurring in the mouth have been carefully
described, and this not solely with a view to their subsequent
employment as the support of a theory, but also with a design to
introduce a uniform anatomical nomenclature of the various com-
ponent parts. On the differences in the mouth is founded the
Maxillary System. In the third chapter the different modes
of transformation are described and compared. On these
differences is founded the Metamorphotic System. The facts
detailed in these chapters have, without exception, (as far as I
recollect at the present moment,) passed under my own obser-
vation, and are not dependent, in any degree, on the assertions
of others. This I mention, because facts so stated should be
subject to contradiction only from those who can speak from
observation, and should not be disputed because previous
writers may have stated them differently. And here I may
further state, that the inquiry was, in every instance, made
with perfect fairness, and a fixed determination to abandon
such parts of my proposed system as would not harmonize
with these three great and indisputable systems. So far from
avoiding the application of any other extensive series of diffei'-
24^2 NEWMAN ON THE
ences to my proposed location of the classes, I would willingly
test it by a dozen such series, could they be shown me. 1 know
of none besides those I have here adduced. This I consider
a triumphant superiority over every restricted system, because
the authors of such are compelled to abandon one or two of
these highly natural series of differences. Not to mention
minor Entomologists, I refer the reader to Swaramerdam's
published opinion of the Maxillary System ; Fabricius' opinion
of the Alary System, and MacLeay's of the Metamorphotic
System. Each of these great men condemns ond principal
character as proving no natural affinity ; and each differs in the
one so condemned.
The object of this article is, to show that the Septenary
System is not dependant on any real or fancied similarity of ex-
ternal appearances, but will bear the most rigid scrutiny, founded
either on the structure of those parts in the perfect insect,
the difTerences of which have always been considered of para-
mount importance, or, on the still grander and more decided
differences of transformation itself. If it appear at the conclu-
sion that these tests, instead of invalidating, establish the
propositions previously made, I hope there will be found those
candid enough to admit that such propositions are not founded
in error.
Of the Systems in question, I think the Alary, dependent on
the structure of the wings, has been the most widely employed;
and I will, therefore, suppose it the most perfect. It will be
needless to enumerate the great men, from Aristotle to our
contemporaries, who have employed the differences of the
wings as divisional characters; it is amply sufficient for my
purpose, that the classes now universally employed are founded
on these differences ; and that from these differences arise the
names by which the classes are at present universally designated.
Now although it is to the wings we must look for the differences
in question, the Entomologist will not be contented without a
reference also to the parts which bear them. It will be readily
seen that a series of differences must occur in general structure,
in order to accommodate the different degree of exertion for
which the wings may be required. We find the most exact
and symmetrical correspondence between the differences in the
pairs of wings, and the difference in the segments which bear
them, and even in those of adjoining segments. Thus so far
SEPTENARY SYSTEM. 243
from the differences in the pairs of wings at all interfering with
each other, or with those in the prothorax, mesothorax and
inetathorax, and therefore requiring a different chain of rela-
tions, we find that all of them follow a similar system of varia-
tion, and each, used as a divisional character, would dissect the
figure in the same way. The following modications of struc-
ture are almost invariably found co-existent in the same group.
Prothorax nearly obsolete, or appearing as a narrow ring imme-
diately behind the head : mesothorax fully developed and very
conspicuous : metathorax a narrow ring : fore wings ample, strong ;
the chief, sometimes the sole instruments, of flight : hind wings
nearly obsolete.
These characters are, in a great measure, dependent on each
other. The circumstance of the fore wings being the chief or
sole organs of flight, insures an increase or maximum of volume
in the mesothorax, and a decrease in the volume of the pro-
thorax. The rudimental and inactive character of the hind
wings is accompanied by a decrease or minimum of volume in
the metathorax. These characters are those possessed by the
class Diptera : we will, therefore, draw a diagonal line through
the diagram from A O B, and we shall find tiiat all insects pos-
sessing ample fore wings, and a maximum of mesothoracic
development, are on the right side of the line.
The characters so fully possessed by the class Diptera, are
also inagreat degree observable in HymenopteraandLepidoptera;
the power of the hind wings, however, has greatly increased, and
these become implements of flight, little inferior to the fore wings;
the mesothorax also yields a great portion of its volume to the me-
tathorax. Part of the class Neuroptera, the Phryganijia, theEp/ie-
meritia, and the Panorpina possess the whole of the characters
in question, but in a degree much modified, in accordance with
their supposed situation in the figure. We also find a portion
of the Hemiptera, (I allude to the true Cicadites,) possessing the
Dipterous character of mesothoracic development; and a corre-
sponding portion of the Hymenoptera, the Cepkites and Sirecites,
possessing a character belonging to the classes below the line,
that of prothoracic development. With these exceptions a com-
plete dichotomy is effected by the alary line marked A O B. The
exceptions, beautifully balanced as they are, serve to confirm
rather than invalidate the divisional character.
244 NEWMAN ON THE
The opposite characters to those possessed in the highest
degree by Diptera, and in the second degree by Lepidoptera
and Hymenoptera, may be given thus: —
Prothorax fully, often prodigiously, developed : mesothorax reduced to
a narrow ring : fore vi^ings vpeak, often reduced to mere rudimental
appendages, generally incapable of employment as implements of
flight : hind wings extremely voluminous, and usually the only
organs of flight.
The Orthoptera possess these characters in the maximum
degree: we find in Coleoptera and Hemiptera decidedly
the same characters, though occasionally in some degree modi-
fied. Some of the Neuroptera, more particularly the Perl'ma,
have a fully developed prothorax. The structure of this last
named group, their quadrate prothorax, their caudal set?e,
their ample hind wings, point out a near relation to various
genera in Orthoptera. It will, therefore, be impossible to
exclude them from that portion of the central circle in the
diagram which approaches Orthoptera. The whole of the
winged insects, with the intentional exception of some of
the more typical forms of Neuroptera, are thus disposed
of; and, I trust the candid reader will admit, not only
without the slightest violation of the principles of the Alary
System, but in a manner to support that ancient and excellent
system, and proclaim more forcibly than ever its paramount
importance.
Let it not be supposed for a single moment, that I wish, in
thus insisting on general laws, to beg the question founded on
exceptions. When I speak of Orthoptera, I would be under-
stood to mean the mass of Orthoptera, the LocustUes^ Ac/ietites,
GrylUtes, Blattltes, Forficulites, <S^'c. The Spectres are an ex-
ception. The singular structure of these animals might be made
matter of much speculation. By general character, although
imperfect, we may define masses ; but how often it happens that
some individuals contained in those classes will defy our utmost
precision !
The prothorax and metathorax follow so exactly the same
laws, and are so completely interwoven with the differences of
the mesothorax, that it would be nothing more than useless
repetition to pursue the subject farther. The line already em-
SEPTENARY SYSTEM. 245
ployed would serve for each. I will, therefore, proceed to the
next division of my subject.
Fabricius, as I have stated, thought and proclaimed that the
Alary System was defective and insufficient. In its place he at-
tempted the introduction of another, the Maxillary System. This
was to smoothe away all asperities in the path of Entomology.
He divided true insects into eight classes, five of which were
comprised in one group, and three in another. The first group
contained Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, and Neurop-
tera, the last being divided by the separation of the Lihellu-
lina from the remainder of its contents. The second group
contained Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera. Subsequently,
Clairville, following up this Maxillary System, reunited the con-
tents of Neuroptera, and reduced the number of classes again
to seven. To the seven classes both Fabricius and Clairville
gave new names, which for the sake of simplicity, are here
omitted ; and Clairville adopting the groups of classes pointed
out by Fabricius, named them Mandibulata and Haustellata.
He, placed his classes thus: —
1. Mandibulata.
I. Coleoptera.
II. Orthoptera.
III. Neuroptera.
IV. Hymenoptera.
2. Haustellata.
V. Diptera.
VI. Lepidoptera,
VII. Hemiptera.
The collocation of classes, or of minor groups, is supposed to
indicate relation. It is to be observed that every relation thus
indicated in the Maxillary System is preserved in the Septenary.
I believe it is now pretty generally admitted, the {evm Mandibu-
lata is not sufficiently precise. All insects are furnished with
mandibles, and therefore all are mandibulate. " The division
is a dichotomous one. Like all dichotomies it consists of a
positive and a negative. It is this: — in the mandibulate
classes the mandibles do, in the haustellate classes the man-
NO. III. VOL. TV. K K
246 NEWMAN ON THE
dibles do not, move horizontally." The maxillary line M O L in
the diagram divides the seven classes agreeably to this definition,
leaving Clairville's Mandihulata on one side, and his Haustel-
lata on the other. In Neuroptera the Phryganina and Ephe-
merina, whose mandibles are obsolete or rudimental, and possess
no motion, range with the Lepidoptera, &c. ; and the Pet-lina,
Hemerobiina Bind Panorpina, which have strongmandibles, formed
for active employment, range with the Orthoptera, Coleoptera,
and Hymenoptera. It is here to be observed, that the supposed
typical or central group of Neuroptera, and therefore of insects,
is decidedly mandibulate. The maxillary line, consequently,
cannot pass directly through the centre of this class. Here, as
in the prior figure, the line has more decided reference to the
circumferential classes than to the central.
It has been, I trust, fully shown in my second letter on
Osteology, that " the mouth of insects is not in its differences
confined to two plans." The mouth in each class differs widely,
and the transition of the various parts from one form to another
is to be traced with the greatest ease. Yielding, however, to
the trammels of the Maxillary dichotomy, in order to show that
it is in perfect consonance with the Septenary System, 1 will
attempt to compile characters by which to distinguish from
each other the contents of the classes separated by the maxil-
lary line.
Mandibles fully developed, strong, corneous, possessed of hori-
zontal motion, formed for mastication : maxillae corneous, pos-
sessed of horizontal motion, occasionally formed for detrition or
mastication.
Such is preeminently the character of the insects comprised
in the class Coleoptera. As we pass right and left, we find
these characters strongly exhibited in the Orthoptera and
Hymenoptera. In a portion of the Hymenoptera, the bees,
the maxillse evince symptoms of departure from the typical
character. They become leathery, lengthened, linear, and
united with the ligula form as in Diptera, Lepidoptera, and
Hemiptera. a suctorial tube. Above the maxillary line the
following characters may serve :■ —
Mandibles and maxillae linear, weak, leathery, often elongate, incapable
of horizontal motion, and also of mastication or detrition.
SEPTENARY SYSTEM, 247
The type of this kind of mouth is found among the Lepi-
doptera, where the maxillae are frequently of prodigious length,
and convolute ; but as we descend the figure right and left, we
find this typical character considerably modified in the Hemip-
tera and Diptera, though still abundantly different from any
form of mouth existing among the classes below the maxillary
line. The position of the classes in the Septenary System is,
therefore, in perfect accordance with the Maxillary System as
promulged by its originators.
The third grand system of Entomology is called the Meta-
morphotic System. Chronologically, this system intervenes
between the Alary and Maxillary Systems. These two systems
being founded on the structure of the perfect insect could not
be separated. The Metamorphotic System, therefore, though
chronologically the second, must here rank as the third. It
appears that the merit of the invention of this system is due to
Swammerdam ; but the definitions employed by this philoso-
pher and his contemporary, our illustrious countryman, Ray,
are not sufficiently precise to furnish tests by which to try the
value of another system. The line TOE in the diagram sepa-
rates the six circumferential classes into those which, in the
language of Swammerdam, possessed a complete or an incomplete
metamorphosis ; and, it may be stated, that no single item in
the systems of Ray and Swammerdam is at variance with the
Septenary System, except such untenable divisions as have long
been abandoned by universal consent, — such, for instance, as the
singular location of portions of the IcJmeumonites in separate
classes. In this case it becomes necessary to have recourse to
more precise and recent definitions.
It has been seen in the chapter to which I have before
alluded, that the differences of transformation divide insects
into three very natural groups ; the characters of which are
thus defined :—
1. Amorpha, in which the penultimate state is provided neither with
mouth nor organs of locomotion : consequently it neither eats nor
moves, nor does it bear any resemblance to the perfect state.
12. Necromorpha, in which the penultimate state is provided with
mouth and organs of locomotion detached from the body, but so
enveloped in a case that it cannot employ them. The resemblance,
therefore, to the perfect state is very considerable, excepting in
thcj total want of motion.
248 NEWMAN ON THE
3. IsoMOKPMA, in which all the stages are active and voracious, and
of similar forms.
Besides these there is a fourth group, or rather there is a
class containing orders approaching all these divisions, besides
a typical order peculiar to itself. This heterogeneous group is
called Anisomorpha.
It now remains to be seen whether this Metamorphotic
System, differing in every respect from either the Alary or
Maxillary, founded on a totally different basis, and offering a
trinary instead of dichotomous division ; it remains, I say, to
be seen, whether this system will at all invalidate the propriety
ofa circular and central distribution of thesevenclasses. Itshould
be observed that, although the terms and definitions in the
Metamorphotic System are proposed by myself, the system
contains no deviation from the system of Swammerdam, except
in a few minor points, to which I have previously alluded,
where his view is known to have been erroneous.
The amorphous classes are Lepidoptera and Diptera ; the
necromorphous, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera ; and the isomor-
phous, Orthoptera and Hemiptera. Now, a single glance at
the diagram will shew how the Septenary arrangement of the
classes harmonizes with the great character of metamorphosis.
Where else than in the centre could that anisomorphous class
be placed, whose chai'acter, as defined by one of our profoundest
writers, is " varied metamorphosis." The diagram is thus a
third time divided by a genuine and perfectly natural character,
and now by a ternary and not dichotomous line A O E and A O L.
With respect to the contents of the anisomorphous class, it is
well known that the Ter-mitina and Perlina undergo a nearly
isomorphous metamorphosis ; the Pkrygaiiina are nearly amor-
phous; the Ephemet'ina ha.\e an anomalous metamorphosis, it
is true, but it is also true, and singularly corroborative of the
correctness of the situation which the Septenary System
requires that they should occupy, that this^ anomalous meta-
morphosis is precisely intermediate between that of the Libel-
lialina and that of the CvMcina. The metamorphosis of the
Panorpina appears to be unknown ; that of the Hemerobina
is necromorphous, thus indicating their proximity to the
Coleoptera.
Having thus shown, and I trust I have shown, that the
Sf{)tcnary System is not only borne outj but in a great measure
m
SEPTENARY SYSTEM. 249
dependent on the Alary, Maxillary, and Metamorphotic Systems,
I beg to say, that on these three systems are founded all
others which owe their existence to scientific inquiry, unas-
sisted by theory. Latreille in France, Burmeister in Germany,
and Kirby in England, themselves, longo intervallo, at the head
of Entomology in their respective countries, have reviewed the
labours of others, and each proposed what he imagines a more
perfect system than any previously existing. These three
systems have been styled Eclectic; they are very similar, and
are all of ih^va founded exclusively on those characters which I
have shown to constitute the Alary , Maxillary, and Metamorphotic
Systems, and which harmonize so beautifully with the Septenary.
These Eclectic Systems are entirely practical ; there appears no
leaven of theory to be found in either of them. They may be
called linear series of insects, arranged with every possible
attention to structural differences.
These Eclectic Systems, however, do not numerically accord
with the Septenary ; and this difference does not arise solely
from the erection of isolated animals of anomalous structure, as
the earwig, flea, Stylops, &c., into groups of equal value with
Hymenoptera and Coleoptera, containing almost myriads of
species. With this practice I consider it would be childish to
combat. A large group, Trickoptera, comprising the Phryga-^
niiia, has been separated from Neuroptera by Mr. Kirby,
This author has not, at least I cannot find tliat he has, ex-
plained why the Phryganina should be separated from the
Neuroptera generally ; but he uses very elaborate arguments
to prove the propriety of their being separated from the Pet'lina
in the same class. " Whoever examines," says Mr. Kirby, "the
several tribes into which Mr. MacLeay has divided the Neu-
roptera, will observe, in all of them, a distinct prothorax, a
circumstance which they possess in common with those orders
(classes) that use their mandibles for mastication ; whereas, in
those which do not use them for mastication, as the Hymenop-
tera, or that take their food by suction, this part is replaced
by a mostly narrow collar forming a part of the alitrunk : the
existence then of the prothorax in the Perlidcv, and of the collar
in the Trickoptera, affords no slight presumptive evidence that
they belong to different orders (classes)." I think this argu-
ment will scarcely bear a keen investigation. The premises
are not sufficiently sound. It may be objected that the pro-
'^50 NEWMAN ON THE SEPTENARY SYSTEM.
thorax of the Ephemerina, among the Neuroptera, is often
indistinct, or formed hke a collar. 2dly. That Hymenoptera
may be found which masticate with their mandibles. 3dly.
That the Chnicida?, Cercopidw, and myriads of similar insects,
which take their food by suction, have an immense, often a
preposterous, prothorax. These, therefore, I imagine are
insufficient grounds for the separation in question. But
allowing the separation to take place, I still find Mr. Kirby
placing the Pliryganites exactly where the Septenary System
requires their presence. At ipA<22 of the same volume, in some
observation on analogy, the new division TricJwptera is entirely
omitted, being again merged in the Neuroptera. This is a proof
of the exact value at which it was estimated by its author.
Another class, or division, of equal value with the Lepidop-
tera, Diptera, &c. occurs in Mr. Kirby's arrangement. I
allude to the Aptera, a group in which he includes Thysanura,
Juopl/ira, Arachnida, and Myriapoda. I rather regret having
to mention this division at all, for reasons which it would ap-
pear impertinent in me to avow. Let it be suflficient that I
state my adherence to the arrangement of these groups, which
has been long before the public in " The Grammar of Ento-
mology," and therefore, that as constituting one of the classes
(or orders, as they are termed by Mr. Kirby) of true insects,
I consider the Aptera out of place. The primary divisions of
insects are thus reduced to seven.
Let us now suppose seven individuals before us, instead of
seven groups of individuals, and let us express them by the
numerals L IL IIL IV. V. VL and VI L Some learned
man writes a book and argues very elaborately that the insect
VII. is constructed so exactly similarly to the insect I., and the
insect III., that it must, without doubt, be placed between
them. Just as the practical Entomologist is about to adopt the
suggestion, another argumentative work is placed in his hand,
and now he finds the subject may be viewed in another light.
The first writer was right as far as he went, but he had not
looked in the insect's mouth ; "and here," says the second, "is
the sole secret of arrangement." The second writer proves, in
fine, that the insect VII, comes between the insects IIL and
V. An angry discussion takes place, which terminates in the
second writer's gaining the day, and promulgating his opinion.
Now a third enters the field of controversy ; he boldly asserts
NOTES ON CILLENUM LATERALS. 251
the others knew nothing at all of the matter, that he has a
peculiar view, founded on metamorphosis, which supersedes
the necessity of further inquiry, and which establishes the place
of the insect VII. to be between the insects IV. and VI. He
demonstrates very clearly that both the others were wrong.
Opinions innumerable are given on the subject; books are
written; every opinion, as it emerges from the press, is proved
correct. However, some persons venture to suppose, that as
the M^riters differ so widely they cannot all be right. These
persons are wrong ; for the various characters in question can
be accommodated by placing the insect VII. in the centre,
and forming the others into a circle around it ; then all the
relations, on which the writers so strenuously insisted, will be
accommodated. Is this the work of chance ? Will any
Entomologist, blessed with reasoning powers, contend that
this wonderfully harmonizing of three diametrically, funda-
mentally, opposed systems, is the effect of accident ?
Then abandoning this restricted view of the subject, let me
ask if it is by accident that the Septenary System so entirely
harmonizes with the three diametrically opposing systems on
which all our Entomology is built ?
It may be contended, and probably proved, that opinions
were hazarded in " Sphinx Vespiformis," which are not sup-
ported in this article. It may also be contended that views
are now broached which have no prototypes in " Sphinx Vespi-
formis." Be it so : I have no objection. I should consider
it highly discreditable to adhere to views which more precise
information rendered no longer tenable. As far as ideas go,
I feel some doubt whether I did not once attach more value to
the circular chain of relation, than I do at present ; the more
important characteristic of the Septenary System now appears,
to me, to be radiation from a centre.
Art. XXXI I. — Notes about Cillenum Laterale and a submarine
Species of Aleocharidce. By A. H. Haliday, M. A.
In the month of May last, I found Cillenum laterale com-
mon under stones and tufts of sea-weed on the Port Rain
sands (County Dublin), near low-water mark. They prey upon
"252 NOTES ON CILLENUM LATERALE.
sandhoppers (Talitrus Locusta, Leach,) seizing them by the
soft parts of the underside, and, in this way, are able singly to
master game many times their own bulk. Sometimes three or
four beetles may be found in concert attacking a sandhopper
of the largest size. The tide retiring has scarcely uncovered
the sand, when these little depredators are abroad from their
hiding-places and alert in the chase. A great part of their
existence is passed under the sea, and the mode in which they
obtain the necessary supply of oxygen during their prolonged
submersion, when the small quantity in the air-bubble which
they may convey with them is exhausted, seems to deserve a
more particular investigation.^ It was at the same time and in
the same situations that I detected the small brachelytrous
beetle, which I have named and characterised below, sup-
posing it to be undescribed. It is evidently allied to the genus
Gymnusa (Karsten,) but while the latter assumes the appear-
ance of the adjoining family Tachijporidrv, the present has
more the air of the Oxytelidw.^ The peculiar character of the
mouth is more developed than in that genus, the appendages
of the labium retaining nothing in their form to recall their
typical function as palpi.
Gen. — DiGLossA.
Os rostraUtm. Palpi ruaxillares elongatl ; articulo S sicbclarato,
4> ohsoleto : palpomm lahialium loco lacinice 2 setacew os
superantesj antennce extrorsum nix incrassatw, articulo 2
longissimo : thorax postice attenuatus : abdomen lineare :
tarsi 4<-articulati, articuo unguiculare subwqtiali.
Sp. 1. Diglossa mersa (Long. 1 lin.)
Dull black, slightly pubescent ; head, thorax, and elytra minutely
punctulate : palpi and legs dusky ferruginous, the middle of the
shanks, the thighs, and antennae darker, the mandibles and feet
lighter : head rounded at the sides, without a distinct neck ; eyes
minute : antennas rather longer than the head and thorax, slender,
a Consult on this head the remarks on Aepus fulvescens. a species of similar
habits, by Mr. Audouin. (Nouv. Annales du Museum, iii. 117.)
b Observe the facts recorded in this Magazine, Vol. II. p. 180, relative to the
submarine habits of Hesperophilus.
NOTES ON CILLENUM LATERALE.
253
very little thickened externally ; the 2d joint the longest, clavate;
1st nearly as long and more robust, cylindric ; 3d shorter, obconic ;
those which follow very short globose, the exterior ones gradually
broader and oblate ; the last again longer globose-ovate : labrum
transversely quadrangular, a little hollowed out in front : mandi-
bles produced beyond the labrum, slender, acute, the tip slightly
incurved, a small tooth on the inside beyond the middle : maxillae
very long, the junction of the scape and stern projecting in an
angle from the cheek ; the blades very slender, the outer setaceous,
with its first joint short ; the inner acute and slightly incurved at
the extremity ; the inside bordered sparingly with minute spines :
palpi about as long as the head, slender ; the 1st joint minute, the
2d and 3d of equal length, the latter slightly clavate, 4th entirely
concealed : mentum transversely quadrangular, narrowed in front,
with the margin straight : ligula ? palpi represented by
two parallel spines, so long as to pass beyond the extremity of the
mandibles : thorax narrower than the head or elytra, longer than
broad, narrowed behind (oblong-obcordate) ; elytra together,
almost quadrate, the posterior angle not evidently notched : wings
none : abdomen nearly as long as the rest of the body, linear,
only the last two segments tapering : legs not long, shanks pu-
bescent, foreshanks notched and spinous at the tip : fore feet ex-
ceedingly short, the joints scarcely distinct : hind feet not half as
long as the shank, four-jointed, the last joint shorter than the
first, but more robust ; the claws strong and hooked.
Habitat in arenis maritimis (Hiberniae) aestu alterno opertus et
retectus.
A. H. H.
Fig. a. Diglossa nlersa. b — e. Details of the mouth.
/. Fore leg. g. Hind foot, h: A claw.
NO. III. VOL. IV. L L
254 NOTE? ox THE ECONOMY OF GYRIMS VILL05US.
Art. XXXIII. — Xott on thi Economy of Gyrinu^ ViHosus.
By the Rev. A. W. Griesbach.
Sir. — In Vol. II. pp. 530, 531, of the Emoinological Maga-
zine, is a communicarion by Mr. Haliday, describing a curious
fact in relation to the economy of Gynnus Vilk-su^. The fol-
lowing observation, accidentally made by myself, of the sort of
place in which that insect, sometimes at least, undergoes its
metamorphosis, may be read in connexion with it.
On the ~ist of May last. I was by the side of the river
Derwent, which is distant about one mile from this village : and
seeing an old dead willow tree, I pulled off some of the bark,
and poked about among the decayed wood, to see if I could
find any thing. There was not much in it save " wood lice. '
(oniscus?) and three small cocoons made of a whitish silk.
interwoven on the outer pan with minute fragments of the
decayed wood. These cocoons were attached to each other,
or were at least in contact, and contained what ^without much
examination) I mistook for the pupae oi Anobium tesseUatum. I
brought them home and put them into a pill-box, which I depo-
sited in a drawer, and forgot. However, by a mere chance I
opened this box about a month ago ; and in it were three
specimens of Gynnus riU.'Xsus — two quite perfect, the other
with crumpled elytra. They were as dark coloured as the
species usually is, but all of them were dead.
The willow-tree in which I found the cocoons was a yard,
perhaps, from the edge of the river, and the cocoons were
about two feet from the ground, in the decayed wood of the
tree.
On the strength of this fact, I am disposed to agree with
Mr. Haliday, that the specimen of Gyrinus tiUosus (which is
the subject of his communication) did not go through its
changes in the shell in which it was found. What it really
was doing or about to do-^whether its being there was " an
accidental occurrence,'' or an indication of some '' pecuharity
in the habits of the subgenus " to which it belongs — must, I
suppose, remain for the present, mere matter of conjecture.
I am, Sir,
Your obedient servant,
A. W. Griesbach.
Westote, wemr iPUfwdZ, TwHtsiire,
I8lk JmsvI, 1836.
Jdl
EutJvtaa..
DESCRIPTION OF SCARABiEI. ii55
Art. XXXIV. — Note on Elater crocatus of Zeigler.
By Thomas Desvignes.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.
Sir, — It having been stated by my friend Mr. Shuckard, in
No. 16 of the Entomological Magazine, that I had taken
Elater rnfipennis, in some abundance, in Shirewood Forest;
I beg to state, that the Elater in question is not rufipennis, but
E. crocatus^ ^ (Zeigler,) making a new species to this country.
It has been previously captured by my friend Dr. Howitt, of
Nottingham, in the same locality, who was unacquainted with
its specific name. Your inserting this observation of mine,
will oblige
Your obedient Servant,
Thomas Desvignes.
No. 2, Golden Square,
November \7, 1836.
I
Art. XXXV. — Descriptioji of two Scarahwi in the cabinet of
Samuel Hanson^ Esq.., M.E.S., <Sfc. By Edward Newman.
(See plate XIV.)
Although the two Scarahwi figured in the plate do not
appear to be characterised in any of the descriptive lists of the
genus which I have seen ; yet I think it highly probable that
one, or both of them, may have been named in some de-
tached paper, with which I have not chanced to meet. It is,
therefore, with considerable reluctance that 1 propose names
for them, seeing that they are so likely to sink as synonyms.
The form of Figure 1 is so exceedingly different from the
usual conformation of the Scarahwi, that I shall venture to
describe it under a new generic name.
Genus. — Propomacrus. Newman.
a This name I obtained through the kindness of the Rev. T. W. Hope.
256 DESCRIPTION OF SCARAB^I.
Caput parvum inerme, prothorace fere recoiiditum : mandibulae
maxillseque baud clypeiim attingentes reconditse, mihi invisae :
maxipalpi (quasi) 3-articulati ; articulo 1™°. obconico ; 2'^".
vix crassiori, liquido breviori ; 3"", elongate, incrassato subtrun-
cato : Idbipalpi (quasi) 3-articulati ; articulo 1™°. 2'^°^'^^. obconicis,
3''°. elongate apice rotundato : pedes longi ; tibiis angulatis,
spinis validis armatis : protibiis longissimis, incurvatis, dentatis,
unguiculis omnibus duobus apicibus, acutis, valde curvatis, subse-
qualibus ; plantula inter unguiculos brevis, apice bisetosa. Sca-
rabaearum neque antennae nee profecto prothorax, distributionis
discrepantiae exhibent. An. jEmc/^Vms celeberrimi Kirbiif
Sp. 1 . Propo. Arbaces. Brunneus glaber ; prothorax corpore
vix latior, valde conwxus, inermis, rugose punctatus^ laterihus
subserratis, angulis posticis valde, semicircular iter emarginatis,
subtus pilis aureis vestitus; protibias subtus pilis aureis vestitas.
Tab. xiv. Icon. 1.
This beautiful insect nearly corresponds in structure with the
Scarabwus longimamts of Linnaeus ; a sketch of the anatomy of
which has been obligingly handed me by Mr. Westwood ; it
is, however, I am led to believe, a perfectly distinct species.
It is said to have been taken at Smyrna, but appears to me
rather more of a Brazilian than European or Asiatic form.
The only specimen I have seen is in the rich cabinet of Mr.
Hanson.
Genus. — Scarabwus. Linnaus.
I know of no group in Entomology that calls so loudly for
further generic division as that immense mass known by the
common appellation of Scarabwus, or, according to some
authors, Dynastes ; and, in Fabricius, described under the
name of Geotrupes. The separation of an isolated species or
two as the proposed genus Propomacrus for the reception of
Arbaces, and perhaps longimanus, is altogether insufficient, and
is a task from which I would most willingly have shrunk.
Scarabaeus Croesus. Totus testaceus ; pedibus mllosis. Tab. xiv.
Icon. :2.
There are several examples of this fine insect in the London
cabinets, all of them, I believe, imported from Jamaica by Mr.
'■1'
SONNETOID ON LLANTIIONY. 257
Hanson, and without exception, females; a circumstance which
makes it doubly riskful to describe as a new species, that which
may prove the female of some one previously described. The
colour is w^holly testaceous, the legs being clothed with long
hair of the same colour.
The plate drawn and engraved by Mr. Ingall, is most libe-
rally presented by that gentleman to the Entomological Ma-
gazine. It was intended for colouring, and the impressions
were taken off for that purpose ; circumstances preventing this
have, however, supervened: any explanation of these would be
as painful to ourselves as uninteresting to our readers.
Art. XXXVI. — A Sonnetoid on Llanthony.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.
Sir, — It is difficult to say what the enclosed has to do with
Entomology, except as the common subject of a vignette in one
of your late numbers. But it is so rarely that any of our
Niigce can be hooked on to your exceedingly dry and scientific
details, that, pei'haps, the attempt may be received with
indulgence. Observe, it is not a sonnet, but a species as yet
undescribed, being two lines longer than all the rest of the
family.
A. S. K.
CrickhotveU, 2lst. Nov. 1836.
There may be mightier ruins ; — Conway's flood
Mirrors a mass more noble far than thine ;
And Aberystwith's gaunt remains have stood
The ceaseless shock where winds and waves combine ;
Lone is Dalbadarn, and the lovely shrine
Of Valle Crucis is a spell of power
By which each meaner thought and sense are chained;
Proud of that long array of arch and tower,
Raglan may claim a rude pre-eminence;
Tintern is peerless at the moonlit hour
258 NEWMAN ON TENTHREDININA.
Neatli, Chepstow, Goodriche, each has its pretence; —
But mid thy solitary mountains, gained
By no plain beaten track, my spirit turns
To thee, Llanthony; and, as yet untrained.
Would freely worship where thine altar burns,
All, save by nature's priests, unseen and improfaned!
Art. XXXVII. — Notes on Tenthredinina.
By Edward Newman.
In looking through Mr. Stephens's descriptive Hst of the
Tenthredinidw, with a view to naming the specimens in the
possession of the Entomological Club, I have made several
marginal memoranda, some of which I thought might perhaps
be of service to the public. Others, relating to the general
arrangement and the characters of genera, I shall not at pre-
sent pubhsh, contenting myself with saying, that I consider
many of the genera, as Allantns, Selandria, &c. as not suffi-
ciently definite or precise. In the group of genera with
clavated antennae, I have no remark to make on the species,
not having a sufficient series before me to decide. With
respect to these, 1 acknowledge it has occurred to me that
sexes are occasionally elevated to the rank of species ; but this
is no more than a surmise.
In the genus Hylotoma, I am unacquainted with H.pilicornis
and H. Berheridis, the latter of which was reported as British
by the late lamented Dr. Leach. Of H. enodis I possess a
fine series, and among them, specimens precisely agreeing with
Mr. Stephens's description of H. Anglica. Again, in the
descriptions of H. Violacea and H. ccvrulea, differing only in
the tibiae of the latter being occasionally obscurely banded with
white, I cannot perceive a specific difference. In like manner,
H. Leach'u appears to me to be scarcely a striking variety of
H. ustulata. H. Klugil, ax\{\.H seriiueiitaria, again vary but very
slightly ; and H. Stephensii and H. Pafiana are to be distin-
guished principally by the colouring of their legs ; a character in
which scarcely two specimens precisely agree.
'^i
NEWMAN ON TENTHREDININ A. 25i>
ScMzocerus furcatus I have taken at Birch-wood, and
S. palUpes, at Shobden, in Herefordshire. I have also received
the latter from Brighton. Allied to Cladius and Pristojyhora,
I possess several insects which appear unnoticed by Mr.
Stephens.
Pristophora, a. Stephens?
Sp. 1. Pris. cincta. Niger, corpore rubro-cincto^ pedihus pal-
lidis, nigro diversis.
Antennse and head, with the exception of a yellow labrum, black ;
body black, with a bright red belt, which passes completely round,
occupying four abdominal segments : legs pale ; profemora dusky
at the base ; mesofemora at the base and apex, black ; meta-
femora at the apex, metatibiae at the apex, and metatarsi, wholly
black.
I have seen but a single specimen of this insect, taken by
myself in Herefordshire, in May. This will perhaps be the
best time to say, that the foregoing and other insects de-
scribed as new in this article, have been carefully compared
with the specimens in Mr. Stephens's collection; a comparison
in which that gentleman's assistance has been most kindly
given.
Genus — Euura. Neicman. Mas. et fem.
Antennse 9-articulatEB vix pilosae, breves, tenues ; proalse cellula
marginali 1, submarginalibus 3, quarum Ima parva quadrata, 2da.
longa nervos 2 recurrentes recipiens; ano femince oviductu pror-
recto, 2que setis validis divaricatis armato.
This genus, in the disposition of the wing nervures, corre-
sponds very nearly with Pristophora B. of Stephens, but in
other respects it widely differs ; the antenna are short, slender,
and very slightly pilose in both sexes. In the male there is a
slight disposition to elongation in the joints, the sheath of the
oviduct of the female is very pilose, elongate, and conspicuous:
two strong bristle-like pilose appendages (existing in a less
degree in cognate genera) arise, one on each side of the para-
telum ; these three points present a somewhat trident-like
appearance at the tail, which at once distinguishes the insect.
260 NEWMAN ON TENTHREDININA.
Sp. 1. Euura gallae. Nigra : antennis nigris, apice ferru-
gineis : pedibiis pallidis.
Black: mouth yellow ; antennae rust-coloured at the tip ; the legs
entirely pale.
The insect is the size of Nematus pallipes : the only specimen
I have observed was taken by Mr. Walker, in Scotland.
Sp. 2. Euura cynips. Nigra : antennis mare ferrugineis : fem.
uigris : pedihus jmUldis^ tarsis fuscis.
Black : mouth ferruginous : antennae of the male dull ferruginous,
with the exception of the basal joint, which is jetty black ; of the
female, very obscurely ferruginous towards the apex : legs pale
yellow, with the tarsi fuscous.
This insect is abundant, and appears universally distributed :
it is less than half the size of the preceding ; may be beaten off
willows, in the leaves of which the larva forms excrescences, in
the neighbourhood of London throughout the summer. On
referring to Mr. Stephens's species Nematus gallicola^ I find
the description would suit my insect very tolerably ; but yet
that insect, (I speak of Mr. Stephens's specimens,) has no
other characters than size and distribution of colour in common
with Euura.
Genus. — Nematus. Leach.
Sp. 1. Nematus tibialis. Flavus : ocidis, antennis, dorsoque
nigris ; pedibus fatis ; metatibiis metatarsisque nigerrimis.
Yellow : eyes, upper side of the antennae, crown of the head, and a
large block occupying the dorsal portion of every segment, black ;
the mesoscutellum alone yellow : the legs are yellow, with the ex-
ception of the hindtibife and tarsi, which are jet black : the nervures
of the wings are intensely black.
This insect is from the Isle of Wight, where it was taken by
Mr. Walker. The black hind tibiae are very conspicuous, and
distinguish from the other species I possess : its size corre-
sponds with that of Nematus luteus., Fab. In the species nearly
allied to the one before me, I fear Messrs. Stephens and Le
Pelletier St. Fargeau have carried division much too far ; but I
must not attempt the task of reducing this fearful group.
NEWMAN ON TENTHREDININA. 261
Genus. — Crcesus, Leach.
I have received specimens of a Croesus from Ireland, with
the body entirely black, with the MS. name Croesus Stephensii.
Mr. Stephens mentions this as a variety, saying it is probably
referrible to a distinct species. I could wish that so fine an
insect, with Mr. Stephens's name attached to it, may prove
distinct.
Genus. — Fenusa, Leach.
The two insects which I am about to describe as be-
longing to the genus Fenusa, differ extremely in general
appearance from the insects ordinarily described as consti-
tuting the genus ; nevertheless, in the neuration of the upper
wings, and in the number and relative proportion of the joints
of the antennae, there exists no observable difference ; and as
the genera of the family seem founded on these characters, I
shall not venture to propose new ones.
Sp. 1. Fen. lanthe. Nigra laterihus flamolis: proalw fumosm
costa flaveola : pedes pallidi, femoribus omnibus plaga maqna
nigra.
This insect has a very large head, considerably wider than any part
of the body : the mouth, and a wide band round the eyes, are
yellow : the face, antennae, and crown of the head, black : the
body is black above and beneath, but the sides are pale yellow :
this colour forms a broad lateral line from end to end, in which
line the wings are situated : the forewings have the costal por-
tion tinted with the most delicate straw-colour, the remaining part
clouded ; the two marginal cells are of nearly equal size ; the
first submarginal cell is elongate, the second of moderate size : the
hind wings are transparent and uncoloured ; legs delicately straw-
coloured, with a black patch on the femora : size rather less than
that of Cladius difformis.
This insect appears generally distributed ; it occurs in
the woods of the metropolitan district in May and June.
Sp. 2. Fen. parviceps. Nigra, pedibus albidis, femoribus
nigris ; alis amplissimis nigra nebulatis ; caput (pro genere)
minimtim.
This insect has a very small head : the face, region of the insertion
of the antennae extending upwards in two lobes, and margin of
NO. III. VOL. IV. M M
262 NEWMAN ON TENTHREDININA.
the eyes, are of a dirty white : the antennas are brown : the eyes
and crown of the head are black : the body is entirely black and
shining, with the exception of a row of white spots on each side of
the abdominal segments: the fore wings are elongate and ample;
they have the costal margin as far as the stigma, the inferior
margin to the same extent, and a direct fascia uniting these two,
blackish : the marginal as well as submarginal cells are of
nearly equal proportions : the hind wings have a slight black
cloud : legs white, with a black patch on the femora : size that
of Cladius difformis.
Not common ; taken twice by Mr. Walker.
The Club Cabinet appears to possess many other Fenusce
undescribed ; but none are so distinct as the foregoing.
Genus. — Selandria, Leach. |
Sp. 1. Selan. pallida. PalUde mridis^ ocuUs ocellisque nigris.
This insect is entirely of a pale, sickly, green colour, with black
eyes and ocelli : its size is that of Selandria ferruginea.
Occurs commonly on the mountain ash.
Sd- 9 Selan. versicolor. Niger; abdominis dorso flavo, late-
*ihii T^Htrique albidis nigro-sparsis, pedes pallidi.
Head very broad, black : pro- meso- and metathorax black ; the latter
with two white spots above : propodeon black above, with a white
posterior margin, and a central oblong white spot : the seven fol-
lowing segments dorsally bright yellow, laterally and ventrally
white, sprinkled with black spots, disposed in some specimens in
somewhat regular lines : telum dusky : wings hyaline, but com-
pletely covered with minute brown dots, nervures brown : coxae
white : trochanters white, with a black spot: the legs pale yellow:
about the size of Cladius difformis.
Neighbourhood of London ; May and June.
Sp. 3. Selan. chrysorrhaea. Niger, alis nigro-tinctis ano pedi-
busque croceis.
Tenthredo chrysorrhaea. Klug.
Very small, being less than Nematus gallicola of Stephens.
London, Birch Wood ; Worcester, Leominster, &c.
SOME ACCOUNT OF THE BIRDS OF GODALMING. 263
Genus. — Allantus, Leach.
Sp. 1. Allan, haematopus. Mas. Niger, cmgulo abdominis
riifo : pro- et mesopedibus stramineis metafemoribus sanguineis
plaga nigra metatarsis atris.
Tenthrido haematopus, — Panzer.
Head and antennae black, with the clypeus, labrum, and palpi deli-
cately straw-coloured : body black, excepting the 7th, 8th, and
9th segments, which are bright red : the fore and middle leys are
delicately straw-coloured : the hind legs particolours : the coxae
are exteriorly straw-coloured, but towards the body jet black :
the trochanters are wholly straw-coloured ; the femora bright red,
with a jet black patch above the tarsi wholly black ; all the claw
and pulvilli are blue. This insect is about the size of Allanti
neglutus and blandus.
This splendid insect is not uncommon. I have ob-
served it in the collection of the British Museum and else-
where, and it has been presented to the Entomological Club
from the neighbourhood of Worcester, by Mr. Burlingham,
and from the neighbourhood of Ramsgate, by Mr. Foster. I
have little doubt that it is the male of Ten. hwmatopus of
Panzer : if it prove otherwise, I would propose calling it
Allantus lone. Many other observations might be made on
the genus Allantus, both as regards the value of the genus, and
of the species it contains ; but a general work is in progress, in
which, I trust, the genus will be remodelled.
Art. XXXVIII. — Some Account of the Birds of Godalming
By Waring Kidd and others.
The observations contained in this article have been princi-
pally made by Mr. Waring Kidd, whose long residence at
Godalming, coupled with the nature of his favourite and almost
only employment, the preservation of birds, have given oppor-
tunities of acquiring local knowledge in Ornithology superior
to those which almost any other individual is ever likely to
possess. The second person whose authority is adduced is
Mr. William StafTord, for many years the assiduous assistant
of Mr. Kidd in the exercise of his profession. The third
26*4 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE BIRDS OF GODALMING.
person is the author of various papers in Loudon's Magazine
of Natural History, and other journals, under the signature of
*' Rusticus ;" and the fourth, a long resident at Godalming,
and a frequent participator in the discoveries of the other three.
This foin'th (although the least capable) individual is the com-
piler of this paper. One bird is introduced on the authority of
White, of Selbourne.
Godalming is situate thirty-four miles S.S.W. of London, in
the county of Surrey ; the town stands in a low situation on
the river Wey, and is completely surrounded by little hills, the
various ascents of which present pleasing prospects in every
direction. The soil is a bright red sand, which extends from
the chalky range of cold, poverty-stricken Downs, crossing the
country from Reigate to Farnham ; between the chalk and the
sand is an exceedingly narrow tract of blue clay, sometimes
scarcely ten yards in width. These three distinct soils do not
gradually intermingle, but are separated by the most abrupt
transition, and their effect on the produce where the three soils
occur in the same field is very marked. The sandy soil pro-
duces a variety of surface ; in most parts it is excessively poor,
and wholly unprofitable to man : when this is the case, if
situated on the low grounds, it becomes an almost continuous
marsh, occasionally presenting immense sheets of water ; these
ponds, in the process of time, enrich the soil which they cover,
and make it worth the expense of draining; — thus the once fine
piece of water, known as Old Pond, has been embanked,
divided, drained, and filled at diflferent times and in various
waysj^until nearly an hundred acres are redeemed and devoted
to agriculture ; still it is a pool of respectable dimensions, and is
a site around which some of my memory's most unfaded flowers
have been wreathed. In many places this labour would be ill
bestowed, and we find fine pools of water that have existed for
centuries all along that valley which winds by Peperharrow,
Listed, Frensham, Thursley, the Pudmores, Headley, &c.
Ascending thence by Bramshot to Liphook, we find a track of
similar surface as regards vegetation, producing heath, furze,
and wortleberry, but now light and dry, and easily scattered by
the wind ; this is a peculiar character of Hindhead. Wherever
the sand bears the red tint of iron, the chief natural produce is
furze ; but this colour, as we proceed westward, yields to a blue
tint. The two colours stain the wool of the sheep, which
SOME ACCOUNT OF THE BIRDS OF GODALMING. 265
range the wastes, and the red and blue are very conspicuous
in their fleeces, the blue being much preferred. The chief
natural produce of the blue sand is heath of the three usual
species, which are very apt to be completely matted together
with Cuscuta. The marshes or moors, as they are here called,
produce immense quantities of the beautiful little Drosera. In
the low lands we find an almost infinity of water-fowl ; on the
hills grouse ; and, if abundant in furze, the Dartford warblers ;
and both situations are assiduously hunted by hawks and
owls, frequently of the rarer species. This desert district is a
favourite resort of the Fern Owl ; it is exceeding abundant,
so much so, that its cry is quite wearisome of an evening.
The bird is plentiful on every heathy district in the
neighbourhood. On Highdown heath Mr. Stafford shot
forty-seven in a very short space of time.
The hills in the immediate neighbourhood of Godalming
are completely covered with coppices, abounding with trees
in all stages of growth, forming as excellent a resort for the
Passerine birds as the ponds and moors do for the swimmers
and waders. In the underwood of these hills the shy haw-
finch breeds annually, and remains throughout the year ; but
the parent birds are difficult to obtain, flying the instant
they catch sight of a gunner, although many hundred yards
distant.
The fir-trees on the higher grounds are frequently the
resort of whole troops of crossbills. The higher trees in
the coppices are often selected as building-places by the
carrion crow and magpie ; the latter, however, is not a very
common bird in the district. Noblemen's and gentlemen's
seats are abundantly scattered throughout the district, and
there is scarcely one without its rookery, so that these birds
abound. The hooded crow is also extremely plentiful ; and it
is next to impossible to cross the common between Godalming
and Guildford without driving several of them from the turn-
pike road, on which they remain in the most fearless manner,
until the horses of a coach are within twenty yards of them :
on being disturbed they take a short circuit, and settle on the
identical spot from which they had risen. The sand- banks
existing throughout the district are completely honey-^combed
by the sand martin, but in many places the original excavators
266
SOME ACCOUNT OF THE BIRDS OF GODALMING.
have been dispossessed by the common sparrow ; this is par-
ticularly the case at the Holloway Hill sand-bank, immediately
adjoining the town.
In the List which follows, Mr. H. Doubleday's excellent
" Nomenclature" has been scrupulously followed. ^
Catalogue of Birds which have occurred in the Neighbourhood of
Godalming.
Pandion Haliaeetus,
Accipiter friiigillarius,
Falco Peref^inus,
subbuteo,
fEsalon,
tinnunculus,
Buteo vulgaris,
Pernis apivorus,
Circus rufus,
cyaneus,
cineraceus,
Scops Aldrovandi,
Otus vulgaris,
Bracbyotus,
Strix flammea,
Syrnium Aluco,
Lanius coUurio,
excubitor,
Muscicapa grisola,
luctuosa,
Turdus viscivorus,
pilaris,
musicus,
Iliacus,
merula,
torquatus,
Oriolus Galbula,
Accentor niodularis,
Erithaca rubecula,
Pboenicura ruticilla,
Salicaria locustella,
phragmitis,
arundinacea,
Pliilomela luscinia,
Curruca atricapilla,
hortensis,
cinerea,
garrula,
Sylvia sibilatrix,
trocbilus,
rufa,
Melizophilus provin-
cialis,
Regulus auricapillus,
Motacilla alba,
boarula,
flaveola,
Anthus pratensis,
arboreus,
Saxicola oenanthe,
rubetra,
rubicola,
Parus major,
coeruleus,
palustris,
ater,
Mecistura caudala.
Osprey
Sparrow-hawk
Peregrine Falcon
Hobby
Merlin
Kestrel
Common Buzzard
Honey Buzzard
Moor Buzzard
Hen Harrier
Ash-coloured Harrier
Scops-eared Owl
Long-eared Owl
Short-eared Owl
White Owl
Tawney Owl
Red-backed Shrike
Ash-coloured Shrike
Spotted Flycatcher
Pied Flycatcher
Missel Thrush
Fieldfare
Song Thrush
Redwing
Blackbird
Ring Ousel
Golden Oriole
Hedge Sparrow
Redbreast
Redstart
Grasshopper Warbler
Sedge Warbler
Reed Warbler
Nightingale
Blackcap
Greater Pettychaps
White throat
Lesser W hite throat
Wood Wren
Willow Wren
Chiffchaff
Dartford Warbler
Gold-crested Wren
Pied Wagtail
Grey Wagtail
YfeUow Wagtail
Meadow Pipit
Tree Pipit
Wlieatear
Whinchat
Stonechat
Great Titmouse
Blue Titmouse
Marsh Titmouse
Cole Titmouse
Long-tailed Titmouse
Calamophilus biarmicus, Bearded Titmouse
Bombycilla garrula. Waxen Chatterer
Alanda arvensis. Sky Lark
arborea. Wood Lark
Plectrophanes nivalis. Snow Bunting
Emberiza miliaria, Common Bunting
schoeniculus.Reed Bunting
citrinella. Yellow Hammer
cirlus, Cirl Bunting
Fringilla coelebs. Chaffinch
montifringiUa, Brambling
Passer domesticus. House Sparrow
Coccothraustes vulgaris, Hawfinch
Chloris, Greenfinch
Carduelis spinus. Siskin
elegans. Goldfinch
Lanaria cannabina. Linnet
montium,
borealis,
minor,
Pyrrhula vulgaris,
Loxia curvirostra,
Sturnus vulgaris,
Corvus corax,
corone,
frugilegus,
cornix,
monedula.
Pica melanoleuca,
Garrulus glandarius.
Twite
Mealy Redpole
Lesser Redpole
Bulfinch
Cross-bill
Starling
Raven
Crow
Rook
Hooded Crow
Jackdaw
Magpie
Jay
NucifragacaryocatactesNutcracker
Picus viridis,
major,
minor,
Yunx Torquilla,
Certliia familiaris,
Troglodytes Europ8eus,Wren
Green Woodpecker
Gr. Spotted Woodpecker
Lr. Spotted Woodpecker
Wryneck
Creeper
Upupa Epops,
Sitta Europsa,
Cuculus canorus,
Merops Apiaster,
Alcedo ispida,
Hirundo rustica,
urbica,
riparia,
Cj'pselus apus.
Hoopoe
Nuthatch
Cuckoo
Bee-eater
Kingfisher
Swallow
House Martin
Sand Martin
Swift
Caprimulgus EuropaeusGoat-sucker
Columba palumbus. Ring Dove
oenas, Stock Dove
livia, Rock Dove
turtur. Turtle Dove
Phasianus Colchicus, Pheasant
Torquatus, Ring Pheasant
Tetrao Tetrix, Black Grouse
Perdix cinerea, Partridge
Coturnix vulgaris. Common Quail
Oidicnemus crepitans. Common Thick-knee
a A Nomenclature of British Birds, by Henry Doubleday. London, Westley
and Davis, 1836.
SOME ACCOUNT OF THE BIRDS OF GODALMING.
267
Charadrius pluvialis,
hiaticiila,
Sqiiatarola cinerea,
Vanellus cristatus,
Calidris arenaria,
Hsniatopus ostralegus,
Ardea cinerea,
Botaurus stellaris,
Ibis falcinellus,
Nunienius arquata,
Totanus ochropus,
hypoleucos,
glottis
Himantopus melanop-
terus,
Scolopox rusticola,
gallinago,
gallinula,
Machetes pugnax,
Phalaropus lobatus,
Rallus aquaticus,
Crex pratensis,
Gallinula Chlo-
ropus.
Golden Plover
Ringed Plover
Grey Plover
Lapwing
Sanderling
Pied Oyster-catcher
Heron
Bittern
Glossy Ibis
Common Curlew
Green Sandpiper
Common Sandpiper
Greenshanks
Black-winged Long
shanks
Woodcock
Snipe
Jack Snipe
Ruff
Grey Phalarope
Water Rail
Corn Crake
Common Moorhen
Fulica Atra,
Anser ferus,
albifrons,
Anas Boschas,
Datila Acuta,
Querquedula crecca,
Mareca Penelope,
Fuligula ferina,
cristata,
Clangula chrysopthal
mos,
Podiceps cornutus,
minor,
Colymbus glacialis,
arcticus,
Sterna Hirundo,
minuta,
nigra,
Larus canus,
atricilla,
Thalassidroma pelagicaStorm Petrel
Leachii, Fork-tailed Petrel
Common Coot
Grey Lag Goose
White-fronted Goose
Wild Duck
Pintail
Teal
Widgeon
Common Pochard
Tufted Duck
Golden Eye
Horned Grebe
Little Grebe
Great Northern Diver
Black-throated Diver
Common Tern
Little Tern
Black Tern
Common GuU
Black-headed Gull
Remarks on the foregoing List.
Pandion Haliwetus. — This bird has appeared at various
times in the neighbourhood of the Pudmoors, Frensham Pond,
and similar situations. No less than seven have been pre-
sented by W. K. An Osprey was shot at Frensham Pond, in
1772, while it was sitting on the handle of a plough devouring
a fish. White.
Falco Pereqrinus. — Very uncommon ; one has been shot in
Hindhead, W. K. ; a second was taken in a rabbit trap at
Eshing, E. N. D.
Falco suhhuteo and F. oesalon. — The Hobby is by no means
uncommon throughout the Godalming district, but the Merlin
is much more rai'e ; specimens of the latter, shot by game-
keepers, have been occasionally brought to W. K. The Kestril
and Sparrow Hawk abound.
Buteo Vulgaris. — The common Buzzard is very abundant,
W. K.
Pernis apivorus. — Two specimens of the Honey Buzzard
have been shot at Shillinglee Park, the seat of Lord Win-
terton. W. K. A pair of Honey Buzzards built a nest in a tall,
slender beech tree at Selbourne, in 1786. White.
Circus rufus. — Three specimens, shot in the neighbourhood
of Godalming, have been preserved by W. K.
Circus cyaneus and Cineraceus. — These birds, although
never abundant, are continually to be seen ; the remarkable
2G8 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE BIRDS OF GODALMING.
colour of the Hen Harrier readily distinguishes it. On the
Hogsback and about Loseley it may frequently be observed
traversing the fields with an owl-like flight, probably in quest
of similar objects. E. N. D. Several of both species have
been preserved by W. K.
Scops Aldrovaiidi. — A single specimen of this singular little
owl was shot at Shillinglee Park. W. K.
Otm vulgaris and O. hracJiyotus. — The long-eared Owl is
abundant; the short-eared less common, but has not unfre-
quently been preserved by W. K.
Lanim Excubitor. — A great ash-coloured Butcher-Bird was
shot in the winter of 1772-3 in Tisted Park. White. Seen
occasionally in the higher grounds in the neighbourhood ; and
a single specimen has been preserved by W. K.
Muscicapa luctuosa. — A single specimen was shot in Mr.
Kidd's orchard, at Godalming, about fifteen years ago, W. K. ;
and a second at Witley Park, in the middle of May, 1886. W. S.
Turdiis torquatus. — The Ring Ouzel is frequently found on
Hindhead, and other high sandy grounds in the neighbourhood
of Godalming. W. K.
Oriolus galbida. — A single specimen of the Golden Oriole was
seen near the town of Godalming in the year 1833. W. K.
Philomela, luscinia. — The neighbourhood of Godalming has
been called the Valley of Nightingales, and well it deserves the
name : throughout the fine nights in May there is a complete
chorus of these birds ; every coppice contains numbers, and
every garden two or three pair : it is really glorious to listen to
them in a moonlight midnight after a showery day. Rusticus.^
Melizophagus provincialis. — I have seen the furze quite alive
with these birds. They are, however, very hard to shoot ;
darting down directly they see the flash or hear the crack, I
do not know which. I have seen excellent shots miss them
while rabbit shooting with beagles. They prefer those places
where the furze is thick, high, and difficult to get in. Rusticus.^
The Dartford Warblers continue in the same situation through-
out the winter. E. N. D.
Calamophilus biarmicus. — The Bearded Tit has appeared in
various places in the neighbourhood of Godalming, but in no
a Magazine of Natural History, Vol. VI. p. 114.
b Id. Vol. VI. p. 112.
SOME ACCOUNT OF THE BIRDS OF GODALMING. 269
instance plentifully. Two or three specimens have been seen
at Catshall, and a pair at Ockford Pond. E. N. D. A few
have been shot at Elsted, and also at Hampton Lodge, the
seat of H. B. Long, Esq. W. K.
Bomhycilla garrula. — A single specimen of the Waxen
Chatterer was seen near Godalming in the year 1832. E. N. D.
Plectrophanes nivalis. — On the Moors near Selbourne. White.
Emheriza ciiius. — The Cirl Bunting has occasionally been
shot in the neighbourhood of Godalming. W. S. This bird is
very abundant at Alton, in Hampshire, and also in the Isle of
Wight, where it breeds. IV. K.
Coccothraustes vulgaris. — This bird has been continually ob-
served in the thick coppices at Westbrook, and in Eshing-park ;
it seems to feed on berries and seeds fallen to the ground, and
flies up into the highest trees at the least alarm. It certainly
breeds in the neighbourhood of Godalming. W. S. This ap-
pears to be one of the most common of British birds, although
from its wildness it is seldom observed. E. N. D.
Carduelis spinus. — The Siskin may be frequently found in
great abundance in the alders on the covers near Catshall, close
to the river. W. K. The siskin is a regular winter visitor with
us, keeping company with the little redpoles, which abound
wherever there are alders along the banks of the Wey ; they
are almost entirely females ; at least, in the proportion of fifty
or sixty to one. Rustlcus.^
Linaria Montiimi. — The Twite, a bird perfectly distinct from
the linnet, is now and then shot on Munsted Heath. Rus-
ticusA
Loxia curvirostra. — The Crossbill is by no means uncommon
here in the winter. I have seen them of every hue, from bright
yellow-green to bright red, and of all intermediate shades be-
tween each of these and dull brown. Strange as it may appear,
the bright red ones appear to be the young birds ; the yellow
green ones old hens, and the brown ones old cocks : at least,
this has been the case in those which I have had an opportu-
nity of examining. The cry of the crossbill is very peculiar;
it is sharper than that of the greenfinch, and not so much of
a chuck as that of a linnet : generally while sitting they are
silent and very quiet birds, a number of them sitting in a Scotch
c Mag. of Nat. Hist. Vol. VI. p. 113. d Id. lb,
NO. III. VOL. IV. N N
270 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE BIRDS OF GODALMING.
pine, and remaining in it even a v/hole day ; at any rate, if not
disturbed, until every cone has been pried into and its contents
taken out. Rusticus.^
Corvus monedula. — The Jackdaw builds in great numbers in
the Chalk-pits, particularly one on Katherine-hill. E. N. D.
Nucifraga caryocatactes. — One specimen of this exceedingly
rare bird was seen, and closely observed by Samuel Haines,
Esq. surgeon, of Godalming, in Peperharrow-park, the seat
of Viscount Middleton. From the description given by Mr.
Haines, who is a good Ornithologist, there is not the slightest
doubt as to the identity of the bird. W. K.
Picus minor. — The lesser spotted Woodpecker is far from
uncommon in this neighbourhood. I have seen it at Eshing,
Peperharrow, Crooksbury-hill, &c. E. N. D. Common at
Godalming. W. K. The green Woodpecker and the greater
spotted Woodpecker are still more common.
Certhia ftmiiliarls. — It is a singular and unpublished fact re-
lative to the Creeper, that in the summer, when multitudes of
gnats are to be found reposing throughout the day on the
trunks of trees, this little bird will take a gnat in its bill with-
out swallowing it, then hunt for another and take it in like
mannei', and not swallow at all until its little slender bill
is quite distended with the number of gnats contained.
H. N'eivman.
Upupa Epops. — The Hoopoe has on several occasions been
shot near Godalming. W. K.
Merops Apiaster. — A single specimen of this beautiful bird
was shot in a garden in the town some years back, and is now
in the possession of Robert Moline, Esq. W. K.
Caprimulgus Europwus. — One particular district called the
Pudmoors, is the favourite resort of the Fern Owl. In the
day time, while walking across the moor, you will every now
and then put up one of these singular birds ; their flight is per-
fectly without noise, and seldom far at a time ; but of an
evening it is far different : about twenty minutes after sun-set
the whole moor is ringing with their cry, and you see them
wheeling round you in all directions. They look like spectres,
and often, coming close over you, assume an unnatural appear-
ance of size against a clear evening sky. I believe its very
e Mag. of Nat. Hist. Vol. VI. p. 1 13.
SOME ACCOUNT OF THE BIRDS OF GODALMING. 271
peculiar note is uttered sitting, and never on the wing. I have
seen it on a stack of turf with its throat nearly touching the
turf, and its tail elevated, and have heard it in this situation
utter its call, which resembles the birr of a mole-cricket,— an
insect very abundant in this neighbourhood. I have ahnost
been induced to think that this bird serves as a decoy to the
mole-cricket, this being occasionally found in the craw of these
birds when shot. Those who are not acquainted with the cry
of the bird or the insect may imagine an auger boring oak, or
any hard wood, continued and not broken off, as is the noise of
the auger, from the constant changing of hands. The eggs of
the fern owl have frequently been brought me by boys ; there
are only two in number, greyish-white, clouded and blotched
with deeper shades of the same colour ; the hen lays them on
the soil, which is either peat or a fine soft blue sand, in which
she merely makes a slight concavity, but no nest whatever.
The cry of the fern owl is the signal for the night-flying moths
to appear on the wing, or rather the signal for the Entomo-
logist's expecting them. RusticusJ
Columba Livia. — The Rock Dove is sometimes met with
near Godalming. W. K.
Tetrao Tetrix, — From time immemorial the Black Cock has
been an inhabitant of Hindhead. It seems strange that White
should lament its loss, for he might generally have found it
within an hour's ride of Selbourne. They are certainly not
abundant, being apparently entirely unpreserved; but no season
passes without some few brace being killed by the sportsmen
of Godalming. The black cock is a noble bird on the wing ;
in addition to his colour, his forked tail distinguishes him from
all other game. E. N. D. When I was a little boy I recollect
a black cock used to come now and then to my father's table.
White. The black cock frequents Hindhead. W. K. -.
Coturnix vulgaris. — The Quail is not common, but is occa-
sionally found in the neighbourhood of Godalming. W. K.
(Edicnemus crepitans. — This bird abounds in the champaign
parts of Hampshire, and breeds, I think all the summer,
having young ones, I know, very late in the autumn. They
frequent dry, open, upland fields and sheepwalks. White.
Guildford Downs. W. K.
f Mag. of Nat. Hist. Vol. V. p. 603.
272 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE BIRDS OF GODALMING.
Charadrius pluvialis. — The Golden Plover is common near
Farnham, W. K.
Charadrius hiaticida. — A few of the Ring Plover have been
shot at Frensham Pond. W. K.
Squatarola cinerea. — A few of the Grey Plover have been
shot at Godalming. W. K.
Vanellus cristatus. — The Lapwing is a most abundant bird
throughout the moor district, occasionally congregated in
flocks of many thousands. E. N. D.
Calidris arenaria. — The Sanderling has been shot not un-
frequently at Frensham Pond. W. K.
Hwmatopus ostralegus. — Four specimens of the Oyster-
catcher have been shot in the vicinity of Godalming. W. K.
Ardea cinerea. — The Hern is very abundant round Godal-
ming, particularly in the moor district. E. N. D.
Botaurus stellaris. — The Bittern is scarce here ; but in one
spot, a little reedy swamp, near Eshing Bridge, two or three
are shot every winter. It is hard to put up, running exces-
sively fast, and even standing to bay your spaniel when over-
taken ; you are therefore sure of him when once on his trail,
provided you are not prevented by the reeds from seeing him
when he rises. The bittern is a light loose-feathered bird. A
charge which a mallard would fly away with, and which a
guillemot would laugli at, will rag a bittern to pieces. One
reason of this may be, that he hates flying by day, and will
not get up till you are close on him, and then flusters about
this way and that, and seems to be uncertain what to do. I
once saw one get up, a hundred and fifty yards from me ;
but not seeing me he came right over where I stood. I pulled
but missed him, after which he kept on soaring upwards till he
was completely lost in the clouds. I never heard the bittern
boom on rising, he usually gives a sharp harsh cry like that of
a grey goose on the wing. Rusticus.g
Ibis falcinellus. — A single specimen of the Glossy Ibis was
shot at Witmore Pond, near Guildford, in March, 1833. W. S.
Ntwienius arquatus. — The Curlew has been shot on the
moors, near Frensham. W. K.
Totanus ochropus. — The Green Sandpiper is frequently met
with near Godalming. W. K.
g Mag. of Nat. Hist. Vol. VI. p. 114.
SOME ACCOUNT OF THE BIRDS OF GODALMING. 273
Totatus glottis. — A single specimen of the Greenshanks has
been shot at Hampton Lodge. W. K.
Hlmantopus melanopterus. — In the last week of April, 1779,
five of these birds were shot upon the verge of Frensham Pond,
a large lake belonging to the Bishop of Winchester, and lying
between Wolmer Forest and the town of Farnham, in the
county of Surrey. The pond-keeper says there were three
brace in the flock, but that after he had satisfied his curiosity
he suflfered the sixth to remain unmolested. One of these
specimens I procured, and found the length of the legs to be
so extraordinary, that, at first sight, one might have supposed
the shanks had been fastened on, to impose on the credulity of
the beholder : they were legs in caricatura ; and had we seen
such proportions on a Chinese or Japan screen, we should
have made large allowances for the fancy of the draughtsman.
My specimen, when drawn and stuffed with pepper, weighed
only four ounces and a quarter, though the naked part of the
thigh measured three inches and a half, and the legs four inches
and a half Hence we may safely assert that these birds ex-
hibit, weight for inches, incomparably the greatest length of
legs of any known birds. White.
Machetes pugnax. — A considerable flight of these birds,
apparently all of them young ones, were found near Godal-
ming, on the 20th August, 1836. W. K.
Phalaropus lobatns. — The Grey Phalarope is found occasion-
ally round Godalming and Guildford. W. K.
Anser albifrons. — This bird has been repeatedly shot at
Frensham Pond. W. K.
Anser fer us- — The Grey Lag Goose had sometimes occurred
at Godalming, on Old Pond, Frensham, and other large ponds.
W. K.
Dafila acuta. — A flight of Pintail Ducks has several times
been observed on Old Pond. Two were shot there in Jan. 1836,
by Mr. H. Moline. E. N. D.
Querquedula crecca. — The Teal has repeatedly occurred on
the river Wey, in considerable numbers. E. N. D.
Mareca Penelope. — The Widgeon has occurred at Godal-
ming. W. K.
Fuliga ferina. — The Pochard occurs frequently in large
flocks on Frensham and various other ponds. I have seen
fifty or more on Old Pond at a time, sometimes intermingled
274 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE BIRDS OF GODALMING.
with the common wild duck, from which, however, they always
separate on rising. E. N. D.
Podiceps cornutus. — A pair of the Horned Grebe were shot
at Elsted, and preserved for R. Moline, Esq. by W. K.
Colijmhus glacialis. — A very fine specimen of the Great
Imber Goose or Diver, was shot a kvf years back at Old
Pond : its power of diving, and the length of time it stayed
under water, were wonderful ; for this purpose I find it is
furnished with an immense bladder, extending the whole length
of its neck, which it can inflate at pleasure ; and this being con-
nected with the windpipe is of course available as a reservoir
of air. Rusticus. ^^ Two of the Great Northern Divers have
been shot at Frensham Pond. W. K. As one of my neigh-
bours was traversing Wolmer Forest, from Bramshot, across
the moors, he found a large uncommon bird fluttering in the
heath, but not wounded, which he brought home alive. On
examination it proved to be the Colymhus glacialis of Linnjeus.
White.
Colymhus arcticus. — The Black-throated Diver has been
occasionally shot at Frensham Pond. W. K.
Sterna Hirimdo, — This bird has been shot not unfrequently
at Frensham Pond. W. K.
Sterna minuta. — The Little Tern occurs at Frensham Pond,
where it has occasionally been killed. W. K.
Sterna nigra. — The Black Tern is shot at Frensham Pond.
W. K.
Thalassidroma pelagica. — The Stormy Petrel, or Mother
Gary's Chicken, has been shot near Godalraing. W. K.
Thalassidroma Leachii. — A single specimen of the Fork-
tailed Petrel was shot on Hindhead, near Liphook, and stuffed
by W. S.
It will be seen that a great number of the aquatic and
wading birds can only be considered accidental visitors, pro-
bably driven inland by stress of weather. Godalming cannot
be considered the habitat of such. Nevertheless, as birds
having no claim whatever to a place in our British fauna, have
been admitted into all our works, on the strength of their
having, on unquestionable authority, been occasionally killed
or seen, although never suspected of being residents, so have
li Mag. of Nat. Hist. Vol. VI. p. 114.
M
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. 275
these rare visitants a like claim to be admitted into the restricted
lists of a particular district. The memoranda which follow the
list in this instance, will show that there is no desire on the
part of the compiler to lay claim to them as natives. On the
large ponds in the neighbourhood, a number of Gulls have, at
various times, been killed; most have been in an immature state
of plumage, and therefore not easily distinguished ; a circum-
stance excusable when it is recollected the only authority
possessed by Ornithologists was Bewick's, whose descriptions,
nomenclature, and figures of the Gulls, are very far from
satisfactory. The total number of birds suffers a diminution on
this account, as those species not ascertained have been wholly
omitted. E. N. D.
Art. XXXIX. — Proceedings of the Entomological Cluh.
Sitting of the 20th October, 1836.
Present, — Messrs. Bevington, Bennett, Bowerbank, J. F.
Christy, Davis, Hanson, Stanger, Shaw, Trusted, and
Newman.
Mr. Bevington in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last sitting wei'e read and confirmed.
The Curator reported, that in compliance with the directions
of the Club, embodied in a Minute of the last sitting, he had
insured the property of the Club, in his possession, to the
amount of £750.
The Curator read the following list of donations : —
Mr. J. LouNDs, of Quebec. Various Coleoptera collected
by himself in the neighbourhood of Quebec, transmitted through
the hands of Mr. Hoyer.
loNicus of the Entomological Magazine. Various Coleop-
tera collected by himself in Cephalonia, Corfu, &c. transmitted
through the hands of Mr. Walker.
Mr. Henry Doubleday, of Epping. About two hundred
and fifty specimens of British Lepidoptera, collected by himself
276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
in the neighbourhood of Epping, expressly for the Entomo-
logical Club : the whole of these Lepidoptera were in the finest
possible condition, and many of them very rare.
Mr. Davis, of London. A fine series of British specimens
of Saperda oculata and Trachys pygmwa, and some specimens of
Orgyia gonostigma.
Mr. T. Ingall, of London. Some rare Coleoptera from
New Holland.
Mr. J. W. Bond, of London. Various Brazilian insects.
Mr. BowERBANK, of London. A copy of Fuessly's
" Archives," and a nest of Vespa Crabro, the common Hornet.
Mr. J. C. Loudon. The 66th number of the Magazine of
Natural History.
Mr. G. Newman, Jun. A nest of Vespa Britannica.
Resolved Unanimously^
That the thanks of the Entomological Club be given to these
gentlemen, for their various and valuable donations to the
Club.
Mr. BowERBANK exhibited a beautifully perfect specimen
of Castnia Coronis; it was observed fluttering about some
flowers in the garden of the Messrs. Loddige, of Hackney,
and was taken alive. The pupa of this fine insect is supposed
to have been imported from South America, in the earth
attached to the roots of plants lately received from that con-
tinent.
Samuel Alexander Burlingham, Esq. of Worcester,
having been at the last sitting proposed by Mr. Newman,
and seconded by Mr. Bevington, was balloted for, and unani-
mously elected an honorary corresponding member of the
Entomological Club, and Mr. Newman was appointed to in-
form him thereof.
John Walton, Esq. of Byard's Lodge, near Knares-
borough, Yorkshire, having been at the last sitting proposed
by Mr. Davis, and seconded by Mr. Hoyer, was unanimously
elected an honorary corresponding member of the Entomolo-
gical Club, and Mr. Bowerbank was appointed to inform him
thereof.
The club then adjourned to Thursday evening, the 16th of
November, at Mr. Davis's.
ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. 277
Sitting of the 16th November, 1836.
Present, — Messrs. Bennett, W. Christy, Davis, E. Doubleday,
Hoyer, Showell, and Newman.
Mr. Davis in the Chair.
After the minutes of the last sitting had been read, a discus-
sion of some length took place, as to the propriety of publishing
the minutes of the Entomological Club. Mr. W. Christy
observed, that as no notice whatever was taken of the proceed-
ings of the Entomological Society, he thought the publication
of the minutes of the Club might be construed, by those who
were disposed to cavil, into something like an act of hostility^
Mr. Christy had not the slightest wish to shun publicity, as he
was sure that the more widely the acts of the Club were
known, the more they would be approved; but he questioned
the expediency of publication, at a time when all notice of
the Entomological Society was abandoned.
Mr. Bennett thought that the better way of getting rid of all
such appearance of hostility, — he said appearance, for he knew
of no hostility whatever existing towards the Society on the
part of the Club, — was to notice the proceedings of the Society;
and he regretted that such notice had been abandoned.
Mr. Davis inquired who would undertake to attend the
meetings of the Society, in order to take minutes of the pro-
ceedings.
Mr. Newman said, that there was a great difficulty in ob-
taining any correct information on the subject (especially as to
the list of donations ;) and this was the only reason why, as
Editor of the Entomological Magazine, he had not noticed the
Society's proceedings. The accounts prepared for the morning
papers were, to use the mildest terra, grossly erroneous. A
recent report he had seen, stated that Mr. Curtis, F.L.S., took
the chair at the October meeting: he found, on inquiry, that
Mr. Curtis not only had never presided, but was not a mem-
ber of the Society. It would never do to copy this as correct
information.
The CuPvAtor read the following list of donations : —
Mr. A. Ingpen, of London. A portrait of the late Mr,
Haworth.
NO. III. VOL. IV. o o
278 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Mr. G. R. Gray, of the British Museum. A copy of his
" Synopsis of the Species of Insects belonging to the Family of
Phamiidcv."
Mr. C. J. Paget, of Yarmouth. Various rare British
insects.
Mr. HoYER, of London. Several rare British insects.
Mr. Ingall, of London. Several British Noctuoe.
Mr. G. Shove, of Deptford. Various British insects.
Mr. G. Trusted, of Ross. Several British Curculionidw.
Mr, W. Stanger, of Edinburgh. Some specimens of
Pi/cnogonum Balamarum.
Mr. M'Nab, of Epping. A perfect specimen of that beau-
tiful and valuable cerambycideous insect, Omocaniha Gipas.
Mr. E. DouBLEDAY, of Epping. His entire collection of
Exotic Coleoptera ; the Curator returning to the donor such as
were duplicates, unrequired by the Club. By this munificent
donation about 200 species are added to the collection of the
Club.
Mr. J. C. Loudon. The sixty-seventh number of the
Magazine of Natural History.
Mr. W. Christy, of London. His entire collection of Bri-
tish Lepidoptera, including many insects of great rarity.
Mr. Joseph Fell Christy, of London. Various Lepi-
dopterous and other insects, collected by himself in Jersey.
Mr. Davis, of London. A copy of Hoffnagel's " Diversae,"
and a copy of Mouffett's " Theatrum Insectorum."
Mr. Shovi^ell, of London. A splendid copy of Roemur's
"Genera Insectorum;" this work contains upwards of 700
highly-finished engravings of insects, accurately coloured.
Resolved Unanimouslij,
That the thanks of the Club be given to these gentlemen for
their various and valuable donations to the Club.
Thomas Marshall, Esq. of Birmingham, having been at
the last sitting proposed by Mr. Davis, and seconded by Mr.
Newman, was balloted for, and unanimously elected an hono-
rary corresponding member of the Entomological Club ; and
Mr. Newman was appointed to inform him thereof.
Henry Metford, Esq. of Stoke Newington, having been
at the last sitting proposed by Mr. Bennett, and seconded by
ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. 279
Mr. J. F. Christy, was balloted for, and unanimously elected
an honorary corresponding member of the Entomological
Club ; and Mr. Bennett was appointed to inform him thereof.
The Club then adjourned to Thursday evening, the 15th
December, at Mr. Hoyer's.
Sitting of the 15th December, 1836.
Present, — Messrs. Bennett, Bentley, Chant, J. F. Christy,
Foster, Hoyer, and Newman.
Mr. Hoyer in the Chair.
The minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr, Newman, as Curator, exhibited the insects which
Messrs. Walker and W. Christy had collected in the neigh-
bourhood of North Cape ; and also those collected by Mr.
Walker alone in the course of an overland journey from thence
to Tornea. In the Lepidoptera from the extreme north of
Europe, the total absence of the Noctuites, at a season of the
year when there was no night, might have been anticipated ;
yet there M^as one Hepialus, apparently H. Velleda, taken at
the time of incipient nights. No Colias or Vanessa appeared
among the butterflies. Poi^tia Napl was taken, and a specimen
of P. Rapw was seen. Melitcca Dia were taken, and also
HijyparcMce Ligea and Blandina, the varieties so intermingled
that it was impossible to separate them ; (a circumstance which
leads to the conclusion that these constitute but a single species :)
numbers oi Polyoinmatus Argus, and a pair of Hesperia Comma ;
—in all, six butterflies. In Geometrites, there were several
species, and a few minor Lepidoptera. In Diptera, the collec-
tion was rich ; four noble Tabani, among them T. Tarandi,
and all different from our British species ; also abundance of the
beautiful (Estrus Tarandi, and several very fine Volucelloj.
In the Tipidites and minor Diptera, there was a great number
of genera and species. In Hymenoptera, there were examples
of the fine genera, Chnhex, Lyda, and Sirex,8ic.; also, several
species of Bomhi, the common wasp, and numerous ants (one
of the latter was of an enormons size ;) but only one fossorial
insect. In Coleoptera, there was apparently a scanty supply ;
of the long horned tribes, there were fine examples of wdilis,
and scalaris, also, numerous Lepturae ; abundance of Pi/tho
280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
depressus, Agahiis serrlcornis, Chrysomela marginata, See. A
single example of Trichius fasciatus : a few Carabus glahratiis,
Miscodera arctica, Elaphrus Lapponicus, Campylus linearis. Sec.
The other classes offered nothing remarkable, excepting Boreus
Hyemalis, which Mr. Walker found in abundance, skipping
about some rocks with great activity. Mr. Newman said, he
believed that an entire list, with descriptions of the novelties,
would appear in the Entomological Magazine.
The Curator read the following lists of donations: —
Mr. W. Christy, of London. A copy of " the Aurelian's
Pocket Companion," by Moses Harris.
Mr. Newman, of Deptford. The 16th and 17th numbers
of the Entomological Magazine, a copy of his " Sphinx Vespi-
formis," and a copy of his " Essay on the Head of Insects."
Mr. Bennett. A superb specimen of Urania Patroclus,
and various other rare Eastern Lepidoptera.
Mr. Busk, of the Dreadnought. Some Chinese insects.
Mr. R. Foster, of London. A singular old print, represent-
ing a scorpion and tarantula.
Mr. J. W. Bond, of London. Some Brazilian insects.
Mr. J. S. Bowerbank, of London. A collection of about
500 Brazilian insects, from Rio ; among them numerous desi-
derata to the Club.
Mr. J. Chant, of London. Various British Lepidoptera
and Coleoptera.
Mr. J. C. Loudon. The 68th number of the Magazine of
Natural History.
Mr. W. Bentley, of London. Various British Lepidop-
tera and Coleoptera.
Mr. W. Christy, of London. Various interesting insects
collected by himself in the neighbourhood of Hammerfest, in
Norway.
Mr. W. Raddon, of Bristol. A fine series of Adehia
prwcoxy Mamestra Alhicolon, several species of Agrotis, and
various other Noctuites, and also of Sirex Juvencm, Atiomala
Frischii, Sec.
Mr. J. EvELEiGH, of Manchester. A fine series of Tri-
plimna fimbria, and of Nyssia zonaria, besides various other
British insects.
Mr. E. Doubleday, of Epping. A specimen of Entimu»
Splendidus, and other exotic Coleoptera.
ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. 281
Mr. J. HoYER, of London. A copy of " Harris's Expo-
sition of British Insects."
Mr. F. Walker, of London. A collection of insects made
by himself in the vicinity of North Cape, or subsequently in a
pedestrian tour from thence to Tornea.
Resolved Unanimoushj,
That the thanks of the Entomological Club be given to these
gentlemen, for their various and valuable donations to the
Club.
Mr. Nevv^man said, that in reference to what had passed at
the last sitting, he had obtained, purposely for publication, a
Report of the only meeting of the Entomological Society which
had since occurred. \n this Report the list of donations was
deficient : he had, therefore, written the following note to the
Secretary of the Society, hoping to obtain them.
To J. O. Westwood, Esq.
" Dear Sir, — It has been a matter of complaint from several
members of the Entomological Society of London, that, as
Editor of the Entomological Magazine, I have not published
the list of donations presented each month to the Entomological
Society, and also given a slight notice of the proceedings of the
Society. I can remedy the latter very readily, by employing
a competent person to take notes ; but I have no means of
obtaining a correct list of donations except from yourself; and
I conceive an incorrect list would be nearly useless. I wish
therefore to say, that if it be consonant with your views to hand
me such a list, I shall feel obliged for it, as an addition to the
information I am desirous of disseminating, and also as a pro-
bable means of serving the Entomological Society.
(Signed,) " Edward Newman."
Mr. Westwood replied immediately to this note as
follows : —
To E. Newman, Esq.
" Dear Sir, — As the lists you mention will be too late for
the next number of the Entomological Magazine, I must defer
282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
replying definitely concerning them at present. I will only
observe, that I have no personal objection to furnishing them
to the Entomological Magazine ; although I have refused
taking upon myself the trouble of supplying notices of the pro-
ceedings of the Society to several of the periodicals.
(Signed,) " J. O. Westwood."
Mr. Newman thought Mr. Westwood's communication a
very obliging one. He thought it would be unfair to burden
Mr. Westwood, whose duties were most onerous, with copying
the list of donations for a Magazine in which he took no
interest : — permission to copy would be quite sufficient.
C. J. Paget, Esq. of Yarmouth, having been at the last
sitting proposed by Mr. Davis, and seconded by Mr. Hoyer,
was balloted for, and unanimously elected an honorary corre-
sponding member of the Entomological Club ; and Mr. Hoyer
was appointed to inform him thereof.
Robert Foster, Esq., of Stamford Hill, having been at
the last sitting proposed by Mr. Newman, and seconded by
Mr. Bennett, was balloted for, and unanimously elected an
honorary corresponding member of the Club.
The following routine of meetings was then agreed on for
the year 1837: —
January at Mr. Bennett's.
February — Mr. Bowerbank's.
March — Mr. Bevington's.
April — Mr. Newman's.
May — Anniversary.
June — Mr. Christy's.
July — Mr. Davis's.
August — Mr. H oyer's.
September — Mr. Newman's.
October — Mr. Bennett's.
November — Mr. Bowerbank's.
December — Mr. Bevington's.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE. 283
Art. XL. — Proceedings of the Entomological Society of
France.
Sitting of the 1st June, 1836.
M. DupoNCHEL in the Chair.
Present, — Messrs. Lefebure, De Cerisy, Rippert, &c.
The following list of donations was announced : —
M. DuMENiL. " BufFon Classique," livr. 181^ a 195^
Mr. Walker, of London. Number XV. of the Entomolo-
gical Magazine.
M. De Saint Fargeau. " Histoire Naturelle des Insectes
Hymenopteres," tome !<'''.
M. J. F. PiCTET. " Note surles Organes Respiratoires des
Capricornes," also " Description de quelques nouvelles Especes
de Neuropteres du Musee de Geneve."
The Academy of Bonn. " Acta Academiae Naturae Curio-
sorum,"" torn. xvii. part 2.
The thanks of the Society were returned for these donations.
M. Amyot read the translation of a letter written in Chinese,
by M. Joseph Li, who left Paris in 1829 as a missionary, to
preach the Roman Catholic religion to the Chinese. The
letter was dated 8th December, 1835, and addressed to M.
S. Julien, member of the Institute. It was as follows: —
" We have not this year suffered losses by water, but the
ravages of certain yellow insects have been truly terrible. The
oldest residents here, 80, 90 years of age, have never seen
the like. This extraordinary pest has afflicted alike the marshy
and the mountainous regions. The drought at first did great
injury to the crops, both in high and low situations ; then
came these insects to unite with it in causing destruction ;
they formed clouds in the distance, w^hich as they rose obscured
both sun and moon. All who saw them were terrified.
Wherever they alighted the finest and most abundant harvest
was instantly devoured, and the fields became as bare as one's
hand. The inhabitants everywhere fled to the mountains.
284 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
These ravages continued, and produced immense loss in every
quarter. The crops, though housed, often became the prey of
these devourers, excepting always the sesanne, the dolichos, and
buckwheat ; these were left untouched. Wherever the country
had been inundated, and in consequence no crops were left
to be destroyed, these destructive insects entered the houses,
devouring cloth and whatever they could meet with. These
insects began to appear in April, and continued their ravages
incessantly till the frost and snow."
M. Serville communicated to the Society an intended
journey to Sardinia, by M. Gene, of Turin. M. Gene, he
said, was now at Genoa.
M. Serville read a Report of a Collection made in Cuba,
by M. Ramon de la Sagra : a copy of the Report signed by the
Council was forwarded to M. Ramon de la Sagra.
M. DupoNCHEL read a paper by M. de Fonscolorabe, on
the economy of a spider, which appeared to belong to the
genus Atypus. The memoir being unfinished, the secretary
was commissioned to apply to the author for the concluding
portion.
M. D'Dardouin, of Aix, having been proposed by M.
.Serville, was admitted a member of the Society.
Sitting of the 6th July, 1836.
M. DupoNCHEL in the Chair.
The following list of donations was announced : —
M. DuMENiL. "Buffon Classique," livr. 196^ a 199^
Royal Society of London. A catalogue of 7385 stars,
observed at Paramatta, and published in the Transactions of the
Royal Society of London. Also a list of the Fellows of the
Royal Society of London, and a record of their sittings.
M. Duponchel. " Complement de I'Histoire Naturelle des
Lepidopteres," 19^. livr.
MM. Castleneau and Gory. *' Histoire Naturelle et
Iconographie des Insects Coleopteres," 6^ et 7^. livr.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE. 285
M. Antonio Villa, of Milan. " Saggio della Storia Naturale
del Monte Legnone e del Piano di Colico Dissertazione Inau-
gurale ;" also, " Coleoptera ex Fontibus Tanari, in Alpibus
Niracensibus."
M. GuERiN communicated to the Societe the ravages occa-
sioned by a species of Alucita, which had destroyed the wheat
in the department of Indre. This insect in certain years,
though at unequal periods, appeared in great abundance ; in
other years a parasitic Ichneumon destroyed the greater part of
them. These observations had been transmitted to M. Guerin
by M. Herpin, a physician at Neboursin, near Vatan, on the
road from Paris to Toulouse. M. Guerin was requested by
the Society to point out the various remedies proposed for the
ravages of those insects, which have been found to attack corn
whilst they are in the larva state. They are collected in a
pamphlet, entitled " Programme des prix proposes par la Societe
Royale d''Agriculture, dans sa seance puUique d''Avril, ISSl."
M. BuQUET gave a satisfactory report of M. Leprieur, who
is engaged in traversing the interior of Guiana.
The death of M. Albert Alavoine, of La Basse (Nord),
was announced. He had been a member of the Society. He
died on the 25th June, 1835. His collection is now in the
museum of Valenciennes.
M. VoN Geheur, of Paris, having been previously pro-
posed by M. Solde, was admitted a member of the Societe.
Sitting of the 3d of August, 1836.
M. Duponchel in the Chair.
The following list of donations was announced : —
M. Alphonse Karr. " Du Ver Blanc: expose dans des
ravages, etc. par M. Vibert."
M. Duponchel. " Supplement a I'Histoire Naturelle des
L^pidopteres," 6 Livr.
M. Guerin. " Memoirs sur les Hyperines." " Recueil
No. XXVI. de la Societe libre d'Agriculture, Sciences, &c.
d'Evreux." " Memoires de la Societe de Physique et Histoire
Naturelle de Geneve," Tome VII.
M. Klu«. " Insectes de Pile du Prince, du Voyage d'Er-
mann,decrits par M. Klug :" also " Trois Genres de Carabiques
louveaux, extraits des Annales de Wiegmann."
NO. III. VOL. IV. p P
286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
M. DuPONCHEL read a letter which had been addressed to
him by M. Daube, a member of the Society, on the subject of
Colaspis barbara, Fab. *' It were much to be desired," said
the writer, " that the insects in question, denounced previously
in the ' Annales^ as injurious to farmers, were confined to the
kingdom of Valence ; every year our lucern, after the first
cutting (that is to say in the month of June), is devoured by the
larvae of this insect. If, instead of collecting the larvae in a net,
as is the present practice, they were to collect and destroy the
perfect female, there is no doubt but a better result would
follow. Indeed, from a plant so bushy as the lucern, one can
only sweep into the net those larvae which happen to be on the
tops: and as the larvae fall at the least movement of the plant,
it is very difl[icult to destroy any considerable number, even
though the operation be continued repeatedly. I employ the
following plan, which I consider every way preferable ; for if
it does not entirely destroy the evil, it undoubtedly greatly
abates it. The Colaspis barbara begins to appear in the
beginning of May. At this period they may be found m copula,
and closely adhering to the stem of the lucern. Some days
after, the males disappear, and the females, with bodies remark-
ably increased in size, being no longer able to use their wings,
run hither and thither to deposit their eggs. The laying of
eggs continues from eight o'clock in the morning till between
two and three in the afternoon. Nothing is more easy than to
take the females during the operation ; for they lay the eggs at
the very tips of the lucern, and the enlargement of their
bodies renders them very conspicuous. Every female lays, in
my opinion, about 500 eggs ; now, if a woman were employed
in collecting them, supposing she gathered but 2000 per day,
it is evident how many would be destroyed, for the period of
oviposition lasts but from ten to twelve days. I had this year
a field of lucern enclosed by walls ; and perceiving that the
lucern in the neighbourhood was already becoming a prey to
this insect, I employed a woman, who, in eight days, collected
from thirty-five to forty kilogrammes of the females. By this
means I have had the pleasure of cutting a hundred quintals of
lucern at a time, when the crops of my neighbours have been
entirely destroyed. Having no longer any thing to eat, the
larvae attacked the santfoin, and even the wheat. M. Daube,
in the same communication, mentions the injury done to the
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE. 287
vines by Altica oleraceay which, for ten or eleven years, has
been the scourge of the neighbourhood of Montpeher. Great
quantities of them are destroyed every year: in one district
alone they collected a hundred quintals. Thq perfect insect
gnaws the buds, and the larvae eat the leaves and the grapes."
M. GuERiN exhibited a fragment of a branch of the horse-
chestnut sent to him by M. Aube, in the interior of which the
larva of Briiophila Alc/w had taken up its habitation. This
peculiarity in the economy of this larva was before entirely un-
known. It was only known that the larva fed on those lichens
which grow on the bark of trees, and in which it usually con-
structs its little cocoon against the bark, and composed of the
fragments of the lichen. The larva brought by M. Guerin did
not leave its hole : M. Rombur, in order to examine it more
closely, broke off a part of the branch, and the larva did not
remain long exposed, but dug its way further in, throwing
behind it debris, which resembled fine sawdust.
M. Serville gave an account of the work of M. Vibert
on the Larva of the common Cockchafer, and remarked on the
new discoveries recorded in this book. This observation
related more especially to the period occupied in the full deve-
lopment of the insect, which is three complete years. This
larva encircles the plant just below the ground, to devour it at
its leisure ; and itself serves as the food of the mole-cricket,
which insect destroys an immense number of them, but which
itself causes great injury by eating through the roots of those
plants which oppose its progress.
M. Serville read the following note, extracted from the
Cabinet de Lecture of the 29th June last. " A German paper
states, that a Society formed at Quedlinbourg has collected
nineteen million cockchafers, for the purpose of extracting oil
from them. The experiment had been previously made in
Hungary, and three measures of oil had been extracted from
eight measures of cockchafers. The insects were placed in pots
of earth, which were covered with straw, and then with net-
work of metallic threads ; then the whole was placed upside
down on a heated utensil destined to receive the oil, which
flowed from the insects. This oil will be particularly service-
able in greasing wheels."
M. Chevrolat announced that he had received from Porto
Rio a species of Carabus, which he named basilaris, and of
288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
which he exhibited a drawing. He observed that there ex-
isted ah'eady in the Antilles, a species described by Fabricius,
under the name Splendens. The country assigned by Fabri-
cius to this insect, had hitherto been regarded as erroneous ;
because it was not thought that a true Carahus could be found
in the Antilles ; and the name Splendens had consequently been
applied to a species from the Pyrenees. As the latter insect
displayed on its suture the coppery shade, M. Chevrolat pre-
sumed that it was different, and therefore that a new name
should be given it.
M. GuENEE addressed to the Society the following note on
the larvae of two species of Bryophila, which he had described
in the " Annales:" these were B. raptricula and B. perla.
" Having committed the fault," says the author, " of rearing
together those larvse which were found in the same places, and
almost at the same time, I have been led into the error which
I now correct. The larva which is thought to be that of
B. raptricula, and which I have described under that name,
really produces B. perla ; and that which has hitherto been
supposed that o'i B. perla, produces B. raptricula. The rearing
of a great number of individuals leaves me without a doubt on
this head. These two larvae, well figured in the works of
MM. Boisduval, Rombur, and Graslin, are there also trans-
posed in the naming. M. Treitche was about publishing the
same statement in his Supplement ; but not having his work be-
fore me, I cannot say whether he has fallen into the same error.
Nevertheless, as he refers for the figure of B. raptricula, to the
above-named works of Boisduval, Rombur, and Graslin, it may
fairly be inferred that he is equally mistaken. He has only,
described the larva o^ B. perla, from one of his correspondents,
M. Musschl ; but I have neglected, in translating that volume,
to take a description of the larva, supposing myself certain of
its identity. I shall give figures and rectified descriptions of
these larvae in the work published by M. Duponchel, who has
kindly wished me to join with Iiim as a fellow-labourer."
M. ViLLiERS. A note on Branchipus Stagnalis.
M. SoLiER. A description of a new species of Criiptocephalus.
M. H. Lucas. Some observations on the manner of
oviposition in Ixodes ; and an addition to a work entitled
" Memoires sur plusieurs Acachnides Nouvelles appartenent au
geare Atta de M. Walcnaker."
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 289
M. Graslin. " Memoir, with descriptions of Chelonia
Terecunda, Ziigoena Europwa, Thanoas Cervantes, Cleopharm
Cydopea, Ophiusa nubilaris and Orgyia Zoraida.
M. EE Waga, Professor of Natural History at Warsaw,
having been proposed by M. de Theys, was admitted a member
of the Society.
M. Bouchard Chanterreaux, having been proposed by
M. Serville, was admitted a member of the Society.
Art. XL I. — Proceedings of the Entomological Society of
London.
Sitting of the 5th December, 1836.
Rev. F. W. Hope in the Chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed: —
A list of donations, from various British and Foreign Societies
and individuals, was read; and thanks voted to the respective
donors.
Mr. Yarrell exhibited the larvae of Agrotis Segetum,
received from near Walden, in Essex. He said it was stated to
be as destructive to the turnip as the fly ; eating into the bulb
of the root, and entirely destroying whole crops. Mr. Hope,
in some subsequent observations, mentioned the occurrence of
the same in great numbers in Shropshire and Herefordshire.
Mr. Westwood exhibited the nest of a Vespa, from which
he had taken a specimen of the insect, with a parasite. The
nest had a circular hole penetrating through the centre, which
he supposed to be a common gangway; and that, when occasion
required, the insects effected an enlargement of their nest by
accretions ranged round the hole, working from the inside.
Mr. Westwood exhibited an original letter of Linnaeus to
the late Mr. Drury.
290 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
The Chairman exhibited a collection of Trilohites. He
said it was his intention to publish a Monograph of British
species ; and should be obliged to any gentleman for any com-
munication; or the loan of any specimen should be duly
acknowledged.
A list of Coleoptera, taken in the Scilly Islands by Mr.
Home, was read in a letter from that gentleman ; with a des-
scription of a single specimen of a genus which he claimed to
be entirely new to British Entomology.
A Flower-Pot in which had been deposited some roots of
the sugar cane, with the original mould, exhibited last year,
was produced ; in which had sprung up, in the Society's room,
a grass new to several British botanists who had seen it ; and
on the blades of grass had been discovered an Aphis, which
Mr. Westwood described as entirely new. Specimens of the
Aphis were exhibited.
A letter communicated by Mr. Johnson was read, giving an
account of the rapid increase of the mole-cricket in the island
of Jamaica, since a particular hurricane a few years back.
This insect had become so destructive to the grass and young
cane, that any suggestions for its extermination would be
truly valuable. With regard to the hurricane, it was suggested,
that probably some destroyer of the insect in one or more of
its stages had been swept away by the hurricane, rather than
that it had been brought to the island by that visitation.
One or two members thought that the eggs might be searched
after, and destroyed in sufficient quantities to keep the insect
down ; others thought that the full-grown insect, being of so
considerable size, might be persecuted to destruction. Mr.
Waterhouse doubted whether any such destroying means could
match the fruitful powers of nature. He attributed the great
increase of particular species of insects very much to a succes-
sion of the same crops in or near the same localities ; and
thought that a remedy would be found in a skilful distribution
and occasional total omission of infested crops.*
An original communication from Pallas, the Russian
Entomologist, addressed to the Aurelian Society of London,
was read. It gave a very interesting account of the habits of
* The idea that the mole-cricket is injurious to vegetation, is daily losing
ground: it is now generally supposed to be beneficial than otherwise, by devour-
ing subterraneous larvae, &c. — Ed.
LIST OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 291
the Purple Emperoi*, from personal observation, and of the
growth and changes of the larva. Mr. Westwood adduced
the fact, of this valuable communication from so distinguished
an individual never having yet seen the light, as a powerful
argument in favour of such a Society publishing its transactions.
Mr. Westwood read a Monograph by himself, on Sclero-
derma, an exotic family of Chalcidites, from specimens in the
Royal Museum of Berlin, and in his own possession ; illustrated
by drawings.
Specimens of a collection of insects made by Mr. Darwin,
(principally in Australasia,) were exhibited ; with descriptions
and drawings by Mr. Waterhouse. Among them was an
Hymenopterous insect with distinct Coleopterous Elytra, and
other strikingly aberrent specimens. An interesting discussion
ensued on circular systems. Mr. Waterhouse went at length
into the subject of analogy and affinity, and said that they
were often confounded by system-makers. He had closely
investigated the class Coleoptera, with a view of discovering
natural affinities ; but had been obliged to abandon the idea,
though he stated his belief that analogies existed, frequently
running parallel through whole groups. Mr. Westwood
severely ridiculed Mr. Swainson's illustrations of typical perfec-
tion, and subtypical tendency to imperfection, or evil ; and the
Chairman expressed his total disbelief in all circular arrange-
ments.— Adjourned to the 2d January, 1837.
Art. XLII. List of Entomological Works.
1. British Entomology; hy John Curtis. Nos, 151 — 156.
July to December, 1836.
2. Illustrations of British Entomology ; hy J. F. Stephens.
Nos. 83, 84. 1836.
3. Monographie des CStohies et Genres Toisins, S^c. ; par
M. H. Gory et M. A. Percheron. Livraisons 14, 15.
4. Magazin de Zoologie ; par F. E. Guerin. Paris.
292 LIST OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS.
5. Iconographie, S^c. des Col^opteres d' Europe ; par M. le
Comte Dejean et M. le Docteur J. A. Boisduval. Tome IV.
Livraison 12.
6. The Edmburgh Neic Philosophical Journal, conducted hy
Professor Jamieson. April — July, 1836. Further Illustrations
of the Propagation of Scottish Zoophytes ; by John Graham
Dalyell^ Esq. July — October^ \SSQ. Memoir on the Metamor-
phoses in the Macroura, or Long-tailed Crustacea, exemplified in
the Prawn (Palcemon serratus) ; by J. V. Thomson, Esq. F.L.S.
Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals. (Communicated by Sir
James M'Gregor, Bart., M.D., F.R.S., S,x.)
7. The American Journal of Science and Arts, conducted by
Benjamin SilUman, M.D., LL.D. Vol. XXX. No. 2. July
1836. On two American Species of the Genus Hydrachna;
by James D. Dana and James Whelpley.
8. ThomsorCs Records of General Science. Vol.1. An Account
of sojne Fossil Crustacea, which occur in the Coal Formation ; by
John Scouler, M.D., F.L.S., Lecturer on Mineralogy to the
Royal Dublin Society.
9. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. Vol. II.
Parti. 1836. Some Account of the Crustacea of the Coasts of
South America, icith Descriptions of New Genera and Species, ^c;
by Thomas Bell, Esq., F.R.S., L.S., G.S., S^ Z.S. Some
Observations on the Economy of an Insect destructive to Turnips;
by William Yarrell, Esq., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., S^c. .
10. Antiales de la Societe Entomologique de France. 1836.
Troisieme Trimestre.
11. Synopsis of the Species of Insects belonging to the Family
of Phasmidm ; by George Robert Gray, M.E.SS. London and
France. London. Longman : 1835.
THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.
APRIL, 1837.
Art. XLIII. — Researches on the Insects injurious to the Vine,
knotcn to the Ancients and Moderns, and on the Means of
preventing their Ravages.
By M. Le Baron Walckenaer.
[Extracted from the Annales de la Soci^t^ Entomologique de France.]
(Continued and concluded from p. 144.)
SECTION II.
DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIES OF INSECTS INJURIOUS TO
THE VINE KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS AND MODERNS.
REMEDIES AGAINST THEIR ATTACKS.
I. Preliminary Observations.
In the first part of these Researches I have examined the
passages of ancient writers relating to the names of insects
injurious to the vine, in chronological order, where this order
did not interfere with their derivation, because that plan ap-
peared best calculated to attain the end I had in view.
No language remains stationary : on the contrary, all, like
the people who speak them, are subject to the influences of
time, revolutions, and custom. Contemporary writers use the
same word with very different significations, either because they
are not equally well acquainted with the objects the word is
usually intended to designate, or, because they have not the
same intention in employing it. The intention of one author
may perhaps be best answered by a word being used in its
NO. IV. VOL. IV. Q Q
294 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
simple and precise meaning; while that of another writer,
wishing to convey a vague or general idea, will, by its being
used in a figurative sense, require that it should bear a meaning
totally different.
The examination of every passage in which the same word
occurs will afford us an opportunity, in the first place, of ascer-
taining, with a greater or less degree of precision, the meaning
which each author attached thereto, and also various circum-
stances in connexion with the insect, by means of which it may
be identified.
Each word has been submitted to a critical investigation ;
and we shall recapitulate the results thus obtained. To
compare the imperfect notions of the ancients with the more
accurate knowledge of the moderns, it will merely be requisite
to remember the results of these investigations ; and we shall
not in this last and most difficult inquiry have the least occasion
to perplex ourselves with philological discussions : should it
seem requisite to enter into any fresh disquisitions, it will only
be on the occurrence of such words as may give occasion to
useful or curious digressions, and not of those which neces-
sarily belong to our more immediate and avowed subject.
Here, however, it does not appear requisite to observe the
same order of discussion as in our first Section.
It is not now our object to inquire further into the meanings
given by each author to the same word, independently of its
true and legitimate signification, but to fix its real sense fi'om
the diflferent significations attached to each, and from a con-
sideration of the various ways in which the words have been
employed. Things, not words, are here the subject of our
inquiry : and this will guide us in the choice of the plan best
adapted to the end proposed.
Thus we shall begin with insects which have not a great deal
to do with the main object of our inquiry, or rather those con-
cerning which the information furnished by the ancients has
only given us vague or general notions : and we shall after-
wards pass on to those which are the principal object of our
research, and respecting which the passages we shall examine
will aflford us circumstantial details or precise information;
thus following the method of algebraists, who first discard from
their equations adventitious numbers, or those which can only
give imperfect results.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 295
2. Spondyhis, or Sphondylus. — Scarabwus Melolontha, Linn* —
The CocJcchaffer. — Digression on the several kinds of Cock-
chafer knoion to the ancients, and on some allied genera ; and
respecting the use of the word Melolontha hy ancient and
modern writers.
Agreeably to our proposed plan, Spondylus, or Sphondylus,
will be the first word for our consideration.
From a comparison of passages we are warranted in con-
cluding that the larva of this insect is of sufficient size to have
been considered a kind of small serpent ; that it eats the roots of
every kind of plant except the birthwort, or wild vine, Vitis
syhestris, which is by some supposed to be the Clematis, but
which is certainly not the vine.'*
We are acquainted with but one kind of larva which entirely
agrees with this description : it is that of the common cock-
chaffer, so well known to horticulturists by the name of white
worm. The larva of Melolontha Fullo, or M. mdgaris of
modern naturalists, is, we consider, the Spondylus of Pliny and
Aristotle.
We read in Aldrovandus,'' that Agricola says the modern
Greeks give the name of Spondylus to a kind of worm with
a red head and white belly, about the size of the little finger,
which is found under ground, rolled up amongst the roots of
culinary vegetables. This is, certainly, the larva of the cock-
chaffer. But here we would ask, was Agricola acquainted with
the insect alluded to by the modern Greeks; and do they
now use the word Spondylus for the white worm?
If the Spondylus of Pliny and Aristotle be the same insect,
it follows that this last named naturalist, who has designated a
perfect insect under this name, was aware of its metamorphosis;
and this will not appear surprising, when we recollect that
Aristotle, as I before remarked, has correctly described the
metamorphosis of the cabbage- butterfly ; and afterwards
alludes to the general fact, observing, that most insects come
from a worm {scolex) ; " the worm grows," he says, " and
becomes an articulated animal."'^ Aristotle well observes, that
* Arist. and Plin.
^ Aldiovandus de Insectis, 1618, Frankfort, p. 225.
• Arist lib. v. c. 19, torn. i. pp. 286 et 287 ; lib.i. c. 4, No. 1, et 1. 5, J 2 et 17,
del'ed. de Schn. 1811, 8vo. ; torn. ii. c. 17 i torn. ii. p. 207.
296 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
spiders, Cicadw, and crickets are not produced from worms, but
from animals resembling the perfect insect.
The opinions of Aristotle on the metamorphosis of insects,
although not entirely free from errors, are on the whole singu-
larly correct, and prove him to have been a most persevering
observer, and to have possessed a wonderful degree of skill and
tact in the generalization of scientific facts : at times even fore-
seeing discoveries which have since been made.
We must not forget to remark, that it is in connexion with
the subject of the mode in which insects copulate, that Aristotle
mentions the Spondylus ; and the cockchaffer is the most likely
insect of all others to be frequently seen in the act of copu-
lation.
From the passage in Pliny, and the assertion of Agricola, it
would seem that the Romans and the Greeks of the Lower
Empire used the word Spondylus to designate the larva of that
large species of cockchaffer of whose metamorphoses we are
ignoi'ant.
Though there can be no doubt that the Latins as well as the
Greeks were acquainted with an insect so generally distributed
as the cockchafTer, and which does so much mischief to
agriculturists, even in the perfect state eating the leaves of
plants and trees ; we do not know whether the Romans gave a
specific name to this insect, or designated it by the general
denomination, ScarabcBus, or Cantharis, words thus so often
made use of for all kinds of Coleoptera.
Fabricius, who separated the cockchafTers from the genus
Scarabwus, Linn., gave the name Melolontha to the genus to
which they belong ; a word employed by the Swedish naturalist
for the specific name of the commonest species. This word is
taken from Aristotle, who uses it, as well as Cantharis and
Carabiis, for several kinds of beetles, which in our natural
systems belong to widely diflferent genera, and even families.
It is in conformity with the opinion of the learned in the time
of Aldrovandus,'' — an opinion adopted by Bochart,^ — that
Linnaeus makes the Melolontha of Aristotle, and our common
cockchafTer, the same insect ; but, as Latreille f has well ob-
served, a comparison of certain passages in Suidas, Pollux,
** Aldrovandus, de An. Insect., p. 17. * Boch. Hier., pt. ii. lib. iv, c. 2.
^ See Latreille's memoir on the insects painted or sculptured on ancient Egyp-
tian monuments, in the Memoirei sur divers Sujets, bvo.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 297
and a scholiast on Aristophanes, show that the word Melolontha
was applied by the Greeks to insects of brilliant colours, and
cannot, therefore, be considered synonymous with our cock-
chafFer.
Aristophanes, in his " Clouds," makes Socrates say to
Strepsiades, " Let your thoughts go like the Melolontha, which
they let go into the air with a string to its leg." The ancient
scholiast remarks that this Melolontha is an insect of a golden
colour, which the children hold with a string, and which they
let off to fly.s
Now we know that in modern Greece at the present day
children tie a piece of thread to the legs of that beautiful golden-
coloured insect known to naturalists by the name of Cetonia
fastuosa, which is common there, and make them fly, just as
children here serve the common cockchaffer; the nsune Melolontha
must, therefore, have been applied to an insect of the genus
Cetonia f and not to our cockchafFer. — And here an exceedingly
interesting question for the antiquarian occurs, respectinaj the
exact interpretation of a very lemarkable passage of Pliny.
That naturalist, speaking of the different kinds of amulets
that were in use in his time for the cure of quartan agues,
says they made use of, for this purpose, three kinds of
beetles. " The first," he says, " is the beetle which rolls up
little balls {qui pilas volvit), and on account of which the
Egyptians include beetles amongst the number of the gods."
In this description we shall at once recognise two or three
insects belonging to the coprophagous family, Ateuchus sacer,
Fab. {Scarabwus sacer, Linn.), or A. Laticollis, and A. Eyypti-
orum, brought from Nubia by M. Caillaud, and recently
described by M. Latreille,'^ who is inclined to consider this
species exclusively as the sacred Scarabcmis, so often sculptured
by the Egyptians on their monuments, and separately out of
hard stones of different kinds. But it appears to me he is in
error. I have lately examined all the ancient figures of
Egyptian Scarabwi in the Bibliotheque du Roi, where the
specimen of Ateuchus Egyptiorum, presented by M. Caillaud, is
also preserved ; and I am convinced that amongst the Egyptian
sculptures which represent scarabwi with smooth elytra, a
certain number have been modelled after Ateuchus sacer, Fab. ;
' See Camus's Notes on Aristotle's Hist. Anim. 4to. vol. ii. p. 478.
" Caillaud, Voyage a Mero'e et A FUuvc Blanc, p. 192 ; Atlas d'Hist. Nat. et
d'Ant. pi. 58. Latreille in Cuvier's liegne Anim. vol. iv. p. 533.
298 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
and some, but a much smaller number, in imitation of A.
laticollis, but all the figures with striate elytra have A.
Egyptiorum for their type. Thus the Scarahwus of the Egyp-
tians is refenible to three different species, which, after all, are
very much alike, and probably possess an economy perfectly
identical, but which are readily and with certainty to be distin-
guished in the sculptured figures.' A. sacer is black, and seems
to have been more common than A. Eqijptiorum, which is of a
golden green colour, and would appear to have been the
insect imitated by the artists of Lower Egypt, whilst A. Egyp-
tiorum furnished the model for the sculptors of Upper Egypt.
M. Caillaud found this insect in Senaar, not in Egypt. How-
ever, he found elytra and some other parts of this insect in
mummy cases, entombed in Egypt ; from which it would
appear that it formerly existed in that country, and possibly
does so even at the present day. Aristotle and Aristophanes
have both used the word Cantharis to designate the sacred Sca-
rabceus. I therefore infer, that both intended A. Egyptiorum
of M. Caillaud.
This first kind of Scarabanis of which Pliny speaks, is, I
think, the first also of the three species mentioned by Horus
Apollo, as being held in great veneration by the Egyptians.
The second kind o^ ScarahcLus, employed as an amulet for the
cure of the quartan ague, is made use of, Pliny says, by the
magicians, and must be picked up with the left hand. It has
small bent horns, cui sunt cornicula reflexa.
From this description Hardouin, and other commentators
after him, erroneously consider this insect to have been a
Lucanus.
The Lucanus, vulgarly called the stag-beetle, is an insect of
which Pliny has given a most correct description, and the name
which he assigned it has on this account been retained by sub-
sequent naturalists. He mentions its long mandibles, forked
at the extremity, and armed with teeth ; and he relates a
custom then prevalent of suspending these mandibles, or, as he
terms them, horns, round the necks of children, as a preser-
vative against the bites of venomous animals — ^' Cornua pralonga
' Compare Olivier, Col., vol. i.. No. 3, p. 150, No. 183. pi. 8, f. 59, var. B. His
var. A. is another insect : it has a scutellum between the elytra, and the form of
its elytra is ditTerent. Schon. Syn. Ins. vol. i. p. 18 ; Cail. Voyage il Mcro'c et a
Fleuvc Blanc, vol. iv. p. 272 ; At. d' Hist. Nat. et d'Aiit. ii. 58, p. 10.
'' PI., Hist. Anim. lib. xii. c. 34.
INSECTS IMJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 299
hisulcis dentata forcipihus in cacumlne. This by no means
agrees with the little bent horns of that kind of beetle which is
considered by some to be alluded to in this passage.
Pliny's second kind oi Scarahmm seems to me to be also the
second sort mentioned by Horus Apollo ; it has, according to
that author, two horns, and resembles a bull, and is dedicated
to the moon.
We think that this is the same species as the large dung-
beetle with two horns, brought from Egypt by M. Savigny,
and named by him Midas. It is sculptured in the temple of
Karnak, and appears, according to Latreille, to belong to the
genus Onitis, recently separated from the other Coprophaga.^
M. Millin, in his notice on the Egyptian sculptures, in the
Bibliotheque du Rot, says, that he saw in the Cabinet of Anti-
quities of St. Genevieve the figure of a Scarabcviis, which he
considered to be S. Mimas. In this, however, M. Millin is
mistaken, for S. Mimas is a species peculiar to America ; but
the error of this worthy archaeologist is by no means an
important one, for S. Mijuas is copraphagous, like the Egyptian
Midas, and in colour resembles it also. We may conclude,
therefore, that the Egyptian figure mentioned by M. Millin
represents Onitis Midas, found in Egypt by Savigny.
The third kind of beetle mentioned by Pliny as used as an
amulet against the quartan ague, was called "the fuller," (fullo) ;
it was spotted with white ; they cut it in two, and tied a half to
each arm, while the two other kinds were only tied to the left
arm. Tertium qui Tocatur fullo, alhis guttis, dissectum utrique
lacerto adligant, ca'tera sinistro.
No commentator has said any thing on this remarkable
passage, or respecting the insect known to the Romans by the
name of Fullo : naturalists have not been equally careless.
Mouffet, in his posthumous work, published in 1634, de-
scribes the largest species of European cockchafFer, which is
H inch long, and is readily known by the white spots on its
prothorax and elytra, and combats the opinion of those authors
who consider the Fullo of Pliny a dung-beetle, or an earwig ;
and argues that the Roman naturalist intended to designate the
large cockchafFer with white spots by this name.™
Ray, whose History of Insects appeared in 1710, coincides
' Lat., Mem. , pp. 148 and 153. Consult also Desc. del'Egijpte, vol. iii. p, 34.
„, Mouf. Insect, sive Minim. Animal. Theatruyn. 1634, foiio, p. 160.
300 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
in this opinion ;„ and, more lately, M. Schoenhcrr, in his
laborious work, especially devoted to the synonymy of insects,
quotes Pliny for his Melolontha Fullo.°
It is with regret that I differ from an opinion so well
established as this certainly is by the authority of eminent
naturalists ; but observations which I have made appear to mc
to prove its incorrectness. I have examined a great number
of sculptures, in which insects are introduced, and many
figures of insects, and observed some which had probably been
used as amulets, having holes bored in them in such a way
as to allow of their being hung round the neck, and in
every instance the insects represented were co'prophaga or
Cetoniw^ and can in no instance be taken for any kind of cock-
chaffer, all the species of which are so easily distinguished by
their longer make. A similar result has been obtained from
the examination of all the obelisks and other Egyptian monu-
ments, of which drawings have been published. I only speak
here of Scarahoei and other coleopterous insects, and not of the
bee or wasp, which is sculptured on the obelisks of Luxor.
Latreille, from a similar examination, has obtained similar
results. It would therefore appear that the Melolontha Fxdlo oi
Pliny must be looked for amongst the coprophaga or Cetoniw,
and not among cockchaffers.
Pliny says that the green Scarahoeus has the property of im-
proving the sight, and that the engravers of precious stones
rest their eyes by looking at these insects. Scarabwi loiridis
natura contuentium visum exacuit, itaque gemmarum sculptores
contuitu eorum acquiesciint." ^
Marcellus Empiricus follows Pliny in relating the same fact,
and adds that this beetle is of the colour of the emerald, scara-
bceus coloris smaragdini. This description applies exactly to
Cetonia fastuosa and Cetonia aurata, especially the former.
These two species are of a beautiful golden green colour,
or of the colour of the emerald ; but C aurata has white spots
on its elytra {albis guttis), which serve to distinguish it from
the other species : it is nine lines in length, and is frequently
■> Ray, Hist. Insect., 1710, 4to, p. 93.
° Schoenherr, Synon. Insect., p. 3. Upsalia, 1817, 8vo. p. 1G4.
P Amongst the Scarabai, in the Bibliotheque du Roi, there are several figures
which may be referred to the coprophaga, but no cetonice ; but I have seen great
numbers of these in other cabinets.
' Plin. Hist. Nat., lib. xxix. c. 38 ; torn. viii. p. 270.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 301
found in gardens on roses and other flowers. The large cock-
chaffer with white spots, Melolontha Fullo^ of modern naturahsts,
is, on the contrary, very rare, and is never met with except on
high downs and in the neighbourhood of the sea-coast. From
all this I conclude it is Cetonia aurata which is the object of the
superstition Pliny speaks of, and to which he gives the name
Fallo.
To recapitulate : Aristotle applies the word Spondylus, or
Sphondjilus, to the common cockchafFer, in the states of both
larva and imago.
In Pliny, who was not acquainted with the metamorphosis of
tlie cockchaffer, the word Spondylus is used only for the larva of
that insect, or white worm, considered then by some as a small
serpent, and which was known to the Greeks in Agricola's
time (the seventeenth century) by the name of Spondylus.
In Pliny \he Scarahwus qui pilas vohit, which is an object of
religious worship with the Egyptians, and which cures the
quartan ague, is the Ateuchus Sacer, and A. laticolUs of Fabri-
cius, and also the A. JEgyptiacus of Latreille and Caillaud.
The Scarahwus, properly so called, of Horus Apollo, the
unfolded wings of which formed rays, is also the same insect.
In both Aristotle and Aristophanes the sacred Scarahwus
alluded to under the name o^Cantharisyis Ateuchus JEgyptiacus.
Pliny's Scarahwus cui sunt cornicida reflexa is Ateuchus Midas,
common in Egypt, and brought from thence to this country by
Savigny.
The Scarahwus with two horns, consecrated to the moon,
mentioned in Horus Apollo, is also A. Midas.
In Aristotle and other Greek writers the Melolontha children
play with is Cetonia fastuosa.
Pliny's Scarahwus viridis, which engravers delight to con-
template, is also C. fastuosa.
The Scarahwus Fullo alhis fjuttis of Pliny is the C. aurata,
which has white marks on its elytra.
Since it is proved that the Spondylus of Aristotle and Pliny
is the cockchaffer, that word necessarily belongs to our subject,
as the cockchaffer is injurious to the leaves of the vine, as well
as to every other kind of plant. There is a smaller species
than the common sort belonging to the cockchaffer genus,
which has been named by entomologists Melolontha vitis,
because it is often found on the vine in company with Melolofdha
NO. IV. VOL. IV. R R
I
302 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
Frischii, of which it is perliaps merely a variety : ^ but this
insect is met with as frequently on the leaves of the willow and
rose as on those of the vine ; and it is not one of those con-
sidered particularly noxious by the cultivator ; and for these
reasons probably did not attract the notice of agriculturists
in ancient times.
Before we pass on from the word Spondylus, I ought not to
omit remarking that Fabricius has employed this word to de-
signate a genus of Coleoptera which he has formed in the family
Prionidce, and named Spondylis Buprestoides ; but this insect,
whose larva inhabits the wood of trees, can have no connexion
with the Spond/flus of ancient authors, the larva of which attacks
the roots of young or annual plants. It would seem that the
intention of Fabricius in making choice of this name, was
thereby to furnish an argument in support of his opinion that
there was some relation between the insects : now what I have
said at the commencement of these Researches, applies so
exactly to the case in question as to render further comments
unnecessary.
3. Joulos, or Julus. — Centipede,
The Joulos has even less claim than Spondylus to be included
amongst insects hurtful to the vine, though Suidas has called it
the worm of the vine ; but this lexicographer, who lived
in the middle ages, is the only writer who has so much
mistaken the Joidos of the ancients. From a comparison of
passages, it appears that the Joidos is an apterous or wingless
insect, with a great number of legs ; long, like a worm ; has a
sinuous mode of progression ; rolls up when touched ; and that
it is found in moist places.
Modern naturalists have not made any mistake about this
insect, and they have retained its ancient name. The name
Jidus, given to a genus of insects by the moderns, corresponds
exactly with the Julus or Joidos of the ancients, especially if we
consider its modern signification to be restricted to the genus
Julus of Leach, ^ in his excellent Work on the Myriapoda, from
which he has very properly separated Polydesmus, and some
other genera.
' Walckenaer, Faune Parisienne, vol. i. p. 185 ; Oliv., Entomologie genre Han-
neton, No. 39, pi. 2, f. 12, a, b, c, p. 34, vol. i. ; Sclicen. Synon. Insect., vol. i.
pt, 3, p. 193.
' Leach, Zoological Miscellany, 1817, 8vo. vol. iii. pp. 32 — 48.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 303
The Julos of the ancients was probably the Julus terrestris
and J. sabulosus of modern naturaHsts, and not the common
centipede of M. Soavi.
These insects are found on the ground under stones ; they
eat the leaves and fruits which fall on the ground and decay
there ; but are not injurious to the vine or any living plant.
As they are met with under the shade of the vine, as also in
other shady and moist places, it has happened that injuries
have been attributed to them which were owing to some other
cause.
4. Biiirus. — Gryllo-talpa. — The Mole-cricket.
Biurus, the next word for our consideration, has not much
more to do with our subject than the words Spondylm and Joulos.
It only occurs in a passage of Cicero quoted by Pliny, in which
it is said that this animal eats the vines in Campania. Thus
the Biunis is not alluded to as generally injurious to the vine,
but only to the vines of Campania in particular, and there by
reason of its great abundance. It seems probable, however,
that this passage of Cicero, which Pliny only quotes incidentally,
refers to a peculiar case ; and that these Biuri, which were so
noxious to the young plantations of vines in Campania, would
not have been capable of injuring the roots of the vines when
they had attained greater strength and hardness.
However that may be, the etymology of Bi-uros, which, as
we have already remarked, implies an insect with two tails, leads
us to refer the animal to which it was applied to the locust
or the mole-cricket, the only insects to which this description
is applicable; for, from their size and the injuries they occasion,
these, and these only, are likely to be mentioned as ravaging
a whole country planted with the vine.
But as the locust was well known to the Romans under the
name of Lociista, and to the Greeks by that of Acrisy^ it would
appear that the word Biurus could only be used for the mole-
cricket; and this synonymy seems the more likely to be the right
one, on account of its being the largest European insect (it is not
less than H inch in length), and from its singular shape and
destructive habits ; and that it is not recognised in any de-
' Vulgate, and Septuagint Bible. Aldrovandiis de Insectis, p. 160.
304 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
scriptions of insects in ancient writers ; and finally, that in all
the writings of ancient authors which remain to us, the only
word which can be considered properly to apply to it is Biurus.
Latreille has said that the history of the mole-cricket com-
mences with Mouffet. This is not correct. It is true that
Mouffet was the first who published a good figure of this
insect, and the first who gave it the name of mole-cricket,
or rather that of Gryllo-talpa.^ He very properly rejects
the previously assigned names Spondylus and Buprestis ; and
this decidedly shows that the mole-cricket had, before his time,
engaged .the attention of naturalists. In fact, Aldrovandus
had given a correct description of this insect, though his figure
of it is a bad one, but yet easily to be known : he names
it Talpa Ferrantis, because it had formerly been called the
mole, and figured by Ferrante Imperato — " Neapolitanus, dili-
gentissirmts aromatarins in naturali sua historia.'" Thus Mouffet
borrowed half the name of this insect from Ferrante. He was
acquainted with his work, for he copied his figure of the Taran-
tula from it. Ferrante's work was printed in Italian in 1599,
after his death, and translated into Latin. The original edition '^
is rare, and was not known, that I am aware of, to any
naturalist of later times, from Linnaeus downwards ; at least no
one has ever quoted it. Many have thought they have done
great things in going back as far as old Aldrovandus : now we
have just shown that the history of the mole-cricket begins
before him, before Mouffet, and even before Ferrante ; for if
our application of the word Biurus be correct, (and we think it
will be found so,) we must necessarily refer the first mention
of this insect to very ancient times.
The mole-cricket is supposed to do much injury in Europe,
particularly in the southern countries ; it makes subterranean
galleries, tears and removes the roots of plants by means of its
palmated fore-feet, in order to form a habitation for its young,
and also in the pursuit of insects, multitudes of which, especially
such as are injurious to agriculturists, it pursues and destroys :
it never eats the roots or any other parts of vegetables.''
" Mouf. Insect. Theat., c.xxiv. p. 104.
" Ferranie Imperato, del Historia Naturale, libri 28. Naples, 1599, p. 787.
Talpa Insecto. His figure is better than Aldrovand's.
^ Acheta Grillo-Talpa, Fab., Sysl. Entom,, vol. ii. p. 28, No. 1 ; Walckenaer,
Faun., Paris., vol. ii. p. 282.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 305
The injuries caused by the mole-cricket have been confounded
with those produced by the larva of the cockchaffer ; for we find
from a Dictionary of Agriculture, recently published/ the name
Courterolle has been given to both insects in several cantons of
France.
5. Gaza. — The Saddled Locust. — Locusta ephippiger. — Wingless
Locust. — Locusta aptera. — Pupa-like Locust. — Locusta puppa.
It will be recollected that our examination of the word Gaza^
as employed by the prophets Amos and Joel, served to show
that their Gaza was an insect eminently destructive not only to
the vine but to every kind of plant ; and that its ravages were
succeeded by those of several kinds of locusts, who completed
the work of destruction, devouring every thing which this
formidable insect had left. The Septuagint and the Vulgate
translate Gaza by the word " caterpillar," and the Chaldean
version by " crawling locust," that is to say, without wings, or
apterous.
If we pay attention to the facts, that in Ptolemy's time the
Jews of Egypt, to whom we are indebted for the Greek trans-
lation of the Bible, were only imperfectly acquainted with
Hebrew, which was to them a dead language ; that St. Jerome,
whose translation was the basis of the Vulgate, in regard of
the designation of material objects, had still less acquaintance
with Hebrew, we shall see that the Chaldean version is here a
higher authority than either of the others; and when we have
consulted the works of Messieurs Rosenmiiller and CEdmann,"
who have discussed this critical question with equal sagacity and
learning, we shall be convinced, in spite of the contrary opinion
of Michaelis and Bochart, that the four different words employed
by Amos and Joel as names of insects, all designate locusts.
We consider that the observations of M. Shaw, a judicious
traveller, set this matter completely at rest. He tells us that in
Africa it frequently happens, that in March and April the lo-
custs, driven by the south wind, darken the sky, and increasing
^ Baron de Morogue, Cows coviplet d' Agriculture, 1834, 8vo. vol. vii. p. 349, on
the word Courterolle.
" Rosenmiiller, Handbuch der Biblische, &c. Leipsik, 4„ band. 1831, 8vo. pp.
386 and 388 ; QSdmann Vermischle Sammlungen, &c. aus dem Schwcdischen,
Uebersetz von D. Groning, 1787, 12mo.2"bcirt. pp 110" and 117.
306 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
till the middle of May, ravage every thing ; and, after laying
their eggs, they diminish in numbers. M. Shaw further in-
forms us, that to these succeed, after an interval of several
days, some smaller species, whose mode of progression is
similar to that of the others, and that they are successively
replaced by one or two other kinds which leave nothing uncon-
sumed.
M. CEdmann, in order more completely to prove the correct-
ness of the Chaldaic text, has thought it necessary to suppose
that the Gaza v/as a locust which had not come to the perfect
state, without either wings or elytra ; that the Hebrews took it
for a perfect insect, and designated it particularly by that name.
But the oriental nations having from the most ancient times
used the locust as an article of food, were much too well ac-
quainted with them to make this mistake.
Nor is such a supposition at all required. We are acquainted
at the present day with several species of locusts, which
exactly agree with the account of the crawling locust of the
Chaldean version, but with which it would appear M. CEdmann
was wholly unacquainted : there is one species especially, the
prothorax of which is considerably hollowed near the middle,
and elevated posteriorly like a saddle ; this'prothorax conceals
the arched sound-producing elytra, which are very short, and are
not used as organs of flight : these locusts resemble pupse, but
have, nevertheless, arrived at the perfect state, and are capable
of propagation : the species has been named Lociista Ephipjnger.
There are other species, the females of which have neither
wings nor elytra, and are exactly like larvae. Lociista Aptera
and L. Puppa, Fab., answer this description.
But I am inclined to think that the saddle-locust is more
likely to be the Gaza of the Bible than either of the two^other
kinds just alluded to. Of all crawling locusts, L.Ephippigerxs
most frequently found on the vine. It is, however, never suffi-
ciently abundant thereon to be injurious, and so cannot be
ranged with vine-insects, properly so called ; nor is it in this
manner mentioned in the Scriptures.
6. Cantharis of the GeoponicJcs. — Ninth Cantharide of Aldro-
tandus. — Rhynchites Bacchus, or R. Betideti ; or Attelabus
of the Vine. — Becmar, — Diahleau. — Lisette and Velours vert
of Vine-dressers. — Coleoptera or Beetles ivhich cat the Vine, and
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 307
n'hich cannot he referred to the Cantharis of the GeoponicJcs. —
Lethrus Cephalotes. — Grey Weevils.
Ancient authors have given the name of Cantharis to certain
insects which they used, after having pounded them, as an
ingredient in an unguent or liniment, which was rubbed on the
vines to preserve them from the attacks of insects : but it is only
in the Geoponicks that, in speaking of this use of the Cantha-
rides, it is said these insects are produced on or in the vine,
and are injurious to it ; and the author or authors of this com-
pilation give also a receipt for macerating Cantharides in oil, to
be used as a remedy against the injurious effects on the vine
of these very insects.^
We have seen that the word Caiitharis was employed by the
Greeks as well as by the Romans, to designate Coleoptera, or
Beetles generally ; that this word was often applied to Coleop-
terous insects of brilliant colours, or to those which possessed
corrosive or blistering properties ; and that it was frequently
used for such insects as were remarkable from their injurious
effects, whether of large or small size.
Among the first we have cited the Mylabris, which feeds
on the endive, Mylabris Cichorii of modern entomologists,
so well described by Dioscorides ; and the Lytta, or Melo'e vesi-
catoria, the Cantharides of the shops. *^
Among those of smaller size is the Scarabwus parvus, Can-
tharis dictus of Pliny, the Curculio, or Calandra granaria of
modern entomologists ; the Curculio frumentarius, Linn., the
Apion frumentarium of Schoenherr and Latreille. This last is
of a brightish red colour, the former of a dull yellow ; and I
consider it Pliny's insect, as it attacks wheat, while the other
is chiefly injurious to the oat."^
These indications leave us in a good deal of uncertainty
respecting the Cantharis of the Geoponicks. However, as it
must have been on account of their corrosive or vesicatory
properties that the Cantharides were used by the ancients in the
*• Latreille in Cuvier's Regne Anim. vol. v. p. 63 ; Oliv. Coleop, iii. p. 47. pi. 1 ;
Schcen. Syn. 1817, 8vo. p. 31; Mylabris, vol. i. pt. 3. p. 31 ; Oliv. Ent. iii. 47, 7,
pi. i. fig. b, c.
'^ Latreille, dans Cuvier, t. v. p. 67 ; Schoenherr, Synonymia, t. i. p. 20.
■^ Schoenherr, Synonymia Ctirculionidum, t. i. p. 283, No. 75, Genus Apion ;
Walckenaer, Faun. Paris, t. i. p. 237, No. 15 ; Latreille Gener. Crustaceor et Insect.
t. ii. p. 249 et 271 ; ibid. Cuvier, t. v. p. 88 ; Oliv. Entom. vol. v. 83, 10, 196.
308 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
liniment intended to destroy other insects, it would seem that
the Cantharides of the vine were insects of that nature, or at
least whose similarity of colour occasioned them to be con-
founded or compared with them. Now, since neither M^labris,
Lytta, Meloe, Cantharis, nor any Coleopterous insect pos-
sessing blistering properties lives on the vine, it is evident
that the insect we are in search of must be looked for among
those which from their colour would be likely to be compared
to, or mistaken for, these insects ; particularly with the Mylahris
of the endive, M'ith yellow stripes, or the Cantharides of the
shops, which are of a brilliant green colour ; for we know that
the ancients made use of both these insects in medicine and
agriculture.
We will now examine those Coleoptera or Beetles which are
injurious to the vine; and the one which best fulfils these
indications, will be the Cantharis of the vine mentioned in the
Geoponicks.
The largest of these is Lethrus cephalotes, which gnaws off
the young shoots of shrubs generally, and especially those of
the vine, and carries them into its burrow.^ But this species
seems peculiar to Hungary, where it is called Schneider,
cutter ; it is frequently met with also in the western parts of
Russia ; it is not known as a pest of the vine, by French or
Italian cultivators. I do not find any thing about this insect in
ancient writers ; if it was known to them, they included it
amongst those which they designated by the general term,
Scarabwus.
This is not the case with the Weevils, many species of which
are injurious to the vine with us.
The one which I have most frequently found upon this plant,
is the Curculio Picipes, Fab. probably the same as C. Corruptor
of M. Host, and C. Vastator of Marsham/
These weevils eat the buds of the vine just as they are
expanding. They are injurious to its fruitfulness, but they
also attack pear and apple trees. They do more mischief in
Germany and the south of Europe, than in this country.
'- Latreille, Gener. Crust, et Ins. t. ii. p. 95 ; ibid. Cuvier, t. iv. p. 542 ; Fischer,
Entom. de la Rtissie, p. 133, xiii. 1 ; Kirby, Inirod. to Entom. t. i. p. 204 ; Ann. des
Scienc. Natur. t. i. p. 221.
^ Walckenaer, Faun. Paris., t. ii. p. 249 ; Fabricius, System Eleulh, t. ii. p. 540,
No. 201 ; Marsham, Entomologia Britannica, t. i. p. 300, No. 180.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 309
A third species of beetle, still more destructive than the two
of which we have just spoken, is the Eumolpus vitis, vulgarly
known by the name of Coupe-Bourgeon ; but this insect, of
which we shall presently treat more at length, is, like the two
preceding, of sober colours.
Amongst all the beetles which are injurious to the vine,
there are, as we think, but two species which would be likely
to have been confounded by the ancients, as indeed they were
for a long time by the moderns, and which would appear by
their colours to answer the indications afforded by an examina-
tion of ancient passages in reference to the word Cantharis.
These two species are Rhynchites Betuleti, and R. Bacchus of
modern entomologists, the Attelahus mtis, or A, Bacchus, and
Attelabus Betuleti of their predecessors. These two species,
considered as one kind by vine-dressers, have obtained from
them in France, according to the various dialects or different
provinces, or even in different cantons of the same province,
the names — Becmare, Urhec, Urbere,' or Urbee,Diableau, Beche,
Lisette, Velours vert, Destraux, and probably others we have
not heard of.
R. Betuleti ^ is of a brilliant glossy green, or of a violet-blue
colour equally glossy and brilliant. R. Bacchus^ is of a golden
purple, or of a golden green mixed with purple.
These insects cut the stalks of the leaves, which causes them
to wither and become pliable, and more easy to roll up : this they
do with great skill, making a cavity in which they place their
eggs, and by this means do a great injury to the plants which
they attack. R. Bacchus'^ gives a preference to the leaves of the
vine and cherry ; R. Betuleti, to those of the white birch and
vine. In the neighbourhood of Paris, I have found R. Bacchus
most frequent on the vine ; but it was R. Betuleti that did so
much injury to the vines of Burgundy some fifteen years ago.
M. Silbermann of Strasburgh tells me, that R. Betuleti is
the most injurious to the vines of Alsatia and the banks of the
s Walckenaer, Faun. Paris, t. i. p. 235, Attelabus betulcs ; Schcenherr, Syno-
nymia Insector, t. i. p. 222 ; Panzer Faun. Insect. Germ. xx. No. 6.
** Schcenherr, Gener. et Species Curculionidum, Rynchites Bacchus, t. i. p. 219,
No. 15; Latreille, Hist. Nat. des Inst. t. xi. p. 85, Attelabus Bacchus ; Panzer,
Faun. Ins. Germ. fasc. 20, No. 5 ; Charanson Cramoisi de Geoff. Attelabe cuivre
d' Olivier.
' Kirby, Introd. to Entomology, t. i. p. 199,
NO. IV. VOL. IV. S S
310 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
Rhine ; and that R. Bacchus is seldom found there, according to
the observations of this clever entomologist. R. Betuleti first
appears in the perfect state on the surface of the leaves of the
vine in that country, towards the end of August. The larva
rolls up the leaf in order to conceal itself, and attacks the young
grapes, but not the buds, because these are out before it has
left the egg.
Schranck, in his Fauna Boica,^ has placed these two insects
in a genus of his own construction, which he has named Iivcol-
'culus ; but the ancient Involvulus being a Lepidopterous insect,
does not belong to Coleoptera at all : and 1 may here remark,
that this genus Inwhulus of M. Schranck is not a well-formed
genus, and that it has not been adopted by any other naturalist.
Although it contains but few species, Schoenherr has separated
several from it, referring them to three separate genera, Apo-
derns, Attelahm, and Rhijnchites.
Aldrovandus was perfectly well acquainted with R.Bacchus ;
and I am surprised that no naturalist has hitherto quoted this
venerable father of natural history, in Europe, in reference to
this diminutive but formidable insect. He places it amongst
the Cantharides, to which he devotes a whole chapter, thus
separating them from the Scarabcei, which occupy another
chapter. This is his account of this weevil : — " Nanus
numerus significat convohulum 'lira Grcacis, Tagliadezzo vidgo
apud Italos agricolas, corpore ccendeo, pedihus obscure lutescen-
tibus, in mte repertum ac folia ejus depopulantem. Nascitur ex
ovis bombicum ovis similibus magnitudine colore rubicundis. Hie
cum parere mdt multa cumulate convohitque folia (wide forte a
Latinis id nominis datum), at qui in his sua ova reponit."
Thus the name Tagliadezzo, cutter, given by the vine-dressers
of Italy, its blue colour, the injuries it does to the leaves of the
vine, which it rolls up and lays its eggs in, all contribute to
prove the synonymy between our Rhynchites Betuleti or R.
Bacchus, and the ninth Cantharide of Aldrovandus.' But with
respect to the identity of this insect with the Ips of the Greeks,
and the Convolrulus of Roman authors, which Aldrovandus con-
siders he has proved, we shall, in continuation, show that his
opinion in this matter is erroneous.
^ Schranck, Fauna Botra, t. i. p. 474, No. 498.
' Alilrovajul. de Anim. Insect, c. 4, l(i38, in folio, p. 472.
INSECTS INJURrOUS TO THE VINE. ;5ll
7. Ips. — Iks. — Volucra. — Volwx. — Eumolpus vitis. — Eumolpus
of the Vine. — Coupe Bourgemis. — THe-cache. — Beche. —
Lisette. — Gribouris de la Vigne.
Aldrovandus, after having treated of the Cantharides, de-
votes a whole chapter to the Ips of the Greeks, his object in
so doing being to support what he had advanced in the fore-
going chapter, viz. that this insect is the Tagliadezzo of the
Itahan cukivators ; but he remarks, that he has never found it
upon the vine, although the ancients have said that it eats
horn and the vine. Although Aldrovandus was mistaken in
asserting that the Ips of the Greeks was the same insect as the
Conwhidus of Roman authors, he was right in considering Ips
to be a Coleopterous insect, and one of those which the Italian
agriculturists included amongst the Tagliadezzi, or cutters.
We think, and are supported in this opinion by the autho-
rity of Vackenaer, Bochart, and other learned philologists,
that the Iks of certain authors which is injurious to the vine is
the same word as the Ips employed by other writers, to desig-
nate also an insect which eats the vine ; and that between Ips
Ipes, and Iks Ikes, there is only a difference of dialect.
This being the case, the critical examination we have just
made warrants us in concluding, (from the consideration of
passages in the writings of Grecian authors, including the
grammarians and lexicographers of the lower ages,) that the
word Ips is alike employed to designate an insect which eats
horn and meat, and an insect which is injurious to the vine,
eating the buds either in the state of larva, or after it has come
to the perfect state. From these indications we learn, that the
words Ips or Iks have been applied by ancients to two or three
species of insects, or to the larvae of different insects.
There must certainly be some analogy between these species,
or the ancients could not have confounded them, and desig-
nated them by the same name. Now there is only one genus
of Coleoptera the larva of which has tropki or organs of man-
ducation sufficiently strong to pierce horn. The Ips of Homer
and of St. Chrysostom is therefore a Coleopterous insect; and,
consequently, the Ips of meat and the Ips of the vine must also
belong to the class Coleoptera.
As the insect in question eats horn and meat, naturalists will
be aware that it belongs to the large tribe Dermestes, of
312 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
Linnaeus, the larvae of which do so much mischief in their
museums. They are well aware also, that these insects are
met with in fur-warehouses, in pantries and larders, and,
indeed, in every place where animal substances are kept ; in
short, that nothing is too hard or too soft for them. But we are
still too little acquainted with the history of these insects, to be
able to determine to what genus of modern entomology the
Dermestides belong which eat horn, and particularly the horns
of the wild-goat {Capra JEgagra), the material of which the
bow of Ulysses was made, and which is especially mentioned
by Homer. We are perfectly well acquainted with the meta-
morphosis of Dermestes lardariiis and Dermestes Pellio, the
fur and bacon beetles.
These insects belong to the large family Nitidulaires of
Latreille."' Degeer° long since had judiciously separated a
genus from Dermestes, to which he gave the name Ips ; but
this name has since been given to very different genera still
separated from the extensive family of Dermestes.
It is very possible, (as the ancient grammarian quoted by
M. Boissonade has observed,) that the larva of the same insect
should eat horn and meat ; it is even probable that the ancients
might have confounded the larvae of two different though nearly
allied genera; but most certainly the insect described by
ancient writers as eating horn or meat, could not have been the
same as the one the grub or larva of which feeds on the buds
of the vine. As the same name was applied to them, they
must both have belonged to the class Coleopteraf the larvae of
which could not be confounded with caterpillars, or the larvae
of Lepidoptera. The perfect insect also which eats the buds of
the vine, must have resembled a Dermestes in shape and size ;
all these conditions are fulfilled in the Eumolpus of the vine, —
Eumolpus vltis of modern entomologists, — which is one of the
greatest pests of the vine. This insect, which is of a black
and red colour, belongs to a recently constructed genus," and
is vulgarly known by the names Gribouris de la Vigne,
■" Latreille, dans le Tableau du Regnf: Animal de Cuvier, t. iv. p. 503 , Scheen-
herr, Synonymia Insect, t. i. pt. 2, p. 236, No. 25 ; Walckenaer, Faun. Paris, t. i.
p. 124, No. 2 ; Panzer, Faun. Insect. Germ. t. Ixxxix. 12; Fabricius, Syst. Eleuth.
t. i. p. 422.
" Degeer, Mcvioire puur servir a I'Hisloire des Inseclcs, t. v. p. 190.
" Buclioz, Hist. Nat. des Ins. nuisibks a V Homme, 1782, in 12, p. 158 A 163.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 313
Biche, Lisette and Tete-cache, because its head is concealed by
the pro thorax. It feeds on the buds and young shoots of the
vine, which it cuts in two, and thus destroys ; it also eats
the grapes.
The great injury which this insect does to the vine is
another reason for our considering it the Ips of the ancients.
We readily conceive, as Strabo observes, that the pretended
destruction of this scourge by Hercules should, in a country
where the vine is much cultivated, have caused the memory of
that hero to be held in greater veneration than his victory over
the Nemean lion. The larva of the Emnolpus of the vine is
the one which the ancients alluded to when they spoke of the
Ips or the Iks as a grub which appears in the Spring : this
larva is of an oval form ; it has six legs ; its head is scaly, and
armed with two small jaws.P
The same insect which the Greeks called Ips or Iks, was
named Volucra and Volwx by the Romans, but with this diffe-
rence, that the words Ips and Iks, designated the larva of the
insect, and the words Volucra and Vohox, the perfect insect ;
this is shown by the word animal, and not worm, being used by
Pliny and Columella in speaking of the Volucra and Vohox,
whilst the Ips of the Greeks is always designated as a worm.
The name Volmra was probably given to this larva on account
of the celerity with which it escapes from the hand that attempts
to take it ; it drops on the ground directly the leaf in which it
is enveloped is touched ; and the name Vohox was doubtless
given, from the habit the insect has of wrapping itself up in
leaves. Forcellini gives in his Italian dictionary for the word
Volucra, the word RitorelU. This vulgar appellation of the
vine insect in Italy is evidently derived from the same origin as
Volvox. Almost all the insects of the genus Dermestes coun-
terfeit death on being touched ; and this similarity of habit has
occasioned the ancients to confound the Ips which eats horn,
and the Ips which devours the vine, together.
But there are still stronger reasons than these to prove that
the Volucra or Vohox of the Romans is the same insect as the
Ips or Iks of the Greeks.
P Latreille, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. t. x, p. 358. He quotes Olivier, No. 96,
pi. 1, fig. 1 ; but Olivier's figure certainly does not represent the insect which
infests the vine : it is Eumolphus Ignitus, a Brazilian species, totally different
from the one in question.
314 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
We learn from Pliny and Columella that the Volucra or
Volmx was a different insect from the one which they named
Con'cohulus.
The difference between two insects which are both injurious
to the vine must have been considerable, or it would not have
been noticed by the ancients, whose knowledge of these animals
was extremely limited.
We shall presently show that the Convohulus was a Lepi-
dopterous insect, or a butterfly : the Volucra or Vohox belongs
to a different class. But we see that it is only the larvae or
perfect insects of the class Coleoptera, and caterpillars or the
larvae oi Lepidoptera, which are very injurious to the vine. The
Volucra or Vohox, therefore, belongs to the class Coleoptera.
Further, we know from the information Pliny and Columella
have afforded us on this subject, that the Volucra or Vohox eat
at the same time the young shoots of the vine and the grapes.
Pliny says, " Vohocem animal prwrodens pubescentes uvas;" and
Columella observes, *' Genus animalis Volucra pi'wrodit teneras
adhiic pampinas et uvas." These expressions exactly and only
apply to the EumolpJms of the vine, the Ips of the Greeks, and
not at all to the Cantharides of the Geoponicks, or to Rhynchites
Bacchus, or Betuleti, which injures the vine, by rolling up the
leaves and causing them to wither, but does not attack the fruit.
Nor does it apply, as we shall hereafter see, to any of the va-
rious caterpillars or larvae of Lepidoptera which feed on the
vine.
We have now shown that the Ips or Iks of the Greeks is the
same as the Volucra or Vohox of Roman authors, the Ewnolpus
of the vine {Eumolpus Vitis).
8. Invohulus. — Coiitohulus. — Pt/ralis Danticana. — Ver-coquin
— Procris Vitis, or Procris Ampelop/ia(^a. — Teigne de la
Vigm. — Teigne du Raisin. — Tortrix Hyperana. — Cochylis
Roserana.
We learn from the recipes given by Pliny and Cato to prevent
the increase of the Convohulus, that it was an insect highly
injurious to the vine; but as these writers give no description
of the insect, and only afford us information on one particular
respecting it, viz., that it was a different kind from Volucra or
Vohox, we have no means of knowing whether this word was
m
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 315
employed to designate the same insect as the Intolviilus of
Plautus.i In this perplexity, the similarity of the words and
their derivations, which indicate the same habits and economy,
will not allow of their separation, and should satisfy us that
they were used to designate one and the same insect ; or rather
that it is the same name with the addition of two different
particles which do not alter its meaning. No insects except
the caterpillars or larvae of Lepidoptera have an economy
similar to that attributed by Plautus to the Invohulus : " Bes-
tiola quce in Pampini folio intorta imflicat se."
The caterpillar not only rolls up the leaf of the plant in
which it wraps itself up, like the larva of the Eumolpus Vitis,
or Coupe-bourgeon^ but it fastens itself therein, and, by means
of silken threads spun from its body, constructs a cocoon
wherein to undergo its metamorphosis ; it infolds itself, implicat
se. We know a whole family of Lepidoptera who have this
habit of rolling themselves up in the leaves of plants.
In order, therefore, to find the Invohulus or Convolvulus of
the ancients, we must look amongst those species in the
numerous family Tortricites, the caterpillars whereof attack the
vine.
According to Bosc, the cultivators of the south of France
designate a Lepidopterous insect, which is but little known in
the neighbourhood of Paris, by the name of Teigne de la Vigne.
The caterpillar of this moth attacks the grapes when they are
about half grown, travelling from grape to grape by a gallery
of its own construction."^
Another species, the Teigne du Raisin,^ also eats the grapes,
beginning at the same time as the other, but it seldom
attacks more than one grape at a time : it was this insect which
committed such great devastation in the vineyards in the neigh-
bourhood of Constance.
A species resembling this, or the preceding, two or three indi-
viduals of which are sufficient entirely to destroy a vine, was
seen by Pallas, in the Crimea.' This appears to be the cater-
pillar of a Procris, or Zggcena (a genus separated from Sphinx) ,
1 See the former part of these Researches, p. 141 of this volume.
' Bosc. Notice sur la Pyrale et atifres insectes, qui nuisent aux Vignobles. Esprit
des Journaux, p. 132, et Bulletin de la Societe d'Encouragement.
5 Kirby, Introduction to Entornology, vol. i. p. 205.
' Pallas, Travels in Russia, t. ii. p. 241.
316 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
and is very similar to Zygwna Statices, " the forester:" it
is found on the dock and sorrel in the neighbourhood of
Paris."
The Pyralis Fasciana^ of Fabricius, whose fore-wings are
of a dull ash colour, with a brown fascia, and dots of the
same colour, has been mentioned as also injurious to the vine,
or as corresponding with one of the beforementioned species.
There is yet another insect possibly referrible to the Teigne
de la Vigne, or Teigne du Raisin, of our cultivators : it is Tinea
Ambiguella, Hubn.y
In order to ascertain the correct synonymy of the various
species of Lepidoptera especially injurious to the vine, men-
tioned under various names in the writings of naturalists,
travellers, and agriculturists, 1 have had recourse to] the
practised skill and judicious criticism of one of the first Lepi-
dopterists in Europe, M. Duponchel.
From the results of our united and careful examination it
would appear, that with the exception of those Lepidoptera
occasionally met with on the vine, and also on other plants,
without producing much injurious effect, (and of these we shall
speak hereafter,) all the Lepidoptera which can be considered
especially injurious to the vine are reduced to the following
four species, the caterpillars of each of these rolling themselves
up in the leaves ; and the ancient names Invohidus and Con-
volvulus, therefore, applying to them in common, we can hardly
suppose that the observations made by the ancients on this
subject were sufficiently exact to enable them to determine the
differences between insects, a knowledge whereof, notwith-
standing the great labour of late bestowed on them, has been
but recently attained by modern naturalists.
The first of these species is the one which was observed by
Bosc, and named by him Pyralis Vitis. Fabricius has described
this insect from the specimen in Bosc's collection, under the
" Walckenaer, Faun. Paris., t. ii..p. 284, No. 2 ; Fabricius, Entom. Syst., t.iii. pt.
i. p. 406, No. 8 ; Godart, Hist, des L^pidopieres de France, t. iii. p. 158, pi. 22;
Diet. Classique d'Hist. Nat., t. xiv. p. 289, article Procris.
" Fabricius, Entom. Syst. t. iii. pt. i. p. 261, No. 78 ; Fabricius, la Rapporte k la
Tortrix Heparana du Catalogue de Vienne. It is not the Fasciana of Linne.
Consult Friedrich Treitschke ; Die Smctterlinge, von Europa, t. viii. p. 28.
y Hubner, tab. 22, fig. 153, sect. 64, No. 61, du texte ; Treitchke, Die Sclmet-
terlinge von Europa, t. viii. pp. 280 et 281, No. 8 j Cochylis Roserana alis aniicis
argente ochroleucis, nitidis, fascia media intus angustiore fusca.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 317
name of Pyralis Vitana. For certain reasons, which I shall
presently adduce, neither of these names can be retained : in
order to avoid all confusion we have named this insect Pyralis
Dantkana, after Bosc's second name — Dantic ; as we could not
make use of Bosc, his first name, Fabricius having already
appropriated it in his Pyralis Boscana.
The second species is the Procris Ampelophaga of Duponchel,
Bayle, and Passerini, named P. mtis by Boisduval,
The third is the Tortrix Roserana of Frolich, or the Cochylis
Roserana of Duponchel and Treitschke, Tinea Ambiguella
Hubn.
The fourth is the Tortrix Heperana of Treitschke and
Duponchel, or Pyralis Fasciana^ Fab.
The caterpillar of Cochylis Roserana, which has been men-
tioned by Frolich as committing great devastation in the
vineyards in the neighbourhood of Stuttgard, has not been
described by him, nor, as I believe, by any other entomologist.
There is then Pyralis Danticana,^ the Ampelophaga^ oi Boy\e
and Passerini, and Fasciana, respecting the destructive effects
on the vine of which, there can be no doubt. Except on the
caterpillars of two species, we have no observations sufficiently
exact to enable us to determine the species.
The caterpillar of the first of these,*" P. Danticana, is,
according to Bosc, comprehended, in the neighbourhood of
Paris, in the collective term Larrw, or grubs hurtful to the
Tfines; in Burgundy, and the vine countries, it is called Ver-
coquin, an epithet sometimes applied to the larva of the cock-
chaffer (the Spondylus of Pliny).
This caterpillar is, a short time after it leaves the egg,
about a third of an inch in length ; its head is black, body
green ; it has a yellow spot on each side of the neck.
It is first seen in the month of May, towards the end ; the
^ Pyralis Vilana, alisfusco I'irescentibus : fasciis tribiis obliquis fuscis margi-
nalis : Bosc. Dantic. Mem. de la Societi d'Agricult. 1786, trimestre d'ete, p. 22.
pi. 4. fig. 6 ; Pyralis Vitis, Fabricius, Entom. Syst. t. iii. p. 2, pi. 249 ; A. J.
Coquebert, Illust. Iconographica specierum Insect, qua in Museeis Parisinis ob-
servavit, J. C. Fabricius, duas 1, tab. 7, fig. 9.
* Procris Ampelophaga, C. Passerini, Memoria sopra duo specie d^insetli nocivi ;
Zigana Ampelophaga, Bayle-Barelle, Degli insetti novici al nomo alle bestie, al
agricoltore; Miland 1824, pi. 1. fig.. 7. a 12.
•' Bosc. Nouv. Diet. d'Hisf. Nat. t. xxxv. p. .392.
NO. IV. VOL. IV. T T
318 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
time it effects the greatest injury is about the middle of June.
It eats the leaf-stalks half through ; this causes the leaves to
wither and to roll up readily. When one leaf dries up, the
insect goes to another. One caterpillar destroys a good many
leaves ; the vine is weakened, and the grapes prevented from
acquiring their full size and sweetness. This caterpillar does
not attack the grape, but eats the grape-stalk, so that even if
it does not dry up, the fruit is small and without flavour.
After most of the leaves are affected, the grapes cannot long
escape, because they are thickest towards the bottom of the
plant, and it is there these caterpillars commence the work of
destruction.
The moth produced from this caterpillar is about the size of
the nail of the little finger. Its wings are of a yellowish green,
with three oblique brown bands.
These moths are most abundant in July. During the day
they are to be found on the vine, sitting under the leaves; they
are easily disturbed, and fly off on the least alarm. It is in the
dusk of the evening that the male seeks his mate ; those who
leave their retreats earlier, quickly become the prey of swallows
and other insectivorous birds.
I have before said that Bosc referred the moth he named
Pyralis Vitis to a new species which Fabricius named P. Vitana.
I have also said it was described in Pai'is by Fabricius, from
Bosc's specimen. M. Coquebert has published four plates of
insects drawn and coloured from individuals observed and
described by the Danish naturalist ; and amongst these is
P. Vitana.
Thus it would seem the insect was well known ; but this
was not the case.
M. Duponchel has not found Fabricius and Bosc's descrip-
tions, or the figure of Coquebert, sufficiently exact for the
determination of the species.
The German authors, Frolich, Treitschke, and others, who
have paid great attention to this tribe of moths, would appear
to think with M. Duponchel on this subject, as they have not
mentioned P Vitana, Fab. in any of their voluminous works.
In this difficulty M. Duponchel has had recourse to Bosc's
collection, which now forms a part of our museum. He finds a
Pyi'alis there with the name Vitana attached, described by the
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 319
German authors under the name P'dlerana, and said by them
to live on Stachys Gertiuxuia; a plant so different from the vine
that the insect was hardly likely to feed on both.
But more than this, Fabricius has given a description of P.
Pillerana, different from that he has given to Vitatia.
M. Duponchel has compared the description given by Bosc
of the larva of P. Vitana, with the descriptions of all the cater-
pillars oi Pyralidw mentioned by writers who have treated of
these insects.
However I maintain, and I remarked to M. Duponchel, that
even supposing M. Bosc to be mistaken about the moth, he
could not respecting the existence of the caterpillar, nor could
he be deceived in the very curious observations he has made on
its economy ; that two years ago, when I was on the banks of
the Rhine at Baubach, in Nassau, I had noticed a cultivator
(he was the innkeeper of the place,) very busy picking the
leaves which were rolled up from his vines, and he told me it
was to destroy a very injurious insect. I opened several; they
contained little caterpillars ; and I immediately recognised the
caterpillar described by Bosc. I expressed my surprise to
M. Duponchel, that after so much progress had been made in
this department of entomology, by the discoveries therein of
many German and French naturalists, a moth should not be
known which had been twice figured and described ; and which,
since the caterpillar was so abundant, must be common. To
this M. Duponchel replied, that he considered I was mistaken
in my belief of having recognised the caterpillar described
by Bosc, as the description which this naturalist gives in his
Memoir is so general, that it would apply to all the caterpillars
of this genus which have green bodies and a black head, but
which differ in other characters to which Bosc does not allude,
such, for example, as the colour of the warty protuberances, a
character which all the caterpillars of this group possess.
Although the silence of the Italian naturalists respecting this
caterpillar does not prove that it is not to be found in Italy,
and that therefore it could not have received from the ancients
the name Invohulus, information may perhaps be obtained on
this point by attention to the fact of there being another to
which the names Imohulus and Conmhidus would more
correctly and particularly apply : it has been more accurately
observed than the caterpillar of Bosc, and its moth, Procris
320 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
Ampelophaga, is perfectly well known, and very much dreaded
by all the Tuscan cultivators.
Some years this insect does much mischief to the buds and
young shoots of the vine. It has sometimes devastated half the
vineyards of Piedmont. It is five or six lines in length ; its
colour is greyish brown ; the hairs are in tufts, disposed in four
rows. Underneath it is smooth and of a yellowish white : it
attains its full size towards the end of May ; it is at this time
that it eats the leaves of the vine. It is always found on the
upper side of the leaves. When a branch is shook, the cater-
pillar bends its body in the form of an arc, and lets itself fall
to the ground. The largest number of these caterpillars I
have ever seen on one vine, is ten ; but there are not generally
nearly so many.
Some time between the 20th and 30th of May, this cater-
pillar spins a white cocoon, wherein it remains motionless, and
afterwards changes to a chrysalis about the 5th or 10th of
June.
The chrysalis is at first of a yellow colour, with black dots
on each segment ; but as the time of transformation ap-
proaches its colour becomes deeper, and changes to a dirty
blue.
The transformation of the chrysalides to moths, generally
takes place from the 19th to the 25th of June.
The moth which comes from this caterpillar is the Procris
Vitis or P. Ampelophaga of modern entomologists ; its wings
are of a blackish colour, changing to dull green. Body, bluish
green.
Musca brevis frequently introduces its eggs into the body
of the chrysalis of this moth. The larva of the fly feeds on
the substance of the chrysalis, without altering the appearance
of its external covering, and it seems to be transformed into a
fly instead of producing a moth.
Each female of this Procris lays about three hundred eggs,
which are of a straw-colour, and so small that they are hardly
to be seen with the naked eye. About the 3d of July these
eggs produce little white transparent caterpillars, covered with
very minute hairs. The caterpillars of this second brood
undergo transformation towards the 26th of August.
I have myself in part verified Bosc's observations on the
culer^'iWair oi Pyralis Danticana. I am only acquainted with
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 321
the habits of Procris Ampelophaga through the Memoir of
Passerini. But if the first species is as abundant in Italy
as the second, I shall be inclined to consider that it is the
one to which the ancients more particularly applied the names
Livoholus, Inmhulus, Iiwohus, and Comohulus.
9. Kampe. — Eruca. — Caterpillars of Sphinx Elpenor, or
Sphinx of the Vine, — of Bomhyx Purpurea, or Ecaille Moii^
chete, — of Sphinx Porcellus, or the Sphinx with red bands.
The other caterpillars which are found on the vine, and are
occasionally injurious to it as well as to all other plants, do
not belong to either the tribes Tortrices or Pyralides, nor to the
genus Procris.
Those which I have most frequently met with on the vine,
are the caterpillars o{ Bomhyx Purpurea, Fab., Arctia Purpurea
of modern entomologists, the Ecaille Mouclieti of Geoftroy,
which lives also on the broom and elm and twenty other kinds
of plants. •=
The Sphinx Elpenor, or the Sphinx of the Vine, (not the
Sphinx Vitis of modern entomologists, which is an American
insect that does not feed upon the vine,) is pretty often found
on the vine, but is as frequently met with on the Epilobium,
Salicaria, balsam and bindweed.^
Lastly, Sphinx Porcellus or Red-banded Sphinx, the cater-
pillar of which occurs occasionally on the vine, but still oftener
on the honeysuckle and lavender, and especially on Galium
renmi.'^
The caterpillars of the two last kinds are of the size of the
little finger ; and as they frequent the buds, are readily seen
and destroyed.
These are the caterpillars of Lepidoptera, which the Greeks
and Romans, in speaking of the insects injurious to the vine,
designated by the general names Kampe and Eruca. But they
•■ Arctia Purpurea, Fabr. Entom. Syst. t. iii. l" part. p. 466, No. 185 ; Walck-
enaer, Faun. Paris, t. ii. p. 291 ; Godart. Pajnllons Nocturnes^ t. i. p. 339,
No. 105.
•^ Sphinx Elpenor, Fabr. Ent. Syst. t. iii. p. 372, No. 51 ; W^alckenaer, Faun.
Paris, t. ii. p. 276, No. 6 ; Godart Crepusculaires, p. 46.
•■ Sphinx Porcellus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. t. iii. p. 373 ; Walckenaer, Faun. Paris.
t. ii. p. 279 ; Godart Crepusculaires, p. 51 ; Duponchel, Iconographie des Clienilks,
Tribu dcs Spingides, pi. 5, fig. 1, a, b.
322 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
did not confound them with worms, and were ciware of their
undergoing metamorphosis.
10. Phteiras. — Tholea or Tholaath. — Coccus Vitis. — Kermes of
the Vine. — Coccus Adonidum. — Coccus of the Hothouse.
The Phteiras, or Lice of the Vine, mentioned by Ctesias
as insects which cause the vine to die, and which the Geo-
ponicks include with caterpillars amongst the greatest enemies
of this plant, cannot, we consider, correspond with the Coccus
Vitis, or Kermes of the Vine.^
We know that the Coccus or GalUnsectw are, with the Aphides
or Pucerons, the insects which, on account of their diminutive
size, or powers of rapid increase, most resemble the louse ;
and also from the circumstance of their females being without
wings. The Cocci sometimes collect on, and cover the bark
of trees, in such a way as to give it a scurfy appearance.
When the females of these insects have laid their eggs, their
body dries up, and becomes a solid crust, which covers the
eggs, and which has no small resemblance to an immense nit.
These insects injure the vine by piercing the wood with
their long rostrum, which is of a sheath-like form. It is with
this instrument that they suck the sap and cause it to flow.
Our cultivators are but little annoyed by these insects, and
do not appear to be much acquainted with them, because the
yearly pruning which they give the vines is unfavourable to
their increase, as the Coccus can only feed on the young wood
whilst the bark is tender. They are at times, however, very
abundant on those vines which are left to themselves ; and in
the countries where the vine is only cultivated in hothouses
they multiply to a great extent, whilst the other insect pests of
the vine are unknown.^ But in the hothouse the Coccus that
attacks the vine is a different species to the one which is
injurious to it out of doors. The Coccus of the hothouse vine
is C. Adonidum^^ and not C. Vitis; if this insect originally
f Ctesias, Indicorum, cap. 21, p. 253, edit. Boeher. Francofurti, 1824, in 8vo.
Ctesias speaks of a red insect which in Iniia destroys the Amber-bearing trees
in the same manner that the Phteiras destroys the Vine. Larcher in his trans-
lation of Herodotus has not rendered this passage correctly.
B Major, a Treatise on the Insects most prevalent on fruit trees and garden pro-
duce, 1829. in Svo. p. 112.
>> Caucus Adonidum, Fabr. Syst. rhyngstor. p. 307, No. 4 ; J. Major, a Treatise
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 32S
came, as is alleged, from Senegal, it is not amongst the number
of those designated by the ancients ; who indeed could hardly
have distinguished the different species of Coccus, since, al-
though M. Fonscolombe's beautiful work on these insects had
appeared, it required all the assistance that the most practised
eye, with the help of glasses of high magnifying power, could
give, to enable a modern entomologist to ascertain the dis-
tinction.
M. Fonscolombe has well remarked that no good limits
have been drawn between the Kermes and the Cochineal
insects, between the Gallinsecta and the ProgalUnsecta of
Reaumur. This accomplished naturalist has therefore adopted
the plan of making only one genus of Coccus and Chermes ; but
he subdivides this genus into many sections, and the Coccus of
the vine' belongs to the section composed of species having the
body naked, without any trace of rings or limbs at the period
of laying the egg, during which time they remain on the nest,
which looks as if it were made of cotton.
The Coccus Adonidum, or Hothouse Kermes, is also remark-
able for the white cottony substance it exudes, which gives it
the appearance of being covered with flour.
The word Phtelre, given to one of the Gallijisecta by the
author of the Geoponicks, is connected with the interpretation
of the word Thola, Tholea or Tholaath in the Bible ; which
subject claimed our attention at the commencement of these
Researches.
It will be remembered that the result of our long discussion
respecting it was, that Thola was employed in the Bible not
only to signify a worm, vermin, an insect, or the larva of an
insect, or an animal vile and contemptible, but also an insect,
or the larva of an insect, which ate the, vine, and another plant
of whose name we are ignorant, but which was of some size,
since it was capable of affording considerable shade: indications
so vague would scarcely enable us to form a probable con-
jecture concerning it, if the word, which only occurs in the
Bible, had not been several times used there joined to the
on the Insects most prevalent on fruit trees and garden produce, 1829, in 8vo. p. 144,
the Mealy Bug.
' Coccus Fitis, Boyer de Fonscolombe, Ann. de la Sociili Entomologique, t. iii.
p. 214, No. 14; Reaumur, Mem. Insect, t. iv. p. 62, pi. 6, %. 1 os 7 ; Fabr.
Syit. rhyngotor, 1803, in 8vo. p. 310, No. 4. Coccus vitis vinifcra.
324 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
word Dibapki,^ to designate an insect which the Arabs call
Kermes, and which gives out, when treated with vinegar, a red
colour, in a word —the cochineal. The species which produce
this colour, in Europe, are Coccus Ilicis, which feeds on the
Ilex or Holm-oak,' and this therefore may be the insect men-
tioned in the Bible as destroying a tree affording shade : and
Coccus Polonicus,^ which adheres to the roots of Scleranthus
ammus and other plants.
The Coccus of the vine does not produce this colour ; but
the similarity of these insects, and their generic affinities, it
would appear, has caused them to be confounded with the
other Cocci or the Tholaath Dihaphi, or at least occasioned
their being included under one and the same denomination :
just as we say — much more incorrectly — the worm of the
apple, and the worm of the nut, although these are the larvae
of insects of very different genera. In the same way the word
Thola or Tholaath was used in the Bible for vermin, louse,
little insect, insignificant, vile, and contemptible, as Phteire;
but the epithet Dibaphi employed to designate the Kermes
or insect used in dyeing, which was sometimes added to the
word Thola or Tholaath, sufficiently indicates the similarity
of the species, the kind of insect or vermin designated by the
word which was so injurious to the vine and some other
plants.
11. On the means used in destroying the Insects injurious to
the Vine.
From the recipes given by Pliny and Columella to protect
the vines from the insects which attacked them, it would
appear that the Coccus was much more injurious to the vine in
ancient times than it is at present. These recipes consisted
in rubbing the stalks and branches with unctuous substances,
such as oil or the fat of bears ; substances possessing blistering
properties were also sometimes used for the same purpose.
Our modern cultivators prevent the injuries of the Coccus by
the annual pruning to which I have already alluded.
"^ Bocliart, Hieron. p. 22.
' Coccus Ilicis, Fabr. Sysf. rhyngotor. p. 308 ; Reaumur, Insect. IV. tab. 5 ;
Garidel Plantes des Environs d'Aix, p. 250. pi. 35 ; Boyer de Fonscolombe, Ann.
de la Societe Entomologique, t. iii. p. 210.
™ Coccus Polonicus, Fabr. Syst. rhyngotor, p. 310, No. 26 ; Frisch. Insect. 56;
Walckenaer, Faun. Paris, t. ii. p. 363.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 325
To destroy the Becmares, the Coupe-hour (^ eons, the Rhynchites
Bacchus and Betuleti and Kumolpus Vitis, it is necessary to use
other means.
The best plan seems to be — taking care to choose a time
for the operation when the insects undergo transformation and
the sexes unite — to place under each vine a kind of basket,
made for the purpose, of a somewhat circular form, in such a
way that it will go all round the bottom of the vine, and then
■to shake the branches ; this will cause all the insects to fall
into it. It has been proposed by some to substitute for the
basket a capacious tin funnel, with a bag attached to the
smaller end, for the insects to drop into.
The same method may be advantageously employed against
the caterpillars of the moths which injure the vine, especially
when they have attained a considerable size ; though, indeed,
by that time they have well nigh completed the work of
devastation, the leaves being half eaten and completely
■withered ; yet by destroying them in this state some check is
given to their increase in future years.
In connexion with this, another plan may be mentioned,
which is particularly adapted for the destruction of the Pyralis
of the vine, and the Procris Ampelophaga of Passerini, and
generally to that of all the small moths which attack the vine :
it is to make fires at night-fall, in the opposite direction to the
wind ; when the insects come in crowds to the flame, and are
destroyed. These fires should be kept up for ten or twelve
nights running, except when there is much wind or rain, as,
besides other objections, in such weather the moths will not
fly, but remain on the leaves.
The most efficacious way of destroying all the various kinds
of Lepidopterous and Coleopterous larvae that infest the vine,
is to pick off the curled-up leaves in which the eggs have been
deposited, and to throw the leaves into an oven and burn them.
This method necessarily occupies a good deal of time, and is
much the most expensive, but it is also, after all, the most
certain ; — I have seen it practised with much care and patience
in Nassau, amongst the cultivators on the banks of the Rhine.
i
NO. IV. VOL. IV. U U
S26 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
SECTION III.
SYNONYMY OF ALL THE SPECIES OF INSECTS WHICH HAVE
BEEN MENTIONED IN THESE RESEARCHES.
In this section we shall give a synonymy of all those insects
of which we have had occasion to treat ; and thus present a
summary of great importance as regards the object of these
Researches. In this it will best answer our purpose to adopt
a different order to that observed in the preceding section :
that is to say, we shall give a synonymy of the insects most
hurtful to the vineyards Jirst, then passing on to such as are
only occasionally injurious, finish with those which have been
erroneously alluded to by the ancients as enemies to the vine;
taking care, however, to subject each of these three divisions to
that classification which is most generally adopted by modern
naturalists. Finally, we shall give, in the same way, a list of
those insects which are not injurious to the vine, but the syno-
nymy of which has been determined in these Researches.
I.
Synonymy of the Insects most hurtful to the Vine.
COLEOPTERA.
1.
Ancient Names.
Greek. — Ips (Vitis). Iks.
Names of Modern Naturalists. m
Eumolpus Vitis (the larva). ;|
Common Names. ''
French. — Gribouris de la Vigne (the larva). Coupe-Bourgeon. .
Ebourgeonneur. Couturieres. Ver de la Vigne.
2.
Ancient Name.
Latin. — Volucra.
Names of Modern Naturalists.
Eumolpus Vitis (the perfect insect). Eumolpe de la Vigne.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 327
Common Names.
Gribouris de la Vigne (perfect insect). Coupe- Bourgeon, &c.
3.
Aiment Name.
Latin. — VoLvox.
Names of Modern Naturalists.
1. Rhynchites Bacchus (larva). 2. Attalebus Betuleti (larva)
Attelabe de la Vigne. Charanson de la Vigne.
Common Names.
French. — Urbie. Beche. Lisette. Diableaux. Destreaux.
Italian. — Tagliadizzo.
4.
Ancient Names.
Greek. — Kantharis.
Names of Modern Naturalists., Latin and French.
1. Rhynchites Bacchus (the perfect insect).
2. Rhynchites Betuleti (perfect insect).
Charanson de la Vigne. Attelabe de la Vigne.
Common Names.
Becmare. Velours vert.
5.
Ancient Names.
Greek. — Kantharis. Melolontha.
Latin. — Scarab^us.
Names of Modern Naturalists.
Lethrus Cephalotes.
Common Names.
German. — Scneider (the Cutter).
328 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
Orthoptera, I
1.
Ancient Name.
Hebrew. — Gaza.
Names of Modern Naturalists.
1. Locusta Ephippiger (Sauterelle a selle ou a cymbole).
^. Locusta Aptera (Sauterelle aptere).
3. Locusta Puppa (Sauterelle-Nymphe).
Hemiptera.
L
Ancient Names.
Hebrew. — Thola, Thoha, or Tholaath.
Tholaath Dibaphi.
Greek. — Phteire.
Names of Modern Naturalists.
I. Coccus Vitis, . . Cochenille de la Vigne.
Adoninum, des terres.
Illicis, . du Chene vert.
Polonicus, de la Scleranthe.
Common Names.
English. — Mealy-bug.
Lepidoptera.
I.
Ancient Names.
Latin. — Involvulus, or Involvolus. Involvus.
Convolvulus. Campe.
Greek. — Kampe.
Names of Modern Naturalists, Latin and French.
Pyralis Danticana? (the caterpillar.) Pyralis Vitis.
Bosc Dantic. Mem. de la Soc. d'Agriculture, 1786, trimestre d'ete,
p. 22, pi. 4, fig. 6.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 329
Pyralis Vitana. Pyralis Fasciana.
Fabric. Ent. Syst.
Common Names.
Ver-Coquin. Teigne de la Vigne.
2.
Ancient Names.
Latin. — Convolvulus. In volvulus.
Names of Modern Naturalists^ Latin and French.
2. Procris Arapelophaga (the caterpillar).
DuPONCHEi, Supp. a I'Hist. de Lepidopt. de France, torn. ii. p. 92,
pi. 8, fig. 2.
Procris Ampelophaga.
Baylk-Barelle, dei Insetti nocivi all Uomo, alle Bestie, all Agri-
coltura, Milano, 1824.
Procris Ampelophaga.
Passerini, Mem. s. due spec, d'insetti nocivi, un alle vite, I'altro
all cavolo arborea nelle Mem. dell Acad, dei Georgifili, 1830, p. 4,
torn. i. figs. 1 and 14.
Sphinx Ampelophaga.
HuBN. Supp. tom. xxiv. figs. 153 and 154.
Atychia Ampelophaga.
Treitschke, tom. x. Supp. p. 100.
Sphinx Vitis.
Freyer, Beytr. 11, Band. xii. Hist. 5, 69, tab. 68, fig. 3.
Procris Vitis.
BoisDUVAL, Icones historiques des Lepidopteres nouveaux ou pea
connus, tom. ii. p. 79, pi. 56, figs. 2 and 3.
Common Names.
Teigne du Raisin. Ver-Coquin.
Italian. — Ritorello.
330 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
3.
Ancient Names.
Latin. — In volvulus. Convolvulus.
Names of Modern Naturalists.
Cochylis Roserana (the caterpillar).
DupoNCHEL, Hist, des Lep. de France, torn. ix. p. 418, pi. 257,
fig. 8.
Tortrix Roserana.
Frcelich, Enum. tortric. regno Wurtemberg. indigen. sistens spec,
diff. synon. selecta, earum domicilia, et tempus cum descrip. p. 52,
No. 511.
Tinea Ambiguella.
HuBN., tab. 22, fig. 153 (fern.).
Cochylis Roserana.
* Treitschke, torn. viii. p. 280.
Common Names.
French. — Teigne de la Vigne. Rouleuse. Tordeuse.
4.
Ancient Names.
Latin. — In volvulus. Convolvulus.
Names of Modern Naturalists.
Tortrix Heparana (the caterpillar).
DupoNCHEL, Hist. Nat. de Lepidop. de France, torn. ix. p. 67,
pi. 238, fig. 7.
Tortrix Heperana.
WiEN, Verz? Illiger, Schranck, Gotze, and Treitschke, b. viii.
p. 58, No. 8.
Tortrix Padana.
ScHR., Faun. Boica, 11, 32, Ab. 5, 78, No. 1755.
Tortrix Carpiniana.
HuBN., tab. xviii. fig. 16 (fern.).
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 331
Tortrix Pasquayana.
Froel., Vien, Verz, p. 36, No. 55.
Pyralis Fasciana.
Fabric. Syst. Ent. iii. 2, 348, 24.
Lozotaenia Carpiniana.
Stephens, Syst. Cat. of British Insects, p. 169, No. 6852.
La Chape-Brune.
Geoffrov, torn. ii. p. 169, No. 118.
Phalene Chape-Brune du Lilas.
Degeer, torn. i. Mem. 13, p. 403.
Common Names.
French, — Chape-Brune. Teigne du Lilas. Teigne du Raisin.
Teigne de la Vigne.
II.
Insects which are only occasionally Injurious to the Vine.
COLEOPTERA.
1.
Ancient Name.
Greek. — 1. Spondyle.
Names of Modern Naturalists, Latin and French.
Melolontha vulgaris. Le Hanneton vulgaire.
Common Names.
French. — Le Hanneton.
English. — Cockchaffer. Chaffer.
2.
Ancient Name.
Latin. — Spondyle genus Serpentis (Plin.)
Names of Modern Naturalists.
Melolontha vulgaris (the larva). Melolontha vitis (the larva).
$32 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
Common Names.
Ver blanc. Turc. Man. Courterolle.
Petit Hanneton d'ete, or Hanneton vert (the grub).
Orthoptera.
1.
Ancient Name.
BlURUS.
Names of Modern Naturalists.
Acheta Grillo-Talpa (Fab.). Talpa Ferrantis (Aid.).
Common French Name.
La Courtilliere.
Common English Name.
The Mole-cricket.
Lepidoptera.
1.
Ancient Names.
Greek. — Kampe. Latin. — Eruca.
Names of Modern Naturalists.
1. Arctia Purpurea (the caterpillar). L'ecaille mouchetee.
^. Sphinx Elpenor (the caterpillar).
Sphinx, or Papillon rouge de la Vigne.
3. Sphinx Porcellus (the caterpillar).
Sphinx, or Papillon a bande rouge dentelee.
Common Name.
Chenilles de la Vigne.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 33S
III.
Imects said to be injurious to the Vine by the Ancients^ but
erroneously.
POLYPODA.
1.
Ancient Names.
Greek. — Julios.
Latin. — Centipedes. Millipedes.
Names of Modern Naturalists, Latin and French.
1. Julus sabulosus. Jules des sables.
2. Julus terrestris. Jules terrestre.
3. Julus communis. Jules commun.
French Common Names.
Mille-pieds.
English Common Names.
Centipedes. Hundred-legs.
COLEOPTERA.
1.
Ancient Names.
Greek. — Kantharis. Latin. — Cantharis.
Names of Modern Naturalists.
1. Mylabris cichorii. Mylabre de la chicoree.
2. Lytta vesicataria. La Cantharide.
Common French Name.
Mouches-cantharides.
Common English Name.
Blister-fly.
2.
Ancient Names.
Greek. — Ips (Homer).
NO. IV. VOL. IV. X X
SSif BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
Names of Modern Naturalists.
Dermestes (the larva).
Common French Name.
Ver.
. ^ IV.
Names of Insects mentimied in ancient^' Authors^ which are not
injurious to the Vine, hit of which the modern Names have
been determitied in these Researches.
1.
Ancient Names.
Greek. — Melolontha. Kantharis.
Latin. — ScARAByEus. Cantharis.
Names of Modern Naturalists.
Coleoptera (Lin.). Eleutherata (Fab.).
Common French Names.
Scarabees. Escarbots.
Common English Names.
Beetles. Black-beetles
Ancient Names.
Greek. — Kantharis.
Latin. — Scarab^tius qui pilas volvit (Plin.).
Names of Modern, Naturalists, Latin and French.
I. Ateuchus sacer. Scarabaeus sacer.
9,. Ateuchus iEgyptiorum. Scarabee sacre. Bousier sacre.
Common French Name.
Le Pillulaire,
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 335
3.
Ancient Names.
2. SCARAB^US CUI SUNT CORNICULA REFLEXA (Plin.).
Dung-beetle of Horus Apollo, which has two horns,
and resembles a bull.
Names of Modern Naturalists.
Latin. — Onitis Midas. French.—Bonsiex a deux cornes.
Common French Name.
Le Pillulaire.
4.
Aticient Names.
3. LUCANUS CUI SUNT CORNUA PR^LONGA BISULCIS
DENTATA FORCIPIBUS IN CACUMINE (Plin.).
Names of Modern Naturalists.
Latin. — Lucanus cervus.
French. — Lucane Cerf-volant. Le Cerf-volant
Common English Name.
The Stag-beetle.
5.
Ancient Names.
4. SCARAB^US FULLO ALBIS GUTTIS (Plin.).
Names of Modern Naturalists.
Latin. — Cetonia aurata. French. — Cetoine doree.
English. — Rose-chaffer. June-bug.
6.
Ancient Names.
5. I PS of Homer, of St. Chrysostom, and the Grammarians
of the Lower Ages.
Names of Modern Naturalists.
Larva of Dermestes Pellio, and of D. Lardarius ; larva c£
S36 BAKON WALCKENAER ON THE
another Uermestes (species unknown), very similar to the two
foregoing, which eats the horns of the wild goat (Capra
iEgagra).
Ancient Names.
Greek. — Kantharis.
Latin. — Scarab^us parvus Cantharis dictus (Plin.).
Names of Modern Naturalists.
1. Latin. — Curculio granarius. Calandra granaria.
French. — La Calandre, or. le Charanson des grains,
2. Latin. — Curculio frumentarius. Apion frumentarius.
French. — Charanson du froment.
English. — Weevil. Wheat-weevil.
V.
Recapitulation of the Synonymy of the Insects, of which mention
has been made in these Researches, arranged according to their
natural order.
In order to render the synonymy of the insects of which
mention has been made in these Researches useful to writers
on agriculture, and to the learned, we have divided it, in the
preceding pages, into three sections.
For the convenience of naturalists, it will be requisite to
give this synonymy again, according to the natural order,
without distinguishing the insects, which are very, or but little,
or not at all, injurious to the vine. For the sake of shortness,
we shall designate each insect by the name which it has in our
best systems ; this will be followed by the name in most
general use in French : and we shall give the ancient names
last printed in small capitals.
Myriapoda.
1. Julus sabulosus, Jule des sables.
JuLios, Centipedes, Millipedes.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 337
2. Julus terrestris, Jule terrestre.
JuLios, Centipedes, Millipedes.
3, Julus communis, Jule commun.
JuLios, Centipedes, Millepedes,
Coleoptera.
1. Dermestes Lardarius, D. Pellio, aut species proxuma, (the
larva.)
Le Dermeste des fourrures ou de la corne, (the larva.)
Ips of Homer.
2. Ateuchus sacer, le Bousier sacre, le Pelulaire.
CaNTHARIS, ScARABiEUS QUI PILAS VOLVIT (Plin.).
3. Ateuchus yEgyptiorum, Bousier Egyptien.
CaNTHARIS, ScARAB^US QUI PILAS VOLVIT (Plin.).
4. Onitis Midas, le Bousier a deux cornes.
SCARAB^US CUI SUNT CORNICULA REFLEXA.
5. Lethrus cephalotes, Schneider, le Coupeur.
Kantharis, Melolontha, Scarab^us.
6. Melolontha vulgaris, le Hanneton ordinaire.
Spondylus, (perfect insect.)
Sphondylis genus Serpentis (Plin.), the larva.
7. Cetonia aurata, la Cetoine doree.
ScARAB^us Fullo albis guttis (Plin.).
8. Lucanus cervus, le Cerf-volant.
LUCANUS.
9. Mylabris cichorii, Mylabre de lachicoree.
Kantharis, Cantharis.
10. Lytta vesicatoria, la Cantharide.
Kantharis, Cantharis.
11. Eumolpus vitis, Gribouri de la vigne, (the perfect insect.)
Ver-Coquin, (the larva.)
Ips, (larva.) Volucra, (perfect insect.)
12. Rhynchites Bacchus, Attelabe de la vigne, Becmare,
Tagliadizzo.
VoLvox, Cantharis.
,'338 BARON WALCKENAER ON THE
13. Rhynchites Betuleti, Velours-vert.
Cantharis.
14. Calandra granaria, la Calandre, Charanson des grains.
ScARAB/EUs PARVUS Cantharis dictus (Plin.).
15. Curculio frumentarius, Charanson du froment.
ScARAB^us parvus Cantharis DICTUS (Plin.).
Orthoptera.
1. Acheta Gryllo-Talpa, Grillon-Taupe, la Courtilliere.
Biurus (Cicero, Plin.).
2. Locusta Ephippiger, Locusta aptera, Locusta puppa.
Sauterelle a cymbales, Sauterelle aptere, Sauterelle
nymphe.
Gaza (Hebrew).
Hemiptera.
1. Coccus vitis, Coccus Adonidum, Coccus Polonicus, Co-
chenille de la vigne, Cochenille des serres, Cochenille
de la Scleranthe.
Thola, or Tholaath (Hebrew). Phteire (Greek).
Lepidoptera.
1. Arctia Purpurea, rEcaille-mouchetee.
Kampe, Eruca (the caterpillar).
2. Sphinx Elpenor, Papillon rouge de la vigne.
Kampe, Eruca.
3. Sphinx Porcellus, Papillon a bande rouge dentelee.
Kampe, Eruca (the caterpillar).
4. Pyralis Danticana, P. Vitana, Chenille, or Teigne de la
vigne, Ver-coquin, la Chenette.
Campe, Involvulus, Involvus, Convolvulus.
5. Procris Ampelophaga, Atychia Ampelophaga, Procris
vitis, Teigne du raisin, Ritoritello.
Campe, Involvulus, Involvus, Convolvulus (cater-
pillar).
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE VINE. 339
6. Cochylis roserana, Tortrix roserana, Tinea ambiguella,
Teigne de la vigne.
Campe, In volvulus, Involvus, Convolvulus (the cater-
pillar).
7. Tortrix heparana, Pyralis fasciana, Lozotaenea Carpi-
niana, Tortrix Padana, Tortrix Pasquayana, Chenille
de la chape-brune, Teigne du Lilas, Teigne de la
vigne.
Campe, Involvulus, Involvus, Convolvulus (the cater-
pillar).
Thus it appears there are thirty-six species of insects known
to the moderns, of which the corresponding names in Hebrew,
Greek, and Latin, have been determined in these Researches.
VI.
Conclusioti.
There are at the present time in France 800,000 hectares ™
of land employed in the cultivation of the vine ; the wine pro-
duced from which affords an annual revenue of 760,000,000
francs.
We can hardly, therefore, at it appears to me, be uselessly
occupied in investigating the history and habits of the insects
injurious to a plant which is the source of so much wealth. I
am therefore inclined to believe that these Researches may
not be so entirely devoid of interest or utility as to give me any
reason to feel great regret at having thus " taken up the time
usually devoted by the Academy to objects of a much higher
importance.
" A hectare is two acres nearly.
" This paper was read at the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles- Lettres of
the Institute, before it was communicated to the Entomological Society.
[Done into English, expressly for the E7itomological Magazine, by
George Newman the Younger.']
340 RANDOM THOUGHTS ON ENTOMOLOGY.
Art. XLIV. — Random Thoughts on Entomology, 4*t'.
By J. W, Douglas.
" O Nature, holy, meek, and mild,
Thou dweller on the mountain wild;
Thou haunter of the lonesome wood.
Thou wanderer by the secret flood ;
Thou lover of the daisied sod.
Where Spring's white foot hath lately trod ;
Finder of flowers fresh sprung and new.
Where sunshine comes to seek the dew ;
Twiner of bowers for lovers meet ;
Smoother of sods for poets' feet j
Thrice-sainted matron ! in whose face,
Who looks in love will light on grace ;
Far worshipped goddess ! one who gives
Her love to him who wisely lives;
O, take my hand, and place me on
The daisied footstool of thy throne ;
And pass before my darkened sight
Thy hand, which lets in charmed light ;
And touch my soul, and let me see
The ways of God, fair dame, in thee."
From my earliest years I have been a lover of nature,
and the study of her various forms and features has always
been to me a source of great delight. When but a boy, I
have many a time wandered in the fields, admiring the
beauties spread around me, and I look back on those hours
as some of the happiest of my existence. And so it must
ever be : the observation and examination of nature must
always be productive of the purest pleasure.
Who, then, convinced of this, can look upon society, as at
present constituted, and not regret that natural objects are so
much neglected? I am aware that a taste for natural history
has greatly increased of late, and I rejoice at it; but I am
afraid that there is too much mere book-knowledge, which
never can make that impression upon the mind as the actual
examination of the objects does. Books are useful to teach the
elementary parts of science, but for any thing more the real
lover of nature will go to the fountain-head.
Much as I was delighted with the graphic account of the
Macroglossa Stellatarum in the Journal of a Naturalist, yet
how much greater was the pleasure when I first saw this fairy-
like creature ! It was the month of July ; I was in the garden
RANDOM THOUGHTS ON ENTOMOLOGY. 841
looking at a splendid bed of Heartsease, when, quick as a
sunbeam, the beauty came dancing over the flowers, now
advancing, now retreating, sipping first at this flower and
then at that, and seeming too happy to remain at rest : how
I envied the httle thing its joy ! If I had merely read of
this Sphinx without seeing it, I should not have known the
pleasure that I then felt.
It is natural to wish, that the gratification we derive from
any subject should be shared by those around us ; such, at
least, must be the desire of all those who love their species.
Science is valuable in proportion to the number that it benefits.
As a branch of natural history, Entomology presents as many
advantages and pleasures as any other, and some that are
peculiar to itself I may be enthusiastic, but I cannot help
thinking, that if a knowledge of it were more general, it would
exert a very beneficial influence on the community. It may
be said that this is questionable, because Entomology is only
a collection of facts. But the same may be said of every
other science ; without facts there would be no reflection ; and
reflection, combined with the moral feelings, is the way to
produce upright and proper conduct. Let none, therefore,
despise mere facts, when he considers that on them hang all
philosophy, and all hope of the amendment of the human race.
It is lamentable to reflect, that in the past ages of the world,
thousands of beings capable of admiring and appreciating the
works of nature, should, for want of education, have passed
through life as mere animals, to whom existence has been
comparatively a blank.
" How many a rustic Milton lias passed by,
Stifling the speechless longings of his breast,
In unremitting drudgery and care!
How many a vulgar Cato has compelled
His energies, no longer tameless then,
To mould a pin or fabricate a nail !
How many a Newton, to whose passive ken
Those mighty spheres that gem infinity
Were only specks of tinsel, fixed in heaven
To light the midnight of his native town !"
Chimerical as they appear to some, I do entertain high
hopes and expectations of what human nature will eventually
become. Though to the eye of benevolence the present state of
NO. IV. VOL. IV. Y Y
342
RANDOM THOUGHTS ON ENTOMOLOGY.
mankind is truly deplorable, yet, if we look back for only a few
years, we shall see that it was much worse : society, therefore,
has advanced, and who will attempt to set the bounds to its
improvement ? That can only be limited by the utmost deve-
lopment of man's mental powers, and until this becomes
universal, man must go forward.
I wish I might live to see the day, when some branch of
natural history shall be taught to every one. What science
will then become we cannot now imagine- The mass of facts
that will be collected, when every one contributes something,
will be immense ; some master mind will then arise to shape
the whole into a system worthy of the great Creator, and the
universal spirit of love will be clearly seen as animating and
maintaining all creation.
At present, society resembles a field that has long been
barren, but on which mind, like a plough, has entered. On
a small portion the seed of education has been sown, and
is springing up ; another part is being broken up ; but by far
the largest part yet lies waste. It is the duty of every one to
use his endeavours, however humble, to " speed the plough,"
and such a desire has influenced me to pen these thoughts.
" Wliat is writ, is writ ;
Would it were worthier!"
16, Edword-street, Windsur-terrace, City-road,
:U February, 1837.
J. W. Douglas.
rvr.ES MEETINCi-HorSE.
LEFEBVRE ON MANTIS. 343
Art. XL v.— Query respecting the Collection belonging to the
Entomological Club. — By J. W. Douglas.
Sir, — I have several insects, principally Coleopterous, which,
being but a tyro in the science, I am unable to name ; and
from the limited nature of my Entomological acquaintance, I
cannot compare them with a named collection. By the rules
of the Entomological Club, published in the Entomological
Magazine, I perceive that a visitor must be introduced by
a member. Not being acquainted with any of the members,
I take the liberty of asking you, if this rule is strictly enforced,
or if an application to the Curator, to be allowed to compare
my specimens with those of the Club, would meet with a
refusal. I am, Sir, yours respectfully,
J. W. Douglas.
16, Edward- street, Windsor- terrace, City-road,
Zd February, 1837.
Editor loquitur.
Although a reply has been sent to Mr. Douglas,' it is
proper to observe here that the restriction implied, as regards
the admission of Entomologists to inspect the cabinets belong-
ing to the Entomological Club, was never intended as any
restriction at all ; some form in affairs of this kind is necessary,
in order to exclude persons who might be better avoided. We
imagine there is scarcely an Entomologist in the kingdom
unacquainted with all the eight members of the Club; and if
there be, he will find nothing more easy than to obtain an
introduction to one or other of them.
Art. XLVI. — New Group of Orthoptera, Family of Mantides.
By M. A. Lefebvre. (Extracted from the Annales de la
Socitte Entomologique de Finance.)
{Continued and concluded from p. 76.)
The Eremiaphilw, in their perfect state, are furnished with
exceedingly small elytra and wings, the relative proportions
of which are most unequal. Referring to these organs among
the other Eremiaphilw, where they are better developed, and
344 LEIEBVRE ON MANTIS.
do not present this striking disproportion, it would seem that
these etiolated specimens have not been placed (like their
allied species), at the period of their transformation from the
pupa to the perfect state, in circumstances so favourable to the
development of their organs of flight, but nevertheless they
have just as much arrived at maturity. It must, however, be
remarked that this imperfect organization appears more per-
ceptible in the wings than in the elytra, inasmuch as they are
merely rudiments, scarcely differing from what they were in
the pupa state ; whilst the elytra, though still etiolated, yet
much larger than the wings, hide a part of the thorax, and
possess the form and characters they would have assumed if
yet further developed.
In calling attention to this abortive state, I have been in-
duced to class together those species in which it is apparent,
that it may be understood as regards the size of these parts,
they may be met with much better developed ; and consequently
what I have said is susceptible of modification according to
their dimensions.
It is extremely difficult to fix the precise time when the
wings and elytra in Orthoptera, (but especially in certain
groups,) attain their full size ; for few insects in their last state
afford such variety in their organs of flight, and that too in
specimens unquestionably of the same genus, and which seem
so nearly allied, that the knowledge we possess of the normal
size of these parts in certain species would favour the opinion
with respect to others of the same genus, that though appa-
rently more or less abortive, their alary organs had attained
their perfect state.
In fact, in a new species nothing is more difficult than to
define the standard size, if the wings and elytra have not ac-
quired that expansion which the allied species indicate. But
though these organs may be a little scanty, it does not follow
that they must always remain so, or that they are incapable of
expansion, if, at its last change, the insect were placed in
circumstances favourable to their development. Here is a
difficulty: for in some well-known species we have sometimes
large elytra and small wings, and vice versa ; in others, again,
we find merely the rudiments of both organs, which would
lead one to suppose that their imperfection was no deviation
from the intention of nature: — I will cite, amongst others, a
LEFEBVRE ON MANTIS. 345
curious example of this fact in the genus Saga of Charpentiei-
{Tettigops'ts, Fischer).
Judging from the known species indigenous to temperate as
well as more tropical lands, such as the south of France,
Madagascar, the Crimea, Syria, Spain, South America, &c.,
we should say that the genus Saga is devoid of wings and
elytra, and in its perfect state would only possess the rudiments
of them. Like many other entomologists, I should have
readily made the absence of these organs one of the characters
of the genus, if a female specimen, (and, according to M.
Serville, the males in Orthoptera are best provided with the
organs of flight,) unquestionably of the genus Saga, which I
saw in his collection, and which Stoll figures, {Sauterelles a
sabre, pi. 11, No. 53,) had not been furnished with elytra, and
the wings of which equalled in their expansion almost half
the size of the insect !
Must we then conclude that the Sagce, which are known to
us have not attained the full growth of which their alary organs
are susceptible, or that there exist in the genus species, whose
wings and elytra are sometimes developed, sometimes abortive,
or more, that their full expansion can only happen very rarely ?
for we cannot admit their size in the present instance to be an
anomaly.
Such is the doubt which in some groups seems almost im-
possible to resolve. But as it is evident that the organs of
flight in Orthoptera are mostly very secondary, it is quite
as certain that we shall be liable to fall into error when we
attempt to determine by them whether or not an Orthopterous
insect be in the perfect state ; since many of these insects, if
we may judge by the wings and elytra, remain all their life
either in the larva or pupa state, and which, from the number
of instances of it, may be considered their final stage. We
meet also many specimens in the pupa state which would
readily be supposed to have reached their last change, but
more or less abortive in their organs ; in fact, this last stage
presents a host of anomalies. Still it is on the wings and
elytra that I must rest the characters which I am compelled to
establish of the different states in the Eremiaphilw ; so fugitive
and unsatisfactory are the other distinctions to which I would
fain have had recourse, but the investigation of which has
hitherto baffled me.
346 LEFEBVRE ON MANTIS.
In defining the three periods of life in which the Eremia-
philce now under discussion are found, I shall make use of the
usual terms, larva, pupa, and perfect state, and shall give a
sketch of the characters by which I recognise their having
reached them.
I consider as larvae the Eremiaph'dw in which the rudiments
of the elytra are joined, and where the wings are attached by a
membrane loose only behind, and which so completely unites
them, that it is almost impossible to discern their inner edge.
These membranes do not permit the slightest movement. (Ex.
Erem. Typhon.) In this first state, the insect, which continues
to grow from its birth till its full development, will be found of
various sizes. In these Orthoptera the membranes are very
broad, and cover, one the metathorax, the other the meso-
thorax ; and the elytra, still mere rudiments, reach as far as
the roots of the wings.
In the pupa state, the elytra, on the form and expansion of
which this new change seems to have had most effect, have
increased more than the wings. They have become very ap-
parent, but still very scanty, and in truth appear mere stumps,
and, like the wings, much turned back at their edges ; their inner
margin is, however, separated from the metathorax, and they
are capable of motion in their joints. This edge is closely
seated in a groove on the metathorax, and one would readily
suppose the elytrum still adhered to it, if it could not be moved
from its place by lifting it : in short it is no longer the mere
rudiments of an organ — it is the elytron itself, but not yet
fully developed. I do not think that the metallic colour often
observable on the under side is yet apparent, at least I have
never seen any trace of it. The wing, though its extremity
passes beyond the elytron, is still far from equalling it in size ;
its root is still attached to the metathorax by its inner edge, and
the fold which appears in the perfect state does not yet exist.
(Ex. Erem. Khamsin.)
The perfect state, though it affords, as I have before said,
examples with the w ings and elytra etiolated, must be acknow-
ledged in the fullest development of these organs. The elytra
now lap over each other; the wings, too, which have undergone
a remarkable enlargement, now equal them in size, and their
tendons, though still thick, are but just apparent, and accord
LRFEBVRE ON MANTIS. 347
perfectly with the membrane of the wing, &c. (Ex. Erem.
Audouin, Cerisy, c^r.)
I have not remarked, as in the other Mantidw, in the small
number oimale Eremiaphilw I have examined, that their alary
organs were more ample than those of the female ; in both
sexes they appear proportioned to the size of the specimen, and
almost exactly alike, except in the more or less extended size
of certain species.
The males have the abdomen more slender, and their elytra
exceed it in dimensions, whilst in the females it protrudes far
beyond the elytra, and is, indeed, often exceedingly bulky.
Notwithstanding the reluctance I feel to establish a new
species, from knowledge only of the larva and pupa, and to
furnish at best a defective description, since it must necessarily
be as imperfect as the insect from which it is taken ; yet I
cannot think it right to omit those species which in their two
states have no analogy to their neighbours. The desire to render
this essay as complete as possible prompts me to this course.
I have met with few of the distinctive characters of the
Eremiaj)Jdlw amongst them in the forms of the head or pro-
thorax. In fact, it would seem that these distinctions, if care-
fully examined, are subject to variation : in the first place
naturally, and afterwards from the mode of preservation ; for
in many specimens the imperfect state of preservation destroys
the shape, and more particularly that of the abdomen.
It is particularly in the figure and colour of the elytra and
wings that we find the principal differences by which these
insects are distinguished from each other ; and these I shall
employ, on account of the greater constancy which I find in
these organs.
Whatever I may say about the prevailing colours in these
descriptions must only be considered of secondary importance,
as they are more or less altered in death. Although they take,
at least in the pupa state, the tint of the soil they inhabit, their
colour in the perfect state seldom varies from brown or dingy
yellow, which are mostly the tints of the desert parts of Egypt
and Syria.
In return for the sombre hue of their external covering,
their wings and elytra are mostly ornamented beneath with a
metallic blue or green, which vies in brilliancy with the most
gaudy of the Buprestidce or Cetonia'.
318 LEFEBVRE ON MANTIS.
Their size, in comparison with the other Mantidw, is very
diminutive ; the length never exceeds 35 milhmetres in the
largest, and ;30 millimetres in the smallest species I know.
It was between the 20th of February and the 15th of March
that I took, in that part of the Lybian desert which lies
between the Nile and the oasis of Bahryeh, the greater part of
these Orthoptera ; and had I not found Erem. Hralil in the
pupa state in December, I should have concluded it was in
May or June that they arrive at their full growth. I may just
observe that I never met with any Eremiaphilce in the desert
of Cosseir, although the rocky tracks, of which great part con-
sists, bear a strong resemblance to the mountainous districts of
Lebanon, where, however, these insects are found, — a fact
which proves that they are not inseparable from desert wastes.
These Orthoptera, figured to the number of six in the work
on Egypt, are (with the exception of fig. 4,) only shown in the
larva and pupa state. I think I may add four species of them
to those I know, including the genus Heteronutarsus.
The Eremiaphilw w\\\c\\ I here describe in the perfect state
have been kindly furnished me by M. Audouin, professor of
our Natural History Museum at Paris ; by M. Gene, super-
intendent of that of Turin, and by Messrs. Audinet-Serville
and Guerin. Unfortunately these liberal friends could give
me no particulars but the habitats of these insects, which seem
to be found alike in the sandy regions of Syria, in the Arabian
Desert, and probably even in Desert Arabia itself. M. Bove,
for some years chief gardener at Schoubra (the residence of the
Pacha, near Cairo), who lately brought home a great number
of Egyptian insects, was unable to inform me when he took
the three species of Eremiaphilce I found amongst them.
I must here beg those learned entomologists, whose names
1 have just mentioned, to accept my best thanks for their kind
assistance. It is to me a pleasure as well as a duty to make
known the worthy use they make of the precious materials they
have at their disposal, and which they have so generously given
up to me. In their hands, no doubt, they would have been far
more profitable to the science which their learned writings are
continually enriching.
\_2raHslatedfo7- the Erilomotocik'dl Magazine, hij J. F- Christy. 1^
349
Art. XLVII. — MonograpMa Chalciditum. By Francis
Walker.
(Continued from p. 2G.)
" the green myriads in tlie peopled grass."
Family Cleonymid^.
Genus Cleonymus, Latreille.
Mas. Corpus squameum, pubescens : caput parvuin, tliorace
paullo angustius, antice non inipressum : oculi mediocres, sub-
rotundi, non extantes ; ocelli in vertice triangulum fino-entes :
antennae fusiformes, latae, pubescentes, 12-articulat£e, thorace
breviores ; articulus P^ longus, fusiformis ; 2"^ brevis, cyathi-
formis ; 3"^ brevissimus ; 4"^ et sequentes ad 10"™. breves, ap-
proximati, subcyathiformes ; 11"^ et 12"^ clavam fino-entes
conicam, acutam, subcavam, articulo 10". duplo longiorem : nian-
dibulse arcuatfe, bidentatse, similes, basi latae subquadratae, apice
angustae ; dentes parvi acuti, externus paullo longior: maxillae
longae, angustae, subarcuatae ; laciniae acuminatae, intus dilatatae ;
palpi 4-articulati graciles filiformes, articuli 1"^. 2"^ et 3"^.
mediocres subclavatae aequales, 4'^^ longifusiformis acuminatus
3°. plus duplo longior: labium conicum ; ligula brevis, lata, antice
ciliata; palpi 3-articulati lati clavati, articulus 1"^. mediocris
clavatus, 2"^. brevis subrotundus, 3"^^. latus securiformis 1°. lon-
gior : thorax longi-ovatus, angustus, subtus per longum sulcatus :
prothorax magnus, antice angustior : mesothoracis scutum planum,
sat magnum ; parapsides vix conspicuae ; scutellum parvum, con-
vexum, rhombiforme ; paraptera et epimera bene determinata :
metathorax conspicuus, postice angustior: abdomen cochleatum,
planum, scite squameum, parce pubescens, thorace vix longius ;
segmenta 7 dorsalia conspicua subtus fere convenientia, I"'", sat
longum basi impressum, 2""\ brevissimum, 3"". paullo longius,
4"™. adhuc longius, 5^™. maximum, 6"™. et 7™^- minima ; seg-
menta ventralia dorsalibus nisi ad abdominis apicem obtecta :
sexualia dum quietem agunt occulta : pedes subaequales, sim-
plices ; coxae magnae ; femora gracilia; tibiae rectae ; tarsorum
NO. IV. VOL. IV. Z Z
850 MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM.
articuli 1". ad 4™\ longitudine decrescentes, 5". 4°. lougior ;
ungues et pulvilli minuti ; metapedes longiores, femora latiora,
tibiee subarcuatae : alas angustaj ; nervus humeralis ramulum reji-
ciens nullum, ulnar! fere duplo longior ; cubitalis loiigus, arcuatus,
radiali dimidio brevior.
Fern. — Antennje subfusiformes, quam mart breviores ; articulus
1"^ longus, fusiformis ; 2^^. cyathiformis ; 3"^. parvus, subro-
tundus ; 4"^. longior et latior ; 5^^. major ; 6"^ adhuc major ;
7"^ et sequentes ad 10""\ G'. magnitudine ; 11"^ angustior, sub-
cavus ; 12"^ minimus, cuspiformis, 11 . basi obtectus : abdomen
fusiforme, thorace fere duplo longius, supra planum, subtus cari-
natura, non angulatum nee compressum ; segmentum 1""^ breve,
2"™. brevissimum, 3"™. paullo longius, 4"™. 3°. duplo longius,
5"^™. adhuc majus, 6"™. et 7"™. parva : segmenta ventralia nisi
ad abdominis apicem vix conspicua : oviductus dum quietem agit
oceultus.
Sp. 1. Cleo. depvessus. Mas et Fem. Cupreus, antennce
mari nigrw fem. fuhw a/pice nigrcc, abdomen cyaneum, pedes
Tufi^ akvfusco maculatw.
Ichneumon depressus . Fahr. Ent. Syst. Supp. 231. 220, 221 ;
Coqueb. Illustr. Icon. I. 21. Tab. 5.
fig. 5.
Diplolepis depressa . Fabr. Syst. Piezat. 151. 13 ; Spin. Ins.
Lig. Fasc. 4. 220.
Cinips depressus . . Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans
Vertehres IV. 156. 7.
Cleonymus depressus . Latr. Gen. Crust. S^ Ins. IV. 29 ;
Spin. Classif. Diplo. Ann. Mus.
VII. 149; Nees ab Ess. Hym. Ich.
affin. Monogr. II. 88; Leach, Edin.
Encycl. I X. 1 44 ; Westw. Zool. Journ.
IV. 16. PI. II. Fig. 1; Nouv. Diet.
d'Hist. Nat. VII. 89.
Mas. Caput cupreum, viridi varium : oculi obscure rufi : ocelli laete
rufi : palpi flavi : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1^^. eeneus, basi fulvus :
thorax cupreus, viridi-seneo varius : metathorax Isete viridis : ab-
don"ien cyaneo-viride : segmenta apice basique asnea : sexualia
pallide flava, apice fusca : pedes rufi ; coxae seneo-virides ; meso- et
metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alas sublirapidae, fusco obsolete nebu-
losae ; proalae cuique vitta angusta fusca, apud stigma latior ;
squamulffi et ncrvi fusca, stigma minutum concolor.
Fem. Caput laete cupreum, antice viride : palpi pallide rufi :
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. OO i
antennas fiilvfe ; articiili 11"^ et 12"=. nigri : thorax Isete cuprciis,
sublus cyaneo et purpureo varius : abdomen cyaneum, basi cyaneo-
viride et fere glabrum, apice pubescens ; segmenta apice basique
cuprea, 6"™. omnino cupreum : oviductus fuscus : pedes rufi; coxee
seneo-virides ; meso-et metapedum tibias fuscae, tarsi flavi apice
rufi; protibiae obscure rufse: alae alboe : proalaa fusco obsolete
marginatae, cuique fasciae 2 connexae fuscas, una ante alas medium
interrupta, altera prope apicem latior obscurior : metalae apice et
postice subfuscaj. (Corp. long. lin. 1 J— 2^ ; alar. lin. 2§— 3.)
I ar. /3. — Mas, metathorax cupreus : abdomen apice laete cu-
preum.
Far. y. — Mas, thoracis suturte virides : metathorax viridi-aeneus,
antice laete viridis.
Far. S. — Mas, meso- et metatibiae pallide fuscas ; mesotarsi fusci,
basi albidi.
Far. E. — Fern, antennis articulus 1"^ apice 2"^. que omnino fusci.
Far. ^. — Fern, thoracis suturae aeneo-virides : abdominis sesmenta
1°. ad 3"™. cyaneo-viridia, apice basique cuprea.
Far. t]. — Fern, abdominis segmentum 1"™. Igete cupreum.
Far. d. — Fern, antennis articuli 1"^ et 2"^. omnino fusci.
Far. I. — Fern, abdomen cyaneum, basi viridi-cyaneum, apice cupreo-
aeneum.
Common near London, from May to August, on posts which
are perforated by Ptinus and Anohium, &c. ; the males are
to the females in the proportion of one to twenty. It runs
fast, and is also found on windows, box trees, and elms ; on
the latter it has been taken at Paris by the Comte de Cas-
telneau.
Sp. 2. Cleo. laticornis, (Haliday, MSS.) Mas. Viridi-ameus
cupreo Tar ins, antenna} nigrw., pedes nigro-virides, alas fusco
maculatw.
Caput cupreo-aeneum ; vertex viridis : oculi obscure rufi : ocelli
laete rufi : trophi obscuri : antennae nigree ; articulus 1^^ viridi-
aeneus : thorax aeneo - viridis : mesothoracis scutellum seneo-
cupreum : abdomen obscure viride ; segmenta apicalia aeneo-varia :
pedes virides ; tibias nigrae ; tarsi fusci ; meso- et metatarsi basi
fulvi : alaesublimpidae, fusco obsolete nebulosae ; proalas cuique
vitta arcuata fusca, apud stigma latior et obscurior; squamulae et
nervi fusca, stigma minutum concolor. (Corp. long. lin. 1^;
alar. 2 A.)
Found by Mr. Haliday at Bexley.
352 MONOGRAPHIA CII ALCIDITUM.
Sp. 3. Cleo. obscurus. Mas. Viridis, antennw nigrw, abdo-
men cupreum, pedes rnfi^ cdce immaculatw.
Caput viride : oculi obscure rufi : ocelli Isete rufi : antennae nigrse ;
articulus 1"^. viridis : thorax viridis : abdomen obscure cupreum,
basi Isete viride : pedes rufi ; coxae virides ; tibiae pallide fnscae ;
meso- et metatarsi albidi, apice obscure fusci : alse sublimpidas,
immaciilatae ; squamulae et nervi fusca ; stigma minutum concolor.
(Corp. long. lin. \\ ; alar. lin. 2.)
August, on the hazel, near London.
Genus Notanisus.^
Fern. Caput mediocre, transversum, thorace paullo latius, antice
non impressum : oculi mediocres, subrotundi, non extantes : ocelli
in vertice triangulum fingentes : antennas subclavatae, 13-articu-
latas, versus os insertae, thorace breviores ; articulus 1"^. longus,
gracilis, subarcuatus ; 2"^ brevis, cyathiformis ; 3"^ et 4^^.
minimi; 5"^ et sequentes ad 10"™. curtantes et latescentes ; clava
longi-ovata, apice abrupte attenuata acuminata et subtus truncata,
articulo 10°. longior : palpi maxillares 4-articulati, filiformes ;
articuli 1"^ 2"^. et 3"^. mediocres subsequales, 4"^. fusiformis
3". plus duplo longior : thorax longus, fusiformis, inaequalis ; seg-
menta convexa, optime determinata : prothorax longissimus,
antice angustior et declivis : mesothoracis scutum breve ; parap-
sidum suturse vix conspicuse ; paraptera et epimera maxima ;
scutellum mediocre, subrhombiforme : metathorax maximus, per
medium sulcatus, apice angustus : metascutellum abdomini petio-
lum fingens : abdomen ovatum, convexum, petiolatum, thorace
brevius ; segmenta 1°. ad 6"™. transversa parallela subgequalia,
7""^. parvum ; ventralia dorsalibus obtecta : oviductus occultus :
pedes mediocres, subaequales ; coxae magnse ; femora subclavata ;
tibias rectse ; tarsi graciles, articuli 1". ad 4"™. longitudine decres-
centes, 5"^ 4°. longior, ungues et pulvilli parvi ; mesotarsi
incrassati : al« angustae ; nervus humeralis ramulum nullum
rejiciens, ulnari longior ; cubitalis longus, subarcuatus, angulum
acutum radiali fingens et vix brevior ; stigma ramulum brevem
emittens ad nervi radialis apicem propensum.
Sp. 1. Not. versicolor. Fem. Cupreus rufo cyaneo et pur-
pureo varius, antennas fulvw, abdomen purpureum, pedes ruji,
alec fusco maculatw.
"' fUTos dorsum, dVi(ros inaequalis.
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 353
Corpus scitissime squameum, glabrum, nitens ; caput seneo-viride,
siibtus rufum : oculi et ocelli rufi: palpi maxillares nigri : antennae
laete fulvse : gula rufa : thorax subtus rufus : prothorax cupreus,
antice rufus : mesothoracis scutum purpureum, antice cyaneo
viridi et cupreo varium : scutellum paraptera et epimera cuprea :
metathorax laete purpureus, basi cyaneo viridi et cupreo varius :
petiolus rufus : abdomen purpureum, basi viride micans : pedes
rufi; coxae, trochanteres et femora supra fusco-purpurea; tarsi
apice fusci : alee albas ; proalis fascial 2 fuscie, una ad nervi humer-
alis apicem angusta, altera apud stigma latior ; squamulee et nervi
fusca, stigma minutum concolor. (Corp. long. lin. If ; alar. lin.
If-)
July ; south of France.
The structure of the four following genera excludes them
from the families of Chalcidites. Prosopon resembles Ptero-
malus, but has dilated raiddle-feet like Eupelmus, &c.
Genus Macroneura.*^
Mas. Corpus sublineare : caput mediocre, thorace vix latius, an-
tice non impressum : oculi mediocres, subrotundi, non extantes ;
ocelli in vertice triangulum fingentes : antennae moniliformes,
13-articulatae, corpore paullo breviores ; articulus 1"'. crassus
longus fusiformis ; 2°% cyathiformis ; 3"'. minimus ; 4"% et
sequentes ad 10""°. subovati, asquales ; clava subfusiformis, articulo
10°. duplo longiornon latior: mandibulse quadratae, subarcuataj,
tridentatae, intus concavse, apice angusta9 ; dentes minuti recti,
externus acutus, internus latus brevissimus : maxillae longae,
subarcuatse ; lacinias lobatae, acuminatse ; palpi 4-articulati, fili-
formes. articuli V\ 2"^ et 3°% subaequales, 4°^ longifusiformis 3".
multo longior : labium ovatum ; ligula brevis, lata ; palpi tri-arti-
culati, breves, moniliformes; articulus 2"'. brevissimus: thorax
longi-ovatus ; segmenta convexa, bene determinata : prothorax
magnus, antice angustus et declivis : mesothoracis scutum
breve, parapsidum suturae distinctissimae ; paraptera et epimera
magna ; scutellum ovatum : metathorax magnus, per medium
sulcatus : abdomen longiovatum, planum, thorace paullo brevius ;
segmentum 1°". magnum ; sequentia breviora, subsequalia: pedes
validi, simplices, aequales ; coxae sat magnas ; femora et tibite
'' ixuKpos longus, utvpa. nervus.
354 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
recta; tarsoriim articuli 1". ad 4"'". longitudine decrescentes, 5"^
4". longior; ungues at pulvilli minuti ; protibiae cujusque apice
spina longa valida subarcuata : alee mediocres ; nervus hume-
ralis ulnari multo longior, ante costam attingit incrassatus,
ramvdum nullum rejiciens ; cubitalis longus, subarcuatus, radiali
dimidio brevior ; stigma ranuilum vix conspicuum emittens.
Fern. Caput thoracis latitudiue : antennae clavatse, submonili-
formes, juxta corporis dimidio longi ; articuli 3"\ et 4"'. minimi ;
5°. ad 10"". latescentes ; clava conica, articulo lO". paullo longior
vix latior: abdomen sublineare, thorace paullo longius, apice acu-
minatum, subtus carinatum ; segmenta dorsalia suboequalia, ven-
tralia vix conspicua ; oviductus non exertus.
Sp. 1. Mac. maculipes. Mas et Fern. Viridi-ceneiis, antenncu
nigrce, abdomen cupreum, pedes nigri -ftavo-cincti, alcefuscce.
Mas. Obscure viridis : oculi ocellique obscure rufi : antenna9
nigral; articulus 1"'. nigro-viridis : mesothoracis scutellum, pa-
raptera et epimera cupreo-aenea : abdomen cupreum, basi viride ;
sexualia fusca, subexerta : pedes laete flavi ; coxeb et femora
nigro-senea ; tibiae apice nigrse ; tarsi apice nigro-fusci ; protibiae
et protarsi fulva, hi apice et illae subtus fusca : alae angustae,
fuscae ; squamulte et nervi nigro-fusca ; stigma minutum, concolor.
Fern. Caput viride, postice aeneum : thorax cupreo-aeneus : pro-
thorax viridis : abdomen cupreum, basi micans et viridi varium :
coxae et femora aenea ; trochanteres, genua et protarsi fulva ; tibiae
nigro-fuscae ; tarsi laete flavi apice nigri. (Corp. long. lin. \ — 1 ;
alar. lin. f— li.)
Var. /3. Mas, abdomen cupreum, apice nigro-cupreum.
Var. y. Fern, abdomen basi omnino cupreum.
June to September ; on grass beneath trees ; near London ;
Isle of Wight. Found by Mr. Haliday, at Port Marnock,
Ireland ; and by the Rev. G. T. Rudd, in Durham.
Genus Merostenus."
Mas. Corpus angusturn, sublineare: caput magnum, Lransversum,
thorace paullo latius : oculi mediocres, subrotundi, extantes :
ocelli in vertice triangulum fingentes : antennae 13-articulatae, gra-
ciles, filiformes, corporis longitudine ; articulus 1"'. longus, gracilis,
subarcuatus ; 2"% mediocris, cyathiformis ; 3"^ et 4''\ minimi ;
' /.le'^os pars, (TTivbs angustus.
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 855
5"'. et seqixentes ad 12""". lineares, curtantes ; 13"% 12". longior,
apice conicus : thorax longus, linearis ; segmenta bene deter-
minata, convexa : prothorax magnus, subquadratus : mesothoracis
scutum parvum ; parapsidum suturee optima deterrainatae ; scu-
tellum breviovatum ; paraptera et epimera magna : metathorax
magnus, per medium sulcatus; abdomen sublineare, planum,
thorace brevius, basi angustum, apice subquadratum ; segmenta
transversa subaequalia : pedes longi, graciles, simplices ; coxae
magnae ; femora juncea; tibiae rectse ; tarsi longi, articuli 1".
ad4""'.longitudine decrescentes, 5"\ 4°. longior; ungues et pul villi
minuti ; alae longae, angustae ; nervus humeralis ulnari vix lon-
gior, ramulum nullum emittens ; cubitalis mediocris, rectus ;
radialis cubitali duplo longior; stigma ramulum brevem emittens.
Sp. 1 . Mer. Phedyma. Mas. Viridis, antenna nigrw, abdomen
nigro-ceneum hasi rufum, pedes Jlavi, alw suhfuscce.
Corpus scite squameum, pubescens : caput viride, antice cyaneo-
viride : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigrse, pubescentes; articulus
1"^ fulvus, apice fuscus, 2"*. fusco-viridis : thorax viridis : ab-
domen nigro-Beneum, laeve, basi rufescens viridi indistincte va-
rium, fere glabrum, apice hirtum : sexualia fusca: pedes flavi ;
metafemora apice fusca ; mesotibise fusco cinctae ; tarsi fusci :
alae subfuscae ; squanuiloe et nervi pallide fusca : stigma minutum
concolor. (Corp. long. lin. §; alar. lin. 1.)
August; near London,
Genus Cea, Haliday.
Fern. Caput mediocre, transversum, subquadratum, antice impressum,
thorace paullo latius : oculi mediocres, subrotundi, non extantes :
ocelli in vertice triangulum fingentes : antennas graciles, fili-
formes, corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus 1"'. longissimus,
gracilis ; 2"'. longi-cyathiformis, mediocris ; 3"'. et sequentes
breviores, eequales, approximati; thorax longi-ovatus, angustus,
convexus : prothorax mediocris : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae
bene determinatae ; scutellum parvum: metathorax magnus, ab-
domini petiolum fingens : abdomen longi-ovatura, angustum, com-
pressum, thorace paullo longius ; segmenta transveisa, subaequalia,
ventrem obtegentia : oviductus exertus : pedes longi, graciles,
suba?quales ; coxae magnae ; femora recta ; tibiae simplices ; tar-
356 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
sonim articuli 1". ad 4"'". longitudine decrescentes, ii"*. 4". lon-
gior; ungues et pulvilli minuti : alas nullae.
Sp. 1. Cea pulicai'is. Fern. Nlc/ro-cenea, aptera, antennce
nigrce, tarsi nigro-plcei.
NioTO-aenea, nitens, laevis, glabra, aptera : oculi et ocelli obscure
rufi : antenna; nigras : oviductus vaginas nigrae, abdominis dimidio
longiores : pedes nigri; coxae et femora nigro-senea; tarsi nigro-
picei. (Corp. long. lin. f .)
Found by Mr. Haliday, at Holywood, on grass under trees.
Genus Prosopon.'^
Mas. Caput mediocre, transversum, thorace vix latins : oculi me-
diocres, subrotundi, non extantes : ocelli in vertice triangulum
fingentes: antennas graciles, clavatae, 13-articulat8e, corporis dimidio
paullo breviores ; articulus ]"'. longus, rectus ; 2'"'. cyathiformis ;
3"'. et 4"'. minimi ; 5"'. et sequentes ad 10"'". mediocres, sub-
aequales ; clava ovata, articulo 10". multo latior et plus duplo
longior : mandibulse quadratte, 4-dentatae, subarcuatae ; dentes
parvi acuti, externus arcuatus longior : maxillae longae, angustas,
arcuatae ; lacinias acuminatae, lobatae ; palpi 4-articulati, graciles,
filiformes ; articuli 1"'. 2°\ et 3°% subsequales, 4°% fusiformis
acuminatus 3". multo longior: labium longi-ovatum, angustum ;
ligula brevis ; palpi 3-articulati, breves, moniliformes ; articulus
2"'. brevissimus : thorax ovatus ; prothorax brevissimus, supra
vix conspicuus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturse bene deter-
minatas ; scutellum brevi-ovatum : metathorax mediocris, per
medium carinatus : abdomen ovatum, planum, thoracis longi-
tudine ; segmenta transversa, subaequalia : pedes graciles ; femora
recta; tibiae simplices ; tarsorum articuli 1°. ad 4""\ curtantes,
5"". 4". longior ; mesotarsi lati ; ungues et pulvilli minuti : alse
mediocres : nervus humeralis ulnari multo longior, ramulum
nullum rejiciens ; cubitalis longus, rectus ; radialis cubitali
dimidio longior ; stigma ramulum nullum emittens.
Sp. 1. Pro. montanum. Mas. Viridl-cBneus, antenncB fiisca,
abdomen nigro-mipreum, pedes fidm-ceneo et fusco varii, alee
suhlimpid(E.
'' TTpoffwTzov, persona.
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 357
jEneus, squameus, parum nitens, parce pubescens : ociili et ocelli
obscure rufi : antennae pallida fuscse ; articulus T". nigro-aeneus ;
2°^ supra nigro-fuscus : abdomen nigro-cupreum, nitens, laeve, fere
glabrum : sexualia fulva, exerta : pedes fulvi ; coxse et femora
aenea ; tibiae fusco cinctae ; mesotarsi fusci ; pro- et metatarsi apice
fusci : alas sublimpidse ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma par-
vum, fuscum. (Corp. long. lin. § ; alar. lin. 1.)
Var. /3. Caput et thorax viridia : mesothoracis scutellum cupreo-
aeneum : abdomen basi viridi-aeneum : tibiae fuscae, basi fulvae.
September, on heath ; Cumberland and North Wales.
Genus Stenocera.*
Fem. Corpus longum, gracile, sublineare, scitissime punctatum,
fere glabrum : caput mediocre, subquadratum, thorace pauUo
latius ; frons sulcata et utrinque elevata : oculi magni, extantes,
supra non approximati : ocelli in vertice triangulum fingentes :
antennas gracillimas, filiformes, 11-articulatoe, prope os insertae,
thorace longiores ; articulus 1"'. longus, gracilis, subarcuatus ;
2''^ longi-cyathiformis, mediocris ; 3°'. brevissimus ; 4"^ et se-
quentes ad 10"". curtantes ; W\ longi-ovatus, 10°. paullo latior
et longior : thorax fusiformis : prothorax maximus, angustus,
antice attenuatus : mesothoracis scutum magnum, planum, serai-
circulum fingens ; parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae ; scutellum
subrhombiforme; paraptera bene determinata, utrinque inter scutum
et scutellum conspicua : metathorax mediocris : abdomen fusi-
forme, thorace longius et paullo angustius ; segmenta 1° ad 5°".
transversa, incurva, subaequalia ; G""". angustum, convexum,
acuminatum : oviductus occultus : pedes longi, graciles ; coxas
parvag ; femora juncea ; tibiae rectae ; tarsorum articuli \°. ad 4""°.
curtantes, 5°'. 4°. longior : ungues et pulvilli minimi ; meso-
pedum tibiae longiores apice spina valida armatae, tarsi breviores
lati : alae mediocres ; nervus humeralis ulnari multo longior,
ramulum nullum rejiciens ; cubitalis brevissimus, stigmate puncti-
formi ramulum nullum emittente terminatus ; radialis brevis, cu-
bitali duplo longior.
Sp. 1. Sten. Walkeri. Fem. Cupt^eus viridi varim, antennce
iiigrcSi pedes fusco-virides, alw Ihnpidw.
(TTevos angustus, Kipas cornu.
NO. IV. VOL. IV. 3 A
358 MONOOKArUIA CIIATXIDITIIM.
Stenocera Walkeri. Curtis, Brit. Ent. 596.
Caput viridc, posticc cyaneo-viride : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae
nigrtc, pubcscentes ; articulus 1"'^. viridis : thorax cupreiis, obscu-
vns, utiinque postice et siibtus viridis : abdomen cupreiim ; discus
ater : pedes fere glabiu ; coxai necnon propeduni femora et tibia;
viridia ; genua fulva ; meso- et metapedum femora et tibial fusca,
apice fulva ; tarsi nigro-fusci, basi fulvi ; mesotarsi pallidiores :
aliB limpida? ; squamula; et nervi pallide fusca ; stigma minimum,
c'oncolor. (Corp. long. lin. \\ ; alar. lin. 1t\.)
July, near London, on lime and oak trees.
Genus Calosoter.'
Mas. — Corj)US angustum, sublineare, scitissime punctatum, fere
glabrum : caput mediocre, thoracis latitudinc, antice vix impres-
sum : oculi magni, subrotundi, extantes, supra approximati :
ocelli in vertice triangulum fuigentes : antennaj filiformes, gra-
ciles, pubescentes, IS-articulatii", thorace paullo longiores, ad os
insertaj; articulus 1^'^. longus fusiformis, 2"^ mediocris sublinearis,
S"**. parvus, 4"^. et sequentcs ad 10""'. gradatim curtantes vix la-
tesccntes; clava longi-ovata, articulo 10°. paullo latior et plus duplo
longior : mandibulae quadratse, subarcuatae, tridentatae, similes ;
dentes parvi, externus et medius acuti suba3quales, internus latus
obtusus : maxillrc longfe, angusta;, subarcuata; ; lacinia: dilatissimoR,
subrotundiv, ciliatoe ; palpi 4-articulati, breves ; articulus 1"\
mediocris longi-cyathiformis, 2"^. et 3"^. subcyathiformes 1". paullo
longiores et latiores, 4"^ fusiformis ciliatus 3". multo longior :
labium conicum ; ligula brevis, lata, ciliata ; palpi 3-articulati,
subclavati, breves, articulus 1"\ mediocris longi-cyathiformis, 2"**.
minutus subrotundus, 3"^. latior ovatus : thorax longi-ovatus, de-
pressus : prothorax magnus, antice angustior et declivis : meso-
thoracis latera elevata ; scutum concavum ; parapsides distinctse,
parallels, approximata? ; scutellum latum, postice semicircuhim
fingens : metathorax conspicuus : pectoris segmenta bene dctermi-
nata : abdomen sublineare, planum, basi angustius, apice conicum,
thorace paullo longius ; segmenta6 dorsalia, 1""\ 3"™. 4'"". et 5"'".
subajqualia, 2""'. et G"'". breviora ; ventralia dorsalibus obtecta :
sexualia occulta : pedes mediocres ; propedcs hreviores ; metapedes
longiores ; mesopedum tibia; apice lata; et spina longa valida ar-
matas, tarsi incrassati ; coxae parva? ; femora gracilia ; tibiec rectoe ;
f KaKov lignum, o-ajri^p servator.
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 359
tarsoruni articuli 1". ad 4^™. curtantes, 5"'. 4". longior ; ungues et
pulvJlli parvi : alae mediocres ; nervus humeralis ulnari brevior,
ante costam attingit incrassatus, ramulum nullum rejiciens ; cubi-
talis subarcuatus, radiali pauUo brevior ; ramulus stigmate emissus
uervi radialis apicem fere attingens.
Fern. — Corpus quam mari longius : antennae extrorsum crassiores ;
articulus 2"'. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"'. et sequentes ad 10"". curtantes
et latescentes : abdomen longi-fusiforme, thorace multo longius,
apice attenuatum et acuminatum; segmenta dorsalia subsequalia,
2"™. brevius, 6""\ angustius acuminatum, 1"'°. et sequentia fere
ad 4'. apicem depressa utrinque elevata.
Sp. 1. Cal. vernalis. Mas. et Fern. Nigro-cupreus, antennce
iiigrw, pedes nigri, alcefiiscce.
Mas. — Caput nigro-viride : oculi et ocelli rufi : antennae nigrse ; arti-
culus l"^ nigro-viridis: gulafulva: thorax seneo-cupreus, obscuiTis,
subtus viridis nitens : raetathorax cyaneo-viridis nitens : abdomen
nigro-cupreum, fere Iseve, breviter et parce pubescens : sexualia
fusca; pedes nigri ; femora et coxae nigro-aenea ; mesotibiis spinas
fuscae ; protarsi basi et genua fulva ; meso- et metatarsi fusci,
basi fulvi : alae fuscse ; squamulae et nervi obscure fusca ; stigma
minutum, concolor.
Fern. — Caput cyaneo-viride : thorax nigro-cupreus ; latera viridi
varia ; metathoracis latera laete cyanea : abdomen nigro-cupreum,
basi micans, subtus cyaneo-viride : oviductus subexertus ; vaginae
nigra : protarsi nigro-fusci : meso- et metapedum tibiae apice
fulva?, tarsi fulvi apice fusci. (Corp. long. lin. Ig — 2| ; alar. lin.
1 3 93 A
Far. |S. — Mas. abdominis segmentum 1""\ basi aeneo-viride.
Var. y. — Fern, mesothoracis scutum cyaneo-vittatum : abdomen basi
purpureo-cupreum.
Far. c. — Fern, protarsi pallide fusci, basi subtus fulvi.
May ; near London : with Cleonymus depressus ; and the
males and females in the same proportion. It runs slowly,
and moves sideways when approached. Found at Holy wood,
Ireland, by Mr. Haliday.
Sp. 2. Cal. aestivalis. Mas. et Fern. Nigro-cupreus., antennae
nigrw., pedes nigri flavo cincti, alw limpidw.
Mas. — Caput asneum, postice et subtus cyaneo-viride : palpi maxil-
860 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
lares nigri, labiales fusci : oculi et ocelli rufi : antennas nigras ;
articulus 1"' nigro-viridis : thorax nigro-seneus, obscurus : pectus
viridi-cyaneum : abdomen seneo-cupreum, parum nitens : pedes
nigri ; coxae virides ; femora nigro-viridia ; genua et tibiae apice
subtus flava ; mesotibiae flavse, basi nigrae : alae limpidoe ; squa-
mulae et nervi pallide fusca ; stigma minimum, concolor.
Fern. — Caput cupreo-aeneum, subtus et postice cyaneo-viride : thorax
cupreo-aeneus : metathoracis latera viridi-Eenea : abdomen cupreum,
basi fere glabrum, apice dense pubescens : oviductus subexertus ;
vaginae nigrae : metapedum tibiae flavae basi nigrse, tarsi basi
flavi : mesotarsi fusci, basi flavi ; alarum squamulas et nervi fulva.
(Corp. long. lin. 1— 2 ; alar. lin. 1|— 2j.)
Var. (i. — Mas. metathorax et abdominis latera viridia.
Var. y. — Fern, caput cyaneo-viride ; vertex seneus.
Var. S. — Fern, abdominis segmentum ultimum basi cyaneum.
Var. e. — Fern, metatibise nigrae, apice flavse.
Var. ^. — Fern, pectus purpureo-cyaneum : coxse et femora cyanea.
June and July ; near London. In habit like C. mrnalis.
The males are most abundant in June, and stand in clusters
near the holes perforated by Anohium.
Genus Eupelmus, Dalman.
Caput mari magnum transversum subquadratum thorace latius non
impressum,yem. mediocre juxta thoraci latum antice subimpressum :
oculi sat magni, subrotundi, vix extantes : ocelli in vertice trian-
gulum fingentes : antennae clavatae, IS-articulatae, pubescentes ;
articulus 1"% longus, validus, subfusiformis ; 2"^ longi-cyathi-
formis, mediocris ; 3"^ et 4"'. minimi ; 5"^ et sequentes subcya-
thiformes, usque ad 10""\ latescentes et curtantes ; clava ovata,
articulo 10". latior et plus duplo longior : mandibulae oblongo-
quadratae, subarcuatffc, tridentatae, basi latae ; dentes parvi, externus
longior acutior, internus brevior obtusior : maxillas longae, sub-
trigonoe, basi latae ; laciniae subarcuatae, acuminate, intus lobatae ;
palpi 4-articulati, graciles, breves, fere filiformes, articuli ^'^ 2"\
et 3"'. mediocres subaequales, 4"'. fusiformis acuminatus 3°. duplo
longior : labium breve, ovatum ; ligula brevis, lata, ciliata ; palpi
3-articulati, breves, crassi, filiformes, articulus 1"% longi-cyathi-
formis, 2"'. brevissimus, 3"'. fusiformis vix 1'. longitudine : thorax
longi-ovatus : prothorax mediocris, antice declivis : mesothoracis
scutum longum, deprcssum, utrinque clevatum ; scutellum ob-
conicum ; metathorax mediocris : abdomen longi-ovatum, thoraco
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 361
paullo angustius vix longius ; segmenta per discum incurva, 1""'.
longum, 2""". breve, 3""". 2". longius, 4""'. adhuc longius, 6""". 1'.
longitudine, 6"". breve : pedes validi; coxae sat magnse; femora
recta ; tibiae simplices ; tarsorum articuli 1". ad 4"". longitudine
decrescentes, 5"^ 4°. longior ; ungues et pulvilli parvi ; meso-
pedum tibiae apice spina longa valida armatae, tarsi lati ciliati :
alae completae mutilatae aut nullae.
Sp. 1. Eup. urozonus. Fern. Viridi-ceneus, antemiw nigrw,
pedes flam mridi etfusco cincti, alw limpidw completw.
Eupelmus urozonus. Dolman^ Kongl. Vefens. Acad. HandL
for dr 1820 ,• N. ah Ess. Ich. affin.
monogr. II. 74.
Viridi-aeneus, parum nitens, scitissime squameus, parce et breviter
pubescens : caput antice cyaneo-viride : oculi ocellique obscure
rufi : palpi maxillares nigri : antennae nigrae ; articulus l"^ nigro-
viridis : thorax planus : abdomen planum, nitens, fere laeve, basi
aeneo-viride ; discus cupreus : oviductus vaginae nigrae, flavo late
cinctae, abdominis dimidio vix breviores : pedes fiavi ; coxai, pro-
et metafemora viridia ; trochanteres fusci ; tibiae et mesofemora
viridi cincta ; protarsi nigro-fusci, basi pallidiores ; meso- et meta-
tarsi pallide fusci, basi flavi, horum scopulae nigrae : alae limpidae,
completae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; nervus humeralis ulnari vix
longior, ramulum nullum rejiciens ; cubitalis mediocris, subin-
curvus ; radialis brevissimus, cubitali non longior ; stigma minu-
tum, ramulum brevissimum emittens. (Corp. long. lin. \ — \\ ;
alar. lin. f — 2.)
Var. j3. — Prothoracis latera antice cyanea.
Var. y. — Thorax viridis : protarsi pallide fusci : mesotibias flavae,
medio supra fuscae.
Var. 3. — Caput et thorax viridia: mesothoracis scutellum cupreum.
Var. £. — Pro- et metatibiae virides, apice flavae : mesotibiae fusco-
cinctae : tarsi flavi, apice pallide fusci : protarsi obscure fulvi.
Var. ^. — Thorax cyaneo-viridis.
Var. T]. — Thorax cupreo-aeneus.
May to October; near London, Windsor Forest, Isle of
Wight, Devonshire, South of France. Taken at Paris by the
Comte de Castelneau.
Sp. 2. Eup. Degeeri. Fern. Viridi-ceneus, antennes nigrce^
abdomen cupreum hast fuhum, pedes fusco-flavl, alec hremssimw.
362 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
Ichneumoii non iiilc ;\ deux vessies mobiles. DeGecr. 11.909.
Tab. 31. fig. 22.
Diplolepis vesicularis . Spin. Ins. Lig. III. lOl. 13.
pjupelmus De Gceri . Dalman., Komjl. Vetens. Acad. Handl.
for ar IcS^O ; N. ah Ess. Ilipn. Ic/i.
affia. nio/ioor. 1 1 . 7().
Viridi-aeneus, parum nitens, scitissiine s([uameus, parce et brevitcr
pubescens : oculi ocollicpie obscure rufi : palj)i nigri: antenna?
nigrae ; articulus 1"'. fiilvus, basi fuscus : gula fulva: pro- etmeta-
thorax quam E. urozono majores : abdomen ciipreum, convexum,
subcylindrieum, scitissime rugosum, basi fulvuni ; segtuenta sub-
a^qualia, supra non incurva : oviduetus exertus, lulvus, medium
ante abdominem subtus apparens ; vagina? nigroe, fulvo cincta),
abdomine quartato longitudine : coxa? et femora icnea ; trochan-
teres ct genua fulva ; tibia? :x?neo-fuscoB, apicc flava? ; tarsi flavi, apice
pallide fusci : ala? limpidiv;, brevissima?. (Corp. long. lin. .^ — 15.)
Var. /). — Antennis articulus V\ flavus.
Var. y. — Tibia: ilava?, basi fusca?.
Var. h, — Femora omnia subtus, mesofemora basi quoque a?neo-lusca ;
mesotibia; flavx, basi fusca;.
Var. e. — Caput cyaneo-viride.
Var. 'C. — Thorax cyaneo-viridis.
June to September; neai* London, Cumberland, Isle of
Wiglit, Devonshire, Cornwall. Found by Mr, llaliday, on
sand-hills, at Port Marnock, in Ireland ; and at Paris by the
Comte de Castelneau.
Sp. 3. Eup. excavatns. Mas. Ciianeus rvfo varins, antenncc
n'Kjrcc, abdomen cuprenni^ pedes raji^ ala; nallcc.
Eupelmus excavatus . Dolman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl.
for ar 1820; N. ah Ess. 11, im. Ich.
affin. monogr. II. 79.
C'aput ;eneo-viride, magnum, thorace latins, non impressnm : oculi
ocellique obscure rufi: antenntv nigra>, robust;e, cor[)oris dimidio
longiorcs ; articulus 1"*. ilavus: thorax rufus, inanjualis, glaber,
fere loevis ; discus cyaneus, rul'o varius : abdomen cupreuni,
ovatum, subcylindrieum, nitens, kevc, glabrum, b:isi cyaneum,
thorace paullo brevius et latius ; segmenta subiviqualia : pedes
pallide ruli ; tarsi (lavi, apice fusci ; mesopcduui femora coxa? et
tibiiu supra fusca ; meso- i^t metafemora apice siq)ra fusca : ala?
nulla?. (Corp. long. lin. 1.)
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. SG3
Var. $. — Thorax cyancus, cupreo varius, utrinque et subliis piceus :
meso- et metafemora necnon metatibiae supra fusca.
May, September; near London; Isle of Wight. Taken
at Paris by the Comte de Castelneau.
Genus Ericydnus, Haliday.
Mas. — Caput mediocre, transversum, convexum, juxta thoraci latum,
non impressum : oculi mediocres, subrotundi, non extantes : ocelli
in vertice triangulum fingentes : antennaj l3-articulatae, longissime
fusiformes, corpore paullo breviores ; articulus 1"'. longus, rectus ;
2"\ longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^ et sequentes ad 10"'". aequales, sub-
quadrati, approximati ; clava conica, acuminata, articulo 10". an-
gustior et plus duple longior : mandibulse subtrigonas, arcuatas,
angustse, acuminatre, edentata? : maxillae longae, angustse, sub-
arcuata; ; lacinise acuminatoe, lobatse ; palpi 3 -articulati, filiformes,
articuli 1"'. et 2"^ mediocres subsequales, 3"^ fusiformis acumi-
natus 2". multo longior : labium brevi-ovatum ; ligula brevis ;
palpi 3-articulati breves crassi moniliformes, articulus 2"'. bre-
visssimus : thorax ovatus, planus : prothorax minimus, supra non
conspicuus : mesothoracis segmenta maxima ; parapsidum sutura;
vix conspicuse ; paraptera inter scutum et scutellum convenientia ;
scutellum subrhombiforme : metathorax brevissimus : abdomen
ovatuui, planum, basi latum, thorace paullo brevius et angustius ;
segmentum 1"'". longum; sequentia breviora, siibnequalia : pedes
longi ; femora recta; tibiae simplices ; tarsorum articuli 1", ad
4"'". curtantes, 5"^ 4". longior ; metapedes propedihus longiores ;
mesopedes adhuc longiores, tibiae cuique spina longa valida, tarsi
crassi ciliati : ungues et pulvilli parvi : alse breves, nno-nsta; ;
nervus humeralis ulnari plus triplo longior, ramulum nullum
rejiciens ; cubitalis mediocris, rectus ; stigma ramulum brevem
emittens.
Fern. — Caput thorace angustius: antennae subclavatae, 12-articu-
lat«, corporis dimidio longiores, quam mari paullo breviores ;
articuli 3". ad 9"". curtantes ; clava ovata, articulo 9". latior et
fere duplo longior : abdomen ovatum, thoracis statura et forma
oviductus occultus.
8p. 1. Eri. paludatus. (Haliday, MSS.) Mas. et Fern. Nigro-
cyaneus, rufo varius, antennae nigrce., abdomen cupreo-piceum,
pedes rnfi fusco cincti, alw suhfuscce.
Mas. — Caput nigro-cyaneum : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigras ;
articulus T". nigro-viridis, basi pallidus : thorax nigro-cyaneus,
364 MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM.
utrinque et subtus rufus : abdomen cupreo-piceiim : sexualia
fusca : pedes pallida rufi ; tarsi apice fiisci ; metafemora apice
supra fusca; protibiae pallide fuscae; metatibise et metatarsi
nigro-fusca : alae subfuscse, apice obscuriores ; squamulae et nervi
fusca ; stigma minutum, concolor.
Fern. — Thorax antice rufo fasciatus : abdomen basi rufum : pro-
tibiae pallide rufae. (Corp. long. lin. | — 1 ; alar. lin. 1 — 1|.)
Found by Mr. Haliday at Holywood and Port Marnock.
Sp. 2. Eri. strigosus. Mas. et Fern. Viridis aut ceneus, an-
tennae nigrcE, abdomen cupreum^ pedes fiisco-fidvi, alee sub/uscce.
Encyrtus strigosus. Nees abEss. Hym. Ich.affin. monogr. II. 227.
Mas. — Viridis, scite squameus, parum nitens, fere glaber : oculi
ocellique obscure rufi : antennae nigrae, pubescentes ; articulus
l"^ nigro-viridis : palpi maxillares fiavi ; articulus 3"% fuscus :
abdomen nigro-cupreum, nitens, basi fusco-cupreum : sexualia
fusca : pedes pallide fulvi, pubescentes ; tarsi supra fusci ; meta-
pedum femora supra fusco vittata, tibiae et tarsi nigro-fusca, illae
basi fulvae : alae subfuscae ; squamulae et nervi fusca ; stigma
minutum, concolor.
Fern. — Viridi-aeneus : abdomen cupreum, basi fusco-cupreum : pro-
pedes obscure fulvi, tarsi fusci : mesopedes pallide fulvi, tarsi
fusci : metapedes nigro-fusci, femora subtus fulva. (Corp. long,
lin. I — I ; alar. lin. | — 1.)
Var. /3. — Mas. caput et thorax viridi-aenea : abdomen basi fulvo-
cupreum.
Var. y. — Mas. profemora et protibiae obscure fulva.
Var. I. — Mas. caput et thorax eenea : abdomen basi fulvum.
Var. e. — Fem. caput, prothorax et mesothoracis scutum viridia :
abdomen omnino nigro-cupreum : pro- et mesopedes pallide fulvi ;
metapedes fusci, tibiae basi et femora subtus fulva.
Var. ^. — Fem. Var. e. similis : caput et thorax omnino viridia.
Var. jj. — Fem. caput cyaneo-viride : thorax viridis.
Var. 6. — Fem. pro- et metapedes obscure fulvi.
Var. I. — Fem. caput, prothorax et mesothoracis scutum viridi-
cyanea : abdomen omnino cupreum : propedes obscure fulvi.
March, June, September, October ; near London, Windsor
Forest, Isle of Wight, North Wales, Cumberland, Scotland.
Found by Mr. Haliday, at Port Marnock on the sea-coast, at
Holyhead, and in the Isle of Skye.
ON SPONTANEOUS OR EQUIVOCAL GENERATION. Sij5
Art. XLVIII. — Note on Malachms riijicollis, Panz. ; and M.
bipunctatiis, Bab. By C. C. Babington, M.A.
In the Magazine of Natural History, vol. vii. p. 278, fig. 49,
I have given, in conjunction with Mr. Westwood, figures of
male and female specimens of the latter of the above-mentioned
insects. We then considered, that the fact of both sexes
having been found, was a sufficient proof of its specific dis-
tinctness from M. riificolUs. My friend, Mr. J. L. Brown, has
this year taken in Norfolk, specimens of both of these supposed
species, and by placing them in company, under glasses, he
has been enabled to see them in such a situation, as to prove
that they are only the sexes of one species. As one of my
specimens of M. hqmnctatus is a female, it must be considered
as a curious instance of that sex appearing with the markings,
although not the form of the male. Panzer's figure {Index
Entom. pt.viii. No. 2,) is not my supposed species, but a rather
poor representation of the true ruJicolUs. It would appear
also to be a male ! as it has not the prominent abdomen of the
females of this genus. Will not this fact throw great doubt
upon the specific distinctness of several of the species in this
genus and family ?
As your journal is more generally read by entomologists
than any other with which I am acquainted, I send this notice
for insertion in your pages.
Charles C. Babington.
Oct. 1836.
P.S. It may be interesting to mention, that I took a single
specimen of Carahus clathratus in Glen Castle, Erris county,
Mayo, in the month of July, 1836.
Art. XLIX.' — Observations on Sponta^ieous or Equivocal Gene-
ration. By J. B N.
Sir, — Upon looking over the Manual of Entomology by
Burmeister, I observe that he declares himself an adherent of
the doctrine of equivocal generation: he speaks of it in so
no. IV. vol. IV. 3 B
366 OBSERVATIONS ON SPONTANEOUS
decisive a manner, without giving hardly any arguments for it,
that a person may think it was so plainly and fully established
as to require none. As the work is likely to be much used by
young entomologists, as an introduction to the science, they may
be led to believe, from the positive way in which he states it,
that it is a well-established fact; which is well known not to be
the case. If you think the following observations upon it
worthy a place in your magazine, they are at your service. I
wish that some abler person had undertaken the task, as the
above doctrine has always formed one of the favourite argu-
ments of those who deny the superintendence of a Supreme
Being over the material world, and contend that every thing
has sprung from a fortuitous assemblage of atoms ; which the
doctrine of equivocal generation expressly supports.
Burmeister, in his description of the generation of insects,
§ 203, says, "With respect to observations upon the equivocal
generation of insects, we possess many credible authorities
which confirm it ;" he then cites the phenomenon of the Phthi-
riasis, and the authorities for it. The Acari or mites being
referred to a difierent class from insects by modern entomolo-
gists, he discards, after a few remarks, from consideration in
his observations, which are chiefly confined to the above species
of lice. He then considers, that it is from the secretions that
have a tendency to corruption that they originate. At the
conclusion of the above section, he says: "Precisely the same
takes place in the Entozoa. Von Bar has observed this deve-
lopment in the remarkable Bucephalus, and it is as good as
proved in many others ; why should not, therefore, the skin,
which has precisely the same structure as the mucous mem-
brane of the intestinal canal, give rise also to parasites peculiar
to it? I know nothing that satisfactorily opposes the adoption
of it. Equivocal generation consequently takes place in the
lowest insects; they can originate from it, and do so frequently."
When philosophers are wedded to an opinion or theory, how
ludicrous it is to observe (were it not also a lamentable proof
of the weakness of the human mind) their earnest and anxious
endeavours to wrest every fact they possibly can to the support
of their favourite doctrine, until they prove too much, and some
succeeding writer, with ruthless hand, uncovers and exposes the
sandy foundation on which they have built, and dashes the
whole superstructure to the ground. I know not what Von
OR EQUIVOCAL GENERATION. 367
Bar's observations were, but Mr. Metford seems not to have
paid any attention to them ; for at the conclusion of his essay
upon the origin o( Entozoa, in your last volume, (p. 204,) after
proving the fallacy of the different hypotheses that have been
assumed to account for their origin, he says, " The reader is,
I doubt not, by this time sensible of the great difficulties with
which this problem is beset; and must perceive that if my
position be true, viz. that worms do not gain access to animals
by the mucous cavities, nor are they transmitted by the parent
to their young, that the doctrine of spontaneous generation is
inevitable. But as this is a doctrine inconsistent toith reason
and analogy, the question, as I before hinted, must be left sub
judice until future facts and observations shall discover the
truth;" thus, after he had exposed the false positions they had
assumed, he, notwithstanding, hesitated not in the least to
declare his firm opinion against equivocal generation.
Burmeister has laid himself open to the above observation
of proving too much, in the last quotation I made from him: in
the preceding section, (§ 202,) he assumes the principle, "that
from nothing, nothing can be produced." We may also assume,
without fear of contradiction, the converse principle expressed
in the common proverb, " like produces like ;" if, therefore,
" the skin has precisely the same structure as the mucous
membrane of the intestinal canal," how comes it to pass that if
we admit equivocal generation, it does not produce the same
parasites ? why should they be in one situation Insecta, and in
the other Vermes? Certainly the same structure must of ne-
cessity produce the same forms upon the germs that are
excreted from it. It would, I doubt not, puzzle the most ardent
advocate of the doctrine, to give a satisfactory solution to the
above query. If "the universally distributed organizable matter"
is the parent of the germs, (admitting, for argument, that it is
endued with the principle of vitality,) it must likewise produce
the same forms wherever it is situated, or otherwise we must
admit as many sorts of organizable matter as species of para-
sites, both external and internal. With regard to the supposed
transformation of the intestinal flocks into intestinal worms,
do we not know that every part that is separated externally
from any of the higher or more fully developed organized
beings, (be it remembered he is treating of man, the highest
organized being,) dies the instant that it is severed from the
368 OBSERVATIONS ON SPONTANEOUS
part to which it was attached ? We know of no instance where
it ever has been observed to have the least vitahty after
separation : if a large piece has been severed, it has a little
muscular contraction, which continually decreases, until, in a
short time, it entirely ceases ; then from what argument can
, we suppose a part that is severed internally, should possess an
independent life, so as to form an organized being?
But what does Burraeister mean by using the expression,
"universally distributed organizable matter" being the parent
of the germs of new organisms? I always understood that
organizable matter meant matter that could be taken by an
organized being, and by its nutritive system assimilated into
itself, to supply the continued waste of its parts. I have
never yet heard that it supplied any part of the vitality of the
being : when the vital principle stops, the whole system stops
with it: the organism may be surrounded with innumerable
quantities of organizable matter, yet it will not be revivified;
or, if by any means its nutritive system is I'endered incapable
of duly performing its operations, it may take what quantity of
organizable matter it pleases, without receiving any benefit
from it, until at last it dies, notwithstanding its supply of
organizable matter. This is a convincing proof that there
resides no vitality in matter, however highly it may be capable
of being organized. Certainly there is an organizable matter
generally distributed, but then it never was endued with
vitality since the Almighty called the type of every being into
existence. Burmeister seems not to have distinguished be-
tween the vital principle, and the matter of which an organized
being is composed. We cannot assume that the vitality of an
organized being resides in any of its parts separate from the
other, because an injury, whether by sudden violence or long-
continued disease, in any of its chief functions, so as to stop
its operations, will produce equally fatal results : though the
chemical composition of its parts remains the same as during
life, it then becomes subject to the laws of inanimate matter.
If, therefore, we cannot predicate life of any of the separate
parts of which a being is composed, how can we assume that
the sweat, or any other secretion, (one particular one excepted,
which is diametrically opposed to the doctrine,) can give origin
to any germ ? As we descend in the scale of animated nature
below insects, we find some beings capable of propagating
OR EQUIVOCAL GENERATION. 369
themselves by division or by shoots ; but it must be remembered
that the greater part of them may be considered as an assem-
blage of beings, — as for instance, in a tcenia, in which each
succeeding joint, as they are commonly called, is an exact
repetition of the preceding, so that if a part of it is broken off,
it is as equally organized as the parent ; none of its functions
are deficient ; the only difference is, that it has not so many of
its descendants attached to it. The shoots of a polypus,
animal flower, &c. are equally perfect animals with the parent,
capable of receiving nutriment, or even of propagating, before
they separate. This mode of generation is only found in those
animals whose organization is the most simple and the most
equally distributed through the whole body, so that when the
parts separate, each possesses a sufficient organization for its
future life. It is never found in the higher organized beings;
still, even where it is found, a parent of the same type is required.
There is no doubt but that a particular state of the secretions is
more favourable for the nutriment and increase of all parasites,
whether external or internal ; just as every plant requires a
particular soil, or every other organized being a particular
kind of nourishment.
We know of no instance of equivocal generation in any of
the lower grades of animal or vegetable life that are open to
continued observation : it is only assumed in the case of those
beings whose minute size evades the sight unless aided by the
most delicate instruments, or whose habitation is so obscure,
that in order to be seen, their lives must pay the price of it :
and therefore in neither case can they be observed, but at
detached periods of their lives. In those whose reproduction
has been observed, it varies very much : nearly, if not quite all
the different modes that have been observed, have been found
among the Infusoria or Intestina ; we cannot tell whence the
germs come in the infusions ; but that is no reason that we
should declare they spring from nothing. In the various vege-
table infusions which produce animalcules, what a dilemma
spontaneous generation leaves us in ! we must either admit
that the vital principle of the animalcule springs from absolute
nothing, or else that vegetable matter, whether living or dead,
can produce animal hfe ;^ which I hope shows the absurdity of
' The difficulties attending spontaneous generation, induced one celebrated
natural historian of the last century to deny life to the infusoria and spermatic
370 OBSERVATIONS ON SPONTANEOUS
the doctrine. It is of no avail to say, that it is only the lowest
in the scale of organized beings that are so produced ; if the
vitality of an invertebrated being can be produced from dead
matter, what hinders the same matter from producing the vitality
of a vertebrated ? The various intestinal parasites are much
lower than the articulated invertehratay If, as Burmeister urges,
some in different sections of the invertehrata, — as intestinal
worms, mites, and insects, — possess an equivocal generation,
what puts a stop upon its progress, and prevents it proceeding
one step further, namely, to the lowest vertebrata? It is
needless to pursue the argument further, as we are on the
confines of that part of it where it is opposed by the strongest
reasoning, both moral and divine.
Burmeister merely says of the Acari, that it is certain they
originate from equivocal generation ; and from the accordance
of the habits of the Acari and Pedicidi, he assumes that these
originate spontaneously also. Now, is it not a well known
fact, that if a person is in company with another that is infected
with the itch, if they entirely abstain from coming in contact
with each other, he will entirely escape the infection ? and, on
the contrary, if he makes use of any thing the other has been
laying hold on, or shakes hands, or otherwise comes in bodily
contact, he is equally certain to be infected. I ask any un-
prejudiced person, if that is not a pretty certain proof of the
modes in which the disease and parasites originate ? How can
any one tell, in the multitudinous affairs of life, whether every
person that he touches is not infected, or that every thing he
touches has not been contaminated by the use of it by an
infected person ? it is evidently impossible. If, therefore, we
have such probable evidence of their generation being accord-
ing to the regular course of nature, why should we adopt such
a difficult hypothesis (to say the best of it) as to give them a
spontaneous origin ?
Burmeister furnishes another argument against himself in
the same section ; he states an instance of a woman at Bonn
animalcules, and assert that they were only a fortuitous assemblage of organized
atoms moving in disorder.
'' Burmeister divides the animal kingdom into three groups — Gastrozoa,
Arthrozoa and Osteozoa ; the two first corresponding to the invertehrata, and the
last to the vertebrata of authors. The class Insects is placed the highest in the
second group, or limbed animals ; consequently the highest developed inverte-
brated, or next to the lowest vertebrated animals.
OR EQUIVOCAL GENERATION. 371
being cured of phthiriasis by the rubbing in of oil of turpentine;
and it is also well known, that the Acarus scahei can also be
destroyed by topical applications, without any medicines taken
internally. Now, is it consistent with observed facts, that a few
external applications can so far affect the system as to cause
the secretions to assume a different aspect? Is it not done by
giving medicine internally instead of topically? Would it not be
more rational to ascribe the above cure to the efficacy of the
turpentine in destroying insect life, (spirits of turpentine will
kill an insect much sooner than the fumes of burning sulphur
or spirits of wine, I have found by experience many times,)
by which means it cleanses the skin from its parasites and
destroys their eggs and larva also? Burmeister asserts their
spontaneous origin in Phthiriasis, from their not being conta-
gious. I recollect an instance in point, with regard to Pediculus
mstiamenti. A person worked in a shop where several others
also worked, when, after having felt an unusual itching for some
time, which at last became intolerable, he began to search
his clothes, when he found one of the seams swarming with
this insect ; something occurred, so that he could not cleanse
himself from them for a day or two ; he slept in a bed with
another person during all the time the above occurrence took
place, but who was not infested with any of them : why might
not a spontaneous origin with regard to them be asserted, as
well as in Phthiriasis? This is exactly the argument put
forward by Burmeister. They were not contagious to his
bedfellow, and he knew not at the time whence they came ;
but it was afterwards found that one of his shopmates was
infested with them, which easily accounted for their appear-
ance. It is only from the infrequent occurrence of the Pediculus
tuhescentium that we are in ignorance of its production ; if it
happened as frequently as other external parasites, we should
soon become acquainted with its mode of propagation.
If Burmeister had reflected a little upon the fate of equi-
vocal generation within the last century and a half, he would
doubtless have hesitated before he had committed himself so
fully upon the subject: he would have observed how it has
been driven from one hold after another : from the vegetable
it is now entirely discarded. Surely he would hardly dare to
assert that the various species of Cryptogamous plants, or even
the most humble of them, such as toadstools, mushrooms,
372 OBSERVATIONS ON SPONTANEOUS
puff-balls, lichens, or even the green mantle of the ruined wall,
were produced by spontaneous generation engendered by corrup-
tible matter. If the corruption of vegetables is unable to pro-
duce vegetable life, how can the " secretions that are inclined
to corruption " produce animal life ? the analogy holds to the
utmost rainutia. A parent of the same type is absolutely
required to produce the animal as well as the vegetable. It
is commonly said that facts are stubborn things : equivocal
generation has been obliged to yield to them in the vegetable
world, and it will no doubt soon yield to them in the animal
world likewise, Burmeister should also have recollected how
the naturalists who denied the doctrine of equivocal generation,
about the commencement of the last century, were puzzled to
account for the appearance of a quantity of parasites from the
pupa of a butterfly, — a fact then as triumphantly appealed to
by the asserters of the doctrine, as the appearance of the
Phthiriasis is appealed to by himself. But what was the
expression of Ray ? Although even with his great knowledge
of nature he could not give a positive explanation of it, yet
he sincerely declared that he thought they were produced from
eggs laid by a parent of the same species. In what a striking
view does his opinion show itself, now that it is ascertained to
be the fact. Equivocal generation has here been signally over-
thrown and vanquished.
Burmeister does not plainly assert that the head-louse springs
spontaneously, because he knew that every day's experience
would contradict him ; and that if it could be shown that one of
the species described by him as generating equivocally, did
not originate in that manner, analogy would conclude that the
remaining species were generated also in the common mode.
I have known children to be entirely cleansed from them by
combing only. I have also known a dog cleansed in the same
manner from the lice with which it was infested ; which is a
plain proof that they spring not from the secretions, but from
individuals of the same species. Would Burmeister dare to assert
that the cheese-mites and the cheese-hoppers spring sponta-
neously (which is still the opinion of many of the vulgar) ?
surely not. The cheese has no vital principle to impart ; and
he would scarcely go the length to assert that dead matter can
originate a living organized being : indeed he said as much, in
speaking of the dead lappets of the skin that peel off; but
OR EQUIVOCAL GENERATION. 373
perhaps he miglit urge that the milk of which the cheese is
made is an animal secretion. But what can be urged in the
case of mites found in the mould of gardens under flower-pots,
&c. The mould is not an animal secretion ; if, therefore, several
species of Acat'i do not originate equivocally, why should one
species of the same genus have a spontaneous origin given
to it?
Burmeister also says, respecting unimpregnated females being
fruitful, that it perfectly proves the possibility of spontaneous
development: this I positively deny. Equivocal generation
means, according to the instances cited by Burmeister, that the
secretions of one type of beings produce a germ, and that
germ in its development produces a being of a different type,
(the secretions of man, for instance, producing worms, mites,
and lice.) Now, in what respects does the generation of the
Ap/iides resemble this or any of the exceptions to the general
law mentioned by him ? (upon some of which he casts well-
founded doubts.) Do they not produce the very same typical
beings? The same principle I laid down at first — " like produces
like " — is most strictly adhered to : a parent of the same type
is invariably required. When was an aphis, moth or bee "= ever
observed to produce the germs of any other insect ? Does not,
in every instance which he quotes, the unimpregnated female lay
eggs wdiich produce the same species ? The eggs were laid ac-
cording to the regular course of nature, in the very same manner
in which impregnated ones were laid : they sprung not from
external secretions, but from the proper oviduct of the insect ;
so that, so far from supporting spontaneous generation, they
point directly contrary. There are organs whose sole function
is the secreting of germs : and the germs produced by those
secretory powers in their full development, produce the same
typical beings ; the only difference being in the non-impreg-
nation by the male, which takes place regularly in one family ;
being in fact their regular mode of propagation : the common
sexual generation of other insects being their exception — not
their rule. But it appears that when the fruitfulness of the
females is exhausted by exposure to cold, or what other cause
« Burmeister, or his translator, has made a ludicrous error at the bottom of
page 312, where he speaks of a queen-bee laying unfruitful eggs, which produced
fruitful females.
NO. IV. VOL. IV. S C
874 ON SPONTANEOUS OR EQUIVOCAL GENERAlION.
it may be, it then requires renovation ; which is provided for
by the last laying of germs by the female, — many of which
are males, who, after they come to maturity, impregnate the
females and proceed as before. How can it be cited in sup-
port of equivocal generation? If an a/>/^/5 was observed to
spring from the exudation of vegetables, then it would support
it, but not otherwise.
I have purposely avoided using any theological arguments
in support of my view against the doctrine; not that I think
they should not be used, but because I wished to show how
untenable it is, from the consideration of fully observed facts in
the economy of organized beings, and from analogical reasoning;
but I should wish very much that every asserter of the doctrine
would consider them fully, and observe how inconsistent with
the true notions of a creative Being it is, that any assemblage
of matter alone should produce animal or even vegetable life.
I remain, Sir, yours most respectfully,
J. B N.
Note to the word Kerfe.
P.S. — It appears by Burmeister, in his Introduction, p. 48,
that some German authors have adopted the word kerfe,
derived from kerhen, signifying to notch or indent, as a name
for insects in the German language. Mr. Shuckard, in his note
to the above, states that he has retained the paragraph.
Although it has more a German than English interest, perhaps
he was not aware that the word is also used technically in the
English language, by all workers in wood, (whether sawyers,
joiners, cabinet-makers, &c.) to designate the incision made by
a saw in apiece of wood : in foct there is no other word to
express the same meaning. A cut may be made by any cut-
ting instrument,— as knives, chisels, axes, &c. — no part of the
substance cut being taken away, but only severed with them ;
but a herf signifies an open incisure, the sides of which are
parallel to each other, and a part of the substance taken out,
which can only be done with a saw ; it is, in general, used in
apposition with saw, — as saw-^v/y"; I have seen it printed ¥irf,
kerf, and even c^arf, — the pronunciation being always kerf The
application of the word to insects, is, I believe, as happy an
expression in our language, as Insecta to the Latins, or Evro^a
VOYAGE OF THE CHANTICLEER. 375
to the Grecians ; but whether it would be worth while to over-
throw the common name of the class, in order to adopt a
vernacular term, is a question that must be left to the dis-
cretion of future writers to decide.
Art. L. — Narratim of Capt Henry Fosters Voyage to the
Southern Atlantic Ocean, in His Majesty's Ship, Chanticleer.
By W. H. B. Webster. Bentley, London, 1834.
[Editor loquitur.^
The times in which we live are troublous times, and we
see no reason why we should be exempted from the trouble
that surrounds us, that hems us in on every side. Now is
the time when we shall be expected to solicit a truce from that
steady animosity which, on the part of certain individuals, has
dogged us so unweariedly, to kneel to those who have perhaps
at times trembled at the bare mention of our rod. Of these
acts of humiliation we will consider at a more convenient
opportunity ; but there is an act of justice which we must first
perform. Some years ago our zeal for Entomology led us to set
our faces against a constant bickerincr at that time carried on
between the authors of two rival publications. We thought
this bickering highly injurious to the true interests of the
science. We determined to oppose it to the uttermost. The
practice was continued, and we kept our resolution. The
offender was our personal friend ; but this was no screen ; we
fancied it a public duty to reprehend, and we reprehended
most severely. We were perfectly sincere in what we said ;
we weighed the consequences well, and, as the result proved,
accurately : we counted and paid the cost. The infinite rami-
fications of the opposition to our progress, by the friends of
the work in question, was a perfect model of human ingenuity:
the mind of man is shrewd in the science of persecution, to a
degree with which few are thoroughly acquainted. It seems
a most luxurious occupation. Now, it may appear strange to
thee, dear reader ! that it is in consequence of this very science
of persecution being now cultivated most elaborately against
Mr. Curtis's work — that very work which we criticised so
376 VOYAGE OF THE CHANTICLEER.
severely — that very work whose friends pursued us so long
and so assiduously with this very persecution — that we now
pen these sentences in condemnation of a system whose
exquisitely organized power we have resisted, conquered, and
outlived. It is difficult to contend with a hidden system of
evil, and the perpetrators, in this instance, are careful to veil
their deeds in kindred darkness. Every one who reads the
pages of the Entomolo(jkal Maciazine, in simplicity of heart,
will, we are confident, acknowledge that the system of injuring
individuals has never there, for a moment, been entertained;
we have been very severe to what, in our judgment, appeared
wrong ; but we have, at the same time, diligently sought out
the good and the useful, for the very pleasure of praising and
recommending. The ill feeling that exists in some breasts
ao-ainst Mr. Curtis, is a matter with which we cannot contend ;
but we advise, — in perfect sincerity we advise, — those who
entertain such a feeling, against its exhibition in a manner
calculated to injure him. The works of Mr. Curtis and
Mr. Stephens are not only useful but beautiful works : they
are the works of our fellow-countrymen, — and that is in
itself a claim on us. That we can agree with every thing that
these authors are pleased to say, — that we can praise and
approve of all they write, — is not to be expected. Perfection is
not the inheritance of man; but until we are faultless ourselves,
let us bear with the faults of others. We have already said,
that the knowledge of the existence of this evil spirit against
Mr. Curtis called forth these remarks; furthermore, our abhor-
rence of the system is so great, that we think it our duty to
oppose it, and it will give us real pleasure if these honest
observations tend to that gentleman's advantage, by opening
the eyes of the unwary, by cautioning the yet uninitiated lover
of Entomology against evil counsel.
Now, with respect to our own observations on Mr. Curtis's
work, we do unhesitatingly declare our conviction, that they were
too severe: it was a quarrel in which we ought not to have
interfered, and over which we had no jurisdiction. We regret
the publication of these observations, and we trust Mr. Curtis
will be satisfied with this confession.-''
» Mr. Curtis's name was omitted in the two last lists, as a Subscriber for five
copies of the Entomological Magazine. Tiie Editor was not aware that Mr.
Curtis continued to take them ; no further reason for the oniission existed. We
VOYAGE OF THE CHANTICLEER. 377
All this is foreign to our subject, therefore, let us now turn
to the volumes on our table : let us become " Skimmers of the
Sea." The South Atlantic regions seem, until late years, to
have possessed but slight attractions to the Naturalist, or, if
attractive, his researches have been few and unimportant. We
cannot look on the voyage of the Chanticleer as one at all
calculated to furnish us with a clear and complete view of the
productions of the Southern Seas. Captain Foster was an
Astronomer only; and it appears to us, that, not content with
the laurels he must necessarily win from his own important
observations, he entertained an idea that the discoveries of his
comrades in other branches of science might, perhaps, eclipse
his own ; and as, though actuated by a feeling so entirely un-
worthy of him, he does not seem to have afforded that assist-
ance to others, which was requisite to render their discoveries
of real and permanent utility.
Captain King, employed, at the period of the Chanticleer's
voyage, in a survey of the Straits of Magellan, has brought to
this country a valuable collection of insects, of which an ac-
count will appear in the Transactions of the Linnsean Society,
by Messrs. Curtis, Haliday and Walker. Mr. Darwin also has
returned from South America with multitudes of novelties,
many of them of most singular forms. We hope to say some-
thing of both these collections hereafter.
The narrative of Captain Weddell's voyage to the Antarctic
regions, published many years ago, contains a variety of in-
teresting matter. This navigator, we believe, pushed his course
further southward than any other, either before or since, and he
describes the sea in the extreme south, as being perfectly free
from ice. His narrative is also remarkable, as containing the
best authenticated story of a mermaid, — a story so interesting
that we shall make no apology for introducing it in Captain
Weddell's words. The event occurred at Hall Island.
A man was stationed on one side of the island, to take care
of some produce, while the rest of the crew were engaged on
the other side. He had gone to bed, and about ten o'clock he
heard a noise resembling human cries ; and as day-light in
those latitudes never disappears, he got up, and looked about,
have great pleasure in now saying, that the nunihers were taken regularly, and of
thanking Mr. Curtis for liis kind support.
378 VOYAGE OF THE CHANTICLEER.
expecting to tind some one in need of assistance ; however, he
found nothing, and returned to bed. He very soon heard the
noise repeated, and got up a second time, but still saw nothing.
Conceiving, however, the possibility of a boat being upset, and
that some of the crew might be clinging to some detached
rocks, he walked along the beach, and presently heard the
noise more distinctly than before, but now in a musical strain.
On searching round, he saw an object lying on a rock about a
dozen yards from the shore, at which he was somewhat fright-
ened. The face and shoulders were of human form, and of a
reddish colour ; over the shoulders hung long green hair ; the
tail resembled that of a seal, but the extremities of the arms he
could not see distinctly. The creature continued to make a
musical noise while he was gazing, for about two minutes, but,
on perceiving him, disappeared in an instant. Immediately the
man saw his officer, he told this wild tale, which was of course
doubted; but to add to the weight of his testimony, (being a
Catholic,) he made a cross on the sand, which he kissed, in
form of making oath to the truth of the statement. Captain
Weddell afterwards swore him to the facts, on the Gospels,
with a paper cross under his hand.
Captain Weddell's observations on the native Fuegians are
highly interesting. He appears to have taken great delight
in closely observing their economy ; for that woi'd seems best
to express the usages of these poor savages. But we are for-
getting the Chanticleer.
Captain Henry Foster, commander of the Chanticleer, iiav-
ing completed the observations entrusted to him, and being about
to return to his native land, accidentally fell from a canoe,
in the river Chargres, in the Gulf of Mexico, and was
thus lost, as the monument erected to his memory expresses
it, " to his country and his friends." The objects of the voyage
were entirely scientific; the principal one was to discover, by
pendulum observations made at various places in the northern
and southern hemispheres, the true figure of the earth. It is,
however, solely for the sake of transferring to our pages some
of Mr. Webster's observations in Natural History, that we
have introduced his narrative to the readers of the Entomolo-
r/ical Mcii/azine. We shall take these memoranda as they
ofccur, without attempting any thing like a classiHed arrange-
ment.
VOYAGE OF THE CHANTICLEER, 379
On the 23d May, the surface of the sea was covered with
very minute particles of something which appeared like dust,
or the shakings of hemp. Having obtained some of it in
a vessel, on examination Mr. Webster found it to be com-
posed of very small worms, extremely slender and delicate,
and about the hundredth part of an inch in length. They
were of a brown colour, in general, and acuminated at each
extremity, having also a slight bending motion at times. Be-
sides these, the water from which they were taken contained a
few hairy globules, about the size of a pin's head, which
opened and contracted, having a bright glistening speck in
their centre. There were, besides these, some little red
capillary worms, bifurcated at one extremity, and some medusce
of a chocolate colour, about the size of a pea.
We heartily wish Mr. Webster had been somewhat more
full in his description of the hairy globules : we fain would
know whether the glistening speck was visible when the animal
was contracted ; and again, whether the " opening " of the
animal could be caused by agitating the water. Presumin<T
that the luminous speck was only visible when the animal
opened ; and presuming, also, the opening could be caused by
agitating the water, we have, at once, before us, in this hairy
globule, the immediate cause of that luminosity of the ocean
which exhibits itself in evanescent sparks, as the waves dash
against a vessel's prow.
On the night of the 30th May the voyagers were much
gratified by a phenomenon of rather uncommon occurrence,
relating to the luminosity of the sea. It was about ten at
night, when the vessel was sailing through the water at the
rate of five knots, the weather clear, and the stars shining
brightly above them, when their attention was suddenly at-
tracted by a great number of dolphins sporting round the ship,
and darting about in all directions with the swiftness of an
arrow. The water was extremely brilliant, and appeared to
be a sea of stars, so numerous were the specks of light. But,
beautiful as was this appearance, (they having become, in some
degree, accustomed to it, from having witnessed it on former
occasions,) their attention- was now principally directed to the
dolphins. They could distinctly see their whole form to a
considerable depth below the surface of the water, from the
bright light which they emitted, and were delighted with their
380 VOYAGE OF THE CHANTICLEER.
gambols. A train of vivid light, not unlike that left by a
rocket in its flight, but more continuous, suddenly appeared,
and marked the dolphins to be in pursuit of prey. — Vol. i. p. 19.
On the 12th June, in latitude 6° n., Mr. Webster found the
sea again covered with the dust already spoken of; but on
examination, it exhibited no symptoms of animation. During
the long calms by which they were delayed in the vicinity of
the equator, Mr. Webster had frequent opportunities of exa-
mining several kinds of medusce, or sea blubber. One day,
while several of the crew were bathing in a sail secured for the
purpose, by the side of the vessel, several of them were severely
stung by these medusce \ and the carpenter was so much injured
by them, as to be unable to swim : he suffered much pain and
irritation from them, but nothing further. Mr. Webster fre-
quently handled them ; and, on afterwards applying his hands to
his lips and face, experienced pain, which he considers proceeds
from the secretion of an acrid matter, rather than from any
electric property. He contracted a disease in his hands, much
resembling the itch, in consequence of handling these medusce,
and the ph/salis, or Portuguese man-of-war. — Vol. i. p. 22.
On arriving on the coast of South America, the tree-ferns
on the Corcovado, a mountain in the neighbourhood of Rio
Janeiro, attracted Mr. Webster's attention : they may be
classed amongst the most elegant productions of the vegetable
kingdom. These ferns grow to the height of twenty feet, and
are frequently entwined with lesser ferns ; thus clothing their
stems with all the elegance of ivy. The anvil bird perches
on the branches of these tree-ferns, and repeats its singular
note, which sounds like the blow of a hammer on an anvil.
The beauty of plumage which forms the peculiar feature of
the birds of Brazil is well known. Nature may, truly, be said
to have lavished her favours in decking out the feathered
tribes of these regions, for they are all remarkably handsome,
and objects of admiration to every visiter. The insects are
equally magnificent, particularly the butterflies, many collec-
tions of which are sent to Europe. Fireflies, beetles, and
grasshoppers, are abundant : the webs of some of the spiders
are strong enough to entangle a little bird ; and ants are so
large that they are fried and made into a delicate dish. Snakes
are very common and plentiful ; every variety of these creatures
is to be had, from the boa-constrictor, of thirty-five feet in length,
VOYAGE OF THE CHANTICLEER. 381
to the little delicate green snake, which does not exceed four
inches. Rio is tolerably supplied with fish. The shrimps are
very large, and, when made into pies, are an excellent dish. —
Vol. i. p. 51.
At Monte Video immense quantities of snails are sold in the
markets, and are used for soup. The birds are remarkable for
their beautiful plumage. The Rhea, or American ostrich, is
common, both in a wild and domesticated state, and may fre-
quently be seen bounding over the plains with remarkable
swiftness. This bird lays three or four eggs in the month of
October, which are to be had in the markets, and are used for
domestic purposes ; they generally weigh about a pound and
a quarter each ; and the country people make a custard of the
yolk, which they bake in the shell among wood embers. Wild
swans, vultures, owls, kites, kawks, parrots, woodpeckers,
rose-breasted thrushes, and a variety of elegant finches, are
common, besides the Loxia cardinalls, or cardinal-bird, so
called from a tuft of feathers on the head. Game and fish are
plentiful.— Vol. i. p. 91.
Our author gives a very detailed account of the natural his-
tory of Staten Island, situate near the extreme southern point
of South America Of mammalia he found there two species
of seal, the otter, the rat, and the mouse. The penguins of
different species, ducks, and the albatross, seem to have been
the only birds. The rocks abounded with muscles and limpets.
The mullet appears to have been the only fish discovered. In
using the dredge, pieces of wood were frequently brought up,
bored in every direction by the Teredo navalis, a worm varying
in length from two to six inches, and from a quarter of an inch to
an inch in circumference. Itis pale white,smooth, and notannu-
lated. The anterior extremity has a slender, double, extensile,
cleft proboscis, or mouth-piece, which the creature has the power
of thrusting forward to a considerable length from it. This
proboscis is of a flesh colour, and finely pointed. From the neck
or anterior portion of the body, proceed two pi umated processes,
which are firm and long, well articulated, and about two inches
in length. These consist of a footstalk or pedicle, firmly
implanted into the sides of the worm, and the other half
terminated by a plano-convex doubly-feathered edge. The
plane surfaces of these feathered borers are applied together,
and, by a semi-volution, work at first a small hole; till, getting
NO. IV. VOL. IV. 3 D
382 VOYAGE OF THE CHANTICLEER.
gradually larger, the whole feathered process enters. It re-
sembles in some measure a very fine double-edged saw, work-
ing by half turns as it destroys the wood. It is frightful to
contemplate the ravages which these creatures are capable of
committing on ships ; they would soon scuttle a first-rate man-
of-war. — Vol. i. p. 124.
Early in December the water in the harbour at Staten
Island was covered with Medusa', and on the following night
a most brilliant illumination of the water ensued. On the
external convex side of those MeduscB, which Mr. Webster
examined, were eight longitudinal rows of small imbricated
processes, slightly curved, and acting as a series of little flippers,
for they had the power of rapid motion, and appeared like the
delicate cogs of a small wheel. When desirous of moving,
several or all these flippers were put in motion, and thus the
animal could proceed with great rapidity; the motion of the
flippers imparting to them a succession of beautiful colours,
green, rose colour, gold, crimson, blue and purple. The
moment the motion ceased, the colours were no longer per-
ceptible.—Vol. i. p. 126.
From Staten Island, Captain Foster sailed southward, to
the group of islands known by the name of South Shetland,
and anchored in a cove or basin within Deception Island.
This island, and indeed even the description of it, must be a
treat to the geologist. Although it is twenty-seven miles in
circumference, it bears every appearance of having been the
summit of a volcano, abounding in ashes, &c. ; it consists of a
circle of rocky hills, united excepting at one point, and en-
closing a large harbour or basin, which occupies nearly the
whole of the interior. The number of objects in natural
history found here was very limited ; the only mammalious
animal mentioned, is called the sea-leopard, a species of seal,
nine feet in length, five feet in circumference, and in weight
eight hundred pounds. Among birds, the voyagers saw
myriads of penguins, two species of tern, the black-headed
gull, the stormy petrel, and two other species of Procellaria ;
the Pelicanus graculits, or blue-eyed shag, and the Var/ijml/s
alba, or Cape pigeon ; the last mentioned appeared merely to
have accompanied the ship, and not to have been an inhabitant
of the island. There were plenty of a small species of shrimp,
but they were not fit to be eaten, and a small lizard-tailed
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 080
Star-fish was numerous. There was also a very handsome
species of Echinus. There was not a single phsenogamous
plant,— but one moss, one striped coralloid lichen, and a few-
uninteresting sea-weeds. The climate is excessively cold, and
the ground covered with ice and snow even in summer.
From Deception Island, Captain Foster returned northward
to Cape Horn and Hermite Island. Here no mammalious
animals were noticed ; there were no penguins, and but few
other birds, and very few fish.
The little Chanticleer now shaped her course across the
Atlantic, and reached the Cape of Good Hope on the 27th of
June, having performed the passage in twenty-seven days ; a
great number of birds, particularly the graceful and elegant
pintadoes, accompanied her throughout the passage. In
Mossel Bay, our author was struck with the variety of shells,
and the beauty of some of them, particularly that of the paper
Nautilus. He also mentions the following genera : Haliotis,
Trochus, Buccinum, and Pliolas.
Art. LI. — Proceedings of the Entomological Societg of
London.
Sitting of the 2cl of January, 1837.
Rev. F. W. Hope in the Chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Raddon exhibited a drawing of the turnip leaf, with
two Lepidopterous ova deposited thereon, which had been
reared, and turned out to be, the one Leucophasia sinapis, and
the other Plusia gamma. He stated, that a friend of his had
discovered the undoubted larva of the turnip fly, feeding be-
tween the Epidermis and Parenchyma of the leaf, which
obscure habit rendered it so difficult of detection. He hoped
to be able to forward to the Society more complete information,
in detail, from his friend, than he was then in possession of.
He exhibited a series of phials containing various foreign
larvae, &c., found in turpentine, and extracted therefrom by
384 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
means of strong spirit of ammonia ; and also a pan containing
the insects in the turpentine in the rough.
The President, in some subsequent observations, con-
firmed the great success of this method of obtaining many
foreign insects, stating that some of the finest specimens he
had seen in any European cabinets had been procured in this
manner, and a fine North American cabinet might thus be ob-
tained for a few pounds, and without stirring from our own
firesides. He recommended spirit of caoutchouc as a solvent.
Mr. Raddon further mentioned his success in obtaining in-
sects from a gum, which he believed to be copal ; but which
the President doubted, never having known any authenticated
instance of insects found in that gum, but always in gum
anime, which received its name, originally, from the great
number of ex-animated remains found in it.
Mr. Raddon next exhibited a phial containing hymenopterous
and other insects, sent over in rum from the Gambia, which he
recommended as by far the best mode of transmitting all in-
sects, excepting Lepidoptera, from abroad ; and, as a proof, dis-
played some of the most delicate specimens taken out and set,
which were as brilliant and perfect as if just captured.
Mr. Waterhouse bore testimony to the safety and excel-
lency of this method of transmitting foreign specimens.
Mr. Raddon, lastly, exhibited two specimens, which he
forbore to give any name to. They had been Lepidoptera, but
were completely eaten up by a fungus.
The President remarked, that a wasp's nest had been ex-
hibited in that room with some of the wasps in a similar pre-
dicament.
A very interesting paper by Mr. Sells was read, on the
Cteniza nidulans, the trap-door-raaking spider of Jamaica. He
exhibited a perfect specimen of the insect, with some beautiful
drawings of its curiously-constructed nest.
Mr. MacLeay confirmed the accuracy of Mr. Sells' descrip-
tion, from his own personal observation, and mentioned the
existence of a spider of similar habits in India and the South
of Europe.
A paper by Mr. Waterhouse, containing further descrip-
tions of insects, collected by Mr. Darwin, was read; speci-
mens of the insects, principally Altkxv, were exhibited :
one of these Mr. Westwood considered nearly identical with
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 585
our turnip fly, and he stated it to be equally destructive in
New Holland.
Mr. Westwood read a curious and interesting paper hy
himself, on caprification ; an operation by which certain Hy-
menoptera of the family Cynips, after undergoing a very
remarkable graduatory process, performed an essential part in
the ripening of the garden fig, by piercing the immature fruit,
and thus occasioning an excitement of the juices, and a preco-
cious maturity of the fruit, as is frequently the case with our
own fruits that have been attacked externally by insects. The
peasants, in some of the Greek islands, are perfectly aware of
this curious economy of the insects, and watch the development
of the mature insect daily, for the purpose of assisting nature,
and conveying the little operators, which are bred in the fruit of
the wild fig-tree, to the fruit of the garden fig, if, from any
cause, they should not be strong enough to eflect the transport
themselves; — by which means they frequently obtain fine
crops, when otherwise there would be a failure. A double
crop is likewise obtained by the same means, but is considered
to deteriorate the fruit. Drawings of these insects accompanied
the paper.
Anniversary Sitting. — January 23, 1837.
Rev. F. W. Hope, President, in the Chair.
Minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The meeting then proceeded to the customary business of the
election of officers for the year ensuing. Four members were re-
commended by the Council to be removed, and four to be elected
into the council in their stead. The ballot having been taken, the
Chairman declared, upon report of the Scrutineers, that the
election had unanimously fallen on the following gentlemen,
viz.: Messrs. Bennett, Children, MacLeay,* and Waterhouse,
as members of the Council ; J. F. Stephens, Esq., as Presi-
dent; W. Yarrell, Esq., Treasurer; J. O. Westwood, Esq.,
Secretary ; and ,W. E. Shuckard and J. O. Westwood, Esqrs.,
as joint Curators.
The Treasurer presented his account for the past year,
signed by the Auditors ; from which it appeared that the funds
of the Society were in a prosperous condition, there being a
* Mr. MacLeay has since resigned.
386 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
considerable cash balance in hand, and large assets due to the
Society, while every current claim whatever had been dis-
charged.
The President, in his concluding speech, enlarged upon the
very flourishing state of the Society, forty-four members having
been added to it during the past year, while only four resigna-
tions had taken place ; and he was happy to say no loss had
occurred from death. Sixty-three publications had been pre-
sented to the Society in the course of the year, including
many from Literary and Scientific Societies. He lamented, at
considerable length, the loss the science had sustained in the
death of Dr. Leach. He enlarged on the great service that
had been rendered, in the preservation of the beautiful park of
Brussels, from hints given by one of the members, (Mr.
Spence ;) and deprecated the conduct of our own Commis-
sioners of Woods and Forests, who appeared to listen to the
advice of interested timber-speculators, rather than to such as
would arrest the ravages of the same insect, now rapidly pro-
ceeding with the work of destruction in Kensington Gardens.
He finally recommended a MS. account to be kept of all En-
tomological publications.
The speech was received with much applause, and ordered
to be printed.
The usual votes of thanks were then passed.
The Secretary announced, that the Council had agreed
upon " Athalia centifolia, or the Blacks of Turnips," as the
subject of the prize essay for the year 1S3T. — None had been
received on the Coccus of the pine apple, the subject proposed
last year.
The Third Part of the Transactions of the Society, being
the completion of Volume L, was laid upon the table.
Sitting of the 6th of February, 1837.
J. F. Stephens, President, in the Chair.
After tb.e usual business had been gone through, a black
letter volume was exhibited, with an accompanying letter from
Mr. Bohn the bookseller, presenting it to the Society as a
matter of curiosity, being rendered of no value to him by the
perforations of the little insect that attacks books, which had
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 38 7
all been done within the last twelve months. The letter
stated, that the discovery of a mode of preventing these
attacks, would be the means of saving many a rare and
valuable book to the amateur and the trade. On examination,
three species of insects were discovered ; one, the usual Ano-
b'nun ; another, Lepisma saccharina ; and a third, apparently,
the larva of an ApJm. Prussic acid, corrosive sublimate,
quassia, and the oven, were severally recommended by different
members, to destroy these pests of the bibliopolist.
The Rev. F. W. Hope stated, that it was principally books
coming from abroad, and which had been injured by salt
water, that were subject to be thus attacked.
A paper was read, descriptive of the various genera and
species of Coleoptera, found in the neighbourhood of Penzance,
by Mr. Howe. Two of the specimens exhibited were pronounced
to belong to exotic genera.
The Rev. F, W. Hope read some observations on the
economy of Ants. He traced the authorities from Scripture,
downwards, and quoted many passages from the classics, to
prove the general belief in their provident economy ; which,
however, had been questioned by many modern entomologists.
To settle that point, he proposed several queries, more particu-
larly directed to ascertain the food of exotic species, and
whether, or not, they were torpid during any part of the year in
the tropics. In the discussion, much reference was made to a
communication from Col. Sykes, published in the Transactions
of the Society, which Mr. Hope considered to establish the
prevalent opinion of their provident habits, but which Mr. West-
wood contended did no such thing ; and, also, that the ancients
were not entitled to any weight as observers of natural history.
Sitting of 6th March, 1837.
Rev. F. W. Hope in the Chair.
Minutes, &c. &c. of the previous meeting, were confirmed.
A specimen of Cerura vinula, found imbedded in a solid
piece of pine, was exhibited.
A letter from Mr. Petit was read, noticing a decoction of
staves-acre root (common larkspur) as a remedy very anciently
388
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
employed for the destruction of vermin infesting either animals,
or the habitations of man.
A paper, containing some further remarks on the curious
construction of the nest of Cteniza nedulans, by Mr. Sells,
was read.
A paper by the Rev. W. F. Hope, was read, in reference to a
passage in Kirby's Bridgewater Treatise, wherein the insect
that infested the Egyptians in the plague of flies, is supposed
to be the cock-roach. The author expressed his deference to
Mr. Kirby ; but on this point contested his opinion as unneces-
sary and unsupported. He cited many authorities for the
prevalence of several descriptions of fly in Egypt in the present
times, and concluded that there was no reason for supposing
that the insect designated by the Hebrew words in Exodus, was
a Blatta, or otherwise than a proper fly. In the discussion
on this paper, several members stated, that the cock-roach
attacked man in tropical countries, by night, at the extremities.
The Chairman announced that he had in preparation a paper,
which he hoped to have ready by the next meeting, on the
insects found alive in the human subject, and should be much
obliged by any facts or assistance thereon.
THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.
JULY, 1837.
Art. LI I. — Wanderings and Ponderings of an Insect-Hunter.
[Continued from p. 203.)
Chapter XI,
[The Insect- Hunter taketh a view of Lemster from Eaton-hill.]
It is sweet, it is very sweet, to stretch one's self at
full length on a hill top, in the early summer grass, while
Summer is yet little more than Spring, — the brightly-green,
quickly-grown, thyme-scented summer grass ! It is sweet, it
is very sweet, while thus prostrate, and propping up the phy-
siognomy between the hands to gaze forward on the summer
earth, or into the summer air ! It is sweet, it is very sweet,
to watch the varied and ever-varying insect tribes as they mount
to the tips of the individual blades from the more secure hiding-
places about the roots and on the ground, — some beaten down
by the morning shower, — some making their first pilgrimage
after a winter's sleep in the deathlike chrysalis ! It is sweet, it
is very sweet, to watch them as they plume their antennas, and
stretch out their tiny wings, waiting a moment, as in coy hesi-
tation, then essaying, fearfully at first, their newly-acquired
powers, rise and float upon the balmy summer air. Mark that
black bee, of all vagabonds the happiest, how she revels in the
ground-ivy, which appears wherever the grass is more thinly
scattered; with what joyous eagerness she hums from bloom
to bloom, followed by her attentive mate, so different from
NO. V. VOL. IV. o E
S90 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
herself in colour 1 Mark that Botnbylius ! what words can
tell the wondrous powers of his flight ! poised on wing, pain-
fully murmuring, — a murmur never to be mistaken,— he seems
part and parcel of the air, too gross, indeed, to rise, yet too
ethereal to fall ; like the coffin of Mahommed, he is suspended
motionless betwixt the heavens and the earth : attempt to catch
him, and he is off at viewless speed ; in a minute he has
returned, and is again poised in air before me, near the place
from whence I frightened him : he now descends, and after a
most elaborate scrutiny, selects a spot on which to settle :
there he sits bolt lapright, his spotted wings still vibrating,
though not so rapidly, as in flight.
Farther down the hill, the swallows and sand-martins are
entomologizing ; they sweep along the surface of the grass,
picking off the insects that have mounted in preparation for an
aerial wandering : each blade and each bent that bears a living
being is robbed of its load \ ever and anon a bird, more eager
than the rest, dips deep into the grass for some glittering crea-
ture that has caught his beaming eye, and is for a few seconds
wholly lost to sight. In the morning there was rain, and the
gauze-winged nations were beaten to the earth, and the swallows
gave up their labours as useless; but now the sky is cloudless,
the air warm and still, and the insects have again emerged
from their hiding-places •, and as they prepare to wander, the
hungry swallows, more hungry from their morning's fast, sweep
with untiring wing over the surface of the earth, and arrest the
progress of myriads at the very threshold of a happy flight.
The Insect-Hunter is looking from Eaton Hill down upon
the valley of Leraster, and upon the course of Lug and the
course of Oney, and upon the town, and the Etnam-street,
and the old blue-roofed church, and the Priory, now, alas, the
parish poor-house. On the left rise the well-wooded and often-
hunted heights of Brierley; above Brierley, and stretching
boldly forward to an abrupt headland, is the black, bleak, and
barren West Hope; above and beyond West Hope is the beauti-
fully fir-clad Foxley ; and again, above and beyond Foxley, the
Black Mountain, in all its gloomy grandeur, bounds the view;
the superior and more distant height of Pen-y-Cader-Vawr,
near Talgarth, just peeping in one spot above the level back
of the vast mountain. Jutting out beyond the Black Moun-
tain, to the right, but of far inferior height, is the baronial
OF AN INSECT-HUNTER. 391
Kewsop/ and above Kewsop the bifid head of the mighty
Beacon at Brecon looms in the distance. Farther to
the right, but much nearer to the beholder, is the British
encampment of Croft Ambery, oft visited by the Insect-
Hunter. Still farther to the right, the sharp, abrupt bluflf
of the gigantic Clee frowns over the fair scene beneath. A
motley multitude of minor hills complete the landscape. It
is sw^eet, it is very sweet, to gaze on such a scene, — the
outline of the ever-during mountains is as the countenance
of a ions-loved friend.
Chapter XII.
[Treateth of the Waters of Lemster and the course of Lug.]
Impressed with the deep importance of his subject, the
Insect-Hunter must assume a somewhat severer diction than
has characterised his lighter labours. The waters of Lemster
are seven, — Humber, Cheaton, Ridgemoor, Lug, Oney, Arro,
and Stretford Brook. The inhabitants of Lemster invariably
speak of their streams in this mode, the definite article so
commonly used before the names of rivers being justly con-
sidered superfluous. Some say that this usage of the Lemstrians
arises from the elegant, refined, and poetic taste, universally
acceded to them ; others, less indulgent, insinuate that the
small value of the streams, in a commercial point of view, none
of them being navigable,^ induces the laconic phraseology.
As rather favouring the latter opinion, it may be observed, that
the principal streets, and the marts where money is made, are
almost invariably spoken of with the definite article prefixed,
as " the Bargates," " the Poplands," " the Etnam-street," " the
Draper's-lane," &c. &c. The Insect-Hunter must not presume
to theorize on such an intricate subject as the origin of these
customs, but leave the important inquiry to the resident and
enlightened Lemstrians, a race of men alike eminent for the
liberality of their views and the variety of their attainments.
* Also spelt Kewstope.
"^ An Act of Parliament was passed in the fourteenth year of the reign of
Charles II. "to open and improve the navigation of the river Lug in Hereford-
shire."
392 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
The seven waters or streams of Lemster eventually merge
in one, now called Lug. The earliest name we find for this
highly important and picturesque river is Llug-Gowy ; we sub-
sequently trace it through these various etymologies, — Llugowy,
Llugwy, Lugwy, Lugge, and Lug, I will now endeavour to
trace the course of this stream: whether this be more correctly
done upwards or downwards I know not; but as more becoming
so modest a hydrographer as myself, I shall begin at the
little end, and so float downward with the current. The Lug
rises in Radnorshire, eleven miles N.W. by W. of Presteign,
at a place called Pool Hill ; it flows by Lea Hall, crossing the
road leading toward England at Llangynllo, then by Upper
and Lower Weston, and Dole ; then, after turning Mynauchty
Mill, it passes under the road from Pen-y-bont to Knighton ;
hence it accompanies the road to the south, or right, for four
miles towards Presteign, then crosses the road, and accom-
panies it to the north, or left, passing north of the town of
Presteign, and crossing the two roads leading thence to
Knighton and Lentwardine ; then through Upper, Middle,
and Letch Moors, under Rosses Bridge, by Kinsham, under
Deerfold Bridge, to Shirley ; then under Lyepool Bridge, by
the Vallets, and under a bridge in the village of Aymestree,
on the road from Lemster to Lentwardine; hence to Mor-
timer's Cross, the supposed field of a York and Lancaster
battle. *= The Lug now passes under the road leading from
<^ I say " supposed field," because there appears no proof whatever of the fact ;
some of the enlightened Lemstrians, however, thought otherwise, and from Grafton
and Stowe, or perhaps some copier of these authors, they contrive to extract the
following particulars, which, by subscription, they caused, a few years since, to be
engraved on a pedestal erected near Mortimer's Cross : — " This pedestal is erected
to perpetuate the memory of an obstinate, bloody, and decisive battle, fought
near this spot, between the ambitious houses of York and Lancaster, on the
2d day of February, 1460, between the forces of Edward Mortimer, Earl of
Marche, afterwards Edward IV., on the side of York, and those of Henry VI.
on the side of Lancaster. The king's forces were commanded by Jasper, Earl of
Pembroke. Edward commanded in his own person, and was victorious. The
slaughter was great on both sides, four thousand being left dead on the field ;
and many Welsh persons of the first distinction were taken prisoners, among
whom was Owen Tudor, great grandfather to Henry VIII., and a descen-
dant of the illustrious Cadwallader, who was afterwards beheaded at Hereford.
This was the decisive battle that fixed Edward IV. on the throne of England : he
was proclaimed king on the 5th of March following. Erected by subscription,
1799." In this inscription there is scarcely one point wholly correct. The
battle was not fought, at least we have no evidence that it was, near this spot;
OF AN INSECT-HUNTER. 393
Mortimer's Cross to Croft Castle, then by Kingsland, turning
Kingsland Mill, it runs to the weir above Croward's Mill.
Since the construction of this weir, the main stream runs in
nearly a direct line to the town of Lemster ; this course has
all the appeai'ance of being artificial, the original bed of Lug
being the stream separated at the weir, and known by the name
of Kenwater ; the stream thus divided flows through the town
under two separate bridges, and again unites near the Poplands
turnpike, on the Ludlow road. About two hundred yards
below this, the Lug receives the united waters of Cheaton and
Ridgemoor, and then pursues its serpentine course by the
Easters and through the Midsummer Meadows, passing under
the London road at Eaton Bridge, one mile from the town
of Lemster; immediately afterwards it receives Oney, and a
mile lower, in the Volca Meadows,*^ the waters of Arro also
become tributary ; it now accompanies the Hereford road by
Wharton Court, running under Ford Bridge, and also a new
bridge on the Ledbury road, to Hampton Park, then at the back
of Hampton Court, the residence of Mr. Arkwright : it here
receives Humber, and then takes a fine turn round Dinmore
Hill, running under the bridge at Bodenham, and again comes
nearly to the Hereford road, under Laston, Moreton, and
Wergins Bridges ; then through Lug Meadows, under Lug
Bridge, where it turns a flour-mill, and by Bainton Wood,
Tidnor Forge, Court Farm, where it receives the river Frome,
and Hampton Bishop to Mordiford, where it falls into the Wye.
The course of Lug is explained.
the day, the month, and the year of the date, are incorrect ; the number of men
killed is not so given by any historian ; and the victory did not fix Edward IV.
on the throne of England, or the dreadful battle of St. Alban's, which was previous
to his accession, would not have been subsequently fought, nor would the house
of Lancaster have been then triumphant. Cadwallader was never beheaded, as
far as I can ascertain, although Owen Tudor was. Speed has thus described
the battle in question. " Upon the virge of this shire, betwixt Ludlow and
Little Hereford, a great battail was fought by Jasper Earle of Pembroke,
and lames Butler, Earle of Orniond and Wiltshire, against Edward Earle
of March, in which 3800 men were slain. The two earles fled and Owen Teuther
taken and beheaded. This field was fought on the day of the Virgin Marie's
purification in anno 1461 ; Wherein before the battail was strok appeared visibly
in the firmament three sunnes, which after a while joyned all together, and be-
came as before ; for which cause (as some have thought) Edward afterwards gave
the sunne in his full brightness for his badge and cognizance."
^ The Lemster race- course.
394 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
Chapter XIII.
[Legends of Lug.]
It may possibly be remembered by some of my readers, that
in a former part of this narrative the Grouse-shooter, (now, alas !
no more) the Cynophobist, and the Insect-Hunter, are repre-
sented as sitting on the summit of the Black Mountain and
communing together : further, that the Grouse-shooter then and
there narrated the history of the Monster of Mordiford ; and
further still, that the Insect-Hunter deferred the publication of
that history to a more convenient and appropriate time ; that
time has now arrived, and together with the history of the
Monster of Mordiford, the Insect-Hunter will now present
to his readers two other histories equally instructive.
A great deal may be said or written very sensibly, (and
withal very argumentatively, conclusively and satisfactorily, to
the speaker or writer,) on the impropriety of introducing into a
strictly veracious narrative, legends which are not attested by
witnesses in whom perfect confidence can be placed ; but in
reply to orations and essays on this subject I would say, in the
first place, that I do not record these matters as facts, but as
fables. I would say, secondly, that the fables connected with
a particular spot are to be reckoned as portions of its history,
they are the peculiar property of that spot, and were they
passed over unnoticed an evident injustice would be done.
There are fevv^ legends, moreover, that are not founded on fact,
actually based on truth ; it is the sad propensity to exaggera-
tion seemingly inherent in man that has so altered them that
their pristine form is wholly lost ; this spirit of exaggeration is
universal. It is but a few weeks since a poor man came to a
most melancholy end, by the locomotive engine on a railway
passing over him. The penny-a-line men were instantly at
work ; the accident was recorded in every paper ; the cause
was in every instance stated to be the bursting of a boiler, the
lowest number of persons killed was stated at " nine ;" the
highest at " nearly a hundred, besides many so seriously
injured, that we regret to state there is little prospect of their
recovery." Yet mark this ! an accident did happen, and a
steam accident, and a man was killed; the wild statements and
maudlin regrets of the scribes were therefore based on truth.
OF AN INSECT-HUNTER. 395
In the same way do fictions of the most marvellous kinds rise
out of facts. Fact is the source, the clear well-head of the
stream, fiction is the mud that afterwards defiles it. Fact is
more abundant, more fertile, indeed, more amusing than fiction.
With regard more especially to local legends, the learned anti-
quarians, though foiled in all attempts to strip them of their
fictitious garb, are yet often glad to consult them, as giving a
decided clue to an obscure etymology, or a doubtful site. The
Insect-Hunter may refer to Leland, Speed, Camden, Baker,
Smollett, Rapin, and others, as his authorities, and also to
several residents, who can bear witness that these legends have
been handed down from generations long forgotten, and many
persons will be found still living, who speak of them as of
matters of fact.
EegenD tfje ^it^L
^[je Mtin^ttt of MocDifocD*
Once upon a time there was a great dragon lived on a hill
near the town of Mordiford. His body was covered with
bright scales, which shone like burnished brass, and the scales
were so hard, that no weapon could pierce them ; his teeth
were a foot in length, and as sharp at the points as needles,
and there were three hundred and fifty-two in each jaw. The
claws of his feet were bent, and as long as a mower's scythe ;
his eyes were as large as a man's head, and shot forth flashes
of lightning which killed whatever they struck ; his breath was
a flame of sulphur, and killed every beast that breathed it. He
devoured all the sheep and the lambs, all the cows and the
oxen, and the horses, and all the sows and the pigs, and hun-
dreds of men that worked at the farms on the hill. He
glanced at them with the lighting of his eye, and slew them
and devoured them : of the cows and the oxen and horses he
made two mouthfuls each, and of the sheep and the lambs, and
the sows and the pigs, he made one mouthful each.
Great rewards were offered to any one who would undertake
to kill this monster, and a great many men went out well
armed against him, but the monster first slew the men with his
eye, and then ate them with his mouth. It so happened that
at this very time there was a notorious criminal under sentence
of death in the jail at Hereford, for having cut off the ears of
396 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
his wife, and the nose of his wife's mother. Now this criminal
said he would kill the monster, if the king would spare his life.
So the mayor of Hereford sent for a priest, and ordered him to
write a letter to the king, and to tell him of the monster and of
the offer of the criminal. And the priest, wrote the letter and
sealed it ; and the mayor gave it to a groom, who rode eight
days with it, and on the eighth night he arrived at Windsor,
while the king was sitting at supper, eating a venison pasty,
with the queen and his eight children, and two priests. When
one of the priests read the letter to the king, he was much
troubled, and he rose and left his pasty, and walked up and
down the room, and he girt on a double-handed sword at his
back, and took courage, and told the priest to write to the
mayor of Hereford to allow the criminal to live if he would kill
the monster. Then the priest wrote as the king commanded,
and the groom took back the letter, and in seven days he
arrived at Hereford, and gave the letter to the mayor.
The next day when the criminal was told that the king had
agreed to pardon him if he would kill the monster, he provided
himself with a gun with a very long barrel, and he loaded it
with a bullet made of silver. He then bought an empty cider
hogshead, and took out the head ; and he put the cider hogs-
head in a waggon, and then got into the hogshead with his
gun, and the head of the hogshead was again put in its place,
and the criminal carefully concealed inside. There was a cer-
tain place at the meeting of the waters of Lug and Wye where
the monster came down every day to drink exactly as the clock
struck twelve : so the criminal directed that the hogshead, with
himself inside, should be drawn in the waggon, and taken out
and left at this place ; and all this was done, and the man
drove the waggon away.
Exactly at twelve o'clock the monster came down to drink,
which the criminal knew by the hideous roaring, and also by
the powerful smell of sulphur which oozed through the crevices
of the hogshead, so he knocked out the bung, and thrust the
barrel of the gun through the bung-hole. Then he saw the
monster come up slowly out of the water and look about him
for somebody to eat : and the criminal trembled with affright,
but, recollecting the opportunity of saving his own life, he took
steady aim at the monster's left eye, and shot him through the
head. Then the dragon breathed forth a terrible stench, and
OF AN INSECT-HUNTER. 397
leaped in the air to the height of fifty-three feet, and fell on
his back. His wings stretched out for a moment, quivered,
and then folded over him, and he died. But the stench which
the monster sent forth, came through the bung-hole of the
hogshead, and killed the man ; which shows vei'y clearly that
he should have taken the precaution to take out the bung from
the inside, and instantly replace it when he had fired.
Eegenb t\)t Second.
m)z Eton of Hug.
Merivald, or Merowald, or Merwald, or Merewalch, was
king of Hereford, a.d, 625. This kingdom originally formed
part of the great kingdom of Mercia, founded by Crida, a.d.
584, but was separated therefrom by Ethelred, in favour of
his brother Merowald. Now Ethelred himself had no title
to the kingdom of Mercia, but therein supplanted his nephew
Kenrid, the son of Wolpher, the son of Penda. Merowald was
a man of very good intentions, but it does not appear he had
the honesty to act on them. He was always lamenting that
his brother Ethelred and himself should usurp that which
belonged to their nephew Kenrid, but he had not the honesty
to give up even that portion which he himself held. His heart
constantly wavered between avarice and generosity. Merowald
held his court at Llednau, now Lemster,"^ the principal town in
his kingdom, and his mind was ill at rest. So he left his palace
one night, and wandered down to the banks of Lug, and made
as though he would have drowned himself in its waters. And
he reasoned with himself: " Wherefore," said he, " do I hold
a kingdom that is not mine ? I will hold it no longer ; yet will
not turn out a beggar and a vagabond ; I will die, and my
kingdom will pass to its rightful owner." He stood on the
river's bank. Then there was a loud rushing noise, and a
huge lion came up out of Lug, and shook himself thrice, and
came and stood before him. Merowald trembled with affright.
Then the lion spoke and said: " Merowald, I know thy de-
termination, and I come to turn thy mind to better things : thy
^ Leland says that king Merwald had a castle or palace on a hill-side by the
town of Lemster. "The place," he adds, "is now called Comfor Castle, and
there are to be seen tokens of ditches where buildings have been." The Insect-
Hunter is not aware of the precise spot to which Leland refers.
NO. V. VOL. IV. 3 F
398 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
life will be short enough, so hasten not its end. Kenrid shall
rule over all Mercia ; but go thou and build a house for religious
virgins ; and build it over the brook called Oney, so that the
brook may flow through the house, and refresh it. Do this,
and thy mind shall be at peace." Then the lion returned to the
river, and Merovvald went home to his palace : and he arose
the next morning, and called together the masons, and the
builders, and the drawers of plans ; and he forthwith began,
and he built a nunnery over the brook Oney ; and from that
day, the house was called Le-Oney-minster, and the town was
known by the same name. When the religious house was
completed, Merowald died, and his brother Mercelin succeeded
to his kingdom. Mercelin died without issue, and the kingdom
of Hereford was again united to the kingdom of Mercia.
Ethelred, the king of Mercia, then resigned his kingdom to
his nephew Kenrid, to whom it of right belonged, and retired
to the monastery of Bardney, of which he became abbot.*^
Ec0cnti tlje Cfjicd.
Clje lEacc^ of ciaarclej? Ml^
There is in Herefordshire a hill called Marcley Hill ; it is
situate eight miles S.E. of Hereford, four miles S.E. of Lug
at Mordiford, six miles N. of Ross, two miles N. by E. of the
river Wye at How Caple, two miles N.W. of Much Marcle,
nine miles S.E. of Malvern, and three miles S.W. of Little
Marcle. It is a long ridge, running north and south, and forms
part of a circle or amphitheatre of hills, which extend unto
Stoke Edith on the north, unto Mordiford on the west, and unto
Settler's Hope on the south ; Marcley Hill and Seagar Hill con-
stitute the eastern portion of the circle. Marcley Hill has
wood land, and corn land, and pasture land.
*■ Camden, in his " Britannia," treats this history with disdain.
^ In this instance I shall give the account of the wonderful movement of this
hill in the words of Speed. I quote his "Theatrum Imperii Magnae Britanniae,
imprinted at London anno 1610 :" the event occurred in this author's life-time. —
" Majoris vero miraculi vel admirationis, opus Dei Omnipotentis nostra etiam
memoria, anno Jesu Christi 1571, illud fuit : cum coHis quem Marcley Hill
vocant, in hac regione, ad ortum, alto quasi somno solutus consurrexit, et horrido
reboans mugitu, a loco ubi constiterat se promovit, ac triduum a priore sede sua
magno cum stupore attonituque spectantium timore progi-essus est. Inijt illi
quidcm hoc iter suum septimo I'^ebrtiarij, qui fuit Saturni dies ad sextam horam
OF AN INSECT-HUNTER. 39$
It was at six o'clock in the evening of the seventh" day of
the month of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand
live hundred and seventy-one,^' that the wonderful movement
of this hill began to take place, and it was not till twelve
o'clock at noon on the following Monday that the hill again
stood still. The earth opened along the brow of the hill on
both sides, with a mighty bellowing noise, which resounded
along the earth and re-echoed in the air, and was heard at the
distance of hundreds of miles ; and then a huge rock heaved
up from beneath more than twenty acres of the hill, and lifted
it to a great height; and when it had so lifted it, the trees that
grew upon it remained upright, and there were cattle grazing
in the fields, and sheep in their folds. When it was lifted, it
began to move forwards ; and passing along, it came to
Kinnaston Chapel, and threw it down, and crumbled it to
atoms, and buried it. And it still pressed forwards, and tore
up the trees in the fields, and destroyed the crops, and buried
the cattle, and the horses, and the sheep : and two public king's
highways were wholly buried beneath its mass ; and they were
afterwards made altogether afresh, in far different directions,
more than three hundred feet from where they originally were.
At last it stood still in its present situation, having marched
forwards for the space of two-and-forty hours. And the gap
from^whence it first rose remained empty, and was forty feet in
breadth, and more than four hundred feet in length.
vespertinam : ante septimam verb insequentis diei matutinam ; quadriginta passus
processerat, obvia quaeque secum deferens et propellens, oves suis in ovilibus,
sepimenta arboresque : quai'uni aliae prostrates feruntur, aliae quae in piano antea
sitae nunc in locum superiorem et ipsum mentis clivum elatge firmiter increscunt:
quae ad ortum positce, in occasum versae sunt ; et vice versa, ab occasu in ortum
permutatione facta translatae. Quo quidem motu suo, Kinnaston Capellam
funditus evertit, publicasque sive regias vias duas tercentum fere pedes e con-
suetis suis tritisque tramitibus divertit. Solum ipsum quod hunc in modum iter
(ut ita dicam) fecit ; viginti plus minus jugera occupavit : quod sese aperiens
cum saxeis Rupibus et quibuscunque intra suum ambitum perpetuo motu terrae
raolcm pras se spatio mille ducentorum pedum protrusit : relictis postse arvorum
loco pascuis, arvisque pascuorum viriditate jam obductis. Tandem vero,
obrutis prorsus inferioribus suis partibus, in molem surrexit, ad duodecim orgyi-
arum altitudinem, atque ibi post triduanum iter suum requievit. Specimen san6
et argumentum illius qui huic Ilu})i nianum immisit suam, cujus potentia monies
etiam et colles bilance sua libravit."
s Sir Richard Baker, in his " Chronicles of the Kings of England," gives the
17th of February as the date, but still says it was Saturday evening.
'' Camden, in his " Britannia," dates this event 1575, but afterwards corrects
this and substitutes 1571, the date given by Speed and Baker.
400 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
Chapter XIV.
[In which the Insect-Hunter treateth of the brook Oney, and of the
Lady Pools.]
The brook Oney, like its companion Lug, rejoices in a va-
riety of appellations ; and we find its course laid down in all the
maps, though in no two alike, and its title given as Oney,
Pinsoley, Pinsoly, Pensoly, Pensilly, andPinsley; but Speed,
Camden, and all the best early authorities, call it Oney.
This stream rises at Milton, to the west of Shobden Marshes,
and runs through those marshes ; and, south of Kingsland,
forms the mill-head at Waterloo Mill, near Cobnash, and winds
along the Kingsland meadows, by Walton's and Wegnall's,
into the town of Lemster, through which it passes, flow-
ing under an inhabited house, beside the Priory, or poor-
house. It turns two flour-mills near the bottom of the
Etnam-street, and then runs nearly in a direct line along the
Midsummer meadows, passing under the London road, about
a mile out of Lemster, and immediately afterwards falling
into Lug, as before specified.
Although the extreme source of Oney, or Pinsley, as it is
more generally called, is undoubtedly at Milton, a great por-
tion of its water is derived from the Lady Pools, in Shobden
Marshes. These are large basins, shaped like inverted cones,
and of great depth, varying from thirty to forty feet; the
largest is about twenty or twenty-five feet in diameter, but the
margins are so unstable, that it is difficult to measure them
with much accuracy. They contain water of the most brilliant
purity, and their bottoms are covered with sand almost as
white as snow, which is thrown up by the great force of the
spring, and seems to be in a perpetual boil : the surface is
perfectly calm, and without the least ripple.
The Insect-Hunter had frequently heard of the fame of
these strange pools, and therefore determined to visit them.
A company, consisting of the Cynophobist, and three industri-
ous Insect-Hunters, was formed ; and two gigs being obtained,
the party started on a cloudless summer day, to examine these
natural curiosities. We left our vehicles at a way-side public-
house of humble pretensions, and, procuring a guide, were
OF AN INSECT-HUNTER. 401
quickly conducted to the marshes. The ground, in many
parts of these marshes, is more than semiaqueous. Our guide
had provided himself with a pole, nearly twenty feet in length;
and demonstrated the nature of the substance on which we
trod, by occasionally running its whole length into what ap-
peared merely a puddle. On reaching the Lady Pools, we
found them quite answer our expectations — rather a rare
occurrence, when you have heard much in favour of any
particular object. The desci'iption Southey has given, in his
rhapsodical fiction of Thalaba, is so exceedingly accurate,
that, although the Insect-Hunter is but little given to the
practice of quoting, he cannot in this instance foi'bear : —
" His aching eye pursued her path,
When, starting onwards, went the dogs ;
More rapidly they hurried on,
In hope of near repose.
It was the early morning yet,
When by the well-head of a brook
They stopt, their journey done.
The spring was clear, the water deep,
A venturous man were he, and rash.
That should have probed its depths ;
For all the loosened bed below
Heaved strangely up and down.
And to and fro, from side to side,
It heaved, and waved, and tost ;
And yet the depths were clear.
And yet no ripple wrinkled o'er
The face of that fair well.
" And on that well, so strange and fair,
A little boat there lay.
Without an oar, without a sail ;
One only seat it had — one seat,
As if alone for Thalaba."
It appears, from a note appended to this passage in Thalaba,
that a similar pool exists near Bristol, about a mile from
Stokes Croft. There is something very strange about these
pools. The excessive agitation at the bottom, demonstrated
by the boiling up of the sand, and the continual and rapid
motion of luxuriant weeds, which grow from the sides — the
mirror-like stillness of the surface — the extreme pellucidness
of the water — the symmetry of the circular form, are all re-
markable characters. In the most severe frost, they are never
402 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
crusted with the shgh test-covering of ice ; indeed, ice thrown
into them is rapidly mehed. In warm weather — and it was a
remarkably warm day when we paid our respects to them — the
water is painfully cold. These facts as to temperature are,
however, to be expected, seeing so great a volume of water,
and probably from a considerable depth in the earth, is conti-
nually thrown up.
In the neighbourhood of these pools, and on the margins of
Oney, the Insect-Hunter observed numerous tracks of otters.
This animal is here a kind of game in much request, and is
hunted by large wire-haired dogs, bred for the purpose.
Chapter XV.
[This Chapter treateth of the Priory.j
Reader, if the hydrography of Leominster prove uninterest-
ing to thee, I shall be very sorry ; but the remedy is in thine
own hands. I recollect an old lady, who used to teach the
rudiments of our vernacular tongue, unto whom, not being very
profound in the science, it frequently happened that a word
occurred, altogether beyond the power of tutor or pupil to de-
cipher : the old lady would not then allow one to hammer at
the word for half an hour, but would dismiss the intricate in-
quiry by saying at once, " Skip it, child ! Skip it." So, dear
reader, if my stupidity leads thee to dose over the Insect-
Hunter, I can only say, " Skip it, child ! skip it ; there is
abundance of Latin further on."
It has, I believe, been before stated, that the Priory is built
over the brook Oney. Now, those who have visited many reli-
gious houses either in Britain or on the continent of Europe,
will doubtless have observed, that a majority of them are thus ac-
commodated with a stream of pure water, running, as it were,
through their very hearts. We shall, perhaps, be able to
throw a little light on this subject. In all ages, the members
of the priesthood have regarded with infinite care the welfare
of their own bodies and of others' souls; yet, without intending
the slightest disrespect to the divines of 1836, I must in can-
dour say, that I consider those of 1400, et ante, infinitely
better versed in the science of gasterology. Gasterology appears,
OF AN INSECT-HUNTER. 403
for many hundred years, to have been their single study — the
sole object to which their gigantic powers of intellect were di-
rected. The opera did not exist — fox-hunting had never been
dreamed of — games of chance were considered unclerical —
what could they do ? Is it surprising that the operation of
eating became a science of the deepest interest ? The object,
then, of this close propinquity of running water was to preserve
fish in living freshness, until the very hour they were required
for the table.
It is best here to state, that some doubt has been thrown
upon the historical account of the Priory having been built by
Merowald, over the brook Oney ; and there are those who
state, that the present channel of the stream was cut by order
of the monks, after their taking possession of this edifice, in
the reign of Henry I., who, it is said, abolished the nunnery,
in consequence of the sins of the fair sisterhood, and esta-
blished this building as a priory, under the government of the
celebrated monastery at Reading. Whoever will take the
trouble to examine the course of Oney, from the town to its
union with Lug, will think this conjecture far from impro-
bable. We must not, however, forget that still greater praise
is due to these scientific divines, supposing the conjecture cor-
rect ; for it then appears, that they actually accomplished the
laborious task of turning the course of a river, for the advance-
ment of their favourite science of gasterology. What an ex-
ample to its lukewarm professors at the present day !
The fact is obvious, that this exquisitely clear stream actu-
ally flowed under the kitchen of the Priory. On either side,
above and below, there was, doubtless, as in a hundred other
instances, a fine grating. Within the inclosure were preserved
hundreds of that most exquisitely flavoured fish, the grayling ;
a fish still abundant in the stream. It is not, perhaps, gene-
rally known, that this princely fish has, when cooked immedi-
ately on being taken from the water, a taste and smell like a
fresh cut cucumber : it is very seldom this treat can be ob-
tained. The monks were perfectly aware of this quality, and
of the great difficulty in availing themselves of it. They
therefore contrived, by thus keeping a living supply of the de-
licacy as near as possible to the fire that was to cook it,
to command the luxury whenever required. At a minute's
notice the stone in the kitchen-floor was removed, the
404 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
landing-net introduced into the recej)iaculum, and the fish
transferred to the gridiron. The Insect-Hunter has never par-
taken of a grayhng cooked ahve, and in truth, does not desire
to do so : the dehcacy is too recherche, for a layman : but he
can bear witness to the excellence of the Lemster grayling,
and does not wonder at the trouble taken by the reverend
gourmands to procure this luxury in its greatest perfection.
Chapter XVI.
[In which the Insect-Hunter speaketh of Fishing and Fishing-flies.]
It may be supposed that Lemster, seeing that its entire
neighbourhood is so intersected with streams, must be essen-
tially a fishing town. It is peculiarly pleasant to see the
Lemstrians throw off the cares and toils of life, and issue forth
on a calm summer's evening, to enjoy the luxury of fishing.
I have often been delighted at the intense interest displayed in
watching the float in its passage down the stream ; had
kingdoms depended on the result, the interest taken could not
have been greater : it is, moreover, exceedingly pleasing to
contemplate the content with which an angler will return home
without even having had a single bite. It is no uncommon
thing for men, much engaged during the day, to rise at three or
four o'clock of a summer's morning, walk many miles to a fa-
vourite spot, fish whole hours without a bite, and return with
beaming countenances and contented hearts, to the business of
the day.
Although this is so completely a trout country, there exists a
great prejudice against fly-fishing. It is occasionally resorted
to when the grey drake ' is on the wing ; but even then very
partially adopted. The banks of all the rivers are much over-
grown with alder, whitethorn, and other shubby trees ; and
these are a very great annoyance in whipping with a fly, as the
line is constantly getting entangled. I recollect an instance in
which the feeling against fly-fishing was eminently called forth ;
Sir Humphrey Davy's delightful Salmonia was indignantly re-
jected by a Book Society, expressly because it professed to
■ The grey drake is the imperfect imago of Ephemera vuk/cda. ■jl
r
OF AN INSECT-HUNTER. 405
treat of fly-fishing. The argument used was, that true fisher-
men always fished " bottom ;" and, therefore, that Sir Hum-
phrey did not understand fishing. Thus, it seems, that
although an author may write never so pleasantly, and be a
master of general knowledge, he must not hope to obtain a
reading on subjects of such vast importance as angling ; for
those more skilful than himself are more qualified to teach than
to learn : still, to the unlearned. Sir Humphrey's is a de-
licious book.
The grey drake is a fly after which trout are excessively
greedy, and on which they get in excellent condition. It may,
perhaps, be said, that this preference for the immature Kphemera
is only ideal, and that the same insect, after having cast its last
skin, would be equally acceptable, but that its flight is now so
active, that it seldom has the ill-luck to fall in the water ; —
whereas, its sluggish, ill-sustained flight in the prior state
makes it an easy prey. It is not unworthy of notice, that the
Ephemera has a metamorphosis different from that of every other
insect, and that this very difference causes it to become, as it
were by wholesale, the prey of the scaly tribes. There are a
variety of flies besides the grey drake, at which the trout rise
eagerly; among these I may mention more particularly the
pearl-flies and the stone-flies : the latter frequent the banks of
the rivers in countless myriads: of an evening, when they are on
the wing, the atmosphere is loaded with them. By day they
rest on the alders and other trees by the river side ; and, by a
slight touch of his beating-stick, the Insect-Hunter has some-
times knocked hundreds into his net.
I have never yet seen an insect on the wing that
possessed so elegant a flight as the perfect Ephemera, the
white drake of fishermen. This common though beautiful
insect is fond of company, seldom flying alone. It rises by
an elegant movement of its wings, its slender triple tail being
pendant and without motion : having mounted about four feet,
it spreads its wings, and, holding them perfectly still, descends
by its own weight to the spot whence it rose : in descending,
the tail points upwards. Although words may describe the
kind of flight in which this happy creature delights, the Insect-
Hunter knows how vain would be his attempt to give any idea
of its surpassing grace. He has watched for hours a company
of these aerial dancers, and has never yet been tired of gazing
NO. V, VOL. IV. 3 G
406 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
on them. The only object of the flight appears to be the en-
joyment of the moment — it is the overflowing of that cup of
happiness, which a great and beneficent Creator freely ofl^ers
to all his creatures.
Chapter XVII.
[In which the Insect-Hunter traceth the course of Arro, and other minor
streams.]
The source of Arro is unknown to me ; nor can I tell which
of the various streams, uniting in its early course, is entitled to
the name of Arro. A considerable brook rises in Glascwn
Hill, and runs by Fualt, Dole-y-frau, and Llanyoyn, to New-
church. Another stream flows out of Rhos Goch, a wet
marsh, north of Clyro, and is called Cum Ilia Brook; this
joins the Glascwn stream near Newchurch, and, from the
junction, the stream is known by the name of Arro. From
Newchurch Arro winds up a long valley to Kington, turn-
ing Milton's, Hale's, Hergest, and one or two other mills ;
for three miles before it reaches Kington, it is accompanied
by the road leading from Hay, which crosses it at Hergest
Court, a mile and a half out of Kington. From Kington it
runs N.E. to Staunton-on-Arro, turning two mills; then S.E.
to Pembridge, passing a quarter of a mile N. of that village ;
then E. to Eardisland and Monkland; at both places are
bridges over it ; thence under a bridge between Newton and
Ivington ; soon afterwards it receives Stretford Brook, and the
united stream runs under Broadward bridge, a mile and a half
S. of Lemster, on the Hereford road, and along the Volca
meadows to its junction with Lug.
Stretford Brook rises near Sarnesfield, and passes near the
ancient borough of Weobly, and thence through Stretford and
Ivington to Broadward, where it joins Ari'o.
Ridgemoor Brook rises N. of Leominster, at Orleton com-
mon, and comes through Eye and Luston, and through the
Portley Marshes, in a very direct line to Ridgemoor Bridge,
one mile from Leominster, on the Lower Ludlow road.
Cheaton, or Stockton Brook, rises N. of Kimbolton, and,
running by Stockton, joins another brook, which appears un-
named : the latter rises N. of Olden Barn, and runs S. by the
OF AN INSECT-HUNTER. 407
Brook Farm and Hennor; then turns N., taking the circuit of
Eaton Hill, and joining Cheaton, falls into Ridgemoor at
Ridgemoor Bridge ; and the united stream immediately after-
wards falls into Lug.
Humber rises near Bockelton, runs S.W. under the London
road at Steen Bridge, four miles from Lemster ; then S.
by Risbury Camp, under the Ledbury road, four miles and
a half from Leominster; and unites with Lug at Hampton
Court.
The waters of Leominster are described.
Chapter XVI IL
[In which the Insect-Hunter talketh of Fish.]
A fish occasionally occurs in the waters of Lemster,
which has given rise to considerable difference of opinion
among fishermen ; it is called the Samlet. Some insist that it
is a yearling salmon ; others as confidently assert that it is a
totally distinct species. This fish was formerly found in con-
siderable abundance, but is now so rare, that, although making
continual inquiries, I have been unable to obtain the sight of
a single one since the publication of Yarrell's British Fishes ;
and, therefore, have never had an opportunity of comparing it
with the description and figure of the samlet in that work.
Owing to some regulation by the proprietor of the fish lower
down the Lug, the passage of the salmon has been stopped, or
nearly so, and the capture of a salmon so high up as Lemster
is now a very uncommon circumstance. Formerly, salmon
used to be tolerably abundant, and averaged between five and
six pounds in weight : those of a larger size than eight or nine
pounds were always esteemed rarities ; but there is on record
an instance of one having been killed at Osborne's Mills, that
weighed no less than thirty-two pounds. The simultaneous
and almost total disappearance of both salmon and samlet, fa-
vours the opinion that they are one and the same fish ; because,
whatever means may have been taken to arrest the bulky sal-
mon in their way up the stream at the season of migration, the
same means would scarcely stop so diminutive a fish as the
samlet. Salmon and samlet were more abundant in Lug
than in Arro ; in Oney, they were very rarely seen.
408 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS
Trout are abundant in all the streams except Oney ; and, in
this stream, they are not only comparatively rare, but inferior
both in quality and size. There are two very different kinds
of trout, as regards the colour of their flesh, some being very
red, others nearly white ; intermediate shades of colour are
uncommon. Whether, by a careful investigation, two species
might be found, I am unable to say ; but it is the universal
opinion of the fishermen, that there is but one. The trout of
Arro are invariably of the red kind, and are finer in flavour than
those of Lug. The redness of the Arro trout is attributed by
the fishermen to the redness of the soil through which that
river flows.
Grayling occur in all the streams, and are sought after with
great avidity, on account of their excellence. Trout and gray-
ling are taken by night in great numbers, with illegal nets, and
are sold in the town the next morning : the price is almost
invariably lOd. per lb., and the average weight of fish so
sold is 12 ounces. The wives of the poachers carry the
fish from door to door, and offer them for sale in the most
open manner : the buyer never inquires how the women come
by them ; he knows perfectly well that the ready answer would
be, that they were taken with a rod and line — a sport perfectly
open to all.
Pike are met with in all the streams except Oney, and even
in this I have seen one. It was lying under the bank of the
stream, in the Midsummer Meadows, not more than three
hundred yards from the union with Lug. It was in the hay-
making season : a countryman, with a fork in his hand, was
passing, and it caught his eye. He crossed the stream to
the opposite side, and, standing exactly over it, by a sud-
den stroke he ran his fork completely through the fish, and
instantly brought it to land. It weighed two pounds and a
half. Pike are much more abundant in the ponds than in
the rivers, and attain a larger size.
Eels occur plentifully in all the waters ; in Oney they are
particularly abundant : vast numbers are taken by night-lines.
Chub of large size — seven pounds and upwards — have been
taken out of Lug. In Arro, Oney, &c., they occur, but of
less size and less frequently : they are not uncommon in ponds.
Carp, trench, perch, roach and dace occur in all the ponds
and streams ; in the latter sparingly : with the exception of
«
OF AN INSECT-HUNTER. 409
tench and perch, they are httle esteemed, and, consequently,
little sought after.
A large lamprey was killed in Lug many years ago ; but this
fish is usually very small, not exceeding 10 inches in length.
The millei-'s-thumb is abundant, particularly in the shal-
low streams with stony bottoms; the loche, minnow, and
stickleback occur in the same situations. The stickleback is
said never to have been seen in Arro ; but this seems very unac-
countable, and I am inclined to doubt the accuracy of the
statement.
Gudgeon occur in Lug, but much more frequently in the
canal. The canal also produces pike, carp, tench, perch,
roach, dace, eels, minnow, loche, and miller's-thumb.
The fishes of Leominster are enumerated.
preface to tfje ^econD ^mt^.
It is known to every book-writer, that the preface is the
very end of his labours. Still, such is the mendaciousness of
man, that he always places it at the beginning — the author of
Tristram Shandy excepted, who veraciously places it where he
wrote it — in the middle. I think it is rather new to put the
preface at the end.
The reader, the courteous and gentle reader, of the Ento-
mological Magazine, has observed divers wood-cuts, having
no apparent connexion with the text : thus, a public-house
was made to illustrate " Bowerbank on the Circulation of the
Blood ;" and a Quaker's meeting-house embellished " Douglas'
Random Thoughts." Now, although the sapients may attempt
to prove, that public-houses cause a circulation of the blood,
and that Quakers' meeting-houses are places for random
thoughts, be it distinctly understood that no conclusions of the
kind were intended. Again, the residence of Thomas Rogers
is to be placed at the end of this article, whether convenient or
inconvenient, although that great man is yet in need of an in-
troduction to my readers ; moreover, in the next space an in-
tended representation of the Needles, as seen from Alum Bay,
is to be introduced. All these were designed bv the Insect-
410
WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS, &C.
Hunter as illustrations of his " Wanderings." They repre-
sent very faithfully the objects from which they were drawn ;
although, in justice to the engravers, it should be stated, that
they complained grievously of the want of composition in the
drawings, and also of their being positively commanded to make
exact copies without embellishment. In these respects, tastes
widely differ. The Insect-Hunter likes faithful representations
of all things. He would rather possess exact though homely
likenesses of his friends, than more brilliant ones, nominally
representing the same person, but modelled after the Venus de
Medicis and the Apollo Belvidere.
But the Wanderer is wandering from his subject. The want
of connexion between the cuts and the accompanying text is
the difficulty before us ; and that difficulty he hopes to obviate
on a future, and, mayhap, not far distant occasion, by reprint-
ing these chapters, with an illustrative cut at the head of each.
¥-m .Mao .
AH .Miilidav del.
ON THE DRYINID^. 411
Art. LIII. — On the Dryinidm, S^c. By Francis Walker.
Dryinid^j Holiday.
Metalse lobatae.
Sectio I.
Caput longitudine latius : antennae mari etfem. 10-articulatae.
Genus Dicondylus, Halidaij.
Dryinus, . Latreille.
Aphelopus, Dolman.
Labeo, . . Haliday.
Sectio II.
Caput longitudine vix latius : antennae articulis mari 10, fern. 13 :
alae areolatae.
Genus Embolemus, Westwood.
Sectio III.
" Caput latitudine longius : antennae prope os insertae articulis nu-
merum 10 superantibus : alae disco exareolatce." — Haliday, MSS.
Genus Epyris, Westwood.
The name Dryinidce should be confined to the first section.
I have added the description of Bethylus, which has much
external resemblance to Epyris, though it is one of the acu-
leate Hymenoptera.^
Sectio I.
^ 5-articulati Dxcondylus.
„ , . .,, J 6-articulati Fe»2. propedum ) maximi. . Dryinus.
Palpi maxillares<r ^ ^ > ,
§ ungues ) minuti. . Aphelopus,
V 3-articulati Labeo.
Genus Dicondylus, Haliday.
Corpus pubescens : caput magnum, transversum, breve, thorace
multo latius, scite et conferte punctatum, parum nitens, supra im-
pressum, postice concavum ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi ovati,
* Ent. Magazine, I. 273, 27G ; II. 219.
412 ON THE DRYINID.E.
extantes, maximi, capitis latera tota occupantes : ocelli approxi-
mati, vertice triangulum fingentes : palpi maxillares 5-articulati :
antennse clavatae, pubescentes, corporis dimidio breviores; arti-
culus 1"'. fusiformis, validus ; 2"'. sublinearis, brevis ; 3"'. longis-
simus ; 4"'. et sequentes sublineares, usque ad 9'™. curtantes et
latescentes ; 10"% apice conicus, 9". paullo longior : thorax longus,
angustus, convexus, subnitens, leviter rugosus, medio coarctatus ;
discus fere laevis : prothorax magnus, mesothoracis latera antica
amplectens : mesotliorax longus, angustus ; segmenta fere in
unum confusa : metathorax ovatus, magnus, altus, ad apicem
tranverse sulcatus : petiolus brevissimus : abdomen ovatum, con-
vexum, nitens, Iseve, glabrum, thorace latius et multo brevius ;
segmentum 1"™. maximum ; 2"™. mediocre ; 8"". et sequentia
brevia : propedes longi, crassi ; coxae magnse ; trochanteres ar-
cuati, longissimi; femora incrassata ; tibiae validse ; tarsi lati,
articuli 2"% et 3"'. brevissimi ; ungues maximi, reflexi : meso- et
metapedes simplices ; coxae sat magnse ; trochanteres breves ;
femora valida, metapedum clavata ; tibia? rectse ; tarsi graciles,
articuli 1". ad 4""". curtantes, 5"\ 4°. paullo longior : ungues
et pulvilli minuti : alse nulla?.
Sp. 1. Die. pedestris. Fem. Ater, caput suhtus fulviim,
antennae basi fulvce, thorax fulvo varius, pedes fulvi jyicco
varii. PL XVI. fig. 5.
Dryinus formicarius. Dalman, Analecta Entomologica, 14. 12.
Dryinus pedestris. . Dalman Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl.
for ar 1818.
Dryinus bicolor. . HaUday, Curt. Brit. Ent. v. 206, 207.
Gonatopus sepsoides, oratorius et Ljunghii. Westivood, hou-
don's Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 496.
Ater : caput antice et subtus fulvum : oculi et ocelli picei : antennse
nigrffi ; articuli 1"% et 2"% fulvi ; 3us. basi fulvus : pedes fulvi ;
propedum coxse piceas ; femora picea apice fulva ; mesocoxae
piceo-fulvse ; metacoxse picese ; meso- et metapedum femora pallide
picea apice fulva ; tarsi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. 2 — 2i.)
Far. /3, — Propedum trochanteres flavi, femora nigro-picea apice flava,
tarsi fusco cincti : meso- et metatarsi flavi apice fulvi : metapedum
femora fulva, basi et apice picea, tibiae apice fuscte.
Far. y. — Propedes fulvi, femora basi extus picea : meso- et meta-
pedes fulvi, tarsi pallidiores apice fusci.
Var. d. — Caput subtus fulvum : antennis articuli T". ct 2"% flavi :
ON THE DRYINID^. 413
pro- et mesothorax pleriimque fulvi : pedes fulvi : propedum
coxae et trochanteres flava, femora basi et tibiae extus nigro-picea :
mesofemora piceo vittata ; meso- et metatarsi pallidiores, apice
fusci.
Found in Kent, by Mr. Haliday.'' June, Isle of Jersey.
Genus. — Dryinus. Latre'iUe.
Gonatopus, Klug. Anteon, Jurine.
Caput transversum, vix convexum, non impressum : oculi ovati,
mediocres, laterales : ocelli 3 vertice triangulum fingentes : man-
dibulfe oblongae, angust^, subarcuatse, 4-dentataj : maxillae parvee ;
laciniae breves ; palpi 6-articulati, graciles, filiformes, articuli l"%
et 2"'. breves : labium longum ; ligula brevis, lata ; palpi 3-arti-
culati, submoniliformes breves, validi ; propedum ungues maximi,
refiexi : pro-ungues Dryinorum brevicollium quasi articulo tarso-
rum penultimo affixi.
Fern. — Caput magnum, thorace latins, pubescens, scitissime puncta-
tum, utrinque rotundatum, postice concavum : oculi vix ex-
tantes : antennaa extrorsum crassiores, pubescentes, ad os insertae,
corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus l"^ fusiformis, longus, vali-
dus, subcurvus ; 2"% longi-ovatus ; 3"^ et sequentes sublineares,
usque ad O"'". minime curtantes et latescentes ; 10"'. fusiformis,
9°. paullo longior : thorax longi-ovatus, convexus, nitens, pilis
nonnullis albis hirtus : prothorax transversus, scite squameus,
antice angustior : mesothorax laevis, fere glaber : sutura trans-
versa punctata ; scutum transversum ; paraptera et epimera non
bene determinata ; scutellum breve, fere hemisphaericum : meta-
thorax magnus, crassus, obconicus, scaber, obscurus, per longum
carinatus, ad apicem abrupte declivis : petiolus gracilis, brevis :
abdomen ovatum, convexum, laeve, glabrum, nitens; segmenta
5 dorsalia conspicua, 1"". magnum, 2"™. et sequentia breviora :
oviductus occultus : pedes longi, validi ; coxas magnse ; femora
crassa ; tibiae rectas ; tarsi graciles, articuli 1°. ad 4"". curtantes,
5"'. 4°. longior; ungues et pulvilli parvi : propedibus femora
valde incrassata ; tibiae latae ; tarsis articulus 1"'. longus, 2"^ et
3"% breves, 4"^ longus, 5"'. brevior : alae breves, angustse, pubes-
centes, iridescentes ; nervus humeralis stigma fere attingens ;
nervus basalis in discum declivis ramulo occurrit nervi humeralis
apice rejecto, angulumque fingit obtusum ; nervuli quoque non-
nulli spurii ; stigma magnum oblongum, ramulum emittens angu-
latum ad alae apicem propensum.
b Entom. Mag. II. 219.
NO. V. VOL. IV. 3 H
414 ON THE DRYINID^.
Sp. 1. Dry. collaris. Fern. Aier, antenna; hasi flavcB,
•protJiorax fulvus, pedes flavi, femora fulva fusco varia, alee
limpid(S nonniinqvarn fusco fasciatce. PI. XVI. fig. 4.
Gonatopus collaris . Dalman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl.
for ar, 1818, 82. 7.
Dryinus collaris . . Dalman, Analecta Entomologica, 9. 2 ;
Nees ah Ess. Hym. Ich. ajffin. Mo-
nogr. II. 373. 3.
Dryinus dorsalis . Nees ab Ess. Hym. Ich. offin. Monogr.
II. 372. 2.
Ater : caput ad os pills albis sericeis vestitum : oculi et ocelli picei :
antennae nigrae ; articuli 1"'. et 2"'. flavi ; 3"'. et 4"% fulvi ; 5"'.
fuscus : prothorax fulvus : petiolus piceus: pedes flavi; femora
fulva ; metafemora apice nigro-fusca ; meso- et metatarsi apice
fulvi : alse limpidse ; nervi flavi ; stigma piceum. (Corp. long,
lin. li — 2 ; alar. lin. li — 2.)
Var. |3. — Antennis articulus 3"'. fuscus ; 4"\ et sequentes nigri.
Var. y. — Prothorax antice fuscus : profemora intus basi fusca : alse
longiores, latiores.
Var. c. — Proalse apud stigma late at indistincte fusco fasciatae.
Found at Holywood, near Belfast, by Mr. Haliday. July, in
woods near London.
Fem. — Antennae corporis dimidio vix longiores : thorax fere glaber :
mesothorax inter scutum et scatellum depressus ; parapsides con-
spicuae, posticae approximatae : alse breves, angustae.
Sp. 2. Dry. ephippiger. Fem. Fulvus, thorax postice ni-
ger, abdominis discus fuscus, alee satpe fulvo-tinctae.
Gonatopus ephippiger . Dalman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl.
for'dr, 1818, 81. 5.
Dryinus ephippiger . . Dalman, Analecta Entomologica,
9. 1 ; Nees ab Ess. Hym. Ich. ajffln.
Monagr. II. 371. 1.
Laete fulvus : caput supra obscurius, antice flavum, ad os non vesti-
tum : oculi et ocelli picei : antennas flavae : prothorax flavus :
metathoracis discus niger : petiolus supra fuscus : abdominis
discus obscurior : pedes flavi; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alae fulvae ;
ON THE DRYINID^. 41 5
squamulas et nervi laste flava. (Corp. long. lin. 1| — If; alar,
lin. lA— If.)
Var. ft. — Metathorax supra omnino ater : petiolus supra ater :
metafemora apice fulva.
Var. y. Var. ft. similis : prothorax postice fuscus : mesothoracis
scutum antice fuscum, postice nigrum : scutellum et metathorax
omnino atra: abdominis dorsum basi piceum, apice fuscum : alee
limpidae.
Found in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. July, in woods, near
London.
Sp. 3. Dry. fulviventris. Fern. Ater, antennos fuscce apice
Jlavce, abdomen fuhnim, pedes fulvi, ales limpida.
Dryinus fulviventris . Haliday, Curtis, Brit. Ent. v. 206. 6.
Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae fuscae ; articulus l"^ fulvus ;
7"^ et sequentes ad 10"™. flavi : abdomen fulvum, supra piceum :
oviductus flavus : pedes flavi ; propedibus coxag basi fulvse, fe-
mora basi fulva, tibiae extus fulvo vittatae, tarsi apice fulvi ; meso-
pedibus femora et tibiae pallide fulva ; metapedibus coxas basi
et femora apice fusca : alae limpidae ; squamulas et nervi laete
flava. (Corp. long. lin. IJ — ll; alar. lin. \\ — ll.)
Var. ft. — Antennis articulus l"^ supra fuscus : abdomen supra ful-
vum, basi piceum : propedibus femora omnino fulva : metafemora
fulva : tarsi basi fulvi.
Var. y. — Antennis articulus 1"'. fuscus: propedibus femora fulva,
basi fusca : mesofemora basi obscure fulva : metafemora fulva,
apice fusca.
Var. d.-^Var. y. similis : metatibias fulvae.
Var. t. — Pro- et mesothorax picei : pro- et mesopedes omnino
flavi.
Found at Holywood, near Belfast, and in Kent, by Mr.
Haliday. June, July ; in w^oods near London. Isle of Wight.
Sp. 4. Dry. lucidus. Fem. Ater, antennce fusccc hasi jlavce
apice fulvce, pedes fulvi fiavo varii, rnetafei/wra apice
fusca, alee limpidce.
Dryinus lucidus . Haliday, Curt. Brit. Ent. v. 206. 4.
416 ON THE DRYINID.E.
Ater, nitens, fere glaber: caput parce punctatum, antice pubescens :
oculi et ocelli picei : antennae fusca? ; articuli 1"^ et 2"'. flavi ;
7"^ et sequentes ad 10"'". fulvi : pro- et mesothorax parce punc-
tati : abdomen nitens, Iseve, glabrum : pedes fulvi ; propedes
flavi ; femora et tibiae extus fulva ; meso- et metapedura tro-
chanteres genua et tarsi flava, hi apice fulvi ; metafemora apice
fusca : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi flava ; stigma fusco-
cinctum ; ramulus fuscus. (Corp. long. lin. Ji — ll; alar. lin.
li-lf.)
Far. ft. — Antennis articuli '7°. ad 10""". supra nigri : propedes om-
nino flavi.
Var. y. — Antennas fuscse ; articuli l"^ et 2"'. fulvi : prothorax fer-
rugineus : abdomen basi utrinque et subtus fulvum : alis stigma
fulvo-cinctum ; ramulus fulvus.
Var. c. — Far. y. similis : antennis articuli 8°. ad 10""". subtus fulvi.
Var. E. — Far. y. similis : antennae fulvse ; articuli 3°. ad 5"™. fusci.
Var. ^. — Species distincta ? : antenna; et pedes omnino la^te flava,
illae longiores : metacoxas basi fuscse : alis squamulae et nervi
pallide flava.
Found at Holywood, by Mr. Haliday. May to September,
in woods, near London, Windsor Forest, Isle of Wight, North
Wales. Taken at Paris by the Comte de Castelneau.
Sp. 5. Dry. longicornis. Fem. Ater, antennce fuscce , basi et
apice fulvcE, pedes fulvi, ales limpidce vix fulvescentes.
Dryinus longicornis . Dalman, Analecta Entomologica, 10.
4 ; Nees ah Ess. Hym. Ich. affin.
Monogr. II. 375. 5.
Ater, nitens, fere glaber : caput scite sed non dense punctatum,
antice albo pubescens : os flavum : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae
fuscaj; articuli l"^ 2"^ 9"^ et 10"^ fulvi; ?"'. et 8"^ subtus
fulvi : thorax fere lasvis : mesothoracis parapsides distinctae,
postice approximatae ; scutellum basi et apice in ordinem punc-
tatum : abdomen laeve, glabrum : pedes fulvi ; tarsi pallidiores,
apice obscure fulvi : metacoxae basi fuscae : alse limpidae, minime
fulvo tinctas ; squamulae et nervi flava ; stigma fulvo-cinctum.
(Corp. long. lin. I^; alar. lin. 2.)
Found at Holywood, by Mr. HaHday.
ON THE DRYINIDiE. 417
Sp. 6. Dry. flavicornis. Fem. Prcecedenti similis at crassior
latior hirtior.
Gonatopus flavicornis . Dalman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl.
for 'dr 1818, 83. 8.
Dryinus flavicornis . Dalman, Analecta Entomologica, 10.3;
Nees ah Ess. Hym. Ich. offin. Mo-
nogr. II. 373. 4.
Dryinus crassimanus . HaUday, Curt. Brit. Ent. V. 206. 5.
Antennse fulvae ; articulo 3°. ad 6™. fusci : caput et prothorax
dense punctata : mesothorax fere Isevis : alae fulvescentes. (Corp.
long. lin. 1 J ; alar. lin. 2.)
Var. /3. — AntennjB omnino pallide fulvas : metafemora fiisco vittata :
alis stigma flavum.
Found at Holy wood by Mr. Haliday. July, in woods, near
London.
Fem. — Caput subquadratum, nitens, parce punctatum, thorace la-
tius, antice albo-pubescens ; latera convexa : oculi vix extantes:
antennse graciles, extrorsum crassiores, corpore vix breviores,
prope OS insertse ; articulus 1"% fusiformis, crassus ; 2"^ longi-
ovatus ; 3"% et sequentes longi, lineares, usque ad 9""". minime
curtantes et latescentes ; 1 0"% apice conicus, 9°. longior : thorax
longi-ovatus, nitens, vix convexus, parum punctatus, fere glaber ;
prothorax longus, antice angustior ; mesothoracis scutum in uno
confusum, scutellum breve transversum ; metathorax obconicus,
convexus, rugosus, obscurus, postice declivis : petiolus brevis,
gracilis : abdomen longi-ovatum,convexum, nitens, Iseve, glabrum,
thorace paullo brevius, apice acuminatum ; segmentum 1"°.
magnum ; 2"™. et sequentia breviora : pedes graciles : alae
angustse.
Sp. 7. Dry. ruficornis. Fem. Ater, antennce fuscce basi
fulvKB, pedes fulvi, metafemora apice fusca, aim limpidce
fulvo tinctce.
Gonatopus ruficornis . Dahnan, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl.
for ar 1818, 83. 9.
Dryinus ruficornis . . Dalman, Analecta Entomologica, II.
5; Nees ah Ess. Hym. Ich. ajfin.
Monogr. II. 375. 6.
Dryinus rapax .... Haliday, Curt. Brit. Ent. V. 206. 3.
418 ON THE DRYINID.E.
Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : os fulvum : antennae fuscse ; articuli l"^
et 2"'. fulvi ; 9"% et 10"^ fulvo-fusci : pedes pallida fulvi ; tarsi
flavi, apice fulvi ; metapedum coxse basi fuscae, femora apice
fusca : alae limpidag, fulvo tinctae ; squamulse et nervi flava.
(Corp. long. lin. U — li; alar. lin. If — 2.)
Far. /3.— Antennis articuli 6°. ad 10""". fulvi.
Var. y. — Femora basi subtus fusca ; metacoxse fuscee.
Found at Holy wood by Mr. Haliday. June; Windsor
Forest ; Isle of Wight.
Fern. — Corpus longum, convexum, pubescens : caput magnum,
nitens, parce punctatum, thorace multo latius : oculi vix extantes :
antennae subclavatse, validos, pubescentes, corpore non breviores ;
articulus 1"'. fusiformis, validus, arcuatus ; 2"'. fusiformis, gra-
cilis, r. dimidio vix longior ; 3"\ et sequentes longil ineares, ad
9"". usque curtantes et latescentes ; 10"'. fusiformis, 9°. longior
vix latior : thorax longus, sublinearis, punctatus, parum nitens ;
discus laevior, nitentior : protliorax subquadratus, bene determi-
natus : mesotlioracis parapsidum suturae conspicuae : metathorax
rugosus, obscurus, ad apicem abrupte declivis : pectus scitissime
et confertissime punctatum : petiolus brevis, gracilis : abdomen
ovatum, convexum, nitens, lasve, glabrum, thorace brevius non
angustius : segmenta 1"*. ad ultimum decrescentia : pedes longi,
validi.
Sp. 8. Dry. frontalis. Fern. Ater, antennce nigrce basi
fulvcs, pedes fulvi, metafemora apice picea, alee sublim-
pidce.
Gonatopus frontalis . Dolman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl.
for ar 1818, 84. 10.
Dryinus frontalis . . Dalman,AnalectaEntomologica, II. 6;
Nees ah Ess. Hym. Ich. affin. Mo-
nogr. II. 376. 7.
Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : os fulvum : antennae nigrae, pubescentes :
articuli l"^ et 2"^ fulvi : pedes fulvi ; tarsi apice fusci ; meta-
femora apice picea : alae sublimpidae ; squamulae et nervi flava :
stigma fuscum basi fiavum, ramulus fulvus. (Corp. long. lin.
li ; alar. lin. 2.)
Found at Holywood by Mr. Haliday. June or July, near
London.
ON THE DRYlNIDiE. 419
Fern, — Corpus crassum, latum : caput subquadratum, thorace latius,
nitens, parce punctatum, parum pubescens, utrinque convexum :
oculi vix extantes : antennj3e subclavatae, sat validse, prope os
insertae, corporis dimidio longiores; articulus 1"'. fusiformis, .
crassus ; 2"^ longi-ovatus ; 3"'. et sequentes longi, lineares, usque
ad 9"™. curtantes et latescentes ; 10"'. fusiformis, 9°. longior et
paullo gracilior : thorax ovatus, convexus, pubescens, parum
punctatus : protliorax brevis, antice angustior ; mesothoracis
scutum transversum, parapsides vix conspicuse, scutellum breve :
metathorax obconicus, rugosus, obscurus, ad apicem abrupte de-
clivis : petiolus brevissimus : abdomen ovatum, parum convexum,
nitens laeve, glabrum, juxta thoraci longum et latum, apice acu-
minatum ; segmenta 1°. ad 5"". decrescentia: pedes longi, validi.
Sp. 9. Dry. infectus. (Haliday MSS.) Fem. Ater, antennce
fusees basi et subtusfulvce, pedes fulvi nigro etfusco varii,
alee limpidcB fusco fasciatce.
Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : os fulvum : antennae fulvaB, pubescentes ;
articuli 6°. ad 10""". supra fusci: pedes fulvi, albo pubescentes;
coxae fuscse, apice fulvse ; femora basi subtus fusca ; tarsi
apice obscuriores ; metapedum coxae et femora nigra, tibiae
fuscae : alae limpidae ; proalae cuique fascia lata fusca, apud
stigma obscurior, postice dilutior ; squamulae et nervi flava ;
stigma fuscum, ramulus concolor. (Corp. long. lin. \h — If; alar,
lin. 1|— 2.)
Var. jj. — Metatibiae fulvae, fusco bicinctse.
Var. y. — Antennis articuli 4°. ad 10"'". supra fusci : metatibiae
fulvse, apice fuscae.
Var. ^. — Proalis fascia postice obliterata.
Found in Kent, and in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. May to
July ; near London ; Windsor Forest.
Sp. 10. Dry. scapularis. (Haliday MSS.) Fem. Ater, antennce
fuscce aut fulvce, pedes fulvi, femora basi nigra, meta-
femora apice fusca, alee Umpidce.
Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae supra nigro-fuscae, subtus fulvse ;
articuli l"^ basi et apice 2"^que basi supra fulvi : pedes fulvi ;
coxae et femora basi nigra ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; metafemora
420 ON THE DRYINID^.
apice fusca : alse limpidaj ; squamulae et nervi flava ; stigma
fuscum ; ramulus fulvus. (Corp. long. lin. 2 ; alar. lin. 2?.)
Var. /3. — Antennae fulvse ; articuli 3°. ad 10""". supra fusci.
Found in Kent, by Mr. Haliday. June or July, near
London.
Fern. — Caput subquadratum, parum nitens, scitissime et dense
punctatum, thorace latius, antice albo-pubescens ; latera convexa :
oculi non extantes : antennae clavatse, sat crassas, submoniliformes,
corporis dimidio paullo longiores, prope os insertas ; articulus 1"\
fusiformis, crassus ; 2"% longi-ovatus ; 3"\ et sequentes oblongo-
quadrati, usque ad 9"". curtantes et latescentes ; 10"% longi-
ovatus, 9". longior: thorax ovatus, convexus, nitens, parce
punctatus, fere glaber ; prothorax brevissimus, antice angustior ;
mesothorax magnus, scutum transversum, parapsidum suturae vix
conspicuae, scutellum breve ; metathorax magnus, obscurus,
rugosus, parum nitens, ad apicem abrupte declivis : petiolusbrevis,
crassus: abdomen longi-ovatum, parum convexum, nitens, Iseve,
glabrum, juxta thoraci longum ac latum, apice acuminatum; seg-
menta 1". ad 5"™. decrescentia : pedes breves, validi.
Sp. 11. Dry. brachycerus. Fem. Ater, antennce nigrcs,
pedes fulvi, femora fusca, alee sublimpidce.
Dryinus brachycerus . Dalman, Analecta Eniomologica, 12.
9 ; Nees ab Ess. Ui/m. Ich. affin.
Monogr. 11.378.10.
Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigrae, pubescentes : pedes
fulvi; coxae nigrae, apice fulvse; profemora basi fusca; meso-
femora fusca ; metafemora nigra, punctata ; tarsi apice obscu-
riores : alae sublimpidae ; squamulae et nervi flava ; nervus
humeralis fuscus ; stigma fulvum. (Corp. long. lin. li — 1^ ;
alar. lin. li— If.)
Var. j3. — Mesofemora nigra.
Found in Kent, by Mr. Haliday. June, in woods near
London ; Scotland.
Fem. — Corpus parvum, pubescens ; caput magnum, thorace paullo
latius, obscurum, scitissime et confertissime punctatum : antennae
subclavatae, graciles, corpore breviores ; articulus V\ fusiformis ;
2"% longi-ovatus ; 3"\ et sequentes longi, sublineares, ad 9"".
usque paullulum curtantes et latescentes ; clava fusiformis, arti-
ON THE DRYINIDiE. 421
culo 9°. paullo longior non latior : thorax longi-ovatus, subcon-
vexus, scitissime et confertissime punctatus, parum nitens ; pro-
thorax brevis ; mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae,
scutellum lasve nitens ; metathorax rugosus, ad apicem abrupte
declivis : abdomen ovatum, convexum, nitens, Iseve, glabrum,
thorace brevius vix angustius ; segmenta basi ad apicem gradatim
decrescentia : pedes mediocres : alas angustse,
Sp. 12. Dry. cursor. Fern. Ater, antenncs nigrce basi fulvce,
pedes picei Julvo varii, ales albidce.
Dryinus cursor. Holiday, Curtis, Brit. Ent. V. PI. 206. 2.
Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"% fulvus,
apice supra fuscus ; 2"'. fuscus, apice fulvus: pedes fulvi; coxee
basi picese ; tarsi apice fusci ; profemora extus piceo vittata ;
meso- et metapedum femora et tibiae picea, hae pallidiores : alae
albae ; squamulae et nervi flava ; stigma fuscum, ramulus fulvus.
(Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. U.)
Found at Holywood, by Mr. Haliday.
Mas. — Corpus punctatum, subnitens, albo-pubescens : caput mag-
num, breve, utrinque convexum, thorace latius : oculi vix extantes:
antenna subsetaceae, sat latae, dense pubescentes, corpore paullo
breviores, prope os insertae ; articulus l"^ fusiformis, crassus ;
2"". ovatus ; 3"'. et sequentes longi, lineares, usque ad 9""".
paullulum diminuti ; 10"^ fusiformis, 9°. longior et paullo an-
gustior : thorax ovatus, convexus, postice angustior : prothorax
brevissimus, supra vix conspicuus : mesothorax maximus, latus ;
scutum transversum, parapsidum suturae non conspicuae ; scu-
tellum et postscutellum brevia : metathorax magnus, brevi-obco-
nicus, rugosus, obscurus, ad apicem abrupte declivis : petiolus
brevissimus : abdomen ovatum, convexum, nitens, laeve, glabrum,
thorace paullo brevius et angustius ; segmentum 1""". longum ;
2"". et sequentia breviora, subaequalia : pedes validi, sat longi :
alae latse.
Sp. 13. Dry. inclytus, (Haliday MSS.) Mas. Ater, antenncs
nigro-pice(B apice et subtus fulvce^ pedes fulvi, femora fusco-
fulva, metapedes obscuriores, alee limpidce.
Ater : caput antice albo pubescens : os flavum : oculi et ocelli
picei : antennae fulvae ; articuli 1°. ad 7"™. supra nigro-picei :
NO. V. VOL. IV. 3 1
422 ON THE DRYINID^.
pedes fulvi; coxae basi nigrJE ; femora fusco-fulva ; tarsi flavi,
apice fulvi ; metapedum femora nigra, tibise fuscse, tarsi fulvi :
alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi flava ; stigma fuscum, ramulus
fulvus. (Corp. long. lin. IJ ; alar. lin. If.)
Var. jS. — Antennis articulus 7"^ omnino fulvus.
Found in Kent by Mr. Haliday. June or July, near
London.
Mas. — Caput thorace fere latius : antennae corpore vix breviores ;
articulus 10"'. fusiformis, 9". pauUo longior non angustior : raeso-
thoracis parapsidum suturae conspicuae.
Fern. D. infecti statura.
Sp,. 14. Dry. Jurineanus. Mas et Fem. Aler, antemice
vddirifulvo-f usees, fem. nigrce bast fulvcs , pedes msn'ijlavo-
fulvifusco varii, fem. obseuriores, alee sublimpidcE.
Anteon Jurineanum . Latr. Nouv. Diet. Nat. II. 141.
Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : os fulvum : antennae mart fulvse ; arti-
culi 2". ad 7""'. supra fusci : antennae /em. nigrae ; articuli l"^ et
2"^ fulvi ; 3"'. fuscus : pedes flavi ; metapedes fulvi, femora et
tibiae apice fusca : alae sublimpidce, squamulae et nervi fulva;
nervi subcostales flavi ; stigma fulvum. (Corp. long. lin. 1 — \\ ;
alar. lin. IJ — Ig.)
Var. ft. — Mas, metapedes flavi ; femora et tibiiE apice fulva : alis
squamulae et nervi flava.
Var. y. — Mas, Var. ft similis : antennae pallide fulvae ; articuli 2°.
ad 5"^. supra fusci.
Var. S. — Mas, antennis articuli 2°. ad 10""". supra fusci.
Var. £. — Fem. antennae fusco-fulvae ; articulis l"^ supra piceus ; 7"'.
et sequentes ad 10"™. nigri : mesofemora subtus nigro-vittata ;
raetafemora nigra, basi fulva.
Found in Ireland by Mr. Haliday. June, September ; near
London, Windsor Forest, Hampshire, Isle of "Wight.
Mas. — Caput subnitens, pubescens, scite et dense punctatum, antice
et utrinque convexum, postice concavum : antennce corpore non
breviores : thorax nitens, lasvis, pubescens : scutelli margines
anticus et posticus ordine punctati.
ON THE DRYINlDiE. 423
Sp. 15. Dry. Penidas. Mas, Ater^ antenncc nigrce, pedes
fulvi, femora picea, metapedes obscuriores, alee albidce.
Ater: oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigrse : pedes fulvi; coxae et
femora basi picea ; metapedum coxae nigras apice fulvae, femora
nigro-picea, tibiae pallide fuscse : alae albidas ; squamulre et nervi
costales fulva ; stigma fuscum ; nervi subcostales flavi ; ramulus
angulatus. (Corp. long. lin. 1 — H; alar. lin. H — 2.)
Var. /3. — Pro- et mesofemora picea, apice fiava ; protibiai flavae.
Var. y. Var. j3 similis : protarsi basi flavi.
Var. d. Var. /3 similis : tarsi apice fusci : metatibije fulvee, apice
fuscae.
Far. £. — Pro- et mesofemora picea, apice fulva ; metatibiae fuscae;
tarsi fusci, basi fulvi.
Found near Holywood by Mr. Haliday. June or July, near
London.
Sp. 16. Dry. Lyde. Mas. Ater, antenjice nigrce, pedes
nigri, tarsi picei, alee sublimpidce.
Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigras : pedes nigri ; pro- et
mesogenua fulva ; protibiae piceaj, subtus fulvae ; pro- et meso-
tarsi picei ; mesotibise et metatarsi nigro-picea ; metagenua picea :
alse sublimpidse ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma piceum.
(Corp. long. lin. l^— 1| ; alar. lin. If— 2.)
Var. /3. — Propedum tibiae omnino fulvae ; tarsi fusci, basi fulvi.
April to June, near London.
Sp. 17. Dry. Daos. Mas. Ater, prcBcedenti similis: an-
tenna; longiores graciliores nigrce, pedes fulco-picei, meta-
pedes obscuriores, ales sublimpidce.
Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : antenna nigrae : pedes fulvi ; pro- et
mesopedum coxae et femora picea apice fulva, tarsi pallide fusci
basi fulvi ; metapedum coxae et femora nigra, tibiae piceae, tro-
chanteres et tarsi fusci : alse sublimpidse ; squamulae et nervi
( pallide fusca ; stigma fuscum. (Corp. long. lin. \\ ; alar. lin. 2.)
Var. jo. — Pro- et mesopedes fulvi, coxae et femora horum picea apice
fulva illorum basi picea ; metapedes picei, tibiae fulvae apice fuscae,
424
ON THE DRYINIDiE.
tarsi fusci apice picei ; alis squamulae et nervi costales fulva;
stigma fusco-fulvum ; nervi subcostales flavi.
Found near London.
Mas. — Prsecedentium statura : antennae corpora paullo longiores :
alis stigmatis ramulus angulatus.
Sp, 18. Dry. Ilus. Mas. Ater, antennce nigrce, ^jet/e*
fulvi,metafemora nonnunquam picea, metapedes obscuriores,
alcB fulvo-limpidce .
Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigrae : pedes fulvi ; coxas basi
nigrse ; metapedum femora apice nigra, tibia; apice fuscae, tarsi
fusci : alaa fulvo-limpidae ; squamulse et nervi flava ; stigma
fuscum, ramulus fulvus. (Corp. long. lin. 1\ — 1| ; alar. lin.
l|-2.)
Var. (3. — Metapedum femora apice picea, tibiae omnino fulvae, tarsi
fusco -fulvi.
Var. y. — Femora basi picea ; metafemora nigro-picea.
Var. c. — Femora et coxag nigro-picea, apice fulva.
Found near Holywood by Mr. Haliday. June, July ; near
London, Windsor Forest, Hampshire, Isle of Wight.
Mas. — Prsecedentis statura : alae longiores latiores ; stigmatis ramulus
arcuatus : parapsidum suturas vix conspicuas.
Sp. 19. Dry. Misor. Mas. Ater, antenna nigrce, pedes
fulvi plus minusve piceo varii, alee subfuscce.
Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigrae : pedes fulvi ; pro- et
meso-pedum coxae trochanteres et femora picea, apice fulva ; me-
tapedum coxae nigrae, femora nigro-picea, trochanteres et tibiae
fusca, tarsi fusco-fulvi apice obscuriores : alee subfuscae ; squamulae
et nervi fulva ; stigma piceum ; nervi subcostales flavi. (Corp.
long. lin. \\—\\\ alar. lin. 2— 2i.)
Var. /3. — Metapedum femora fulvo-picea, tibiae fusco-fulvae.
Var. y. — Antennis articulus l"^ fulvus, apice piceus : pro- et meso-
pedum coxjB et femora fulva, basi picea ; protibiae et protarsi
flava, hi apice fulvi ; metapedes fulvi, coxae et femora basi picea,
tarsi apice fusci.
Var. I. Var. y. similis : metafemora apice fusca.
Found near London.
ON THE DRYlNIDiE. 425
Sp. 20. Dry. Otiartes. Mas. Ater, antennce mgrce, quam
prcecedentium latiores, pedes fulvi, femora piceo varia, alts
limpidce.
Ater : os fulvum : palpi Isete flavi : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae
nigrae, latae, pubescentes, corpora paullo longiores : pedes fulvi ;
coxas basi piceae ; femora piceo vittata ; tarsi apice fusci ; meta-
pedum femora picea, tibiae fuscee : alse limpidse ; squamulse fulvse ;
nervi costales picei, subcostales flavi ; stigma piceum. (Corp.
long. lin. li — U ; alar. lin. lf~2.)
Var. (3. — Antennis articulus l"^ fulvus, supra et apice piceus : pro-
et mesopedum tibiae et tarsi flava ; metapedum femora basi et
tibiae subtus fulva.
Far. y. — Mesopedum femora picea basi fulva, tibiae fuscae ; meta-
tarsi supra fusci.
Var. S. — Far. /3 similis : mesotibias supra pallida fuscae : alis nervi
costales fulvi.
Found near London.
Sp. 21. Dry. Alorus. Mas. Ater, prcecedeniibus minor an-
gustior, antennae nigrcs graciliores, pedes fulvi piceo aut
fusco varii, ales limpidce.
Ater : os flavum : oculi et ocelli picei : antennse nigrae, graciles,
pubescentes, corpore paullo longiores ; articulus 1"'. basi fuscus :
pedes fulvi ; coxae basi picese ; tarsi apice fusci ; metafemora apice
fusca ; protibise et protarsi flava : alae limpidae ; squamulse et
nervi flava; stigma fuscum, ramulus fulvus. (Corp. long. lin.
1— li; alar. lin. l^— 1|.)
Var. jj. — Mesofemora basi picea : metafemora picea.
Var. y. — Antennis articulis 1"'. oranino niger : propedum femora
basi fusca, tibiae et tarsi fulva ; meso- et metacoxae nigrae, apice
fulvae ; mesofemora picea, apice fulva ; metapedum femora nigra,
tibiae apice et tarsi supra fusca : alis nervi costales fulvi, subcos-
tales flavi ; stigma piceum.
June ; near London, Windsor Forest, Isle of Wight.
¥em. — Corpus latum, crassum, convexum : caput sat magnum,
punctatum, pubescens, parum nitens, thorace vix latius : oculi
extantes : antenna: clavatae, validae, corporis dimidio longiores ;
426 ON THE DRYINID.E.
articulus 1"% fusiformis ; 2"'. longi-ovatus ; 3"\ et sequentesbre-
viores, usque ad 9°"°. curtantes et latescentes ; 10"'. longi-ovatus,
9°. longior vix hitior : thorax ovatus, altus, parce pubescens :
prothorax obscums, bene determinatus, transverse rugosus : meso-
thoracis scutum scitissime et confertissime punctatum, parum
nitens ; parapsidum suturse vix conspicuae ; scutellum nitens,
Iseve : metathorax obscurus, rugosus, ad apicera abrupte declivis :
abdomen longi-ovatum, con vexum, subtus fere planum, apice acu-
minatum, thorace angustius et pauUo brevius ; segmenta 1°. ad
G"'". decrescentia : alje latse.
Sp. 22. Dry. Sisithrus. Fem. Ater, antenncR nigrce basi
fulvcE, pedes fulvi, femora 2iiceo varia, alee albce.
Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : antennas nigras ; articulus 1"'. fulvus,
supra piceus ; 2"\ piceus, apice fulvus : pedes fulvi ; coxas basi
piceae ; profemora basi picea; meso-et metapedum femora et tibiae
supra picea ; tarsi apice fusci : alte albae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ;
stigma piceum; nervi subcostales flavi. (Corp. long. lin. \\ — 1|;
alar. lin. 1| — 2.)
Var. /3. — Antennis articulus 3"^ fuscus; alis ramulus flavus.
Var. y. — Var. /3 similis : antennis articuli 4°. ad 10°°. nigro-picei.
Var. I. — Mesotibiae omnino fulvae.
Found near London.
Mas. — Caput sat magnum, breve, obscurum, pubescens, scitissime
et confertissime punctatum, thorace vix latius, antice convexum,
postice concavum : oculi non extantes : antennae moniliformes,
pubescentes, corpore paullo breviores ; articulus 1"'. fusiformis,
validus ; 2"'. ovatus ; 3"'. et sequentes subfusiformes, usque ad
9°°". paullulum coarctati ; 10°'. fusiformis 9". multo longior : thorax
pyriformis, convexus, scitissime et confertissime punctatus, obscu-
rus, pubescens : prothorax brevissimus, supra vix conspicuus ;
mesothoracis scutum magnum, transversum ; parapsidum suturse ;.;
non bene determinatae ; scutellum brevi-obconicum, nitens, fere t
laeve : metathorax obconicus, rugosus, ad apicem abrupte declivis ;
petiolus brevis : abdomen ovatum, convexum, nitens, laeve,
glabrum ; apice acuminatum, thorace multo brevius et angustius ;
segmenta 1""°. et S""". magna ; 3"". et sequentia breviora : pedes
graciles : alas amplae ; stigmatis ramulus brevis, angulatus.
ON THE DRYINIDyE. 427
Sp. 23. Dry. nanus. (Haliday MSS.) Mas. Aier, antennce
nigrce , 2i(ides nigri, tarsi picei, protibicefulvcs, alee Unipidce.
Ater : oculi et ocelli picei ; antennae nigrse ; pedes nigri ; propedum
trochanteres et tarsi fusci, genua et tibiae fulva ; meso- et meta-
pedum trochanteres genua et tarsi picea : alse limpidae ; squamulae
et nervi fulva ; stigma fuscum ; nervi subcostales flavi. (Corp.
long. lin. I ; alar, lin. 1.)
Found in Wicklow, by Mr. Haliday.
Genus. — Aphelopus, Dalman.
Mas. — Caput mediocre, transversum, vix convexum, thorace fere
angustius, antice subproductum, utrinque convexum, postice con-
cavum,obscurum, pubescens, scitissime etconfertissime punctatum :
oculi ovati, mediocres, laterales, vix extantes ; ocelli vertice trian-
gulum fingentes : antennae filiformes, sat graciles, pubescentes,
corpore fere longiores ; articulus l°^ fusiformis, validus ; 2".
ovatus; 3"\ et sequentes longi, lineares, usque ad 9°". subpro-
tracti ; 10''^ fusiformis, 9°. paullo longior et gracilior : thorax
pyriformis, convexus, scitissime et confertissime punctatus, ob-
scurus, pubescens : prothorax brevissimus, supra non conspicuus :
mesothoracis scutum magnum transversum, parapsides bene de-
terminatiE ; scutellum et metascutellum brevi-obconica, Iseviora,
nitentia : metathorax brevi-obconicus, rugosus, ad apicem abrupte
declivis : petiolus brevis, validus : abdomen longi-ovatum, sub-
convexum, fere compressum, nitens, Iseve, glabrum, thorace
brevius et multo angustius ; segmentum 1°"". maximum, dorsi
plus dimidium obtegens ; 2'"°. et sequentia brevia : pedes graciles ;
propedes simplices breviores, ungues minuti ; metapedes lon-
giores, coxae magnae : proalis nervus unicus basi emissus sub-
costam usque ad stigma percurrens, hoc magnum oblongum
ramulum emittens arcuatum.
Fern. — Antennae extrorsum crassiores, corpore breviores ; articulus
2"^ longi-ovatus ; 3^. et sequentes ad 9"'". parum curtantes et la-
tescentes; 10"% fusiformis, 9°. multo longior vix latior : abdomen
ensiforme, compressum, thorace multo angustius et brevius.
Sp. I. Aphel. melaleucus. Mas et Fern. Ater, ^em. caput
antice album, antennce et pedes nigra picea aut fulva, alee
alhidce. PL XVI. Fig. 3.
Gonatopus melaleucus . Dalman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl.
fdrar, 1818. 8^4?. 6.
428 ON THE DRYINIDii:.
T^ . / * 1 1 N 1 (Dalman, Analecta Entomoloaica,
Uryinus(Aphelopus) mela- \ ,. -.J, i^t j n rr
/ ^ ^ ^ ^ < 14. 13 ; Nees ah Ess. Hum.
Ipnpiic .J "^
C Ich.affin. Monogr.n.S^^.l.
Dryinus (Aphelopus) atratus, Dalman, Analecta Eniomologica,
15. 14; Nees ab Ess. Hym.
Ich. affin. Monogr. II. 389. 2.
Mas. — Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : os flavum : palpi albidi : an-
tennse nigrse : pedes picei, pubescentes ; propedes flavi, femora
basi picea, tarsi fulvi ; mesopedum coxae fulvffi basi piceae, tro-
chanteres genua et tarsi fulva ; metapedes nigro-picei, coxas apice
fulvse, trochanteres fulvi, genua fusca, tarsi fusci subtus fulvi :
alai albo-limpidse ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma nigro-piceum.
Fem. — Caput antice et circum oculos album : antennis articuli 1"%
2"'. 6"\ et 7"^ picei; S^S 9"'. et 10"% fulvi: propedes flavi, fe-
mora basi et tarsi apice fulva : mesopedes picei, trochanteres
flavi, tibiae fulvse fusco cinctae, tarsi fulvi basi flavi : metapedes
nigro-picei, trochanteres et femora basi flava, genua fulva, tarsi
fusci subtus fulvi ; alis squamulae et nervi flava ; stigma piceum,
ramulus fulvus. (Corp. long. lin. | — 1 ; alar. lin. \\ — \\.)
Var. /3. — Mas, mesotibiae fulvge.
Var. y. — Mas, propedum coxae et femora picea, apice fulva ; meso-
pedum coxae picea;, trochanteres genua et tarsi fusca ; meta-
pedum coxae nigrse, tarsi picei.
Far. c. — Mas. Far. y similis : mesotarsi fulvi ; metafemora nigra.
Far. £. — Mas. Propedes flavi, tarsi apice fulvi ; mesopedes fulvi,
tarsi basi flavi ; metapedes picei, trochanteres fulvi, tarsi fusci
subtus fulvi : alis squamulae et nervi flava ; stigma piceum.
Var. ^. — Mas, Far. e similis : mesopedes flavi : metapedum coxae
apice trochanteres et femora basi flava, tibiae fuscae, tarsi flavi
apice fulvi.
Far. T). — Fem. antennae nigrae ; articuli 8°. ad 10""". fusci, subtus
fulvi : mesopedum femora apice fulva, tibiae pallide fulvae.
Var. 6. — Eem. Far. i] similis : mesopedum coxae et femora fulva.
Var. I. — Fem. Var. 0 similis : metapedum coxae et femora picea,
tibiae fusco-fulvoe, tarsi fulvi apice fusci.
ON THE DRYINID^.
429
Var. K. Fern. Far. i similis : antennge piceae, subtus fulvae ; articuli
7°. ad 10""', omnino fulvi.
Var. X. — Fern, caput antice et utrinque omnino album : antennae
piceae; articuli r\ 8"'. 9"'. et 10"'. fulvi, 2"", et 7"'. fusci : pedes
pallide flavi ; metapedum femora picea, tibije fuscae.
Far. /x, — Fern. Far. X sirailis : metapedum femora flava apice picea,
tibiae fulvae, tarsi apice fusci.
Far. V. — Fern. Far. \i similis : antennis articulus 7°^ fulvus : alis
stigma pallide fuscum.
Var. I,. — Fern, antennae piceee ; articuli T". 8"'. 9"'. et 10"s. fulvi:
pedes flavi; metapedum femora et tarsi apice fusca, tibiae fulvo-
fuscae.
Var. o. — Fern. Far. v similis : antennae leete fulvae : metapedum
tibiae flavae, tarsi apice fulvi.
. May to July ; on lime trees ; near London ; Windsor
Forest; Scotland ; Isle of Jersey. Found in Ireland by Mr,
Haliday.
Genus. — Labeo. Haliday.
Corpus lineare, pubescens, subplanura ; caput mediocre, trans-
versum, convexum, obscurum, scite et conferte punctatum, antice
subproductum, utrinque rotundum, postice concavum, juxta tho-
raci latum : oculi mediocres, non extantes : ocelli vertice trian-
gulum fingentes : mandibulae arcuatae, tridentatse ; dentes longi
acuti : palpi raaxillares 3-articulati : antennae filiformes, graciles,
pubescentes, corpora vix longiores ; articulus l"'^ fusiformis prse
2°. brevis, hie longi-ovatus ; 3"'. et sequentes longi, lineares, usque
ad 9""". curtantes; 10''\ acuminatus, 9*. multo longior: thorax
pyriformis, vix convexus : prothorax brevissimus, supra non con-
spicuus : mesothoracis scutum magnum, transversum, obscurum,
scitissime et confertissime punctatum ; parapsidum suturae con-
spicuae ; scutellum et metascutellum parva, tranvsersa, nitentia,
IjEvia, fere glabra : metathorax magnus, obconicus, rugosus, ob-
scurus, adapicem abrupte declivis: abdomen longi-ovatum, planum,
subsessile, nitens, Iseve, glabrum, thorace brevius et paullo angus-
tius ; segmenta transversa, ad apicem breviora : pedes graciles,
simplices, pubescentes ; coxas sat longse ; femora gracilia ; tibiae
rectae ; tarsorum articuli 1". ad 4""". curtantes, 5"\ 4°. longior ;
ungues et pulvilli minuti : alae amplae ; nervus subcostalis stigma
attingens ; ramulus nervo subcostali ante stigma rejectus angulum
NO. V. VOL. IV. 3 K
430 ON THE DRYINID^.
nervo aloe basi medio projecto fingens, et nervo spurio alse mar-
ginem posticum percurrente lapsus ; nervi quoque nonnulli vix
conspicui in alae disco cellulas 2 spurias fingentes ; stigma longum,
angustum, ramulum arcuatum ad alae apicem productum emittens.
Sp. 1. Lab. excisus. Mas. Ater, antennce nigrce, pedes
picei, protibicefulv^y ales limpidce. PI. XVI. Fig. 2.
Antaeon ? excisus. Westwood, Loudon s Mag. Nat. Hist.
VI. 497.
Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigrae : pedes picei ; coxae
nigrje ; trochanteres et tarsi fusci ; propedum femora apice et
tibiae fulva ; meso- et metapedum genua et tibiae basi fulva :
alse limpidae ; squamulfE et nervi fulva ; stigma fuscum. (Corp.
long. lin. li— 1| ; alar. Un. 1|— 2i.)
Var. j3. — Nervus subcostalis et ramulus fusci.
Far. y. — Propedum femora fulva basi picea, tarsi obscure fulvi ;
mesopedum tibiae fuscae basi et apice fulvae.
Far. S. — Far. y similis: raesotarsi obscure fulvi : alis stigma pallide
fuscum.
Found in Ireland by Mr. Haliday. July; on lime-trees;
near London.
Sectio II.
Genus. — Embolemus. Westwood.
Polyplanus. Nees ab Essenheck.
Mas. — Caput parvum, subrotundum, convexum, pubescens, parum
nitens, scitissime punctatum, thorace angustius, antice productum
et deinde subtus ad os retractum : oculi parvi, laterales, ex-
tantes : ocelli vertice triangulum fingentes : mandibulae oblongo-
quadratse, tridentatae, rectae ; dentes acuti subsequales : maxillae
parvse, breves, subovatae ; palpi 5-articulati, setaceae, graciles ;
articuli fusiformes, 1"% gracilis subarcuatus, 2°'. dilatatus, 3"%
gracilis, 4"'. 3°. brevior, 5"\ linearis 4°. multo longior : labium
parvum, augustum, sublineare ; ligula transversa, brevis ; palpi
3-articulati, submoniliformes, validi, breves, articuli ovati sub-
aequales : antennas filiformes, pubescentes, 'corpore longiores, basi
approximatJE, fronte insertae ; articulus l°^ fusiformis, validus ;
2"'. brevissimus ; 3"% et sequentes longi, lineares, approximati,
ON THE DRYINID^. 431
usque ad 9"™. curtantes ; 10"\ acuminatus, 9°. vix longior : thorax
fusiformis, convexus, subnitens, pubescens, parce et scite punc-
tatus : prothorax brevis, supra conspicuus : mesothoracis scu-
tum latitudine fere longius ; parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae ;
scutellura obconicum : metathorax obconicus, rugosus, per longum
sulcatus, ad apieem abrupte declivis : abdomen longi-ovatum,
convexum, petiolatum, nitens, laeve, basi scite punctatum,
thorace brevius non augustius ; segmenta 1""'. et 2°'". maxima,
reliqua parva : pedes longi; coxae magnae ; femora valida ; tibiae
rectse ; tarsi graciles, articuli 1°. ad 4"". curtantes, 5"\ 4°.
longior ; ungues et pulvilli parvi : alae amplae ; nervi Aulaci
more collocati ; nervus subcostalis stigma attingens ; nervus
2"^ alae basi medio emissus, disco divisus et cellulam fingens,
deinde ad apieem productus ; nervus 3°'. alae marginem posti-
cum percurrens, apud medium quasi recta semita abductus ;
nervuli quoque nonnuUi transversi, 1"% interruptus inter stigmatis
ramulum et nervum 2""°., 2"'. inter nervos 2"'". et S""., 3"'. inter
cellulae angulum et nervum 3""". renovatum ; nervus subcostalis
ramulum rejiciens cellulae angulo junctum ; stigma longum,
perangustum, ramulum arcuatum ad alae apieem productum
emittens ; metalis nervi 2, unus costalis, alter spurius ramulos
emittens.
Fern. — Antennae 1 3-articulatae, subclavatae, corpore breviores ;
articulus 1"\ prae mari brevis; 3"% et sequentes lineares, sub-
aequales, usque ad 12°°'. paullulum latescentes; 13"". fusiformis,
12". longior vix latior : abdomen thorace longius : alse quam mari
angustiores ; nervi non bene detenninati.
Sp. 1. Emb. Ruddii. Mas et Fem. Ater, antennce nigrce,
pedes rvfo-fusci aut picei, alee mari fusccc, fem. albidce.
PI. XVI.Fig. 1.
Embolemus Ruddii Weslwood. Lond. and Edin.
Phil. Mag. and Journ. of
Science. Third series. II. 444-.
Polyplanus Sickershusanus . l>^ees ah Ess. Hym. Ich. affin.
Monogr. II. 349.
Mas. — Ater: oculi et ocelli picei: palpi flavi : antennae nigrse :
abdominis segmentum 1"". apice piceum : pedes rufi; trochanteres
et genua pallidiora ; tibiae et tarsi fusca : alae fuscae ; squamulae et
nervi picea.
Fem. — Pedes picei ; trochanteres et genua rufa ; tarsi fusci : alae
albidae ; nervi pallide flavi ; squamulce, nervus subcostalis et
stigma fulva. (Corp. long. lin. 1| — 2; alar. lin. 1^ — 3.)
432 ON THE DRYINID.E.
Var. (3. — Mas, antennis articuli 1"'. et 2". rufi, supra picei : pedes
pallide rufi ; femora et coxae picea, apice rufa : alls nervi pallide
fusci.
Var. y. — Mas, coxae piceae ; trochanteres fusci ; femora nigro-
picea.
Var. B. — Mas, Var. y similis : pro- et mesopedum tibiae et tarsi
rufa, illae supra fuscse.
Found in Scotland, and in the Isle of Skye, by Mr. Haliday.
September ; Isle of Wight, Wales, Devonshire, Cornwall.
Sectio III.
Genus. — Epyris. Westwood.
Caput ovatum nutans latitudine thoracis : antennae maris 13-
articulatae articulis flagelli cylindricis : areola radialis elongata in
alae apice incompleta : ungues integri.
Sp. 1. JLTpyns mger. ( Westivood in P/iilosophical Magazine,
August, 1832, page 129.J Statura fere Bethylli, differt
capite minore, antennis propius ab ocuUs, his pilosis:
thorace longiore : tarsis gracilioribus ; alariim anticarum
nervis humeralibus disjunctis, areolce brachialis anterioris
forma et radialis. (Long. corp. 2^ lin. ; alar. 8|.) PI. XVI.
Fig. 6.
Mas. — Caput ovatum nutans : oculi mediocres ovati distantes
laterales ab'occipite remoti rare pilosi : ocelli tres in vertice in
triangulum collocati : antennae prope oculos ad basin clypei
foveolse quaeque insertae thoracis longitudine filiformes pubescentes
13-articulatae articulo prirao majore cylindrico 2 minore obconico
reliquis cylindricis subaequalibus ultimo paulo longiore apice
attenuato : carinula faciei longitudinalis . antennas integraret :
clypeus (vel epistoma?) brevis transversa antrorsum attenuata
margine antico recto : mandibulae validae oblongae forcipatae apice
decurvae ibidem paululim dilatatae et oblique truncatae denticuhs
4 extimo acuto : thorax oblongus deplanatus capite vix latins et
plus duplo longius : collare fere trigonum : mesothoracis scutum
transversum parapsides parvae deflexse trigone dorsum lineoHs
2 parallelis postice abbreviatis irapressura : scutellum scuti fere
longitudine deplanatum trigonum : paraptera profunde excavata :
metathoracis paraptera in fundo crenata in dorso medio cannula;
ON THE DRYINID^. 433
parvse ope conjuncta, scutello haud aliter explicato : postscutellum
mesothorace parum brevius basi truncatum dorso planiusculum
apice rotundatum : abdomen thorace brevius et fere angustius de-
pressum ellipticum (structura qualis Bethyllo) segmentis 7 longi-
tudine subaequalibus 1 °. basi sensim attenuate petiolo vix manifesto :
alarum forma fere qualis Bethyllo : nervus subcostalis a costali
disjunctus : stigma rainutum oblongum in costa media : nervus
radialis vix ultra conspiciendus ; cubitalis a stigmate leni flexura,
discedens mox parallelus prope marginem excurrit, ante apicem
alae abrupte desinens areolam radialem elongatam linearem apice
apertam designans : areola brachialis anterior acute trigona stigma
non attingit ; posterior linearis illius apicem perpaulo superat
nervo claudente arcuato : nervi brachiales ultra hunc cito
evanescunt: nervus subulnaris'' obsoletissimus : alarum posticarum
nervi decolores quasi deletse modo subcostalis in alae basi vestigium
et alterum adhuc minus in lobo axillari cujus incisura profunda :
pedes sat longi, graciliores quam Bethyllo, coxis obconicis tro-
chanteribus breviusculis femoiibus compressis fusiformibus tibiis
rectis pubescentibus calcaribus conspicuis tarsis longioribus
tenuibus articulo primo trium sequentium longitudinem aequi-
parante unguibus tenuibus acutis integris.
" Niger hie, abdoraine nitido glabro, antennarum articulo 1°. apice re-
liquis cunctis pedibusque rufo-piceis, trochanteribus tibiis tarsisque
ferruginosis, mandibvdis apice ferrugineis, capite thoraceque subtili-
ter intricatim punctulatis, fronte vertice pro- et mesothoracis dorso
praeterea punctis majoribus sparsis pilisque raris albidis, scutelli
disco laeviore nitente, metathorace basi ruguloso linea longi-
tudinali elevata postice evanescente, alls subfumato hyalinis,
squamulis radice nervis stigmateque fusco-ferrugineis : de sexus
discrimine et oris structura in tima nil adhuc constat." — Haliday,
MSS.
September ; Isle of Wight. Found near Paris, by the Comte
de Castelneau.
Genus. — Bethylus. Latreille.
Omalus. Jurine.
Fem. — Caput ovatum, nutans, planum, thorace latius, scitissime et
confertissime punctatum, obscurum, pubescens : oculi parvi,
subovati, remoti, laterales : ocelli vertice triangulum iingentes
"^ " Nervus cubitalis." St. F. &c.
434* ON THE DRYINIDiE.
parvum : mandibulae longae, angustse, arcuatse, 4-clentat0e ; deates
parvi, subasquales, vix acuti : palpi tnaxillares 4-articulati, longi,
graciles, filiformes ; articulus 1"". longi-cyathiformis ; 2"\ et 3"%
longiores, subaequales ; 4°\ 3°. multo longior, apice acuminatus :
antennffi 12-articulatJE, setaceae, graciles, ad os insertse, corporis
dimidio breviores ; articulus V\ validus, fusiformis ; 2"\ et
sequentes subfusiformes, usque ad 12"". decrescentes : thorax fusi-
formis, planus, obscurus, pubescens, scitissime et confertissime
punctatus ; prothorax maximus, conicus ; mesothoracis scutum
transversum, parapsidum suture non conspicuae, scutellum ob-
conicum nitens fere leeve ; metathorax maximus, obconicus fere
glaber, ad apicem abrupte declivis, linea per medium nitens Isevis
postice dilatata : petiolus brevissimus : abdomen ovatum, sub-
convexum, nitens, Ireve, fere glabrum, thorace paullo brevius et
latius ; segmentum 1°". maximum ; 2"™. magnum ; 3""". mediocre ;
4""'. et sequentia brevia : pedes validi ; propedes breviores;
metapedes longiores ; coxae magnse ; trochanteres parvi ; femora
clavata ; tibias rectse ; protarsi crassi, articulus 1"*. longus, 2"'.
3"^ et 4"^ breves, 5"^ longior ; meso- et metatarsi longiores, gra-
ciliores, articuli 1°. ad 4°". curtantes, 5°\ 4°. longior ; ungues
magni : alae angustae, pubescentes : proalis nervi 3 per longum
excurrentes ; V\ costae trienti attingens, in discum descendit et
cellulam longam angustam fingens stigmate desinit, 2"\ ante
alae medium desinit, 3"'. adhuc brevior, amborum apices ramulis 2
transversis nervis anterioribus alligati ; stigma parvum, breve,
ramulum emittens longum subarcuatum apice angulatum et costae
propensum.
Mas, fern, similis : abdomen brevius, postice subquadratum ;
antennae fere filiformes.
Sp. 1. Bet. fuscicornis.'* Mas et Fem. Ater, antennis et
pedibus piceis aut fulvis, proalis plus minusvefuscis.
Bethylus fuscicornis. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Ins. IV. 41 ; Spin.
Ins. Lig. Fasc. III. 168.
Omalus fuscicornis. Jurine, Hymen. oQ\. PI. 13. 43; Nees
ab Ess. Hym. Ich. affin. Monogr.
II. 392. 1.
Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : antennas fulvae, supra et apice piceae ;
articulus l"^ piceus, apice fulvus : pedes fulvi ; coxae et femora
nigro-picea ; meso- et metapedum tibiae pallide piceae basi et apice
<* Ent. Magazine, II. 219.
NEW GENERA OF CHALCIDIDyE. 435
falvse, tarsi apice fusci : alas limpidas ; proalis discus plus
minusve fuscus ; nervi costales fusci, subcostales flavi ; stigma
piceum. (Corp. long. lin. 1— 2i ; alar. lin. U — 2|.)
Far. j3. — Mas, protibiae basi fuscae ; meso- et metatibiae piceag :
proalae omnino fuscae ; metalae apice subfuscae.
Far. y. — Mas, Far. /J similis ; antennae fulvae, apice supra fuscae.
Far. B. — Mas, proalae fere omnino limpidae ; nervi costales flavi,
ramulus fulvus.
Far. £. — Fern, antennee basi omnino fulvae.
Far. ^. — Fern, protibiae basi fuscos ; meso- et metatibiae piceae.
Far. rj. — Fern. Far. a similis : mesotibiae fulvae ; metatibiae piceo-
fulvae ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci.
Far. 6. — Fern, antennae fulvae, basi pallidiores, apice supra fuscae :
propedes flavi, femora basi supra fusco-vittata ; meso- et metapedes
fulvi, coxae et femora picea illae apice fulvae, tarsi apice fusci,
metatibiae fusco-cinctae : proalis nervi costales flavi.
June to September ; England and Scotland. Found in
Ireland by Mr. Haliday, and near Paris by the Comte de
Castelneau.
Art. LIV. — Descriptions of two new Genera belonging to the
family Chalcididce. By J. O. Westwood, F. L. S. &c.
The family ChalcididcB, independent of the great beauty of
many of its species, and the singularity of the economy of the
whole, possesses additional claims to the attention of the
Entomologist on two other grounds. 1st, No family presents
more numerous instances of anomalous structure in the
different organs ; and, 2d, The series of affinity amongst the
different sub-families is so complicated, that it would require
far more philosophical views of the nature of the relations of
animals than we at present possess, to account for so many of,
what may be termed, cross-affinities. The two insects de-
scribed below exemplify both these peculiarities of this family
436
NEW GENERA OF CHALCIDID^.
They are both distinguished by the remarkable incrassation of
the costa of the anterior wings, of which I recollect, at present,
no other analogous example. Mr. Walker has, indeed, charac-
terized a genus belonging to the same family under the name of
Pachyneuron ; but the incrassation of the costa of the fore-
wings in that genus is quite trifling compared to that observed in
either of the following insects ; — whilst, at the same time, the
insect secondly described, presents a most striking passage
between two sub-families {Encyrtides and Eulophides), be-
tween which two equally strong modes of transition have
already been proved to exist ; Agonioneurus and Coccoplia-
gus forming one passage, and Tetracnemus and the typical
Eulophi a second. It will be evident that the two insects
described below, although possessing a nearly similar incras-
sated structure of the costa of the wings, are by no means
nearly allied together by affinity; they, indeed, evidently
belonging to distinct sub-families. Hence, in respect to this
character, these insects are allied together by no nearer rela-
tion than that of analogy.
Platynocheilus, Westwood."
Cleonymo affinis ; difFert antennarum articuiis, costA alarum incras-
satS, &c. Corpus elongatum, gracile : caput thoracis latitudine,
oculis magnis lateralibus : antennae thoracis fere longitudine 11-
(vel 12- ?) articulatas, articulo 1°. elongato, 2°. prascedentis fere
dimidii longitudine, articuiis sequentibus parvis et quasi co-
alitis, proximis 5 distinctis sequalibus, clava crassiori ovata 3-
articulata : collate elongatum trigonum : thorax oblongus postice
rotundatus : abdomen oblongum
depressum lateribus subelevatis,
pedunculus brevis : pedes gra-
ciles simplices tarsis 5-articu-
latis : alae anticse costa dilatat^
et ad originem rami deflexi ex-
tens^, nervo subcostali nullo.
Mas.
Species unica mihi adhuc cog-
nita.
nXarvvu;. dilato, et x^'Aos, mergo.
NEW GENERA OF CHALCIDIDE. 437
Platynocheilus Erichsonii, Westwood.
Caput et thorax aureo-viridia, punctata : abdomen viridi-auratum,
nitidissimum ; antennae et pedes fusci, geniculis flavis, femoribus
viridescentibus, costa alarum anticarum nigrA, (Long. corp.
lin. 11.)
Habitat prope Berolinem. Mense Maio captus.
In Musseo Dom. Erichson, Entomologi clarissimi, amicissimi.
Pleuropachus," Westwood.
Genus inter Eulophides et Encyrtides osculans, his structure thoracis
et pedum intermediorum, illis tarsis 4-articulatis et antennis
affinis. Caput transversum, thoracis fere latitudine : antennae
thorace breviores, et, ut videtur 7-articulat8e, articulo 1°. elon-
gate subtus paullo dilatato, 2°. brevi, 3°. duplo longiori, (inter
2""". et 3""". articulus, minutissimus cyathiforrais exstat,) 4". 5". et
6°. aequalibus discretis, 2°. paullo majoribus, ultimo oblongo-ovato
apice acuto (4- ? articulate) : thorax ovatus crassus ut in Encyrtis
constructus scutello, et mesosterno maximis : pedes satis graciles,
intermedii et postici ad basin valde approximati : tarsi 4-articulati
pulvillo magno : tibiae intermediae paullo extus curvatse, calcari
longiori et intus ciliato instructae, articuloque basali tarsorum in-
termediorum paullo dilatato : alse an-
ticse nervo subcostali brevi, costa pone
ejus conjunctionem diktat^ usque ad
originem ram.uli stigraaticalis, hoc
curvato et clavato ; costa etiam alarum
posticarum in medio incrassata : abdo-
men ovato-orbiculatum obtusum pla-
num, fere latitudine thoracis, apice
mucronatum, petiolo triplo breviori,
recto, cylindrico, striolato, adfixum. Mas.
Species unica adhuc mihi cognita.
Sp. 1. Pleuropachus costalis. (Long. corp. 1 lin.; expans. alar.
2 lin.)
Entedon costalis . . Dalm. Act. Holm. 1820, p. 174.
Elachestus costalis . Nees ah EsenbecJc, Hymen. Monog. Vol.
11. p. 143.
'' nXfupa, membrana succingens costas, et irax^s, crassus.
NO. V. VOL. IV. 3 L
438 NOTE ON MACROPLEA ZOSTER.E.
Habitat " in floribus Ch(^rophylli sylvestris prope Seckershausen."
Captus Esenb. loc. cit.
In Mus. Academiae Bounae, olim celeberr. Neesii ab Esenbeck,
cujus cur^ benevolent! hoc insectum cum collectione tola Chal-
cididariim et Proctotrupidarum ipso descripta, mecum ad exami-
nandum, communicatum est.
Art. LV. — Note on Macroplea Zostercv- — By C. C.
Babington, M. a.
As the habits o^ Macroplea zostero' do not appear to be
generally known to Entomologists, a slight notice of them,
from my own observation, may not be considered uninteresting.
On the 4th of June, 1834, when on a visit to a friend at Cley-
next-the-Sea, Norfolk, I accidentally captured about eighty spe-
cimens of this rare insect. We were botanizing in the marshes
near to that place, and having gathered a specimen of Potamoge-
ton pectinatus (a plant which always grows under water, only
raising its small heads of flowers above the surface), in a ditch
of fresh water, I was much surprised by finding in the centre
of its dense mass of leaves and branches, a single specimen of
Macroplea. There being a great quantity of that plant in the
ditch, we of course examined numerous specimens, and were
gratified by the discovery of two or three, and sometimes six or
eight individual insects in each of them. The insects, which
are very sluggish, appear to live quite under water, since they
never occurred upon the outside of the dense tufts of the Pota-
mngeton, but always in the interior of the mass, quite enclosed
by the branches, and not easy to discover without a close ex-
amination. '1 here were many of them found in pairs, showing
that this is their natural habitation, and that they do not live,
like their allies the Donaci^B, upon those parts of water
plants which are above the surface. Although the ditch was
full of various plants, several of which formed dense mats,
(such as Ranunculus aquatilis,) yet we could not discover a
single specimen of Macroplea upon any plant except the
Potatnogcton.
Charles C. Babington.
St. John's College, Cambridge,
Jprill5, 1837.
439
Art. LVI. — Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis
Walker.
( Continued from page 364. j
" the green myriads in the peopled grass."
Family Encyrtid^.
Genus Encyrtus, Dalnian.
Antenricie 11 -articulatae," ad os insertse : thorax antice angustatus,
postice quadratus : prothorax et metathorax minima, vix con-
spicua : abdomen breve, basi latum; segmentum 1""°. magnum;
sequentia breviora, subsequaiia : pedes pleruraque validi ; femora
recta ; tibiae simplices ; tarsorum articuli 1°. ad 4°". curtantes,
5°'. 4°. longior ; ungues et pulvilli parvi ; mesopedum tibiae
spinis armatse, tarsi lati ciliati : proalis nervus humeralis
longus, cubitalis mediocris, ulnaris et radialis brevissimi.
Corpus punctatum, nitens, parce et breviter pubescens : caput
transversum, mediocre, latitudine thoracis, antice convexum :
oculi magni, subrotundi : ocelli in vertice triangulum fingentes,
medius antepositus : antennae clavatag, pubescentes, corporis
dimidio longiores ; articulus 1°'. fusiformis ; 2"'. cyathiformis ;
3'\ et sequentes breves, subcyathiformes, usque ad 8°°'. late-
scentes ; clava ovata, articulo 8". latior et plus duplo longior :
mandibulae tridentatse, subquadratae, non arcuatse ; dentes minuti,
acuti : maxillae longse, subarcuatte ; laciniae acuminatpe, intus
lobatse ; palpi 4-articulati, filiformes, articuli 1"'. 2"'. et 3"'.
mediocres, 4°% multo longior fusiformis : labium obconicum ;
ligula brevis, lata ; palpi biarticulati, breves, validi : thorax ovatus,
planus : parapsidum suturae non conspicuae : paraptera supra
convenientia : scutellum obconicum, apice subacuminatum : ab-
domen ovatum, planum, laeve, glabrum, apice acuminatum et parce
pubescens, thoracis longitudine : oviductus exertus ; vaginae
pubescentes ; metapedum femora et tibiae lata : alae angustae.
(Cerchysius, Westwood.)
Sp. 1. En. urocerus. Fem. Viridis aid cyaneus, abdomen
ciipreum, antenna nigrce, pedes flavi nigro et fusco
varia, alee limpidce, proalce fusco plerumque fasciatce.
' Antennae E. Jvscco 9-articulatae ?
440 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
Encyrtus urocerus . Dalman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl.
Jar Hr 1820, p. 368.
Cerchysius urocerus > IVestwood, Lond. and Edin. Phil. Mag.
et stigmaticalis . ^ aiid Journ. of Science, Third Series,
I. 127.
Fem. — Laete viridis : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae nigrae ;
articulus 1°\ viridis : mesothoracis epimera et metathorax cuprea :
abdomen cupreum, basi viridi varium : oviductus fulvus ; vaginae
nigra, abdominis dimidio paullo longiores : pedes flavi ; coxae
virides ; propedum femora nigra, tibiae basi fuscae, tarsi obscure
fulvi ; mesopedum femora nigro-fusca basi et apice flava, tibiae
basi fusco-cinctae, tarsi apice fusci ; metapedum femora et tibiae
nigra, tarsi apice nigro-fusci : alae limpidas ; squamulae et nervi
nigro-fusca, stigma minutum concolor ; proalae cuique apud stigma
fascia postice abbreviata fusca. (Corp. long. lin. f — 1| ; alar,
lin. 1— li.)
Var. 0. — Mesotibiae omnino flavas.
Far. y. — Abdomen basi laete viride : propedum tibiae fuscae, tarsi
pallide fusci ; mesopedum femora nigra, tibiae nigro-fuscae.
Var. c. — Thorax cyaneo-viridis : abdomen basi laete viride.
Var. €. — Mesopedum femora et tibiae flava, ilia basi fusca.
Var. (. — Proalis fasciae perfectae.
Var. i]. — Mesothoracis scutum agneo-viride.
Var. d. — Caput cyaneum : mesothoracis scutum et scutellum cy-
aneo-viridia : abdomen basi Isete viride : mesotibiae nigro-fuscae :
proalis fasciae perfectae.
Var. I. — Proalae immaculatas.
Var. K. — Mesothoracis scutellum apice aeneum : profemora supra
fusco-vittata : proalae immaculat£e.
Var. \. — Thorax omnino viridis : tarsi fusci, apice obscuriores.
Var. fi. — Caput et thorax cyanea : abdomen basi cyaneo-viride : pro-
tibiae nigrae : proalis fasciae perfectae.
June, July, September; near London, Dorsetshire, Devon-
shire, Isle of Wight. Found at Port Marnock, Ireland, by
Mr. Haliday.
MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM. 441
Fern. — Corpus crassum, latum, convexum, nitens, punctatum, parce
pubescens : caput transversum, thoracis latitudine, postice con-
cavum ; vertex angustus ; frons convexa : oculi magni, non
extantes : os velut E. uroceri formatum : antennae crassae, clavatae,
pubescentes ; articulus 1°'. fusiformis ; 2°% longicyathiformis ;
3°% et sequentes subquadrati, usque ad 8"°. curtantes et lates-
centes ; clava longiovata, articulo 8°. paullo latior et plus duplo
longior : thorax breviovatus ; scutum transversum ; paraptera non
convenientia ; scutellum rhombiforme : abdomen breviovatum,
laeve, supra planum, thorace paullo latius vix brevius : oviductus
subexertus ; vaginae pubescentes ; alae angustse.
Sp. 2. En. cyaneus. Fem. Cyaneus viridi varius, abdomen
viridi-cupreum, anfennts nigrce, pedes fulvi fusco-cincii,
alts apices plerumque fusci.
Encyrtus cyaneus . Dalman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl.
for dr 1820 ; Nees ab Ess. Hym. Ich.
affin. Monogr. II. 228.
Caput nigrum, obscurum : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigrae,
corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus l"^ fulvus, apice supra
fuscus : scutum Isete cyaneum : paraptera nigra, obscura :
scutellum viride : metathorax nigro-cupreus : abdomen viride,
nitens ; discus cupreus : pedes fulvi ; coxse virides ; femora nigra,
apice flava ; tarsi apice obscuriores ; metatibias basi fuscae ; meso-
pedum tibiae et tarsi flava, illae basi fuscae : alae sublimpidae, apice
fuscae ; squamulae et nervi fulva. (Corp. long. lin. | — 1 ; alar,
lin. 1-11.)
Far. jj. — Caput nigro-cyaneum : scutum cyaneo-viride : abdomen
cupreura, basi cupreo- viride micans.
Var. y. — Var. /3 similis : antennis articulus l"^ nigro-fuscus, basi
fulvus.
Var. B. — Metatibiae fuscaB.
Far. e. — Far. h similis: cyaneus: abdomen cupreum, basi viride:
proalae omnino sublimpidae, apud stigma fulvescentes.'
Far. (^. Immatura? Far. e similis: antennae nigro-fuscae : alae
omnino limpidae ; squamulae et nervi flava.
Far. r). — Pedes fulvi; femora nigra; metatibiae fuscae; mesotibiae
fusco-cinctae.
442 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
Var. 6. — Far. e similis : caput nigro-cyaneuni, antennae nigro-fuscas,
articulus l"^ fulvus : thorax cyaneo-viridis : scutum cyaneum :
pedes fulvi ; tarsi apice obscuriores ; metafemora fusca, apice
fulva.
Far. I. — Viridi-cyaneus : antennis articulus l"^ nigro-fuscus, basi
flavus : abdomen cupreum, basi viride : pedes flavi; femora basi
fusca ; tibiae fusco-cinctse ; tarsi apice fusci : protarsi fulvi ;
metapedum femora et tibiae fusca : alae fulvo-limpidse.
June to October ; on grass in fields ; Windsor Forest,
Hampshire, Isle of Wight, Cumberland, North Wales. Found
by Mr. Haliday, near Belfast.
" Bred from a bundle of cocoons attached to a leaf, and
covered with cottony yellow wool, like that which envelopes
some spiders' eggs." — Curtis s British Entomology, 395.
Mas.- — Corpus breve, crassum, convexum, punctatum, nitens, parce
pubescens : caput transversum, thorace paullo latius ; vertex
latus; frons abrupte declivis : oculi majusculi: antennae filiformes
pubescentes, corpore paullo longiores ; articulus 1"'. fusiformis ;
2°^ cyatbiformis, parvus ; .3"\ et sequentes longi, lineares, usque
ad 8","°. paullulum curtantes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8°. fere
duplo longior : thorax ovatus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ;
paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum brevi-obconicum : abdo-
men brevi-ovatum, planum, thorace brevius non augustius : alas
am pise.
Sp. 3. En. Batillus. Mas. Viridis, abdomen cupreum,
antenncB fulvce, pedes flavi, metapedes fusci, alee sub-
limpid(e.
Viridis : capitis vertex cupreo varius : frons laete viridis : oculi et
ocelli obscure rufi : antennae pallide fulvae, corporis longitudine ;
articulus 1°\ laete flavus ; 2"\ supra basi fuscus : scutellum cupreo
varium : abdomen nigro-cupreum ; pedes flavi ; coxee virides ;
tarsi fulvi ; metapedum femora et tibiae fusca: alae sublimpidae,
latae, corpore longiores ; squamulse et nervi fulva. (Corp. long,
lin. I — f ; alar. lin. f — 1.)
Far. ft. — Tibiae fulvo-cinctae.
Far. y. — Metafemora et metatibias nigro-fusca.
Far. L — Mesotarsi flavi apice fusci.
June, September; on grass in fields; near Loudon, Berk-
shire, Wales, Devonshire.
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 443
Mas, — Corpus breve, crassum, punetatum, pubescens, nitens : caput
trausversum, convexum, postice concavum ; vertex latus ; frons
abrupte declivis : oculi magni : thorax ovatus, convexus ; meso-
thoracis scutum trausversum, paraptera fere convenientia, scu-
tellum rhombiforme : abdomen longi-obconicum supra planum,
thorace pauUo brevius et angustius : antennae filiformes, hirtse,
corpore longiores ; articulus 1"% fusiformis, gracilis ; 2"^ parvus,
subrotundus ; 3"^ et sequentes longi, lineares, usque ad 8"™.
paullulum curtantes ; clava fusiformis articulo 8°. multo longior
vix latior : pedes longi, graciles.
Fern. — Antennas subclavatse, corporis longitudine; articulus 1"'.
gracilis; 2"'. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"'. et sequentes usque ad 8"".
latescentes et curtantes ; clava longi-ovata, articulo 8". latior et
plus duplo longior : abdomen brevi-ovatum, subtus carinatum,
thorace multo brevius vix angustius: oviductus occultus.
Sp. 4. En. Gabinius. Mas et Fern. Viridls cupreo aut
CTjaneo variics, abdomen cupreum, antenna nigrcc aut
fuscce, pedes flavi fulvo etfusco varii, metapedes nigri, alee
Umpidce.
Mas. — Laate viridis : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae fuscse ;
articulus l"^ basi flavus : os fuscum : mesothoracis discus cupreo
varius : metathorax cupreus : abdomen cupreum, basi leete viride :
propedes fulvi, coxae femora et tibiae supra fusco-vittata ; meso-
pedes pallide flavi; metapedes nigri, femora ^ subarcuata, tibiae
nigro-fuscae basi et apice fulvae, tarsi pallide fusci : alffi limpidse ;
squamulae fuscae ; nervi fulvi.
Far. /3. — Mesothorax cyaneo-viridis : mesopedes flavi; femora et
tibiae fusco-cincta, tarsi fulvi basi flavi ; metapedum tibiae omnino
nigro-fuscae, tarsi fusci.
Var. y. — Lsete cyaneo-viridis : antennae nigrse ; articulus 1"'. fuscus,
basi et subtus pallide flavus : abdomen nigro-oupreum, basi laete
viride : pedes flavi ; propedum femora et tibiae supra fulvo-vittata,
tarsi fulvi ; mesopedum femora et tibiae basi fulva, tarsi apice
fusci : metapedes nigri, genua et tarsi fusca.
Fern. — Antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus V\ nigro-viridis : scutellum
cupreum : abdomen cupreum, basi micans et viridi varium : tarsi
fulvi, apice fusci ; propedum femora nigra apice flava, tibiae fuscaa
apice fulvae ; mesopedes flavi, femora fusco-cincta, tarsi pallidiores
44^4 MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM.
apice fusci ; metafemora recta quam wan crassiora. (Corp. long.
lin. I — f ; alar, lin. f — 1.)
May, September ; on grass in fields, near London. Found
by Mr. Haliday in Ireland.
Fern. — Corpus sat longum, nitens, scite punctatum, brevissime pu-
bescens : caput transversum, thorace paullo latius ; frons convexa :
oculi magni : antennae clavatse, hirtae, corporis dimidio longiores ;
articulus 1"^ gracilis, fusiformis ; 2"*. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^ et
sequentes subcyathiformes, usqlie ad 8"™. latescentes ; clava
ovata, articulo 8°. latior et plus duplo longior: thorax ovatus,
planus ; mesothoracis scutum transversum, paraptera non conve-
nientia, scutellum brevissime obconicum : abdomen ovatum,
planum, Iseve, subtus carinatum, apice parce hirtum, thorace
paullo latius vix longius : oviductus subexertus : alae angustas.
Sp. 5. En. Marsus. Fem. Viridi-cyaneus, abdomen cu-
pretim, antenncB iiigrce, pedes fusci, alee subfuscce.
Viridi-cyaneus : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae nigras ; arti-
culus 1"'. fuscus, basi et subtus fulvus : abdomen cupreum, basi
viridi varium : pedes fusci ; coxae virides ; femora et tibias apice
fulva ; pro- et meso-tibias fulvse, basi supra fuscse, trochanteres et
tarsi fulvi, hi apice fusci : alas subfuscse ; squamulae et nervi
fulva. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. |.)
July ; on grass, in fields, near London.
Fem. — Corpus parvum, angustum, punctatum, pubescens, parum
nitens : caput transversum, subquadratum, thoracis latitudine ;
vertex angustus ; frons convexa, antice abrupte declivis : oculi
magni, non extantes : antennae clavatse, pubescentes, corporis di-
midio longiores ; articulus 1"". fusiformis ; 2"^ longi-cyathiformis ;
3"'. et sequentes parvi, breves, usque ad 8""'. latescentes ; clava
fusiformis, articulo 8°. latior et triplo longior: thorax ovatus;
mesothoracis scutum transversum, paraptera non convenientia,
scutellum breve semicirculum fingens : abdomen ovatum, planum,
apice angustum acuminatum, thorace vix brevius : oviductus
occultus : pedes graciles : alae angustae.
Sp, 6. En. argentifer. (Haliday MSS.) Fem. Viridis,
sericens, alarum basi ferrugineus, abdomen cupreum, an-
tennce fusccB flavo cinctce, pedes fusco-Jlavi, proalce fnscce
basi limpidce.
MONOORAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 445
Viridis : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : anteniiis articulus V\ fuscus,
apice flavus ; 2"'. et 3"^ lusci : 4"\ et 5"'. flavi ; 6"'. et sequentes
nigro-fusci : scutum albo-t.ericeuni : liumeri et paraptera ferru-
ginea : scutellum nigrum, obscurum metatborax eeneo-viridis,
micans : abdomen laete cupreum, basi viridi varium : pedes laete
flavi ; mesofemora apice fulvo-cincta ; metapedum femora et tibiae"
fusca, basi hse apice quoque flava: proalae fuscae, basi limpidae ;
squamulae et nervi fulva, hi apice fusci ; nietalae limpidie. (Corp,
long. lin. § ; alar. lin. i.)
Found in the Isle of Arran, by Mr. Haliuay.
Fern. — Corpus breve, crasbum, punctatum, pubescens, parum nitens :
caput subrotundum, thorace paullo latins ; vertex latus ; frons
convexa, ad os abrupte declivis : oculi sat magni, non extantes :
antennae clavatas, graciles, subcylindricae, corpore vix breviores ;
articulus 1"'. gracilis, fusiformis; li"'. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"'. et
sequentes breves, subquadrati, usque ad 8""". latescentes ; clava
fusiformis, articulo 8°. pauUo latior et triplo longior : thorax ovatus,
convexus; mesothoracis scutum transversum, paraptera non con-
venientia, scutellum obconicum : abdomen brevi-ovatum, planum,
subtus carinalum, apice acuminatum, thorace paullo brevius et
angustius : oviductus non exertus : pedes longi, graciles : alae
vix ullae-
Sp. 7. En. Sipylus. Fera. Nigro-ceneus ferriigineo varius,
antennrB nigrcs, pedes fulvi, ol<^ Viwpidce.
l^igro-aeneus : caput nigro-viride : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : an-
tennae nigrae ; articulus l"^ basi et apice fuscus : humeri ferru-
ginei : abdomen seneo-fuscum, basi ferrugineum : oviductus vaginae
nigree : pedes fulvi; tarsi flavi, apice pallide fusci : alse limpidve,
mutilatae. (Corp. long. lin. i.)
Var. /3. — Abdomen basi fuscum : metapedes pallide fusci ; tarsi
fulvi, apice fusci.
October, on grass in fields, near London.
Mas. — Corpus parvum, angustum, pubescens, nitens, scitissime
punctatum : caput transversum, subquadratum, thorace latins ;
vertex latus, convexus ; frons convexa: oculi mediocres, non ex-
tantes : antennae filiformes, pilosse, corpore longiores ; articulus
1"'. fusiformis ; 2"'. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"'. et sequentes ad 8""".
longi, lineares, subaequales ; clava fusiformis, acuminata, articulo
8°. multo longior : thorax ovatus ; mesothoracis scutum vix latius
NO. V. VOL. IV. 3 M
>^46 MONOGRAPH I A CHALCIDITUM.
quam longum, paraptera non convenientia, scutellum brevi-obco-
. nicum: abdomen ovatum, planum, laeve, fere glabrum, apice
^ hirtum, thorace pauUo brevius et angustius : sexualia occulta : pedes
longi, graciles ; mesotarsi parum incrassati ; alas vix ullae.
Sp. 8. En. Coraara. Mas. j^neo-viridis, abdomen cupreum,
antenncB fulvcB,jjedes flavi.
jEneo-viridis : oculi et ocelli picei : antenna fulvae ; articulus 1"'-
flavus : abdomen cupreum : pedes flavi ; metafemora fusca, apice
flava: alae limpidae, brevipsimae, volatu ineptse. (Corp. long. lin. \.)
T ar ./3. — Caput et thorax cyaneo-viridia, illius vertex asneo-viridis.
Found near London; also in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday.
Fern. — ^Corpus angustum, punctatum, pubescens, parum nitens :
caput trarisversum, convexum, thoracis latitudine ; vertex an-
gustus ; frons convexa, ad os abrupte declivis : oculi magni :
antennas clavatse, corpore breviores ; articulus l"^ gracilis, fusi-
formis ; 2"'. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^ et sequentes transversi, sub-
quadrati, usque ad 8"". latescentes ; clava longiovata, articulo 8".
pauUo latior et plus triplo longior : thorax ovatus, planus ; meso-
thoracis scutum transversum, paraptera non convenientia, scu-
tellum breve rhombiforme : abdomen ovatum, planum, thorace
paullo angustius non longius : oviductus occultus : pedes validi ;
ala? angustae.
Sp. 9. En. Paralia. Fem. Nigro-piceus fulvo varius,
abdomencupreum, antennce nlgrce albo cinctcBy pedes fusco^
flavi, proalcE fusccB basi limjiidce.
Caput nigrum, obscurum : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae
nigias, articulus l"^ fulvus, basi supra fuscus ; 2"% nigro-fuscus ;
3"'. pallidior, apice albidus ; 4"\ et 5"^ albidi : thorax nigro-piceus,
parum nitens, antice et utrinque fulvus ; paraptera et scutellum
fulva : abdomen nigro-cupreum, basi cupreo-viride micans : pedes
flavi ; femora fusca, basi et apice flava; metatibiae fuscee, basi et
apice flavae : proalse fuscae, basi limpidae ; metalae limpidas ; squa-
mulae et nervi fulva, hi apud stigma fusci. (Corp. long. lin.
2 .
3 »
alar lin. §^1.)
July ; south of France.
Fem. — Corpus breve, crassum, latum, punctatum, pubescens, parum
nitens : caput transversum, vix thoracis latitudine, antice sub-
productum et semicirculum fingens : oculi magni, non extantes:
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 447
antennae clavatae, crassae, pubescentes, corporis dimidio longiores;
articulus 1"'. fusiformis, subtus dilatatus ; 2"^ Ipngi-cyathiformis ;
3"% et sequentes breves, transversi, usque ad 8"°. latescentes ;
clava longiovata, articulo 8". paullo latior et trjplo fere longior:
thorax ovatus, convexus ; scutum transversum, paraptera non con-
venientia, scutellum subrotundum : abdomen rotundum, supra
planum, thorace brevius et latius : metatibiae subarcuatae.
Sp. 10. En. barbarus, Fem. Nigro-cyaneus, abdomen cu-
preum, antennt^ fusccB nlbo cincta apice nigrce, pedes
fulvi, al(B fulvce.
Encyrtus barbarus. Dalman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Haridl.
for ar, 1820; Nees ah Ess. Hym.
Ich. affin. Monogr. II. 211.
Nigro-cyaneus : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae fuscae ; arti-
culus 1"\ niger ; 7"'. et 8°'. albidi ; clava nigra: abdomen cu-
preum, nitens, laeve, fere glabrum : pedes fulvi ; tarsi flavi, apice
fusci ; mesopedes flavi : alte limpidoe, breves, angustse, apice sub-
fuscse ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum ; proalae
cuique apud stigma fascia lata fulva. (Corp. long. lin. |— f ;
alar. lin. | — 1.)
Var. ft. — Antennis articuli 5"% et 6"\ nigro-fusci.
August, September ; near London, North Wales, Scotland.
Found at Holywood, Ireland, by Mr. Haliday.
Sp. 11. En. Zarina. Fem. Cyaneus, abdomen cupreum,
antenncB fusco-fulva, pedes fulvi, alee brevisshncc.
Laete cyaneus : caput viride : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennee
fusco-fulvae ; articulus 1"'. fulvus ; clava fusca : abdomen cu-
preum : pedes fulvi ; mesopedes flavi, tarsi apice fulvi : alse
sublimpidae, mutilatae. (Corp. long. lin. §.)
Found in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday.
Sp. 12. En. Eenei-ventris (Hal. MSS.) Fem. Fulvus, ab-
domen viridi-cupreum, antennce nigrce, pedes fulvi, alee
brevissimce.
Laerte fulvus : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigrae, pubescentes ;
articulus 1"'. fulvus : scuti discus viridescens ; abdomen viridi-cu-
preum ; pedes laete fulvi ; tarsi apice obscuriores : mesopedes flavi :
alae limpidae, mutilatae, brevissimae. (Corp. long. lin. 3.)
ivj-g MONOGRAPniA ClfALCl DITUM.
Frtr. /3. — Scutum omnino fulvuni.
Found on heathy hills, in the Isle of Bute, by Mr. Haliday.
Fem. — Corpus breve, latum, crussum, pubescens, scitissime puiic-
tatum, parum nitens : caput semicirculum fingens thoracis lati-
tudine ; vertex latus ; frons convexa, antice abrupte declivis :
antennte clavatae, pubescentes, corporis dimidio longiores ; arti-
culus 1"'. maxime dilatatus ; 2"'. longi-cyathiformis; 3"% et se-
quentes transversi, brevissitni, usque ad 8"™. latescentes ; clava
brevi-ovata, articulo 8°. latior et plus duplo longior : tliorax brevi-
conicus, planus ; mesothoracis scutum transversum, paraptera non
convenientia, scutellum subrhombiforme : abdomen subrotundum,
supra planum, thorace latius et brevius : oviductus occultus : alse
parvae aut nulla?.
Sp. 13. En. Jalysus. Fem. Fulvus, abdomen nigro-cu-
preum, antennce nigrce, pedes fulci, alee nullce.
Obscure fulvus : oculi et ocelli picei : antennse nigrae : abdomen
nigro-cupreum, nitens : pedes fulvi ; metafemora fusca ; tarsi
flavi, apicefusci. (Corp. long, lin.-j.)
September; on Skiddaw, Cumberland.
Fem. — Niger : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigrae, pubescentes ;
articulus T". ater, nitens : abdomen eeneo-atrum, nitens, laeve, fere
glabrum, apice quasi truncatum : pedes fulvi ; tarsi apice obscu-
riores ; coxae nigrae ; propedum femora nigro-fusca apice basique
flava, tibiae basi fuscse ; metapedum femora nigra, tibiae nigro-fuscag :
alae sublimpidas, angustse, brevissimoe ; proala; cuiqueapud stigma
fascia lata fusca ; squamulae et nervi fusca.
Mas. — Antennse submoniliformes, extrorsum crassiores, corporis lon-
gitudine ; articulus 1"'. fusiformis, non dilatatus ; 2"\ parvus,
- vatus ; 3"'. et sequentes sublineares, usque ad 8"™. curtantes vix
1 atescentes ; clava longiovata, articulo 8°. multo longior vix latior :
abdomen quam fem. brevius ; segmentum 1"™. ejus dorsum fere
totum occupans.
Sp. 14. En. Madyes. Fem. Niger, abdomen ceneo-atrum,
antenncB m&v'i fusca fem. nigrce, pedes nigro-fusci, fem. alee
fuscofasciatcB.
Antennae fuscae : pro- et mesopedum femora nigro-fusca, basi et apice
nigra ; tibiae basi fuscae : alae mutilatae, vix conspicuae. (Corp
long. lin. r^— ^.)
JONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 449
Found on the Arbutus Uva Ursi, on the top of Goatfell, in
the Isle of Arran, by Mr. Iialiday.
Mas. — Corpus parvuni, iiitens, f^citissime squaraeuni, fere glabrum :
caput longitudine latius et in ea thoraci sequum ; vertex angustus ;
frons abrupte declivis : oculi sat magni : antennae gracillimse, ex-
trorsum crassicres, corpore paullo breviores ; articulus 1"'. gra-
cilis, fusiformis ; 2"'. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"'. et sequentes longi,
lineares, usque ad 8""". pauUulum curtantes et latescentes ; clava
fusiformis, acuminata, articulo 8". triplo longior vix latior : thorax
ovatus, planus ; raesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera
supra convenientia ; scutellum rhombiforme, postice subproduc-
tum : abdomen ovatum, planum, ac bi thorax longum et latum :
sexualia subexerta.
Fern. — Antennis clava quam mari longior et latior : abdomen longi-
ovatum, thorace paullo longius : oviductus subexertus.
Sp. 15. En. Imandes. Mas et Feni. Cyoneus, abdomen ni-
gro-cupreum, anlennce fusees, pedes Jlavo-fusci, femora
nigra, alee subfusece.
Cyaneus : caput nigrum : os flavum : palpi fusci : oculi et ocelli
picei : antennae man fusca;, fern, nigro-fuscae ; articulus 1"'. niger :
abdomen nigro-cupreum : sexualia fusca : pedes iiigri ; tibiae
[ flavse, basi fuscse ; tarsi fulvi ; metatibi.-e nigro-fuscae, apice flavae :
alae subfuscae ; squamulae et nervi fusca. (Corp. long. lin. 3 — i ;
alar. lin. | — |.)
Far. /3. — Mas metatibias fulvae, basi fuscae.
Vnr. y. — Fern, thorax purpureo-cyaneus.
July; on grass in woods, near London.
Fern. — Corpus crassum, squameura, nitens, pubescens : caput con-
vexum longitudine latius et in ea thoraci sequum ; vertex latus ;
frons subimpressa, abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : antennae
subclavatae, graciles, corporis dimidio paullo longiores ; articulus
1"\ gracilis, fusiformis ; 2"^ longicyathiformis ; 3"^ et sequentes
parvi, transversi, subcyathiformes, usque ad 8"™. latescentes ; clava
fusiformis, acuminata, articulo 8". plus quadruple longior : thorax
brevi-ovatus, planus ; mesothoracis scutum transversum ; parap-
tera non convenientia; scutellum rhombiforme : abdomen ovatum,
planum, thorace paullo latius non longius : oviductus occultus :
pedes graciles.
450 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
Sp. 16. En. Chaerilus. Fern, ^^neo viridis, abdomen nigro-
cupremn, untenncE nigne, pedes fusci, ales subfusces:
^neo-viridis : oculi et ocelli rufi : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"'.
nigro-viridis : abdomen nigro-cupreum : pedes fusci; genua fulva;
tarsi flavi, apice fusci : alas subfuscse ; squamulae et nervi fusca.
(Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. f .)
September; roots of grass, sandhills, North Wales.
Fern. — Corpus breve, latum, crassum, punctatum, obscurum, albo-
hirtum : caput magnum, brevissimum, non aliter thorade latum,
ad OS abrupte declivis : mandibulse bidentatae, angustK, arcuatae ;
dentes acuti, subsequales : maxillae longae, subarcuatas ; laciniae
acuminatae, intus dilatatae ; palpi filiformes, graciles, articulus
2"'. 1°. longior, 3"'. adhuc longior, 4"^ fusiformis 3". longior : la-
bium angustum, obconicum ; ligula brevis, lata, conica : palpi
biarticulati, breves, subfiliformes : antennas extrorsum crassiores,
corpore pauUo breviores ; articulus l"^ longissimus, fusiformis,
subtus dilatatus ; 2''^ longi-cyathiformis ; 3°% et sequentes longi,
sublineares, usque ad 8"™. curtantes et paullo latescentes ; clava
fusiformis, articulo 8°. duplo longior et paullo latior : thorax sub-
quadratus, convexus : mesothorax dorsum omne occupans ; seg-
menta maxima ; parapsidum suturas non conspicuae ; paraptera
supra non convenientia ; scutellum rhombiforme : pectpris laminae
maximsp : abdomen planum, subtus carinatum, apice oompressum
et acuminatum ; segmentum 1"™. maximum: segmenta ventralia
occulta : oviductus non exertus : pedes validi.
Mas. — Corpus quam fern, angustius : caput antice convexum : an-
tennae filiformes, corporis longitudine ; articulus 1°\ non dila-
tatus ; 2"\ cyathiformes ; 3"^ et sequentes ad 8*"". curtantes;
clava articulo 8". multo longior : abdomen ovatum, subtus con-
vexum, thorace brevius.
Sp. 17. En. hemipterus. Mas et Fem. Nigro-feneus,antennce
nigrcB, tarsi et mari mesopedes pallidi, alee bifusciatce aut
vix ullce.
Encyrtus hemipterus . Dolman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl.
/or a>, 1820; Nees ah Ess. Hym.
Ich. ajfin. Monogr. II. 252.
Nigro-aeneus, obscurus, unicolor : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : palpi
flavi, apice fusci : antennae nigrae, brevissime pubescciites ; arti-
culus 1"\ nigro-aeneus ; clava apice fusca : trophi flavi : pectoris
MONOGRAPHIA CIIALC;1DITUM. 451
laminae nigro-cyaneas : pedes nis;ro-senei ; genua et protarsi fusca ;
meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alse fuscse, mutilatae, subco-
riaceae. (Corp. long. lin. }, — | ; alar. lin. 1.)
Mas. — Abdomen cupreum : tarsi fusci : mesopedes fulvi, femora
fusca.
Var. (3. — Fern, protarsi fulvi.
Far. y. — Fern, caput et thorax nigro-viridia.
Var. L — Fern, alfie perfectJE, fuscse ; squamulae et nervi obscuriora,
horum cubitalis crassus ; proalae cuique fasciae 2, apicalis lunata
alba ; raetalae sublimpidae.
June, September; on ferns; Hampshire, Isle of Wight,
Wales, Cumberland, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, Cornwall, Ire-
land, Auvergne.
Fern. — Corpus crassum, latum, nitens, glabrum, scitissime puncta-
tum : caput brevissimum, thoracis latitudine ; vertex latus,
convexus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : antennae
extrorsum crassiores, corpora vix breviores ; articulus 1"\ longis-
simus, gracilis, subfusiformis ; 2"% longus, linearis, 3"% et se-
quentes longi, linearis, usque ad 8""\ paullulum latescentes et
curtantes ; clava longi-ovata, articulo 8°. duplo fere longior vix
latior: thorax oblongus, subquadratus, convexus: prothorax supra
conspicuus : mesothoracis scutum breve, transversum ; paraptera
magna, supra convenientia ; scutellum rhombiforme : metathorax
sat bene determinatus : abdomen ovatum, supra planum, subtus
carinatum, basi latum, apice angustum et acuminatum : alae
angustse.
Sp. 18. En. Lindus. Fem. Cymieo-fulvus, antennce fuscce
apice Jlavce, pedes fulvi, alee subfuscce aut millce.
Fulvus : capitis vertex et thoracis discus cyaneo-fusca : oculi et ocelli
rufi : antennae fuscse ; articulus 1"'. fulvus ; 2"^ basi et subtus
fulvus ; clava pallida flava, basi fusca : abdominis discus cyaneo-
fuscus : pedes fulvi ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; protarsi obscure
fulvi; metapedum femora et tibiae supra fusca: alse subfuscae ;
squamulae et nervi fusca ; proalae cujusque apicem versus fascia
lunata alba. (Corp. long. lin. \ — | ; alar. \\.)
Var. (j.- — Antennis articulus 1"\ supra apice fuscus ; 3"\ et sequentes
ad 9"™. nigro-fusci : alae nullae.
June ; on chalk downs, Isle of Wight.
i52 MONOGRAPHIyV tH\LCIDITUM.
Fern. — Corpus angustum, scitissinie squameum, parcc et breviter
pubescens : caput breve, autice convexum, thorace paullo angus-
tius : anteniifTe gracillimae, fere filiforrnes, corpore longiores ; arti-
culus l"^ longissimus, gracilis, linearis ; 2"'. longi-cyathiformis ;
3"'. et sequentes ad 8"'". longi, lineares ; clava longissiir.a, linearis,
articulo 8°. paullo latior et plus duplo longior : thorax ovalus,
subconvexus : mesothoracis scutum longitudine latins ; parapsi-
dum suturse non conspicuEe ; paraptera supra non convenientia ;
scutellum snbrhombiforme : abdomen laeve, planum, subtus cari-
natum, apice compressum et acuminatum, thoracis longitudine at
eodem multo angustius : oviductus subexertus : pedes longi, gra-
ciles : alve angustae.
Sp. 19. En. Anceus. Fern. Virldis sericeus, abdomen cupreo-
ceneum, antenncB nigrce, jjedes flavi, alee UmpidcE.
Lsete viridis, quasi sericeus : oculi et ocelli rufi : antennae nigrae, vix
pubescentes : abdomen cupreo-asneum, nitens, glabrum, apice parce
pubescens : oviductus vaginae, nigrae, pubescentes : pedes laete flavi ;
tarsi apice fusci ; alje limpidae ; squamulse et nervi fulva. (Corp.
long. lin. f ; alar. lin. 1^.)
Jar. ft. — ^Metapedum femora et tibiae fusco fasciata,
July, September; on lauristinus and ivy, near London,
North Wales.
Sp. ^0. En. Didius. Fem. Viridis ant capreus, sericeus,
anlennce nigrce aut fusees, pedes Jlavi, mesopedes nigri, alee
limpidce,
Laste viridis, sericeus : capitis vertex viridi-aeneus : oculi et ocelli
obscure rufi: antennae nigrae; articulus 1"\ nigro-viridis, apice
fuscus ; 2''^ apice fuscus : humeri albi : mesothoracis scutum
antice cupreum ; scutellum obscure cupreum : metathorax aeneus :
abdomen cupreum, basi viride, apice parce pubescens : oviductus
vaginae nigrse, pubescentes: pedes pallide flavi; coxae virides;
tarsi apice fulvi; propedum femora et tibiae extus fulvo vittata,
tarsi fulvi ; metapedum femora et tibiae nigra apice basique flava,
tarsi apice fusci : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi pallide fusca.
(Corp. long. lin. | — | ; alar. lin. f — 1.)
Var. /3. — Mesopedum femora basi fusca ; tibiae fuscae, basi et apice
flavae.
Var, y. — Var. /3 similis : antennae fuscje ; articulus l"^ viridis ; 2 ,
niger.
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 453
Far. c. — Caput et thorax cupreo-aenea.
Far. e. — Caput viride : thorax aeneo-viridis, cupreo varius.
July to September; on grass in fields, near London; De-
vonshire.
Mas. — Corpus angustum, sublineare, nitens, scite punctatum, pu-
bescens : caput breve, transversum, thoracis latitudine ; vertex
latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : thorax longi-
ovatus, fere planus : mesothoracis scutum latitudine paullo lon-
gius ; paraptera fere convenientia ; scutellum brevi-obconicum :
abdomen ovatum, planum, laeve, fere glabrum, thorace brevius
vix angustius, apice hirtum : antennae longae, filiformes, pilosae ;
articulus 1"'. fusiformis ; 2°^ subrotundus, parvus ; 3"\ et se-
quentes longi, sequales, sublineares ; clava fusiformis, acuminata,
articulo 8°. multo longior non latior.
Sp. 2\. En. melanopus (Haliday MSS.) Mas. Viridis.
abdomen cupreum, antenna; fusccB, pedes nigro-fusci, meso-
pedes jlaviy alts limpidfe.
Laete viridis : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae fuscae, subtus
fulvae, corpore vix breviores ; articulus 1"'. flavus, subdilatatus,
supra apicem versus niger ; 2"\ supra nigro-fuscus : humeri laete
flavi : abdomen cupreum, basi et utrinque viride : sexualia flava:
pro- et metapedum femora et coxae viridia, ilia apice fulva ; tibise
nigro-fuscae, subtus pallidiores, apice fulvae ; tarsi pallide fusci :
mesopedes flavi ; tibiag basi et tarsi apice fusca : alae limpidae ;
squamulae et nervi pallide fusca. (Corp. long. lin. | — 1 ; alar-
lin. 1— li.)
Var. (j. — Antennis articulus l"\ nigro- viridis ; 2"% nigro-fuscus :
propedes fusci, femora fulva supra viridi vittata, tibiae supra et
apice fulvas ; mesotibias omnino flavae ; metapedum tibiae nigrae,
tarsi fusci basi flavi.
July, October; near London. Found in August on the
coast near Belfast, by Mr. Haliday.
Sp. 22. En. subplanus. Mas. Prcecedenti similis at angus-
tior, antenncs longiores graciliores fulvce.
Encyrtus subplanus. Dalman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl.
for dr, 1820; Nees ab Ess. Hym.
Ich. affin. Monogr. IL 245.
Mas. — Laete viridis, raicans : oculi et ocelli rufi : antennae fulvae,
NO. V. VOL. IV. 3 N
454 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
corporis longitudine ; articuli 1"'. et 2"'. supra virides : humeri
laete flavi : abdomen cupreum, basi viridi-cyaneum : pedes laete
flavi ; coxae virides ; tarsi apice fusci ; propedum femora basi
nigra, tibiae extus fusco vittatae, tarsi fulvi ; mesopedum fem.ora
fulva apice flava, tibiee basi supra fusco maculatae ; metapedum
femora et tibias nigra, tarsi fusci basi flavi : alas limpidse ; squa-
mulae et nervi fulva, hi apice fusci. (Corp. long. lin. | — 1 ; alar,
lin. l|-li.)
May, September ; on grass in fields, near London, Wales,
Isle of Wight.
Sp. 23. En. Gellius. Mas. E. subplano adhuc gracilior
multoque minor.
Viridis, quasi sericeus : capitis vertex viridi-aeneus : oculi et ocelli
obscure rufi : antennae fulvae, corporis longitudine ; articulus 1"'.
viridis, basi et apice flavus ; 2°\ basi fuscus : mesothoracis scutum
antice cupreum ; scutellum obscure cupreum : metathorax aeneus :
abdomen cupreum, basi viride : pedes pallida flavi ; coxae virides ;
tarsi apice fulvi ; propedum femora et tibias extus fulvo vittata,
tarsi fulvi ; mesopedum femora basi fusca, tibiae fuscae basi et
apice flavae ; metapedum femora et tibiae nigra apice basique flava,
tarsi apice fusci : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi pallida fusca :
alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi pallide fusca. (Corp. long. lin.
I ; alar. lin. |.)
September ; on grass in fields ; near London.
Mas. — Corpus longum, sublineare, nitens, scite punctatum, brevis-
sime pubescens : caput transversum, convexum, subquadratum,
latitudine thoraci aequum ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis :
oculi mediocres : antennae graciles, filiformes, pilosae aut pube-
scentes, corpore paullo longiores ; articulus 1"'. fusiformis ; 2°'.
subrotundus ; 3°^ et sequentes longi, lineares, discreti, usque ad
S"". pauUulum curtantes ; clava fusiformis, acuminata, articulo 8".
multo longior : thorax ovatus, planus : mesothoracis scutum vix
latius quam longum ; paraptera fere convenientia ; scutellum ob-
conicum : abdomen ovatum, planum, thorace paullo brevius et
angustius : alae amplae.
Sp. 24. En. Glaphyra. Mas. Viridis ceneo et cyaneo varius,
abdomen cupreum, antennce nigrce autfuscce piloses, pedes
nigro-fuscce, tarsi Jlavi, alee sublimpidw.
Viridis : caput aeneo-varium : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigrae ;
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 455
articulus 1"*. nigro-viridis : abdomen cupreum, basi micans :
coxae et femora nigro-viridia ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci; meso- et
metatibiaa nigro-fuscae, basi albidae, apice flavse ; protibias et pro-
tarsi pallide fusca : alae sublimpidae ; squamulae et nervi fusca.
(Corp. long, lin.i— |; alar. lin. |— 1.)
Var. /3. — Femora nigro-fusca, apice flava ; tibiae pallidiores ; pro-
tibiae flavae, basi supra fuscae.
Var. y. — Thorax asneo-viridis.
Var. h. — Caput et thorax cyaneo-viridia.
Var. £. — Var. /3 similis : mesotibiae flavae, fusco cinctae.
Var. ^. — Antennae nigro-fuscae.
Var. rj. — Metapedum tibiae nigrae, basi et apice pallide flavae ; tarsi
fulvi, apice fusci.
Var. 0. — Antennis articuli 3". ad 11""". pallide fusci.
May to September ; on grass in fields ; near London, Berk-
shire, Isle of Wight, Dorsetshire, &c.
Sp. 25. En. Mattinus. Mas. Cyaneo-viridis, abdomen
cupreum, antennce Jjiscce pubescentes, pedes fusco-fulvi,
metapedes nigri, alee sublimpidcB.
Mas. — Cyaneo-viridis : capitis frons laete viridis : oculi et ocelli
picei : palpi fusci : antennae fuscae ; articulus 1°'. flavus, apice
supra fuscus : abdomen cupreum, basi cyaneum : pedes fulvi ;
coxae virides; femora et tibiae pallide fusca, basi et apice fulva ;
metapedum femora et tibiae nigra : alae sublimpidae, latae. (Corp.
long. lin. f ; alar. lin. 1.)
Var, /3. — Profemora flava.
May, September ; on grass in fields ; near London,
Hampshire.
Mas, — Corpus longum, lineare, punctatum, subnitenS, parce et
breviter pubescens : caput brevissimum, convexum, thoracis
latitudine ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres :
antennae subfiliformes, planse, pubescentes, corpore vix breviores ;
articulus 1"% fusiformis, gracilis; 2°'. subrotundus ; 3°'. et se-
quentes longi, lineares, usque ad 8°°. paullulum curtantes ; clava
fusiformis, articulo 8°. plus dimidio longior : thorax ovatus, con-
vexus; mesothoracis scutum longitudine vix latius ; paraptera
non convenientia ; scutellum obconicum, basi utrinque angulatum :
456 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
abdomen ovatum, planum, longum et latum ac si thorax : alse
longae
Sp. 26. En. serricoi'nis ? Mas. Viridis aut ceneus, scutel-
lum et abdomen cuprea, antennce mgrce, pedes nigro-fuscce,
mesopedes paUidiores, alee limpidce.
Encyrtus serricornis ? Dalman, Kojigl. Vetens. Acad. Handl.
for dr, 1820; Nees ah Ess. Hym,
Ich. affin. Monogr. II. 244.
Encyrtus chalconotus ? Ditto ditto. 232.
Lsete viridis, nitens : gula et os fulva : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi :
antennae nigrae ; articulus l''^ nigro-viridis : thorax subtus aeneo-
viridis, cyaneo varius : humeri albi : scutellum cupreum : meta-
thorax nigro-cupreus : abdomen nigro-cupreum, basi micans :
oviductus subexertus ; vaginas nigrae : pedes nigri; coxas virides ;
genua flava ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; propedum femora nigro-
fusca, tibiae fuscse, tarsi fulvi ; mesopedum femora et tibiae fulva,
apice basique flava : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva, hi
apice obscuriores. (Corp. long. lin. | — f ; alar. lin. 1 — li.)
Var. (3. — Cyaneo-viridis : capitis vertex postice cupreus : antennse
fuscas; articulus 1 °^ nigro-viridis ; 2°'. niger : abdomen cupreum,
basi viride : pro- et metagenua fulva; mesotibiae fuscse; meta-
pedum tibias nigro-fuscae, tarsi fulvi apice fusci.
Var. y. — Protarsi pallide fusci: mesopedum femora nigro-fusca,
apice flava ; tibiae fuscae : metatarsi fulvi, apice fusci.
Far. L — Capitis vertex seneus : scutum cyaneo-viride, antice cu-
preum ; mesopedum femora nigra, apice flava.
Var. E. — Caput et thorax aenea.
September ; Dorsetshire, Cornwall. Found in August on
the coast near Belfast, by Mr. Haliday.
Mas. — Corpus angustum, nitens, scite punctatum, fere glabrum :
caput transversum, convexum, thoracis latitudine ; vertex latus ;
fronsabruptedeclivis: oculi mediocres: antennce filiformes, pilosae,
corpore vix breviores ; articulus 1"'. fusiformis, subtus dilatatus ;
2"^ parvus, brevi-cyathiformis ; .3°'. et sequentes longi, aequales,
sublineares ; clava fusiformis, acuminata, articulo 8°. multo
longior : thorax longi-ovatus fere planus ; mesothoracis scutum
transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum obconicum :
abdomen ovatum, planum, thorace brcvius vix angustius.
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 457
Sp. 27. En. Anebus. Mas. 1 iridis, abdomen cupreum, an-
tenncB nigrce, pedes nigro-fusci, tarsi Jlavi, alee. Umpidde.
Laete viridis : capitis vertex cupreo varius : oculi et ocelli picei :
antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"'. viridis : . abdomen nigro-cupreum :
sexualia fulva : propedes fulvi, femora nigra, tibiae fusco cinctoe ;
mesopedes flavi, femora nigra, tibiae fusco-cinctae, tarsi flavi apice
fulvi; metapedum femora et tibiae nigra, genua fulva, tarsi flavi
apice fusci : alas limpidae ; squamulas fuscse ; nervi fulvi, apice
fusci. (Corp. long. lin. § ; alar. lin. 1.)
Var. ft. — Capitis vertex cupreus : thorax cupreo-viridis.
June; Hampshire, Isle of Wight.
Mas.- — Corpus breve, crassum, scabre punctatum, parce pubescens,
parum nitens : caput transversum, breve, convexum, thorace
paullo latius ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : antennae sub-
moniliformes, pilosse, corporis longitudine ; articulus 1"'. gracilis,
fusiformis ; 2"*. brevis, cyathiformis ; 3"\ et sequentes ad 8°"°.
longi, aequales, sublineares, discreti ; clava longi-ovata, articulo
8°. latior et multo longior : thorax ovatus, altus, fere planus : me-
sothoracis scutum vix longitudine latius ; paraptera noa conve-
nientia ; scutellum obconicum : abdomen brevi-ovatura, planum,
laeve, nitens, fere glabrum, thorace paullo angustius et plus di-
midio brevius : pedes longiusculi.
Sp. 28. En. Aralius. Mas. Viridi-ceneus, antennce fuscce
aut fulvce, pedes nigro-fuscce, femora viridia, mesopedes
fusco-fulvcs^ alee limpidce.
-/Eneo-viridis : caput viride : oculi et ocelli obsure rufi : antennae
nigro-fuscse ; articulus 1°'. viridis ; 2°^ niger : scutellum viridi-
aeneum : abdomen cupreo-aeneum, viridi varium : pro- et meta-
pedum coxae et femora viridia ; genua fulva ; tibiae nigr^ ; tarsi
fulvi, apice fusci : mesopedum femora et tibi^ fusca, has apice
fulvas ; genua flava ; tarsi pallide fulvi, apice fulvo-fusci : alae
limpidae ; squamulas et nervi fusca. (Corp. long. lin. ^ — | ; alar.
lin.f-1.)
Var, ft. — Thorax viridis: scutellum aeneo-viride.
Var. y. — Thorax aeneus : caput viridi-seneum : protibiae nigro-
fuscae, apice fulvae : mesotarsi flavi, apice fusci : alarum nervi
fulvi, apice obscuriores.
458 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
Far. S. — Antennas fulvse ; articulus 1"'. viridis ; 2"'. niger : scutel-
lum aeneum : abdomen nigro-seneum : genua flava ; tarsi pallide
fusci : mesopedum tibiae apice flavae ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; pro-
tibiae nigro-fuscae : alarum nervi fulvi, apice obscuriores.
September ; near London, Isle of Wight.
Mas. — Corpus breve, crassum, pubescens, subnitens, scite puncta-
tum : caput transversum, breve, convexum, thoracis latitudine ;
vertex latus; frons abrupte dechvis : ocuh mediocres : antennae
fiUformes, pilosae, corporis longitudine ; articulus l"'. gracilis, fusi-
formis; 2"^ brevis, cyathiformis ; 3"% etsequentes long!, lineares,
approximati, usque ad 8"™. curtantes; clava fusiformis, acuminata,
articulo 8°. multo longior non latior : thorax ovatus, convexus :
mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ;
scutellum brevi-obconicum : abdomen brevi-ovatum, planum,
thorace multo brevius vix angustius.
Sp. 29. En. Teuteus. Mas. Cyaneo-viridis, abdomen ceneurn,
antenncB nigro-fusccB, pedes fusci, mesopedes fulvi, alee
limindce.
Cyaneo-viridis : caput nigrum, obscurum, postice aeneum : oculi et
ocelli obscure rufi : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus 1"". basi fulvus :
metathorax jeneus : abdomen cupreo-aeneum, viridi varium : pro-
pedes fusci, genua et tarsi pallidiora : mesopedes laeti fulvi, tarsi
apice obscuriores : metapedes nigro-fusci, genua fulva, tarsi pallide
fusci : alae limpidse ; squamulae et nervi pallide fusca. (Corp.
long. lin. I ; alar. lin. 1.)
Found near London.
Mas. — Corpus sublineare, pubescens, subnitens, scite punctatum :
caput transversum, breve, convexum, thoracis latitudine ; vertex
latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : antennae fili-
formes, pubescentes, corpore paullo breviores ; articulus 1"%
gracilis, fusiformis ; 2"\ cyathiformis, brevis ; 3"^ et sequentes
ad 8"". longi, lineares, subaequales ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8°.
fere duplo longior : thorax longi-ovatus, convexus : mesothoracis
scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum ob-
conicum : abdomen ovatum, planum, thorace brevius.
Sp. 30. En. Aithyia. Mas. Viridis aut cupreus, antennae
fuscce, pedes fusci, tarsi pallidiores, alee limpidce.
Viridis : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae fuscae ; articuli 1"'. et
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 459
2°". nigri : thorax cupreo-varius : abdomen nigro-cupreum : sex-
ualia fusca : pedes nigro-fusci ; genua fulva ; tarsi pallide fusci ;
mesotarsi flavi, apice fusci : alse limpidae ; squamulas at nervi
pallide fusca. (Corp. long. lin. §; alar, lin, 1.)
Var. /3. — Caput cupreo varium : thorax omnino cupreus.
Far. y. — Genua et tarsi flava, hi apice fusci : protarsi fulvi.
July, September ; near London, Cornwall.
Mas. — Corpus crassum, punctatum, pubescens, parum nitens :
caput thoracis latitudine, transversum, breve, convexum ; vertex
latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : thorax ovatus,
altus, convexus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera
fere convenientia ; scutellum obconicum : abdomen ovatum,
planum, thorace paullo brevius multo angustius ; antennas longi-
tudine corporis, filiformes, pubescentes, articulus I"", gracilis,
fusiformis ; 2"^ subrotundus ; 3"'. et sequentes longi, subli-
neares, usque ad 8^^. paullulum curtantes ; clava fusiformes, acu-
minata, articulo 8o. multo longior non latior : pedes longi.
Sp. 31. En. Spherus. Mas. Niger aut viridis, abdomen
cupreum, antenncs nigro-fusccB , pedes nigro-fusci, tarsi pal-
lidiores, alee albcE.
Niger : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigro-fuscas ; articulus 1"^-,
niger : abdomen nitens, laeve, fere glabrum : sexualia fusca : pedes
nigro-fusci ; genua fulva ; tarsi pallide fusci : aloe albas ;
squamulas et nervi fulva. (Corp. long. lin. \ — § ; alar. lin. .
i_3 ^
2 4-/
Var. /3. — Pedes fusci ; tarsi flavi, apice obscuriores.
Var. y. — Viridis : antennis articulus 1"'. viridis : scutellum cupreo- .
jeneum: abdomen nigro-cupreum : mesotarsi basi et sub tus flavi. .
Var. h. — Var. y similis : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus 1°'. fuscus, ,
basi flavus : scutum viridi-cupreum.
September ; near London, North Wales, Dorsetshire.
Mas. — Corpus longum, angustum, scite squameum, parce pube-
scens, parum nitens : caput thoracis latitudine, transversum, breve;
vertex convexus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : an-
tennae subserratse, corporis longitudine ; articulus V\ fusiformis ;
2"'. brevis, cyathiformis ; 3"'. et sequentes ad 8"". latiores, cyathi-
460 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.
formes, subasquales ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8". duplo longior :
thorax longi-ovatus, planus : mesothoracis scutum ut latum sic
longum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum brevi-obconicum :
metathorax bene determinatus : abdomen longi-ovatum, depres-
sum basi angustius, thoracis longitudine : pedes sat longi ; meta-
femora subclavata.
Sp. 32. En. Machaeras. Mas. Cupreus, antennas fuscee,
pedes fulvo-fusci, femora nigra, alee limpidce.
Cupreus : oculi et ocelli picei : antennas pallide fuscse ; articuli 1".
et 2"'. nigro-asnei, hie apice et ille basi fulvi : metathorax nigro-
cupreus : scutellum et abdomen nigro- cuprea, hoc nitens laeve
fere glabrum : sexualia fusca : pedes fusci ; coxas et femora nigra,
hse apice albida ; tibiae basi albidae ; tarsi fulvi ; mesotarsi flavi,
apice fusci : alse limpidas ; squamulse et nervi fulva, hi apud
stigma obscuriores. (Corp. long. lin. § ; alar. lin. 1.)
September; on grass in fields, near London.
Fem.— Corpus breve, sublineare, punctatum, nitens, pubescens :
caput transversum, breve, convexum, thoracis latitudine ; frons
abrupte declivis : antennae clavatae, graciles, corporis dimidio vix
breviores ; articulus 1"'. fusiformis, gracilis ; 2"'. longi-cyathifor-
mis ', 3"'. et sequentes breves, subquadrati, usque ad 8""^. late-
scentes et curtantes ; clava longi-ovata, articulo 8°. paullo latior
et plus duplo longior : thorax ovatus, planus : mesothoracis scutum
transversum ; paraptera supra non convenientia ; scutellum brevi-
obconicum : abdomen brevi-ovatum, planum, thorace paullo latius
vix brevius, subtus convexum, apice acuminatum : oviductus oc-
cultus : alae amplae.
Mas. — Corpus quam /em. angustius : antennae moniliformes, verti-
cillato-pilosEe, corporis dimido longiores ; articulus 2"'. subrotun-
dus, parvus ; 3"'. et sequentes ad 8"™. discreti, subtrigoni ; clava
longi-ovata, articulo 8°. duplo longior non latior : abdomen tho-
race non latius.
Sp. 2t^. En. subcupratus. Mas et Fem. Cupreus, antennce
mari fulvce fem. fuscce, pedes flavi, metapedes ameo-fusci,
alee limpid w.
Encyrtus subcupratus . Dolman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad.
Handl. for dr, 1820 ; Nees ah Ess.
Hym. Ich. qffin. Monogr. II. 252.
Fem. — Cupreus : caput viridi-asneum, subtus viride : oculi et ocelli
MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 461
obscure rufi : antennae fuscse : thorax subtus cyaneo-viridis : ab-
domen cupreum, Iseve, fere glabrum, basi viridi varium : pedes
laete flavi ; coxae cuprese ; tarsi apice fusci : metapedum femora
nigro-eenea, tibiae nigro-fuscae apice basique flavae ; alae limpidae,
fulvo subtinctae, corporis longitudine ; squamulas et nervi fulva.
(Corp. long. lin. |— |; alar. lin. | — 1.)
Mas. — Antennae fulvae ; articuli 1"'. et 2"'. supra fusci.
Far. /3. — Fern. Abdomen basi oranino viride.
Far. y. — Fern. Caput Isete viride, antice viridi-cyaneum, postice
viridi-aeneum : thorax antice aeneo-viridis.
Var. c. — Mas. Thoracis scutum viridi varium.
Far. £. — Mas. Caput et thorax viridia : scutellura cupreum.
April, May, July to September ; on grass in woods near
London, North Wales, Scotland. Found in Ireland by Mr.
Haliday.
Sp. 34. En. conifera;. (Haliday MSS.) Maset Fern. Viridis
aut cupreus, antennw fiilvce, pedes niari fusci fem. flavi,
metapedes nigri, ales limpidce.
Fem. — Viridis, cupreo-varius : caput antice viridi micans : oculi et
ocelli obscure rufi : antennae fulvae ; articuli 1"'. et T\ fusci, apice
flavi : mesothoracis scutellum apice cupreum : abdomen laete cu-
preum : pedes flavi ; tarsi apice fusci ; protibiae et protarsi fulva;
metafemora et metatibiae nigra, basi et apice flava : alaj limpidae ;
squamulae et nervi fulva, hi apice obscuriores.
far. j3. — Scutellum cupreum : abdomen basi viridi-cupreum.
Yq^^ y. — Far. (i similis : caput postice cupreum : scuti discus cu-
preus.
Far. c.— Antennis articuli V. et 2"\ apice fulvi ; Z"\ et sequentes
fusco-fulvi.
Far. £. — Antennae fuscae : caput et thorax supra cuprea.
Mas. — Cupreus, nitens : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antenna fulvae ;
articuli 1"'. et 2"' fusci : abdomen nigro-cupreum : pedes flavi ;
coxae seneae ; pro- et mesopedum femora et tibiae nigro-fusca,
basi et apice flava : pro- et metatarsi fulvi : metafemora et meta-
tibiae nigra : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi fusca. (Corp. long,
lin. I — I ; alar. lin. | — 1^.)
Far. /3 — Antennis articuli 1"'. et 2"' nigri.
September; Dorsetshire, Devonshire. Found in Ireland,
by Mr. Haliday.
NO. V. VOL. IV. . S o
462 NOTES OF A VOY'AGE TO
Art. LVII. — Notes of a Voyage to Alien, Hammerfest, Sfc.
By William Christy, Jun. \_N'ote. — The Entomological
Remarks are mostly added from Mr. Walker's Notes.]
1836, Jtdi/ 12. — After a pleasant voyage from the Thames,
of twelve days, we were roused by the cry of land, and, on
coming on deck, were gratified by a sight of the magnificent
range of the Lofoden Islands, whose mountains, of great
height, and in many places capped with snow, were glittering
in the rays of the morning sun. Several large whales were
sporting about, and spouting the water to a considerable
height, with a noise resembling that occasioned by the ascent
of a large rocket. A fine specimen of that rare British fish
the Bergylt {Sehastes Normgicus,) was procured, and Coal-fish,
{Merlangus carbonarhis,) were leaping from the water in great
numbers.
\3th. — In our passage along the Lofoden Isles, we were
much amused in witnessing the piratical propensities of the
Arctic Gull {Lestris Richardsoni,) exercised among the im-
mense flocks of gulls, kittiwakes, &c., which were flying
round us. From some of the latter which were shot, we pro-
cured two species of parasites. We fell in with a fishing boat,
from which we obtained a large halibut, some cod, ling, and
torsk, {Brosmius vulgaris, Cuv.)
On the skin of the halibut were numerous flat, oval, white
bodies, probably parasites, and the liver was infested with
small vermes about an inch long, rolled in circles. On various
parts of the bodies of most of the fish were observed numerous
parasitical entomostracous animals, belonging to the genus
Pandarus. They were probably P. alatiis, jNIilne Edwd.,
although certainly much resembling P. Lamnw, Johnst. {Mag.
Nat. Hist. viii. p. 204.) When placed in a phial of water
they swam about vigorously, using their fins,* M'hich move
by pairs, with a quick abrupt motion. Antennae short,
projecting beyond the head, branched, ciliate, terminated by
setae. Two long filaments at the extremity of the abdomen,
with four or five joints. Colour pale yellow. Another and
smaller kind, was paler and more transparent, and had three
Pattes thoraciques, Edwards.
ALTEN, HAMMERFEST, &C. 463
red set£e on each side of the extremity of the abdomen, which
was shorter, and wanted the long filaments. Perhaps it was
only the other sex, as, according to Milne Edwards and John-
stone, these appendages are peculiar to the females. Those
which we found with filaments were evidently females, from
the bunches of ova beneath the abdomen.
l^tk. — We passed the Island of Fugeloe, which we viewed
with much interest, as being one of the various spots on the
Norwegian coast, where the skeletons of whales are said to occur
on the summits of mountains. Unfortunately we were outside
a dangerous reef, and could not land to visit it. With the
telescope we could discern nothing of the kind ; but this might
be owing to the highest ridges being still covered with snow.
The sunset, if it may be so called, was the most beautiful we
had yet seen. At midnight the sun was considerably above
the horizon, and the sky was literally without a cloud. The
whales and gulls were as numerous and active as during the
day, and it is difficult to know when these creatures sleep in
summer time.
15t/i. — This morning we found ourselves just entering Soroe
Sund, between the islands of Soroe and Lopper. Here we
observed several insects flying over us, amongst which were a
Tijmla and a large dragon-fly. The sail up Soroe Sund is
extremely beautiful. On one side, the rocky and barren shores,
Soroe, with the little town of Hasvig; and on the other, the
lofty mountains of the island of Seyland, crowned by a mag-
nificent glacier, which in some places descended the ravines
almost to the water's edge. To such of us as had never been
in Switzerland, the sight of the clear green ice projecting
through the snow, was novel and interesting. Being becalmed,
we resolved to land on the island of Soroe, and accordingly
went ashore a little north of Hasvig. As we approached the
shore we saw several eider ducks, and some others, but not
sufficiently near to discern the species. Landing on the rocks,
covered with sea weed, we immediately came upon a rich
csiiyei o^ Empetrum nigrum, Azalea procumbens, Cornus suecica,
and Trientalis Europaa. Another boggy spot, in a low situa-
tion, was distinguished by more luxuriant vegetation, consisting
of Geranium si/lvaticum, Polemonum cceruleum, Epilohium aw-
pustifolium, Sonchus alpi?ms, Lotus corniculatus, &;c. &c.
Here also, our first personal introduction to the insects of
464 NOTES OF A VOYAGE TO
Norway took place, by our falling in with clouds of musqui-
toes, which were but too ardent in welcoming us to their
shores. A shady ravine afforded a few Scdices, Pohipodium
dryopteris, Aspidium d'datatiim^ and last, but not least, the
lovely Viola hiflora. Pingidcida vulgaris and Rubits chamwrno-
rus were abundant, as were also Bartsia alpina and Pedicidaris
lapponica^ while the highest rocks were adorned with the neat
dense tufts and white flowers of Diapensla lapj)onica. On
the banks of a small lake I was delighted to find a large patch
of the beautiful Menziesla ca^ridea, which I greeted with
pleasure, not merely from its rarity as a British plant, but
also as recalling to my remembrance in a foreign land, my
venerable friend whose name it bears. Among other insects
we noticed Carahus glabratus, Malthinus 1 species, Lesteva 2
species, ' Deporaus Betidw, Telephorus 1 species, Allantus 2.
Ichneumones genuini 13, Ichneumones adsciti 5, Cinetus 1,
Pteromalus 1, Ctdea; abundant, Chironomus 3, Ceratopogon 1,
Molophilus hrevipennis^ Erioptera 1, Limnobia 2, Tipula 1,
Leia 1, Sciophila 1, Mycetophila 1, Molobrns 1, Rhagio sco-
lopaceus, Rhamphoinyia 3, Dolichopus 1, Sphcerophoria 1,
Scwva 1, Anthomyia 12, Cordylura 1, Psila 1, Scatophaga 1,
Ccclopa 1, Libellida 1, Nemoura 1, Zygwna Zo^/ very abundant
and many Acari, under stones on the sea shore. On the rocks
and sea weeds I observed abundance of a small Littorina, and
dead shells of Cyprina Islandica and Pkolas crispatus, and
the rocks were strewed with shells o( Echinus escidentus, broken
by the gulls and hooded crows. I found many of these also
on the mountains, at a considerable elevation, and consider it
not impossible that abundance of sea shells, carried to elevated
spots by this means, may in some cases have led to the
idea of the level of the sea having sunk, or the land risen. I
do not, however, by any means wish to invalidate the truth of
this theory, which appears to have been established beyond
dispute.
\Qth. The wind having died away, it was late in the after-
noon before we reached Hammerfest. This most northern
town in Europe is situated in a beautiful bay, completely land-
locked, and has a very pretty appearance from the water. A
closer inspection rather disappointed us, from the irregularity
of the buildings, although, taken individually, some of the
houses are large and handsome. The church is a very primi-
ALTEN, HAMMERFEST, &C. 465
tive structure, built of wood, as is the whole town. It is
apparently old, but contains relics of an older edifice, in the
curiously carved pulpit, &c.
In the church-yard, which is just outside the town, we found
Cornus suecica, Trieatalis Europa?a, and Poh/qonum thiparum
growing on the graves. Some rocks a little further along the
shore afforded us Saxifraga rivularis, Cerastium alplnum, and
other alpine plants.
We supped at the house of one of the principal merchants,
where we were regaled with the sour milk of the country, and
rein-deer venison killed the previous winter, which was per-
fectly fresh and good. The remarkably dry air of this
country greatly retards the putrefaction of animal matter.
The greater part of the fish which is cured for exportation is
merely dried by exposure to the air, without any salt.
\lth. — After attending divine service in the church, we took
the track towards the Tyvefield or Thief Mountain, — the high-
est point of elevation in the immediate neighbourhood. It is
only about 1,200 feet high, but still affords a magnificent
view over the islands and fiords. From its summit the North
Cape on the island of Mageroe is distinctly seen at the dis-
tance, in a straight line, of about thirty-six miles. A small
ravine at the foot of the mountain was filled with stunted
birches, theonly trees, if I may so call them, which occur so
far north. Beneath them the ground was quite yellow with
the blossoms of the lovely Viola hiflora. Here I also met
with abundance of Menziesia coerulea. The musquitoes were
too abundant to render botanizing here at all agreeable. With
the exception of this troublesome little insect, we have been
much struck with the very great dearth of animal life in
these northern regions. Hardly a bird breaks the desolate
repose of the scene, except now and then a solitary eagle,
{F. alhicilla ?) or a few golden plovers or stonechats.
Even insects are almost entirely wanting. A few small
Lepidoptera (principally moths,) and some minute Diptera,
comprise all we have seen. Amongst other plants, Salix
lanata, so rare with us, was not uncommon. On our return
to Hammerfest we were much amused by the little patches of
ground called gardens. The principal houses each possessed
one, a few yards square, containing potatoes, which attain the
size of walnuts, turnips about the size of our turnip-radishes,
466
NOTES OF A VOYAGE TO
and a few other annual esculents. In the whole neiglibour-
hood there is not the slightest attempt at agriculture ; indeed
we only saw one enclosed pasture. This, however, being
backed by high rocks, and open to the south, displayed as
luxuriant a crop of grass and buttercups as ever adorned an
English meadow.
ISth. — Landed on the Peninsula of Fugelness, on the oppo-
site side of the Bay of Hammerfest. It is low and covered
with turf, through which the schistose rocks of the district
appear. Here, owing to its exposed situation, there are no
attempts at gardening. In an old enclosure, formerly a bury-
ing ground, I sowed, round the only tomb now remaining,
Malcomia maritima, Lupinus Nootkatensis , Esckscholtzia crocea,
and Calif ornica, with the stately He rackiim giganteum. Here
I also gathered Botryclilum lunaria^ Parnassia palustris,
Cochlearia Grwnlandica ? and Carex incurra.
In proceeding round the bay towards Hammerfest, the coast
becomes more rocky, and about midway there are some
tolerably high cliffs, on which we gathered Potentilla alpestris,
Erigeron unijiorus, Rhodiola rosea, Saxifraga opposit'ifolla, and
nivalis, with Cystea fragilis. A Libellula and few specimens of
Hipparchia Blandina were captured, and under stones we
found Miscodera arctica. In the evening, at the house of the
Tollder (chief of the customs,) who has a collection of some
of the natural productions of the country, I saw beautiful
specimens of the fine Alcgonimn arhoreum and Gorgonia lepa-
difera, both of which are figured in De Capell Brook's Travels.
The wind blowing violently from the north-east, with every
prospect of continuance, we reluctantly abandoned an expedi-
tion to the North Cape, in company with some French gen-
tlemen, who ai'e here for that purpose, but who, having more
time to spare, are determined to remain till the weather per-
mits their making the excursion.
19^/^. — Rambled up a large valley among the mountains at
the back of Fugleness, with the intention of ascending the
highest point. Our way lay through a most desolate track, with
a succession of small lakes, and abounding in Salices. From
the remains of large birch trees which present themselves at
every step, it is evident that this valley was at no distant period
extensively wooded. It is difficult to say what has caused the
mortality, but in some instances it is evidently the result of
ALTEN, HAMMERFEST, &C. 467
avalanches having fallen from above, and lain so long as to
destroy the vitality of the trees.
The ascent of the mountain was rather difficult, owing to
the loose fragments of rock which cover the upper part of
it. Amongst them grew abundance of Cryptogramona crispa,
and on a small bare spot I was delighted to espy a solitary
patch of that most lovely little plant, Andromeda hypnoides.
This, like some other plants I have noticed, was very local,
as the most diligent search failed in discovering more of it.
The rocks on the summit were completely carpeted with
Diapensia lapponica, and Drijas octopetala. The wind was so
high and the cold so great, that 1 was glad to descend towards
Fugleness. On my way down I gathered a large stock of
Bartsia alpina, Pedicularis lapponica, with other good plants.
^Oth. — The rain kept us on board all the day, and the cold
was such that we were glad to have a fire in the cabin. This,
however, afforded me a good opportunity for arranging the
collection of plants I had made.
21s^. — Weather still wet and cold. In the afternoon it
cleared up and we went to Hammerfest, where we visited
every respectable house in the town, for the purpose of inviting
the inhabitants to a ball, which we resolved to give. After
making our calls, we rambled among some rocks above the
town, and gathered some Salices, &c. One of our party, who
had been shooting sea-fowl on the Great Hielm, a rock some-
what resembling the Bass, about five miles out in the
bay, returned with some fine specimens of Lithospermum
maritimum.
22d. — The fore part of this day was devoted to another
ascent of the Tyvefield, from which, the weather being clear,
we had a splendid view. The North Cape in one direction,
and the Glacier opposite Hasvig in the other, were distinctly
visible. The plants gathered were much the same as on a
former occasion, with the exception of a Luzida, apparently L.
kyperborea, R. Br. Among the few insects seen was a species
of Melitwa, at an elevation of about 1,000 feet. On our
return to the vessel we had barely time to dine and dress for
the ball, as in this country such entertainments commence
at an early hour. At half-past six the company began to
arrive, but the gentlemen only were shown into the refresh-
ment room, where we received them. The table was loaded
468 NOTES OF A VOYAGE TO
with " schnaps," in the form of ham, salt beef, dried sahnon,
&c, &c., with wines, spirits, and hqueurs. After every one
had taken something to eat and drink, and most of our visitors
had smoked a pipe, we adjourned to the ladies, whom we found
seated round the ball-room, awaiting our arrival.
Dancing immediately commenced, and was kept up with
great spirit for twelve hours. Waltzes and country dances
were the favourites. A quadrille was indeed attempted, out of
compliment to us, but it turned out a decided failure. Our
orchestra, consisting of three violins, was not the best in the
world, but it served the purpose. Refreshments were from
time to time handed round to the ladies, while the gentlemen
paid not unfrequent visits to the refreshment room, for
another whiff at their pipes, or to discuss some of the good
things, amongst which, excellent but very potent rum punch
was not the least conspicuous.
The ladies, although inhabiting so northern and remote a
region, certainly would not have discredited the ball-rooms of
more favoured countries. Some of them were distinguished for
personal beauty, and I could not help agreeing with a remark'^
which my friend Forbes made, in reference to a more southern
point of Norway, that " the ladies of Norway are decidedly
well worthy the attention of the naturalist."
What appeared most strange to us was, that the whole
affair took place by broad daylight. At six o'clock our
visitors began to depart, but not before we had received the
thanks of the party, for one of the most distingue assemblies
that had ever been given in Hammerfest. The number
present was between sixty and seventy, and the whole ex-
pense, including refreshments, hire of room, musicians, &c. &c.
did not exceed 10/.
23(1. — After a few hours' sleep we went on shore to make
our farewell visits to our partners of the preceding evening.
Having performed this duty, and got on board various furs,
&c., which we had purchased, we weighed anchor in the even-
ing, and with a light breeze left this hospitable place. Some
of our fair friends, stationed on an elevated spot near the
church, waved their adieus as we passed down the bay, and we
^ Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. p. 250.
ALTEN, HAMMERFEST, &C. 469
continued to salute them with all the fire-arms we could
muster, as long as we were in sight. The short nights we
had lately had made us inclined to turn in at an early
hour, especially as the scenery through which we were passing
was not particularly fine.
24#A. — During the night we entered the Great Alten Fiord,
but the wind dying away we made but little progress. The
scenery began decidedly to improve. In some places the
Fiord resembled a large lake, in others it was contracted to a
narrow passage, between high and almost perpendicular rocks.
On some of these precipices we observed a few pines, and the
farther we advanced the larger and more numerous they be-
came. It was not, however, till the evening when wo entered
Kaafiord (pronounced A'ofiord), that they constituted an im-
portant feature of the scene. Here we saw mountains covered
with them to a considerable elevation. The wind having quite
died away, we had much difficulty in working up the narrow
fiord, but at length anchored a little below the establishment
of the Alten Mining Company, to which our vessel was bound.
The narrow Fiord was bounded on one side by mountains
upwards of 1000 feet in height, which rose almost perpen-
dicularly from the water, while on the opposite side, between
the high mountains and the shore, were hills covered with
pine and birch, below which were scattered the smelting-
houses, cottages and other buildings belonging to the establish-
ment. We were most hospitably received at the house by
Messrs. Woodfall and Crowe, the resident Directors, the latter
of whom had been our fellow-passenger from England. His
knowledge of the language, and extensive acquaintance, proved
of great service to us at Hammerfest and elsewhere. From
these gentlemen, and indeed every one connected with the
mines, we received every possible kindness and assistance.
Before retiring to rest I ran up into the pine woods above the
house, and was repaid by seeing a bank entirely covered with
the delicate flowers of LinncEa borealis, which quite perfumed
the air. As long as I remained in Finmark, I almost always
wore a bouquet of Linncea and Menziesia in my cap.
25^/i and ^Qth. — We visited the mines, which are numerous,
and are worked by means of levels or adits in the Greenstone
mountains. The copper ore is amorphous pyrites, accom-
panied sometimes by specular iron. Beautiful crystals of
NO. V. VOL. IV. 3 P
470 NOTES OF A VOYAGE TO
calcareous spar also occur, as well as a coarse Asbestos con-
taining Epidote.
The ascent to the mines afforded us many good plants, com-
prising many we had previously found. Among the new
ones, were Pyrola rotimd'tfoUa and secuncla, Saxifraga cernua,
Veronica saxatilis, Gentiana nivalis^ &c. &c. Linnwa a,ndiMen-
ziesia completely cover the ground in many places ; indeed the
latter supplies here the place of the Ericw, of which we have
only met with one {Calluna vulgaris), and that very sparingly.
9nth. — To-day we crossed the upper part of the Fiord, and
rambled up the banks of a river which comes down from a
lake a few miles up the valley. A short distance from its
mouth is a tolerably large and very picturesque cataract, close
to which I gathered, for the first time in my life, that beautiful
plant Astragalus alpinus. Hieraciimi alpinum ? was also
plentiful, and the more shaded and mossy parts of the wood
abounded with Pgrola secimda and Pedlcnlaris Lapponica, with
here and there a specimen of Goodyera repens. Almost every
flowering plant was covered with Geometra casiata, which rose
in clouds at evei'y step we took. The musquitoes, as usual,
were very numerous and troublesome. In dryer and more
open places among dead leaves, &;c., a species of Blatta (B.
Lapponica ?) was abundant. It runs actively, and flies from
bush to bush.
28th, 29tk and SOt/i. — We rambled about the neighbourhood
in different directions, and obtained some plants and insects,
but nothing very rare. On the banks of a little stream above
the mines, which abounds in willows, is a large rock of a
porous soft limestone, containing abundance of green mica.
From the leaves of the willows I got a few specimens of a fine
scarlet and black Ckrgsotnela? Another small greenish species
was plentiful, accompanied by its larvae, which have several
white lateral tentacula drawn in when touched. The highest
rocks were covered with Diapensia Lapponica and Arbutus
alpina, the latter with ripe fruit.
3\st, Sundag. — Mr. Crowe read prayers to the English
connected with the mines, there being no church of any kind
nearer than Talvig, a distance of twelve or fifteen miles.
While we were thus engaged a party of ladies arrived from
Tromsoe, consisting of the Amptmaninde (the Lady of the
Ampman, of Finmark), and two relatives, one of whom.
ALTEN, HAMMERFEST, &C. 471
Jomfrue Figenschow, was a very pretty girl. I may perhaps
here notice the different appellations of ladies in this country.
The ladies of official persons have the title 7^n«^ prefixed to their
name, whilst other ladies are simply called Madame. Thus
the lady of our kind host was, from Mr. Crowe's consular
station, addressed as Frue Crowe, whilst her sister is merely
called Madame Aasberg. These ladies some years since
visited England, and both speak English remarkably well.
Generally, however, the Finmark ladies speak no other language
than their own, which we found rather a drawback on the
social intercourse which we enjoyed ; but we managed to pick
up a few words here and there : by means of these and signs
we contrived to get on pretty well. In the evening we had
a dance, which, after six o'clock on Sundays, is considered
perfectly orthodox.
August \st. — The French gentlemen whom we had met at
Hammerfest arrived from thence, having succeeded, after our
departure, in reaching the North Cape. The weather, how-
ever, was very hazy and unfavourable. We obtained from them
some specimens of the quartz and other rocks of the Cape.
In the evening some of our party accompanied them over the
Fiord to Bossekop.
9.d. — Rowed over to Bossekop with the Amptmaninde and
the other ladies, and literally filled the hospitable mansion of
Madame Klerck. Our French friends were still there, and
the party being further increased by some neighbouring ladies,
who played and sung delightfully, we spent a most agreeable
evening.
Qd. — After breakfast we set out to pay a visit to the Reipas
mines, which are situated some miles on the other side of the
Alten river. The valley of this river, I should imagine, can be
equalled by few in Finmark. It is finely wooded and adorned
with rich meadows, and several pretty villages. The Alten
river is a noble stream, which appears at times to pour down
an immense volume of water, as is evident from the extensive
beds of rocks of various kinds, which in some places cover its
banks.
Between Bossekop and the river, the meadows were adorned
with many plants ; the most interesting among which was Gen-
tiana nivalis, whose brilliant azure stars were very conspicuous
among the short grass. Just as we descended the last slope
472 NOTES OF A VOYAGE TO
toward the river, we were delighted to gather the beautiful
deep rose-coloured blossoms of Rubus arcticus, which we had
not previously met with. Our way now lay for about half a
mile across a perfect desert, being an ancient bed of the
river, consisting of rolled masses of rock of all sizes and
formations. Generally speaking it was quite destitute of vege-
tation, but its scanty Flora exhibited a strange mixture of
plants. Saxifra<ja oppositifoUa and aizoides, Lychnis alpina,diX\i\.
apetala, were growing with Epilohium angustijolium Tamarix
Germanica and Astirigalus aljnnus ; whilst here and there even
the delicate Trientalis £«ro/)a'a expanded its modest blossoms.
Immediately on crossing the river a very great change was
apparent. The woods extending to the water's edge were
quite carpeted with Rubus arcticus^ intermixed with the blue
spikes of a species of Veronica. The more mosssy places
afforded a tolerable harvest of Goodyera repens, and a boggy
spot in the wood the regal Pedicidaris Sceptrum-Caroli. After
crossing a small mountain-stream the track began to ascend,
and in some places was so steep as to make no wonder how it
was possible to bring down the sledges with ore from the
mines. We stopped about half way to rest at an unfinished
house, where we unpacked some of our provisions, and made a
hearty meal after our fatigue. On the banks of a small moun-
tain lake before the house, I gathered for the first time Pin-
guicida alpnna, Fyrola uniflora^ and Kriophorum alpinum.
After a long and tedious ascent we reached the mines, which
are situated within a few yards of the summit of a mountain.
As they are worked by shafts we did not descend them, but
mineralogized among the heaps of ore above ground. These
mines are very much richer than those of Kaafiord. The ore
is that beautiful variety of pyrites commonly called Peacock
copper ore, and is accompanied by a good deal of red Arseniate
of Cobalt. I also obtained some good specimens of blue car-
bonate of copper and Bitterspar. From the rocks immediately
above the mines, the view over the head of the Alten Fiord
and mouth of the Alten river was very fine. On the face of
a precipice, I gathered abundance of Woodsia hyperborea, which
recalled to my mind another far distant friend. A h\v speci-
mens of Phacafrigida also occurred, but almost out of flower.
A part of our plan was to take a barometrical observation of
the height of these mines, but owing to an accident to the
ALTEN, IIAMMERFEST, &C. 473
instrument during the ascent we were prevented from doing
so. It was fortunate for us that our homeward way lay down-
hill, for we were so heavily laden with minerals, &c. as hardly
to be able to walk. We reached Bossekop very much fatigued,
and intending to go at once to bed, but we found our kind
hostess absent, and a message left for us to follow her to spend
the evening at the Fogedtgaard. Luckily this was at no great
distance ; so, after renovating our dress as far as possible, we
bent our steps there. We were most hospitably received ;
and in listening to the delightful songs of Frue Gruntwyt and
her sister Jomfrue Stabell, we soon forgot the fatigues of the
day. Among other airs I was delighted to hear my great
favourite " Una voce poco fa," which I think even pleased me
more (coming thus unexpectedly in such a remote spot) than
when I had last heard it warbled by Grisi within the charmed
circle of the King s Theatre.
4th. — A picnic party having been agreed upon, it was
determined to visit the Sandfall, a very beautiful and remark-
able spot, near the mouth of the Alten river. This is a sin-
gular flat-topped ridge, running for several miles parallel to
the Fiord, and only a short distance from it. The side
next the water is very steep, but covered with trees, while the
inland declivity is less abrupt. The breadth cannot be above
one hundred yards, although in some places it varies con-
siderably. At the extremity, the Alten river, making an abrupt
curve, washes its base ; in fact, evidently has cut off a portion,
and by this section has disclosed its structure. This singu-
lar ridge is composed of sand and rolled pebbles of various
sizes, evidently deposited gradually, as the different sti'ata plainly
show. Its height at the truncated end, which is nearly perpen-
dicular, must be at least one hundred feet. The view from the
extremity is most splendid. The head of the Fiord, backed by
richly wooded cliffs and high mountains, the magnificent valley
of the Alten river stretching away in the distance, the river
winding its way through beautiful meadows and dense forests,
with the pretty villages of Elvebachen and Upper Alten on its
banks, altogether combined to form one of the loveliest pro-
spects I ever beheld. However, we could not, even amid all
these beauties, forget our provision baskets, and were soon
seated hard at work on all the good things Madame Klerck
had liberally provided. These were accompanied by liba-
474 ^'OTEs OF a voyage to
tions of punch, champagne, &c. &c., so that on the whole we
did not fare amiss. Some national songs from the ladies formed
a very agreeable dessert to our repast. When this was over,
such of us as were naturalists left our other companions to
escort the ladies, and rambled away in search of objects of
natural history. The locality afforded few plants, excepting
very common ones. The Linncea, indeed, covered the ground
under the fir-trees, but then that grows every where in Nor-
way. A thicket of red currant bushes near the water's edge
was full of Actwa spicata, a rare British plant, which I had
never before seen growing wild. In some stumps of fir-trees
were abundance of Formica herculanea, and two other species
of ants, all living in juxtaposition.
Pjftho depressus occurred in considerable numbers under the
bark of felled fir-trees, with its larva and pupa. It makes cir-
cular flat holes, whose diameters exceed by half their depth.
These are surrounded by a close mass of grains of wood. A
species o^ Rhagium was also abundant in all stages. It forms
circular holes rather deeper and smaller than those of Pytho,
and surrounded by twisted fibres of wood.
On the river were a few ducks, but we could not get within
shot of them. Our anglers were equally unsuccessful, though
the river is said to abound with fine salmon. On the level
between the Sandfall and the shore of the Fiord, is a large
house, called the Amptmangaard, formerly the residence of the
Amptmans of Finmark, and I believe the birth-place of our
fair companion the Amptmaninde. It has stood unoccupied for
many years, which, in so lovely a situation, seems much to be
regretted. The high ridge of the Sandfall, which rises directly
behind it, completely screens it from the north, while from
the front a large extent of the most beautifully level turf
stretches to the water's edge, and being interspersed with
clumps of trees gives it quite the appearance of an English
park. The house, with some of the surrounding land, might
be purchased for 300 or 100/., and would make a delightful
occasional summer residence for a member of the Yacht Club.
We returned to Bossekop along the sea side of the Sandfall,
enjoying most delightful views over the Fiord. The great
glaciers of Seyland were very conspicuous in the distance.
At supper we had abundance of the berries of Rubus chwiKS-
moriis, called by the Norwegians " Moltebcer." These are
ALTEN, HAMMERFEST, &C. 475
either boiled down with sugar, or eaten fresh, with sugar and
cream. In either way they are very palatable, and considered
very wholesome. Rubus arcticus, although abundant in some
spots, does not produce fruit so far north. The only other fruit
which ripens well, and is of frequent occurrence, is the common
red-currant, which is very plentiful in the moister woods.
The berries are gathered for preserving, but the plant is but
little cultivated.
The whortleberry, Vaccinmm myrtillus (" Blcehar" of the
natives), is also common, and sometimes eaten. The plant is
usually less luxuriant than with us, but the berries are, if any
thing, larger. Another plant of which the fruit is eaten is the
" Kraakebwr' [Em'petrum nigrum), but it is only made use of
by the Laplanders. We some of us became fond of the
berries, which are much larger, and more juicy, than on our
English mountains. Some of the mountain tops afforded us
plenty of the fruit o^ Arbutus alpina, which is eatable, but not
very palatable. The berries are mealy and insipid, with a very
slight flavour of black currants. They form a very favourite
food for the ptarmigan. The raspberry occasionally occurs in
moist woods, but rarely produces fruit, neither did I observe
it in the gardens.
5th. — Having heard that the skeleton of a human being was
lying among some rocks in the neighbourhood of Bossekop,
one of our party visited the spot, and possessed himself of the
skull. The orbit of the eye and some other parts were
overgrown with moss, which, on examination, proved to be
Splachnmn mnioides. It is singular to observe how almost
invariably this genus delights to grow upon animal substances.
The skeleton was that of a Russian, who died many years
since on board a vessel at Bossekop. His companions not
wishing to take him so far as Talvig, or objecting to bury him
in a Lutheran church-yard, placed the body in a cleft of rock.
In the evening we returned to Kaafiord.
6th. — Rambled up the valley towards Matthieson's Lake ;
but the extreme heat and the musquitoes conspired to prevent
us reaching our destination. The only birds we saw were abun-
dance of young fieldfares, which had just left the nest, a few
specimens of the cole titmouse, and some ptarmigan, which
were probably Lagopus SaUceti. The natives distinguish two
species or varieties, — the one affecting the woods, and the other
476 NOTES OF A VOYAGE TO
the mountain tops, by the respective names of " Dahl Rypa"
and " Field-Rypa.'" The nests of the fieldfare were abundant
in low bushes. In one of them I found the eggs, which very
nearly resemble those of the blackbird. In a marshy part of
the wood we gathered fine specimens of Pyrola tiniflora.
1th. — We started early on our way to Iby, on the river of that
name (a tributary of the Alten), where we were to meet our
friends from Bossekop, at a picnic. Rowing a few miles down
Kaafiord, we landed at the little village of Quainvig, and pro-
ceeded inlando Our way lay for some distance by the side of
a chain of small lakes, whose rushy banks seemed very favour-
able for waterfowl. Not a bird, however, did we see ; indeed,
I believe the only living creatures I observed, except musqui-
toes, were a solitary eagle, and one specimen of Carahus gla.
bratus. Having crossed a rocky ridge, we began to descend,
through a fine dense forest, towards the Iby river, the rush of
whose rapids was distinctly heard.
No very good plants occurred, excepting that on a small
patch of dung in the pathway I found no less than three
species of Splachnum growing together, including the fine S.
luteum. At length we arrived at the place of destination, a
lone farm-house, belonging to Madame Klerck.
Here we found the ladies waiting for us, and a most glorious
collation spread out, to which, after our long and fatiguing
walk, we did full justice. The woods close to the house were
glowing with the rose-coloured flowers of Ruhus arcticus,
which also was abundant in the grass of the meadows.
Some parts of the wood were also filled with StrutMopteris
Germanica, which made a magnificent appearance, with its
fine circles of fronds, of a most delicate and lively green. The
fructification was yet hardly apparent; but some of the old
spikes of former years remained on the plants. Attracted by
the sound of the river, we strolled down to it, and had to cross
a similar stony waste to that I have before mentioned on the
Alten. It had a yet more singular appearance, from the
quantity of large bushes of Tamarix Germanica, which were
scattered over it. These were now covered with spikes of
beautiful silky white seeds, and here and there a few flowers.
After coffee, the ladies and their escort returned to Bos-
sekop, whilst the remainder of us resolved to stay, and devote
the next day to a further expedition up the valley.
ALTEN, HAMMEUFF.ST, &C. 477
Accordingly, after a very good supper on fine salmon, just
out of the river, we made beds of skins on the floor, and con-
trived, after the fatigues of the day, to get a pretty good night's
rest, in spite of the musquitoes, which, fi'om the proximity of
the river, were very numerous.
8tk. — We managed to make a pretty good breakfast
on the remains of our provisions, with the addition of some
coffee, and then started off into the forest. Our guide was a
wood-cutter, who carried a sort of wooden horn, called a Lure,
which he blew from time to time, to call in the stragglers of
the party. These instruments are much used in the south of
Norway and Sweden, for the purpose of calling cattle from the
woods. In Finmark they are, I believe, little known. The
one in question had been brought by our guide from the vici-
nity of Rtiras, of which place he was a native. When heard
at a little distance, the note is not unmusical, especially when
repeated by the mountain echoes. One of the party shot a very
pretty species of owl,* somewhat resembling a miniature Stria:
iiydea; several specimens were afterwards met with. It
appears to be almost diurnal, like our S. Brachyotus.
I was not a little startled, whilst gathering a plant near the
river side, by the sudden rising, within a yard of me, of a fine
cock of the woods {Tetrao Urogallus). Shortly afterwards
I heard several shots, and on rejoining my companions I found
they had succeeded in bringing down a female, and several
half-grown young ones. In the course of the day several
other young males were shot, but we were unable to procure
one in adult plumage. The only other living creatures we
saw in the woods were a few of the common squirrel. A dead
lemming having been picked up, led to a conversation with our
guide on the subject of their occasional appearance in immense
numbers ; he described to us a visitation of this kind, which
he had witnessed some years ago in the south. I thought this
a good time to make some inquiry as to the truth of the
oft-repeated story that the reindeer eat these animals ; and
accordingly my friend Mr. Woodfall was kind enough to
question him very closely on the subject. He stated that he
had never seen the reindeer eat the lemming, as there are but
• I have since learned from Mr. Gould, that this bird is Strix funerea, Gmelin
(r. Hudsonia, Wilson).
NO. V. VOL. IV. 3 Q
4<78 NOTES OF A VOYAGE TO
few (leer in the south, but that it was very common for sheep
to do so, and the fact had come under his own observation :
those sheep, however, who did so, very soon became emaciated,
or, to use his own words, " dried up." As soon, there-
fore, as a sheep was seen to commit this act, it was killed
before it became useless. It appears to me far more probable
that the disease was the cause, and not the result, of this
strange perversion of nature. Equally singular cases of
depraved appetite occur both among animals and the human
species, and generally attended with great emaciation ; I was
certainly much pleased to find the fact established, and at the
same time to find a reasonable cause for its occurrence. In the
course of our ramble our guide showed us a little hollow, in
which during the previous winter he had discovered and killed
a large bear. They are, however, now by no means of fre-
quent occurrence, especially in summer time ; indeed, both
bears and wolves seem rapidly decreasing in number.
The ground we traversed afforded us but few new plants.
One very interesting species, Kcenigia Islandica, occurred in
abundance in the half dry bed of a small rivulet, and near it
I found a few plants of Corallorhiza innata. We reached the
hut at Iby pretty well fatigued, and after resting ourselves,
and finishing the remaining fragments of our provisions, we set
out on our return to Bossekop. It was a lovely evening, and
we had a most delightful walk along the banks of the Alten
river.
^th. — We rambled among the mountains at the back of the
Fagedtgaard, having as our guide the Postmaster Norager,
who, although not a botanist, is well acquainted with the
native plants, and possesses a small herbarium. Unluckily
this was formed many years ago, and he has forgotten the
places where he gathered some of the rarest plants. This was
especially the case with the rare and beautiful Rhododendron
Lapponicum. We did not find many good plants, except that,
near the summit of one mountain, I observed a few plants out
of flower, of the very rare Andromeda tetragona.
A part of our descent towards the valley of the Alten was
through a very remarkable reft or crevice in the mountain, in
some places not three yards wide, and with lofty perpendicular
rocks on each side. In a part of the forest adjoining the desert
bed of the river before mentioned, Mr. Norager pointed out to
ALTEN, HAMMF.RFEST, &C. 479
US the only station with which he was acquainted, for a species
of rose; it is a pretty small shrub, with deep purple-crimson
flowers and red-barked stems. I had previously noticed it
cultivated in Madame Klerck's garden, and learned that the
roots had been procured from the forest. It does not exactly
agree with Rosa clnnamomea of our gardens, but may perhaps
be R. majalls, if that be not, as Sir J. C. Smith suspects,
merely a variety of cinnamomea.
Gentiana nivalis was abundant on the grassy hills, accompa-
nied by a less showy, but much rarer species, G. invohicrata.
Ranunculus flammula var. reptans also occurred commonly on
the half-dried mud of little pools in low ground.
Again accompanied by Mr. Norager, we made a second ex-
cursion beyond the Alten river, which we crossed very near its
mouth. A very extensive sandy flat was in some places lite-
rally covered with Lathyrus pisiformis, which the peasantry
were busy cutting for hay; the two gentians were abundant, and
I also met with another species, G. serrata. Almost close to
the Fiord was abundance of Elynms arenarius the seeds of
which, as Mr. Norager informed us, are sometimes gathered and
eaten in time of scarcity.
Astragalus alpinus was in many parts mixed with the La-
ihyrus.
In some marshes adjoining the river I found many plants of
a Primula, out of flower, which appeared to be the same as the
one I had found on the island of Soroe. It might, however,
be P. strieta, Flor. Dan., which much resembles it in the leaves.
A heathy piece of ground was quite a sheet of white from the
immense quantity of Trientalis Europcea, with which it was
covered, and I found that this flower has a very delicate honey-
suckle smell, which is perhaps hardly perceptible in a single
flower, but was now very apparent.
We proceeded up the valley of a small river which falls into
the Alten, and soon came to a very romantic part, where it rushes
for a considerable distance over a succession of rocky ledges.
A saw-mill and house were picturesquely situated on a point of
rock just over the principal fall. The pi'oprietor, Mr. Jakob-
sen, received us very kindly, and his good lady spread for us
a very inviting repast, to which we were not backward in
doing justice. The river above the falls forms a strange con-
trast to its appearance below them. It flows slowly along
480 NOTES OF A VOYAGE TO
between smooth turfy banks, and more resembles an artificial
canal than a mountain stream.
On its banks 1 gathered a species of Lathyriis, of which I
unfortunately lost the specimens. It somewhat resembled our
L. palustris, but the flowers were of a deeper colour, and the
leaves were much longer and narrower than in the specimens of
L. palustris I have gathered in Cambridgeshire. In the
course of the day, I obtained from Mr. Norager the native
names for many of the commoner plants, especially those with
eatable fruits, or which are used in medicine.
Some of these were interesting, as very closely resembling
those applied to the same plants in Scotland, and some parts of
the north of England. I only regret that the accidental loss
of the note-book in which these memoranda were made, pre-
vents me from giving some of them.
The evening was devoted to skinning birds, &c. ; the pro-
ceeds of our trip to Iby. I was also occupied till a late hour
in changing the papers of my plants, and putting away the
acquisitions of the day.
Wth. — During the morning we employed ourselves in ar-
ranging our spoils, and after dinner went with our kind hostess
to visit a poor woman, who required the medical attention of one
of the party. Our course lay towards the river, but in rather a
new direction, and we had some very fine views over the val-
ley. On our return we determined to take a vapour-bath, and
therefore walked over to one about a mile and a half distant.
I think I never saw a lovelier situation than that occupied by
this cottage. It stood at the brink of a rocky ridge, which de-
scends almost perpendicularly towards the valley, so that it
commands an uninterrupted view in that direction. A little
patch of corn (bear or bigg) close to it, contained abundance of
Asperugo procumbens ; a plant which, although British, I had
not previously met with. The bath was at a little distance from
the house, and consisted of a small wooden building, with a
door and very small window. It was furnished with a sort of
furnace, built of large stones, on which is made a fire of wood;
the smoke going out of the door as in an Irish cabin. About
half-way up the building is a broad sort of shelf, to which access
is gained by a ladder. When the stones are sufficiently heated,
water is thrown on them, which makes of course a very dense
steam. As soon as all is ready you enter, ascend the ladder.
ALTEN, HAMMERFEST, &C. 481
and lie down upon the shelf, which is covered with birch boughs.
The woman who attends the bath then hands you up a large
rod, dipped in hot water, with which you are to whip yourself
well all over ; she, in the meantime, throwing water on the
stones to increase the steam. To do the thing properly, you
ought to lie there till a most copious burst of perspiration takes
place ; but after I had endured two volleys of steam, I could
bear it no longer, and roaring out to the old lady, " Ikke
mere" (no more), I descended the ladder as fast as possible.
On coming down you step into a large tub of hot water, and
are very carefully washed with soap from head to foot. You
then wrap yourself in a sheet, and go to the open air, or into
the house, where you must sit undressed till the perspiration
subsides. We all agreed that the affair was rather disagree-
able than otherwise ; but this was in a great measure owing to
the steam being combined with the suffocating wood smoke.
A very little alteration in building the furnace with a chimney
would obviate the inconvenience.
Although the heat in the bath was very great, and its situa-
tion very open and exposed, we felt no inconvenience on
coming into the open air. I much regret that I had not a ther-
mometer with me, in order to have ascertained the temperature
of the interior of the bath. I have described the operation at
some length, as what we saw and heard of the baths, differed
much from the account given by Aeerbi.
\2th. — Kambled about Bossekop, sketching, &c., and in the
evening returned to Kaafiord.
\Sth. — We were much amused at witnessing the public
flogging of a man, who had been detected in purloining some-
thing from the Company's store. It took place opposite the
store, just after the miners had been paid their weekly wages,
consequently there was a numerous assemblage. The culprit
did not even take off his jacket, and he received a few blows
across the back with a stout rope. It was altogether a very
ridiculous affair, and, as a gentleman present remarked, any
English sailor would have taken the same punishment for a
glass of grog.
lUh. — Early in the morning a large party started for Talvig,
where the parish church is situated, a distance by water of
about twelve miles.
The principal object of our visit was to be present at the
482 NOTES OF A VOYAGE TO
christening of the child of one of the English attached to the
mines, as well as for the sake of seeing the place. There
being but little wind, we did not get on very fast, but even-
tually reached Talvig long before service commenced.
We landed on a promontory called Jans Ness, where we
discussed some provisions we had brought. On the rocks I
observed a few specimens of Purpura lapilluSy and some
willows near the shore were infested with a species of C/in/so-
mela^ of a dark bronze green colour, differing from any I had
previously found.
After calling on the principal merchant, Mr. Ncirberg, we
proceeded to the church, which is a plain wooden building,
much larger than, but not nearly so much ornamented as that
at Hammerfest.
It can boast, however, of two large chandeliers, apparently
of silver. The order of the service is much the same as that of
the English Church. The altar being adorned with a large
crucifix, pictures, candles, &c., looks rather unlike a Pro-
testant place of worship ; and the dress of the clergyman is
very unlike ours, consisting of a plain black gown, with a wide
stiff double muslin frill round the neck.
He read the lesson for the day (the parable of the Pharisee
and Publican) from the pulpit, and preached from it. There
were two weddings, and numerous christenings, the services
for which differ little from ours. After the service was over,
we dined with Mr. Norberg, and were much pleased to meet
the clergyman, who is an extremely agreeable man. He
speaks German and French well, and reads, though he does
not speak English. We had a pleasant though rather tedious
row back to Kaafiord, which we did not reach till late.
\^th, \Q)th., \lth. — Botanizing, sketching, paying farewell
visits, &c. occupied these days, and we found so many last
things to do, that we were very busily engaged.
\Sth. — After taking a reluctant leave of our many very kind
friends, some of whom accompanied us on board, we dropped
with the tide into the outer Fiord, and took a last look at the
spot where we had spent so many happy hours, with most
cordial wishes to visit it again.
Sept. \st. — The interval between this date and the last was
spent at sea in most dreadfully stormy weather, and distin-
guished by no incidents worth recording. On this day we put
ALTEN, HAMMERFEST, &C.
483
into the harbour of Balta Sound, in the island of Unst, Shet-
land, where we were most hospitably received by the proprie-
tor, Mr. Edmondstone. The change from our late discomforts
on board, to a civilized house and excellent table, was most
agreeable.
'ild. — The brother of our host, Dr. E. (well known as an
ornithologist), kindly took us to the northern point of the
island, to see the breeding-place of that fine and now rare
bird, the Skua (Larus Cataractes). The breeding season
being over, they had mostly deserted the place, but we had
the good fortune to see several specimens. We visited the
mines of chromate of iron, from which Mr. Edmondstone has
drawn a valuable prize.
3f?. — We again reluctantly left a place, where, as strangers,
we had been most hospitably received, and turned our course
homewards.
484 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Art. LVIII. — Proceedings of the Entomological Club.
Sitting of the IOtii January, 1837.
Mr. Bennett in the Chair.
The Curator read the following list of donations, received
since the last meeting : —
Mr. Veness, of Deptford. A specimen of Cymothea
CEstrus.
Mr. R. Foster, of London. Various East IndiSin Arac/moida.
Mr. Raddon, of Bristol. Various rare British Noctidtes,
also various Coleoptera, from Gambia.
Mr. J. W. Bond, of London. Various British insects.
Mr. E. Newman, of Deptford. The 18th number of the
Entomological Magazine, and the Grammar of Entomology.
Mr. E. Charlesworth, of London. The 1st number of
the Magazine of Natural History, new series.
jVIr. George Bevington, of London. A collection of in-
iseets, principally Coleoptera, from the Cape of Good Hope.
Mr. William Stafford, of Godalming. Various rare Bri-
tish Coleoptera, collected in the neighbourhood of Godalming. ^
Mr. T. Marshall, of Birmingham. Several hundred Bri- m\
tish insects of all classes ; some of them rare.
Mr. R. Weaver, of the Birmingham Museum. Various rare
British insects ; among them, beautiful specimens of Catocala
sponsa, and C. promissa. '
Mr. W. Christy, jun., of London. Geoffroy's " Histoire
abrtgee des Insectes," 2 vols. 4to. with numerous plates ; also
" Monstrositates Coleopterorum" by Dr. Hermann Martin
Asmuss.
Messrs. James D. Dana and James Whelpley, " A Trea-
tise on two American species of the genus Hydraena,'' written by
the donors, and published in the American Journal of Science,
and Arts, No. 2, Vol. XXX.
Mr. J. B. Bevington, of London. Drury's work on In-
sects, entitled, " Illustrations of Natural History," 3 vols., 4to.,
containing 150 highly finished copper-plate engravings; also,
a fine pair of PWo/2?/*, from Africa. The species is apparently
undescribed.
ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. 485
Mr. Bennett, of London. The First and Second Parts of
the Transactions of the Zoological Society.
Mr. Busk, of the Dreadnought. Portions of a Squilla, ap-
parently undescribed, which had been put together in the
fancied similitude of an animal, and brought by a sailor from
the island of Timor for the purpose of deceiving the scientific.
It had been offered for ten pounds at the British Museum and
elsewhere, as an entirely new animal.
Mr. E. DouBLEDAY, of Epping. About four thousand
British Coleoptera, most of them minute. Mr. E. Doubleday
also gives the Curator permission to select from his exotic Dip-
tera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and Neuroptera,
all that are desirable to be possessed by the Club. This col-
lection contains many exceedingly rare insects, particularly
among the Orthoptera.
Mr. N. T. Wetherell, of Highgate. A specimen of that
fine Cerambicideous insect, Macrodontia cervicornis ; also, a
nest of Vespa Brittannica.
Thomas Ingall, Esq., of the Camberwell New Road, having
been, at the previous meeting, proposed by Mr. Hoyer, and
seconded by Mr. J. F. Christy, was balloted for, and unani-
mously elected an honorary corresponding member of the
Entomological Club.
Sitting of the 16th February, 1837.
Mr. Bevington in the Chair.
Mr. Ingall exhibited, and presented to the Club, a specimen
of Scarabwus Hercules.
Mr. Bennett exhibited a fine and very perfect specimen of
the genus Mallodon, which was cut out of a piece of rosewood,
and was presented to the Club by Mr. W. Smee, of London.
Sitting of the 16th March, 1837.
Mr. Bowerbank in the Chair.
The Curator read the following list of donations : —
Mr. Isaac Gray Bass, of Brighton. A British specimen of
Deilephila Galii ; also Acherontia Atropos.
Mr. Benjamin Standish, of London. A variety of ex-
ceedingly fine and perfect specimens of British Noctuites.
Mr. Bracy Clark, of London. About 300 species of
exotic insects, principally Lepidoptera, from the collection
NO. V. VOL. IV. 3 R
486
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
of the late Mr. Francillon, and many of them collected in
Georgia, by Mr. Abbott, By this munificent gift, the cabinet
of the Entomological Club receives an addition of about 200
species of Lepidoptera.
Mr. Newman, of Deptford. A copy of Stephens's Syste-
matic Catalogue.
Mr. Edward Doubleday and Mr. Robert Foster, honorary
members of the Entomological Club, took leave of the Club,
previously to starting on an entomological tour to North Ame-
rica. They purpose landing on New York, then visiting the
Falls of Niagara, and passing down the St. Lawrence, to
Quebec ; after staying a month or two in British America,
they will return to New York, and then proceed by way of
Philadelphia, Pittsburg, and Cincinnati, towards the extreme
west of the Union, residing two or three months in the state of
Illinois; thence they will travel down the Mississippi, to New
Orleans ; then through West and East Florida, to the extreme
southern part of the latter, and return by the Atlantic States to
New York. The whole journey will occupy from eighteen
months to two years. A portion of the specimens collected
will be, from time to time, transmitted to London, for the
cabinet of the Entomological Club, and duplicates of every
species will, as far as possible, be reserved in the possession of
the travellers, to be brought to England by themselves. Mr.
Doubleday will also transmit, monthly, an account of the pro-
gress made, with permission to the Editor of the Entoviological
Magazine to publish the same ; a duplicate of this account will
also be kept. By this means, the results of the expedition
will be, as far as possible, secured to the public.
Sitting of the 20th April, 1837.
Mr. Newman in the Chair.
The Curator read the following list of donations : —
Mr. W. E. Shuckard, of London. His Essay on the Fos-
sorial Hymenoptera of Great Britain.
Mr. E. QuEKETT, of London. A pair of Polyommatus
Avion.
Mr. Showell. A series of Q5 folio copper-plate engrav-
ings, representing various objects in natural history.
ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. 487
M. Laporte, Comte de Castelneau, of Paris, having been,
by his own desire, proposed by Mr. Walker at a previous
meeting, and having been seconded by Mr. Newman, was bal-
loted for, and unanimously elected an honorary corresponding
member of the Entomological Club.
Sitting of the 10th May, 1S37.
This being the anniversary, the members of the Club and
their friends dined together at the Bull Inn, Birch Wood
Corner ; Mr. Hoyer presiding.
Sitting of the 15th June, 1837.
Mr. J. F. Christy in the Chair.
The Curator read the following List of Donations: —
Mr. C. C. Babington, of Cambridge. Various rare British
insects.
Mr. J. Wilson, of Edinburgh. A fine series of Javanese
insects ; amongst them Biqyrestis Boiscluvalii, and Monno-
lyce Phyllodes.
Mr. J. B. Spencer, of Blackheath. Various fine Lepidop-
tera, from the Himalaya mountains.
Mr. S. A. Burlingham, of Worcester. Forty beautifully
perfect specimens of Clostera reclusa, reared from the larva.
Mr. J. Walton, of Knaresborough. A copious series of
specimens of the British species of the genus Apion, and other
British Curcuiionites.
A communication has been received from our corresponding
members, Messrs. Foster and Doubleday, merely stating their
safe arrival at New York ; and a second, on the 18th June,
from Mr. Doubleday, dated Hudson, 7th May, 1837, from
which we have made a few extracts below. The want of space
compels us to omit much that would be generally interesting,
and to confine ourselves strictly to that portion of the commu-
nication which has reference to natural history.
" During the last few days of our passage, we saw great
numbers of porpoises. One night, when the sea was very lu-
minous, M'e had scores of them close to the ship, and, as they
shot through the water, they left a line of fire of a pure white
488
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
colour ; we also saw scores of small cetaceous fish, from ten
to sixteen feet in length. On the evening of the 24th of April
we had a pilot come on board ; since the loss of the Mexico,
these men are much better behaved, and come out 40 miles
from New York : soon after dark we saw the lighthouses at
the entrance of the outer bay.
" The persons we met with at our hotel at New York, gave
me a good opinion of the Americans ; they were very civil, and
communicative, but tiot inquisitive. From all to whom we
had letters, we have received the greatest kindness. A gen-
tleman, to whom we had an introduction, accompanied us to
the custom-house, and all our luggage was passed without ex-
amination, or even uncording the boxes. We called on two
brothers of the name of Carey, Englishmen, botanists, and
very kind persons ; they know W. Christy, Newman, and
most of our Club ; we dined with them on the 30th. We
went to the Lyceum of Natural History. They have here
a good many minerals, some very fine fossils ; not many birds,
but some beautifully stuffed by Ward, who resides here ; also
a library. On the 1st May we went to a meeting at the
Lyceum ; there was not much to interest : a paper on a new
Arvicola, and a new Sorex : Cooper, who helped Bonaparte,
was there, and several other members ; all very pleasant people.
" My first journey was on the 27th, to the residence of
J. S., directly after breakfast. I crossed the ferry to Jersey
city, where the rail-road to New Brunswick commences. The
first part of this is unfinished, and too uneven to allow the
passage of locomotives : we were therefore drawn by two
horses at length ; the tram is so near the cut made for the per-
manent road, that I consider it anything but safe. In some
places there is an intervening space of not more than six
inches between the tram and the edge of a precipice, cut per-
pendicularly through the rock, thirty or forty feet deep, and
not a morsel of fence to prevent the carriages going over : at
Newark we exchanged for locomotives, and soon got to Rah-
way, about ten miles further. Newark, Elizabethtown, and
Railway are all places of considerable trade in coals, and there
are some manufactories in the latter : all these are rather
irregularly built; the houses are mostly of wood. The country
around is salt marsh, with some good pasture land; in places
scattered about are large rocks, almost rising into considerable
ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. 489
hills. Veratnwi nigrum grows in plenty among the rocks.
The climate was more like our March than the end of April.
I saw few birds, and fewer insects.
" We are now staying at the house of a friend, about two
miles E. of the city of Hudson : it is a most beautiful place, but
how to describe it I know not. In looking from the window
where I am now writing, the first object that attracts my notice
is the gigantic range of the Catskill mountains, distant eighteen
miles, with their summits still covered with snow. The Hud-
son lies below, invisible from the house, and a gently rolling
country extends from its shore. The tops of the hills are co-
vered with pine, hickory, oak, and other trees ; and here and
there is seen the genteel house of some opulent farmer, or the
humbler dwelling of him who has to depend on his own in-
dustry. Meadows not yet verdant, and arable land, fill up
the space to the little river (Americe creek), which runs at the
bottom of a steep orchard, belonging to the premises. The
fruit trees are alive with birds. The day before yesterday I
saw the first blue bird; as he glanced between the trees in the
sun, nothing could be more beautiful. A pair of these birds are
now building in a hole in an old apple-tree. They go and pull
off moss, and, returning with it, hang a moment at the mouth
of the hole before they enter. Sometimes they hover over the
ground, and pick up an insect; but seem mostly to find their
food on the trees. They are as tame as possible : their nest is
not twenty yards from the window at which I am writing.
Just now, a pair of Baltimores were sitting on an apple-tree,
close to the corner of the house ; I went out and got right
under them, and had a good view of them.
" Yesterday, whilst pinning some beetles, I saw some birds
in a tree, by the side of the creek ; I took R. Foster's tele-
scope, and found them to be golden-winged woodpeckers, ap-
parently two males and a female ; the males were twisting
their heads, erecting the feathers on their crowns, and spreading
their tails in a most odd manner. I used to think our English
green woodpecker put itself into the oddest attitudes at such
times ; but 'tis nothing to the golden-winged. At last, the two
males had a furious battle ; after which one flew away, followed
by the female, and the other remained behind. Just after this,
an Osprey passed like lightning along the creek, and perched
on a large white oak, close by.
490 PROCEEDINGS OF TISE
'* This morning, 6th May, I heard a great screaming and
scolding noise in the garden, and some of the oddest noises
that bird ever made. I went to try to make it out, and found
it was a Pipra polyglotta of Wilson, Icteria viridis of Bona-
parte. But of all noises I ever heard made by birds I must
confess that of the blue jays to be the worst; there are a good
many round about here, but I have only seen one, which came
into the garden to-day. The mewing of the cat-bird I also
heard to-day, for the first time : a pair of them allowed me to
get within ten yards : the birds here are all as tame as possi-
ble. The beautiful little summer yellow birds, iSylvia citrinella,
are very numerous, and come so close that you can see the co-
lour of every feather. There are also plenty of flycatchers,
and several of the sparrow tribe, which I cannot yet make out:
one has a note like a yellow-hammer; another, with a very
pleasing note, I at first took to be a Sylvia, but have since
made it out to be Fringilla melodia. There are also wrens
and blackheaded tits in plenty, the note of the last is nearly like
that of our blue-headed tit. The day before yesterday, walk-
ing from Hudson, I saw three meadow larks at play in the air ;
they alighted on a tree just by, and then crossed the road with
their wings about two-thirds expanded, and scarcely moving :
they passed so near that I could see every mark on their
breasts. Of crows there are plenty, in flight and note as
different as can be from ours ; no one need mistake them. Not
so the swallows, between which and our own in flight and note
I cannot discover any difference. Besides plenty of swallows,
there are to-day a great many swifts, here called chimney swal-
lows, Cypselus pelasgia ; and one, if not two, species of Hi-
rundo, which I cannot make out. The first woodpecker I
have seen in the garden came to-day ; he stayed so short a time
that I could not make him out. A pair of Tardus rufus seem
to have a nest somewhere near ; they are as tame as the poul-
try. I have seen one or two grackles, and a bird which I take
to be Wilson's Alauda rufa, Bonaparte's ^w^/iM^s spinohtla ;
also a sandpiper, a partridge, Tetrao umbellus, some wild ducks,
and one hawk I could not make out.
" I find that there are in this neighbourhood grey and red
squirrels, ground squirrels, musk rats, &c. ; but as yet I have
only seen one ground squirrel. We walked yesterday to a
hill covered with fir, arbor-vitae, cedar, cypress, &c. ; here we
i
ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. 491
found two box tortoises, those which close their shells ; and
saw the Tetrao umbellus. Among the clefts of the rocks, the
little Hepaticas were flowering more beautifully than I have
ever seen them in England ; they are bright blue, pale blue
and white ; I have seen no pink ones. Aquilec/ia Canadensis
was also in plenty, just coming into flower. The sides of the
creek and the meadows are yellow for yards together, with the
yellow dog's-tooth violet, and in other places white, with the
beautiful Sangninaria Canadensis.
" We had a deal of thunder yesterday, which continued most
of the night : such thunder and lightning I never witnessed :
the lightning was rose-coloured. The rain has caused the
woods to put on rather a greener hue ; but, save the willows,
not a leaf of any deciduous tree is out : one or two cherry
blossoms, and a peach blossom are nearly out, and the
apple-trees are budding a little. Besides the plants I have
mentioned, I have only seen a Viola, an Anemone, and a
Saxifraga, which I do not know ; also a Gnaphalium and
a J'araxacum. The sallows are in bloom partially, and
yesterday I saw some Vireo {V. olivaceus, I think) catching
flies off* them. The wild vines in the woods have stems as
large as my arm.
** Of insects few are out yet : of Lepidoptera none, save
Antiopa ; another Vanessa, resembling Urticce, which I could
not catch ; we found also one crushed specimen o^ Arclia fuligi-
nosa; one Noctua, and two or three Tinece. OfColeoptera we
have taken many ; Cicindela, two species ; Carahus, 1 ; Bra-
chimes, 1 ; Lebia, 1 ; Cymindis, 1 ; Chlocnius, several ; Pmci-
lus, 1 ; Harpalus, several ; Anchomenus, Agonwn, and
Bembidimn, several ; and one beautiful thing allied to Carabus^
I have also a Byrrhits ; one or two Aphodii ; three or four
Melolojithce ; several Elateres, one allied to E. hcsmorrhoida-
lis, by dozens ; Nitidida, one species ; Meligetlies, 1 ; Altica,
several ; and among these are several large and beautiful spe-
cies, one the form of A. Nemorum, but much larger ; it has a
red thorax, and black elytra ; each elytron having a white lon-
gitudinal line. The most extraordinary Coleopterous insect I
have seen is a thing something like Sepidiinn, but shorter ,• it
is heteromerous, covered with tubercles, and the male has two
horns on the thorax ; it is rather longer than our biggest Trox,
which it a little resembles ; I found one male and two females
492 DEATH OF MR. STANDISH.
of this insect on a fungus. I have also got a most heautiful
Cliryso))it:la.) as large as C. polita, of a pale cream-colour with
a green suture, and several green liturse on the elytra ; the
thorax is also green. I have likewise taken a Thanasimus, an
Onthophagus, a beautiful thing allied to Ips, and many others ;
but as they are still in their winter-quarters, it requires good
hunting to find them. The old rotten stump swarms with ants,
some species an inch long ; also a small species of white ant,
Termes ; these are at present in the pupa state. The Bomhi,
And re nee and Osmice are just coming out. I have taken a very
beautiful Abia or Zarcva, with clouded wings ; a species of
Dosj/theus, just like D. Jnnci, is abundant.
" Another bird this morning, a Stjlvia striata ; it has been
running up and down the stem of a cherry-tree, about eight feet
from the window, like a creeper ; there are a great many robins
about. Returning from Hudson to-day, I saw two large round
winged hawks, as big as buzzards, and having the same cry :
they were soaring very high, and in circles. I also saw an-
other male Baltimore ; these and the blue birds appear much
brighter living than dead. I go on to Utica to-morrow, for a
few days."
Death of Mr. Standish.
It is our duty to record the death of Mr. Joseph Standish,
one of our oldest and most successful collectors of Lepidoptera.
Mr. Standish was formerly in business as a stationer, and re-
sided under the Royal Exchange, but has for many years been
living independent of trade. He was not only a collector, but
a close observer of the economy of Lepidoptera; he made an
immense number of drawings of larvae in all stages of their
growth, and these, as well as others of the perfect insects, were
executed with much fidelity and beauty. He died at Camber-
well, in the eighty-fourth year of his age.
INDEX GENERUM, &c.
Abdera picea, 83.
Account of the Birds of Godalming, 263.
Address, Introductory, 6.
Ademon, 104.
Alcocharidae, note on, 251.
Allantus, 263.
Amicus, Thoughts on the Study of En-
tomology, 154.
Anecdote of ants, 109.
Anser albifrons, ferus, 273.
Anthomyia, 150.
Anthomyza grisca, 148.
Ants, anecdote of, 109 ; combat of, 221.
Aphelopus, 427.
Ardea cinerea, 272.
A. S. K. sonnetoid on Llanthony, 257.
Atelestus, 229.
Babington, C. C, note on Malachius
ruficollis, 365 ; note on Mocroplea
Zosterae, 438.
Bethylus, 433.
Birds of Godalming, account of, 263.
Blood, circulation of, 179.
Bombycilla garrula, 269,
Bond, J. W., notes on various insects,
221.
Bory de St. Vincent and Dargelas save
the life of Latreille, 82.
Botaurus stellaris, 272.
Bowerbank, J. S. on the circulation of
Blood, &c. 179.
Buteo vulgaris, 267.
Butterflies questionably British, note
on, 177.
3
Calamophilus biarmicus, 268.
Calidris arenaria, 272.
Callimome, 25.
Calosoter, 358.
Caprimulgus Europaeus, 270.
Captures of Coleoptera in Suther-
land, 76 ; of Hylsecaetus desmestoides,
79; of Vanessa C. album, 82 ; Colias
Hyale and Electra, 82 ; of Coccinella
M. nigrum; 83 ; at Daren th Wood,
155; at Lyndhurst and Ryde, 189;
by Delta, 230.
Carduelis spinus, 269.
Caterpillar of Emperor Moth, two per-
fect insects produced from one, 84.
Cea, 355.
NO. V. VOL. IV.
Certhia familiaris, 270.
Chalcididse, new, described, 435.
Chalciditum, Monographia, 9, 349, 439.
Chanticleer, voyage of, 375.
Charadrius pluvialis, hiaiicula, 272.
Cheiropachus, 13.
Chremylus, 50.
Christy, W., notes on a voyage to Alteii,
&c. 462.
Chrysididae described, 156.
Chrysis, 160.
Chrysopa, 179.
Chyliza annulipes 148.
Cillenum laterale, 251.
Circulation of blood, 179.
Circus rufus, cyaneus, cineraceus, 267.
Cleonymus, 349.
Cleptes, 158.
Clinocentrus, 94.
Club, Entomological, minutes of, 1
laws of, 2 ; proceedings of, 186, 275
collection of, query respecting, 343
proceedings of, 484.
Clytus arcuatus, economy of, 222.
Coccinella M. nigrum, 83.
Coccothraustes vulgaris, 269.
Colastes, 55, 92.
Colias Electra and Hyale, capture of,
82.
Columba livia, 271.
Colymbus glacialis, arcticus, 274.
Combat of ants, 221.
Communication on the Natural History
of North America, by Edward Double-
day, 487.
Cordyla, 115.
Cordylura, 150.
Corvus monedula, 270.
Coturnix vulgaris, 271.
Croesus, 261.
Cyrtoma, 229.
Dafila acuta, 273.
Dargelas and Bory de St. Vincent save
the Life of Latreille, 82.
Death of Mr. Standish, 492.
Decatoma, 24.
Delina, 150.
Delta, scraps by, 106; notes of cap-
tures by, 230.
Description of the British Chrysididae,
by W. E. Shuckard, 156; of two
S s
494
INDEX GENERUM, &C.
Scarabffii, in the collection of S. Han-
son, Esi]. V. P. E.S., by Edward
Newman, 255 ; of new Chalcidida?,
by J. O. VVestwood, 435.
Desvignes, T., note on Elater crocatus,
255.
Diastata, 151.
Dicondylus, 411.
Diglossa, 252.
Diptera, notes on, by F. Walker, 113;
notes on, by A. H. Haliday, 147 ; notes
on, by Francis Walker, 226.
Distribution of Trachea, 179.
Dixa, 113.
Douglas, J; W., Random Thoughts on
Entomology, 340 ; query respecting
the collection of the Entomological
Club, 343.
J^ryinidse, notes on, by F. Walker, 411.
Dryinus, 411.
Economy of Clytus arcuatus, 222 ; of
Gyrinus villosus, 254.
Elampus, 17G.
Elater crocatus, 255.
Emberiza cirlus, 269.
Embolemus, 430.
Emperor Moth, two perfect insects pro-
duced from one caterpillar, 84.
Encyrtus. 439.
Entomological Club, minutes of, 1 ; laws
of, 2; notes by W, E. Shuckard, 78;
works, 80; Club, proceedings of, I8G,
275 ; Society of France, proceedings
of, 283 ; Society of London, proceed-
ings of, 289; works, 291; Club,
collection, query respecting, 343 ,
Society of London, proceedings of,
383 ; Club, proceedings of, 484.
Epyris, 430.
Erycidnus, oG3.
Essay on Parasitic Hymenoptera, 38,
92, 203.
Euchreus, 169.
Eupelmus, 360.
Eurytonia, 24.
Euura, 259.
Falco peregrinus, subbuteo, aesalon,
267.
Fannia, 150.
Fennel, James, on tlie sight and smell
of insects, 81 ; on the insect which
saved the life of Latreille, 82.
Fenusa, 261.
Fuliga ferina, 273.
Gastracanthus, 9.
Generation spontaneous, observations
on, 365.
Geomyza, 151.
Gnaptodon, 220.
Griesbach, A. W., note on Gyrinus vil-
losus, 254.
Gyrinus villosus, 254.
Haematopus ostralegus, 272.
Haliday, A. H., Essay on Parasitic Hy-
menoptera, 38, 92, 203; on the order
Thysanoptera, 144 ; on Diptera, 147 ;
on Cillenum laterale, and a subma-
rine species of Aleocharidse, 251.
Hecabolus, 48.
Hedychrum, 170.
Hemerodromyia, 228.
Herbina suilloidea, 149.
Hermaphrodite insects, 79.
Heterosphilus, 46.
Hetroxys, 9.
Hilara, 230.
Himantopus melanopterus, 273.
Hormius, 52.
H. S. B. verses on Spring, 152.
Hylecsetus desmestoides, capture of, 79.
Hymenoptera, Parasitic, essay on, 38,
92, 203.
L B. observations on spontaneous ge-
neration, 365 ; note on the word
Kerfe, 374.
Ibis falcinellus, 272.
Indentations in old red sandstone, 59.
Inquisitor, note on butterflies, question-
ably British, 177.
Introductory address, 6.
Isosoma, 23.
Kerfe, note on, 374.
Kidd Waring, account of the birds of
Godalming, 263.
Labeo, 429.
Lanius excubitor, 268.
Latreille, life saved by an insect, 82.
Laws of Entomological Clu,b, 2.
Lefebvre, observations on a new grouj)
of Orthoptera, 66, 343.
Leia, 114.
Leptomyza, 151.
Leucopis obscura, 148.
Lighton, Sir John, list of captures at
Lyndhurst and Ryde, 189.
Linaria montium, 269.
List of Coleoptera captured in Suther-
land, 76 ; of Entomological Works,
SO ; of rare insects captured at Da-
reiith Wood, 155; of rare insects
captured at Lyndhurst and Ryde,
189; of Entomological Works, 291.
Llanthony described, 33 ; wood-cut of,
37 ; sonnetoid on, 257.
Lonchoptera, 230.
Lophyropa, 193.
Loxia curvirostra, 269.
INDEX GENERUM, &C.
495
MacliL'tes jjugnax, 273.
Macrocera, ] 13.
Macroneura, 353.
Macroplea Zosterae, note on, 438.
Malachius ruticollis, note on, 365.
Melizophagus provincialis, 268.
Mareca Penelope, 273.
Merops apiaster, 270.
Merostenus, 354.
Messala, 113.
Minutes of the Fntoniological Club, 1.
Molobvus, 226.
Monographia Chalciditurn, 9, 349, 439.
Morellia, 149.
Musca, 149.
Muscicapa luctuosa, 268-
Mycetobia, 114.
Mycetophila, 116.
Narrative of the Voyage of the Chanti-
cleer, 375.
Necrobia violacea. 82.
Nematus, 260.
Nest of the wasp, 223.
Newman, Edward, notes on septenary
system, 234 ; description of two Sca-
rabsei, 255; notes on Tenthredinina,
258.
Norman, J. J., list of rare insects cap-
tured at Darenth Wood, 155.
Notanisus, 352.
Notes, Entomological, by W. E. Shuc-
kard, 78 ; on Diptera, by F. Walker,
113; on tlie Order Thysanoptera, by
A. H. Haliday, 144; on Diptera, by
A. H. Haliday, 147; on Butterflies
questionably British, by Inquisitor,
177 ; on various insects, by J. W.
Bond, 22 1 ; on Diptera, by F. Walker,
226 ; of captures by Delta, 230 ; on
scorjjions, by Delta, 234 ; about Cil-
lenum laterale and a submarine spe-
cies of Aleocbaridae, by A. H. Haliday,
25! ; on the economy of Gyrinus vil-
losus, by A. W. Griesbach, 254; on
Elater crocatus, by T. Desvignes,
255 ; on Tenthredinina, by Edward
Newman, 258 ; on Malachius rufi-
collis, by C. C. Babington, 365 ; on
the word Kerfe, by J. B., 374 ; on
Dryinidae, 411; on Macroplea Zos-
terae, by C. C. Babington, 438 ; On a
voyage to Alten, Hammerfest, &c. by
William Christy, 462.
Nucifraga caryocatactes, 270.
Numenius arquatus, 272.
Observations on the indentations in old
red sandstone, 59 ; on a new group
of Orthoptera, GG; on the circulation
of the blood, and on the disposition
of the Trachea; in the wina; of Chrv-
sopa Perla, by J. S. Bowcrb^nk, 179 ;
on the septenary system, l)y Edward
Newman, 234 ; on equivocal gene-
ration, by J. B., 365.
QSdicnemus crepitans, 271.
Opius, 203.
Opomyza maculata, 148, 151.
Orchesia minor, 83.
Oriolus galbula, 268.
Orthoptera, observations on a new group
of, 66, 343.
Ostrapoda, 194.
Otus vulgaris, brachyotus, 268.
Pambolus, 49.
Pandion Haliaeetus, 267.
Parasitic Hymenoptera, essay on, 38,
92, 203.
Periodicals, pith of, 191.
Pernis apivorus, 267.
Phalaropus lobatus, 273.
Philomela luscinia, 268.
Phlaeothrips, 145.
Phytomyza obscurella, 147 ; flaviccps,
147.
Phyllopoda, 194.
Picus minor, 270.
Pith of the Periodicals, 191.
Platyura, 114.
Platypalpus, 227.
Platynocheilus, 436.
Plectrophanes nivalis, 269.
Pleuropachus, 437.
Podiceps cornutus, 274.
Preiace to the Wanderings and Ponder-
ings, 409.
Pristophora, 259.
Proceeding of the Entomological Club,
186, 275; Entomological Society of
France, 283; Entomological Society
of London, 289, 383 ; of the Entomo-
logical Club, 484.
Propomacrus, 255.
Prosopon, 356.
Psila bicolor, 148.
Pteromalus, 9.
Querquedula crecca, 273.
Query respecting the collection be-
longing to tlie Entomological Club,
343.
Ragas, 229.
Red sandstone, observations on inden-
tations in, 59.
Researches on insects injurious to tlie
Vine, by M. le Baron Walckenaer,
117, 293.
Khyssalus, 53.
Rogas, 38, 96.
Rudd, Rev. G. T., list of captures at
ryiulhurst and Byde, 1S9.
496
INDEX GENERUM, &C.
Scarabaei, two species described, 255.
Scarabseus, 256.
Scops Aldrovandi, 268.
Scorpions, note on, 234.
Scraps by Delta, 106.
Seiophila, 115.
Selandria, 262.
Septenary system, observations on, 234.
Sliuckard, W. E., Entomological notes,
78 ; description of British Chrysi-
didae, 156.
Sight and smell of insects, 81.
Siphonostoma, 196.
Smell and sight of insects, 81.
Society, Entomological, of France, 283 ;
of London, 289, 383.
Sonnetoid on Llanthony, 257.
Spathius, 41.
Spontaneous generation, observations
on, 365.
Spring, verses on, 152.
Squatarola cinerea, 272.
Standish, Mr., death of, 492.
Stenocera, 357.
Sterna Hirundo, minuta, nigra, 274.
Study of Entomology, thoughts on, 154.
Sutherland, Coleoptera captured in, 76.
System, septenary, observations on, 234.
Teichomyza fusca, 148.
Tenthredinina, notes on, 258.
Tetrao tetrix, 271.
Thalassidroma pelagica, Leachii, 274.
Thoughts on the study of Entomology,
154, 340.
Thrips, 146.
Totanus ochropus, 272 ; glottis, 273.
Toxoneura fasciata, 148.
Tracheae, distribution of, 179.
Trichina, 229.
Trigonoderus, 15.
Trilobites, 196.
Turdus torquatus, 268.
Upupa Epops, 270.
Vanellus cristatus, 272.
Vanessa, C. album, capture of, 82.
Varieties, 81.
Verses on Spring, 153.
Vine, insects injurious to, 117, 293.
Voyage of the Chanticleer, 375; to
Alten, Hammerfest, &c. by W.
Christy, 462.
Walker, Francis, Monographia Chalci-
ditum, 9, 349, 439 ; notes on Diptera,
113, 226 ; on the Dryinidse, 411.
Walckenaer on insects injurious to the
vine, 117, 293.
Wanderings and Ponderings of an In-
sect Hunter, fCliap. I.) 26 ; (Chap.
II.) 28; (Chap. III.) 32; (Chap. IV.)
33 ; (Chap. V.) 85 ; (Chap. VI.) 88 ;
(Chap. VII.) 90; (Chap. VIII.) 197;
(Chap. IX.) 200; (Chap. X.) 201;
(Chap. XI.) 389 ; (Chap. XII.) 391 ;
(Chap. XIII.) 394; (Chap. XIV.)
400; (Chap. XV.) 402; (Chap. XV I.)
404; (Chap. XVII.) 406; (Chap.
XVIII.) 407 ; Preface, 409.
Wasp, nest of, 223.
Westwood, J. O., descriptions of new
Chalcidida?, 435.
Wilson, J., Coleoptera captured by him
in Sutherland, 76.
Xyphosura, 195.
LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES
DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME.
PTEROMALUS Swed.
pulcherrimus West.
scenicus Walk.
invenustus Walk.
macromerus Walk.
stenogaster Walk.
praepileus Walk.
dimidiatus Walk.
fuscescens Walk.
CHEIROPACHUS West.
quadrum Fahr.
tutela Walk.
TRIGONODERUS West.
pulcher Walk.
filatus Walk.
tristis Walk.
ductilis Walk.
affinis Walk.
linearis Walk.
amabilis Walk,
figuratus Walk.
deductor Walk.
elegans Walk.
obscurus Walk.
contemptus Walk.
atrovirens Walk.
dolosus Walk.
hirticornis Walk.
ISOSOMA Walk.
vacillans Walk.
< brevicoUe, Hal.
I brevipenne Walk.
EURYTOMA Hal.
fumipennis Walk.
DECATOMA Spin.
mesomelas Walk.
flavicornis Walk.
aspilus Walk.
CALLIMOME Spin.
rudis Walk.
Angelicae Walk.
SPATHIUS Ess.
rubidus Russi.
clavatus Paiiz.
DORYCTES Hal.
obliteratus Ess.
flaviceps Hal.
HETEROSPILUS Hal.
striatellus Ess.
Imperator Hal.
tabidus Hal.
Quaestor Hal.
HECABOLUS Hal.
sulcatus Curt.
PAMBOLUS Hal.
biglumis Hal.
CHREMYLUS Hal.
rubiginosus Ess.
HORMIUS Ess.
moniliatus Ess.
RHYSSALUS Hal.
clavator Hal.
Indagator Hal.
COLASTES Hal.
Meditator Hal.
fragilis Hal.
braconius Hal.
Lustrator Hal.
lanceolator Ess.
ABDERA Steph.
picea Walk.
ORCHESIA Lair.
minor Walk.
COLASTES Hal.
decorator Hal.
hariolator Hal.
catenator Hal.
funestus Hal.
CLINOCENTRUS Hal.
excubitor Hal.
cunctator Hal.
umbratilis Hal.
vestigator Hal.
ROGAS Ess.
rugulosus Ess.
nobilis IJul.
iricolor Hal.
LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES
gasterator Spin.
geniciilator Ess.
alternator Ess,
bicolor Spin.
testaceus Fabr.
dispar Hal.
ADEMON Hal.
decrescens Ess.
PLATYURA Meig.
servula Walk.
LEI A Meig.
pubescens IValJc.
SEIOPHILA Hoff.
rufilatera Walk.
MYCETOPHILA Meig.
flava Walk.
ferruginea Walk.
PHL^OTHRIPS Hal.
Ulmi Fabr.
Pini Hal.
THRIPS Linn.
cerealium Hal.
nitidula Hal.
phalerata Hal.
atrata Hal.
Persicac Hal.
MELANTHRIPS Hal.
obesa Hal.
MORELLIA Desv.
hortorum Fall.
importiuia Hal.
FANNIA Desv.
aprica Hal.
DELINA Desv.
flava Hal.
GEOMYZA Fall.
sabulosa Hal.
LEPTOMYZA Macq.
cinerella Hal.
DIASTATA
lulvifrons Hal.
CLEPTES Lair.
semiaurata LirM-
nitidula Rossi.
CHRYSIS Linn.
ignila Linn.
Var. I. Alciono
— 2. Asterope
— 3. Celeno
— 4. Electra
— 5. Maia
— 6. Taygeta
Ruddii Shuc.
fulgida lAnn.
stoudera Spin.
analis 5';""-
bidentata lAnn.
succincta Linn.
cyanea Linn.
coerulipes Fabr.
Leachii Shuc.
Austriaca Fabr.
neglecta Shuc.
EUCHRffiUS Lulr.
quadratus Leach.
HEDYCHRUM Lair.
regium Fabr.
lucidulum Fabr.
ccerulescens St. Farg.
ardens Curt,
fervid urn Fabr.
roseuni Rossi,
auratum Linn.
bidentulum St. Farg.
Var. I. imperial e Leach.
— 2. bidentulum St. Farg.
— 3. viride Shuc.
— 4. aeneum Fabr.
EL AM PUS Spin,
Panzeri Fabr.
OPIUS Hal.
abnormis Wesm.
Pygmeator Ess.
pendulus Hal.
lugens Hal.
apiculator Ess.
clarus Hal.
spretus Hal.
victus Hal.
tacitus Hal.
exilis Hal.
pallipes Wesm.
analis Wesm.
instabilis Wesm.
crassipes Wesm.
ssevus Hal.
celsus Hal.
vindex Hal.
maculipes Wesm.
cingulatus Wesm.
irregularis Wesm.
leptostigma Wesnu
parvulus Wesm.
docilis Hal.
^tbiops Hal.
pactus Hal.
aemulus Hal.
polyzonius Wesm.
nitidubitor Ess.
reconditor Wesm.
truncatus Wesm.
bajulus Hal.
rudis Wesm.
cffisus Hal.
comatus Wesm.
rufipes Wesm.
ca'latus Hal.
caffcr Wesm.
I'ulsidus Hal.
DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME.
placidus Hal.
carbonarius Ess.
impressus Wesm.
Rusticus Hal.
scabriculus Wesm.
Wesmaelii Hal,
sylvaticus Hal.
hffimorrliseus Hal.
blandus Hal.
bicolor Wesm.
GNAPTODON Hal.
pumilio Ess.
PLATYPALPUS Macq.
comptus Walk.
robustus Walk.
mundus Walk.
HEMERODROMIA Hoff.
Obsecratoria Walk.
RAGAS Walk.
unica Walk.
ATELESTUS Walk.
sylvicola Walk.
DIGLOSSA Hal.
mersa Hal.
PROPOMACRUS Newm.
Arbaces Newm.
SCARAB^US Linn.
Crcesus Newm.
PRISTIPHORA Steph.
cincia Newm.
EUURA Newm..
gallae Newm.
cynips Newm.
NEMATUS Leach.
tibialis Newm.
FEN US A Leach.
lanthe Neiom.
parviceps Newm.
SELANDRIA Leach.
pallida Newm.
versicolor Newm.
clirysorrhsea King.
ALLANTUS Leach.
haematopus Panz.
CLEONYMUS Latr.
depressus Fabr.
laticornis Hal.
obscurus Walk.
NOTANISUS Walk.
versicolor Walk.
MACRONEURA Walk.
maculipes Walk.
MEROSTENUS Walk.
Phedyma Walk.
CEA Hal.
pulicaris Hal.
PROSOPON Walk.
montanum JFalk.
STENOCERA Walk.
Walkeri Ctnt.
CALOSOTER Walk.
vernalis iFalk.
eestivalis Walk.
EUPELMUS Dal.
urozonus Dal.
Degeeri Did.
excavatus Dal.
ERICYDNUS
paludatus Hal.
strigosus Ess.
DICONDYLUS Hal.
pedestris Hal.
DRYINUS Latr.
collaris Dal.
ephippiger Dal.
fulviventris Hal.
lucidus Hal.
longicornis Dal.
flavicornis Dal.
ruficornis Dal.
frontalis Dal.
infectus Hal.
scapularis Hal.
brachycerus Dal.
cursor Hal.
inclytus Hal.
Jurineanus Latr.
Penidas Walk.
Lyde Walk.
Daos Walk.
Ilus Walk.
Misor Walk.
Otiartes Walk.
Alorus Walk.
Sisithrus- Walk.
nanus Hat.
APHELOPUS Dal.
melaleucus Dal.
LABEO Hal.
excisus West.
EMBOLEMUS West.
Ruddii West.
EPYRIS West.
niger West.
BETHYLUS Latr.
fuscicornis Latr.
PLATYNOCHEILUS West.
Erichsonii West.
PLEUROPACHUS West.
costalis Dal.
ENCYRTUS Dal.
(CERCHYSIUS West.)
urocerus Dal.
cyaneus Dal.
Batillus Walk.
Gabinius Walk.
Marsus Walk.
LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES.
argentifcr Hal.
Sipylus Walk.
Comara Walk.
Paralia Walk.
barbarus Dal.
Zarina Walk.
aeneiventris Hal.
Jalysus Walk.
Madyes Walk.
Imandes Walk.
Chaerihis Walk.
hemipterus Dal.
Lindus Walk.
Anceus Walk.
Didius Walk.
melanopus Hal.
subj)lanus Dal.
Gellius Walk.
Glaphyra Walk.
Mattinus Walk.
serricornis ? Dal.
Anebus Walk.
Aralius Walk.
Teuteus Walk.
Aithyia Walk.
Spherus Walk.
Machaeras Walk.
subcupratus Dal.
coniferae Hal.
END OF VOL. IV.
R. CLAY, PRINTER, BREAD-STREET-HILL.
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