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Number 1 Entomological News. ~~ 


yl Preliminary analysis of the color variation in Cyparium terminale 
from Mexico, with comments on C. palliatum, and a new record 
for C. yapalli (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scaphidiinae) 
Juan Marquez 


11 Eight new species and a key to species of the Aleiodes pilosus 
species-group (=/etrasphaeropyx Ashmead) (Hymenoptera, 
Braconidae, Rogadinae) in North America, Part 2 

Joseph C. Fortier 


351 Species diversity of butterflies in Turkish Pinus brutia forest 
AN) ecosystems after fire Burcin Yenisey Kaynas and Behzat Guirkan 


y 
gi ) Us e of soldier pronotal width and mitchondrial DNA sequencing 

) distinguish the subterranean termites, Reticulitermes flavipes 
(Kollar) and R. virginicus (Banks) (lsoptera: Rhinotermitidae), on 
the Delmarva Peninsula: Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, U.S.A. 

Susan Whitney King, James W. Austin, and Allen L. Szalanski 


49 A review of the planthopper genus Nilaparvata (Hemiptera: 
Delphacidae) in the New World Charles R. Bartlett 


68 A new species of Metaphycus Mercet (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) 
from China, parasitoid of Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) (Homoptera: 
Coccoidea) 

Yan-Zhou Zhang, Da-Wei Huang, Yue-Guan Fu, Zheng-Qiang Peng 


73 Ptinus sexpunctatus Panzer (Coleoptera: Anobiidae, Ptininae) 
newly recorded in North America 
Christopher G. Majka, T. Keith Philips, and Cory Sheffield 


Taye Human parasitism by the Capybara Tick, Amblyomma dubitatum 
(Acari: Ixodidae) in Brazil Marcelo B. Labruna, 
Richard C. Pacheco, Alexandre C. Ataliba, and Matias P J. Szabo 


81 A new species of Jallaperla (Plecoptera: Peltoperlidae) from North 
Carolina, U.S.A. 
Boris C. Kondratieff, R. F Kirchner, Robert E. Zuellig, and David R. Lenat 


835 Species of Syneches from Guangxi, China (Diptera: Hybotidae) 
Ding Yang 


continued on back cover 


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Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 1 


PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE COLOR VARIATION 
IN CYPARIUM TERMINALE FROM MEXICO, 
WITH COMMENTS ON C. PALLIATUM, 

AND A NEW RECORD FOR C. YAPALLI 
(COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE, SCAPHIDITINAE)' 


Juan Marquez’ 


ABSTRACT: Preliminary analysis of the color pattern of the body, antennae, head, pronotum, prono- 
tal hypomeron, elytra, elytral epipleura, and last two visible pregenital tergites of Cyparium terminale 
Matthews is presented based on specimens from four Mexican states. Taxonomical remarks are includ- 
ed for C. palliatum Erichson based on study of the holotype. To augment the poor original description 
of C. palliatum, the holotype is compared to specimens of C. terminale. Cyparium yapalli Fierros-Lopez 
is reported from the state of Guerrero for the first time and from a new locality in the state of Oaxaca. 


KEY WORDS: Staphylinidae, Scaphidiinae, taxonomy, Mexico 


Cyparium Erichson, 1845, the only genus of the tribe Cypariini (Leschen and 
Lobl, 1995; Lobl, 1997), was based on C. palliatum Erichson, 1845, a species re- 
ported from Mexico, but without a precise locality. The original description of this 
species is rather poor, and it is possible that the specimen studied is teneral, because 
of its pale color (Matthews, 1888; Fig. 1f). The genus includes 50 species. Five are 
distributed in Mexico: C. navarretei Fierros-Lopez, 2002 from Veracruz; C. pal- 
liatum from “Mexico”; C. sallaei Matthews, 1888 from Oaxaca and Veracruz; C. 
terminale Matthews, 1888 from the states of Mexico, Jalisco, Michoacan, Morelos, 
Oaxaca and Veracruz (also recorded from Guatemala and Panama); and C. yapalli 
Fierros-Lopez, 2002 from Oaxaca (Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2001; Fierros-Lopez, 
2002; Marquez, in press). 

Since the original description of C. palliatum (Erichson, 1845) nothing has been 
documented about this species. Recently, four specimens of Cyparium were col- 
lected from three localities in Oaxaca and another three specimens were collected 
in the Sierra de Atoyac, Veracruz, Mexico. These specimens are orange, red or yel- 
low and resemble C. palliatum more than any other Mexican species of Cyparium 
(Fig. 1b, f). Additionally, several typical specimens (body black with red bands on 
pronotum and elytra) of C. terminale were collected at the same sites (Fig. la, c). 
The seven paler specimens were difficult to assign either to C. palliatum or to 
C. terminale, due to the lack of published information about the former species, 
known only by the holotype, and because C. terminale presents wide variation in 
its color pattern. 


"Received on June 5, 2005. Accepted on March 30, 2006. 


* Laboratorio de Sistematica Animal, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma del 
Estado de Hidalgo, Apartado postal 1-69, Plaza Juarez, Pachuca, Hidalgo, CP 42001, México. E-mail: 
jmarquez@uaeh.edu.mx. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 118 (1): 1, January and February 2007 
Mailed on April 27, 2007 


2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


The goal of this work is to assess the variation in color pattern of C. terminale 
through the study of specimens from four Mexican states and to include taxonom- 
ical remarks for C. palliatum based on the study of the holotype, in order to distin- 
guish it from C. terminale. Cyparium yapalli, until now known only from the type 
locality, is reported from two new localities. 


METHODS 

The holotype specimen of C. palliatum was obtained on loan from the Museum 
of Natural History of Berlin, Germany (MNHUB; J. Frisch). The other specimens 
studied were obtained on loan from the following collections (acronyms identify 
the collections in the text): American Museum of Natural History, New York 
(AMNH; L. Herman); Coleccion de Coleoptera, Universidad Autonoma del Estado 
de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo (CC-UAEH; J. Marquez); Coleccion Entomologica, 
Instituto de Ecologia, A. C., Xalapa, Veracruz (IEXA; L. Delgado); Coleccion de 
Coleoptera del Museo de Zoologia, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, Mexico, D. F. 
(MZFC-UNAM; J. J. Morrone); and Coleccion Nacional de Insectos, Instituto de 
Biologia, UNAM, México, D. F. (CNIN; S. Zaragoza). 

Taxonomical characteristics were taken from Matthews (1888), Fierros-Lopez 
(2002) and Leschen and Lobl (1995). This study can be considered as a preliminary 
analysis of the variation in color pattern of C. terminale, due to the reduced num- 
ber of specimens studied (28), and the lack of specimens of the states of Mexico 
and Jalisco, Mexico, and from Guatemala and Panama. 


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 


Cyparium terminale Matthews, 1888 

The color pattern of the species is highly variable and is documented herein so 
as to permit separation of the species from similar ones of the genus (Fig. 1a-e). 
Also, it can be a precedent of a variable species that can be studied with respect to 
its geographic distribution, and with respect to its association with mushrooms at 
different sites. 

Variation of the color pattern is presented in descending frequency with respect 
to the dominant color pattern and is based on 28 specimens among which are | 
from Michoacan, 5 from Morelos (1 teneral), 8 from Oaxaca (4 reddish, pattern 
color documented herein for the first time), and 14 from Veracruz (3 of them ten- 
eral). 


1. General body color 

a) Body black, or black with some red areas on pronotum and/or elytra: 20 spec- 
imens: Michoacan (1); Morelos (4); Oaxaca (4); Veracruz (11); Fig. la, c-e. 

b) Body red, or red with reduced black areas on head and/or on last two visible 
abdominal tergites: 4 specimens from Oaxaca indicated below as “red”; Fig. 1b. 

c) Body yellow, or yellow with pale (nearly white) spots on basal and apical cor- 
ners of elytra: 4 specimens indicated below as “teneral”: Morelos (1); Veracruz (3). 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 3 


Figure 1. Schematic representations of color patterns of head, pronotum, elytra and last vis- 


ible tergites of Cyparium terminale (a-e) and C. palliatum (f; holotype; antennae and legs 
omitted). 


2. Last antennomere (one specimen from Veracruz without antennae) 

a) Basal half black contrasting strongly with yellow apical half: 20 specimens: 
Morelos (5); Oaxaca (4); Veracruz (11, three of them teneral). 

b) Basal half brown, but not contrasting strongly with reddish brown apical half: 
6 specimens: Oaxaca (4, red); Veracruz (2). 


c) Basal half reddish brown, not contrasting strongly with pale red apical half: 
Michoacan (1). 


3. Head 


a) Head black, with frontoclypeal region and labrum reddish brown: 9 speci- 
mens: Morelos (3); Oaxaca (3); Veracruz (3). 


b) Head red, with brown to black color beginning at posterior margin adjacent 


4 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


to neck, and ending behind eyes: 8 specimens: Michoacan (1); Oaxaca (4, red); 
Veracruz (3). 

c) Head black, only with anterior half of frontoclypeal region and labrum red- 
dish brown: 7 specimens: Morelos (1); Oaxaca (1); Veracruz (5). 

d) Head uniformly yellow: 4 teneral specimens: Morelos (1); Veracruz (3). 


4. Pronotum 

a) Pronotum black, with red band on anterior 2/3 of lateral borders: 9 specimens: 
Morelos (3); Oaxaca (2); Veracruz (4); Fig. la. 

b) Pronotum black, with red band along entire lateral borders, red band wider 
than band of specimens of 4a): 6 specimens: Michoacan (1); Veracruz (5); Fig. le. 

c) Pronotum uniformly black: 5 specimens: Morelos (1); Oaxaca (2); Veracruz 
(2); Fig. 1d. 

d) Pronotum uniformly red: 4 specimens: Oaxaca (red); Fig. 1b. 

e) Pronotum red pale or yellow, with lateral borders slightly paler than remain- 
ing area: 4 specimens: Morelos (1, teneral); Veracruz (3, teneral). 


5. Elytra 

a) Elytra black, with red band along lateral border, widest at anterior and poste- 
rior corners (about as wide as 1/3 of width of elytra) narrower at midlength (about 
as wide as 1/4 of total width of elytra): 11 specimens: Morelos (3); Oaxaca (4); 
Veracruz (4); Fig. la. 

b) Elytra black, with red spot at antero-lateral corner and red spot at postero-lat- 
eral corner: 7 specimens: Veracruz; Fig. Ic. 

c) Elytra red, with same band as indicated above, but pale: 5 specimens: Morelos 
(1, teneral); Oaxaca (4, red); Fig. 1b. 

d) Elytra yellow, with white spot at antero-lateral corner and white spot at pos- 
tero-lateral corner: 3 specimens: Veracruz. 

e) Elytra with similar color pattern as in 5a), but with red band evenly narrow, 
about as wide as 1/5 of width of elytra: 1 specimen: Morelos; Fig. 1d. 

f) Elytra with similar color pattern as in 5a), but with red band wider, and black 
area of elytra forming a frontal silhouette of a human head when both elytra are 
contiguous: 1 specimen: Michoacan; Fig. le. 


6. Pronotal hypomeron 

a) Pronotal hypomeron dark brown to black, with red band near upper line: 19 
specimens: Morelos (4); Oaxaca (4); Veracruz (11). 

b) Pronotal hypomeron uniformly red (pale in teneral specimens): 9 specimens: 
Morelos (1, teneral); Michoacan (1); Oaxaca (4, red); Veracruz (3, teneral). 


7. Color of elytral epipleura 

a) Superior and inferior carinae of elytral epipleura black, contrasting strongly 
with red area between carinae: 17 specimens: Michoacan (1); Morelos (4); Oaxaca 
(3); Veracruz (9). 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 5 


b) Superior and inferior carinae of elytral epipleura reddish brown to yellow 
(teneral specimen), contrasting with red area between carinae, but less strongly 
than in specimens indicated above: 9 specimens: Morelos (1, teneral); Oaxaca (5, 
four of them red); Veracruz (3, teneral). 

c) Superior and inferior carinae of elytral epipleura black, contrasting strongly 
with anterior half of area between carinae, and contrasting slightly with almost 
black posterior half of area between carinae: 2 specimens: Veracruz. 


8. Legs 

a) Legs red or reddish brown, with coxae black to brown, darker than remaining 
segments of leg: 11 specimens: Michoacan (1); Morelos (4); Oaxaca (6, two of 
them red). 

b) Legs yellow, or yellow with red coxae: 6 specimens: Morelos (1, teneral); 
Oaxaca (2, red); Veracruz (3, teneral). 

c) Legs with coxae, trochanters and basal half of femora black; apical half of 
femora, tibiae and tarsi red: 6 specimens: Veracruz. 

d) Legs black, with tibiae and tarsi red: 5 specimens: Veracruz. 


9. Visible abdominal sternites 

a) Abdominal sternites dark brown to black, with red or reddish brown posteri- 
or and lateral margins: 20 specimens: Michoacan (1); Morelos (4); Oaxaca (4); 
Veracruz (11). 

b) Abdominal sternites red, with yellow posterior and lateral margins: 4 speci- 
mens: Oaxaca (red). 

c) Abdominal sternites uniformly yellow: 4 teneral specimens: Morelos (1); 
Veracruz (3). 


10. Last two visible pregenital tergites 

a) Penultimate tergite black with red or reddish brown posterior border; last ter- 
gite with black basal half and red or reddish brown apical half: 12 specimens: Mic- 
hoacan (1); Morelos (4); Oaxaca (3, one of them red); Veracruz (4); Fig. la, c, e. 

b) Two last tergites uniformly black: 8 specimens: Oaxaca (2); Veracruz (6); Fig. 
Id. 

c) Two last tergites uniformly red or yellow: 7 specimens: Morelos (1, teneral); 
Oaxaca (2, red); Veracruz (4, three of them teneral). 

d) Penultimate tergite red; last tergite red, with transverse black band on basal 
1/4: 1 specimen: Oaxaca (red). 


Cyparium terminale presents three principal color patterns that overlap. The 
dominant pattern is mainly black, with red spots or bands on the elytra and prono- 
tum (Fig. la, c, d); the second is red, with some poorly marked pale spots or bands 
distributed identically to the red spots of the black form (Fig. 1b); and the third pat- 
tern is represented only by one specimen from Michoacan, which displays an equal 
distribution of black and red color on the elytra and, to a lesser degree, the prono- 
tum (Fig. le). Teneral specimens of C. terminale are difficult to distinguish from 
the pale yellow specimen of C. palliatum; possible diagnostic differences are 


6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


described below under C. palliatum. Teneral specimens of C. terminale might be 
confused also with adults of the red pattern type, but they may be distinguished 
because they are pale yellow, with some whitish spots on pronotum and elytra; 
whereas adults red specimens lack spots and are slightly browner than teneral spec- 
imens. Specimens with red pattern color are known at present only from Oaxaca, 
from two localities of the Sierra Madre del Sur and one locality of the Mexican 
Pacific Coast Provinces (Fig. 3). 

In contrast, the aedeagi of several red and black specimens do not differ (Fig. 2a- 
b), but the teneral specimens are all females. Additionally, all specimens have the 
same punctational pattern on the head, pronotum and elytra, and the antennae show 
the same proportion and form in each anntenomere. A future revision of a long 
series of specimens from more localities can provide a better knowledge of the 
variation of this species. 

Cyparium terminale is found in several Mexican states and extends to Gua- 
temala and Panama. In Mexico, it has been documented from the following bio- 
geographic provinces (Fig. 3): Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (states of Mexico, 
Jalisco and Michoacan), Balsas Basin (Mexico and Morelos), Sierra Madre del Sur 


b 


Figure 2. Aedeagus of Cyparium terminale: a) ventral view, b) lateral view. Scale bar 0.95 
mm. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 q/ 


(Oaxaca), Mexican Pacific Coast (Oaxaca), and Gulf of Mexico (Veracruz). It may 
be predicted to occur also in Chiapas Province, since its distributional pattern is 
similar to other staphylinids (Marquez and Morrone, 2003; Marquez and Asiain, in 
press). It is also possible that C. terminale is present in several Central American 
countries such as Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, be- 
cause the apparent disjunction in the distribution from Guatemala to Panama is not 
a common pattern in Neotropical staphylinids. The disjunction for C. terminale 
may be the result of a lack of sampling or the Mexican and Central American spec- 
imens may not be conspecific, as was documented for species of Homalolinus 
(Marquez, 2003). 


1416____114_ 1120, 408__406__104_ 402100 9g 88 492. 88 


= 


Figure 3. Geographical distribution of Cyparium terminale in Mexico. Black circles: black 
pattern color (16 specimens), white circles: red pattern color (four specimens), and black tri- 
angle: black/red pattern color (one specimen). Teneral specimens are excluded. Question 
marks: state records only (Jalisco and Mexico; Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2002). 


Material Studied: “México: Michoacan, Ocampo, Laguna Seca. Bosque mixto. 
N 19° 32'37", W 100° 22'38.9". En hongos. 22-VII-2000. S. Bautista y J. Asiain 
cols.” (1, CC-UAEH). “México: Morelos, Tlayacapan, San José de los Laureles. 
Bosque mesofilo de montafia. Localidad 3. 15-08-1998. En hongos diversos. 
R. Toledo y J. Marquez cols.” (3, MZFC). Same data as previous, except: “Necro- 


8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


trampa permanente (calamar). Localidad 1. Bosque de encino-pino, | a 30 de sep- 
tiembre de 1996. J. Marquez col.” (1, MZFC). Same data as previous, except: “1 a 
30 de octubre de 1995. K. Villavicencio y J. Marquez cols.” (1, MZFC). “México: 
Oaxaca, Santiago Yosondua, camino a El Vergel, La Cascada. Bosque de encino. 
1917 m. N 16° 50' 49.6", W 97° 34' 47.5". En trampa de intercepcion de vuelo. 10 
a 13-VII-2005. J. Asiain y J. Marquez cols.” (5, CC-UAEH). Same data as previ- 
ous, except: “En Russula sp. 12-VII-2005. J. Asiain y J. Marquez cols.” (1, CC- 
UAEH). “México: Oaxaca, Santiago Jamiltepec, El Monroy. 10-14-julio-2005. Alt. 
100 m. Trampa de intercepcion. L. Delgado col.” (1, IEXA). “México: Oaxaca, km 
3 Carr. Santo Domingo Tepuxtepec-Juquila Mixes. 19-VIII-2003. Alt. 2000 m. 
Trampa de intercepcion. Q. Santiago y L. Delgado cols.” (1, IEXA). “México: 
Veracruz, Sierra de Atoyac, Atoyaquillo. 30-VI-2003. Alt. 650 m. En hongos. A. y 
L. Delgado cols.” (2, IEXA). Same data as previous, except: “30-VI-2-VII-2003. 
En agarical” (3, IEXA). “México: Veracruz, Huatusco, km 30 Carr. Fortin-Hua- 
tusco. 12-Julio-2001. Alt. 1490 m. Bosque mesofilo. L. Delgado col.” (1, IEXA). 
Same data as previous, except: “24-VI-2003. Alt. 1500 m. En hongos y tronco. A. 
y L. Delgado cols.” (1, IEXA). “Mexico: Veracruz, Fortin, Barranca de Metlac. 25- 
28-VI-2003. Alt. 1000 m. Trampa de intercepcion. A. y L. Delgado cols.” (1, 
IEXA). “Mexico: Veracruz, Chocaman. 1200 msnm. 6-I-2000. H. Brailovsky, E. 
Barrera / Coleccion del Instituto de Biologia, UNAM, Mexico, D. F.” (2, CNIN). 
“Mexico: Jalapa, W. Schaus, Coll’r. / Cyparium terminale Matth. Det. J. F. Cornell 
67.” (3, AMNH). “Mexico: Jalapa. Hoege. / Cyparium terminale Matt. / Donated 
by F. Du C. Godman. 1907. (1, AMNH). 


Cyparium palliatum Erichson, 1845 


This species is known only from the female holotype. I agree with Matthews 
(1888) that this specimen may be teneral, which, together with the lack of addi- 
tional males and females, make it difficult to interpret this species. The problem is 
made more difficult when teneral specimens are collected, as occurred with C. ter- 
minale described above. Initially and erroneously I considered that these teneral 
specimens to be C. palliatum, since it is not easy to detect conspicuous differences 
between the holotype of C. palliatum and the 28 specimens of C. terminale includ- 
ed herein. 

The holotype of C. palliatum is more similar to the red and teneral specimens of 
C. terminale than to the others. The two species can be distinguished because the 
apical half of the last antennomere of C. palliatum is scarcely flattened and with the 
basal half reddish brown, not contrasting strongly with its pale red apical half. On 
the other hand, the apical half of the last antennomere of C. terminale 1s clearly flat- 
tened, yellow and contrasts strongly with the black basal half. 

If the holotype of C. palliatum is really teneral, it is probable that a mature adult 
may have some pale spots on the elytra and on the borders of the pronotum, be- 
cause the specimen studied shows several pale to near transparent areas in a vague 
pattern (Fig. If). Similar pale areas were detected in the teneral specimens and the 
red form of C. terminale. Only by collecting and studying additional material of 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 9 


C. palliatum might the validity of the species be verified and the characters by 
which the species is distinguished be clearly known. 

Type Material. Holotype female: “7689 / Mexico Deppe / Type / palliatum Er. / 
Cyparium Er. / Zool. Mus. Berlin / Hist-Coll (Coleoptera) Nr. 7689 Cyparium pal- 
liatum Erichson. Mexico, Deppe. Zool. Mus. Berlin / Holotypus Cyparium pallia- 
tum Erichson, 1845, labelled by MNHUB 2005.” 


Cyparium yapalli Fierros-Lopez, 2002 


This species has been recorded only from the type locality, “km 164, carretera 
Sola de Vega — Puerto Escondido,” state of Oaxaca (Fierros-Lopez, 2002). Two 
new localities for the species are reported here: “México: Oaxaca, Santiago 
Jamiltepec, El Monroy. 10-14-julio-2005. Alt. 100 m. Trampa de intercepcion. L. 
Delgado col.” (1, IEXA). “México: Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Barranca Las Juntas. 
27 / 29-VIII-2003. Trampa de intercepcion. Alt. 900 m. Q. Santiago y L. Delgado 
cols.” (1, IEXA). This species now known at two localities in the Sierra Madre del 
Sur Province and one locality in the Mexican Pacific Coast Province (Fig. 4). 


88, 


Figure 4. Geographical distribution of Cyparium yapalli (black circles). 


10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I thank J. Asiain (Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, UAEH) for her help in the field work and 
the preparation of the figures. L. Herman (American Museum of Natural History) for the critical revi- 
sion of the work and the loan of specimens. L. Delgado (Instituto de Ecologia, A. C.) and S. Zaragoza 
(Instituto de Biologia, UNAM) lent the specimens. I. Castellanos (Centro de Investigaciones Bio- 
logicas, UAEH), J. J. Morrone (Museo de Zoologia, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM), and four anony- 
mous reviewers commented on the manuscript. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Erichson, W. F. 1845. Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands. Erste Abteilung, Coleoptera, 
Vol. 3. Verlag der Nicolaischen Buchhandlung, Berlin, Germany. 320 pp. 


Fierros-Lopez, H. E. 2002. Descripcién de dos especies nuevas de Cyparium Erichson, 1845 
(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) de México. Dugesiana 9(2): 7-14. 


Leschen, R. A. B. and I. Lébl. 1995. Phylogeny of Scaphidiinae with redefinition of tribal and 
generic limits (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Suisse Revue de Zoologie 102: 425-474. 


Lobl, I. 1997. Catalogue of the Scaphidiinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Muséum d’histoire 
Naturelle. Genéve, Switzerland. 190 pp. 


Marquez, J. 2003. Systematic revision of the genera Homalolinus and Ehomalolinus (Coleoptera, 
Staphylinidae, Xantholinini). Zoologica Scripta 32(6): 491-523. 


Marquez, J. 2006. Primeros registros estatales y datos de distribucion geografica de especies mex- 
icanas de Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa 38: 181- 
198. 


Marquez, J. and J. Asiain. 2006. Patrones de distribucion de la familia Staphylinidae (Coleoptera), 
pp. 157-236. In, Morrone, J. J. and J. Llorente Bousquets (Editors.). Componentes bidticos prin- 
cipales de la Entomofauna Mexicana. Volumen I. Las Prensas de Ciencias. Universidad Nacional 
Autonoma de México (UNAM). México, Distrito Fedreal. 562 pp. 


Marquez, J. and J. J. Morrone. 2003. Analisis panbiogeografico de las especies de Heterolinus y 
Homalolinus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Xantholinini). Acta Zoologica Mexicana (Nueva Serie) 
90: 15-25. 


Matthews, A. 1888. Fam. Scaphidiidae, pp. 158-181, pl. 4. In, Biologia Centrali-Americana. In- 
secta. Coleoptera. Vol. 2(1). Taylor & Francis, London, England, United Kingdom. 718 pp. 


Navarrete-Heredia, J. L., A. F. Newton, M. Thayer, J. Ashe, and D. Chandler. 2002. Guia ilus- 
trada para los géneros de Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) de México. Universidad de Guadalajara y 
CONABIO, México. 395 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 11 


EIGHT NEW SPECIES AND A KEY TO SPECIES OF THE 
ALEIODES PILOSUS SPECIES-GROUP (=TETRASPHAEROPYX 
ASHMEAD) (HYMENOPTERA, BRACONIDAE, ROGADINAE) 

IN NORTH AMERICA,’ PART 2 


Joseph C. Fortier’ 


Abstract: This is the second of a two-part series, which is intended as an introduction to a future revision of 
the Aleiodes pilosus (Cresson) species-group. Here eight new species are described and a key to described and 
undescribed species is provided. Species described are as follows: A. anatariatus, A. cartwrightensis, A. 
haematoxyloni, A. halifaxensis, A. jaliscoensis, A. provancheri, A. quickei, and A. shawi. Host information is 
included. 


KEY WORDS: Aleiodes, pilosus, species-group, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae, North America, new 
species, new combination, Cheloninae, Rhogas, taxonomy, systematics, Geometridae, endoparasitoid 


Aleiodes Wesmael is a large group of parasitic wasps, comprising about 300 species 
worldwide and found on every continent except Antarctica (Chen and He 1997). Like 
other members of the tribe Rogadini, Aleiodes are koinobiont endoparasitoids of lepi- 
dopteran larvae that mummify the host larva when it dies and pupate inside the mummy. 
The mummy is composed of the larval host’s skin, often lined inside with an inner 
silken cocoon (Shaw and Huddleston 1991). Before it pupates, the parasitoid larva usu- 
ally cuts a hole in the ventral thoracic region of the host mummy, through which the 
mummy is glued to a substrate (leaf, twig, etc.). The adult Aleiodes exit hole is smooth- 
ly, roundly cut in the dorso-posterior area of the mummy (Shaw 1997). 

The A. pilosus-group is defined by the carapace-like fourth abdominal tergite that 
covers all tergites posterior to it (Fortier 2006b). A. pilosus-group species were previ- 
ously known only from western North America (Shaw 1997) until the current investi- 
gation. Aleiodes pilosus-group specimens are infrequently collected (Shaw 1997), and 
their host associations remained unknown until recently (Fortier 2006a). 

The purpose of this paper is to describe 8 new A. pil/osus-group species and to pro- 
vide a key to all described and undescribed species. This is intended as the second part 
of an introductory series to a future revision of the A. pilosus-group. 


METHODS 

Specimens were borrowed from the following museums: The American Entomologi- 
cal Institute (AEI), the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia (ANSP), the Albert 
J. Cook Arthropod Research Collection at Michigan State University (ARC), the 
Canadian National Collection (CNC); the Cornell University Insect Collection (CUIC), 
the Entomology Research Museum at the University of California at Davis (ERM), the 
Insect Research Collection at the University of Wisconsin, Madison (IRC), the Snow 
Entomological Museum, of the University of Kansas at Lawrence (SEMC), _ the 
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), the National Museum of 
Scotland (NMS), the Rocky Mountain Systemic Entomology Laboratory (RMSEL), the 
Texas A&M University Entomology Collection (TAMU), the Essig Museum of Ento- 


‘Received on February 23, 2006. Accepted on March 30, 2006. 
> Department of Biology, Saint Louis University. Saint Louis, Missouri 63103 U.S.A. E-mail: fortier@slu.edu. 
Mailed on April 27, 2007 


12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


mology at the University of California at Berkeley (UCB), and the Bohart Museum of 
Entomology at the University of California at Davis (UCD). Observations and meas- 
urements were made with a Leica MZ 12.5 stereomicroscope. An ocular micrometer in 
the eyepiece of the microscope was used for measurements. Images were made with a 
Syncroscopy Automontage photo-imaging system. Morphological terms follow Shar- 
key and Wharton (1997). Sclerite surface sculpturing terminology follows Harris 
(i979), 


SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY 
Key to Aleiodes pilosus-group species 
For species that include specimens collected in the U.S. and Canada, postal abbrevi- 
ations for states and provinces are included in the key. For species that include speci- 
mens collected in Mexico, the name of the state follows the abbreviation “MEX.” 
Species with polymorphic characters will come out at more than one point in the key. 
New species not yet described have been designated numbers, thus “n. sp. 1” refers to 
an undescribed species designated the number ‘one.’ Figures of wings for described 
species that come out in couplets 1-13, 37, 74, and 79 can be found in Fortier (2006b). 


1 Entire dorsum of metasoma punctate or foveolate (Figs. 2, 4, 7) ........:cccsssccccsseeneeceeeenteeees 2 
— Entire dorsum of metasoma not punctate or foveolate, 1 or more tergites rugocostate, 
fugose; or areolate (Figs. 1, 35/5) 6,°8; 12, 14, 15, VO) ee. 11 
2(1) “Entire metasomal ‘dorsum black, foveolate. i... ... 2200 sin ee een 3 
—  Metasomal dorsum either entirely yellow-orange, orange, or bicolored...............::esceeeeeees 6 
3(2) Mesopleuron entirely yellow-orange including venter NM).................... A. dorsofoveolatus 
==| Mesopleunon:venter black. ....cu.. cc c.sscalicnsdere.scthes..netl.shonseddepnessectee se epene teeDeece a eee ee ae 4 
4(3) Mesopleuron entirely yellow-crange except venter (AZ, CO) ...........eeeeee A. citriscutum 
—, Mesopleuron above venter with black ...:.....0.0.4.0.4-Gane eee 5 


5(4) Head, pronotum yellow-orange, scutum bicolored, black with yellow notauli, scutellum, 
propleuron and venter of mesopleuron black (CA), second submarginal cell of forewing 
small and square, length of vein r greater than 3RSa length (CA) ............. A. flavinotaulus 

— Head, pronotum yellow-orange, scutum, scutellum yellow-orange, most of esopleuron, all 
of propodeum and metasomal dorsum black, forewing vein r long, length greater than 3RSa 
length, second submarginal cell small, square (TX) ..............ccccecessseceeeesneeees A. brevicellula 

6(2) Bicolored orange and black head, scutum, and scutellum, and/or metasoma with mostly 
Dlaeletteronte Vy 2.3 ih seca toes ca th iFadles Sade cece o.tvs dado des tdchn sodlicad ean e nett RES e a 

—  Dorsum of body entirely yellow-orange or orange, sometimes propodeum and/ or base of 
IMP tepals ae acess. .nste esanse li vawdae dltian. cap slacesinuisemas ve nots «tend deaepiyne vaerRcheee eee eee err 8 

7(6) Bicolored orange and black head, scutum and scutellum; yellow-orange pronotum, orange 
metasomal dorsum, tergite I with black highlights, second submarginal cell of forewing 
small and square, length of vein r greater than 3RSa length (AZ) ................ A. cochisensis 

—  Yellow-orange head, bicolored metasoma with extensive black on tergites HII and 1V (WY) 
Whip ORG Bc OMT RIT is EA Res MAEM oN ek snag As A. aquaedulcensis 


S(6)! Wings ilvaite. 281). A AA ek ARIAUAR...LN. AR, A 9 

==) { Wittgs Clear 25M eR 2, OR. LE ce 10 

9(8) All orange-yellow, ocelli small, wings fumate, scutum shiny smooth punctate (CO, TX, NM, 
DEE, WWE) seas eee cs ee ecco Maaco tt cay ee ee Nini cess Schade ae neue kcal emeaane eee eee A. pilosus 


— As above except black propodeum, sometimes dark tergite I (TX, WY) ............ccccsccceceesees 
saVivacdup uelilbdXabanesehevdowawesiewoiaronshSbupageanssath teen, Oe Ree te Aeeaa A. ANNE, ee A. fernaldellavorax 
10(8) Scutum sculpturing areolate over minutely areolate surface, legs yellow (MEX, Oaxaca) 
daeeiatysidtaa eves eaten datsins asain wwwhlleiva clues Alaie lar eees tae ret ea al eRe scENCS ata leca ae Re A. oaxacensis 
= | begs Black (MEX, Oaxaeas TX) cscs -csoccsastoniar;shannvenays tastes cance ee ee A. tulensis 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 13 


11(1) All yellow or dark orange; sometimes with irregular dark mottling on tergites, or black on 


(OINTIDOCISUIIN so scaspaadcoqgecehacocass nea scacec ontoe -Wenta ACME Dhue acuncr Tee tee ee ne ee ee 12 
—  Bicolored or black other than irregular dark mottling or black propodeum .................... 21 
12(11) Unicolored dark orange, metasomal tergite II coarsely rugose, tergite I short and wide, api- 
caliwadthsereater thanvor equal toule8 teneit]e lemethy..cc-ceescct<-ceeenctedcodaceeencescenecssonesesnscoss 13 
— Unicolored yellow or orange-yellow, apical width less than 1.8 tergite length ................ 14 
BPM sailacke(GAe, SC) cieccassteccussemee anectennadadswacuninsndldansinsianrasvnndosoncnsvcinesenees A. catherinensis 
— Legs orange or yellow (MEX, Nuevo Leon; NM) ......... cee eee eeseeeneeeeeeenneeeaes n. sp. 33 
14(12) Large ocelli, diameter of lateral ocellus greater than 0.9 length of ocelli ocular space (Fig. 
UBL) eee meee eee creed PNM ENEP Ta ore, 1.6 cee tae Sedd. AUN ICOEOTD, Ae UNL UL MUNA Lad deasesaccebdeek ons 15 
— Small ocelli, diameter of lateral ocellus less than (Fig. 9) or equal to (Fig. 10) 0.9 length of 
WOcellEWculais pace mee. Pee ee Oe Re O NL Rw elena uae 18 
15(14) All yellow soma, usually pale yellow, metasomal tergite II broadly costate, ocelli large, 
almost touching eyes (Figs. 11, 12, 13, 22) (MEX, Oaxaca ..... A. haematoxyloni 
—  Metasomal tergite II rugocostate to finely rugulocostate, not broadly costate.................. 16 
16(15) Carapace shallow, sometimes nearly flat (Fig. 6) (TX) oo... eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeees n. sp. 15 
mee anapaccadcepamoumcded (Hig) 7)iccw tategeee tence ts eeecetectee ee SL, Wh es Nee lees 1 


17(16) Bright, light yellow dorsum, metasomal tergites I-III delicately rugulocostulate, tergite II 
lightest, white metasomal venter, yellow legs, ocelli large, longest diameter of lateral ocel- 
lus greater than or equal to ocelli ocular distance (Figs. 5, 27) (TX) ........... eee A. quickei 

—  Yellow-orange dorsum, rugulocostate, metasomal venter yellow or brown, often with 
brown or black tergite IV and/or irregular dark mottling on other tergites (TX)....n. sp. 11 


18(14) Carapace shallow, flattened, flange poorly defined apically (IA).......... ee n. sp. 50 
— Carapace deep, rounded, flange well defined, recurved apically «0.0.0.0... eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 19 
19(18) Metasomal tergite II broadly, coarsely costate, or otherwise with strongly defined longi- 
ruGimalecarmmacs (NID INE SSID) tears. .!cdenctet sete Jack dees ORR... n. sp. 8 
— Metasomal tergite II rugose or rugocostate, no strong longitudinal carinae, usually yellow- 
OPMOTE 205, dba oo cddcbodonlaScSbanenanice acetone soe kacohe nome Sac eke ener ee ee ne ee 20 
20(19) Wings hyaline, wing venation honey yellow (JA).............::cssccceeeseteeeeeeseeeeeeneees n. sp. 56 
— Wings infumate, basal wing venation black (TX)............c::ccesseceeenceeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeneeeees n. sp. 43 
21(11) Head, mesosoma all black or nearly so, each tergite all or mostly black ............... aD 
— Either head and mesosoma with more yellow than black, and/or one or more tergites with 
MIOKE aye] LOnvaatlnatablo AG kere. cemerereaece antes + shee vi sed oe NS jes as tecle AcaaOBNc eae ab SaldellnSCA Ue saanvetine 26 
22(21) Metasomal tergite II with a few widely spaced, deep, parallel costae, black often with 
yell owvalaig inline tintin ey CAMS AB ©) sea aaa heeds n. sp. 13 
—  Metasomal tergite II rugocostate, no extremely well defined costae as above ................. % 


23(22) All black head, soma, legs yellow-orange except black coxae and trochanters; submargin- 
al cell square, ocelli small, tergite II sculpturing rugulocostate (Figs. 14, 21) (LABRADOR) 
saGtonuhas nagaosb Saat edeacegs eRe cada uaa eRe ene eee A. cartwrightensis 

— Head sometimes all black, usually with a yellow-orange eye-ring, second submarginal cell 
By Ald COU INy Sele CLs PUR teen ee wee | SLAM ENTIRE ARR ad ita LISS AR come RR ce. 24 

24(23 Second submarginal cell nearly square, metasomal tergite IV yellow apically in male; 
female similar except with more extensive yellow at apices of tergites III and IV and tergite 


liikwatheyellowalmetnhielniimen (©) Fe Set eee etree Gate cectilee.e-ceebe nat seardsddeeadsobenes n. sp. 47 
— Second submarginal cell elongate, metasoma entirely black.............. cece eee etter enone 25 
2S OA ace rallxormiostly: blacks (ABS Caer hoe see esac ecvot adage tess ll lldesacettedaes n. sp. 39 
nt AC CRYC MLOWAOnAmee (NID) Meee ee Mae AEA SR Ri eis sat ene Wa dee n. sp. 60 
26(21) Head, mesosoma color not all black, usually mostly yellow or orange; metasomal tergite 

color all black; sometimes with orange or yellow highlights on some tergites ................ ai} 
— Head, mesosoma color variable; some metasomal tergites with no black .................0.6. 42 
27(26) Diameter of lateral ocellus greater than 0.9 of ocell-ocular distance ...............:ceees 28 
— Diameter of lateral ocellus less than or equal to 0.9 of ocell-ocular distance................... 34 
WS Or MNCarapacerasidceprasilong Mrommded!: 5-H Pe a a eens ede ealesens Ug) 


— Carapace shallow, not as deep as long, not rounded apically..............ccccccceesseeteeeeeeeees 31 


14 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


29(28) Metasomal tergite II coarsely rugose-areolate, dark orange propleuron, middle and hind 


legs( CO) suai, teeta ehaer tan. sl Ie 8 cast yatengindunk hsReeasesd tne ead Sees n. sp.19 
— _Metasomal tergite ll sinely rugulocostulatere:..2.tsssc202:: 230th ces es eee 30 
30(28) Middle and hind legs black, black propleuron, body length about 4.5mm (MEX, Durango) 
naidoaiee ilthrageiele to sells oe ela ciom RAASAS AE oS RAEN son RPE n. sp. | 
— Middle and hind legs mostly yellow, honey yellow propleuron, body length about 3.5 mm 
(GISGRININ I eo ss cot ote chokstodiidcenacestaensanieae seniennriones Snstiesloehiclia sar cate saade See eee eee ee ee n. sp. 4 
31(28) Mostly black mesosoma, black metasoma, areolate rugulose metasomal tergite II (WY, 
INT), mre. eMmeten oe ebventter| J! U2, r5.ch2 cleat dddd aeeare. deen! dat eel ale: eee n. sp. 21 
— Mostly yellow or bicolored mesosoma, tergite II sculpturing costate............. cesses: By 
32(31) Mesosoma mostly yellow, metasoma extensively washed with yellow; body length less 
than or equal to 3 mm., tergite II sculpturing areolate-costate (TX) ..........eeeeeeeee n. sp. 2 
=)“ Tergite Il:sculptuting rugocostate ..sc::203-udeennseidco ee) ee 3)2 


33(32) Tergite II distinctly bicolored yellow and black, shallowly rugocostate (TX)......n. sp. 20 
—  Tergite II black, coarsely rugocostate, with deep, distinct dorso-posteriorly running costae 


@igs. 15, 165.23) (VEX, Jalisco) :.423...3.45. 22! 2 eee eee eee Aare ee A. jaliscoensis 
34(28) Carapace deeper than long, rounded apically .........2:+--.nere-- poesia esate eee ee 35 
— Carapace shallow, not deeper than long, not rounded apically..............eeseeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeees 38 
35(34), Seutumn imostly black 4.c....s cnc. abiestes snccbiies odes sededates DBeedes eon Renee ee eee Se 36 
=» »Scutum mostly orange or yellow. ::...ccocseste::la.deeleccseeeel eee Lesa. 37 
36(35) Tergite II coarsely rugocostate, second submarginal cell elongate, 3RSa longer than 2RS, 

yellow palpsu(ONwOQ©)s:.csssecus lo hell eee eal a eee n. sp. 12 
—  Tergite II coarsely rugocostate, second submarginal cell short, trapezoidal, 3RSa less than 

or equal to 2RS,, blackepalips CN©)isscrees..2ceet eet. Jee. Seen, Sree, me sp. 39 
37(35) Metasomal tergites II and III coarsely rugose-areolate, metasoma black, sometimes with 

wellony Inetlie int (NIM, TX): cvecnsnscerscessosancaseasnseseetoneccigcesct teeta eee ee ae eee A. carlsbadensis 
—  Metasomal tergites IJ and III rugocostate, if areolae present, elongate, metasoma black (CA, 

NAV) ee agar ee he RP i Pi eRe BREE Joe on aBRUH ELE Ase ea os cacpoocose cs n. sp. 37 
38(34) Carapace flat when viewed from side, scutum black, metasoma black washed with orange 

(ETO (CNIS) ean on RRR MRS oe cn. Uae ntag hc asecceRboctine iii A. halifaxensis 
—  Carapace shallow, rounded when viewed from side (Figs. 5, 6, 29) ........:::cccssseeeessreeeeees 39 
39(38) Scutum black, coarsely rugocostate tergite II, coarsely rugose-areolate tergite III (MD) 

EAA Acta ANA celced Aiba eit and bethdan da aaavanbissindles nati dnudondundeddedde atk tad eee or n. sp. 26 
— Scutum bicolored black and yellow, or completely yellow ...........c:cesceesseeeeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeeees 40 
40(39) Scutum bicolored, head often with extensive black, postocciput with black, tergite II 

coarsely mugecostaten(CAl) sic: vied cence ee eee n. sp. 52 
—  Scutum yellow-orange, tergite II rugocostate-areolate (CA) ..........cccccceeeesneeeeeeeeee n. sp. 34 


41(27) Diameter of lateral ocellus greater than or equal to ocell-ocular distance, basal tergite yel- 
low-orange, sometimes brown basally or washed with black, or with irregular dark mot- 
tling, never with solid, symmetrical black Coloration.............cccccccescceceencceeeeeeeeenneeeeeneeeeees 42 

— If diameter of lateral ocellus greater than or equal to ocell-ocular distance, then basal ter- 
gite with solid black symmetrical coloration; if smaller than ocell-ocular distance; basal ter- 


gite with or without solid symmetrical black coloration .............cccccccccceeseseeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeees 49 
42(41) Metasomal tergites I and II yellow-orange or mostly yellow-orange, tergites III] and IV 
DIAGIS 5. ja cncnesssiznauopriomnnennsnnntnlb tut MUSH RSE <tulenighde MeN mE ORESENON Re AMR Ee eee 43 
— Either metasomal tergites III and IV not both black, or tergite II also black ................... 44 


43(42) Diameter of lateral ocellus less than or equal to ocell-ocular distance, metasomal tergite 
II heavily rugose, orange, tergites I and II orange, washed with black (OR).n. sp. 49 male 
—  Tergite II with finely rugose-areolate sculpturing, lateral ocellar diameter greater than or 
equal to 2.5 of ocell-ocular distance, soma completely or almost completely yellow-orange 
except for black metasomal tergites III and IV, yellow fore- and mid-femora (CA, TX) 
PR rescore ie re Ce Tents ae ee AIT Os cM Than AW gr a: AMS Lochs one pe i nispr 29 
44(42) Metasomal tergite II tightly rugulocostate, no prominent longitudinal costae, diameter of 
lateral ocellus greater than ocell-ocular space, tergite [V almost always brown or black, 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 5) 


sometimes tergite I and/or tergite III also with brown or black, asymmetrical black mottling 


almost never present; if present, faint (MEX: Chihuahua; TX)........00000000 eee n sp. 7 
— Asymmetrical black mottling or black bordering present on one or more tergites, or diame- 
ter of lateral ocellus less than or equal to ocell-ocular space ..............cccceeeecceceeseeeeeeneeee 45 
45(44) Diameter of lateral ocellus about equal to ocell-ocular diameter, metasomal tergite II with 
WideWwespaccetonertudm~alicostaes(VA) me Wee t Ae ts Nee Sa ee n. sp. 3 
SM EFAS aN TUS OCOSUALE © et se a Ramee eke IS ee ata, ea Soe Lense APES. e RIEL ac os 46 
46(45) Diameter of lateral ocellus greater than or equal to ocell-ocular diameter, metasomal ter- 
gite II rugocostate, tergites II, II, and IV almost completely black (TX)............... n. sp. 10 
= Terrace SUPT COLC AN viel Po iet0) 2) 0) Ce eee mie cee ee ee Mire eee i ete ee 47 


47(46) Diameter of lateral ocellus greater then ocell-ocular diameter, metasomal tergite II rugo- 
costate, black band along each side of metasomal tergites I to III joining a postero-lateral 
plackehand om benoite NT (CWX), .. «<< eee ee eee eh et he hd he as. Be n. sp. 17 

— Metasomal tergites without lateral borders; otherwise mottled with black ............0........ 48 

48(47) Metasomal tergite II sculpturing finely rugulose-areolate, to rugulocostulate, costae shal- 
low, dense; metasomal coloration entirely yellow, yellow with irregular black mottling, or 


acombination of the above with black tergite IV (1X)... cieieecccstheccaceensenseees nm sp. 11 
—- Metasomal tergite II sculpturing broadly rugocostate to rugo-areolate, some costae deep, 
UGS SSE VATA (TDG ee Seas ee abe aa ee eae Pe ie ae ae a ee n. sp. 48 
49(41) Ocelli large or medium: diameter of lateral ocellus greater than or equal to ocelli-ocular 
SIDS CS cc a GAS dang a op Ree ea ae ak ee Bees Sere Ren eS 50 
— Ocelli small: diameter of lateral ocellus less than ocell-ocular distance ..................6 65 
50C 9) ore-temora blacki( MEX, Durango) wae aS 0. A sk n. sp. 31 
Hore femora yellow, yellow-orange; or heht brown. .).2.2202....f.ce. nel scic. cee heeteonsee tienes 51 
51(50) Second metasomal tergite light yellow to white, lightest tergite of soma.................0... 52 
— _ Second metasomal tergite yellow-orange; one or more tergites with equally light coloration 
I Re eS TR OR ce ne wa a thieae cede ME TE MAN ORM Aa Gad on EAR Raaeeses Sif 
52(51) Diameter of median ocellus 3-4x ocell-ocular distance ...........ccc.ccsscsccsecescsesseseseveeesecees 53 
ae Diameter ot median ocellus 2x or lessiocell-ocular distance:....2.2...266.2..<6-0cieseecteceeeeee.-- 55 
53(52) Diameter of lateral ocelli about 4x ocell-ocular distance, metasomal tergite II rugocostate, 
longitudinal costae not coarser, thicker than other rugae and costae (TX).............. Me spy 32 
eee Diaitictcr Olalierocelli about 3x ocellcocullan GIStANCE ..e...4.2.---rosce--cced-ceelssndedeeu-csedlereee- 54 
54(53) Tergite II rugocostate with longitudinal costae deep, thick, coarse ridges, carapace deep, 
fans fully tecurved apically (AZANM, TX)e.cis..2 elcid ae n. sp. 28 
—  Tergite II rugocostate, longitudinal carinae not deep, carapace shallow, flange not recurved 
Zor CaUINVAOMIDE ITS SIPINDY is sis) o5 8: Sn a Saas ate oo am Se Reaver a ee oe n. sp. 24 
55(52) Shallow carapace, longer than deep, not rounded apically, flange not recurved, mesoscu- 
iuheaamlly tie (IVAND)))) as acento 8h sees ell ws eng teen Nemec al on so val contre, Si etisae. mspe27 
— Deep carapace, not longer than deep, at least somewhat rounded apically, mesoscutum yel- 
I ee ae ae eee ee Inch che nen Corel Wear ae MRT SOIR tad TAL. LEE 2d ase 56 
56(55) Metasomal tergite II rugose-areolate, mesopleuron foveolate anterior to nitid central disc 
te sess ait ZACK) pieen ek cuttors > Lemaitre eryesl bevel aby wlisgese slic wosltics. LL cakes A. shawi 
—  Metasomal tergite II rugocostate, mesopleuron rugocostate anterior to nitid central disc 
CCU) ye ir 2 meme pemmumnaneneratee Cerrary: Ayeltrr tals LGN 122k ce) sli Niven else n. sp. 5 female 
57(51) Metasomal tergite II rugose, few or no longitudinal costae............e.cecceeseeeeseeeeeeeeeeeees 58 
See eretic Ul Tue Ocostate, LOMeUGIMal COSTAC PEESCML 2. -.2.c6csosccca-ce-n-nnsdenanncnnanerevoneon-nnnasnoesvan 59 
58(57) Metasomal tergite II finely rugulose; body with contrasting yellow-orange and black col- 
ian OMA AAC NN ANS) i h8,. 08 ee. Ure eee UT hobs, foo tied reseed some n. sp. 9 
—  Metasomal tergite II coarsely rugose, body with dark orange coloration (MEX, Sonora)... 
= die htc tedoddt ccbedc A LAUR APN LMS baah Eo 1 ok Ie tee Os ROE MIL pss oe tk en n. sp. 44 
59(57) Metasomal tergite IV shallow, depth less than length, and/or flange incompletely recurved 
_segntndese bas 2 cee eeGooee tues sococlsbe 3oE: barca Cee OE a ao 60 
— _  Tergite IV deep, depth greater than or equal to length, flange completely recurved .......... 2 


60(59) Metasomal tergite II shallowly rugulocostulate (MD, MS, TN)...........:.:ceee n. sp. 24 


16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


== ° Tergite Il with deep; bold longitudimalcostae :2....... eee ee 61 
61(60) Carapace strongly concave apically; flange incompletely recurved (CA)............ n. sp. 53 
=» (Catapace flat, not concave’apically (BC) .iiies.. Antes ee RELA, eee ce n. sp. 36 
62(59) Metasomal tergite II delicately rugulo-costulate ......... eee eeeneeeeneeeeneeseneeeeneeeeeeeeeeeeees 63 
—  Metasomal tergite II with a few bold longitudinal costae .............eccceecceeeteeeeteeeeteeesteeenes 64 
63(62) Diameter of lateral ocellus greater than ocell-ocular distance, metasomal tergite III not 
completely black, head yellow except black inter-ocellar area (TX) ..........::ceceeee n. sp. 7 
— Diameter of lateral ocellus about equal to ocell-ocular distance, head bicolored yellow- 
orange and black including on vertex and postocciput (AZ, CA, WY)........... some n. sp. 9 
64(62) Diameter of lateral ocellus more than twice length of ocell-ocular diameter, tergite III 
completelyablack (CTX )iecciie. ya Se Re See n. sp. 30 
— Diameter of lateral ocellus about equal to ocellar-ocular diameter (CA)................ n. sp. 18 
65(49) Metasomal tergite IV all or mostly yellow-orange .............cccceesceeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeenseeeneeenneees 66 
— . Tergite IV allsorsmostly black. ...2....4.00..0...000 0 aR 69 
66(65) Metasomal tergite II heavily rugocostate with strong longitudinal carinae, carapace as 
deep:as long, flange:entirely recurved ...0.......20.. Oe 67 


—  Tergite II rugulocostulate, or strong longitudinal carinae, or areolate; if rugulocostulate or 
with strong longitudinal carinae, then carapace longer than deep; if tergite IJ areolate, then 


carapace as deep as long and flange entirely recurved ........:.ccesetcce.1-1eeeeees eee eee 68 
6766) Head vellowa(NDASD)i.2220is aos. Os WR A some n. sp. 8 
== dead blacks(CA) iii s.ccseicideccsdevlhenctes E n. sp. 40 
68(66) Metasomal tergite II rugulocostulate, rugose anteromedially, shallow, “northern pattern” 

scutum color pattern (Fig. 18), almost flat carapace (Figs. 19, 25) (QC) .....4. provancheri 
—  Metasomal tergite II with strongly developed longitudinal carinae, not rugose (ON) some 

esi aE N AS BORG dad dn oso aghk cd BE RE ee n. sp. 42 
69(65) Metasomal tergite II rugose; dark orange on tergites I and IT (OR)................000 n. sp. 49 
—  Tergite Il rogocostate or areolate ..........scsscccossseooeeasduessoonnenleagerseoountddenelteh eee ean 70 
70(69) Mesoscutum yellow or mostly yellow .2..2.1...c00d5. degessnsceceennstce esse ueties eee ee 71 


—  Mesoscutum black or mostly black, metasoma with “anatariatus color pattern” black 
except usually apical section of tergite I, and always all of tergite II yellow-orange (Fig. 1) 


PP e meme eee eH HEHEHE HEE EEE EEE E EEE EEE EEE EEE SESE EES ESOS EEE ES EE ESET EEE SEES ESSE ESE EEE SEES EEE SEED EEE EEE EEE EEE SEES E EES EEE SEES SESE EEE EEE EE ESSE 


PUTO) Alldees) Dak oo.cacintacsiavitiones steel videda sds Macc cuit COG CIUORcB. SRO 2; 
== Some‘or all legs yellow or yellow-orange ....ii....ciiisiiiiledecsuddosduveccestoneiesbns enone eee 73 
72(71)Metasomal tergite II shallowly rugocostate, carapace as deep as long MEX, Durango) .... 
BIR SOR AE PRK RI SE RR eee n. sp. 31 
—  Metasomal tergite II with a few bold, widely spaced longitudinal costae (CA).....n. sp. 18 
73(71) Metasomal tergite II rugocostate with finely developed longitudinal carinae that are nei- 
ther with strongly developed nor deep (ON) .......)5si...csssticoutatccsievsseeceeeeeenen nena n. sp. 23 
—  Tergite II either with longitudinal costae heavily defined and deep, or with heavily rugose 
OL AKeO late SC tal PUTTS ei shetla sn seek coliacede ode caplvuee onan pasechoesnesemmnmenesivetsi tyes eee ee teeta 74 
74(73) Metasomal tergite II with areolate sculpturing (NM, OR, ID)..................005 A. areolatus 
—  Tergite II either with heavily defined longitudinal costae or with heavily rugose sculpturing 
75(74) Metasomal tergite II with heavily defined, deep longitudinal costae ...............:cc:cceeeeeee 76 
—  Tergite II with heavily rugose sculpturing; sometimes with longitudinal costae well defined 
badder BAUR SOMA ildtninde Asn ott nlc eUSae NN fa RES. DG aT I 77 
76(75) Venterot mesopleuron black (ON) isin eee n. sp. 42 
=| Venterofimesopleuron) yellow. CLL) \..ccscvdsievwucdeostneduusceevsuvenueteneele vate tcneee aie n. sp. 55 
77@/5) Black vertexscoxae mesopleuron: (BC) 2nd Wal ee eee n. sp. 45 
—» WYellow vertex, coxac; and mesopleutom .i511.5.02..1. idles ctdiesslbbenuesnetnes ee 78 
78(77) Carapace deep, not longer than deep, rounded posteriorly, flange entirely recurved (NC) 
dt iw rete ep cic Sat de Sv ci Weld Gace kee OR n. sp. 25 
— + Carapacerdecp; flange notentirely recurved (CA) Wi). ee ee n. sp. 51 


79(70) Metasomal tergite II areolate or areolate with some longitudinal costae that do not reach 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 17 


(REG STITSs 2) OE (|OLTE)) essen socaceccocessoeee ae ace cea 6c NTE a nec a eee an Fe pec eee em some A. areolatus 
=a) Metasomialgte neue sllEnine Oe © Stalcaerte cates osc acs ceceteeeasaceeee ee be tect eeteraitesceduiccretanessesenesassers 80 
80(79) Metasomal tergite II sculpturing finely, narrowly rugocostate, costae shallowly developed 

(GANAS) essoosccnsddecuosachSacnsee damscongadnce ve acouee cob cesGaN Gconaeo nee ese ena e ee n. sp. 14 
—  Tergite II sculpturing coarsely, widely rugocostate, costae more deeply developed......... 81 
SI (OO) Biyeeye [wear (ABS) ssccceneeaqastescessoadedoccsesehascen cece nceceasnan ci nc eee te eee a n. sp. 41 
a REOCOXde Yellow (ETOS a les Sarl Sl ODO) (©) VD) ee aeeece ccc oectecencenseseceeee A. anatariatus 


Aleiodes anatariatus NEW SPECIES 
lange, I, 5 its, WSs 20 


Female. Body color: face orange except mandibles black ventrally; black facial area 
above and lateral to clypeus; ventral margin of gena black; frons, vertex black except 
orange border around eye; occiput black to reddish brown; pronotum black anteriorly 
and posteroventrally, otherwise orange; propleuron black; scutum black except yellow- 
orange spots at anteromedial corners of notauli, thin areolate medial stripe extending to 
yellow-orange posteromedial area; scutellar disc yellow-orange in basal two-thirds, 
black apically; mesopleuron yellow-orange or bicolored with black, mesopleuron venter 
black; propodeum black; metapleuron yellow-orange or bicolored with black; basal half 
metasomal tergite I with black, semicircular area, apical half of metasomal tergite I yel- 
low-orange; metasomal tergite II entirely yellow-orange; metasomal tergite III yellow- 
orange along base, otherwise black; metasomal tergite IV black; coxae, trochanters, 
trochantellae and tarsi of front legs black, femora and tibiae yellow, middle and hind legs 
entirely yellow except black tarsi; wings hyaline, stigma and veins brown except front 
wing (RS+M)b, veins surrounding second submarginal vein, 3RSb, 3M, and hind wing 
RS colorless. Body length: 5.0—5.3 mm; forewing length: 3.7-3.9 mm. Head: 44-45 fla- 
gellomeres, all slightly longer than wide; malar space long, 1.6-1.8 times basal width of 
mandible and 0.5 times eye height; temple wide, 0.8 eye width; occipital carina complete 
at vertex, reaching hypostomal carina; oral space small, circular, about equal to basal 
width of mandible; clypeus broad, flattened, medial height about equal to medial length 
of oral opening; ocelli small, ocellocular distance 1.3-1.4 diameter of lateral ocellus; face 
rugose medially, minutely areolate laterally; frons rugose dorsally with vertical carinae 
arising from near antennae over minutely areolate surface; vertex strongly rugocostate, 
temple minutely areolate. Mesosoma: anterior half of ventral edge of pronotum with 
scrobiculate flange, posteromedial area of pronotum nitid, bordered with a vertical cari- 
na on each side and bisected with an additional vertical carina, this scrobiculate pattern 
continuing laterally along sulci dividing ventrolateral and dorsolateral areas on each side, 
ventrolateral areas scabrous medially, becoming areolate-rugose laterally, dorsolateral 
area porcate, anteromedial area scabrous; mesoscutum minutely areolate except notauli 
scrobiculate, medial stripe areolate-rugulose, median posterior area rugose; scutellar disc 
areolate; mesopleuron coriaceous ventrally, areolate-rugose anteriorly, more finely areo- 
late-rugulose postero-dorsally, mid-dorsal area nitid, subbalar sulcus roughly scrobicu- 
late, sternaular area concave, minutely areolate; propodeum heavily sculptured, areolate- 
rugose, median carina complete; metapleuron areolate-rugulose. Legs: inner spur of hind 
tarsus about 0.25 length of hind basitarsus; hind coxae areolate-rugulose dorsally. 
Wings: front wing with vein r 0.6 length of 3Rsa and 0.85 to equal to length of m-cu, 
vein Icu-a beyond 1M by distance less than length of lcu-a, 1CUa 0.15 to 0.25 length 
of 1CUb; hind wing with marginal vein slightly recurved, marginal cell narrowest in 
middle, 1M about 1.7 length of r-m, M+CU about 1.3 length of 1M, vein m-cu present, 
pigmented or unpigmented, 0.5-0.8 length of r-m and adjoining it. Metasoma: first ter- 


18 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Figs. 1-6. Metasomal tergite variation in Aleiodes pilosus species-group. 1. A. anatariatus. 
2. A. dorsofoveolatus. 3. A. shawi. 4. A. oaxacensis. 5. A. quickei. 6. A. anatariatus. Lateral 
view of tergite IV. 


Figs. 7-11. Aleiodes pilosus species-group features. 7. A. pilosus, carapace. Arrow indi- 
cates recurved flange. 8. A. areolatus, metasomal tergite II. 9. A. anatariatus, vertex. 
Arrow indicates complete occipital carina. Also note small ocelli. 10. A. shawi, vertex. 
Arrow indicates rugocostate sculpturing. Also note ocelli with diameter about equal to 
ocell-ocular diameter. 11. A. haematoxyloni, vertex. Arrow indicates incomplete occipital 
carina. Also note large ocelli. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 19 


Figs. 12-19. Aleiodes pilosus species-group features. 12. A. haematoxyloni, metasomal tergite 
II. 13. Gena of A. haematoxyloni. O.C.: Occipital carina. H.C.: Hypostomal carina. Arrow indi- 
cates that carinae do not meet. 14. 4. cartwrightensis, metasomal tergite II. 15. A. jaliscoensis, 
metasomal tergite I. 16. A. jaliscoensis, lateral view of carapace. 17. A. anatariatus, scutum, 
lateral view. Arrow indicates rugose median posterior area. 18. A. anatariatus, scutum, antero- 
dorsal view. Arrows ‘a’ indicate ‘northern color pattern’ found in most Canadian species. 
Arrow ‘b’ indicates median rugose stripe. 19. A. provancheri, scutum, lateral view. Arrow ‘a’ 
indicates scrobiculate notaulus. Arrow ‘b’ indicates minutely areolate sculpturing. 


gite areolate-rugulose basomedially in black area, rugocostate laterally and apically in 
orange area, median carina complete; second tergite rugocostate, several prominent 
costae running the length of the tergite, median carina originating basally from a small 
triangular raised area and complete apically; third tergite rugocostate in basal 2/3, are- 
olate-rugose in apical 1/3, median carina complete; fourth tergite entirely areolate- 
rugose, shallowly carapace-like, completely covering remaining tergites, ventral 
flange complete, weakly recurved laterally, scrobiculate sculpturing discontinuous 
with tergite sculpturing laterally, continuous apically; ovipositor about 0.4 length of 
hind basitarsus. Body and legs extensively covered with pubescence of white setae. 
Male. Unknown. 


20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Material Examined. Holotype female. British Columbia, Milepost 54 Atlin road, 
emerged 30/IV/1959. Paratype females. Yukon Territory, Alaska Highway Milepost 926, 
emerged 30-IV-1959; British Columbia, Frazier Canyon, 12-[II-1951; British Colum- 
bia, T.V.S., 2/11/1950; British Columbia, Lillooet, 8-[X-1948; Yukon Territory, White- 
horse (McRae), 30/IV/1959; British Columbia, Hope, 12-VII 1955; British Columbia, 
Okeover, 19/V/1952. Paratype male. British Columbia, Coombs, 11/III/ 1952. 

Distribution. Known from type localities in southern Yukon Territory and British 
Columbia, Canada. 

Host Association. All known hosts are geometrids. Holotype female was reared 
from [tame anataria (Swett). Paratype females reared from Semiothisa hebetata (Hulst) 
and S. granitata (Guenee). The Lillooet specimen was reared from an unknown geo- 
metrid host taken from Pseudotsuga menziezii. 

Comments. A relatively large species, with more antennomeres than most A. pilo- 
sus-group species. The coarsely rugocostate sculpturing with prominent, widely spaced 
costae on metasomal tergite II distinguish this species from other similar species that 
also have the combination of extensive black on head and thorax, and yellow-orange 
tergite II such as undescribed new species 14, 41, and 79. 

Etymology. Name refers to host species consumed by the holotype specimen. 


Aleiodes cartwrightensis NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 14, 21 


Female. Body color: head, thorax, and abdomen almost completely black except nar- 
row orange border around eye extending from dorsolateral corner of eye, medially and 
down along medial edge, then around ventral edge to dorsolateral corner, thus not 
extending along lateral edge of eye; labrum orange, maxillary palps light brown, labial 
palps black; base of scape orange laterally, annelli yellow-orange; second and third 
metasomal tergites with orange highlights under strong light; ventral flange of fourth 
metasomal tergite yellow-orange; coxae, trochanters all black; trochantelli, femora, tib- 
jae, and tarsi all yellow-orange except apical tarsomeres all black; wings slightly smoky 
brown, wing veins brown except forewing veins r-m and (RS+M)b not pigmented, and 
hind wing RS and posterior half of cu-a not pigmented. Body and legs extensively cov- 
ered with pubescence of white setae. Body length: 4.6 mm; forewing length: 3.7 mm. 
Head: 39 flagellomeres, all slightly longer than wide; malar space long, 1.7 mandibular 
basal width and 0.7 eye height; temple wide, 0.9 eye width; occipital carina incomplete 
at vertex, reaching hypostomal carina; oral space small, circular, horizontal diameter 
slightly larger than mandibular basal width, medial height of clypeus 0.6 of medial 
height of oral opening; ocelli small, ocellocular distance about twice diameter of lateral 
ocellus; face, clypeus coarsely rugulose; frons minutely areolate; vertex with a crease 
between lateral ocelli, a carina extending from medial edge of occipital carina forward 
about halfway toward midpoint between posterior edges of lateral ocellae, otherwise 
vertex rugulose; temples coriaceous near eyes becoming rugulose posteriorly; genae 
minutely areolate dorsally, rugulose ventrally. Mesosoma: scrobiculate flange running 
along ventral edge of pronotum along anterior half, mid-medial area of pronotum 
minutely areolate-rugulose, posteromedial area scrobiculate, scrobiculate pattern con- 
tinuing laterally along a sulcus on each side dividing ventro-lateral and dorso-lateral 
areas, ventro-lateral areas rugulose becoming sequentially minutely areolate, then 
costate laterally; dorsolateral areas costate; scutum areolate-rugulose over a more 
minutely areolate surface except scrobiculate notauli and more coarsely ruglose pos- 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 j2)| 


tero-medial area; scutellar disc rugulose over minutely areolate surface; mesopleuron 
rugulose except posterior half of subalar sulcus carinate becoming nitid posteriorly; 
propodeum areolate-rugulose, postero-lateral humps blunt; metapleuron areolate- 
rugose ventrally, with faint rugulae over a minutely areolate surface dorsally. Legs: 
inner apical spurs of hind tibiae about 0.4 length of hind basitarsi; hind coxae areolate- 
rugulose dorsally. Wings: forewing with vein r 0.6 length of 3Rsa and about 0.8 length 
of m-cu, vein lcu-a beyond 1M by distance about equal to length of lcu-a, 1CUa about 
0.2 length of 1CUb; hind wing with marginal vein not tubular and slightly recurved, 
marginal cell narrowest in middle, 1M about 1.7 length of r-m, M+CU about 1.7 length 
of 1M, vein m-cu present and pigmented, about 0.7 length of r-m and adjoining it. 
Metasoma: first tergite heavily areolate-rugose, median carina complete; second tergite 
rugulocostate, median carina originating basally from a small triangular raised area and 
complete apically; fourth tergite finely areolate-rugulose, shallowly carapace-like, com- 
pletely covering remaining tergites, ventral flange broad with irregular scrobiculation, 
discontinuous with sculpturing of tergite, strongly recurved anteriorly, weakly apically; 
ovipositor sheaths completely covered by fourth tergite, ovipositor about 0.9 of length 
of hind basitarsus. 

Male. Unknown. 

Material Examined. Holotype female. LABRADOR, Cartwright, 25/VII/1955, 
E. F. Cashman. Deposited in CNC. 

Host Information. Unknown. 

Comments. The entire black body with yellow-orange legs, is also characteristic of 
A. arcticus and A. itamevorus. Heavily areolate-rugulose sculpturing on first metasomal 
tergite is also characteristic of A. itamevorus. Both of those species are in the sister- 
group cluster to the A. pilosus-group (Fortier and Shaw 1999). 

Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality. 


Aleiodes haematoxyloni NEW SPECIES 
Paes. leat 21 35022 


Female. Body color: Body yellow-orange except black ocellar triangle; brown 
antennal pedicel and flagellomeres; pronotum, propodeum, and metasomal tergites I — 
II yellow; legs yellow except apical halves of hind tibiae brown and hind tarsi brown; 
wings hyaline; stigma light brown in basal quarter, otherwise dark brown, forewing 
C+SC+R, M+CU, 1A yellow basally becoming brown apically, other apical veins 
brown except (RS+M)b and r-m clear; hind wing veins yellow to light brown except 
slightly darker R1. Body length: 4.4 mm, forewing length 3.9 mm. Head: 41 flagel- 
lomeres, all longer than wide, large eyes, temple width 0.3 eye width, malar space 0.7 
mandibular basal width and 0.2 eye height, occipital carina incomplete at vertex, not 
reaching hypostomal carina; oral space small, circular, width about 0.8 basal width of 
mandible; clypeus broad, flattened, protruding slightly from face, height about equal to 
height of oral opening; ocelli large, almost touching eyes, ocellocular distance about 0.2 
ocellar diameter; facial ridge present, running about halfway down face, face minutely 
areolate with dorsal punctation; frons minutely areolate; vertex minutely areolate, punc- 
tate posteriorad, faint median carina running from midpoint between lateral ocelli to 
open area of occipital carina; temples with sparse punctation over minutely areolate sur- 
face. Mesosoma: pronotum shelflike, rugulose anteriorly with scrobiculate ventral 
flange upturned anteriorly becoming smooth anterolaterally, pronotum finely rugulose 
ventrolaterally; and areolate-rugulose dorsolaterally, dorsolateral and ventrolateral areas 


Dp ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


26 De . 27 


Figs. 20-27. Wings of A. pilosus-group. 20. A. anatariatus. Veins referred to in this study are 
labeled. 21. A. cartwrightensis. 22. A. haematoxyloni. 23. A. jaliscoensis. 24. A. halifaxensis. 25. 
A. provancheri. 26. A. shawi. 27. A. quickei. 


separated by scrobiculate lateral sulcus on each side; scutum, scutellum minutely areo- 
late, scrobiculation in notaular grooves faint, notauli extending posteriorly, lateral to 
rugulose dorso-posterior area, terminating just anterior to pre-scutellar carina; scutellar 
disc finely areolate-rugulose; mesopleuron smooth-punctate anteriorly and posteriorly 
to central disc, central disc nitid posteriorly, sternaular area slightly concave, shallow- 
ly rugulose centrally, shallowly costate posteriorly; propodeum rugulose, median cari- 
na complete; metapleuron finely areolate. Legs: inner spurs of hind tarsi 0.3 of length 
of hind basitarsus, hind coxae minutely areolate dorsally. Wings: forewings with vein 
r 0.6 length of 3Rsa and 0.9 length of m-cu, vein lcu-a beyond IM by distance equal 
to lcu-a, 1CUa about 0.3 length of 1Cub; hind wing with marginal vein slightly 
recurved, marginal cell narrowest in middle, 1M about 1.4 length of r-m, M+CU about 
1.5 length of 1M, vein m-cu present, pigmented, about 0.5 length of r-m, immediately 
posterior to r-m, joining it. Metasoma: first tergite rugulocostulate, median carina 
complete, terminating on raised posteromedial area at short carina along posteromedi- 
al edge of tergite; second tergite rugulocostulate, median carina originating from a 
small basal raised triangular area, complete apically; third tergite rugulocostulate, 
median carina incomplete, terminating just basad of apical flange; fourth tergite finely 
areolate-rugulose, shallowly carapace-like, but completely covering remaining tergites, 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 23 


ventral flange well demarcated, scrobiculate, colorless laterally becoming yellow api- 
cally; ovipositor about 0.6 length of hind basitarsus. Body and legs extensively covered 
with pubescence of white setae. 

Male. Unknown. 

Material Examined. Holotype female: MEXICO: Oaxaca, 2km W. Guellaguichi, 
July 13, 1990, P. G. daSilva and T. Eager, deposited in TAMU collection. Paratype 
female: MEXICO: Oaxaca, 5 mi. W. Tequisistlan, 1100 ft., 23/VIII/1973, A. Newton 
coll., blacklight. 

Distribution. Known only from type locality in Oaxaca, Mexico. 

Host Information. Reared from geometrid host (D. Adamski, personal communica- 
tion) associated with Haematoxylon brasiletto Karsten (Fabaceae, Brazil wood). 

Comments. A nearly all yellow wasp with large ocelli and fine sculpturing, similar 
to Aleiodes quickei Fortier. Can be distinguished by occipital carina not complete at 
vertex, ocellar triangle black, abdomen narrower, antennal pedicel dark (yellow in A. 
quickei), forewing stigma mostly dark brown (mostly yellow in A. quickei), and hind 
tibiae dark apically (yellow in A. quickei). 

Etymology. Named after the genus of a rare, economically valuable tree species uti- 
lized by host. 


Aleiodes halifaxensis NEW SPECIES 
Fig. 24 


Female. Body color: face yellow-orange except faint brown spot immediately above 
clypeus, tips of mandibles reddish brown, frons brown medially, yellow-orange lateral- 
ly, interocellar area black, vertex yellow-orange except broad brown stripe running 
from between posterior margins of lateral ocelli to occipital carina, temples brown, 
genae yellow-orange, occiput yellow-orange dorsally, brown laterally, and yellow- 
orange ventrally such that color pattern is continuous with that of vertex, temples, and 
genae; pronotum yellow-orange, propleura brown, scutum black except yellow-orange 
spot at anteromedial corners of notauli; scutellar disc black, propodeum black, meso- 
pleura, mesosterna black; metapleura black; metasomal dorsum brown except yellow- 
tan basomedial area; coxae, trochanters, trochantelli, femora of all legs yellow-orange, 
tibiae of forelegs yellow-orange, tibiae of middle and hind legs brown, tarsi of all legs 
brown; wings hyaline, all veins yellow basally becoming darker brown apically except 
forewing veins (RS+M)b and r-m colorless, hind wing RS not tubular and colorless, 
posterior portion of cu-a colorless. Body length: 4 mm; forewing length: 3.2 mm. 
Head: 40 flagellomeres, all slightly longer than wide; malar space long, length 2 times 
basal width of mandible and about 0.4 eye height; temple broad, about 0.6 eye width; 
occipital carina effaced medially at vertex, meeting hypostomal carina; oral space 
small, horizontal width 0.8 basal width of mandible; clypeus broad, flattened, medial 
height about 1.3 medial height of oral opening; ocelli small, ocellocular distance about 
1.3 diameter of lateral ocellus; a thick, well-defined ridge descending from midpoint 
between anterior of bases of antennae a short distance down middle of face; face 
minutely areolate; frons minutely areolate except circular nitid area below median ocel- 
lus and 3 short, faint carinae radiating from median ocellus laterally of nitid area; ver- 
tex minutely areolate, faint laterally running carinae; temples minutely areolate. Meso- 
soma: anterior half of ventral edge of pronotum with scrobiculate flange, pronotum 
minutely areolate anteromedially and ventrolaterally, scrobiculate posteromedially con- 
tinuing laterally along sulci for a short distance, unsculptured lateral portions of sulci 
dividing ventrolateral and dorsolateral areas on each side, dorsolateral areas smooth 


24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


with 3 or 4 shallow carinae; scutum minutely areolate except notauli scrobiculate, medi- 
al areolate-rugulose stripe absent, median posterior area obliterated by pin; scutellar 
disc minutely areolate; mesopleuron coriaceous except posterior half of central disc 
nitid, subalar sulcus shallowly rugulose becoming scrobiculate anteriorly, mesopleuron 
weakly, finely costulate ventral to sulcus, sternaular area weakly concave; propodeum 
areolate-rugose, median carina complete; metapleuron rugulose. Legs: inner spurs of 
hind tibiae about 0.4 length of hind basitarsus; hind coxae minutely areolate dorsally. 
Wings: front wing with vein r about 0.6 length of 3Rsa and about 0.8 length of m-cu, 
vein lcu-a beyond 1M by distance of 1.5 length of lcu-a, 1CUa about 0.3 length of 
1Cub; hind wing with marginal vein not tubular, slightly recurved, marginal cell nar- 
rowest in middle, 1M about 2 times length of r-m, vein m-cu present, unpigmented, 
about 0.8 length of r-m and immediately posterior to it, adjoining it. Metasoma: first 
tergite areolate-rugose, median carina complete; second tergite rugocostate in basal 3/4, 
areolate-rugose in apical 1/4, median carina originating basally from a small triangular 
raised area and complete apically; third tergite entirely finely areolate-rugulose, medi- 
an carina neither complete to basal nor apical tergite margin; fourth tergite with sculp- 
turing similar to third tergite, completely covering remaining tergites, shallowly cara- 
pace-like, ventral flange broad, sculpturing fainter, shallower than rest of tergite, no 
recurvation; ovipositor about 0.6 of length of hind basitarsus. Body and legs extensive- 
ly covered with pubescence of white setae. 

Male. Unknown. 

Material Examined. Holotype female: CANADA: NOVA SCOTIA, Halifax, 
emerged 16-III-1949. Deposited in CNC. 

Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Nova Scotia. 

Host Information. Reared from Semiothisa granitata Guenee (Geometridae). 

Comments. Unique head coloration with color pattern of yellow-orange vertex, 
brown temples, and yellow-orange genae continuing posteriorly onto occiput. Yellow 
spots at anteromedial margins of notauli are found in nearly all Canadian Tetrasphae- 
ropyx species examined. 

Etymology. Named after the type locality of Halifax, Nova Scotia. 


Aleiodes jaliscoensis NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 15, 16, 23 


Female. Body color: head orange; mandibles orange with black tips, other mouth- 
parts orange except galeae black, ocellar triangle black; scapes orange basally, other- 
wise black, pedicels black, annelli orange, flagella black; mesosoma orange except 
metanotum and metapleuron with black and propodeum entirely black; metasoma 
black; front coxae, trochanters orange; femora, tibiae, and tarsi darker orange brown 
dorsally, orange ventrally; middle coxae orange, trochanters orange basally, brown api- 
cally; trochantelli, femora, tibiae, tarsi brown; hind coxae, trochanters, trochantelli 
orange and brown; femora black; tibiae black except orange basally; tarsi black except 
basitarsomeres orange basally; wings hyaline, veins light yellow basally becoming dark 
brown except fore wing r-m, and (RS+M)b unpigmented, stigma dark brown, hind wing 
veins light yellow basally becoming dark brown except posterior 1/2 of cu-a, m-cu, RS, 
and 1M apicad of r-m unpigmented. Body and legs extensively covered with pubes- 
cence of white setae. Body length: 4.7 mm. Forewing length 4.2 mm. Head: malar 
space moderate, equal to basal width of mandible and about 0.3 eye height; temple 
width about 0.5 eye width; oral opening nearly circular, small, horizontal diameter 1.4 
mandibular basal width, medial height of clypeus about equal to medial height of oral 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 25 


space; occipital carina incomplete medially, meeting hypostomal carina ventrally; 42 
flagellomeres, all slightly longer than wide, first of equal length to second, scape later- 
ally flattened; ocelli large, ocellocular space 0.6 diameter of lateral ocellus; face 
minutely areolate, median facial ridge originating at midpoint between anterior edges 
of antennae, wide, running about halfway down face; frons minutely areolate, shiny; 
vertex rugulose anteriorly, carinae running laterally across vertex, shiny-foveolate pos- 
teriorly; temples with one or two transverse carinae anteriorly, foveolate posteriorly; 
occiput smooth, faintly coriaceous and shining. Mesosoma: pronotum minutely areo- 
late anteromedially, scrobiculate sculpturing in lateral sulci discontinuous medially, 
sulci dividinig lateral areas of pronotum into dorsolateral and ventrolateral sections, 
ventrolateral section minutely areolate, dorsolateral section shallowly areolate-rugu- 
lose, ventral flange upturned medially, scrobiculate; scutum finely areolate-rugulose 
except rugulocostulate posterior medial area, notauli unsculptured terminating in poste- 
rior medial area, median carina arising at top of anterior declivity of scutum and run- 
ning into posteromedial area; scutellar disc minutely areolate; mesopleuron costate 
anterior of nitid central disc, carinae running dorso-ventrally, rugulose posterior to cen- 
tral disc area, sternaular area concave, finely coriaceous-nitid; propodeum areolate- 
rugose in basal half, rugocostate apically, median carina prominent, straight in basal 
half, becoming wavy, weak apically; metapleuron rugose. Legs: inner spur of hind tibia 
about 0.3 length of hind basitarsus, hind coxae finely areolate-rugulose dorsally. 
Wings: hyaline, second submarginal cell elongate, r 0.5 length of 3RSa, 0.8 length of 
m-cu, lcu-a beyond 1M by a distance slightly greater than length of Icu-a, 1CUa 0.3 
length of 1CUb; hind wing RS slightly recurved, marginal cell narrowed medially, 1M 
1.6 length of r-m, M+CU 1.4 length of 1M, m-cu unpigmented, 0.7 length of r-m. 
Metasoma: first tergite areolate-costate, costae prominent compared with shallower 
areolation except at posterolateral corners, where costae shallower, median carina com- 
plete, intersecting with raised area of short lateral carina at apicomedial edge of tergite; 
second tergite areolate-costate, costae more prominent, straighter than those of first ter- 
gite, median carina continuous with that of third tergite; third tergite rugulocostate, 
costae less prominent, more irregular than those of second tergite, median carina weak- 
ly complete apicad; fourth tergite finely areolate-rugulose, shallowly carapace-like, 
completely covering tergites apical to it, ventral flange scrobiculate, orange, wider, bet- 
ter defined laterally than apically; ovipositor length 0.6 length of hind basitarsus. 

Male. Differs from female in having black mesosomal venters. 

Material Examined. Holotype female: MEXICO, Jalisco, 16 km N. Autlan, July 
12-14, 1983, at black light, Kovarik, Harrison, Schaffner. Deposited in NMNH. Para- 
types: 2 Males. MEXICO, Durango: 23 mi. S. 6000' July 3, 1964, W.R.M. Mason. 
Deposited in the NUNH. MEXICO, Durango: 6 mi. E. VII/14/1964. W.R.M. Mason. 
Deposited in NMNH. 

Distribution. Known only from the type locality at Jalisco, Mexico. 

Host Information. Unknown. 

Comments. Distinguished by usually vivid yellow-orange head and mesosoma con- 
trasting with black metasoma combined with moderately large ocelli, occipital carina 
incomplete medially, propodeal sculpturing areolate in basal half becoming costate api- 
cally with median carina obfuscated apically, and coarsely areolate-costate metasomal 
tergites. 

Etymology: Named for the type locality of the holotype. 


26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Aleiodes provancheri NEW SPECIES 
Pigs: 19925 


Female. Body color: face yellow-orange except large black area extending from top 
of inter-antennal groove along the groove, broadening into large medial patch, running 
down to and laterally along sides of yellow-orange clypeus; frons black, vertex black 
except near eyes, temples, genae yellow-orange, antennae black except yellow-orange 
annelli; pronotum dark anteriorly becoming yellow-orange posterolaterally; propleuron 
black; scutum black except yellow-orange patches medial to bases of notauli, dark yel- 
low-orange apicomedially; scutellum black; mesopleuron black except anterodorsal 
comer yellow-orange; mesopleural venter black; propodeum, metapleuron black; first 
metasomal tergite black except narrow yellow-orange lateral bands, yellow-orange 
median apical flange; second metasomal tergite with dark brown patch covering most 
of tergite, yellow-orange laterally and apically; third metasomal tergite yellow-orange 
along basal edge, otherwise brown on basal third, yellow-orange in apical two-thirds, 
fourth metasomal tergite yellow-orange; legs yellow-orange except fore coxae black, 
tarsi with brown; stigma brown, forewings with brown veins except clear (RS+M)b, r- 
m, and 2RS veins; hind wings brown except cu-a clear posteriorly. Body length: 4.4 
mm; forewing length: 3.4 mm. Head: 40 flagellomeres, all slightly longer than wide; 
malar space long, length 1.8 times basal width of mandible and about 0.8 length eye 
height; temple broad, about 0.9 eye width; occipital carina effaced medially at vertex, 
not meeting hypostomal carina; oral space small, horizontal width slightly smaller than 
basal width of mandible and about 0.4 eye height; clypeus broad, medial height about 
0.8 median height of oral space; ocelli small, ocellocular distance about 1.7 ocellar dia- 
meter; face rugulose, median cleft below antennae, facial carina below antennae absent; 
frons minutely areolate; vertex rugulose; temple rugulose posteriorly, minutely areolate 
anteriorly. Mesosoma: anterior half of ventral edge of pronotum with a scrobiculate 
flange, pronotum rugose anteromedially, median dorsal area nitid and scrobiculate, 
scrobiculation narrowing and continuing laterally in sulci on each side of pronotum, 
each scrobiculate sulcus dividing each side of pronotum into ventrolateral and dorsolat- 
eral areas, finely areolate ventrolaterally, costate dorsolaterally; scutum, scutellum 
weakly, finely rugulose over minutely areolate surface, notauli scrobiculate basally 
becoming rugulose apically, terminating apically in rugose posteromedial area; meso- 
pleuron with rugocostate subalar sulcus, rugose anteriorly, rugulose in middle, minute- 
ly areolate anteroventrally, ventrally, and posteriorly, nitid central disc, sternaular area 
weakly concave; metapleuron areolate; propodeum heavily areolate-rugose, median 
carina forked basally, complete. Legs: inner spur of hind tibiae about 0.4 of length of 
hind basitarsi; hind coxae minutely areolate dorsally. Wings: forewing with r about 0.6 
length of 3Rsa and about 0.7 length of m-cu, vein Icu-a beyond 1M by about the same 
length as Icu-a, length of 1CUa about 0.3 length of 1CUb; hind wing vein RS present 
as a fold, slightly recurved, marginal cell narrowest at midpoint, vein Ir-m about 0.7 
length of 1M, vein 1M about 0.7 length of vein M+CU, vein m-cu distinct, pigmented, 
directly posterior to r-m. Metasoma: first tergite rugose, median carina complete, ter- 
minating apically at the end of a raised apical-medial flange of the first tergite; second 
tergite entirely rugose, median carina complete, weakly continuous with median carina 
of third tergite; third tergite rugulose, median carina terminating apically in basal 3/5 of 
length of tergite; fourth tergite finely areolate-rugose, shallowly carapace-like, covering 
remaining tergites, although barely covering fifth tergite, ventral flange scrobiculate; 
ovipositor about 0.6 length of hind basitarsus. 

Male. Unknown. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 20 


Material Examined. Holotype female: QUEBEC, Mount Albert, near Ste. Anne des 
Monts, Gaspe Peninsula, 303 miles NE of Quebec, July 12, 1954, W. J. Brown. De- 
posited in CNC. 

Distribution. Known only from type locality in Quebec. 

Host Information. Unknown. 

Comments. Characterized by the metasomal color pattern, short flagellomeres, and 
nearly square second submarginal cell of the forewing. 

Etymology. Named after Leon Provancher, eminent 19th century Quebecois natu- 
ralist and entomologist, founder of Le Naturaliste, the first French natural history peri- 
odical published in North America, and founder of Provancher’s collection of insects, 
held in the Quebec Provincial Museum. 


Aleiodes quickei NEW SPECIES 
BUSSs Spy, 


Female. Body color: Body nearly uniformly yellow-orange, pronotum and Ist and 
2nd metasomal tergites paler yellow; antennal flagellomeres dark brown, scape and 
pedicel yellow; mouthparts yellow; interocellar triangle dark orange, inner borders of 
ocelli black; legs yellow except for dark orange hind tarsi; wings hyaline, stigma most- 
ly yellow except wide brown border along marginal cell; forewing veins except costal 
vein pale yellow basally becoming brown apically except forewing vein (RS+M)b and 
r-m unpigmented; hind wing veins pale except r-m, R brown, R1 dark apically. Body 
and legs extensively covered with pubescence of white setae. 

Body length: 4.6 mm, wing length 3.8 mm. Head: malar space 0.9 of basal width of 
mandible and about 0.3 length of eye; temple narrow, about 0.4 eye width; oral opening 
nearly circular, small, horizontal diameter 0.8 length of malar space; clypeus broad, 
medial height 1.2 medial height of oral space; occipital carina complete medially, meet- 
ing hypostomal carina ventrally; face, minutely areolate except punctate in dorsomedial 
area, medial ridge extending about halfway down face including expanded bulbous ter- 
minus of ridge; frons minutely areolate; vertex rugulocostate, costae running transverse- 
ly; 40 flagellomeres, all slightly longer than wide; ocelli large, ocellocular space 0.3 
diameter of lateral ocellus; occiput nitid. Mesosoma: pronotum widely colliculate 
anteromedially, small elevations corresponding to setal bases, scrobiculate sculpturing in 
lateral sulci discontinuous medially, sulci dividing lateral areas of pronotum into dorso- 
lateral and ventrolateral sections, ventrolateral section rugulocostulate, dorsolateral sec- 
tion rugulose-areolate, ventral scrobiculate flange upturned medially; scutum finely are- 
olate-rugulose over minutely areolate surface, median longitudinal stripe of transversely 
scrobiculate sculpturing, notauli scrobiculate becoming confluent with rugulose posteri- 
or region apically; scutellum minutely areolate; mesopleuron costate antero-dorsally, 
central disc minutely areolate anteriorly, nitid posteriorly, sternaular area concave, cori- 
aceous, bare of pubescence; metapleuron minutely areolate; propodeum with few rugae 
over minutely areolate surface basally, rugulose apically, postero-lateral protuberances 
well defined, median carina complete. Legs: inner spur of hind tibia 0.3 length of hind 
basitarsus, hind coxae rugulose-costulate dorsally. Wings: hyaline, second submarginal 
cell trapezoidal, not elongate, r 0.6 length of 3RSa, 0.9 length of m-cu, 1cu-a beyond 1M 
by a distance of 0.8 length of lcu-a, 1CUa 0.2 length of 1CUb; hindwing RS slightly 
recurved, marginal cell narrowed medially, 1M 1.7 length of r-m, M+CU 1.6 length of 
1M, m-cu unpigmented, 0.8 length of r-m. Metasoma: tergites I-III rugulocostulate, 
median carinae complete, median carina of Ist tergite terminating at its intersection with 
short lateral carina at apex of tergite, third tergite with costulation more dense than two 


28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


basad tergites; fourth tergite finely areolate-rugulose, moderately deeply carapace-like, 
wider at mid-depth than lateral constriction in recurved ventral flange, ventral flange 
well defined, recurved, entirely scrobiculate; ovipositor 0.8 length of hind basitarsus. 
Male. Essentially as in female. 

Material Examined. Holotype female: TEXAS: Hildago County, Bentson-Rio 
Grande State Park, May 8, 1991, T. Carlow and E. Riley at UV light. Deposited in 
NMNH. Paratypes: 10 Females. TEXAS: Kenedy Co. Kenedy Ranch, April 21, 2001, 
Wharton. 1 Female. TEXAS: Dimmit Co., Chaparral Wildlife Mgt. Area, 30/IX/ 1989, 
at light, J. C. Schaffner. Deposited in NMNH. | Female. TEXAS: Kenedy Co., Kenedy 
Ranch, Jaboncillos Pasture, dune area, 21/IV/2001, 27°01'10"N, 97°43'20"W. 1 Female. 
TEXAS: Hidalgo Co. Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley St. Pk. 21/IV/1984, L. G. & T. P. 
Friedlander. 1 Female. NEW MEXICO: Eddy Co. 32°19.7'N, 103°46.9' W (Site 7), 15- 
16/VII/1979, at light, Delorme, McHugh, Schaffner. 1 Male. TEXAS: Bee Co. Beeville, 
11/V1/1953. University of Kansas Mexico Expedition. | male, TEXAS: Kenedy Co., 
Kenedy Ranch, April 21, 2001, Wharton at light. 1 Male, TEXAS: Kenedy Co., Kenedy 
Ranch, Jabocillos Pasture, dune area, April 21, 2001, 27°01'10"N, 97° 43'20"W. All 
material except holotype and 10 paratype females deposited in TAMU. 

Distribution. Besides the type locality in Hidalgo Co., Texas, also known from 
Texas counties Kenedy, Dimmit, and Bee, and Eddy Co., New Mexico. 

Host Information. Unknown. 

Comment. A nearly all-yellow wasp with large ocelli and fine sculpturing, similar 
to Aleiodes haematoxyli Fortier except for darker yellow coloration, the fourth abdom- 
inal tergite being more deeply carapace-like, and the metasomal sternites being nearly 
white. 

Etymology. Named after Donald L. J. Quicke, Fellow in Hymenoptera studies and 
author of Parasitic Wasps 1997. 


Aleiodes shawi NEW SPECIES 
Fics.3,,10) 26 


Female. Body color: Head yellow-orange except ventral extremities of genae; man- 
dibles, clypeus, labrum, and palps pale yellow; interocellar triangle black; scapes yel- 
low-orange basally, black apically, pedicels black, anelli light brown, flagellae black; 
pronotum yellow-orange, propleuron yellow-orange; scutum yellow-orange except 
black spot on each postero-lateral “shoulder” and black horizontal mark at anteromedi- 
al extremity of scutum; scutellar disc yellow except apical extremity black; mesopleu- 
ron mostly yellow-orange except black along dorsal portion of anterior carina posterior 
to subalar sulcus, black along dorsal edge above central disc, running into posterior half 
of central disc and area posterior to it, mesopleural venter mostly black with central yel- 
low orange spots, contiguous pale white spots apicomedially; metanotum apical of 
scutellum black; metapleuron black; propodeum black; black semicircular area in baso- 
medial area of first metasomal tergite, otherwise tergite pale yellow-white; second 
metasomal tergite pale yellow-white; third and fourth metasomal tergites black; front 
coxae, trochanters and trochantellae pale yellow-white, femora, tibiae, and basal 3 seg- 
ments of tarsi yellow, fourth segment darker yellow, apical segment dark brown, mid 
coxae yellow, mid trochanters, trochantelli, tibiae pale yellow-white, femora yellow, 
tarsi brown, hind coxae yellow, hind trochanters pale yellow-white, hind femora most- 
ly yellow except black apically, hind tibiae pale whitish-tan, hind basitarsomeres dark 
brown medially, pale basally and apically, second to fourth tarsomeres mostly dark 
brown except pale apically, apical tarsomere dark brown; wings hyaline, forewing veins 
pale yellow at base of wing, otherwise dark brown, stigma blackish brown, vein r-m 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 29 


colorless medially, (RS+M)b colorless; hind wing RS colorless, veins basal of cu-a col- 
orless, then gradually becoming darker, veins including and apical to r-m dark, m-cu 
faintly pigmented. Body and legs extensively covered with pubescence of white setae. 

Body length: 4.3 mm; forewing length: 3.6 mm. Head: 42 flagellomeres, all slight- 
ly longer than wide; malar space medium, about equal to basal width of mandible and 
0.6 times the eye height; temple medium, about 0.6 eye width; occipital carina incom- 
plete at vertex, reaching hypostomal carina; oral space small, circular, horizontal diam- 
eter about equal to mandibular basal width; medial height of clypeus 0.8 medial height 
of oral opening; ocelli medium ocellocular space only slightly larger than diameter of 
lateral ocellus; face with faint shallow carinae over a minutely areolate surface, narrow 
carina extending from point midway between anterior edges of antennal bases down 3/4 
of length of face; frons with faint, shallow carinae over minutely areolate surface; ver- 
tex rugocostate, with costae running laterally, crease between lateral ocelli; temples 
minutely areolate, punctate adjacent to occipital carina. Mesosoma: scrobiculate flange 
running along anterior half of ventral edge of pronotum, midmedial area of pronotum 
areolate-rugulose, posteromedial area of pronotum areolate-rugulose, extreme posterior 
area scrobiculate, scrobiculate pattern continuing laterally along shallow sulcus on each 
side of pronotum, scrobiculate pattern becoming faint laterally, sulci becoming nitid, 
dividing ventrolateral and dorsolateral areas of pronotum, mid-dorsolateral areas 
extending dorsally toward tegulae smooth-punctate, posterior dorsolateral area scrobic- 
ulate, ventrolateral area shiny, smoothly, faintly rugulose; scutum faintly areolate-rugu- 
lose over a minutely areolate surface except notauli scrobiculate, faintly defined medi- 
an ridge extending from anterior edge of scutum to top of anterior declivity, continuing 
posteriorly as a crease to postero-medial rugose area into which notauli terminate; 
scutellar disc areolate-rugulose; metanotum areolate basally, smooth-costate apically; 
mesopleuron rugulose anteriorly becoming smooth-punctate dorsally anterior to and on 
anterior portion of central disc, otherwise central disc nitid, area posterior to central disc 
punctate, sternaular area concave, shining with faint vertically running costae; pro- 
podeum areolate-rugulose; metapleuron areolate-rugulose. Legs: length of inner spurs 
of hind tibiae about 0.3 of hind basitarsi; hind coxae faintly areolate-rugulose dorsally. 
Wings: front wing with vein r 0.5 length of 3Rsa and about 0.7 length of m-cu, vein 
lcu-a beyond IM by distance about equal to length of Icu-a, 1CUa about 0.2 length of 
1CUb; hind wing marginal vein not tubular and slightly recurved, marginal cell nar- 
rowest in middle, 1M about 1.5 length of r-m, M+CU about 1.3 length of 1M, vein m- 
cu present, faintly pigmented, about 0.6 length of r-m and immediately posterior to it, 
adjoining it. Metasoma: first tergite areolate-rugose, areolae small and divided by 
thick, rounded carinae, sculpturing similar to propodeum but areolae smaller, median 
carina complete, terminating apically on medial upwardly buckled carina running along 
apical edge of tergite; second tergite areolate-rugose, areolae larger than those on first 
tergite, median carina complete, arising from a small raised triangular area at base of 
tergite and terminating apically in a raised carina that runs laterally along apical edge 
of carina for short distance; third tergite areolate-rugose, carinae finer than first two ter- 
gites, tergite without any superior medial carina; fourth tergite sculpturing closely sim- 
ilar to third, deeply carapace-like, completely covering remaining tergites, ventral 
flange broad, scrobiculate, well defined, recurved except at apical tip; ovipositor 
sheaths about 0.5 length of hind basitarsus. 

Male. Unknown. 

Material Examined. Holotype female: ARKANSAS: Washington Co., Mt. 
Sequoyah, 600 m, 1-10/VIII/1994, J. B. Whitfield, coll. Deposited in NMNH. 


30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Arkansas. 

Host Information. Reared from geometrid host feeding on Cercis sp. (Fabaceae, 
Redbud) 

Comments. The pale yellow-white coloration on metasomal tergites I and II, fore- 
leg coxae, and trochanters and trochantellae of all legs distinguish this species, except 
for some A. new species 24 females 4. new species 24 also occurs in Arkansas. A. shawi 
may be distinguished from this species by its deeper carapace and narrow carapace 
flange, in contrast to the flatter carapace and wide carapace flange of A. new species 24. 

Etymology. Named after Scott Shaw, curator of the Rocky Mountain Systematic 
Entomology Laboratory in Laramie, Wyoming, and Professor of Entomology at the 
University of Wyoming. Dr. Shaw supervised my dissertation research, and has offered 
invaluable help and advice with respect to the present research. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I thank the following people. Thanks to Dr. Robert Wharton (TAMU) for invaluable advice at the begin- 
ning of this study and for assistance in procuring loaned material from TAMU, Dr. Jason Weintraub, (ANSP) 
for assistance and hospitality while examining holotype material there and for loaned material. Also I thank 
the following curators for loaned material used in this study: Dr. David Wahl (AEI), Dr. Gary Parsons (ARC), 
Dr. John Huber (CNC), Dr. E. R. Hoebeke (CUIC), Dr. Doug Yaneda (ERM), Dr. Steven Krauth (IRC), Dr. 
Zachary Falin (Kansas Univ.), Dr. David Furth (NMNH), Dr. Mark Shaw (NMS), Dr. Scott Shaw (RMSEL), 
Dr. Edward Riley (TAMU), and Dr. Robert Zuparko (UCB), and Dr. Steven Heydon (UCD). Also, thanks to 
Mr. Casey Dillman and Mr. Jeff Ray, graduate students at Saint Louis University (SLU), for their generous 
and competent technical help and consultation, and thanks to SLU graduate student Ms. Tara Herring for most 
of the illustrations in this paper. This research was funded by NSF grant award #0516515. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Chen, X. and J. He. 1997. Revision of the subfamily Rogadinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from China. 
Zoologische Verhandelingen, 308:1—187. 


Fortier, J. C. 2006a. The first host association for Aleiodes pilosus (=Tetrasphaeropyx Ashmead) (Hymen- 
optera: Braconidae: Rogadinae). Entomological News 117(4):457-459. 


Fortier, J. C. 2006b Twelve new species and a new combination of the Aleiodes pilosus species-group 
(=Tetrasphaeropyx Ashmead) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae) in North America. Entomological 
News 117(5):465-484. 


Harris, R. A. 1979. A glossary of surface sculpturing. Occasional Papers in Entomology 28: 1-33. 


Sharkey, M. J. and R. A. Wharton. 1997. pp. 19-37. Morphology and Terminology. Jn, R. A. Wharton 
P. M. Marsh, and M. J. Sharkey (Editors). Manual of the New World Genera of the Family Braconidae 
(Hymenoptera). Washington, D.C. Special Publication of the International Society of Hymenopterists. 
No. 1. Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. 439 pp. 


Shaw, M. R. and T. Huddleston. 1991. Classification and Biology of Braconid Wasps. Handbooks for the 
Identification of British Insects. Volume 7. Part I. 7:1-126. 


Shaw, S. R. 1997. pp. 403-408. Subfamily Rogadinae s.s. Jn, R. A. Wharton, P. M. Marsh, and M. J. Shar- 
key (Editors). Manual of the New World Genera of the Family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Washington, 
D.C. Special Publication of the International Society of Hymenopterists, No. 1. Washington, District of 
Columbia, U.S.A. 439 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 an 


SPECIES DIVERSITY OF BUTTERFLIES IN TURKISH 
PINUS BRUTIA FOREST ECOSYSTEMS AFTER FIRE!’ 


Burcin Yenisey Kaynas’ and Behzat Giirkan’ 


ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine changes in the species diversity of butterflies after fire 
in Pinus brutia forests. At four study sites representing different successional stages, butterflies were 
sampled by line transect method using sweep nets and by visual observation. In total, 18 species and 
114 individuals were found at all sites. Although the species richness and species diversity of butter- 
flies were higher in middle successional stages, abundance decreased with successional age. The 
changes in butterfly abundance, species richness and diversity with successional age resulted mostly 
from structural differences in the vegetation. 


KEYWORDS: East Mediterranean, habitat change, plant architecture, succession, fire-affected habi- 
tats 


Fire has been one of the most crucial ecological factors in Mediterranean-type 
ecosystems for thousand of years. Fire causes the removal of litter, vegetation 
and canopy according to its intensity in a very short time. Mediterranean vege- 
tation is resilient to fire and the reestablishment of pre-fire communities is very 
rapid (Trabaud, 1994). Pinus brutia Ten., 1811 forests, one of the most common 
ecosystems in the East Mediterranean basin, are destroyed by wildfires fre- 
quently. These forests have morphological and physiological adaptations for 
regeneration after fire. Pinus brutia is well equipped with two significant traits 
adaptive to fire, namely on-plant seed storage and fire-stimulated seed dispersal, 
and in-soil seed storage and fire-stimulated germination (Neyisci, 1993). 

Although the recovery of vegetation after fire has been studied intensively in 
Mediterranean-type ecosystems (i.e. Naveh, 1967; Thanos et al., 1989; Ne’eman 
et al., 1992; Pausas, 1999; Tavsanoglu and Gurkan, 2005), changes in insect 
communities after fire have received little attention in the Mediterranean basin 
(Prodon et al., 1987; Broza et al., 1993). Insects respond more rapidly to distur- 
bances than vertebrates and therefore have potential as early indicators of envi- 
ronmental change (Kremen, 1992; Kremen et al., 1993). Changes in the structure 
and composition of vegetation cause parallel changes in the community structure 
of insects. Because each plant species may represent one or more resources for 
herbivores, herbivore insect diversity in particular is driven by changes in vege- 
tation (Murdoch et al., 1972; Cates, 1980; Lawton, 1983; Siemann et al., 1999). 

Butterflies are considered the most suitable insect for indirect measures of 
environmental variation because of their high sensitivity to local weather, cli- 
mate, light levels and other parameters affected by habitat change (Erhardt, 1985; 
Weiss et al., 1987; Hill et al., 1995; Blair and Launer, 1997; Wood and Gilman, 
1998). Dramatic habitat changes caused by fire and post-fire vegetation devel- 


' Received on March 27, 2006. Accepted on August 8, 2006. 


* Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Ecology Section 06800 Beytepe, 
Ankara, Turkey. E-mails: bkaynas@hacettepe.edu.tr, bgurkan@hacettepe.edu.tr, respectively. 


Mailed on April 27, 2007 


32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


opment affect the species diversity of butterflies intensively. Butterflies can serve 
as a valuable barometer of overall community complexity. Because they are used 
by numerous arthropods and vertebrates as food resources, they can potentially 
suggest much more about the complexity of the community than can vegetative 
structure and herbaceous plants alone (Huntzinger, 2003). 

This study aimed to determine the changes in species diversity in the butter- 
fly community during successional stages after fire. 


METHODS 
Study area 

The study was conducted within the Marmaris National Park (N 36° 50'", E 28° 
17'), which 1s located on the Mediterranean coast of southwestern Turkey. The 
area has a typical Mediterranean climate with hot and dry summers and mild 
winters, and is mostly covered by P. brutia forests. It covers approximately 
34,000 ha and, like many other Mediterranean ecosystems, many parts of it have 
been burnt in different years. In the National Park P. brutia forests are predomi- 
nant; the other major vegetation types are maquis and Liguidambar orientalis 
forests. 

There are two main approaches to the study of succession: static (synchronic) 
and dynamic (diachronic). The static approach involves the determination of 
trends from data collected at one point in time. The dynamic approach is based 
on repeated observations at the same site over time (Austin, 1977). We used the 
synchronic method to determine changes in succession after fire. The study was 
conducted at four sites (three representing different stages of succession at post- 
fire sites and one representing unburnt forest): I. Burnt 1 year before (N 36° 50’ 
11", E 28° 18' 10"), HU. Burnt 5 years ago before (N 36° 51' 16", E 28° 17' 14"), 
III. Burnt 21 years before (N 36° 49' 37", E 28° 19' 34"), and IV. The control plot 
(not burnt for at least 45 years) (N 36° 50' 47", E 28° 17' 24'). These sites are 
located on the same geological material (ophiolitic rock) and have the same soil 
type (non-calcic brown forest soil). All sites are below 100 m altitude. At all 
sites, after burning, branches and cones were spread over on the ground to con- 
stitute suitable conditions for seedling establishment. 


Vegetation 

Tavsanoglu (2002) described dominant plant species for all sites according to 
percentages of cover. Quercus infectoria Olivier, 1801 and Phyllarea latifolia 
L., 1753 are the dominant at all sites. Excluding these two species, Cistus salvi- 
folius L., 1753 and C. creticus L., 1762 are dominant one year after fire, P bru- 
tia, C. salvifolius, and Smilax aspera L., 1753 five years after fire, P. brutia, 
C. salvifolius, and C. creticus 21 years after fire, and P. brutia and S. aspera at 
the control site. 

Although opportunistic species appearing after fire increased total plant spec- 
ies richness, the species richness of all sites remains similar (Table 1). 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 38 


Table 1. Dominant plant species, total species richness of plants (TSRP), and 
mean height of vegetation (MHV+SE cm) for the 4 study sites. Different super- 
script letters on mean vegetation height values point out significant differences 
between study sites (Kruskal-Wallis, P<0.001). 


Time since fire (years) 


Sites 1 5 21 245 

DPS Quercus infectoria Quercus infectoria Quercus infectoria Quercus infectoria 
Phillyrea latifolia Phillyrea latifolia Phillyrea latifolia Phillyrea latifolia 
Cistus salvifolius Cistus salvifolius Cistus salvifolius Similax aspera 
Cistus creticus Similax aspera Cistus creticus Pinus brutia 

Pinus brutia Pinus brutia 
TSRP* 4] 36 32 34 
MHV 96,0+6,1a 128,5+3,6b 184,4+4.4c - 


‘Data was taken from Tavsanoglu et al., 2002. 


Mean vegetation height was used to assess vegetation complexity. Mean veg- 
etation height may indicate enhanced biomass and the architectural complexity 
of plants (Kruess and Tscharntke, 2002). It was lowest at the site burnt a year 
before and increased with successional age. At the control site, vegetation height 
was not measured. Since the trees were generally above 10 m in height, a mean 
vegetation height of 10 m was used in the statistical estimations (Kaynas and 
Gurkan, 2004) (Table 1). 


Sampling 

We used the sweep net method, following a line transect to collect butterflies. 
At each site sweeps were taken while walking along 100 m in 3 sampling line 
transects in a 100 x 50 m area (0.5 ha). During the sweep net sampling, visually 
observed species were also recorded. Sampling was conducted at the same time 
of day and by the same person. Individuals caught were placed in envelopes and 
taken to the Ecology Laboratory in the Biology Department of Hacettepe Uni- 
versity for identification. Sampling was done monthly from August 2000 to Sep- 
tember 2001. 


Data Analysis 
Total abundance, species richness and the Brillouin diversity index (Krebs, 
1999) were used to compare the butterfly community between different succes- 


34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


sional stages. Morishita’s index of similarity (Krebs, 1999) was used to examine 
whether butterfly community composition at the sites varied with successional 
age. 


RESULTS 


In total 18 species and 114 individuals were collected from all sites. Although 
butterfly species richness was higher in the middle successional stages, the total 
abundance of the sites decreased with successional age (Fig. 2). Species diversi- 
ty of butterflies displayed a trend similar to that of species richness. It was high- 
est at the site burnt 21 years before and lowest at the site unburnt for at least 45 
years (Fig. 2). The similarity index was highest between sites burnt 1 and 5 years 
before (CA= 0.982). The sites burnt 21 years before and the site unburnt for at 
least 45 years had the second highest similarity index (CA= 0.711). Similarity 
index values among the other sites were lower and close to each other when com- 
pared to the above sites (time since fire 1-21: 0.312; 1-45<: 0.540; 5-21: 0.311). 


A 


20 
10 


1 S) 21 45< 


1 5 21 45< 


time since fire 


Figure 2. A) Species richness (solid bar) and abundance (open bar) of butter- 
flies, B) Brillouin diversity values of butterflies in successional ages. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 35 


With regard to the species observed, Vanessa atalanta and Colias crocea were 
the most common at all sites. Their abundances were close to each other among 
the sites. At the site burnt a year before the most abundant species were Pieris 
rapae and Pontia edusa, and at the site burnt 5 years before Pontia edusa was 
dominant. Callimorpha quadripunctaria and Lasiommata megera, which were 
similar in terms of abundance, were the most abundant species at the site burnt 
21 years before. Colias crocea was the most abundant at the site unburnt for at 
least 45 years. Abundances of butterfly species sampled in this study are listed in 
Table 2. 


Table 2. Abundances of butterfly species sampled in this study. 


Time since fire (years) 


Species 1 5) 21 >45 
Callimorpha quadripunctaria (Poda, 1761) - - 6 ) 
Azuritis reducta (Higgins, 1932) - - - 
Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758) l i) 3 
Eynnis tages (Linnaeus, 1758) - 1 - - 
Gegenes nostradamus (Fabricius, 1793) - - | - 
Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg, 1775) 6 3 - | 
Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus, 1758) - - 2 - 
Archon apollinus (Herbst, 1798) - - 2 - 
Papilio machaon (Linnaeus, 1758) - ] l - 
Colias crocea (Geoffroy, 1785) 4 3 2 4 
Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) p) 1 - - 
Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) 8 3 - 2 
Pontia edusa (Fabricius, 1777) 10 1) - - 
Eumenis syriaca (Staudinger, 1871) - - 1 - 
Lasiommata megera (Linnaeus, 1767) 5 - 5 - 
Maniola jurtina phormia (Fruhstorfer, 1909) 2 - 1 - 
Neohipparchia fatua (Freyer, 1844) - 4 3 
Pararge aegeria tircis (Godart, 1821) - 1 - = 
DISCUSSION 


Because each species of butterfly requires specific host plants (Huntzinger, 
2003), a diverse plant community may support a diverse community of butter- 


36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


flies. In most ecosystems, seral communities mostly consist of different plant 
species and each seral stage has a distinct species composition. However, in 
Mediterranean-type ecosystems, succession after fire is different from that in 
many other ecosystem types. There is no real succession in the sense of substi- 
tution of species or communities, but only progressive return towards a stage 
similar to that existing before fire (Trabaud et al., 1985). At sites representing dif- 
ferent successional ages, plant species richness and species composition were 
similar among the sites despite the small difference in the site burnt a year before. 
Although the species richness of plants among sites is strikingly similar, the 
structural complexity of vegetation changes with successional age. 

The abundance and species diversity values of butterflies displayed different 
trends with successional age after fire. While abundance decreased with succes- 
sion, species richness and species diversity were higher in the middle succes- 
sional stages. The decrease in abundance with successional age may be a result 
of butterflies’ preference for open habitats, which do not vary in terms of 
resources and do not have a canopy. High sunlight requirements are common for 
most butterflies (Huntzinger, 2003). Certain butterflies must maintain a body 
temperature between 30 and 40°C in order to sustain their flight and feeding 
activity (Schmitz, 1994). Higher sunlight at open sites burnt a year before and 5 
years before could explain the dominancy at these sites of butterflies with a white 
dorsal surface, like Pontia edusa and Pieris rapae. 

With the removal of the canopy due to fire, obligate seeders like Cistus species 
recolonize densely in the first year after fire. Except P. brutia, all the obligate 
seeder species in these sites are entomophyllous and they need insects for polli- 
nation. The higher abundance of butterflies whose adults feed with nectars feed- 
ers could be the result of dense recolonization by pollen-rich Cistus species 
(Ne’eman and Dafni, 1999) in early succession stages. 

Plant communities constitute a promising variable for the description of habi- 
tat quality for butterflies. Vegetation is the main physical interface between but- 
terflies and their environment (Sawchick et al., 2003). With successional age, an 
increase in vertical layers with vegetation height provides a more heterogeneous 
environment for butterflies, allowing them to avoid adverse abiotic conditions. 
The higher species richness and diversity in middle successional stages are a 
result of the characteristics of the vegetation. Since butterflies often have specif- 
ic host and nectar plants and require certain structural elements for orientation or 
basking, they would be expected to show a much stronger response to the vege- 
tation than to variables like nutrient richness or pH of soils (Oostermetjer and van 
Swaay, 1998). Although the composition of plant species contributing as food 
resources for herbivores does not vary greatly among successional ages, the spa- 
tial and architectural complexities of plant communities are different. Lawton 
(1983) stated that insect species diversity was maintained by the structural diver- 
sity of plants and a high correlation between number of insect species and the 
structural complexity of vegetation across successional stages could be shown. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 37 


Vegetation height may indicate the architectural complexity of plants and is the 
best predictor of both species richness and abundance of butterfly adults and lep- 
idopteran larvae (Kruess and Tscharntke, 2002). Similarly, Waltz and Covington 
(2004) stated that nectar sources are not the main contributing factor to adult but- 
terfly distributions, and butterflies are very fast to respond to habitat changes. At 
burnt and open sites that do not have a canopy, increasing plant structural com- 
plexity with increasing vegetational height may explain the higher values of but- 
terfly species richness and diversity of middle successional stages. Shrubs, which 
are characterized for middle successional stages, have been shown to be an 
important structural resource component of a butterfly species’ habitat (Dennis 
and Sparks, 2006; Dover et al., 1997). 

The selection of habitats among butterflies is almost certainly caused by a 
wide range of factors, which may vary between species and between regions. 
Woodland cover may be a critical factor governing the habitat selection of many 
species (Warren, 1985) and correlate with the flower-feeding specialism of but- 
terflies (Tudor et al., 2004). In the present study, Vanessa atalanta and Colias 
crocea were generalist species that occurred at all successional sites. Vanessa 
atalanta is a common species that demonstrates high tolerance to environmental 
variables (Oostermeijer and van Swaay, 1998). The open habitat species Lasiom- 
mata megera and Maniola jurtina, known to be generalist (Tudor et al., 2004) 
and to feed on grasses (Pollard et al., 1998), were found at successional sites 
without a canopy layer. Polyammatus icarus, which was found at early succes- 
sional sites and in unburnt forest, is stated to be a generalist species and the best 
process indicator because it shows a clear response to changes in soil nutrient sta- 
tus, acidity or moisture (Oostermeijer and van Swaay, 1998). Warren (1985) stat- 
ed that, despite Pieris rapae preferring solely open habitats, Pieris brassicae was 
most abundant in quite shady rides where food-plants were absent and nectar 
sources were less abundant. In the present study, no difference was found be- 
tween these two species in terms of habitat selection. 

Prescribed burns that maintain the structure of shrubland habitat will often 
increase the quantity of specific resources required by Lepidoptera, 1.e. larval 
host plants and adult nectar sources (New, 1997 cited in Wagner et al., 2003). 
Considering the habitat requirements of butterfly species, P brutia ecosystems in 
southwestern Turkey consist of a mosaic including habitats burnt at different 
times. These post-fire sites had different habitat attributes affecting butterfly 
species diversity positively. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


We thank Sinan Kaynas and Cagatay Tavsanoglu for their assistance in the field and Selma Seven 
for identifying specimens. We are grateful to Jochen Krauss for his comments. We also thank the 
National Parks and Game-Wildlife General Directorate of Turkey for support during sampling. This 
work was supported by Hacettepe University, Unit of Scientific Research (Project No. 
00.02.601.005). 


38 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


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USE OF SOLDIER PRONOTAL WIDTH AND 
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCING TO 
DISTINGUISH THE SUBTERRANEAN TERMITES, 
RETICULITERMES FLAVIPES (KOLLAR) AND 
R. VIRGINICUS (BANKS) (ISOPTERA: 
RHINOTERMITIDAE), ON THE DELMARVA 
PENINSULA: DELAWARE, MARYLAND, 
AND VIRGINIA, U.S.A.’ 


Susan Whitney King,’ James W. Austin, * and Allen L. Szalanski’ 


ABSTRACT: Termite alates and accompanying soldiers were collected during a 5-year period from 
diverse habitats on the Delmarva Peninsula, including inland hardwood sites (Newark, Delaware, 
U.S.A.; Galena, Maryland, U.S.A.), and a pine scrub beach (Lewes, Delaware, U.S.A.). Alates from 
34 colonies were identified to species based on taxonomic keys. Pronotal width was measured for 
1,447 accompanying soldiers from 33 of the colonies and compared to similar studies in Florida, 
U.S.A. Mitochondrial DNA 16S sequencing was conducted on soldiers from 31 of the colonies. Reti- 
culitermes flavipes and R. virginicus were identified from pine scrub, whereas only R. flavipes was 
collected from the hardwood sites. DNA sequences showed three lineages of R. virginicus, two of 
which matched that from specimens previously reported to be a new species (R. malletei nomen 
nudum). Soldier pronotal width ranges at the 95% confidence level were: R. flavipes, 0.84-1.04 mm; 
R. virginicus, 0.63-0.83 mm. Statistical analyses indicated that species identification could be based 
on a sample of 5 soldiers with a confidence level of >95%. The observed pronotal width range for 
R. virginicus overlapped with that reported for R. hageni Banks in Florida, U.S.A. 


KEY WORDS: Identification, taxonomy, sample size, subterranean termites, Isoptera, Rhinotermi- 
tidae, soldier, pronotal width, mitochondrial DNA, Reficuliternes flavipes, R. virginicus, Delmarva 
Peninsula, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, U.S.A. 


It is difficult to distinguish species of Reticulitermes in a study site when 
alates are not present. Worker termites have no morphological characteristics that 
can be used to separate species. Soldiers’ pronotal measurements have been used 
to distinguish species; however, there is overlap between R. flavipes and R. vir- 
ginicus (Hostettler et al., 1995). This study was initiated to (1) determine how 
many subterranean termite species are present in Lewes, Delaware, and inland 
sites on the Delmarva Peninsula and (2) genetically and morphometrically char- 
acterize soldiers of each species. 


' Received on March 11, 2006. Accepted on May 23, 2006. 
> Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716- 
2160, U.S.A., swhitney@udel.edu. 


> Center for Urban and Structural Entomology, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 
College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A., jwaustin@ag.tamu.edu. 


> Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A., aszalan@uark. 
edu. 


Mailed on April 27, 2007 


42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


METHODS 


Six study sites were established during 1995 on a 15-acre pine scrub beach at 
Cape Henlopen on the Delaware Bay in Lewes, Delaware, U.S.A. Soils in each 
site were sand. Three inland hardwood study sites, approximately one acre each, 
also were established: one on the University of Delaware (UD) farm in Newark, 
Delaware, in 1994 and two on a private farm near Galena, Maryland, U.S.A. in 
1997. Soils in the hardwood sites were silt loam (Newark) and clay loam 
(Galena). From 1997 through 2001, subterranean termite alates and soldiers were 
collected from the nine sites. 

Monitoring stakes (Picea sp., 2.0 cm x 3.5 cm x 45 cm) were vertically driv- 
en into the ground to a depth of approximately 30 cm at each site. Stakes were 
placed randomly around vegetation at approximately one meter intervals. Ap- 
proximately 100 stakes were used at each inland site and approximately 1,500 
stakes were used in Lewes. Stakes were examined weekly from March of each 
year through November for signs of termite infestation. 

Stakes that became termite-infested were subsequently driven deeper into the 
ground leaving 3-4 cm exposed. A one-gallon plastic bucket (19.0 cm x 17.5 cm 
diameter) with the bottom cut off was placed around each infested stake and sunk 
10 cm into the soil. Soil was then removed from the bucket, a pine block “sand- 
wich” was placed inside on the ground next to the exposed stake, and the buck- 
et was capped. Each sandwich was constructed of six Southern Yellow Pine, 
Pinus taeda L., boards (9.0 cm x 2.0 cm x 12.5 cm). Two boards served as “book- 
ends” that held the other four boards in the center perpendicular to the bookends. 
Six dowels (3.0 mm diameter x 11.0 cm) were placed between the inner four 
boards and the sandwich was nailed together. The dowels created crevices be- 
tween the boards within which workers constructed their tunnels. 

Buckets were monitored weekly for termite activity from March through 
November each year from 1997 through 2001. When alates were observed, they 
were collected and the wood block sandwich was dismantled and examined for 
soldiers. Alates and soldiers were collected and preserved in 80% ethanol. 

Previous mark-release-recapture studies (King, unpublished data) showed that 
marked worker termites moved less than one meter in Lewes and less than 30 
meters at inland sites. Buckets that yielded alates for this study were more than 
one meter from each other in Lewes and those in inland sites were more than 30 
meters from each other; thus, each bucket with alates was designated a separate 
colony. 

Termites were examined at 62.5x using a dissecting microscope equipped with 
an ocular micrometer. Species identification on alates from 34 colonies was 
made using taxonomic keys (Scheffrahn and Su 1994). The distance of the ocel- 
lus from the compound eye was determined for alates. Furthermore, alate body 
color was compared with R. hageni alates collected on 4/28/2001 from Cumber- 
land Island, Georgia, U.S.A. Pronotal width was measured on 1,447 soldiers. The 
mean pronotal width for R. flavipes in both pine scrub and hardwood was calcu- 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 43 


lated as was the mean pronotal width for R. virginicus. Confidence intervals (95, 
99, and 99.9%) for these means and their margins of error were calculated. The 
sample size needed to separate these species was determined. Voucher specimens 
were deposited in the University of Delaware Insect Reference Collection in 
Newark, Delaware, U.S.A. 

Alcohol-preserved soldiers from each of 31 colonies were sent to the Univer- 
sity of Arkansas for species identification using mtDNA 16S sequences (Szalan- 
ski et al., 2003). Specimens were dried on filter paper, and DNA was extracted 
according to Liu and Beckenbach (1992) and Jenkins et al. (1999) on individual 
whole termites with the Puregene DNA isolation kit D-5000A (Gentra, Minne- 
apolis, Minnesota, U.S.A.). Extracted DNA was resuspended in 50 ml of Tris: 
EDTA and stored at —20°C. Polymerase chain reaction was conducted using the 
primers LR-J-13007 (5’-TTACGCTGTTATCCCTAA-3’) (Kambhampati and 
Smith 1995) and LR-N-13398 (5’-CGCCTGTTTATCAAAAACAT-3’) (Simon 
et al. 1994). These PCR primers amplify an approximately 428 bp region of the 
mtDNA 16S rRNA gene. The PCR reactions were conducted with 1 pl of the 
extracted DNA (Szalanski et al., 2000), having a profile consisting of 35 cycles 
of 94°C for 45 s, 46°C for 45 s and 72°C for 60 s. Amplified DNA from individ- 
ual termites was purified and concentrated with minicolumns (Wizard PCRpreps, 
Promega) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Samples were sent to The 
University of Arkansas Medical Center DNA Sequencing Facility (Little Rock, 
Arkansas, U.S.A.) for direct sequencing in both directions. GenBank accession 
numbers were DQ422137 and DQ422138 for the two new haplotypes corre- 
sponding to R. malletei found in this study. DNA sequences were aligned using 
CLUSTAL W (Thompson et al., 1994). Mitochondrial DNA haplotypes were 
aligned by MacClade v4 (Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 
U.S.A.). 

Voucher specimens preserved in 100% ethanol were deposited at the Arth- 
ropod Museum, Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayette- 
ville, Arkansas. 


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 


Alates were collected from 26 colonies in Lewes (Table 1). These were mor- 
phologically identified as either R. flavipes (7 colonies) or R. virginicus (19 
colonies) applying the taxonomic keys of Scheffrahn and Su (1994). Alates were 
collected from eight colonies in the hardwood sites. These were all identified as 
R. flavipes. Only R. flavipes and R. virginicus were present on the Delmarva 
Peninsula sites; R. hageni was not found. 


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Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 45 


Samples from 31 of the 34 colonies were subsequently subjected to DNA 
sequencing; three R. flavipes colonies were not included in the DNA analysis. 
Seven distinct haplotypes (lineages) were obtained: Z, KK, SS, TT, RM1, RM2, 
and V6 (Table 1). The most abundant haplotype was Z (R. flavipes, Genbank 
DQ001953) from nine samples. This is a common haplotype observed from the 
northeast United States (Austin et al., 2005). Three additional haplotypes of R. 
flavipes were obtained: KK (GenBank DQ001963), SS (GenBank DQ001971), 
and TT (GenBank DQ001972) (one sample each). Eighteen of the samples were 
identified as haplotypes RM1 (GenBank DQ422137) and RM2 (GenBank 
DQ422138). These lineages belong to a cryptic Reticulitermes species that has 
previously been reported to be a new species, R. malletei (Clément et al., 1986), 
but has not been described according to the International Code of Zoological 
Nomenclature (ICZN). The original description of R. malletei has been desig- 
nated nomen nudum (Scheffrahn et al., 2001), but subsequent evaluation has 
determined that indeed it appears to bear all the necessary requirements as a dis- 
crete species (Austin, unpublished) and as such is being prepared for publication. 
One sample of R. virginicus was identified as haplotype V6 (GenBank 
AY 257243). This haplotype is found in several other states (Austin et al., 2004a, 
b,c): 

Pronotal width measurements for R. flavipes and R. virginicus soldiers are 
provided in Table 1 and Figure 1. Because only one colony of R.virginicus (hap- 
lotype V6) was recovered, this sample was not included in the morphometric 
analysis. For a sample size of five soldiers, the following margins of error were 
calculated for various confidence levels: 0.0403 (95%); 0.0530 (99%); 0.0677 
(99.9%). The difference between the average pronotal widths for R. flavipes ver- 
sus R. virginicus (haplotypes RM1, RM2) was 0.21; thus, a sample size of five 
should reliably separate these two species in Delaware. 

Reported values for R. virginicus pronota (0.71-0.87 and 0.70-0.84mm) (Hos- 
tettler et al., 1995) appear to be supported by our measurements for this species 
too, with the pronota of 72 soldiers from the single colony (haplotype V6) in 
Lewes ranging 0.73-0.87mm in width. Pronotal width ranges at the 95% confi- 
dence level for R. flavipes were 0.84-1.04 mm. According to the taxonomic keys 
of Scheffrahn and Su (1994) and Hostettler et al. (1995), R. flavipes generally has 
a soldier pronotal width usually greater than 0.90 mm. Our morphological obser- 
vations, supported with mtDNA sequence data, affirm these measurements. Both 
Scheffrahn and Su (1994) and Hostettler et al. (1995) describe measurements of 
R. hageni as generally < 0.70 mm. At the 95% confidence level, the pronotal 
width range for R. virginicus (haplotypes RM1, RM72) soldiers in Lewes, Dela- 
ware (0.63-0.83 mm) overlaps with that of R. hageni in Florida (Hostettler et al., 
1995). This could lead to termite misidentification if keys based on Florida spec- 
- 1mens are used to identify termite soldiers from Delaware. 


46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Figure 1. Pronotal Width of Reticulitermes spp. 


Soldiers 

250 

3 200 
2 
7 

2 450 
® 
E 

= 100 
£ 

Sly ou 
= 

0 

6 a S A b Y 2 
Etat boli@sobl xSP dusineenae ae ean 


Pronotal Width, mm 


Figure 1. Pronotal width of Reticulitermes spp. soldiers. -®@— R. flavipes, Hardwood, 
Haplotypes Z, KK, SS, TT; —iF R. flavipes, Pine Scrub, Haplotype Z; —A— R. virginicus, 
Pine scrub, Haplotypes RM1, RM2. 


There are no published accounts of R. hageni in Delaware, which prompted a 
genetic inquiry for species confirmation. Evaluation of comparative sequence 
data and phylogenetic interpretation through Maximum Parsimony and Maxi- 
mum Liklihood analyses (see Austin et al. 2005) suggest our samples identified 
as R. virginicus (haplotypes RM1, RM2) from morphological keys is likely 
incorrect and constitute a discrete species. This same observation has been 
recently discussed, where Vargo and Carlson (2006) determined that two resid- 
ing populations of R. hageni constituted two distinct taxa, referring to one pop- 
ulation as R. hageni sensu stricto and the other as Reticulitermes n. sp., since the 
two had not been formally split. We in like kind have resolved to describe these 
as a single species, R. virginicus sensu stricto until the completed description of 
R. malletei is available (Austin, unpublished) and because there are no known 
occurrences of R. hageni in Delaware. However, to clarify this important rela- 
tionship, it should be understood that the specimens in Vargo and Carlson (2006) 
taken from Duke Forest, NC, share the same 16S rRNA haplotype (RM1) as 
found in Lewes, DE (Austin and Vargo, unpublished). 

This research demonstrates the discrepancy between taxonomic keys which 
apply metrics from populations which may vary in size and shape due to the vari- 
able nature of the habitats which Reticulitermes occupy. Transitions in topogra- 
phy and environment can have significant influences on Reticulitermes phenolo- 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 47 


gy, distribution, and genetic composition. Recent studies demonstrate that under- 
lying Reticulitermes phenology is a genetic component which influences both 
chemotaxonomy (Jenkins et al., 2000) and morphology (Heintschel et al., 2006), 
when evaluated with mtDNA sequence data. In essence, genes drive phenotypes, 
and reliance of morphology alone can be misleading when attempting species 
identification. From these results, there are likely 3 species of Reticulitermes 
which occupy the Delmarva Peninsula, and future investigations which clarify 
the abundance of these species should be considered. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


This research was supported, in part, by Dow AgroSciences. We thank Dr. Rudolf Scheffrahn, 
University of Florida, for providing samples of R. hageni soldiers and alates; Dr. John Pesek, 
Assistant Professor, Food & Resource Economics, University of Delaware, for statistical analysis of 
data; and Melody Euparadorn, University of Delaware, for laboratory and field assistance. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Austin, J. W., A. L. Szalanski, R. E. Gold, and B. T. Foster. 2004a. Genetic variation and geo- 
graphical distribution of the subterranean termite genus Reticulitermes in Texas. Southwestern 
Entomologist 29: 1-11. 


Austin, J. W., A. L. Szalanski, and B. M. Kard. 2004b. Genetic variation and distribution of the 
subterranean termite genus Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Oklahoma. Florida En- 
tomologist 87: 152-158. 


Austin, J. W., A. L. Szalanski, and M. T. Messenger. 2004c. Genetic variation and distribution of 
the subterranean termite genus Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Arkansas and Louis- 
iana. Florida Entomologist 87: 473-480. 


Austin, J. W., A. L. Szalanski, R. H. Scheffrahn, and M. T. Messenger. 2005. Genetic variation 
of Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in North America using the mitochondrial 
rRNA 16S gene. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 98: 980-988. 


Clément, J. L., R. Howard, M. Blum, and H. Lloyd. 1986. Isolement spécifique des Termites du 
Genre Reticulitermes du sud-est des Etats-Unis. Mise en évidence grace a la chimie et au com- 
portement d’une espéce jumelle de R. virginicus : R. malletei sp nov et d’une semi-species de R. 
flavipes. Comptes Rendus De L Academie Des Sciences Serie [I-Sciences De La Vie-Life 
Sciences 302 (2): 67-70. 


Heintschel, B. P., J. W. Austin, and R. E. Gold. 2006. Soldier Labral Morphology and Genetic 
Comparisons of Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) from Texas. Sociobiology 48(1): 63- 
84. 


Hostettler, N. C., D. W. Hall and R. H. Scheffrahn. 1995. Intracolony Morphometric Variation 
and Labral Shape in Florida Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Soldiers: Significance for 
Identification. Florida Entomologist 78: 120-129. 


Jenkins, T. M., C. J. Basten, S. Kresovich, and B. T. Forschler. 1999. Mitochondrial gene 
sequence questions Reticulitermes sp. social structure (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 
34:161-172. 


Jenkins, T. M., M. I. Haverty, C. J. Basten, L. J. Nelson, M. Page, and B. T. Forschler. 2000. 
Correlation of mitochondrial haplotypes with cuticular hydrocarbon phenotypes of sympatric 
Reticulitermes species from the southeastern United States. Journal of Chemical Ecology 26, 
1525-1542. 


48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Kambhampati, S. and P. T. Smith. 1995. PCR primers for the amplification of four insect mito- 
chondrial gene fragments. Insect Molecular Biology 4:233-236. 


Liu, H. and A. T. Beckenbach. 1992. Evolution of the mitochondrial chyochrome oxidase II gene 
among 10 orders of insects. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1: 41-52. 


Scheffrahn, R. H. and N-. Y. Su. 1994. Keys to soldier and winged adult termites (Isoptera) of 
Florida. Florida Entomologist 77: 460-474. 


Scheffrahn, R. H., N.-Y. Su, J. A. Chase, and B. T. Forschler. 2001. New termite (Isoptera: 
Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae) records from Georgia. Journal of Entomological Sciences 36: 
109-113. 


Simon, C., F. Frati, A. Beckenbach, B. Crespi, H. Liu, and P. Flook. 1994. Evolution, weighting, 
and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved poly- 
merase chain reaction primers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 87: 651-701. 


Szalanski, A. L., D. S. Sikes, R. Bischof, and M. Fritz. 2000. Population genetics and phyloge- 
netics of the endangered American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus (Coleoptera: 
Silphidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93:589-594. 


Szalanski, A. L., J. W. Austin, and C. B. Owens. 2003. Identification of Reticulitermes spp. 
(Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) from South Central United States by PCR-RFLP. Journal of Eco- 
nomic Entomology 96: 1514-1519. 


Thompson, J. D., D. G. Higgins, and T. J. Gibson. 1994. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivi- 
ty of progressive multiples sequence alignments through sequence weighting, position-specific 
gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research 22: 4673-4680. 


Vargo, E. L. and J. C. Carlson. 2006. Comparative study of breeding systems of sympatric sub- 
terranean termites (Reticulitermes flavipes and R. hageni) in central North Carolina using two 
classes of molecular genetic markers. Environmental Entomology 35: 173-187. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 49 


A REVIEW OF THE PLANTHOPPER GENUS 
NILAPARVATA (HEMIPTERA: DELPHACIDAE) IN THE 
NEW WORLD' 


Charles R. Bartlett’ 


ABSTRACT: The delphacid genus Nilaparvata, previously recorded in. the New World only from 
Puerto Rico and Nicaragua, is here reported from a variety of localities from Wisconsin and New 
Hampshire in the United States, south to Bolivia and Paraguay. Euides gerhardi is here transferred to 
Nilaparvata, and a revised key and diagnoses for the four New World species are provided. 


KEY WORDS: Planthoppers, Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoroidea, Euides 


The delphacid genus Nilaparvata Distant, 1906, consists of 18 species, with 
most occurring in the Oriental, Australian and Afrotropical regions (Claridge and 
Morgan 1987 list 16 species, omitting N. serrata Caldwell, plus N. terracefrons 
Guo and Liang was described by Guo et al., 2005). Three species have been pre- 
viously recorded from the New World, with a fourth species here transferred to 
Nilaparvata (for a total of 19 species). Nilaparvata is an extremely important 
genus economically, with one of its members, N. /ugens (Stal), a major pest of 
rice (Oryza sativa L., Poaceae, Oryzeae; e.g., Claridge and Wilson 1982, Hill 
1983, Wilson and Claridge 1985, 1991; Suzuki 2004). Two other species, N. bak- 
eri (Muir) and N. muiri China, are also found in rice (Wilson and Claridge 1991). 
The New World species, however, have not been reported from rice (Wilson and 
O’Brien 1987, Wilson and Claridge 1991), and the only host associations report- 
ed are sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L., Poaceae: Andropogoneae) and mal- 
ojillo grass (Panicum molle Swartz, Poaceae: Paniceae) for N. wolcotti Muir and 
Giffard (Muir and Giffard 1924, Wolcott 1936, Wilson and O’Brien 1987). Old 
World Nilaparvata species are also known to feed on Leersia (Poaceae: Oryzeae) 
(Sogawa and Kilin 1984, Sogawa et al., 1984, Claridge and Morgan 1987, Wil- 
son et al., 1994). 

The published records of all three previously reported New World species are 
limited to Puerto Rico (Muir and Giffard 1924, Caldwell and Martorell 1951), 
except that NV. serrata is reported from Nicaragua (Maes and O’Brien 1988). This 
investigation was initiated after discovering specimens of Ni/aparvata in light 
samples from Hills County, New Hampshire. Here the New World species are 
reviewed, and Euides gerhardi (Metcalf) is transferred to Nilaparvata. A species 
key, diagnoses, and all available specimen records are presented for New World 
Nilaparvata. 


"Received on March 28, 2006. Accepted on May 23, 2006. 


? Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, 250 Townsend Hall, 531 
S. College Ave., Newark, Delaware 19716-2130 U.S.A. E-mail: 02542@udel.edu. 


Mailed on April 27, 2007 


50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


METHODS 
The morphological terminology follows Asche (1985), but for descriptive pur- 
poses the parameres will be referred to as having a proximal “basal angle,” and 
distal “inner” and “outer angles” (sensu Metcalf 1949); and the more precise 
“segment X” will be used instead of “anal tube” (= “analrohr’). A total of 216 
New World Nilaparvata specimens were examined (Table 1), plus the primary 
types of all described species. 


Table 1. Number and distribution of New World Nilaparvata specimens exam- 
ined. States of the U.S.A. are indicated by standard US Postal Service abbrevia- 
tions. 


Species Gender Distribution 
Males Females 
N. caldwelli 9 0 USA: FL, NC; Belize; Puerto Rico; Hispaniola. 
N. gerhardi 14 4 USA: IL, NH, NJ, NC, VA; ? Guatemala. 
N. serrata 53 Bil USA: FL; Mexico; Belize; Costa Rica; 
Puerto Rico; Cayman Islands; ? Bolivia. 
N. wolcotti 44 28 USA: AZ, CA, CO, DE, FL, MD, NJ, 
UT; Mexico; Puerto Rico. 
N. spp. — 33 USA: CA, CT, FL, MD, NY, WI; Belize; 


Costa Rica; Guatemala; Panama; 
Paraguay; Cuba. 
Total 120 96 


The collections from which specimens were examined are abbreviated as fol- 
lows (collection abbreviations according to Arnett et al., 1993): 


BMNH - British Museum (Natural History), London, England, U.K. 

CSCA - California State Collection of Arthropods, California Department of 
Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California, U.S.A. 

DENH - University of New Hampshire, Department of Entomology, Durham, 
New Hampshire, U.S.A. 

EMEC - Essig Museum of Entomology, Department of Entomological Sciences, 
University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. 

FSCA - Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Florida Department of Agricul- 
ture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Museum of Ento- 
mology, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. 

INBC - Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa 
Rica. 

LOBC - Lois O’Brien Collection (Associated with California Academy of 
Sciences, CASC), Green Valley, Arizona, U.S.A. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 51 


LSUC - Louisiana State University Insect Collection, Department of Ento- 
mology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A. 

NCSU - North Carolina State University, Department of Entomology, Raleigh, 
North Carolina, U.S.A. 

NYSM - New York State Museum, Biological Survey, Cultural Education Cen- 
ter, Albany, New York, U.S.A. 

SEMC - University of Kansas, Snow Entomological Museum, Lawrence, Kan- 
Sas. 

UDCC - University of Delaware, Department of Entomology and Wildlife 
Ecology, Insect Reference Collection, Newark, Delaware, U.S.A. 

UKYC - University of Kentucky, Department of Biology Insect Collection, 
Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A. 

USNM - US National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 
Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. 

VGC - Vince Golia Collection, associated with Archbold Biological Station Col- 
lection (ABSC), Lake Placid, Florida, U.S.A. 


Species diagnoses are provided with reference to New World taxa. Lengths 
reported are averages (n = 4) and ranges of total body length (in mm), including 
wings for macropters. All observed specimens are reported, although female 
specimens are either tentatively identified, or reported as “undetermined fe- 
males.” Reported specimen data follows the format of the specimen label, with 
added notes in square brackets. Label information for primary types is quoted, 
with each line break indicated by “/”and each label separated by “//’”. All speci- 
mens are macropterous unless otherwise noted. 

Photographs and measurements were taken using a Nikon SMZ-1500 Digital 
Imaging Workstation with Nikon DS-U1 digital Camera and Eclipse Net Imag- 
ing software (version 1.16.6). Scale bar in all figures represents 0.5 mm. 


SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY 

The genus Nilaparvata Distant, 1906 (type species by original designation 
Nilaparvata greeni Distant, 1906, junior synonym of Delphax lugens Stal, 1854) 
can be separated from all other Delphacini by the presence of teeth on the hind 
basitarsus (Fig. 1, see also Caldwell and Martorell 1951: 194). There are usually 
1-3 teeth on the proximal half of the ventral margin of the basitarsus, at least in 
New World species. Four New World species of Nilaparvata were found in this 
survey, the three species previously placed in Nilaparvata, with the fourth deter- 
mined to be Euides gerhardi (Metcalf, 1923), and hence this species is here trans- 
ferred to Nilaparvata. Each of these species was found to be much more widely 
distributed than has been previously reported. 

Among New World Delphacini, Nilaparvata are relatively large and robust, 
and of a pale to deep brown color with conspicuous facial carinae. Among New 
World genera, Nilaparvata most closely resembles Pareuidella Beamer, and 


a2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


species currently, but doubtfully, placed in the Old World genus Euides Fiebert. 
Asche (1985) considered Euides as consisting of four Palearctic plus one Orien- 
tal species, with all New World species in Euides at that time incertae sedis (four 
additional species were moved to Euides by Bartlett and Deitz 2000); hence there 
is a need for a revision of Euides, and there are some difficulties in finding fea- 
tures that consistently separate Nilaparvata from New World “Euides” as cur- 
rently defined. 


B 


Figure 1. Basitarsus of species of Nilaparvata: A. N. caldwelli (from Florida) with a single 
tooth, and B. Nilaparvata sp. (female) from Belize with three teeth. 


Nilaparvata can be recognized by the teeth on the basitarsus, a pair of process- 
es on abdominal segment X (weakly developed in N. wolcotti) that are widely 
separated basally, two-branched parameres (Pareuidella and many “Euides” 
have multibranched parameres), and in having a weak genital diaphragm bearing 
poorly developed armature. All four New World Nilaparvata have a rounded 
tooth at opening of the pygofer at the ventral angles (sensu Metcalf 1949). 

Nast (1984: 396) noted that the New and Old World species may belong in dif- 
ferent genera, but since both New and Old World species share the teeth on the 
basitarus, possess similar male genitalia, and are comparable in build and gener- 
al color features, the New World species appear properly placed in Nilaparvata. 

The New World Nilaparvata can be identified according to the following key 
based on male genitalia. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 53 


Key to the New World species of Nilaparvata 
1. Aedeagus appearing bifid from base to apex (Fig. 2G), without subapical ser- 
rate flange, parameres (Fig. 2E) relatively narrow, apex acute and directed dor- 
SOI BIREUIIINT kgesckcse sid eet ne eee Meese See Or eee N. caldwelli 


1’. Aedeagus not appearing bifid, with serrate flange originating on right side; 
parameres relatively broad, apex blunt and directed laterally .......... ee. 2 


2. Segment X with long processes, approximated at base, originated subdorsally 
(Fig. 5G); parameres (Fig. 5F) in widest view broadly laterally projecting, later- 
AGMAALCUMBMeAGNYGUMUINCALC Grzccmc.cc.scstacce-ecboacacessoneseccans cesmanenseatiesacesdescscdens N. serrata 


2’. Segment X with short processes or a pair of teeth, originating dorsally; para- 
meres in widest view with dorsal margin broad and truncate, lateral margin 
DE ULE AONE Os Cine CLEM SUD ALSRAMIY, ccaccc cea -eseeceeetece eee cazee se olceeentetsoneveeeseseccesees- 3 


3. Segment X processes very short (Fig. 6G), often reduced to teeth; originating 
somewhat medially from dorsolateral margin (Fig. 6D); parameres (Fig. 6F) in 
widest view with dorsal margin gradually sloped upwards to a dorsolaterally 
CIPSCTE, BTEC see cbas ce cec eee as Une AU tae oe ee N. wolcotti 


3’. Segment X processes longer, curved (Fig. 4G); originating from dorsolateral 
margin of segment X (Fig. 4D); parameres with dorsal margin subtruncate, lat- 
Sal BOGS CSC Slo eh fe 2) Ih eee ee N. gerhardi 


Nilaparvata caldwelli Metcalf, 1955 
Figures 2, 3A 


Nilaparvata muiri Caldwell, 1951 (in Caldwell and Martorell 1951): 192-194 
(nec. China, 1925). 


Nilaparvata caldwelli Metcalf, 1955: 262 (replacement name for unavailable 
N. muiri Caldwell). 


Nilaparvata bis Nast 1984: 396 (replacement name for unavailable N. muiri 
Caldwell). 


Type material examined. “P.R. Acc. No. /Ponce, P.R. / 6-29-48 // Maldonado 
// Nilaparvata / Holotype / muiri [red paper] // JSCaldwell / Collection / 1959 // 
Nilaparvata &/ muiri / det 49 Holotype/ JSCaldwell” (& holotype, allotype Q, 
and paratype 0’; USNM). 


Diagnosis. Length CO’: 3.88 (3.75-4.00). This species is readily recognized by the 
aedeagus somewhat flattened and appearing bifid, and the relatively small and 
narrow parameres. The parameres have a weakly developed basal angle, a broad- 
ly toothlike inner angle, and an acutely dorsolaterally directed outer angle. The 
genital diaphragm is comparatively well-developed in N. caldwelli, bearing a 
thin, caudally directed, scooplike armature (Fig. 3A). Segment X bears a pair of 


54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Figure 2. Nilaparvata caldwelli: A. lateral view, B. frons, C. dorsal view, D. pygofer, cau- 
dal view, E. left paramere, widest view, F. aedeagal complex with parameres and post gen- 
ital segments, and G. pygofer, lateral view. 


short, hooked processes from its dorsolateral margins. In color, this species is 
light brown with the prothorax somewhat paler between the lateral carinae. The 
median third of the mesonotum is faintly paler, suggesting a median vitta. 
Carinae on frons conspicuous, slightly paler than frons. Wings indistinctly infus- 
cate, with a poorly developed darkened area at the end of the claval suture. 
Remarks. The bifid appearing aedeagus, narrow parameres and relatively 
well-developed genital diaphragm make N. caldwelli distinctive among the New 
World species. Reports of this species from Africa need confirmation. 
Distribution. USA: Florida, North Carolina; Belize, Puerto Rico and His- 
paniola; also reported Senegal (Fennah 1961) and Sudan (Linnavuori 1973). 
Specimens Examined. USA: NORTH CAROLINA: Bladen Co., White Lake 
@White Lake Campground, 15-IX-1995, C. R. Bartlett (10°, UDCC). FLORI- 
DA: Palm Beach Co., Lake Worth, Geneva Lakes Court, June 1, 2003, V. Golia, 
Black light (10°, VGC) same July 25, 2003 (10°, VGC). BELIZE (as British 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 55 


Honduras): Rio Grande, June 1932 [@Light trap], J. J. White, (10°, NCSU), Rio 
Temas July 1937 [?light trap], A. J. White (20°, NCSU). PUERTO RICO: 
Aguirre [as Acquirre], VIII-3-1948, J. S. Caldwell (10°, USNM); Ponce, VI-29- 
1948, J. S. Caldwell (10°, USNM). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Humachon 
Prov., Rio Nigua, Trujillo, Dec. 1955, J. Maldonado Capriles (10°, USNM). 


Nilaparvata gerhardi (Metcalf, 1923) New Combination 
Figure 4 


Liburnia gerhardi Metcalf, 1923: 210, pls. 62 and 70. 
Euidella gerhardi (Metcalf): Metcalf, 1949: 58, pls. 1 and 4. 
Euides gerhardi (Metcalf): Metcalf, 1952: 230-231. 


Type material examined. “Beverly H’s/ VIII:31:07 Ill // Col. by / WJGerhard 
// At light // Holotype / Euides / gerhardi / Metc [red paper]// Liburnia / gerhar- 
di / Metc. / det. Z. P. M. [tan paper] // on indefinite loan / from N. Carolina / St. 
Univ. Raleigh” (& USNM). 


Figure 3. Genital diaphrams: A. Nilaparvata caldwelli (Belize), B. Nilaparvata serrata 
(Cayman Islands). 


Diagnosis. Length O&: 4.45 (4.30-4.60), 9: 5.05 (4.45-5.40). This species 
closely resembles N. wolcotti, although it differs by the processes on segment X 
(longer and curved) and the shape of the parameres (dorsal margin subtruncate, 
lateral apex directed sublaterally). The parameres of both species are broad with 
a bluntly triangular, irregularly toothed basal angle, and a long, straplike dorso- 
medially directed inner angle, which in widest view appears to originate behind 
a broadly expanded outer angle. In N. gerhardi, the dorsal margin of the outer 
angle is subtruncate, having a two-stepped appearance, with the apex of the outer 
angle laterally directed. The aedeagus is terete with a large lateral flange on the 


56 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


E t 2. G 


Figure 4. Nilaparvata gerhardi: A. lateral view, B. frons, C. dorsal view, D. pygofer, cau- 
dal view, E. left paramere, widest view, F. aedeagal complex with parameres and post gen- 
ital segments, and G. pygofer, lateral view. 


right side. In N. gerhardi, as in N. wolcotti, the proximal margin of the flange is 
strongly directed dorsad and conspicuous in left lateral view. The genital 
diaphragm is poorly developed (similar to Fig. 3B), bearing a slight, flattened, 
posteriorly directed armature. Dorsal margin of pygofer narrowed, segment X 
about 3/4 width of dorsal margin (Fig. 4D, vs. N. wolcotti). Segment X bears a 
pair short curved processes originating from the dorsolateral margins. In color, 
this species is similar to N. wolcotti, but less distinctly marked: brown to dark 
brown, with a paler vertex and prothorax, with a variably developed mesonotal 
vitta. Facial carinae slightly paler than frons. Wings mostly clear, with a melanis- 
tic spot at the apex of the claval suture. Females paler than males. 

Remarks. This appears to be the most northerly distributed of the Nilapar- 
vata species and it is likely that, based on both color and geographic indications, 
the Wisconsin and New York records among the undetermined females belong to 
this species. 

The genitalia of the holotype are embedded in balsam within a gelatin capsule. 
The genitalia appear to match those described by Metcalf (1923, 1949); however, 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 57 


the associated specimen on the point is not a Nilaparvata. Female specimens, 
cited below, with identical locality information as the holotype closely match 
Metcalf’s description, suggesting that the type specimen was lost and the wrong 
specimen later applied to the point. The specimen on the point is of similar 
appearance to Delphacodes andromeda (Metcalf), and may in fact be the type 
specimen of Delphacodes xerosa Caldwell, which is missing from its point 
although its genitalia are present in a microvial. Since the holotype male genitalia 
match the original description, further nomenclatural changes are not needed. 

Distribution. USA: Illinois, Louisiana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North 
Carolina, Virginia; and apparently Guatemala. 

Specimens Examined. NEW HAMPSHIRE: Hills Co., 3 Mi SE Brookline, 
Nissitissit River, VII-17-1995, UV Light, D. S. Chandler (10°, DENH), same, 
VII-27-1995 (19, DENH). NEW JERSEY: Seabrook, 7/27/[19]65, B/L Ser. X 
(10°, USNM). ILLINOIS: Beverly H’s, VII-31-[19]07, W J Gerhard, at light 
(29, USNM). VIRGINIA: Chantilly, 8/25/[19]64 (20%, 19 all on same point, plus 
10’, USNM). NORTH CAROLINA: Cabarrus Co., Coddle Creek Reservoir, (VI- 
VII)-1995, NJ Light Trap, B. A. Harrison (40°, UDCC); same VIII-1995 (20, 
UDCC), same IX-1995 (10°, UDCC). LOUISIANA: Iberville Par., St. Gabriel, 
29-IX-1990, J. Zhou (10°, LSUC). Tentatively included: GUATEMALA: specif- 
ic locality not given, Feb. 1934 (10°, USNM). 


Nilaparvata serrata Caldwell, 1951 
Figures 3B, 5 


Nilaparvata serrata Caldwell, 1951 (an Caldwell and Martorell 1951): 192-4. 
Type material examined. “RPiedrasPR / 12-31-47 / JSCaldwell // 
Nilaparvata / holotype / serrata [red paper]// JSCaldwell / Collection / 1959 // 
Nilaparvata &/ serrata Holotype/ Caldwell ‘49” (& and & paratype, USNM). 
Diagnosis. Length O: 3.75 (3.50-4.00), 9: 4.33 (4.25-4.50). This species is 
most easily recognized by the broad parameres with a relatively short thick 
process at the basal angle, a larger thumblike, irregularly toothed inner angle; and 
a broad, flattened, outer angle with a nearly truncate lateral margin, often bear- 
ing a few small teeth. A minute tooth is usually present on the ventrocaudal mar- 
gin of the base of the inner angle. Aedeagus terete, somewhat enlarged preapi- 
cally, with a large but variably developed serrate flange on the right side. This 
flange is present in both N. wolcotti and N. gerhardi, but in both these species the 
proximal margin of the flange is strongly directed dorsad, and conspicuous in left 
lateral view; whereas in N. serrata, this flange is less produced and inconspicu- 
ous in left lateral view. The genital diaphragm is poorly developed (Fig. 3B), 
bearing a slight, flattened, posteriorly directed armature. Segment X bears a pair 
of strongly developed, ventrally hooked processes from its midlateral margins, 
which are strongly medially, then laterally curved. In color, this species is dark 
brown with a paler prothorax, vertex and often mesonotal carinae. Carinae on 


58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Figure 5. Nilaparvata serrata: A. lateral view, B. frons, C. dorsal view, D. pygofer, cau- 
dal view, E. left paramere, widest view, F. aedeagal complex with parameres and post gen- 
ital segments, and G. pygofer, lateral view (scale bar = 0.5 mm). 


frons conspicuously paler than frons. Wings somewhat infuscate, with little sug- 
gestion of the darkened area at the end of the claval suture. Females tend to be 
paler than males. 

Remarks. One specimen, from Florida, was collected from “rice & grasses,” 
suggesting habitat, if not host, for this species. The Bolivian specimen differs in 
subtle ways from the other specimens, most significantly by having the process- 
es on segment X more closely approximated at the base, and by being overall 
much paler than WN. serrata is generally. 

Distribution. USA: Florida; Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Cay- 
man Islands, and apparently Bolivia. Also reported from Nicaragua (Maes and 
O’Brien, 1988). 

Specimens Examined. USA: FLORIDA: Belle Glade, Rabbit Is., 15-IX-1957 
[J. Kramer], rice & grasses (10, USNM). MEXICO: Oax., 13 mi SE Oaxaca, 
5180’, VI-2-1974; C.W. & L. O’Brien & Marshall (10°, LOBC); Ver., 27mi NW 
Veracruz, 300’, Dec. 26, 1963, L. & C. W. O’Brien (10°, LOBC); Mexico City 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 59 


Area (MB-151), 1940’s, D. M. De Long (20°, UK YC); Chiapas, 5 mi S San 
Carlos, HI-6-1953, at light, R. C. Bechtel, E. I. Schlinger (100°, 119, EMEC). 
BELIZE (as British Honduras): Punta Gorda, May 1930 [? Light trap], J. J. 
White (20°, NCSU); Rio Grande, June 1932 [? Light trap], J. J. White (10°, 
NCSU); Cayo District, Esperanza, 12.4.1967, at light, D. J. McGr [? illegible] 
(10°, BMNH). COSTA RICA: Heredia, nr Puerto Viejo, La Selva Biological 
Station., 10°25'N 84°00W, 179 ft, Station Grounds, (18-19)-VIII-2003, C. R. 
Bartlett, J. Cryan, J. Urban (30°, UDCC); same 15-VIII-2003 (10°, 19, INBC); 
same 25-II-2004, C. R. Bartlett, (20°, UDCC); La Selva, (22-24)-I-2000, A. E. 
Short (10°, UDCC); Guanacaste, Estacion Experimental Enrique Jimenea Nunez, 
VI/15/[19]92; F. Parker (20°, 19, UKYC). CAYMAN ISLANDS: Cayman Brac, 
The Creek, 18-XI-1995, UV Light, C. R. Dilbert (20°, 69, FSCA); same, 22-XI- 
1995 (19, FSCA); same, 28-XI-1995 (20, 29, FSCA); same, 6-XII-1995 (30°, 
39, FSCA); same, 8-XII-1995 (1?, FSCA); same, 15-XII-1995 (90%, 39, FSCA); 
same, 23-XII-1995 (20°, 29, FSCA); same, 27-XII-1995 (50°, 19, FSCA). 
Tentatively included: BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, 10 mi. W. Portachuelo, March 26, 
1978, UV Light, C. W. O’Brien (10°, LOBC). 


Nilaparvata wolcotti Muir and Giffard, 1924. 
Figures 6, 7 


Nilaparvata wolcotti Muir and Giffard, 1924: 17, 51. 


Type material examined. “Barceloneta, P.R. / April 9, 1920 // G. N. Wolcott, 
/ Collector. // on cane // Paratype [yellow paper] / Muir Coll. / Brit. Mus.1932- 
279.” (1 male, missing from point, male terminalia and abdomen mounted in bal- 
sam between cover slides on card stock with annotation “Nilaparvata / wolcotti 
/Om.g.” [handwritten]). “Pt. Cangrejos, PR. / March 12, 1920. // G. N. Wolcott, 
/ Collector.” (BMNH, missing abdomen.) 


Diagnosis: Length macropter &: 4.81 (4.50-5.20), 9: 4.89 (4.75-5.00); 
brachypter ©’: 2.68 (2.50-2.85), 9: 3.16 (2.10-3.25). This species closely resem- 
bles N. gerhardi in many respects, but 1s most readily separated by the process- 
es on segment X (very short) and the shape of the parameres (dorsal margin grad- 
ually sloped to a dorsolaterally directed apex). The parameres of both species are 
broad with a bluntly triangular, irregularly toothed basal angle, and a long, strap- 
like, dorsomedially directed inner angle, which in widest view appears to origi- 
nate behind a broadly expanded outer angle. In NV. wolcotti, the dorsal margin of 
the outer angle is inclined to an acute, dorsolaterally directed apex, compared to 
a more truncate, two-stepped appearance of N. gerhardi, terminating in a more 
laterally directed apex. The aedeagus is terete and somewhat enlarged preapical- 
ly, with a large lateral flange on the right side. In both N. wolcotti and N. ger- 


60 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


hardi, the proximal margin of the flange is strongly directed dorsad and con- 
spicuous in left lateral view. The genital diaphragm is poorly developed (similar 
to Fig. 3B), bearing a slight, flattened, posteriorly directed armature. Dorsal mar- 
gin of pygofer wide, segment X about 3/5 width of dorsal margin (Fig. 6D, vs. 
N. gerhardi). Segment X bears a pair of variably developed teeth originating 
somewhat lateroventrad from the dorsolateral margins. In color, macropters of 
this species are brown to dark brown, with a conspicuously paler vertex and pro- 
thorax, with a variably developed but conspicuous mesonotal vitta. Facial cari- 
nae paler than frons. Wings mostly clear, with a well-developed melanistic spot 
at the end of the claval suture. Females tend to be paler than males with the medi- 
an vitta of the mesothorax less distinct. 

Remarks. The specimen collected in the Gulf of Mexico was found approxi- 
mately 46 km from the Louisiana coast. The specimen from California cited in 
undetermined females appears to be this species. This is the only species for 
which brachypterous specimens were located. Most of the brachypterous speci- 
mens (22 of 25), were from a single series from Plain City, Utah, which also 
included a single nymph. Reported on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L., 
Muir and Giffard 1924) and malojillo grass (Panicum molle Swartz, Wolcott 
1936). 

This species was “[d]escribed from one male and one female (types) from Pt. 
Congrejos [sic - Cangrejos], Porto Rico (G. N. Wolcott, February, 1920) and one 
male from Barceloneta, Porto Rico (G. N. Wolcott, April 1920), on sugar cane” 
(Muir and Giffard 1924: 17). The specimens provided from BMNH consists of 
the Barceloneta specimen, labeled as a paratype, and a specimen from Pt. 
Cangrejos, P.R. missing the abdomen, collected March 12, 1920. The specimens 
reported by Muir and Giffard (1924), evidently were collected March 3, 1920 
(&’) and March 20, 1920 () (not February), and both these specimens are miss- 
ing their abdomen (M. Webb, BPBM, pers. comm.) (requested on loan, not avail- 
able). Since the Barceloneta male was clearly in Muir and Giffard’s (1924) type 
series and bears the diagnostic features of the male genitalia; and because Muir 
and Giffard (1924) did not specify which specimen was the holotype, I have 
treated the Barceloneta male as the primary type with respect to maintaining a 
stable species concept. 

Distribution. USA: Arizona, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Mary- 
land, New Jersey, Utah; Mexico; Puerto Rico. 

Specimens Examined. USA: NEW JERSEY: Seabrook, 7/27/65, B/L Ser. X, 
B200 (10°, USNM). DELAWARE, New Castle Co., Middletown, Brick Mill 
Farm, 522 St. Michael Dr., 07-VI-2004, A. Gonzon, Collected at porch light (20°, 
UDCC); same 29-VIII-2003 (10°, UDCC); Sussex Co., Nanticoke WMA, 
Phillips Landing, 12-VI-2005, A. Gonzon, Hg Vapor Light, xeric sand ridges 
(40°, 29 UDCC). MARYLAND: Crisfield, 8-5-32, F. C. Bishop, Mosq. Trap 
(30°, USNM); Chestertown, 6-29-32, F. C. Bishop, Mosq. Trap (10°, USNM). 
COLORADO: Ft. Collins, 9 10 [19]01 (1& [missing from point, genitalia in mi- 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 61 


crovial], 19brachypter, USNM). UTAH: Utah Co., Goshen Ponds, SW of San- 
taquin, 15-VII-2000, J. A. Robertson (UDCC, 10°, 19); Utah Co., Provo, BYU, 
18-VII-2000, I. S. Winkler, at light (10, 19, UDCC); Richfield, July 15, 1930, 
Light Trap (40°, 29, USNM); Farmington, 8-19-1936, G. F. Knowlton (10, 
USNM); Plain City, 8-5-[19]03 (60°, 169, 1 broken, 1 nymph; all brachypterous; 
USNM). FLORIDA: Palm Beach Co., Boyton Beach, Nautica Sound, Sept. 3, 
1999, Black Light, V. Golia (10°, VGC); Palm Beach Co., Lake Worth, Geneva 
Lakes Court, October 28, 2004, V. Golia, Mercury Vapor Light (19, VGC); 
same, October 27, 2004 (1V, VGC); same, May 24, 2003, Black Light (10, 
VGC); Broward Co., Ft. Lauderdale, 4 June 1974, Rotary Net, N. L. Woodiel 
(10°, USNM); Broward Co., Hwy 27, Sawgrass Rec Area, 23 mi NW Ft. 


Figure 6. Nilaparvata wolcotti macropter: A. lateral view, B. frons, C. dorsal view, 
D. pygofer, caudal view, E. left paramere, widest view, F. aedeagal complex with para- 
meres and post genital segments, and G. pygofer, lateral view. 


62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Lauderdale, 21-V-1976, UV Trap, C. W. O’Brien & G. B. Marshall (10, 29, 
LOBC); Collier Co., Collier-Seminole S.P., 22-VI-1965, C. W. O’Brien, Black- 
light trap (10°, LOBC); Palm Beach Co., Lake Worth Geneva Lakes Court, 8- 
VIII-2003, V. Golia, Mercury Vapor Light (10°, VGC). ARIZONA: Sabino 
Canyon, July 9, 1952 [R. H. Beamer] (10°, SEMC); Chiric. Mts. 9-11-35, E. D. 
Ball (10°, USNM). CALIFORNIA: San Joaquin Co., 24 Aug 1974, It Trap, M. 
Croce, 75-6719 (10°, USNM); Sacramento, VII-14-1934 (10°, USNM); 
Sacramento, VIIJ-12-1933, H. H. Keifer (10°, CSCA); Palm Canon, Palm 
Springs, 17 Dec[19]’17, J. Ch. Bradley (20° Brachypter, USNM); Siskiyou Co., 
5 mi N of Gazelle, (7-3)-(8-10), 1981, Light Trap, John Hunter Orchard, F. D. 
Horn (10°, CSCA); Santa Barbara Co., Santa Cruz Is., 17-VII-1939, L. M. 
Martin (10°, 19, CSCA). GULF OF MEXICO, 29°35'N, 93°20'W, 12-VIII-1984, 
M. L. Isreal, blacklight trap (10°, USNM). MEXICO: Salvatierra, 7 mi. W., Gua- 
najuato, VII-28-1954, E. I. Schlinger (10°, EMEC). PUERTO RICO: Bayamon, 
Anderson & Lesene, San Juan No. 2983, on grass (19, 1 broken, USNM, tenta- 
tively included). 


Undetermined Nilaparvata females 

USA: WISCONSIN: Kenosha Co., August 2[6?], 1953, D. H. Habeck (19, 
NCSU). NEW YORK: Westchester County, Greenburgh, Route 9A, July 10, 
1994, V. Golia, Black light (19, VGC); Rochester, USGC, 5 July 1968 (19, 
NYSM). CONNECTICUT: Prospect, VII-22-2001, C. W. O’Brien, at night (19, 
LOBC). MARYLAND, Allegany Co., Little Orleans, 13-VII-2000, S. T. Dash, 
sweeping meadow (19, UDCC). FLORIDA: Collier County, Fakahachee Strand 
St. Res. K-12, 18-V-1998, C. W. O’Brien (19, LOBC); Green Cove Springs, 
Aug. 1942, R C Barnes, at light trap (29, USNM); Palm Beach Co., Delray 
Beach, Country Lake, March 19, 1994, V. Golia, Mercury Vapor Light (19, 
VGC); same except October 25, 1994 (19, VGC). CALIFORNIA: Contra Costa 
Co., Antioch Natl. Wildlife Ref. (SF), X-10-1991, blacklight, J. Powell (19, 
EMEC). BELIZE (as British Honduras): Punta Gorda, May 1930, J. J. White 
(109, NCSU); Rio Grande, June 1932, J. J. White (39, NCSU); Rio Temas, July 
19[27?], A. J. White (19, NCSU); (as Belize) Belize district, Western Highway 
nr Belize Zoo, 7-Jan.-2003, C. R. Bartlett, Pine Grassland (19, UDCC); Cayo 
District nr Teakettle Bank, nr Pook’s Hill, 8-Jan.-2003, C. R. Bartlett, Sweep at 
river (19, UDCC). COSTA RICA: Heredia, Estac. Biol. La Selva, 50-100m, I- 
8/17-1993, blacklight in secondary forest, J. Powell (19, EMEC). GUATE- 
MALA: Morales, Oct 1930, J. J. White (19, NCSU); Guatemala City, 3/29/1953, 
D. M. Delong (19, UKYC). PANAMA: Chiriqui Prov., Vagala, 10 km NW of 
David, (8-15)-Jan.-1981, A. C. Brown, Malaise Trap nr. Rice and River (19, 
NCSU). PARAGUAY: Cordillera, Inst. Agro. Nac. Caacupe, Jan. 17-20, 1983. 
E. G. Riley (19, LSUC). CUBA: XI-26-1935, Baltimore no 3903 (19, USNM). 


63 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 


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64 ; ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


DISCUSSION 

Nilaparvata serrata, N. caldwelli, and N. wolcotti were found to occur well 
outside of their previously reported range. It 1s puzzling that the genus has gone 
largely unrecognized outside of Puerto Rico since it is relatively easy to recog- 
nize. It might be possible that the Puerto Rican species were introduced to the 
continental fauna, but the high dispersal ability known in this genus makes 
endemicity or adventive dispersal more plausible hypotheses. Most observed 
specimens were macropterous (191 of 216 specimens), with brachypters only 
found for N. wolcotti. Nearly all specimens with collecting methods recorded 
were collected at lights, except one specimen from Panama collected at a malaise 
trap, and two specimens collected by sweeping. Unfortunately, light collecting 
provides little information concerning hosts or habitat, although two specimens 
(one N. serrata from Florida and one undetermined female from Panama) indi- 
cated that they were collected near rice, a habitat consistent with the rice and 
Leersia hosts known for Old World Nilaparvata species. Nilaparvata wolcotti, 
however, was found well outside the range of either of its reported hosts. The 
widespread occurrence of these species and the record of a Nilaparvata in the 
Gulf of Mexico may suggest that the New World Nilaparvata species are migra- 
tory in a similar manner to Nilaparvata lugens (e.g., Taylor 1985, Kisimoto 
1991, Watanabe 1995), although perhaps less dramatically. It is anticipated that 
all of these Nilaparvata species will be found to be even more widely distributed 
than is reported here. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I am grateful to Anthony Gonzon and Martin Spellman for their assistance in digital photography, 
and Meg Ballard for assistance in digital image management. Kimberly Shropshire graciously pro- 
vided the line art of the parameres. I would like to thank William Brown for assistance in mapping 
the collecting location of the Gulf of Mexico specimen, and for his helpful suggestions on drafts of 
this manuscript. I am particularly grateful to Marion Zuefle for her assistance with German text. For 
specimens, I would particularly like to thank Vince Golia for his collecting enthusiasm, Tim McCabe 
and Jason Cryan for (re)locating the NYSM specimen. This research was supported by NSF 
Systematic Biology Program award DEB-0342538 and the University of Delaware Department of 
Entomology and Wildlife Ecology. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Arnett, R. H., Jr., G. A. Samuelson, and G. M. Nishida. 1993. The Insect and Spider Collections 
of the World, 2nd ed. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, Florida. 310 pp. 


Asche, M. 1985. Zur Phylogenie der Delphacidae Leach, 1815 (Homoptera: Cicadina: Fulgoro- 
morpha). Marburger Entomologische Publikationen 2(1), volume 1 pp. 1-398, volume 2 pp. 399- 
910. 


Bartlett, C. R. and L. L. Deitz. 2000. Revision of the New World delphacid planthopper genus 
Pissonotus (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea). Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Monographs. 
234 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 65 


Caldwell, J. S. and L. F. Martorell. 1951 [dated 1950]. Review of the Auchenorynchous [sic] 
Homoptera of Puerto Rico. Part II. The Fulgoroidea except Kinnaridae. Journal of Agriculture of 
the University of Puerto Rico 34(2): 133-269. 


China, W. E. 1925. The Hemiptera collected by Prof. J. W. Gregory’s expedition to Yunnan, with 
synonymic notes on allied species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, London 9(16): 449- 
485. 


Claridge, M. F. and M. R. Wilson. 1982. The leafhopper and planthopper fauna of rice fields in 
south east Asia. Acta Entomologica Fennica 38: 21-22. 


Claridge, M. F. and J. C. Morgan. 1987. The Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), and 
some related species: A biotaxonomic approach. pp. 19-32. In: M. R. Wilson and L. R. Nault 
(Editors). Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Leafhoppers and Planthoppers 
of Economic Importance. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA, 28th July-1lst August 
1986. CAB International Institute of Entomology, London. xiii + 368 pp. 


Distant, W. L. 1906. Rhynchota. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. No. 3. 
Taylor and Francis, London, England. 266 pp. 


Fennah, R. G. 1961. Le Parc National de Niokolo-Koba. XXXIII. Homoptera Fulgoroidea. Mem- 
oires de |’institute Francaises de |’ Afrique Noire 62: 305-320. 


Guo, L-Z., A-P. Liang, and G-M. Jiang. 2005. Four new species and a new record of Delphacidae 
(Hemiptera) from China. Oriental Insects 39: 161-174. 


Hill, D. S. 1983. Agricultural Insect Pests of the Tropics and Their Control. Second Edition. Cam- 
bridge University Press, New York, NY, U.S.A. xii + 746 pp. 


Kisimoto, R. 1991. Long-distance migration of rice insects. Pp. 167-195. Jn: E. A. Heinrichs and 
T. A. Miller (eds.). Rice Insects: Management Strategies. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, U.S.A. 
xiii + 347 pp. 

Linnavuori, R. 1973. Hemiptera of the Sudan, with remarks on some species of the adjacent coun- 
tries 2. Homoptera Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae, Cercopidae, Machaerotidae, Membracidae and 
Fulgoridae (Zoological contribution to the Sudan no. 33). Notulae Entomologicae 53(3): 65-137. 


Maes, J. M. and L. B. O’Brien. 1988. Catalogo de los Fulgoroidea (Homoptera) de Nicaragua. 
Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia 2: 27-42. 


Metcalf, Z. P. 1923. A Key to the Fulgoridae of Eastern North America with descriptions of new 
species. Journal Of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 38(3): 139-230, plus 32 plates. 


Metcalf, Z. P. 1949. The redescription of twenty-one species of Areopidae described in 1923. 
Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 65(1): 48-60 plus, 4 plates. 


Metcalf, Z. P. 1952. New names in the Homoptera. Journal of the Washington Academy of 
Sciences 42(7): 226-231. 


Metcalf, Z. P. 1955. Entomology — New names in the Homoptera. Journal of the Washington Aca- 
demy of Sciences 45(8): 262-267. 


Muir, F. A. G. and W. M. Giffard. 1924. Studies in North American Delphacidae. Experiment 
Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, Entomological Series, Bulletin 15: 1-53. 


Nast, J. 1984. Notes on some Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera), 1-5. Annales Zoologici (Warsaw) 
37(15): 391-398. 

Sogawa, K. and D. Kilin. 1984. Possible genetic isolation between the Leersia and rice brown 
planthopper. International Rice Research Newsletter 9(6): 15. 


Sogawa, K., D. Kilin, and A. Kusmayadi. 1984. A Leersia-feeding brown planthopper (BPH) bio- 
type in north Sumatra, Indonesia. International Rice Research Newsletter 9(3): 20. 


66 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Stal, C. 1854. Nya Hemiptera. Ofversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhand- 
lingar 11: 231-255. 


Suzuki, Y. 2004. Historical development in research and management of long-distant migratory rice 
planthoppers. Agrochemicals Japan 85: 2-6. 


Taylor, R. A. J. 1985. Migratory behavior in the Auchenorrhyncha. pp. 259-288. Jn, L. R. Nault and 
Rodriguez, J. G. (Editors). The leafhoppers and planthoppers. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 
NY, U.S.A. xvi + 500 pp. 


Watanabe, T. 1995. Forecasting systems for migrant pests. 2. The rice planthoppers Nilaparvata 
lugens and Sogatella furcifera in Japan. pp. 365-376. In, V. A. Drake and A. G. Gatehouse (Edi- 
tors). Insect migration: tracking resources through space and time. Cambridge University Press, 
New York, NY, U.S.A. 1-xvii, 1-478 pp. 


Wilson, M. R. and M. F. Claridge. 1985. The leafhopper and planthopper faunas of rice fields. pp. 
-381-404. In, L. R. Nault and J. G. Rodriguez (Editors). The Leafhoppers and Planthoppers. John 
Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, U.S.A. xvi + 500 pp. 


Wilson, M. R. and M. F. Claridge. 1991. Handbook for the Identification of Leafhoppers and 
Planthoppers of Rice. C.A.B. International, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K. x + 142 pp. 


Wilson, S. W. and L. B. O’Brien. 1987. A survey of planthopper pests of economically important 
plants (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). pp. 343-360. Jn, M. R. Wilson and L. R. Nault (Editors). Pro- 
ceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Leafhoppers and Planthoppers of Economic 
Importance: Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA, 28th July-Ist August 1986. CAB 
International Institute of Entomology, London, England, U.K. xiii + 368 pp. 


Wilson, S. W., C. Mitter, R. F. Denno, and M. R. Wilson. 1994. Evolutionary patterns of host 
plant use by delphacid planthoppers and their relatives. pp. 7-45. Jn, R. F. Denno and T. J. Perfect 
(eds.). Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management. Chapman & Hall, New York, NY, U.S.A. 
22a WSIS) (0) 


Wolcott, G. N. 1936. “Insectae Borinquenses.” A revision of “Insectae Portoricensis.” Journal of 
Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 20(1):1-600. 


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68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


A NEW SPECIES OF METAPHYCUS MERCET 
(HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE) FROM CHINA, 
PARASITOID OF PARASAISSETIA NIGRA (NIETNER) 
(HOMOPTERA: COCCOIDEA)' 


Yan-Zhou Zhang,’ Da-Wei Huang,”*? Yue-Guan Fu,’ and Zheng-Qiang Peng* 


ABSTRACT: Metaphycus parasaissetiae sp. n., belonging to M. zebratus species group, is 
described from China. Photomicrographs are provided to illustrate morphological characters of the 
species. Metaphycus parasaissetiae 1s an important parasitoid of the Nigra Scale, Parasaissetia nigra 


(Nietner). 


KEY WORDS: Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae, Metaphycus parasaissetiae sp. n., Parasaissetia nigra, 
Homoptera, Coccoidea, China 


The Nigra Scale, Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) is a well-known plant sap- 
sucking scale insect in family Coccidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) (Ben-Doy, 
1978; OEPP/EPPO, 2002). It is now a serious insect pest of Hevea brasiliensis 
(Brazilian rubber tree, Euphorbiaceae), an economically important plant in 
southern China, Yunnan Province (Duan et al., 2005; Guan et al., 2005). For 
example, in Xishuangbanna, about 40666.7 hectares of H. brasiliensis planta- 
tions are severely damaged following heavy infestation by P. nigra (Duan et al., 
2005). A recent investigation of the natural enemies of this pest revealed an unde- 
scribed species belonging to genus Metaphycus Mercet (1921) (Hymenoptera: 
Encyrtidae) played an important role in regulating numbers of P. nigra in this 
area (Guan et al., 2005). The Metaphycus species is described here in order to 
provide the taxonomic basis for further research into its potential role as biolog- 
ical control agents of P. nigra. 

The description of the new species is based on specimens reared from P. nigra 
collected in the Experiment Farm of Yunnan Institute of Tropical Crops, Jing- 
hong City, Xishaunbanna, Yunnan Province, China. Morphological terminology 
generally follows that of Guerrieri and Noyes (2000), and Noyes (2004). Abso- 
lute measurements are used for body length. Relative measurements are used for 
other dimensions. All specimens examined, unless otherwise specified, are 
deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 
(IZCAS). 


‘Submitted on April 10, 2006. Accepted on April 23, 2006. 


*Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P.R. China. E-mail: 
zhangyz@ioz.ac.cn. Corresponding author. 


*Plant Protection College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, P.R. China. E-mail: 
huangdw@10z.ac.cn. 


*Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 
Hainan, Danzhou, 571737, P. R. China. E-mail: fygcatas@163.com. 


Mailed on April 27, 2007 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 69 


Metaphycus parasaissetiae Zhang and Huang sp. n. 
Figs. 1-8 


Description. Female: Body length 1—1.65 mm; Head with frontovertex 
orange, genae and face yellowish white except lower part of genae and mouth 
margin dark brown; occiput nearly entirely black; pronotum anteriorly dark 
brown, posteriorly yellow to yellowish white and with a dark brown spot on each 
side; mesoscutum, axillae and scutellum orange, sometimes with a brownish hue; 
tegula yellow, apically brownish; metanotum and propodeum dorsally black; 
sides and venter of thorax yellowish white; antennal scape in outer aspect dark 
brown except dorsal margin, apex and base whitish (Fig. la); inner aspect of 
scape nearly entirely dark brown except dorsal margin, extreme apex and base 
yellowish white (Fig. 1b); basal half or so of pedicel dark brown; F1-F4 dark 
brown, F3 or F4 often internally yellowish white, F5-F6 yellowish white; clava 
black except extreme apex yellowish; wings hyaline; legs yellowish white, each 
tibia with two almost complete dark brown rings and with apices brownish; 
gaster dorsally dark brown and ventrally yellowish. 

Head. Head about 4.6x as wide as frontovertex; frontovertex about 2.3x as 
long as wide; ocelli forming an angle of about 45°; posterior ocellus separated 
from inner eye margin by about half its diameter and 2x its diameter from occip- 
ital margin; antenna (Fig. 1) with scape distinctly expanded and flattened, about 
2.3x as long as broad; funicle with F1-F4 distinctly smaller than F5-F6, F5-F6 
bearing linear sensilla; clava 3-segmented, apically more or less transversely 
truncated; maxillary palpi 4-segmented; labial palpi 3-segmented (Fig. 2). 

Thorax. Mesoscutum with notaular lines incomplete and reaching about half 
way across mesoscutum; forewing about 2.5x as long as broad, venation as in 
Figs: 

Gaster. Ovipositor (Fig. 4) not exserted or hardly so, about as long as mid- 
tibia (Fig. 3). 

Relative measurements. Head width 65, Frontovertex width 14, POL 6, 
OOL < 2, AOL 6, Scape length 30, Scape width 13, Forewing length 150, Fore 
wing width 60, Mid-tibia length 54, Ovipositor length 55, Gonostylus length 8. 

Male. Body length 1—1.2 mm, otherwise similar to female but for the anten- 
na (Fig. 6), forewing (Fig. 7), and genitalia (Fig. 8), antennal scape in outer 
aspect whitish except a longitudinal dark brown band along dorsal margin (Fig. 
la); inner aspect of scape nearly entirely dark brown except dorsal margin, 
extreme apex and base yellowish white (Fig. 1b); antennal scape about 3x as long 
as broad. 

Biology. A gregarious parasitoid of Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner). One to 
eight individuals have been observed to emerge from a single host. 

Type Material: Holotype. female, CHINA: Yunnan: Xishuangbanna (Jing- 
hong City, Junnan Institute of Tropical Crops), 28.vi1.2004, ex. Parasaissetia 
nigra (Nietner) on Hevea brasiliensis coll. FP Zhang and ZQ Peng (IZCAS). 
Paratypes. 19 females, 5 males, same data as holotype (IZCAS). 


70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


7 : 8 


Figs. 1-8. Metaphycus parasaissetiae, sp. n., 1-5, female: 1. antenna outer aspect (a), 
scape inner aspect (b); 2. maxillary palpi and labial palpi; 3. mid leg; 4. ovipositor; 
5. forewing; 6-8. male: 6. antenna outer aspect (a), scape inner aspect (b); 7. forewing; 
8. genitalia. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 gist 


Other material studied. Many females and males, reared from Parasaissetia 
nigra (Nietner) collected on Hevea brasiliensis in Yunnan, Xishuangbanna. 


Table 1. Some diagnostic characters of Metaphycus anneckei, M. hageni, 
and M. parasaissetiae' 


M. anneckei M. hageni M. parasaissetiae 
Without dark Without dark With dark 
Lower part of genae () brown band brown band brown band 
Ovipositor/Mid tibia () 0.82 x (78/95) 1.2 x (41/34) 1 x (55/54) 
Ovipositor/Gonostylus (9) 4 x (78/20) 6 x (41/7) 7 x (55/8) 
Without With Without 
Toruli of male associate pores associate pores _—_ associate pores 


' Characters of Metaphycus anneckei and M. hageni from Guerrieri and Noyes (2000) 


Comments. Several keys to species of Metaphcus are used in identification 
of this Metaphycus parasaissetiae. Among them are Annecke and Mynhardt 
(1971), Viggiani and Guerrieri (1988), Trjapitzin (1989), Zeya and Hayat (1993), 
Guerrieri and Noyes (2000), and Noyes (2004). By using the most recent ones 
(Guerrieri and Noyes, 2000), Metaphycus parasaissetiae runs to key couplet 56, 
whithin the zebratus-group (maxillary palpi 4-segmented), that includes 
Metaphycus hageni Daane and Caltagirone (1999) and Metaphycus anneckei 
Guerrieri and Noyes (2000). Metaphycus parasaissetiae can be separated from 
both of them by characters listed in Table 1. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC grant no. 
30500056), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC grant no. 30330090) and par- 
tially by National Science Fund for Fostering Talents in Basic Research (NSFC-J0030092). We thank 
Dr. S. A. Wu, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Beijing Forestry University, for iden- 
tification of Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner). Four anonymous reviewers provided valuable suggestions 
for improving the manuscript. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Annecke, D. P. and M. J. Mynhardt. 1971. The species of the zebratus-group of Metaphycus 
Mercet (Hym., Encyrtidae) from South Africa, with notes on some extra-limital species. Revue 
de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 83: 322-360. 


Tz ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Ben-Dov, Y. 1978. Taxonomy of the Nigra Scale Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) (Homoptera: 
Coccoidea: Coccidae), with Observations on Mass Rearing and Parasites of an Israeli Strain. 
Phytoparasitica 6: 115-127 


Daane, K. M. and L. E. Caltagirone. 1999. A new species of Metaphycus (Hymenoptera: En- 
cyrtidae) parasitic on Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (Homoptera: Coccidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 
75 (1): 13-17. 


Duan, B., M. Zhou, J. Z. Li, and G. H. Li. 2005. Identification and control of a scale insect in 
Xishuangbanna of Yunnan Province. Tropical Agricultural Science & Technnology 28 (2): 1-3. 


Guan, Z. B., Y. Chen, J. L. Lei, and Y. W. Pan. 2005. Scale insect of rubber plantation break out 
in Xishuangbanna of Yunnan Province. Plant Protection 31 (1): 92-93. 


Guerrieri, E. and J. S. Noyes. 2000. Revision of European species of genus Metaphycus Mercet 
(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae), parasitoids of scale insects. Systematic Entomology 
25: 147-222. 


Mercet, R. G. 1921. Fauna Iberica. Himenopteros Fam. Encyrtidos. 727 pp. Museo Nacional de 
Ciencas Naturales, Madrid. 


Noyes, J. S. 2004. Encyrtidae of Costa Rica (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), 2. Metaphycus and 
related genera, parasitoids of scale insects (Coccoidea) and whiteflies (Aleyrodidae). Memoirs of 
the American Entomological Institute 73: 1-459. 


OEPP/EPPO. 2002. Diagnostic protocols for regulated pests, Parasaissetia nigra. Bulletin OEPP/ 
EPPO Bulletin 32: 293-298. 


Trjapitzin, V. A. 1989. Parasitic Hymenoptera of the Fam. Encyrtidae of Palaearctics. Opredeliteli 
po Faune SSSR 158: 1-489. Zoologicheskim Institutom Akademii Nauk SSR, Leningrad. in 
Russian. 


Viggiani, G. and E. Guerrieri. 1988. Italian species of the genus Metaphycus Mercet (Hymenop- 
tera: Encyrtidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria ‘Filippo Silvestri’, Portici 
45: 113-140. 


Zeya, S. B. and M. Hayat. 1993. A review of the Indian species of Metaphycus (Hymenoptera: 
Encyrtidae). Oriental Insects 27: 185-210. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 73 


PTINUS SEXPUNCTATUS PANZER 
(COLEOPTERA: ANOBITDAE, PTININAE) 
NEWLY RECORDED IN NORTH AMERICA' 


Christopher G. Majka,’ T. Keith Philips,’ and Cory Sheffield‘ 


ABSTRACT: The Palearctic spider beetle, Ptinus sexpunctatus Panzer (Anobiidae: Ptininae), is 
newly recorded in North America from collections in Nova Scotia, Canada, and Pennsylvania and 
Utah in the United States. It is also newly recorded in association with the native blue orchard mason 
bee, Osmia lignaria Say (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Its presence on the continent is briefly dis- 
cussed in the context of mechanisms of introduction of invertebrates to North America. 


KEY WORDS: Ptinus, Anobiidae, Megachilidae, introduced species, new records 


Ptinus sexpunctatus Panzer 1s a Palearctic spider beetle (Anobiidae: Ptininae) 
found from southern Europe north to England and southern Fennoscandia and 
Karelia; it is also known from the Caucasus (Burakowski et al., 1986) and east 
to Siberia (Borowski 1996). Within its native range it is an associate of cavity- 
nesting solitary bees in the genera Osmia and Megachile and also with Hoplitus 
adunca (Panzer) and Chelostoma nigricorne (Nylander) (Linsley 1942). It is also 
found in oak (Quercus) forests, particularly in galleries of Cerambyx cerdo 
Linnaeus (Cerambycidae) (Burakowski et al., 1986). 

Thirty-eight native and non-native species in the genus Ptinus Linnaeus (spi- 
der beetles) (Philips 2002) and three additional adventive species not yet report- 
ed in the literature (Philips, unpublished data) are found in North America. A 
large number of introduced species in the genera Gibbium Scopoli, Mezium 
Curtis, Niptus Boildieu, Pseudeurostus Heyden, Sphaericus Wollaston, Tipnus 
Thompson, and 7rigonogenius Solier have also been recorded from North 
America (Philips 2002). Many feed on a variety of dried stored products and are 
found in houses, warehouses, flour mills, grain elevators, museums and other 
places where such materials are kept. Others are associated with bird, mammal, 
and wasp nests (Hicks 1959, Bousquet 1990), and nests of several cavity nesting 
megachilid bees (Fabre 1914, Linsley and MacSwain 1942, Linsley 1958, Krom- 
bein 1979, Bosch and Kemp, 2001). Our study provides the first North American 
records of P. sexpunctatus and indicates that it has become established in associ- 
ation with a native species of mason bee. 


‘Received on April 20, 2006. Accepted on May 23, 2006. 


> Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, 1747 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 
3A6. E-mail: c.majka@ns.sympatico.ca. Corresponding author. 


> Western Kentucky University, Department of Biology, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101-3576 
U.S.A. E-mail: Keith.Philips@wku.edu. 


* Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, 32 Main Street, Kentville, Nova Scotia, B4H 1J5 Canada. 
E-mail: SheffieldC@agr.gce.ca. 


Mailed on April 27, 2007 


74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


METHODS 
The abbreviations of collections referred to in this study are, as follows: 
ACNS, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada; 
NSMC, Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; TKPC, T. K. 
Philips Collection, Bowling Green, Kentucky, U.S.A. 


RESULTS 

In June 2003 a larval Ptinus specimen was collected from a nest of the blue 
orchard mason bee, Osmia lignaria Say (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), in Upper 
Canard, Kings County, Nova Scotia, Canada, by C. Sheffield. It was reared to 
maturity and the adult proved to be Ptinus sexpunctatus Panzer (NSMC). 
Photographs of the specimen are available from Majka (2004). Subsequently, 
three specimens of P. sexpunctatus were discovered 28 April 2004 in Kentville, 
Kings County, Nova Scotia in nesting tubes of O. /ignaria imported from Logan, 
Utah, U.S.A. (ACNS). Specimens of Tricrania stansburyi Haldeman (Coleop- 
tera: Meloidae), a known parasite of bees (Linsley and MacSwain 1951), were 
also found in these nesting tubes. 7ricrania stansburyi is a western species, 
found in Canada only in the Northwest Territories and British Columbia (Camp- 
bell 1991). 

A much earlier North American collection of P. sexpunctatus was from Phila- 
delphia, Pennsylvania, USA, a specimen taken on 26 January 1915 and “bred 
from an english walnut” (TKPC). The specimens from Nova Scotia, Pennsyl- 
vania, and Utah represent the first North American records of this Palearctic 
species. 


DISCUSSION 

Many pathways have and continue to spread ptinines and other adventive bee- 
tles to North America. Lindroth (1957) discussed dry ballast-mediated introduc- 
tions and Spence and Spence (1988) highlighted introductions associated with 
plant nursery stock. Dried product pests, many of which have become cosmo- 
politan, have been introduced with imported stored goods. The Philadelphia 
record likely is based on a larva inside a walnut imported from Europe, the adult 
later emerging in the New World. 

The introduction of P. sexpunctatus with stocks of bees represents another 
mode of entry. Two species of the genus Osmia (subgenus Osmia s. str.) have 
been introduced into the United States for research and evaluation as pollinators 
of tree fruits; Osmia cornuta (Latreille) from Spain and O. cornifrons (Radosz- 
kowski) from Japan (Cane 2003). Ptinus sexpunctatus might have accompanied 
such introductions. Once in North America it likely colonized nests of the native 
O. lignaria, a closely related species. Osmia cornuta has also been imported to 
and evaluated in the western United States, including California and Utah. Osmia 
lignaria has been subsequently imported from Utah into Nova Scotia (2000- 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 15 


2005) for evaluation as an apple pollinator (Sheffield et al., 2003). These records 
indicate that P. sexpunctatus is now established in Utah in association with 
O. lignaria and also suggest its establishment in Nova Scotia. The detailed bio- 
nomics of this species in bee nests and its potential impact in bee colonies has 
been little investigated. Tscharntke et al. (1998) listed it as a predator in the nests 
of O. rufa Linnaeus and O. caerulescens (Linnaeus) in Germany. Ingolf Steffan- 
Dewenter (pers. com.) has observed that P. sexpunctatus can be very destructive 
in Osmia nests in Germany and feels that the beetles might prey on larvae and 
pupae in addition to feeding on dead individuals. 

Although there is no evidence that the meloid, Tricrania stansburyi, has 
become established in Nova Scotia, the collection of this western North Ameri- 
can species in the province is another example of bee associates being introduced 
with the international trade and transport of bee stocks. 

Even though dry ballast is no longer dumped on shorelines, and quarantine 
regulations now regulate the introduction of nursery stock, additional species of 
beetles continue to arrive on the continent. Some species may have little dis- 
cernable effect on native species and ecosystems, while others may have a con- 
siderable economic impact on agriculture, horticulture, silviculture, or forestry. 
Large quantities of stored products are destroyed or contaminated annually by 
various arthropods, mainly beetles (Hinton 1945). Worldwide more than 600 
species are associated with such products (Bousquet 1990). Although knowledge 
of the bionomics of P sexpunctatus is meager, its destructive habits in Osmia 
nests in Germany suggest the potential for similar effects in North America. 

The availability of baseline data on bionomics and distribution will be critical 
for detecting additional immigrant insects and assessing their potential impact on 
native species and ecosystems. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Many thanks to Boris Bueche, Andrew Duff, David B. McCorquodale, John Murray, John Pinto, 
Darren Pollock, Rafal Ruta, and Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter for their assistance. Five anonymous re- 
viewers read earlier drafts of this manuscript and made many constructive suggestions. The first 
author thanks his colleagues at the Nova Scotia Museum, David Christianson, Calum Ewing, and 
Andrew Hebda, for their support and encouragement. This work was assisted by a research grant 
from the Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Borowski J. 1996. Chrzeszcze - Coleoptera. Pustoszowate - Ptinidae. Keys for the identification of 
Polish Insects XIX, 42. 45 pp. 


Bousquet, Y. 1990. Beetles associated with stored products in Canada: an identification guide. 
Agriculture Canada Research Branch, Publication 1837. Ottawa, Ontario. 214 pp. 


Bosch, J. and W. Kemp. 2001. How to Manage the Blue Orchard Bee. Sustainable Agriculture 
Network Handbook series, Book 5. 88 pp. 


76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Burakowski B., M. Mroczkowski, and J. Stefanska. 1986. Chrzeszcze Coleoptera. Derme- 
stoidea, Bostrichoidea, Cleroidea 1 Lymexyloidea. Catalogus Faunae Poloniae, 23, 11. Warszawa, 
Polska. 243 pp. 


Campbell, J. M. 1991. Family Meloidae: blister beetles. pp. 263-266. Jn, Y. Bousquet (Editor). 
Checklist of Beetles of Canada and Alaska. Agriculture Canada. Research Branch, Publication 
1861/E. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 430 pp. 


Cane, J. H. 2003. Exotic nonsocial bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) in North America: Ecological 
implications. pp. 113-126. Jn, K. Strickler and J. H. Cane (Editors). For Nonnative crops, 
Whence Pollinators of the Future? Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Proceedings. Ento- 
mological Society of America. Lanham, Maryland, U.S.A. 204 pp. 


Fabre, H. 1914. The Mason-Bees. Garden City Publishing Company, Garden City, New York, 
U.S.A. 315 pp. 


Hicks, E. A. 1959. Checklist and bibliography on the occurrence of insects in birds’ nests. Iowa 
State College Press, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A. 681 pp. 


Hinton, H. E. 1945. A monograph of the beetles associated with stored products. Volume I. British 
Museum of Natural History. London, England, United Kingdom. 443 pp. 


Krombein, K. V. 1979. Division Aculeata. pp. 1199-2209. In, K. V. Krombein, P. D. Hurd, Jr., 
D. R. Smith, and B. D. Burks (Editors). Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. Three Volumes. 


Lindroth, C. H. 1957. The faunal connections between Europe and North America. Almqvist and 
Wiksell, Stockholm, Sweden. 344 pp. 


Linsley, E. G. 1942. Insect food caches as reservoirs and original sources of some stored product 
pests. Journal of Economic Entomology 35: 434-439. 


Linsley, E. G. 1958. The ecology of solitary bees. Hilgardia 27: 543-599. 


Linsley, E. G. and J. W. MacSwain. 1942. The bionomics of Ptinus californicus, a predator in the 
nests of bees. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 40: 126-137. 


Linsley, E. G. and J. W. MacSwain. 1951. Notes on the biology of Tricrania stansburyi Haldeman 
(Coleoptera: Meloidae). Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 50: 92—95. 


Majka, C. G. 2004. Ptinus sexpunctatus Panzer, 1792 (http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Environment/ 
NHR/Ptinus_sexpunctatus.html; accessed 11 April 2006) 


Philips, T. K. 2002. Anobiidae Fleming 1821. pp. 245-260. Jn, R. H. Arnett, Jr., M. C. Thomas, 
P. E. Skelley, and J. H. Frank (Editors). American Beetles. Volume 2: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea 
through Curculionoidea. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A. Two Volumes. 


Sheffield, C. S., P. G. Kevan, R. F. Smith, S. M. Rigby, and R. E. L. Rogers. 2003. Bee species 
of Nova Scotia, Canada, with new records and notes on bionomics and floral relations (Hy- 
menoptera: Apoidea). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 76: 357-384. 


Spence, J. R. and D. H. Spence. 1988. Of ground-beetles and men: introduced species and the 
synanthropic fauna of western Canada. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 144: 
151-168. 


Tscharntke, T, A. Gathmann, and I. Steffan-Dewenter. 1998. Bioindication using trap-nesting 
bees and wasps and their natural enemies: community structure and interactions. Journal of 
Applied Ecology 35: 708-719. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 fii 


HUMAN PARASITISM BY THE CAPYBARA TICK, 
AMBLYOMMA DUBITATUM (ACARI: IXODIDAE)'! 


Marcelo B. Labruna,’ Richard C. Pacheco,’ Alexandre C. Ataliba,’ and Matias P. J. Szab6° 


ABSTRACT: During two field trips in the state of Sao Paulo, two of us became infested by two 
adults, three nymphs, and one larva of the capybara tick, Amblyomma dubitatum Neumann, 1899 (= 
Amblyomma cooperi Nuttall and Warbuton, 1908). Previously, there has been only a single report of 
an A. dubitatum adult tick from humans. Our observations on human infestation by all parasitic stages 
of A. dubitatum suggest that this behavior may be more frequent than previously thought, especially 
in the case of immatures, which are herein reported from humans for the first time. 


KEY WORDS: human parasitism, capybara, Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris, capybara tick, Amblyom- 
ma dubitatum, Acari, Ixodidae 


Amblyomma dubitatum Neumann, 1899 (= Amblyomma cooperi Nuttall and 
Warbuton, 1908) is known as the capybara tick, since most collection records 
have been from the capybara, Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766) 
(Rodentia: Hydrochaeridae) (Aragao, 1936; Evans et al., 2000; Guimaraes et al, 
2001). Although the range of this large, semiaquatic rodent encompasses all 
countries of South America (except Chile) and Panama (Emmons and Feer, 
1997), A. dubitatum is restricted to areas of southern South America, specifical- 
ly Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, and the west-central, southeastern, and 
southern portions of Brazil (Guglielmone et al., 2003; Vieira et al., 2004). 
Besides A. dubitatum, capybaras in Brazil are frequently infested by the cayenne 
tick Amblyomma cajennense, which is the principal vector of Brazilian spotted 
fever, a highly lethal zoonosis caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii 
(Guedes et al., 2005). In fact, capybaras are one of the few host species capable 
of successfully sustaining A. cajennense populations in Brazil (Vieira et al., 
2005). 

The natural habitats of capybaras are open grasslands and scrub vegetation 
near water bodies such as lakes, rivers and flooded areas (Emmons and Feer, 
1997). In recent years, this habitat type has been significantly altered in south- 
eastern Brazil by the expansion of agriculture (mainly sugar cane and corn), with 
crops maintained up to the water’s edge. Consequently, the remaining natural 
areas are now inhabited by large numbers of capybara, sustained by surrounding 
croplands and an absence of natural predators (e.g., jaguars, alligators) (Ferraz et 
al., 2003). Not surprisingly, high tick densities (4. dubitatum and A. cajennense) 
have emerged in these capybara “refugia.” The chief impact of this altered ecol- 


‘Received on March 29, 2006. Accepted on May 23, 2006. 


? Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 
University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87- Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil 
05508-270. Emails: labruna@usp.br, pachecorichard@yahoo.com.br, alexandre_uel@hotmail.com, 
respectively. 


>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, 
Brazil. E-mail: szabo@famev.ufu.br 


Mailed on April 27, 2007 


78 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


ogy has been the emergence of Brazilian spotted fever in areas with high capy- 
bara populations (Lemos et al., 1996; Labruna et al., 2004a; Vieira et al., 2004; 
Guedes et al., 2005). 

While A. cajennense is the main vector of R. rickettsii in Brazil, A. dubitatum 
has been associated with another Rickettsia species, closely related to R. parkeri 
and R. africae, which 1s potentially pathogenic to humans (Labruna et al., 2004a; 
Horta et al., 2004a). Thus, cases of human parasitism by 4. dubitatum in Brazil 
entail a potential risk of acquiring infection by this newly recognized Rickettsia. 
To date, however, there has been only a single report of human parasitism by A. 
dubitatum, consisting of an adult specimen from Pedreira, state of Sao Paulo 
(Famadas et al., 1997). 

During 2005-2006, while conducting several surveys of Brazilian spotted 
fever in the state of Sao Paulo, we actively collected free-living ticks using dry 
ice traps, as previously described (Oliveira et al., 2000). Traps were set in areas 
inhabited by capybara and that usually contained large populations of both A. 
cajennense and A. dubitatum. On several occasions, we became infested by ticks 
while entering capybara habitat to place or recover dry ice traps. Most infesta- 
tions consisted of numerous larvae and nymphs of Amblyomma sp. (ticks were 
not determined to species) and, to a lesser extent, adults of A. cajennense. 

On 15 September 2005, during one of our field trips to capybara habitat in 
Ribeirao Grande Municipality (24°16'S, 48°25"W), one of us (M.B.L.) noticed an 
adult male of A. dubitatum attached to his belly. Although the tick was left 
attached to the skin, it was not found the following morning. It is not known if 
the tick actively detached or if it was groomed off by the author while sleeping. 
Regardless, the tick remained attached to the skin for at least 6 hours. During this 
trip, 43 adults of A. dubitatum, together with hundreds of larvae and 23 nymphs 
of Amblyomma spp., were collected from 20 dry ice traps, reflecting the high 
level of tick activity in the area. 

On 26 January 2006, during a field trip to capybara habitat in Itu Municipality 
(23°15'22.7"S, 47°22'20.9"W), one of us (R.C.P.) noticed an adult male of 
A. dubitatum attached to the skin of his leg (Fig. 1). This tick was shown to be 
firmly attached by pulling upward on its body with forceps (Fig. 2). About 8 
hours after being detected, the tick was manually removed from the skin and 
taken to the laboratory, where it was identified. On this same field trip, we were 
infested by dozens of larvae and nymphs of Amblyomma spp. Three of these 
nymphs and one larva were left to engorge on one of us (M.B.L.). After 4 to 5 
days of feeding, the engorged ticks were manually removed from the skin and 
taken to the laboratory for molting in an incubator. Approximately three weeks 
later, the three nymphs molted to the adult stage, yielding | male and | female 
of A. dubitatum, and a female of A. cajennense. The engorged larva molted to a 
nymph, which was allowed to feed on a rabbit and, three weeks later, molted to 
an adult male of A. dubitatum. Also on this trip, 44 adults of A. dubitatum and 21 
adults of A. cajennense, together with thousands of larvae and ~1,200 nymphs of 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 79 


Amblyomma spp., were collected from 20 dry ice traps, reflecting a very high 
level of local tick activity. 

While it is well known that all active stages of A. cajennense aggressively 
attack humans (Aragao, 1936; Guimaraes et al., 2001; Vieira et al., 2004), there 
has been but a single report of A. dubitatum from man (Famadas et al., 1997). 
Our observations on human infestation by all parasitic stages of A. dubitatum 
suggest that this behavior may be more frequent than previously thought, espe- 
cially in the case of immatures, which are here reported from humans for the first 
time. Recent studies have demonstrated a broader host range for the immature 
stages of A. dubitatum, including turia (Myocastor coypus), deer (Mazama goua- 
zoubira), monkey (Alouatta caraya), opossum (Didelphis spp.) and bird (Rhea 
americana) (Labruna et al., 2004b; Horta et al., 2004b). However, determination 
of immature Amblyomma involved in cases of human infestation in Brazil is 
often impossible either because these stages have not yet been described or be- 
cause, as in A. dubitatum and A. cajennense, they lack distinguishing morpho- 
logical characters. 


Figures 1-2. An Amblyomma dubitatum adult male attached to a human. 1, close-up of 
the attached tick; 2, the same tick being pulled by forceps, demonstrating that its mouth- 
parts were embedded in the host skin. 


The results of the present study suggest that A. dubitatum may be a competent 
vector of rickettsiae to humans, since this tick has been found infected by spot- 
ted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae (Lemos et al., 1996; Labruna et al., 2004a). 
Interestingly, evidence of infection by this A. dubitatum-borne SFG rickettsia has 
been reported in dogs (Horta et al., 2004a). Finally, it should be noted that the 
human infestations by A. dubitatum reported here occurred while we were work- 
ing with dry ice traps in the field. It is possible that the sublimation of dry ice into 
CO, gas had an excitatory effect on the ticks, resulting in greater aggressiveness 
toward humans. Further studies should be conducted to test the effects of such 
extrinsic stimuli on tick host specificity. 


80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
This work was supported by CNPq (fellowship to M.B.L. and M.P.J.S.) 


LITERATURE CITED 


Aragao, H. 1936. Ixodidas brasileiros e de alguns paizes limitrophes. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo 
Cruz 31:759-843. 


Emmons, L. H. and F. Feer. 1997. Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: a Field Guide (2ed). University 
of Chicago Press. Chicago, U.S.A. 307pp. 


Evans, D. E., J. R. Martins, and A. A. Guglielmone. 2000. A review of the ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) 
of Brazil, their hosts and geographic distribution. 1. The state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. 
Meméorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 95:453-470. 


Famadas, K., E. R. S. Lemos, J. R. Coura, and N. M. Serra Freire. 1997. Amblyomma cooperi 
(Acari: Ixodidae) parasitando humano em area de foco de febre maculosa, Sao Paulo — Brasil. Acta 
Parasitologica Portuguesa 4:154. 


Ferraz, K.P.M.B., M. Lechevalier, H. T. Z. Couto, and L. M. Verdade. 2003. Damage caused by 
capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) on a corn field in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Scientia Agricola 
60:191-194. 


Guedes, E., R. C. Leite, M. C. A. Prata, R. C. Pacheco, D. H. Walker, and M. B. Labruna. 2005. 
Detection of Rickettsia rickettsii in the tick Amblyomma cajennense in a new Brazilian spotted 
fever—endemic area in the state of Minas Gerais. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 100:841-848. 


Guimaraes, J. H., E. C. Tucci, and D. M. Barros-Battesti. 2001. Ectoparasitos de importancia vet- 
erinaria. Pléiade. Sao Paulo, Brasil. 213pp. 


Guglielmone, A. A., A. Estrada-Pena, J. E. Keirans, and R. G. Robbins. 2003. Ticks (Acari: 
Ixodida) of the Neotropical Zoogeographic Region. International Consortium on Ticks and Tick- 
borne Diseases (ICTTD-2). Atalanta, Houten, The Netherlands. 173 pp. 


Horta, M. C, M. B. Labruna, L. A. Sangioni, M. C. B. Vianna, S. M. Gennari, M. A. M. Galvao, 
C. Mafra, O. Vidotto, T. T. S. Schumaker, and D. H. Walker. 2004a. Prevalence of antibodies 
to spotted fever group rickettsiae in humans and domestic animals in a Brazilian spotted fever 
endemic area in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil: serological evidence for infection by Rickettsia rick- 
ettsii and another spotted fever group rickettsia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 
Hygiene 71:93-97. 


Horta, M. C., A. Pinter, P.S. Martin, G. J. Moraes, M. B. Labruna, and T. T. S. Schumaker. 2004b. 
Ocorréncia de larvas de Amblyomma dubitatum em gambas. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia 
Veterinaria 13 (Supplement):312. 


Labruna, M. B., T. Whitworth, M. C. Horta, D. H. Bouyer, J. W. McBride, A. Pinter, V. Popov, S. 
M. Gennari, and D. H. Walker. 2004a. Rickettsia species infecting Amblyomma cooperi ticks 
from an area in the State of SAo Paulo, Brazil, where Brazilian spotted fever is endemic. Journal of 
Clinical Microbiology 42:90-98. 


Labruna, M. B., A. Pinter, and R. H. F. Teixeira. 2004b. Life cycle of Amblyomma cooperi (Acari: 
Ixodidae) using capybaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) as hosts. Experimental and Applied 
Acarology 32:79-88. 


Lemos, E. R. S., H. H. B. Melles, S. Colombo, R. D. Machado, J. R. Coura, M. A. A. Guimaraes, 
S. R. Sanseverino, and A. Moura. 1996. Primary isolation of spotted fever group rickettsiae from 
Amblyomma cooperi collected from Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto 
Oswaldo Cruz. 91:273-275. 


Oliveira, P. R., L. M. F Borges, C. M. L. Lopes, and R. C. Leite. 2000. Population dynamics of the 
free living stages of Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) (Acari: Ixodidae) on pastures of 
Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 92:295-301. 


Vieira, A. M. L., C. E. Souza, M. B. Labruna, R. C. Mayo, S. S. L. Souza, and V. L. F. Camargo- 
Neves. 2004. Manual de Vigilancia Acarologica, Estado de Sao Paulo. Secretaria de Estado da 
Satide. Sao Paulo, Brasil. 62 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 81 


A NEW SPECIES OF TALLAPERLA (PLECOPTERA: 
PELTOPERLIDAE) FROM NORTH CAROLINA, U.S.A. ! 


Boris C. Kondratieff,’ R. F. Kirchner,’ Robert E. Zuellig,‘ and David R. Lenat* 


ABSTRACT: A new species of Tallaperla, T: maiyae, is described from Wilkes County, North 
Carolina, U.S.A. from two males. The new species is similar to 7. maria and T: anna, but can be dis- 
tinguished by the combination of a prominent spine-like epiproct and brown coloration. 


KEY WORDS: Plecoptera, stonefly, Zal/laperla, new species, North Carolina, U.S.A. 


Stark (1983, 2000) reviewed the eastern Nearctic roachfly genus Zallaperla, 
recognizing six species distributed mainly along the Appalachian Mountains. 
Recent collecting in North Carolina revealed an additional distinctive species 
related to 7. maria (Needham and Smith) and 7: anna (Needham and Smith). The 
description follows the style of Stark (2000). 


Tallaperla matiyae, new species Kondratieff, Kirchner, and Zuellig 
(Figs. 1-2) 


Adult. Male. Macropterous. Forewing length 13-14 mm. General color 
brown. Epiproct sclerite extending laterally around membranous cowl; mesal 
part of sclerite an erect prominent spine (Fig. 1). Knob 2.0X wide as long (Fig. 
2), margined with black hairs. Paraprocts acute (Fig 2). 

Female. Unknown. 

Type Data: Holotype @: U.S.A., North Carolina, Wilkes County, Middle 
Fork Reddies River, Old NC 16, east of Wilbur, N 36.2189 W 81.30073, 2 May 
2005, B. C. Kondratieff, R. F. Kirchner, R. E. Zuellig, and D. R. Lenat (USNM). 
Paratype O, same data as holotype. The holotype will be deposited in the 
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 
(USNM), paratype male in the Colorado State University C. P. Gillette Museum 
of Arthropod Diversity, Fort Collins, Colorado (CSUC). 

Etymology. The patronym continues the use of female names for this genus, 
and honors the senior author’s daughter, Maiya L. Kondratieff. 


‘Received on March 21, 2006. Accepted on May 23, 2006. 


>Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort 
Collins, Colorado 80523 U.S.A. E-mail: Boris.Kondratieff(@Colostate.edu. 


*R. F. Kirchner, 5960 East Pea Ridge, Ridgeview Apartment 1, Huntington, West Virginia 25705 
U.S.A. 


*Robert E. Zuellig, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, MS 415, Denver, Colorado 
80225 U.S.A. E-mail: rzuellig@usgs.gov. 


> David Lenat, Lenat Consulting Services, 3607 Corbin Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27612 U.S.A. 
E-mail: lenatbks@mindspring.com. 


Mailed on April 27, 2007 


82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Figures 1-2. Zallaperla maiyae male genitalia. 1. Dorsal aspect, inset epiproct. 2. Ven- 
tral aspect. 


Diagnosis. Males of 7. maiyae are most similar to T. maria, but can be distin- 
guished by the prominent, erect, central spine-like epiproct sclerite. In 7’ maria, 
the epiproct sclerite is variable, usually slender mesally and poorly developed 
laterally (Stark 2000, see Fig. 4.18). The upright central spine-like epiproct scle- 
rite is similar only to 7. anna (Needham and Smith), but the yellow-brown body 
color of T. anna easily separates it from the brown body color of T. maiyae. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We thank Bill P. Stark, Mississippi College, for confirming the status of this new species and pro- 
viding comments. Dave Carlson, Windsor, Colorado rendered the illustrations. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Stark, B. P. 1983. The Zallaperla maria complex of eastern North America (Plecoptera: Peltoper- 
lidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 56: 398-410. 


Stark, B. P. 2000. Peltoperlidae (The roachflies). pp. 41-54. Jn Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Eastern 
North America Volume I. Pteronarcyidae, Peltoperlidae, and Taeniopterygidae. B. P. Stark and 
B. J. Armitage (Editors). Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey. New Series 14: 1-98. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 83 


SPECIES OF SYNECHES FROM GUANGKXI, CHINA 
(DIPTERA: HYBOTIDAE)! 


Ding Yang”* 


ABSTRACT: The genus Syneches Walker is recorded from Guangxi for the first time. Two new 
species, S. guangxiensis and S. maoershanensis, are described. 


KEY WORDS: Diptera, Hybotidae, Syneches, new species, Guangxi, China 


The genus Syneches Walker is characterized by Rs very long, anal cell nearly 
as long as basal cells, hind femur weakly to distinctly thickened with distinct 
ventral bristles, male genitalia symmetrical (Chvala, 1983). It is distributed 
worldwide with over 120 known species. There were 40 known species from the 
Oriental Region (Smith, 1975) and 12 known species from the Palaearctic 
Region (Chvala and Kovalev, 1989). The Chinese species of Syneches were 
revised recently by Yang and Yang (2004) and 18 species were recorded. Herein, 
Syneches is recorded from Guangxi for the first time with two new species, sup- 
plementing Yang and Yang (2004). The types are deposited in the Entomological 
Museum of China Agricultural University (CAU), Beijing. The following abbre- 
viations are used for bristles: ad-anterodorsal, av-anteroventral, h-humeral, oc- 
ocellar, npl-notopleural, pd-posterodorsal, psa-postalar, pv-posteroventral. Basic 
terminology follows McAlpine (1981). 


Syneches guangxiensis NEW SPECIES 
(Figs. 1-2) 


Diagnosis. Antenna brown with brownish yellow pedicel. Palpus brownish 
yellow. Fore and mid femora black with yellow tips, hind femur yellow. 

Description. Male. Body length 5.6-5.7 mm, wing length 5.0-5.4 mm. Head 
black with gray pollen. Eyes holoptic, dark brown with enlarged upper facets 
dark yellow. Hairs and bristles on head black; ocellar tubercle distinct, with 2 oc 
and 4 posterior hairs, oc distinctly longer than hairs. Antenna brown with brown- 
ish yellow pedicel; scape without hairs; pedicel with circlet of subapical hairs; 
first flagellomere nearly quadrate with 2 dorsal hairs; arista brown, indistinctly 
pubescent except tip thin and bare. Proboscis brownish yellow; palpus brownish 
yellow with 2-3 long ventral hairs. 

Thorax black with gray pollen. Hairs and bristles on thorax black; h absent, 2 
npl, mesonotum with short hairs except mid-posterior area with several slightly 


‘Received on March 19, 2006. Accepted on August 8, 2006. 


> Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China. E-mail: 
dyangcau@yahoo.com.cn or dyangcau@126.com. 


>Key Lab of Insect Evolution and Environmental Changes, Capital Normal University, Beijing 
100037, China. 


Mailed on April 27, 2007 


84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


long hairs and with one transverse row of 3 long prescutellar bristles, 1 long psa; 
scutellum with long marginal hairs (of which 6 hairs are bristle-like). Legs yel- 
low; coxae and trochanters black; fore and mid femora black with yellow tips, 
hind femur yellow; tarsomere 5 black. Hairs and bristles on legs black. Fore 
femur 1.2 times as wide as mid femur; hind femur 1.2 times as wide as mid 
femur, with row of 4-5 long av (which are distinctly longer than thickness of hind 
femur). Fore tibia with 5 thin ad, apically with | long av and | very long brown- 
ish yellow pv. Mid tibia with 3-4 ad and several long posterior hairs, apically 
with 4 brownish yellow bristles. Hind tibia with | long ad, apically with 4 brown- 
ish yellow bristles. Wing grayish; stigma dark brown; veins dark brown, R,,,; and 
M, convergent apically. Squama brownish with brown hairs. Halter dark brown. 

Abdomen curved downward, black with gray pollen. Hairs on abdomen black. 
Male genitalia (Figs 1-2): Epandrial lobe rather narrow apically in lateral view, 
with apical portion strongly curved inwards and apical margin weakly incised; 
hypandrium deeply incised apically, with acute apico-lateral portion slightly 
curved outwards; aedeagus rounded apically, with short curved subapical lateral 
process. 

Female. Body length 4.4-6.0 mm, wing length 5.0-5.4 mm. Similar to male, 
but abdomen nearly straight, halter dark yellow, hairs on abdomen partly brown- 
ish. 

Type Data. Holotype male, Guangxi: Maoershan (1100-1600 m), 2003. VI. 
29, Shuwen An (CAU). Paratypes 1 male 2 females, same as holotype (CAU); 1 
male, Guangxi: Maoershan, Jiuniutang (1100 m), 2003. VI. 29, with light trap, 
Xingyue Liu (CAU). 

Etymology. The species is named after the type locality Guangx1. 

Discussion. The new species is somewhat similar to Syneches acutatus Sai- 
gusa et Yang from Henan, but it can be separated from the latter by the fore and 
mid femora black with yellow tips and hind femur entirely yellow, and the 
hypandrium deeply incised apically. In S. acutatus, the femora are yellow with 
the wide basal portion of the fore femur and narrow basal portion of the mid and 
hind femora brown, the hypandrium is shallowly incised apically (Saigusa and 
Yang, 2002; Yang and Yang, 2004). 


Syneches maoershanensis NEW SPECIES 
(Figs. 3-4) 


Diagnosis. Antenna dark brown with pedicel brown. Palpus brownish. 
Femora black with yellow tips. 

Description. Male. Body length 4.0 mm, wing length 4.3 mm. Head black 
with gray pollen. Eyes holoptic, brown with enlarged upper facets dark yellow. 
Hairs and bristles on head black; ocellar tubercle distinct, with 2 oc and 6 hairs, 
oc longer than hairs. Antenna dark brown with brown pedicel; scape without 
hairs; pedicel with circlet of subapical hairs; first flagellomere nearly quadrate 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 85 


Figures 1-4. 1-2. Syneches guangxiensis new species, 3-4. Syneches maoershanensis 
new species. 1, 3. Male genitalia, lateral view; 2, 4 hypandrium and aedeagus, ventral 
view. : 


with 2 dorsal hairs; arista brown, indistinctly pubescent except tip thin and bare. 
Proboscis brownish; palpus brownish with 2 long ventral hairs. 

Thorax black with gray pollen. Hairs and bristles on thorax black; h absent, 2 
np! (anterior npl short), mesonotum with short hairs except mid-posterior area 
with long hairs and with one transverse row of 3 bristle-like prescutellar bristles, 
1 long psa; scutellum with long marginal hairs mostly bristle-like. Legs black; 
femora with yellow tips; knees blackish; tibiae and tarsi yellow except hind tibia 
brown with yellow tip and tarsomere 5 dark brown. Hairs and bristles on legs 
black. Fore femur 1.2 times as wide as mid femur; hind femur 1.3 times as wide 
as mid femur, with row of 6-7 long av (which are slightly longer than thickness 
of hind femur). Fore tibia with long posterior hairs, apically with 1 long weak pv. 
Mid tibia with 2 long ad and 1 long pd on basal half and several long posterior 
hairs, apically with 4-5 bristles (of which 2 av and | pv are long and brownish 
yellow). Hind tibia with 1 ad near base, apically with 4-5 bristles (of which 2 av 
and | long pd are brownish yellow). Wing hyaline, weakly tinged with gray; stig- 
ma brown; veins dark brown, R,,; and M, distinctly convergent apically. 
Squama brown with brownish yellow hairs. Halter dark brown. 

Abdomen curved downward, black with gray pollen. Hairs on abdomen most- 
ly pale. Male genitalia (Figs. 3-4): Epandrial lobe slightly narrowed apically in 
lateral view, outer apical margin oblique and weakly incised; hypandrium deeply 
incised apically, apico-lateral portion with 2 short acute spines; aedeagus round- 
ed apically, with weak subapical lateral process. 


86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Female. Unknown. 

Type Data. Holotype male, Guangxi: Maoershan, Hongjunting (1600 m), 
2003. VI. 28, with light trap, Xingyue Liu (CAU). 

Etymology. The species is named after the type locality Maoershan. 

Discussion. The new species is similar to Syneches guangxiensis sp. nov., but 
may be separated from the latter by the hind femur black with the yellow tip. In 
S. guangxiensis, the hind femur is yellow. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


My sincere thanks are due to Prof. Min Wang (South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou) 
for organizing the survey to Maoershan National Nature Reserve. The research was funded by the 
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30225009) and the Cultivation Fund of the Key 
Scientific and Technical Innovation Project, Ministry of Education of China (No. 704006). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Chvala, M. 1983. The Empidoidea (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. IJ. General Part. The 
families Hybotidae, Atelestidae and Microphoridae. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 12: 1- 
BT) 


Chvala, M. and V. G. Kovalev. 1989. Family Hybotidae. In, Sods A. and Papp L. (Editors). Cata- 
logue of Palaearctic Diptera 6: 174-227. Elsevier Science Publishers and Akadémiai Kiado, 
Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Budapest, Hungary. 


McAlpine, J. F. 1981. Morphology and terminology - Adults. Jn, McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, 
G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth and D. M. Wood (Editors). Manual of Nearctic 
Diptera 1: 9-63. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa. 


Smith, K. G. V. 1975. Family Empididae. /n, Delfinado M. D. and Hardy D. E. (Editors). A cata- 
log of the Diptera of the Oriental Region 2: 185-211. The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu. 


Saigusa, T. and D. Yang. 2002. Empididae (Diptera) from Funiu Mountains, Henan, China (I). 
Studia Dipterologica 9: 519-543. 


Yang, D. and C. Yang. 2004. Diptera, Empididae, Hemerodromiinae and Hybotinae. Fauna Sinica, 
Insecta, 34: 1-329. Science Press, Beijing. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 87 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


SEX DISCRIMINATION OF ADULT 
CURCULIO NUCUM L. (COLEOPTERA: 
CURCULIONIDAE), A PEST OF HAZELNUTS 
IN TURKEY ' 


Izzet Akea,’ Celal Tuncer,’ and Islam Saruhan‘ 


The hazelnut weevil, Curculio nucum L., is the key pest of hazelnut (Corylus 
avellana L., Betulaceae) in many countries. Recently, increasing attention on the 
pest status of C. nucum in commercial orchards has accelerated the number of 
studies on its biology, behavior, and ecology (Ural, 1957; Tabamaishvili, 1988; 
Paparatti, 1990; Pucci, 1992; AliNiazee, 1997; 1998; Milenkovic and Mitrovic, 
2001; Tuncer and Ecevit, 1997; Tuncer et al., 2001; Akca and Tuncer, 2005). At 
times, biological, behavioral, and ecological studies require researchers to deter- 
mine the sex of adults without dissecting the genitalia and killing the organisms. 
Many earlier studies used the length of the rostrum in C. nucum as a criterion to 
distinguish their sex (Ural, 1957; Tabamaishvili, 1988; Sezen et al., 1999; Akca 
and Tuncer, 2005). In addition to this character, our previous study described 
several differences in average body size and elytral size between males and 
females in C. nucum. However, owing to large variation, sex discrimination us- 
ing these characters, except rostral length, is not reliable. 

Rostral length is a good character to sex adult C. nucum [averaging 5.56 (4.92- 
6.65) and 3.96 (3.35-4.56) mm for female and male, respectively, differing sig- 
nificantly between sexes, to 95 (2), 49 = 30.2]; Akca and Tuncer, 2005). However, 
using rostral length is not convenient because it requires a device for measure- 
ment, and it appears to be affected by environmental factors. Also, the differ- 
ences in rostral length can be as little as 0.5 mm, making it time-consuming and 
cumbersome to use, particularly for field applications (Ak¢a and Tuncer, 2005). 
Duan et al. (1999) suggested the use of a suture dividing the last two abdominal 
tergites of males, instead of snout length, for sexing adult Anthonomus pomorum 
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Lykewise, Sappington and Spurgeon (2000) dem- 
onstrated that the tergal-notch in the eighth tergite of male Anthonomus grandis 
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is more accurate than snout characteristics for sex- 
ing the adults. This study describes a new, nondestructive character associated 
with abdominal tergites to discriminate male and female C. nucum adults. 


‘Received on June 15, 2006. Accepted on August 26, 2006. 


>Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Quarantine Directory, Samsun, Turkey. 
E-mails: izzetakca@mynet.com. 


> Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, 42075 Konya, Turkey. 
E-mail: celalt@selcuk.edu.tr. 


* Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, 
Turkey. E-mail: isaruhan@omu.edu.tr. 


Mailed on April 27, 2007 


88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


0 S80 5’ Tutat 
Sesser s See 980 1 Se 
: ari scott se eeee 
ie 


0.5 mm 


Fig. 1. Dorsal view of the last abdominal tergites (AVII and AVIII) of female (A) and 
male (B) C. nucum after the elytra are separated by gently pressing them downwards. 


Adult C. nucum were collected by shaking branches of hazelnut trees from 
randomly selected orchards in Samsun, Turkey, during May 2002. Fifty male and 
50 female weevils were examined with a stereomicroscope (6-10 x magnifica- 
tion, Leica S6D) for exploring differences in abdominal tergites. 

We found that male and female C. nucum can be conclusively distinguished 
by differences on their last two visible abdominal tergites, AVII and AVIII (Fig. 
1). In females, the last two abdominal tergites are clearly covered with dense 
setae in a square shape area that extends to the posterior end of each segment. 
However, this cover is not as developed in males and it does not extend to end of 
the abdomen. In males, this rectangular velvety area is only about two-thirds the 
size of that in females. The differences in the last abdominal tergites of both 
sexes mentioned here are very clear if adult weevils are inspected in prone posi- 
tion by separating elytra. Because the adult C. nucum is relatively small (circa 7 
mm), at least 6x magnification is recommended to see these differences clearly. 
The differences in the last abdominal tergites are the most distinct and practical 
character to rapidly and accurately discriminate the sexes of adult C. nucum. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Akca, I. and C. Tuncer. 2005. Biological and morphological studies on Nut Weevil (Curculio 
nucum L., Col., Curculionidae). Acta Horticulture 668: 413-420. 


AliNiazee, M. T. 1997. Integrated Pest Management of Hazelnut Pests: a worldwide perspective. 
Acta Horticulture 445: 469-475. 


AliNiazee, M. T. 1998. Ecology and management of Hazelnut pests. Annual Review of Ento- 
mology 43: 395-419. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 89 


Duan, J. J., D. C. Weber, B. A. Hirs, and S. Dorn. 1999. A new character for sex differentiation 
of adults of Anthonomus pomorum L. (Col., Curculionidae). Journal of Applied Entomology 123 
(5): 319-320. 


Milenkovic, S. and M. Mitrovic. 2001. Hazelnut Pests in Serbia. Acta Horticulture, 556: 403-409. 


Paparatti, B. 1990. Balaninus nucum L. (Col.: Cuculionidae), captures of adults and infestation 
analysis carried out in the area of the Lake Vico, Viterbo (Italy) in the two-year period 1989-90. 
Frustula Entomologia XIII (XX VII): 93-112. 


Pucci, C. 1992. Studies on population dynamics of Balaninus nucum L. (Col.: Curculionidae) nox- 
ious to the hazel (Orylus avellana L.) in Northern Latium (Central Italy). Journal of Applied 
Entomology 114: 1, 5-16 


Sappington,T. W. and D. W. Spurgeon. 2000. Preferred technique for adult sex determination of 
the boll weevil (Coleptera: Curculionidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 
93(3): 610-615. 


Sezen, K., O. Ertiirk, and Z. Demirbag. 1999. Investigations on the biology of Hazelnut Beetle, 
Balaninus nucum L. (Col., Curculionidae) and its damage to hazelnut. Pakistan Journal of Bio- 
logical Sciences 2 (4): 1497-1500. 


Tabamaishvili, L. E. 1988. The Nut Weevil and its control. Subtropichesk’e-Kultury, USSR 5:128- 
131. 


Tuncer, C. and O. Ecevit. 1997. Current status of Hazelnut pests in Turkey. Acta Horticulture 445: 
545-550. 


Tuncer, C., L Akea, and L Saruhan. 2001. Integrated pest management in Turkysh Hazelnut Orch- 
ards. Acta Horticulture 556: 419-429. 


Ural, L 1957. Dogu Karadeniz findiklarinda zarar yapan Balaninus (Curculio) nucum L. boceginin 
biyolojisi ve miicadelesi iizerine arastyrmalar. A. U. Ziraat Fak. Yayinlari: 130, Calismalar 80, 
Ankara, Turkey. p. 96. (in Turkish) 


90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE GREEN LACEWINGS 
(NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) OF NORTHWESTERN 
TURKEY, WITH NEW RECORDS, THEIR SPATIO- 
TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION, AND HARBORING PLANTS' 


Bahattin Kovanc? and Orkun Baris Kovancr 


ABSTRACT. The occurrence and distribution of green lacewing species (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) 
were studied in northwestern Turkey in 1992-2005. A total of 3529 green lacewing adults were collect- 
ed from 154 localities, representing 23 species. Among these, 21 species belonged to the subfamily 
Chrysopinae, while only two species were members of the subfamily Nothochrysinae. Four species 
were new records for northwestern Turkey. The most frequently caught species were Chrysoperla 
carnea sensu lato and Dichochrysa prasina with percent dominance values of 26.10 and 18.22%, 
respectively. The cumulative number of chrysopid species was highest during July with a total of 18 
species per month. There were 13, 20, 19 and one chrysopid species occurring at altitudes between 1- 
500, 501-1000, 1001-1500 and >1500 m species, respectively. Rexa raddai was recorded at altitudes 
higher than 500 m, namely 925 m, for the first time. In addition, plant species harboring chrysopids are 
provided for each species and their association with the chrysopid fauna is discussed. 


KEY WORDS: Neuroptera, Chrysopids, altitude, northwestern Turkey, harboring plants, phenology 


Among the families of the order Neuroptera, the green lacewing family, Chryso- 
pidae, have probably received the most attention in the world owing to larval preda- 
tory activity on many insect species including aphids, mealybugs, leafhoppers, 
thrips, scales, and mites. Studies on the Chrysopidae fauna of Turkey were first ini- 
tiated by Brauer (1876) in the late 1800s and followed by the works of other Euro- 
pean entomologists (Esben-Petersen, 1932; Holzel, 1967a, b; Aspock and Aspock, 
1969; Gepp, 1974; Popov, 1977; Aspock et al., 1980; Holzel and Ohm, 1986; Mon- 
serrat and Holzel, 1987). However, these studies were either limited to the biologi- 
cal expeditions within a restricted time period or to the specimens collected from 
Turkey, which were later sent to worldwide taxonomists for identification. 

The first comprehensive study on the chrysopid fauna of Turkey was conducted 
by Sengonca (1979, 1980) who reported the presence of 32 chrysopid species in 
Turkey. Later studies focused on the species diversity at the local level (Duzgunes 
et al., 1981; Ari and Kiyak, 2000; Canbulat and Kiyak, 2000; Bahadiroglu and 
Daymaz, 2001; Gaziyiz-Onar and Aktac, 2002). Local research efforts have led to 
the discovery of new species both for the Turkish (Canbulat and Kiyak, 2002, 
2004) and world fauna (Canbulat and Kiyak, 2003, 2005). With these new addi- 
tions, the total number of chrysopid species reported from Turkey reached to 48 
species. 

There has been no detailed study on the chrysopid fauna at the local level in 
Bursa province of northwestern Turkey although the chrysopid map of Turkey 
drawn by Aspock et al. (1980) showed the occurrence of 13 chrysopid species in 
this region. Sengonca (1981) found another chrysopid species during a national 
survey, so the number of species totaled 14 in Bursa. However, these figures are 
believed to underestimate the actual number of chrysopid species in Bursa province 


‘Received on February 24, 2006. Accepted on March 30, 2006. 


> Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag University, Gorukle Kampusu 16059 
Bursa, Turkey. E-mails bkovanci@uludag.edu.tr and baris@uludag.edu.tr, respectively. 


Mailed on April 27, 2007 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 9] 


as far as the diversity of natural and agricultural ecosystems from sea level to 
Mount Uludag (2543 m) are concerned. 

Temperature can affect the development of chrysopid species as well as their 
geographic and seasonal distribution (Canard and Principi, 1984). For example, 
Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) sensu lato (= s./.) has the broadest environ- 
mental tolerance compared with other chrysopid species and can be found any- 
where from lowlands to high Mountains. However, the occurrence of individual 
chrysopid species in a geographical region is determined not only by climatic con- 
ditions, but also by the character of habitat and vegetation. The number of chry- 
sopid species decreases in response to a decline of vegetation richness with increas- 
ing altitude and latitude (Zeleny, 1984a). Yet, there is little information available 
about the spatial distribution of chrysopid species and their species richness in 
Bursa province. 

The objectives of this study were to determine the species composition, adult 
phenology and spatio-temporal distribution of green lacewing species in natural 
and man-altered habitats in Bursa. 


METHODS 

A survey of green lacewing adults was carried out from January 2004 to 
December 2005 in Bursa province located between 39-41° N and 28-30° E in 
northwestern Turkey. Moreover, green lacewing species collected within the frame- 
work of other studies during 1992-2003 were also included. Specimens were col- 
lected from 154 localities in 17 counties of Bursa province. Localities were chosen 
depending on the ecosystem diversity and altitudinal variation. Altitudes, route 
tracks and directions were measured with Magellan Sportrak Pro GPS (Thales 
Navigation, CA, U.S.A.). 

Each green lacewing specimens was collected from its harboring plant. Living 
specimens were identified immediately after capturing or they were brought back 
to laboratory alive and killed with ethyl acetate (Neuenschwander, 1984). All the 
chrysopid specimens were pinned with their wings spread, then dried and preserved 
in Plant Protection Department collection of Faculty of Agriculture at Uludag Uni- 
versity. Species were identified according to the descriptions of Holzel (1965), 
Aspock et al. (1980), Sengonca (1980) and Canard et al. (1998). Feminity rate of 
each species was calculated using the following formula: Feminity rate = number 
of females/total number of (males + females). 


RESULTS 

The species composition, feminity rate and percent dominance values of adult 
green lacewings collected from 17 counties of Bursa province in 1992-2005 are 
given in Table 1. A total of 3529 chrysopid adults, representing 23 species were 
caught. Among these, 21 species belonged to the subfamily Chrysopinae, while 
only two species were members of the subfamily Nothochrysinae. Four chrysopid 
species were recorded from northwestern Turkey for the first time (Table 1). 

Adult phenology of green lacewing species for 15-day periods from January to 
December is presented in Table 2. Only Ch. carnea s./. adults were constantly pres- 


92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


ent in all months of the year. Adults of a few species emerged in April while most 
species appeared in May. Adult flight activity increased during the summer months. 
The cumulative number of chrysopid species was highest during July with a total of 
18 species per month. While many species tend to have a fairly prolonged flight peri- 
od up to September and October, a few were restricted to specific seasons. For exam- 
ple, Rexa raddai (Holzel, 1966) adults were collected mainly in the spring whereas 
Italochrysa italica (Rossi, 1790) adults occurred only in the summer. 

The altitudinal distribution and harboring plants of green lacewing species are 
summarized in Table 3. There were 13, 20, 19 and 1 green lacewing species occurring 
at altitudes between 1-500, 501-1000, 1001-1500 and >1500 m, respectively. Of 
these, eight were found below 100 m altitude. Among all chrysopid species, Ch. 
carnea s.l. showed the greatest environmental tolerance in terms of the altitudinal dis- 
tribution and host plant preference. Ch. carnea s./. adults were caught at shrub, herba- 
ceous and foliage-crown levels on all kinds of vegetation. Both Ch. carnea s.l. and 
Dichochrysa prasina (Burmeister, 1839) were ubiquitous species that occurred in 
mixed stands of deciduous tree species and coniferous trees. However, some species 
like Chrysopa viridana Schneider, 1845 were thermophilous, and preferred only oak 
and coniferous forest stands. 

Information on the number and sex of specimens from each species, localities 
where rare specimens were collected, extreme dates of adult flights, and interesting 
facts about green lacewing species observed in the field was summarized below. 


Table 1. Species composition, feminity rate and percent dominance values of green 
lacewings collected in 1992-2005 in Bursa province, northwestern Turkey 


Feminity Dominance 


Species Female Male _ Total Rate (%)** Value (%) 
Chrysopa dorsalis 91 80 al 53.20 4.85 
C. formosa 63 74 Sy) 45.90 © 3.88 
C. hungarica - l l ? 0.03 
C. pallens 46 64 110 41.80 2. 12 
C. perla 60 66 126 47.60 3:37 
C. viridana 214 224 438 48.80 12.41 
Chrysoperla carnea s.1. Bills 406 921 55.90 26.10 
Cunctochrysa albolineata = 37 33 70 52.80 1.98 
Cu. baetica it l 2 50.00 0.06 
Dichochrysa clathrata 8 7 15 53.30 0.43 
D. flavifrons 80 124 204 39120 5.78 
D. inornata 5 2 7 71.40 0.20 
D. prasina 354 289 643 55.00 TS.22 
D. zelleri 13] 78 209 62.60 92 
Hypochrysa elegans 12 2) 30 30.70 Lt 
Italochrysa italica 94 80 174 54.00 4.93 


Nineta carinthiaca - l l ? 0.03 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 93 


N. flava* 5 4 2 55.50 0.26 
N. pallida* 6 fi 13 46.10 0.37 
N. principiae* 76 60 136 35.90) 3263) 
Nothochrysa fulviceps* 9 2. te 81.80 03h 
Peyerimhoffina gracilis 3 7 10 30.00 0.28 
Rexa raddai 34 48 82 41.40 2.32 
Total no. individuals 1844 1685 3529 


* New records for northwestern Turkey 


** Feminity rate= number of females/total number of (males + females) 


Annotated List 
Subfamily: Chrysopinae 


Chrysopa dorsalis Burmeister, 1839 

The first adult catch was recorded from Pinus spp. on 28 May at Orhaneli County 
(Erenler, 6 km NE, 425 m) and (Mahaller, 3 km SE, 990 m), and the last adult catch 
occurred on 23 October at Nilufer County (Kayapa inlet, 180 m). This species was col- 
lected in 29 of the 154 localities studied. A total of 171 adults composed of 91 females 
and 80 males were captured. 


Chrysopa formosa Brauer, 1850 

Chrysopa formosa adults were generally found on low vegetation, shrubs, fruit 
orchards and forest edges near urban areas. Adults were first caught in sweep nets on 3 
May at Mudanya County (Zeytinbagi, 3 km SW, 170 m) and no adults were caught after 
21 September. This species was widely distributed in 27 localities. Overall, the number of 
adult catches during the study period totaled 137 (63 females, 74 males). 


Chrysopa hungarica Klapalek, 1839 
2004: 20.V, 10% (Inegol County, Sehitler, 2 km S, 370 m). 


Chrysopa pallens (Rambur, 1838) 

This species occurred commonly and collected from 39 of the 154 localities visited. Of 
110 adults caught, 46 were females and 64 were males. Adults were first and last detect- 
ed on 8 May and 24 October at Kestel County (Derekizik, 2 km N, 300 m) and Nilufer 
County (Kayapa inlet 180 m), respectively. Specimens were found in orchards, tree and 
shrub associations, oak and pine forests and low vegetation (Table 3). 


Chrysopa perla Linnaeus, 1758 

Sweep net catches showed a north-south trend in distribution of C. perla adults. Of the 
23 localities where this species was collected, 10 were located in the northern slopes of 
Mount Uludag and 9 were in the southern slopes. This species was also found in 3 more 
localities to the north of Mount Uludag. There was only one exception to the west. Based 
on sweep net catches, adults emerged on 8 May at Kestel County (Derekizik, 2 km N, 300 
m) and adult flight ended on 14 August in the same County (Alacam, 1 km N, 775 m). A 
total of 126 adults, 60 females and 66 males, were captured on all kinds of vegetation. 


Chrysopa viridana Schneider, 1845 
Chrysopa viridana was the four most widespread species. Adults of this species were 
caught in 47 localities composed mainly of oak forests and oak-pine associations. Of the 


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Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 


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Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 97 


438 adults captured, females and males constituted 49% and 51% of the captures, respec- 
tively. First adults were found on 21 May at Orhaneli County (Erenler, 6 km NE, 425 m), 
and last adults were seen on 2 September at Osmangazi County (Sogukpinar, 1 km NW, 
1060 m). 


Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) sensu lato ( s.1.) 

Chrysoperla carnea s.\. was the most widespread and common green lacewing species. 
This species was caught in 121 of the 154 localities. Of the 921 collected specimens, 515 
were females and 406 were males. Ch. carnea s.l. adults were found throughout the year 
and remained in low numbers as overwintering adults in reproductive diapause on olive 
leaves, oleaceous shrubs, and dry but unfallen fig and oak leaves during the winter. 


Cunctochrysa albolineata (Killington, 1935) 

Adults were observed at 17 localities in the eastern, southern, northern slopes of Mount 
Uludag. The first adult was caught on 26 May at Kestel County (Sevketiye, 1 km N, 570 
m) and the last on 12 September in the same County (Alacam, 100 m S, 1030 m). A total 
of 70 specimens were captured (37 females and 33 males) mainly in pine forests and pine- 
oak associations. 


Cunctochrysa baetica (Holzel, 1972) 
2004: 07.VIHI, 19 (Iznik County, Sansarak upper canyon, 2 km S, 725 m). 2005: 
02.VII, 10 (Iznik County, Hisardere, 2 km SE, 625 m). 


Dichochrysa clathrata (Schneider, 1845) 

2004: 02.VI, 19 (Orhaneli County, Goktepe, 4 km NE, 620 m); 10.VI, 10 (Orhaneli 
County, Sadagi canyon, 1 km NE, 450 m); 12.VI, 10°, 29 (Kestel County, Derekizik, 2 
km N, 300 m); 09. VII, 10 (Orhaneli County, Sadagi canyon, 1 km NE, 450 m); 24.VII, 
19 (Kestel County, Derekizik, 2 km N, 300 m); 20.VII, 10 (Orhaneli County, Sadagi 
canyon, | km NE, 450 m); 21.VIII, 19 (Kestel County, Derekizik, 2 km N, 300 m). 2005: 
27.V, 1h (Nilufer County, Maksempinar, 2 km E, 390 m); 16.VI, 10° (Mustafakemalpasa 
County, Korekem, 2 km E, 475 m); 25.VI, 19 (Osmangazi County, Kirazli, 875 m); 19 
(Osmangazi County, Bagli picnic area, 1200 m); 12.VII, 19 (Kestel County, Osmaniye 
picnic area, 515 m); 23.VIII, 1& (Orhaneli County, Kadikoy, 500 m SW, 880 m). 


Dichochrysa flavifrons (Brauer, 1851) 

Dichochrysa flavifrons was the thirdmost widespread green lacewing species. Sweep 
net collections of this species from 56 localities totaled 204 adults, 80 females and 124 
males. First adult emergence began on 5 May at Nilufer County (Uludag University for- 
est, 125 m) and last adults occurred on 23 October in the same county (Kayapa inlet 180 
m). 


Dichochrysa inornata (Navas, 1901) 

2004: 03.VH, 10°, 29 (Kestel County, Osmaniye picnic area, 515 m); 10. VII, 29 (Kes- 
tel County, Sevketiye, 1 km N, 570 m); 24.VII, 1& (Kestel County, Alacam, 100 m S, 
1030 m). 2005: 30.VII, 19 (Kestel County, Alacam, 100 m S, 1030 m). 


Dichochrysa prasina (Burmeister, 1839) 

Dichochrysa prasina was the secondmost common species and mainly found on oak 
and pine forests, oak-pine associations, shrubs and low vegetation. This species was col- 
lected from 85 of the 154 localities. Of the 643 individuals caught, there were 354 females 
and 289 males. First adult catch occurred on 20 April at Nilufer County (Uludag Univer- 
sity fruit orchard, 55 m) and last catch was recorded on 23 October in the same county 
(Kayapa inlet, 180 m). 


98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Dichochrysa zelleri (Schneider, 1851) 

This species was widely distributed throughout the oak forests and oak-shrub asso- 
ciations. A total of 209 adult specimens, 131 females and 78 males, were collected from 
46 localities. The first adults were captured on 16 April at Gemlik County (Narli, 4 km 
W, 10 m) and the last on 18 September at Osmangazi County (Sogukpinar, 1 km NW, 
1060 m). 


Italochrysa italica (Rossi, 1790) 

Italochrysa italica adults were recorded only from 21 of the 154 localities. The total 
number of captured adults was 174, which was comprised of 94 females and 80 males. 
The first capture of adults occurred on 8 July at Nilufer County (Kayapa inlet, 180 m) 
and adult catches continued until 2 September. This species was distributed over oak 
forests and oak-pine associations. 

Nineta carinthiaca (Holzel, 1965) 
2004: 17.VI, 10% (Osmangazi County, Kocayayla, 1215 m). 


Nineta flava (Scopoli, 1763) 

2004: 12.VI, 10 (Kestel County, Alacam, 100 m S, 1030 m); 24.VII, 10 (Kestel 
County, Alacam, 100 m S, 1030 m); 26.VIII, 1& (Osmangazi County, Huseyinalan, 
1005 m); 02.1X, 19 (Osmangazi County, Sogukpinar, 2 km NE, 1300 m). 2005: 18.VI, 
1& (Gursu County, Ericek, 500 m NE, 715 m); 21.VI, 29 (Kestel County, Alacam, 1 
km N, 775 m); 25.VI, 19 (Osmangazi County, Bagli picnic area, 1200 m); 12.VII, 19 
(Kestel County, Alacam, 100 m S, 1030 m). 


Nineta pallida (Schneider, 1845) 
2005: 30.VII, 20°, 49 (Kestel County, Alacam, 100 m S, 1030 m); 50’, 29 (Kestel 
County, Alacam, 1 km S, 1110 m). 


Nineta principiae Monserrat, 1980 

Oak forests in 19 localities were found to harbor N. principiae. During the study 
period, sweep net captures of this species reached a total of 136 adults made up of 76 
females and 60 males. Adults were first seen on 18 June at Gursu County (Ericek, 500 
m NE, 715 m) and disappeared after the last catch on 18 September at Osmangazi 
County (Sogukpinar, 2 km NE, 1300m). 


Peyerimhoffina gracilis (Schneider, 1851) 

2004: 29.VII, 10; 07.VII, 10°; 25.1X, 40°, 19 (Iznik County, Sansarak upper 
canyon, 725 m). 2005: 06.VIII, 10% (Osmangazi County, Sogukpinar-Ketenlik, 1430 
m); 11.VHI, 19 (Iznik County, Sansarak upper canyon, 725 m); 30.VIII, 19 (Kestel 
County, Alacam, 100 m S, 1030 m). 


Rexa raddai (Holzel, 1966) 

Adults of this species were neither too common nor too rare. Of the 82 adults cap- 
tured in 13 localities, 34 were females and 48 were males. R. raddai was one of the ear- 
liest emerging green lacewing species in spring in the region. First adult emergence was 
observed on 12 April at Nilufer County (Kayapa inlet, 180 m) and last adult was record- 
ed on 4 June within the same County (Uludag University forest, 125 m). 


Subfamily: Nothochrysinae 


Hypochrysa elegans (Burmeister, 1839) 
1999: 09.V, 19 (Osmangazi County, Bagli, 1 km NE, 1100 m); 19.V, 1& (Kestel 
County, Sevketiye, 1 km S, 800 m), 10° (Kestel County, Sayfiye, 1 km W, 830 m). 2004: 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 99 


22.V, 100°, 39 (Osmangazi County, Huseyinalan, 1005 m). 2005: 07.V, 39 (Orhaneli 
County, Goktepe, 4 km NE, 620 m); 14.V, 140°, 39 (Kestel County, Alacam, | km N, 
775 m); 21.V, 19 (Orhaneli County, Erenler, 6 km NE, 425 m); 27.V, 10 (Nilufer 
County, Maksempinar, 2 km E, 390 m); 18.VI, 19 (Gemlik County, Findicak, 480 m). 


Nothochrysa fulviceps (Stephens, 1836) 

2004: 14. VIII, 10°, 29; 21.VIII, 19 (Kestel County, Sayfiye, 1 km W, 830 m). 2005: 
27.VI, 10%, 19 (Inegol County, Ciftlikkoy, 100 m SW, 875 m); 12.VII, 19 (Inegol 
County, Ciftlikkoy, 100 m SW, 875 m), 19 (Kestel County, Alacam, 100 m S, 1030 m); 
30.VIL, 39 (Kestel County, Sayfiye, 1 km W, 830 m). 


DISCUSSION 

During the course of the study, a total of 23 green lacewing species were cap- 
tured of which four were new records for northwestern Turkey (Table 1). The four 
new records were N. flava, N. pallida, N. principiae and No. fulviceps. In addition 
to these newly recorded species, five other species, C. formosa, C. perla, D. inor- 
nata, I. italica and N. carinthiaca, were found in Bursa province for the first time. 
Our findings also confirmed the presence of 13 other species previously recorded 
by Aspock et al. (1980) in this region and one species reported by Sengonca (1981). 

Among Chrysopa, C. viridana was the most predominant species followed by 
C. dorsalis, and C. formosa. Aspock et al. (1980) noted widespread distribution of 
all three species in Turkey, but the researchers did not find C. formosa in Bursa 
province. Several studies have shown that C. viridana and C. formosa were com- 
mon in other parts of Turkey (Duzgunes et al., 1981; Ari and Kiyak, 2000; Canbulat 
and Kiyak 2000; Bahadiroglu and Daymaz, 2001; Canbulat, 2002). On the other 
hand, C. dorsalis was only recorded from Ankara province (Duzgunes et al., 1981). 
Chrysopa. perla was previously found in the Black Sea region and Istanbul (As- 
pock et al., 1980) but it was new to Bursa and collected from various habitats in 
Mount Uludag. The habitats of Chrysopa species determined in this study are in 
agreement with those of Aspock et al. (1980) and Zeleny (1984a). However, our 
study revealed new records for harboring plants (Table 3). 

Chrysoperla carnea s.1., an eurytopic and cosmopolitan species, was widespread 
in all counties of Bursa province varying in altitude from 10 m to up to 2000 m 
(Table 3). Widespread distribution and high abundance of this species can be attrib- 
uted to the ability to live in harsh conditions from dry lowland to humid high 
Mountain areas as well as nonpreference for harboring plants. Chrysoperla carnea 
s.l. was almost the only species commonly occurring in vegetable-growing areas 
and fruit orchards that were treated heavily with pesticides. It appears to have some 
natural tolerance to pesticides (Pree et al., 1989), which shows the incredible adap- 
tation capacity of this species. Owing to these characteristics, Ch. carnea s./. occurs 
in high numbers throughout Turkey (Sengonca 1980). 

Cunctochrysa albolineata was confined to particular locations although Aspock 
et al. (1980) reported common presence of this species in Bursa and throughout 
Turkey. Another Cunctochrysa species, Cu. baetica, was found very rarely in Bursa 
province. This finding is consistent with those of Holzel (1972) and Aspock et al. 
(1980) who reported only few specimens of Cu. baetica from Turkey. It is impor- 
tant to note that both Cunctochrysa species were found in oak-pine forests. 


100 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


The most common and widespread Dichochrysa species in Bursa province was 
D. prasina. Other common species include D. flavifrons and D. zelleri. These 
species were recorded in various regions of Turkey (Aspock et al., 1980; Duzgunes 
et al., 1981; Sengonca, 1980; Ari and Kiyak, 2000; Canbulat and Kiyak, 2000; 
Canbulat, 2002). Yet, D. inornata and D. clathrata were rare. Aspock et al. (1980) 
showed the presence of the latter species in Bursa province, but D. inornata was 
the first record in this province, and only the second record for Turkish fauna as it 
was previously reported in Edirne province of Thrace region (Gaziyiz-Onar and 
Aktac, 2002). 

Aspock et al. (1980) reported N. guadarramensis s./. (Pictet, 1865) from 5 
provinces of Turkey. However, Canard et al. (1998) later described the subspecies 
principiae of N. guadarramensis as a new species. In our study, all the specimens 
that were previously identified as N. guadarramensis turned out to be N. principi- 
ae based on the updated key of Canard et al. (1998). These results cast doubt on the 
presence of N. guadarramensis sensu stricto in Turkey. In our opinion, the presence 
of this endemic Atlanto-Mediterranean species in Turkey is not very probable, 
unless it was introduced. Therefore, old N. guadarramensis s.l. specimens from 
Turkey should be reexamined using the updated taxonomic key of Canard et al. 
(1998) for Nineta species. 

Sweep net catches indicated that the adult flight period of many green lacewing 
species occurred primarily between May and September in northwestern Turkey 
(Table 2). A similar trend in adult flight activity has been observed in central and 
southern Europe (Neuenschwander and Michelakis, 1980; Honek and Kraus, 1981; 
Campos, 1989). Nevertheless, adult flight period lasted longer in some species. 
D. prasina adults exhibited extended flight period from April to October. An 
extreme example was the constant presence of Ch. carnea s.l. adults during the 
year. This polyvoltine species continued to reproduce in autumn and overwintered 
in the adult stage. 

Adult green lacewing populations increased during the hot and dry summer 
months and usually reached a peak in July. A significant increase in adult green 
lacewings in summer was also documented in Czech Republic and Romania 
(Zeleny, 1984b; Paulian, 1996). However, there were differences between Turkish 
and central European populations of some chrysopid species in terms of life histo- 
ries. For example, C. perla is univoltine in central Europe with adult flight activi- 
ty in May and June (Holusa and Vidlieka, 2002), but bivoltine in northwestern 
Turkey with a summer brood, the adults of which were found in the field up to mid- 
August. The differences between Turkish and central European populations of C. 
perla can be attributed to lower latitudes and warmer climatic conditions in north- 
western Turkey. The fact that some C. perla populations in southwestern France 
also exhibit this multivoltine reproductive strategy supports this assumption 
(Canard, 1973). 

Species composition of chrysopids can be characterized by vegetation of the 
given habitats. Some chrysopid species are eurytopic while others are habitat spe- 
cialists. According to our results, NV. pallida and P. gracilis preferred coniferous for- 
est stands, mainly Pinus and Abies, which is in accordance with the findings of 
Szentkiralyi and Kristin (2002). The researchers recorded coniferous Picea abies 
as a host plant of N. pallida and both Picea and Abies species for P. gracilis in cen- 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 101 


tral Europe. It is important to note that habitat preferences may vary among con- 
gener species. Unlike N. pallida, other Nineta species recorded in this study were 
found in deciduous Quercus trees. Evidently, N. carinthiaca, N. flava, and N. prin- 
cipiae showed a strong affinity to a single habitat that fulfills all of their needs. 
Another habitat specialist was C. dorsalis, a thermophilous species that was found 
only in pine stands (Table 3). 

Increasing altitude and latitude may also have limiting effects on distribution of 
chrysopid species. When the habitat altitude of 17 species living in northwestern 
Turkey were compared with those from central Europe (Zeleny, 1984a), the habi- 
tats of 14 species had higher maximum altitude values than did the same species in 
central Europe while 12 species had lower minimum altitude values. Clearly, many 
species living in northwestern Turkey extended their vertical distribution ranges 
but there were exceptions like C. hungarica. This species was caught in a xerother- 
mic forest-steppe located at a similar altitude to central Europe. Apparently, the 
occurrence of C. hungarica is delimited by habitat rather than altitude. 

There were also differences in upper limits of habitats between chrysopid 
species living in northwestern Turkey and southern Europe (Aspock et al., 1980). 
For example, maximum altitude values for habitats in northwestern Turkey were 
higher than those in southern Europe for species such as C. dorsalis, C. pallens, C. 
viridana, Cu. albolineata, and N. flava. However, maximum altitudes of habitats 
were found to be similar for C. formosa but lower for Cu. baetica, D. inornata, H. 
elegans and P. gracilis populations. In addition, the upper limits of habitats in 
northwestern Turkey were lower for C. dorsalis, C. formosa, C. pallens, C. viri- 
dana, Cu. albolineata, D. prasina, and H. elegans than those of same species in 
near East and Anatolia based on the findings of Aspock et al. (1980). 

In terms of the upper limits of habitats, R. raddai was known to occur at altitudes 
below 500 m (Aspock et al., 1980). However, this species was recorded at an alti- 
tude of 925 m for the first time in this study. A couple of R. raddai adults were 
observed at Karaislah (1 km N, Osmangaz1) and one adult was captured on an olea- 
ceous shrub Phillyrea latifolia L. The harboring plant was infested with nymphs of 
Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster on which R. raddai larvae prey. This finding sug- 
gests that the presence of R. raddai was not directly related to altitude but to the 
availability of their prey and harboring plants. Our observations support the work 
of Canard and Labrique (1989) who determined a similar relationship between 
Rexa lordina Navas and jumping plantlouse Euphyllura olivina (Costa) on olea- 
ceous bush Phillyrea angustifolia (L.). 

Up-to-date studies on Turkish chrysopidae fauna at the local level have reported 
5, 6, 6, 9, 11 and 13 species in Kayseri (mid-Anatolia), Canakkale (Marmara), 
Adana (Mediterranean), Kahramanmaras (southern-Anatolia), Edirne (Thrace) and 
Ankara (mid-Anatolia) provinces, respectively. When Bursa’s green lacewing fau- 
na compared with that of other Turkish provinces, the presence of 23 species in this 
region may be considered as a fairly good indicator of rich biodiversity. The distri- 
bution of each green lacewing species is considered to be a function of bioclimat- 
ic factors, vegetation, prey density and, to a lesser extent, altitude. It is very likely 
that the number of species will increase if discrete localities and unreachable areas 
by road can be searched in more detail. In addition, further research is needed to 
determine the sibling species of Ch. carnea s.1. complex. 


102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


The authors are thankful to the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for 
partial support of this work under grant # TARP-1868. We would also like to acknowledge the kind 
assistance of Dr. Savas Canbulat. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Ari, I. and S. Kiyak. 2000. New and additional distributional and faunistic data of Turkish planipen- 
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Aspock, H. and U. Aspock. 1969. Die Neuropteren Mitteleuropas. Ein Nachtrag zur synopsis der sys- 
tematik. Okologie und Biogeographie der Neuropteren Mitteleuropas. Naturkundliches Jahrbuch 
der Stadt Linz 1969: 17-68. 


Aspock, H., U. Aspock, and H. Holzel. 1980. Die Neuropteren Europas. Eine zusam-menfassende 
Darstellung der Systematik, Okologie und Chorologie der Neuropteroidea (Megaloptera, Raphid- 
ioptera, Planipennia) Europas. Volumes I, II. Goecke and Evers. Krefeld, Germany. 495 + 355 pp. 


Bahadiroglu, C. and Y. Daymaz. 2001. Kahramanmaras ilinde Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) familyasi- 
na ait turler ve biyolojik ozellikleri. Fen ve Muhendislik Dergisi 4:30-36. 


Brauer, F. 1876. Die Neuropteren Europas und insbesondere Osterreichs mit Rucksicht auf ihre geo- 
graphische Verbreitung. pp. 1-38. Festschrift 25 jahriges Bestehen der kaiserlich-koniglichen zool- 
ogisch-botanischen Gessellschaft in Wien. Gerolds. Wien, Austria. 300 pp. 


Campos, M. 1989. Observaciones sobre la bioecologia de Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neurop- 
tera:Chrysopidae) en el sur de Espafia. Neuroptera International 5:159—164. 


Canard, M. 1973. Voltinisme, diapause et sex-ratio de Chrysopa perla (L.) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) 
dans le Sud-Ouest. Annales de Zoologie Ecologie Animale 5:29-37. 


Canard, M. and M. M. Principi. 1984. Development of Chrysopidae. pp. 57-75. Jn, M. Canard, 
Y. Séméria, T. R. New (Editors). Biology of Chrysopidae, Volume 27. Dr. W. Junk Publishers. The 
Hague, The Netherlands. 294 pp. 


Canard, M. and H. Labrique. 1989. Bioecologie de la chrysope mediterraneene Rexa lordina Navas 
(Neuroptera :Chrysopidae) et description de ses stades larvaires. Neuroptera International 5:151- 
158. 


Canard, M., R. Cloupeau, and P. Leraut. 1998. Les Chrysopes du genre Nineta Navas, 1912, en 
France (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 103: 327-336. 


Canbulat, S. 2002. Contributions to the knowledge of Turkish Neuroptera from Kayseri province (In- 
secta; Neuroptera). Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology of Gazi University 15: 633- 
28). 


Canbulat, S. and S. Kiyak. 2000. On the faunistic and systematical studies of Chrysopidae (Insecta: 
Neuropteroidea:Planipennia) species of Canakkale province, Journal of the Institute of Science and 
Technology of Gazi University 13:1037-1045. 


Canbulat, S. and S. Kiyak. 2002. Nineta pallida (Schneider, 1846) new to Turkey (Neuroptera: 
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Canbulat, S. and S. Kiyak. 2003. A new species of the genus Nineta from Turkey (Neuroptera, 
Chrysopidae). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin - Deutsche Entomologische 
Zeitschrift 50: 129-131. 


Canbulat, S. and S. Kiyak. 2004. Four species of lacewing (Insecta; Neuroptera) new to the fauna of 
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Canbulat, S. and S. Kiyak. 2005. A new species of the genus Dichochrysa from Turkey (Neuroptera, 
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blatt der Bayerischen Entomologen 16: 92-95. 


Holzel, H. 1972. Eine neue Chrysopiden- Art aus Sudeuropa - Anisochrysa (Cunctochrysa) baetica n. 
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(Suppl. 2): 329-340. 


104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Zeleny, J. 1984a. Chrysopid occurrence in west palearctic temperate forests and derived habitats. pp 


151-160. In, M. Canard, Y. Séméria, T.R. New, (Editors) Biology of Chrysopidae, vol 27. Dr. W. 
Junk Publishers. The Hague, The Netherlands. 294 pp. 


Zeleny, J. 1984b. Flight activity of Czechoslovak Hemerobiidae and Chrysopidae: investigation by 
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terology. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Neuropterology, Osterreichischen 
Akademie der Wissenschaften. Graz, Austria. 265 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 1, January and February 2007 105 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


TWO OVERLOOKED FAMILY-GROUP NAMES 
FOR FOSSIL TERMITES 
(ISOPTERA: MASTOTERMITIDAE)' 


Michael S. Engel’ and Kumar Krishna’ 


During the final phases of completing a new, annotated world catalog of the 
termites (Isoptera) two family-group names for termites were discovered that had 
been overlooked during prior accounts of such names (Engel and Krishna, 
2004a, 2004b). The subfamily Pliotermitinae was proposed by Sandor Pongracz 
(1917) for his new genus, Pliotermes, itself established for a fossil termite from 
the Early Miocene of Hungary. Subsequently, Emerson (1965) demonstrated that 
Pliotermes hungaricus Pongracz was conspecific with Mastotermes croaticus 
Rosen, also from the Miocene of southeastern Europe, and thereby relegated the 
former, along with its monotypic genus and subfamily, to synonymy. 

Similarly, the subfamily Miotermitinae was created by Alexander Pongracz 
(1926) for the genus Miotermes Rosen, 1913. Though appearing only in a chart, 
the name Miotermitinae is nonetheless available, as prior to 1931 any given fam- 
ily-group name need only be based on an available generic name and need not 
be accompanied by a formal description (ICZN, 1999: Art. 12.2.4). Despite the 
inclusion of Miotermes, a valid genus, in the family Mastotermitidae Desneux 
for many decades, the name Miotermitinae has been overlooked since 1926 by 
all authors (e.g., Snyder, 1949; Emerson, 1965). Therefore, we herein formally 
place Miotermitinae into synonymy with Mastotermitidae (new synonymy). In 
our earlier list of family-group names for termites (Engel and Krishna, 2004: 
2-4), Pliotermitinae should be incorporated between the names Stylotermitinae 
and Arrhinotermitinae, and Miotermitinae between Acanthotermitinae and Mac- 
rotermitinae. The entries would read as follows: 


19a. Pliotermitinae Pongracz, 1917: 28. Type genus: Pliotermes Pongracz, 
1917. Combining stem: Pliotermit—. 


21a. Miotermitinae Pongracz, 1926: 29 [chart]. Type genus: Miotermes Rosen, 
1913. Combining stem: Miotermit-. 


‘Received on April 23, 2006. Accepted on May 23, 2006. 


? Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History; Division of Entomology, 
Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1345 Jayhawk 
Boulevard, Dyche Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7163 U.S.A. E-mail: 
msengel@ku.edu. 


> Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th 
Street, New York, New York 10024-5192 U.S.A. E-mail: krishn@amnh.org. 


Mailed on April 27, 2007 


106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


In the table summarizing the hierarchical classification of Isoptera (Engel and 
Krishna, 2004a), Pliotermitinae and Miotermitinae would be listed as synonyms 
of Mastotermitidae. Neither name affects the priority or status of any other fam- 
ily-group names in use. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Partial support was provided by NSF DEB-0542909 (to Engel) and NSF DEB-9870097 (to 
Krishna and David Grimaldi, same affiliation as Krishna). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Emerson, A. E. 1965. A review of the Mastotermitidae (Isoptera), including a new fossil genus 
from Brazil. American Museum Novitates 2236: 1-45. 


Engel, M. S. and K. Krishna. 2004a. Family-group names for termites (Isoptera). American 
Museum Novitates 3432: 1-9. 


Engel, M. S. and K. Krishna. 2004b [2005]. An overlooked family-group name for termites 
(Isoptera). Entomological News 115(3): 168. 


International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1999. International Code of Zoological 
Nomenclature [4th Edition]. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. London, U.K. 
xxix + 306 pp. 


Pongracz, A. 1926. Uber fossile Termiten Ungarns. Mitteilungen aus dem Jahrbuch der K6ni- 
glichen Ungarischen Geologischen Anstalt 25: 23-30. 


Pongracz, S. 1917. Uj harmadidészaki termeszfaj Radobojrél. A Magyar Kirdalyi Féldtani Intézet 
Evkényve 25: 23-36. 


Rosen, K., von. 1913. Die fossilen Termiten: Eine kurtze Zusammenfassung der bis jetzt bekennten 
Funde. Transactions of the Second International Congress of Entomology, Oxford 1912, 2: 
318-335. 


Snyder, T. E. 1949. Catalog of the termites (Isoptera) of the world. Smithsonian Miscellaneous 
Collections 112(3953): 1-490. 


Volume 118, Number |, January and February 2007 107 


OBITUARY 
HERMAN LENT (1911-2004) 


The main specialist in vectors (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) of Chagasi disease in Brazil 
was, without any doubt, Herman Lent. He was born in Rio de Janeiro — former Federal 
District — on 3 February 1911 and died in the same city on 7 June 2004, at the age of 93 
years. 

Lent was graduated as bachelor (surveyor) of Sciences and Letters by the Military 
School of Rio de Janeiro in 1928. In 1934, he finished the courses of medicine in the 
Faculty of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro. Two years prior to his medicine graduation, he fin- 
ished the Application Course of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, with Professor Lauro Travas- 
sos (1890-1970), a well-known helminthologist, as his mentor. The institution admitted 
him as a researcher in 1933 and later on he became a faculty member and Head of Ento- 
mology Section and the Zoology Division (1962-1964). 

His first scientific paper, published in 1934 with his colleague J. F. Teixeira de Freitas 
(1912-1970), refers to helminths of birds. He penned other papers on parasites for sever- 
al years. In 1935, he published a paper on Hemipter, as collaborator of César Pinto (1896- 
1986). Thereafter, he published many papers on reduviids. With Peter Wygodzinsky 
(1916-1987) he finished his major paper on the subject: Revision of the Triatominae 
(Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and their significance as vector of Chagasi disease [Bulletin of 
the American Museum of Natural History, 163 (1):123-510]. Lent and other scientists (R. 
Carcavallo, I. G. Giron, and J. Jurberg) published the bilingual book Atlas dos Vetores da 
Doenga de Chagas nas Américas — Atlas of Chagasi Disease Vectors in the Americas (3 
volumes, Editora FioCruz, Rio de Janeiro, 1997). 

He served as the editor of the Revista Brasileira de Biologia (1941-1981, changed to 
Brazilian Journal of Biology in 2000) and Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciéncias 
(1968-1981. He did not accept the change in the name of the Revista because the journal, 
which had been well known all over the World for 60 years, began to be published in 
English. In 2 April 1970, Lent and nine other colleagues from the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 
(Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) were dismissed and forbidden to work for any Brazilian govern- 
ment unit (Institutional Act n. 5). This episode was explained in his book Massacre de 
Manguinhos (Avenir Editora, Rio de Janeiro, 69 pp., 1978). Due to his qualities as a re- 
‘searcher, Lent was soon invited to work as a Full Professor at the renown Universidad de 
Los Andes (Merida, Venezuela) were he served from 1972 to 1974. In 1975, he was a Re- 
search Associate at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. When he 
returned to Brazil in 1976, he was invited to work for the Universidade Santa Ursula (Rio 
de Janeiro), as a Full Professor of Helminthology, were he stayed until 2004. In this last 
year of life, he received a scholarship from the National Research Council of Brazil, con- 
tinuing his work in that University as researcher A-1. 

He was a member of the Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Sociedade Brasileira de 
Microbiologia, Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciéncia, Academia Brasileira de 
Ciéncias, Sociedad Americana de Parasitologistas, Sociedad Chilena de Historia Natural, 
Association of Tropical Biology, etc. In 1972 he was awarded the Costa Lima Prize for 
his work on medical entomology. 


Hitoshi Nomura 

Rua Dr. Quirino 1765 Apartamento 13 
13015-082 - Campinas, Sao Paulo State, Brazil 
E-mail: momura33@terra.com.br 


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108 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


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' Jorge A. Santiago-Blay, Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smith- 
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90 An annotated list of the Green Lacewings (Neuroptera: 
Chrysopidae) of northwestern Turkey, with new records, their 
Spatiotemporal distribution, and harboring plants 

Bohattin Kovanci and Orkun Baris Kovanci 


SCIENTIFIC NOTES 


87 Sex discrimination of adult Curculio nucum L. (Coleoptera: 
Curculionidae), a pest of hazelnuts in Turkey 
Izzet Akca, Celal Tuncer, and Islam Saruhan 


105 Two overlooked family-group names for fossil termites (lsoptera: 


Mastotermitidae) Michael S. Engel and Kumar Krishna 
OBITUARY 
107 Herman Lent (1911-2004) Hitoshi Nomura 
BOOK REVIEW 
108 Recently published books Jorge A. Santiago-Blay 


THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


www.acnatsci.org/hosted/aes 


Number 2 


IZ 


109 


127 


134 


139 


143 


149 


168 


173 


179 


184 


Entomological News 


Description and conservation status of a new subspecies of 
Cicindela tranquebarica (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae), from the 
San Joaquin Valley of California, U.S.A. 

C. Barry Knisley and R. Dennis Haines 


The first record of Parochlus kiefferi (Garrett, 1925) (Diptera, 
Chironomidae, Podonominae) from Italy 
Valeria Lencioni, Laura Marziali, and Bruno Rossaro 


A gynandromorph of Eurema hecabe (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) 
from Japan S. Narita, M. Nomura, and D. Kageyama 


Nets and prey of /sodontia elegans (F Smith) (Hymenoptera: 
Sphecidae) in Montana, U.S.A. 
Kevin M. O’Neill and Ruth P. O’Neill 


A new species of Raamphomyia (sensu stricto) Meigen (Diptera, 
Empididae) from southern Anatolia, Turkey 
Miroslav Bartak, Mustafa Cemal Ciftci, and Abdullah Hasbenli 


New data on Asyndetus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from China, 
with the description of a new species 
Mengqing Wang, Ding Yang, and Kazihiro Masunaga 


The Polana (Polanana) sana species group (Hemiptera: 
Cicadellidae: Gyponinae), with descriptions of six new species 
from Soutk America Paul H. Freytag 


Functional morphology of the venom apparatus of the funnel 
spider, Agelena graciliens (Araneae: Agelenidae) from Turkey 
Nazife Yigit, Abdullah Bayram, Tarik Danisman, and Zafer Sancak 


Laminatopina orientalis gen et sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: 
Delphacidae) from China Dao-zheng Qin and Ya-lin Zhang 


New genus and species of Acanthocorini (Hemiptera: Heterocera: 
Coreidae: Coreinae) from Australia Harry Brailovsky 


A new species and some new records of the genus Oxycera 
(Diptera: Stratiomyidae) from Turkey 
Turgay Ustiiner and Abdullah Hasbenli 


Rectimarginalis, a new genus of Holochlorini (Orthoptera: 
Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae), with a key to the genera of 
2 atc species of Rectimarginalis from China 
Ni4 Ny Chun-Xiang Liu and Le Kang 


continued on back cover 


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Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 109 


DESCRIPTION AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF A NEW 
SUBSPECIES OF CICINDELA TRANQUEBARICA 
(COLEOPTERA: CICINDELIDAE), FROM THE SAN 
JOAQUIN VALLEY OF CALIFORNIA, U.S.A.’ 


C. Barry Knisley’ and R. Dennis Haines’ 


ABSTRACT: This paper describes a new subspecies of oblique-lined tiger beetle, Cicindela tranque- 
barica joaquinensis, from the San Joaquin Valley of California. This new subspecies is most closely 
related to C. t. vibex with which it intergrades along the margins of the San Joaquin Valley. The macu- 
lation pattern of C. ¢. joaquinensis, like that of C. t. arida is characterized by being reduced to only the 
apical lunules. However, C. ¢. arida is significantly smaller in body size, has microserrations on the ely- 
tra, is restricted to the Death Valley area and thus well separated from C. ¢t. joaquinensis by both dis- 
tance and the Sierra Nevada Mountains. A study of collection records indicated C. t. joaquinensis was 
historically present throughout much of the San Joaquin Valley in alkali sink or flat habitats. A search 
of the historic and many additional sites with these habitats produced only three extant populations of 
C. t. joaquinensis, all in patches of habitat that were less than three hectares in size. The extirpation of 
most populations of this beetle was caused by habitat loss from intense agricultural development in the 
San Joaquin Valley, especially cultivation for crops, cattle grazing, and water diversions and modifica- 
tions related to irrigation. Increased vegetation is also reducing the open areas in the habitats needed by 
this species. Because of the very few and small extant populations and the elimination of nearly all of 
the alkali sink habitat, C. t. joaquinensis should be considered for endangered status by the U.S. Fish 
and Wildlife Service. 


KEY WORDS: tiger beetle, Cicindela tranquebarica, Cicindelidae, Coleoptera, insect conservation, 
rare insects, San Joaquin Valley, California, U.S.A. 


Tiger beetles (family Cicindelidae) have become increasingly important as a 
focus group in insect conservation, particularly as indicators of biodiversity and 
habitat degradation (Knisley and Hill 1992, Pearson and Cassola 1992, Pearson et 
al., 2006). At present, four species of tiger beetles are listed as endangered or 
threatened and two others are candidates for listing. An additional 25 or more 
species and subspecies of tiger beetles may be sufficiently rare to be included on 
the list of threatened or endangered species (Knisley and Schultz 1997, Pearson et 
al. 2006). Although both species and subspecies may be listed under the 
Endangered Species Act, determining the taxonomic status is necessary because it 
affects listing priority and action. For example, taxonomic studies were a critical 
part of the status surveys and listing considerations for all of the currently listed or 
candidate tiger beetles (C. dorsalis dorsalis, C. puritana, C. ohlone, C. albissima, 
C. nevadica lincolniana, and C. highlandensis). 


‘Received July 26, 2006. Accepted September 1, 2006. 


* Department of Biology, Randolph Macon College, Ashland, Virginia 23005 U.S.A. 
Email: bknisley@rmc.edu. 


* Agricultural Commissioner/Sealer’s Office, 4437 S. Laspina, Tulare, California 93274 U.S.A. Email: 
dhaines@co.tulare.ca.us. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 118 (2): 109, March and April 2007 
Mailed on June 18, 2007 


110 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


The oblique-lined tiger beetle, Cicindela tranquebarica, is one of the most wide- 
spread and diverse of the U.S. tiger beetles. Over 27 names have been applied to it, 
and the 12 subspecies recognized by most workers are more than any other North 
American species. Eleven of the subspecies occur west of the Great Plains, includ- 
ing 10 in the southwest, and 6 of these in California (Pearson et al., 2006). The most 
distinctive character of this species is the extended anterior maculation (humeral 
lunule), which is long and angles gradually inward from the outer edge of the 
elytron, and the absence of a marginal white line (Pearson et al., 2006). However, 
several populations have the maculations reduced to only a small apical lunule at 
the posterior tip of the elytra. Dorsal coloration varies from black, brown, red, and 
green to bluish-green. Of the five subspecies that are restricted to or range into 
southern California, C. t. vibex is the most widely distributed. It ranges from British 
Columbia south through California and west of the Sierra Nevada to San Luis 
Obispo and Ventura Counties. Most of the specimens in collections from the San 
Joaquin Valley have been identified as C. t. vibex. C. t. sierra is a widespread mon- 
tane form (occurring above 200 m) and ranging from far eastern Tulare County 
north to Lassen County in northern California. C. ¢. inyo is restricted to the Owens 
Valley of eastern California and adjacent Nevada, while C. ¢. viridissima is in 
Orange, Los Angeles, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties. 

The most recent taxonomic study of C. tranquebarica by Kritsky and Horner 
(1998) recognized eight subspecies and elevated C. ¢. arida to full species status. 
These workers considered C. t. moapana and C. t. inyo to be synonyms of C. ¢. par- 
allelonota, and C. t. borealis a synonym of C. t. vibex. Most cicindelid workers, 
especially those familiar with the diversity of forms in southern California, includ- 
ing some populations not examined by Kritsky and Horner (1998), believe their 
study was not thorough enough to justify the taxonomic revisions they present, and 
that much additional work on this species is needed, possibly including mtDNA or 
other new approaches. Consequently, we follow the most widely accepted treat- 
ment of this species as given in Boyd et al. (1982), Freitag (1998) and Pearson et 
al. (2006). Adding to the problem is that many California populations have appar- 
ently been extirpated in the past several decades, most likely due to the widespread 
conversion of natural habitats to agricultural or urban uses. Regardless of whether 
or not the revisions of Kritsky and Horner (1998) become widely accepted, the new 
subspecies we describe was apparently unknown by those authors and a distinct 
subspecies of C. tranquebarica. Our study was prompted by the extreme rarity of 
this new form and the need to protect it from extirpation. 


METHODS 
The initial part of this study included a compilation of information on the distri- 
bution of the southern California populations of C. tranquebarica by reviewing the 
literature and examining collection records and specimens from various museum, 
university, and private collections that had specimens of this species from southern 
California. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 111 


Specimens we examined were from the following collections: AMNH — Ameri- 
can Museum of Natural History, New York, NY; CASC — California Academy of 
Sciences, San Francisco, CA; CBKC — C. Barry Knisley Collection, Ashland, 
Virginia, CSCA — California State Collection of Arthropods, Sacramento, CA; 
DBC — David Brzoska Collection, Naples, Florida; LACM — Los Angeles County 
Museum, Los Angeles, CA, California; RDHC — R. Dennis Haines Collection, 
Tulare, California; TCAC — Tulare County Agricultural Commissioner/Sealer’s 
Office, Tulare, CA; UCRC — University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA; 
UID — University of Idaho, Moscow, ID. 

Taxonomic Studies: Our taxonomic study was based primarily on population 
differences in maculation pattern and color because these are the characters most 
commonly used by other workers to distinguish subspecies of C. tranquebarica. To 
evaluate differences in maculation pattern among populations we graded speci- 
mens (usually 10-20 per population, if available) according to the range of macu- 
lation patterns of C. tranquebarica, from the most fully maculated (Fig. 1A) to the 
least maculated (Fig. 1H). Other variations of the maculation pattern included in 
the analysis were width at the base of the middle band, connection of the humeral 
dot with the humeral lunule, and connection of the apical dot with the apical lunule 
(Fig. 1). Dorsal ground coloration was also a variable character and included in the 
analysis. Mean total body length differences were not statistically significant for all 
populations examined except for C. t. arida, which was significantly smaller than 
all other populations. Setal patterns and several other characters of potential impor- 
tance were examined but were similar in all populations and thus not useful for sep- 
arating populations. 

Field Surveys: The diversity of habitat types utilized by C. tranquebarica pre- 
sented a challenge for obtaining an accurate determination of its preferred habitat 
and distribution within our survey area. Some of the historic label data was too gen- 
eral to identify specific localities and habitat type, but fortunately one of us (RDH) 
obtained firsthand information from several of the early collectors about their col- 
lecting sites in the San Joaquin Valley. With this information and visits to many 
C. tranquebarica sites in southern California, we concluded this species occurred 
almost exclusively in two types of habitats, both having moisture at or near the sur- 
face. Most records were from sandy floodplains along rivers or streams, but others 
were from alkali sinks, flats, and playas, so we concentrated our field surveys on 
these two habitat types. We conducted fieldwork on >30 dates from summer of 
2002 through spring 2006, primarily from March through May and September 
through November. This is the bimodal period of adult C. tranquebarica activity 
indicated by collection records. In our visits to these sites, we searched the open 
areas of potential habitat for adults, made spot checks of the ground surface for lar- 
val burrows (Knisley and Schultz 1997) and recorded habitat features that were 
probable indicators of habitat for C. tranquebarica. Most sites with potential habi- 
tat were visited 2-4 times. At the sites where we found C. tranquebarica, we 
recorded dominant plant species and other habitat characteristics and conducted 
visual searches and counted the numbers of adults and larvae present. Repre- 


112 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


sentative specimens were collected for the description, but because of its rarity, 
only limited numbers were taken and most of these later in the year after they had 
time to mate and oviposit. 


Figure 1. Illustrations of the variations of maculation patterns for C. tranquebarica through- 
out its range. Capital letters indicate middle band and overall maculation pattern, arranged 
from most (A) to least developed maculations (H). Small letters (a to e) indicate variations 
in the width at the base of the middle band; f, g, h are variations in attachment of humeral 
lunule; i, j, k, | are variations in apical lunule. See Table 1 and text. 


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
Cicindela tranquebarica joaquinensis Knisley and Haines, new subspecies 


(Fig. 2) 


Description: Holotype male. Length 12.8 mm, robust. Color green dorsally; 
ventrally head and thorax shiny metallic green, abdomen metallic blue; vertex, 
frons and clypeus shiny, metallic green. Elytral maculation reduced to only a small 
apical lunule. HEAD: Labrum ivory with black margin, three labral teeth of equal 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 113 


size, with 6-7 marginal setae. Mandibles with basal and apical portion black, mid- 
dle portion green, with 3 teeth. Frons rugose with abundant (>50) erect setae; ver- 
tex rugose, and with dense, erect setae; gena rugose especially near eye, with 1-2 
indistinct setae on anterio-ventral margin. Antennal segments one to four metallic 
green; segment one with 19-25 setae, segment two with 1 apical setae; segments 
three and four each with rows of long setae along the lateral margin and apex; seg- 
ments 5-11 are testaceous and dull brown. THORAX: Pronotum rectangular, wid- 
est anteriorly; disc covered with shallow wavy rugae; median line shallow, anteri- 
or and posterior transverse grooves deep; long, thin, erect setae along marginal 
third of disc. Prosternum glabrous; proepisternum with abundant long, thin setae; 
mesepisternum and mesepimeron with many long, erect setae. Metasternum and 
metepisternum with long, erect setae. ELYTRA parallel sided, surface finely gran- 
ulate, covered with raised gold bumps; deep setae bearing fovea. Apices without 
microserrations, but with a short spine. ABDOMEN: Terminal three sternites shiny 
metallic green with scattered long erect setae, most along posterior margin. LEGS: 
Pro- and mesocoxa with long, erect setae; metacoxa with long, erect setae along 
dorsal anterior margin; pro- and mesotrochanter with long, erect setae on posterior 
margin; metatrochanter glabrous. 


Figure 2. Habitus of male holotype of Cicindela tranquebarica joaquinensis Knisley and 
Haines. 


114 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Type Material: Holotype (male), CA, Kings Co., near Guernsey, 27-[II-2005. 
Paratypes: 10 from CA, Tulare Co., west of Earlimart, 17-XI-2005; 12 from CA, 
Kings Co., near Guernsey, 27-III-2005. Holotype and 5 paratypes to be deposited 
in California Academy of Sciences; 6 paratypes to USNM, 3 to AMNH, 8 to the 
authors (4 each to RDH and CBK). 

Variation of type series: Males: Mean length, 11.8 mm, range of 11.1 to 12.2 
mm. Females: Mean length, 12.6 mm, range of 11.8 to 13.2 mm. A small percent 
of specimens have a dot-like or faintly developed partial middle band or a detached 
part of the apical lunule. Setae on first antennal segment range from 12 to 28, most 
individuals with 18-24. Number of setae on anterio-ventral edge of gena ranges 
from 0-4. Sixth abdominal sternite in females lacking fine pubescence and long, 
erect satae. 

Comparison with other populations. Although the maculation pattern of C. t. 
Joaquinensis is most similar to that of Cicindela t. arida (Table 1), our study indi- 
cates this new subspecies is most closely related taxonomically to C. t. vibex but 
differs in maculation (see below). Despite the nearly identical maculation patterns 
of C. t. joaquinensis and C. ¢. arida and green coloration, most of the C. t. arida 
we examined also had a reddish cast or sheen over the green. More importantly, 
Cicindela t. arida has microserrations on the elytral apices and is significantly 
smaller (p < 0.001, ANOVA) than C. t. joaginensis in both elytral length (mean of 
7.34 mm, s.d.= 0.19, versus 8.37 mm, s.d. = 0.44, in females and 6.58 mm, s.d.= 
0.35 versus 7.65 mm, s.d.= 0.27, in males) and elytral width (4.69 mm, s.d = 0.26 
versus 5.29 mm, s.d. = 0.29, in females and 4.28 mm, s.d. = 0.28 versus 4.88 mm, 
s.d. = 0.18, in males). Populations of all other western subspecies that we measured 
were not significantly different in elytral length or width from C. t. joaquinensis. 
Previous studies of tiger beetle subspecies have established a precedent for body 
size aS an appropriate taxonomic character. For instance, body size was used to sep- 
arate the subspecies of C. dorsalis (Boyd and Rust 1984). These differences may 
also function as a reproductive isolating mechanism. In laboratory mating studies 
of C. d. dorsalis and C. d. media, the size difference between these two subspecies 
reduced pairing success and mating times (Fielding and Knisley, unpublished stud- 
ies). That study also found that the size mismatch of the flagellum of the male 
aedeagus and the spermathecal duct of the female (into which the flagellum inserts 
during sperm transfer) might reduce the chances for successful sperm transfer in 
intersubspecific matings. The size difference between C. ¢t. arida and other western 
subspecies 1s comparable to that of C. d. dorsalis and C. d. media, and may simi- 
larly function as a reproductive isolating mechanism. The structures of the male 
genitalic components of C. ¢. arida were similar to other C. tranquebarica but their 
smaller size and was a key factor in the separate species status (Kritsky, pers. 
comm.). Further evidence that C. ¢. joaquinensis 1s less related to C. ¢. arida than 
to C. t. vibex is the great distance (over 220 km) and the presence of the Sierra 
Nevada Mountains that would act as a significant barrier to gene exchange between 
populations in the San Joaquin Valley and Death Valley. The similarity of the ely- 
tral maculation pattern in these two subspecies may thus be a result of convergent 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 115 


evolution rather than taxonomic similarity. Also, the differently colored and macu- 
lated subspecies of C. ¢. inyo from the Owens Valley occurs west of Death Valley 
and between the ranges of C. ¢. arida and C. t. joaquinensis. 

Of the 88 specimens from the seven populations within the San Joaquin Valley 
examined, 59 had only apical maculations (Fig. 1, grades G or I) and 15 others had, 
in addition, a very reduced or incomplete middle band, usually represented by one 
or two dots or short lines (grades D, E, F). Only 14 specimens had a complete mid- 
dle band (grades B, C) with a wider base (grades c, d). Most of these were from 
Coalinga at the western edge of the San Joaquin Valley or from the Dinuba-Reedley 
populations at the eastern edges of the San Joaquin Valley, and probably intergrades 
of C. t. vibex and C. t. joaquinensis. A range of maculation patterns was present 
among specimens from Kern County, but most of these had a well developed mid- 
dle band (B) and humeral maculations (f, g) and were similar to populations further 
south (Soda Lake in San Luis Obispo County) or to the east (Lake Isabella in east- 
ern Kern County) (Table 1). Most workers have identified these populations as 
C. t. vibex, but additional studies are needed, probably using mtDNA analysis, to 
confirm this and to determine their relationship to other southern California popu- 
lations. In addition to C. ¢. viridissima and C. t. sierra, there are brown, well mac- 
ulated populations from the Cuyama Valley of western Ventura County, similar 
brown populations along the Mojave River in western San Bernardino County, and 
well-maculated green to blue green populations along the Santa Clara River in east- 
ern Ventura County. The identity of these forms is uncertain, and they apparently 
were not included in Kritsky and Horner’s (1998) study of C. tranquebarica. One 
additional character that distinguishes C. t. joaquinensis from all other C. tranque- 
barica subspecies we examined, including those in Table 1, is the lack of microser- 
rations on the elytral apices. 

Historic and recent records: Our examination of San Joaquin Valley C. tran- 
quebarica specimens in collections produced a total of 46 site records within the 
range of C. t. joaquinensis, including 3 records for Madera County, 19 for Tulare 
County, 2 for Kings County, 21 for Fresno County, and 1 from Stanislaus (Table 2, 
Fig. 3). Most of these records were from the 1920s to 1940 (many collected by F. 
T. Scott and R. Hopping). The most common collection sites were Coalinga (8 
records), Visalia (7 records), and Kerman (6 records). Coalinga is along the west- 
ern edge of the San Joaquin Valley. Specimens from there are more maculated, and 
probably intergrade with C. ¢. vibex (see above). The most recent records for C. ¢. 
joaquinensis were from March 1984 and April 2000. The 2000 record was for a 
small population found in scattered patches of alkali sink habitat in southern 
Madera County (Christopher Rogers, pers. comm.). The 1984 record was for sev- 
eral specimens found along a sandy road through an alkali meadow in the Kaweah 
Oaks Preserve, near Farmersville (Tulare County), by the second author. The only 
other recent records for C. tranquebarica within the San Joaquin Valley are two 
specimens taken along the Kings River near Reedley (October 2003) and one from 
Dinuba (1988). All three of these specimens have more complete maculations sug- 
gesting they are intergrades with C. ¢. vibex. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


116 


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117 


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118 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Table. 2. Collection records for C. tranquebarica within the San Joaquin Valley. 
Locations of current C. t. joaquinensis populations are not included. 


County Locality No. Date Collector Collection 
Madera Chowchilla 1 7-III-39 R. P. Allen AMNH 
Madera Granite Cr. 1 6-V-34 AMNH 
Madera 20 km W of Borden 6 10-IV-2000 C. Rogers DBC 
Fresno Fresno 1 E. A. Schwartz USNM 
Fresno Farmerville 30-III-1984 D. Haines RDHC 
Fresno Kerman 19-III-1933 TCAC 
Fresno Kerman 30-X-1927 TCAC 
Fresno Kerman 15-X-1927 TCAC 
Fresno Kerman 15-X-1927 TCAC 
Fresno Kerman 1 30-X-27 M. A. Cazier AMNH 
Fresno Kerman 19-III-1933 TCAC 
Fresno 9 mi W. Kerman | 25-I11-53 Snelling CDFA 
Fresno Helm 16-III-1924 TCAC 
Fresno 20 mi. SW Fresno ] 4-III-38 LACM 
Fresno Parlier, Kearney Agr. Center, Fresno 5 9-X-89 N. J. Smith CDFA 
Fresno Coalinga V-5 TCAC 
Fresno Coalinga 15-[II-1927 TCAC 
Fresno Coalinga TCAC 
Fresno _—- Coalinga V-5 TCAC 
Fresno Coalinga 20-III-62 CALAC 
Fresno Coalinga 2 27-X-83 N Smith 
Fresno Coalinga 3 30-II-40 NLRC 
Fresno Coalingua, Los Gatos Ck. 4 7-IV-73 UCR 
Fresno Parkfield Grade, 10 mi SW Coalingua 2 27-X-83 CDFA 
Tulare San Joaquin Mill 1 5-IV-05 AMNH 
Tulare San Joaquin Mill 2 5-V-10 AMNH 
Tulare San Joaquin Mill 1 H F Wickham LACM 
Tulare San Joaquin Mill 3 Hopping UCR 
Tulare Kaweah Oaks Preserve 3 I-84 D. Haines RDHC 
Tulare Visalia F. Scott TCAC 
Tulare Visalia IV-34 F. Scott TCAC 
Tulare Visalia IV/1926? F. Scott TCAC 
Tulare Visalia IV-34 TCAC 
Tulare Visalia IV-30 F. Scott TCAC 
Tulare Visalia 2 V-34 F. T. Scott LACM 
Tulare Visalia 2 33? F. T. Scott CDFA 
Tulare Exeter 1 28-IL-34 A. Nicolay Colln. USNM 
Tulare 1 V-30 F. T. Scott LACM 
Tulare Exeter 5 28-II-34 M. A. Cazier AMNH 
Tulare 2 III-30 F.Scott TCAC 
Tulare Exeter 1 3/21/1934? TCAC 
Tulare Skaggs Bridge 1 10/13/1929 TCAC 
Tulare Porterville 2 1/V/1957 WM.R.Clark TCAC 
Kings? “North Kamm” 8) 25-III-32 A. T. McClay USNM 
Kings 2 mi S. Hub 7-VI-78 ? 

Kem Cottonwood Cr. 2 6-IV-39 W. F. Barr USNM 
Kem v 1 H. Morrison USNM 
Kem Cottonwood Cr. 2 22-III-40 W. F. Barr LACM 
Kem Cottonwood Cr. 1 6-IV-39 W. F. Barr LACM 
Kem Cottonwood Cr. 5 22-III-40 W. F. Barr NLRC 
Kern Cottonwood Cr. 1 6-IV-39 L. L. Jensen MCZ 
Kem Bakersfield 4 27-II-1892 F. C. Bowditch LACM 
Kern Poso Cr., 3 mi. E. Hwy 65 14 17-IV-71 LACM 
Kern Poso Cr., 3 mi. E. Hwy 65 12 10-V-71 C. E. Langston LACM 
Kern Poso Cr., 3 mi. E. Hwy 65 40 17-IV,22-II] UCR 
Kern Poso Cr., Snyders Swamp 2 29-IlI-70 Rumpp NLRC 
Kern Poso Cr., Snyders Swamp ] 19-IV-75 Rumpp NLRC 
Kern Kern R. ] 15-IV-05 Hopping LACM 
Kern Kern R. ] 16-IV-05 Hopping LACM 
Kern Kern R. | IV-28 LACM 
Kern Oil City 3 IV-16 LACM 
Kern Oil City ] IV-28 R. Hopping LACM 
Kern Adobe Station 19-IV-05 UCR 
Kern Kern R. ] IV-28 LACM 
Kern Cuyama Rch, Cuyama Cyn. 26 6-III-37 M. Cazier AMNH 
Kern Bakersfield 4 12-III-34 AMNH 
Kern 4mi W Bakersfield 10 28-X-75 UCR 
Stanislaus Turlock 6 k UCR 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 119 


v 
at 24”, 


Gat ge tena 
‘Ranges 12 


. Colorado 


Figure. 3. Map of southern California showing sites for C. tranquebarica populations and 
named subspecies. Letters indicate C. t. joaquinensis sites: C = Coalinga, D = Dinuba, E 
= Earlimart, F = Farmersville, G = Guernsey, H = Helm, K = Kerman, M = Madera, P = 
Portersville, V= Visalia. Open circles indicate probable intergrade populations of C. t. 
Joaquinensis x C. t. vibex; solid circle is Cuyama River population; solid triangles are 
Santa Clara River populations; open squares are C. ¢. viridissima; open triangles are 
Mojave River populations; solid inverted triangle is C. ¢. inyo; solid squares are C. ¢. 
arida. 


Field surveys and habitats: Using these historical site records, we focused 
our initial search of extant populations on historic riparian and alkali sink sites 
within the four-county area, and on additional sites in adjacent counties where 
these habitats were represented. Over 80 sites were visited (Table 3). Those 
located along rivers and creeks were the most common among the records and 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


120 


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121 


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12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


easiest to find. We checked over 25 floodplain or water edge sites including most 
historic sites, but no C. tranquebarica or other tiger beetles were found. Nearly 
all of these sites seemed unlikely to support tiger beetle populations because of 
habitat loss or degradation from agricultural activity, reduced water flow, cattle 
and human trampling, and/or other land use changes. 

We checked over 50 sites with alkali sink or similar saline habitats, including 
all known historic sites. We focused on the sites near Visalia, Kerman and Helm 
where many of the earlier collections were made, but most of these and other 
sites no longer had suitable habitat because of their conversion to agricultural 
usage, primarily tillage and cattle grazing. We did find several sites in the 
Kerman area, near the Mendota Wildlife Refuge, with remaining patches of 
seemingly suitable habitat, but no tiger beetles were found. We and several other 
collectors also visited the Madera County site between 2003 and 2005 but, 
because the site was a private ranch, only the peripheral areas were checked and 
not the interior areas where the beetles were previously found. We found this site 
to be very densely vegetated with planted grasses, suggesting it may no longer 
be suitable habitat. Our surveys found C. t. joaquinensis at only four sites, three 
within a 10 sq. km area in Kings County and one in Tulare County. Specific loca- 
tions of these sites are not given here because of the extreme rarity of this tiger 
beetle and possible threats from over-collecting. 

Kings County sites: The three Kings County sites (designated here as A, B, 
C), found in late March and April 2005, were scattered fragments of remaining 
alkali sink habitat near the northeastern edge of the historic Tulare Lake basin, 
all with similar vegetation and physical characteristics. Vegetation was relative- 
ly high (0.5-0.8 m in spring 2005), due to abundant early spring rains, with scat- 
tered open bare patches (“mini-playas”’) of variable size, but usually <100 sq. m) 
where adults and most larvae were primarily concentrated. The habitat type at 
site A had common elements of the Valley Grassland, while sites B and C had a 
greater number of herbaceous perennials. The vegetation included a mix of low, 
salt tolerant shrubs (Swaeda moquinii, Frankenia salina, Allenrolfea occidentale, 
and I[socoma acradenia) and Distichlis spicata (saltgrass). Common annual 
grasses were Bromus spp., Vulpia spp., and Hordeum spp. Common forbs were 
Atriplex spp., Hemizonia pungens, Lasthenia spp., Lepidium spp., and 
Spergularia spp. At Kings A we counted a peak number of 35 adults in late 
March 2005. At Kings B we found only a few adults in March and April 2005 
and made a high count of 30-35 in late March 2006. The third site (Kings C) had 
small numbers of larvae that were probably those of C. tranquebarica, but unfor- 
tunately the site was plowed and the habitat found to be destroyed when we 
checked it in spring 2006. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 123 


Tulare County site: A review of aerial photographs of the San Joaquin Valley 
revealed a potential area for C. t. joaquinensis along the eastern edge of the his- 
toric Tulare Lake margin. We surveyed the location near Earlimart (Tulare 
County) in June of 2005 and here we noted apparent C. tranquebarica larval bur- 
rows associated with the grassland and scattered mini-playas. The vegetation at 
this site is dominated by Valley Grassland species with very little of the perenni- 
al herbaceous cover seen at Kings B. The vegetation included a mix of low, salt 
tolerant shrubs (lsocoma acradenia and Suaeda moquinii), Distichlis spicata 
(saltgrass), common annual grasses (Bromus spp., Hordeum spp., and Vulpia 
spp.), and common forbs (Atriplex spp., Gilia tricolor, Hemizonia spp., 
Lasthenia spp., Lepidium spp., and Spergularia spp.). Further surveys in the fall 
of 2005 confirmed the presence of adult C. t. joaquinensis, with a peak count of 
22 individuals. 

Field notes, behavior, and seasonality: Observations at both Kings and 
Tulare County sites indicated adults were restricted to the open or edges of the 
bare alkali patches (“mini-playas”’) of varying size (20 to 200 sq. m) with usual- 
ly 1-3 adults per patch. Some patches had standing water or were moist from 
recent rain, but others had dry surface soil. Most larval burrows (often in small 
clusters of 2-5) were located at the edges of these bare patches near vegetation. 
Our field observations and collection records suggest that C. t. joaquinensis has 
a modified spring-fall seasonal pattern similar to that of the other southern 
California forms. Adults can be found from late January to mid-February through 
April, and again in September to November when the new cohort emerges. Most 
collection records are for March and October (Table 2). The spring activity peri- 
od is longer than many other spring-fall species but is limited to days when tem- 
peratures are near or above 60° F and sunny, and probably when there is some 
surface moisture. There will thus be frequent extended periods of a week or more 
during spring when conditions are unfavorable for adult activity. A new adult 
cohort emerges in late September through October, but the fall emergence may 
not occur until spring if there is little or no fall rainfall. Our latest observation of 
adult activity was on November 19, 2005. On that date we dug some adults from 
apparent larval burrows and observed others going into these burrows. This 
behavior suggested the adults had emerged earlier and were possibly retreating 
into these preexisting burrows during periods of unfavorable weather or to spend 
the cold periods from November to February. 

We found large numbers of larval burrows (+150) at both Kings A and B in 
April 2005, and over 100 at the Tulare site in June 2005. Most were second and 
third instars and usually present as clusters of 2-8 burrows along the edges of 
vegetation surrounding the bare patches. A small group of larval burrows were 
tagged and monitored in 2005. These larvae remained active throughout the sum- 
mer, but they began plugging their burrows in early September until early 
October, presumably in preparation for pupation and fall emergence. 

Habitat loss, limiting factors, and causes of rarity: Most of the suitable 
habitat for tiger beetles in the San Joaquin Valley has been lost, primarily due to 


124 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


the intense agricultural activity and the coincidental disruption of water flow in 
the rivers and streams. The primary limiting factor for the existing areas of 
potential alkali sink habitats seemed to be whether or not past land usage had 
included tillage. None of the sites we surveyed that had experienced significant 
tillage of the soil had evidence of C. t. joaquinensis or any suitable habitat. This 
was not surprising when considering the immobile nature of larvae and the lim- 
ited opportunity for reinvasion by adults from the increasingly isolated popula- 
tions. Some disturbances, however, may only eliminate or reduce habitat quality 
temporarily. For instance, at one of the sites with beetles, a section had been pre- 
viously trenched, apparently to alter the drainage pattern. 

Tiger beetle habitat in the San Joaquin Valley has also been lost through 
excessive use of the land for cattle grazing. The main effect of this activity in not 
the reduction in vegetation but rather the disturbance caused by too many hooves 
on fragile soil types. Alkaline soils tend to “liquify” during periods of winter and 
spring rains, and the weight of heavy animals drives their hooves deep into the 
substrate causing compaction and crushing burrows and/or larvae. Placement of 
salt licks near alkali playas can also cause animals to congregate near these frag- 
ile systems, destroying larval burrows and adult foraging areas. Cattle will also 
seek out playa areas for water in late spring. These negative perturbations are, 
however, offset by the benefits of cattle grazing which reduces the vegetation 
height and density of non-native species to create the open areas needed by C. ¢. 
Joaquinensis. 

Another limiting factor for tiger beetles in this area is the loss of open patch- 
es due to the growth of annuals plants, some of which are invasive species. The 
primary invasive species at the current sites are Mediterranean grasses (Bromus 
diandrus, B. madritensis rubens, B. hordeaceus, and Hordeum murinum lepor- 
inum), along with several annual forbs (Bassia hyssopifolia, Erodium spp., 
Malva parvifolia, and Melilotus indica). In cases where land was not grazed to 
reduce cover, openings at the margins and between playas were often not pres- 
ent. This choking out of habitat by excessive plant growth was a common prob- 
lem, and we hypothesize that this is the cause for the extirpation of a C. t. 
Joaquinensis population at the Kaweah Oaks Preserve. Before this site was 
acquired as a preserve the alkali meadow habitat had several small playa areas 
kept open by cattle grazing, but one of the early management decisions was to 
remove grazing cattle in an effort to protect seedling Valley Oaks (Quercus loba- 
ta). This allowed the meadow to become overgrown with both native and inva- 
sive species. We surveyed this site 5-6 times from 2003-2006 but found no tiger 
beetles and little or no apparent suitable habitat present. An historic population 
of Cicindela terricola lunalonga had also been found at this site, but has been 
extirpated from this and other San Joaquin Valley sites (Kippenhan, pers. 
comm.). Increased vegetation cover has been previously documented as a signif- 
icant cause of decline and habitat loss for other tiger beetles, including C. abdom- 
inalis (Knisley and Hill, 1994), C. ohlone (Knisley, unpulished studies), and 
C. debilis (Knisley and Shultz 1997). 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 125 


Historic notes and current status of C. t= joaquinensis: Since the late 
Pleistocene, Tulare Lake has been a dominant feature of the southern San 
Joaquin Valley. Fed by the Kings, Kaweah, Tule, White, and Kern Rivers, it cov- 
ered approximately 1970 square kilometers and was the largest freshwater lake 
west of the Great Lakes. It was a shallow body of water (no more than 2 m deep 
in most areas) and regularly subject to summer evaporation and extreme shore- 
line fluctuation. At some point during the late Pleistocene or early Holocene, C. 
tranquebarica probably colonized the saline areas associated with Tulare Lake 
and nearby foothills. Over time those populations along the lakeshore began to 
specialize in occupying the summer-dry alkali playas, while those more typical 
of C. t. vibex continued to occupy alluvial and riparian sites along and into the 
foothills. These alkali playa tiger beetle populations arose along the eastern mar- 
gins of Tulare Lake (Guernsey, Earlimart) and the alkali wetlands to the north 
(Helm, Kerman). With time they became increasingly immaculate and bright 
green, possibly for camouflage among the tufted spring vegetation (Suaeda 
moquinii and Lepidium dictyotum) at the playa margins. These populations 
would have had genetic contact with the green-bronze, well-maculated popula- 
tions of C. t. vibex along the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and from the Inner 
Coastal Range (Carrizo Plain, Warthan Canyon). This intergradation of the two 
subspecies along the riparian corridors that fed Tulare Lake resulted in popula- 
tions with bright green coloration and more expanded maculations (Coalinga, 
Dinuba, Bakersfield), and thus considerable variation in maculation pattern in 
many of the populations. 

In today’s landscape the immaculate C. t. joaquinensis is isolated from sur- 
rounding populations by the dramatic changes that have occurred in the past 125 
years. The draining of the Tulare Lake and construction of irrigation systems in 
the 1890s made vast tracts of land available for cultivation. The initial focus of 
this conversion to agricultural use was land without the high alkalinity associat- 
ed with the old lakebed. These conversions eliminated most of the saltgrass 
meadow habitat adjacent to the old riparian corridors. As indicated by collection 
records, most of the more maculated populations existed in these floodplains 
associated with prime farmland or along the perimeter of the San Joaquin Valley. 
As new technologies became available for conversion of the alkaline soils, and 
greater pressure for new land was exerted, even marginal soils were plowed for 
agriculture. This has greatly limited the available habitat for the remaining 
immaculate populations. Little appropriate habitat remains, thus putting the few 
surviving C. t. joaquinensis populations at a high risk for extinction. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
We thank Christopher Rodgers for providing information on the Madera County site and Steve 
Spomer for photos and records for the Reedley specimens. Partial funding for work by the first author 
was provided by Randolph-Macon College through a Walter Williams Craigie research grant. 
Assistance for our study of collection specimens was provided by David Kavanaugh and Norman 


126 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Penny (California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA), David Hawks (University of Cali- 
fornia, Riverside, California State Collection of Arthropods), Charles Bellamy (California Collection 
of Arthropods, Sacramento, CA), Chris Nagano (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), Frank Merickel 
(University of Idaho, Moscow, ID) and Lee Herman (American Museum of Natural History, New 
York, NY). 


Literature Cited 


Boyd, H. P. and R. W. Rust. 1984. Intraspecific and geographic variations in Cicindela dorsalis 
Say (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 36: 221-239. 


Boyd, H. P. and Associates. 1982. Checklist of the Cicindelidae. The Tiger Beetles. Plexus Pub- 
lishers. Marlton, New Jersey. U.S.A. 31 pp. 


Freitag, R. 1999. Catalogue of the tiger beetles of Canada and the United States. NRC Research 
Press, Ottawa, Canada. 195 pp. 


Kritsky, G. and L. Horner. 1998. Geographic variation in Cicindela tranquebarica Herbst (Co- 
leoptera: Cicindelidae). Cicindela 30: 13-32. 


Knisley, C. B. and J. M. Hill. 1992: Effects of habitat change from ecological succession and 
human impact on tiger beetles. Virginia Journal of Science 43: 335-340. 


Knisley, C. B. and T. D. Schultz. 1997. The biology of tiger beetles and a guide to the species of 
the South Atlantic States. Special Publication No. 5. Virginia Museum of Natural History, Mar- 
tinsville, Virginia, U.S.A. 210 pp. 


Pearson, D. L. and F. Cassola. 1992. Worldwide species richness patterns of tiger beetles (Cole- 
optera: Cicindelidae): indicator taxon for biodiversity and conservation studies. Conservation 
Biology 6: 376-391. 


Pearson, D. L., C. B. Knisley, and C. J. Kazilek. 2006. A field guide to the tiger beetles of the 
United States and Canada. Identification, Natural History, and Distribution of the Cicindelidae. 
Oxford University Press. New York, NY, U.S.A. 303 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 127 


THE FIRST RECORD OF PAROCHLUS KIEFFERI 
(GARRETT, 1925) (DIPTERA, CHIRONOMIDAE, 
PODONOMINAE) FROM ITALY’ 


Valeria Lencioni,’ Laura Marziali,’ and Bruno Rossaro* 


ABSTRACT: Parochlus kiefferi (Garrett, 1925) Brundin (Diptera, Chironomidae) was found in two 
high-altitude glacial ponds (2455 m a.s.l.) in the Italian Alps (Trentino). This represents the first 
record of the tribe Podonomini and the second record of the subfamily Podonominae from Italy. New 
information on the geographical distribution and the ecological traits of the species is given. 


KEY WORDS: Podonominae, Parochlus kiefferi, cold stenothermic, biogeography, Italian Alps 


The subfamily Podonominae was established for a few northern hemisphere 
species by Thienemann (1937) while its presence and high diversity in the south- 
ern continents was discovered by Brundin (1966). It comprises two tribes, Podo- 
nomini and Boreochlini, both including six genera. Within Podonomini, the large 
genus Parochlus Enderlein, 1912, comprising 45 species, possesses a wider dis- 
tribution than any other genus of the subfamily (Brundin, 1966). The present 
main centre of Parochlus is temperate South America, followed by New Zealand, 
Tasmania and South-East Australia. Worldwide, Parochlus has been recorded in 
Andean South America and the Archipelago of South Chile (from Peru to Tierra 
del Fuego and Navarino Islands), Juan Fernandez Islands, South Georgia, South 
Shetland Islands, Tasmania, New South Wales, New Zealand, Campbell Island, 
North America, Greenland, Austria, Finland, Faroe Islands, Germany, Great 
Britain, Finland, Ireland, Iceland, Norway, Poland, and Sweden (Brundin, 1966; 
Seether and Spies, 2004). 

However, this is mainly due to the exceptional distribution of Parochlus kief- 
feri (Garrett, 1925) Brundin, widely distributed in the Holarctic region (Seether, 
1969; Seether and Spies, 2004). 

Within the monophyletic group araucanus, considered the most interesting 
group from evolutionary as well as biogeographical points of view within the 
genus Parochlus (Brundin, 1966), P. kiefferi is the sole species occurring in the 
northern hemisphere (Brundin, 1966; Cranston, 1995). All the other 15 species 
included in this group are distributed over the southern land masses (New 
Zealand, Australia, South America). Several New Zealand-South America vi- 
cariance events and one Australia-South America vicariance event occurring 
after the initial event involving Australia-South America-New Zealand are appar- 
ent within the araucanus group. Such sequences fit with the known earth history 


'Received on February 1, 2006. Accepted on April 17, 2007. 


? Section of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Via 
Calepina 14, 38100 Trento, Italy. (VL) E-mail (corresponding author): lencioni@mtsn.tn.it. (LM) 
E-mail: laura.marziali@mtsn.tn. it. 


> Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy. 
E-mail: bruno.rossaro@unim11.1t. 


Mailed on June 18, 2007 


128 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


concerning late Cretaceous Gondwanan fragmentation (Cranston, 1995) (Fig. 1). 
In the present paper, new information on the geographical distribution and the 
ecological traits of P. kiefferi is given. 


ge SB! 
NK 
3 — x 
> by ad - 
* 27 
ip o F 
of Q % 
kiefferi ¢8- 
patagonic 
ataucanus 
Saree wnt tae | indaicus c 
trigonoéerus “  Spinosus 
crassicornis maori ) 
_ ohakunensis 
ns carinatus 
ri ¥ pauperatus _ 
novaezelandiae 


longicornis 


‘ . 
” 
Al 5 
Fat = Gs an wn 


Figure 1. World distribution of the species belonging to Parochlus araucanus group. 


METHODS 

Study material was collected in two glacial ponds in the flood plain of the 
Noce Bianco stream, at 2455 m a.s.1. (Val de la Mare, Trentino, Stelvio National 
Park, NE Italy, 46° 24’ N, 10° 40’ E). These ponds are free from snow and ice 
from late June to October, shallow (depth of 40 + 15 cm), transparent (17 + 5 mg 
l-! of suspended sediments), dominated by sand and silt in the substrate, with a 
current velocity < 0.1 m s-! and water temperature ranging from 4.4 to 15.2°C in 
summer and from 0.2 to 2.0°C in winter. In summer, total phosphorus ranges 
from 2 to 4 pg |-!, nitrate nitrogen from 90 to 140 yg I-!, conductivity from 105 
to 160 uS cm-!, and pH from 6.1 and 6.5. The ponds are rich in mosses on the 
shoreline and shallow (mean depth of 30 cm). 

Chironomid larvae, pupae and pupal exuviae were collected using a pond net 
and a drift net, both with a mesh size of 100 um. Adults were collected with 
emergence and light traps. Samples were collected twice a month from May to 
November, 2001 to 2004. Only one female pupal exuvia of P. kiefferi was found 
in one drift sample collected on 17.[X.2003. This specimen was mounted on a 
permanent slide with Canada Balsam according to Wiederholm (1983) and 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 129 


deposited at the Museum of Natural Science of Trento (Italy). Pictures were 
taken using a Nikon Eclipse E600 microscope by means of the Leica DC 300 
camera. The general morphological terminology follows Seether (1980) and 
Langton (1991). Measurements are given in microns. 


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
Morphology of the pupa 

From evolutionary, as well as biogeographical points of view, the araucanus 
group forms the most interesting group within the genus Parochlus. Among the 
austral Chironomidae the araucanus group takes a unique position because its 16 
species, though practically inseparable in the imaginal stage, do show distinctive 
specific pupal characters (Brundin, 1966). 

The closest relatives of P. kiefferi are P. araucanus Brundin, from the South 
Andes, P. bassianus Brundin, from Tasmania and P. maorii Brundin, from New 
Zealand, which constitute the araucanus subgroup. Within the subgroup, P. kief- 
feri is the species with the most apomorphic pupa (Brundin, 1966). The pupa of 
P. kiefferi can be separated on the basis of the morphology of the anal lobes and 
thoracic horn. Each anal spur has only one seta, which is much shorter than the 
spur and inserts terminally (Fig. 2) (the presence of setae on the anal spur is the 
characteristic feature of the Parochlus pupa; Wiederholm, 1986). Close to the 
seta there is a small seta-like spine which is possibly homologous with the sec- 
ond seta of the other species of the subgroup (Brundin, 1966). 


Figure 2. Pupal anal spur: detail of the terminal seta (P. kiefferi, PeF, NE Italy). 


The thoracic horn differs from those of related species in having a larger 
porous plate and a more strongly widened distal part (Fig. 3). Furthermore, it is 
longer than the stalk, and the broad felt chamber which tapers strongly basally is 
distinctive. 


130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Our measurements of P. kiefferi are in agreement with those of Langton (1991) 
except for the length of the pupal exuvia and of the thoracic horn, which are 
longer in the Italian specimen (Table 1). 


100 pm 


Figure 3. Pupal thoracic horn (P. kiefferi, PeF, NE Italy). 


Table 1. Parochlus kiefferi: \engths and proportions of pupal abdomen, thoracic 
horn and anal lobes of the female pupa (n= 1). PeL = length of pupal exuvia; 
AbdL = length of abdomen; ThL = length of thoracic horn; ThR = thoracic horn 
ratio (length / breadth); Pp L L Th = plastron plate length / length of thoracic 
horn; ALR = anal lobe ratio (length / breadth of one side only). 


PeL AbdL ThL ThR Pp LL Th ALR 
mm mm um 
4.46 3.01 440 1.69 0.64 DRS, 


Geographical Distribution 

The present paper documents the first record of P. kiefferi from Italy. It repre- 
sents the second record of the subfamily Podonominae from the country. The 
first record was published by Ferrarese (2005), who collected two larvae of 
Paraboreochlus minutissimus (Strobl, 1894) in a tapped spring in Alto Adige 
(1550 ma.s.l., NE Italy). 

Parochlus has close and very similar relatives in the southern temperate zone 
(e.g. Zelandochlus Brundin, 1966, Podonomus Philippi, 1865 and Microzetia 
Séguy, 1965) but stands rather isolated in the Holarctic fauna. Numerous 
Parochlus species occur in the southern temperate zone, but only P. kiefferi has 
been found to occur in the Holarctic region (Wiederholm, 1986). Described from 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 1S 


British Columbia in 1925, it was later recorded from North America: Quebec, 
Ontario, British Columbia, Maine, New York, Colorado, Washington, California, 
Greenland, and Europe: Iceland, Faroe Islands, Finland, Sweden (including Got- 
land Island), Norway, Ireland, Britain (including Shetlands, Orkneys, Hebrides 
and Man Islands), Poland, Germany, Austria (Sether, 1969; Sather and Spies 
2004) (Fig. 4). 


alae Tt a ed er, j é 
wor Hier SU | 


“ 


Figure 4: Distribution of Parochlus kiefferi in the Palaearctic region. 


Three possible explanations of the biogeographic isolation of P. kiefferi were 
given (Cranston, 1995): 1) faulty analyses of phylogenetic relationships; 2) dis- 
persal from a cold stenothermic southern hemisphere location to its present 
North American localities; 3) the clade predates the early Cretaceous 
Gondwana, having originated in geologically earlier time in megacontinental 
Pangea, in which North and South America were contiguous. 

The generally accepted Gondwanan fragmentation of cool temperate species 
(leaving vicariant daughter taxa in Magellanic South America, New Zealand, 
southern Australia and, sporadically, upland southern Africa) is a repeated and 
well-established pattern amongst predominantly cool stenothermic taxa 
(Cranston, 1995). The finding of adult males of a species of the P araucanus 
clade at high elevations in Costa Rica (Central America) (Watson and Heyn, 
1993) might indicate northward diffusion from South America rather than a more 
archaic pattern, if the unknown pupa were to be identical or sister-group to 
P. kiefferi (Cranston, 1995). The invasion of Europe probably occurred via 
Greenland and Iceland (Lindeberg, 1979; Cranston and Oliver, 1987). 


132 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Ecological Remarks 

According to Brundin (1966), Parochlus stands out as a “successful” genus, 
being adapted to a wide range of habitats. The immature stages live in running 
waters of various types, mainly mountain streams of glacial origin (e.g., 
P. glacialis Brundin, 1966, P. maorii, and P. ohakunensis (Freeman, 1959) were 
found emerging at a water temperature of 0.5°C close to the glacial snout of the 
Fox Glacier, New Zealand; Brundin, 1966). However, Parochlus does not show 
the strict confinement to running waters apparently characteristic of some genera 
of the subfamily. For example, P. steinenii (Gerke, 1889), one of the few endem- 
ic dipteran species in Antarctica (Convey and Block, 1996), was collected among 
mosses in cold shallow tarns and other standing waters (Brundin, 1966). Larvae 
of P. kiefferi are known to be grazers and gathering collectors (detritus feeders) 
and live in eukrenal, hypokrenal and epirhithral habitats (Moog, 1995). Pupae are 
free-living and have open-ended thoracic horns (this represents the most primi- 
tive condition, Langton, 1995) which are applied to the water/air interface to 
replenish the oxygen supply directly from the air. 

Thienemann (1937) reported P. kiefferi from springs and euhypokrenal 
biotopes in Swedish Lapland with a temperature ranging from 0.4 to 8.8°C. In its 
isolated occurrence at the top of Schneeberg, Black Forest, kiefferi showed the 
same preference (Wilker, 1958). In North America it was collected also in large 
fast running non-glacial streams. In the Italian Alps, the first author collected 
P. kiefferi among mosses in a pond fed by icemelt waters (limnokrenal), while it 
was absent in brooks and streams in the same floodplain. The pond is frozen from 
November to June, with a median summer temperature of 5.1 + 2.3°C. This 
species might be considered as cold stenothermic, according to the habitat fea- 
tures in which it was found. 

In the same sample three other chironomid species were found: Pseudodia- 
mesa branickii (Nowicki, 1837), typical of cold springs (Lencioni and Rossaro, 
2005), Chaetocladius laminatus Brundin, 1947, which colonizes northern and 
montane seepages and pools (Langton, 1991) and, as dominant taxon, Microp- 
sectra radialis Goetghebuer, 1939, colonizer of northern and alpine lakes 
(Nocentini, 1985). 

Parochlus kiefferi is rare in the investigated area. Only one pupal exuviae was 
found amongst hundreds of specimens collected in standing and lotic habitats 
within the Noce Bianco catchment along a wide altitudinal range (1300-2800 m 
a.s.l.) (Lencioni et al., 2007). 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


The authors thank the staff of the Natural Science Museum of Trento (Italy) for help in sampling 
and sorting material, Stephen J. Brooks, Brigitte Lods-Crozet and two anonymous referees for 
improving the manuscript with critical comments. The research was co-funded by the Autonomous 
Province of Trento within the projects HIGHEST (Health and Integrity of Glacial Headwater 
Ecosystems, 2001-2004) and VETTA (Valenza Ecologica dello Zoobenthos di Torrenti Alpini, 2003- 
2006). 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 133 


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navica Supplement 28: 1-482. 


Wiilker, W. 1958. Die Bedeutung der Chironomiden fiir die limnologisch-tiergeographische Charak- 
terisierung der Hochschwarzwaldes. Verhandlugen der Internationale Vereinigung ftir Theoretische 
und Angewandte Limnologie 13: 805-813. 


134 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


A GYNANDROMORPH OF EUREMA HECABE (LEPI- 
DOPTERA: PIERIDAE) FROM JAPAN’ 


S. Narita,” M. Nomura,’ and D. Kageyama’ 


ABSTRACT: A gynandromorph of a pierid butterfly, Eurema hecabe, caught at Mt. Tsukuba in 
Central Japan is described here. Wings were apparently bilaterally asymmetric, while the external and 
internal genitalia clearly showed the morphology and genotype of the female. The fact that this indi- 
vidual showed a female genotype excluded the possibility of incomplete feminization due to 
Wolbachia infection. Presence of a spermatophore in the bursa copulatrix and the difference in num- 
ber of matured eggs between the right and left ovaries indicated that this gynandromorphic individ- 
ual had copulated and oviposited in the field. 


KEY WORDS: Eurema hecabe, gynandromorph, Lepidoptera, Pieridae, Mt. Tsukuba, Japan, Wol- 
bachia 


In wild-caught or laboratory-reared insects, individuals showing a mosaic of 
morphology of both sexes are found very rarely. They are usually referred to as 
“gynandromorphs.” The common yellow butterfly, Eurema hecabe (L.) (Lepi- 
doptera: Pieridae), is distributed almost all over the Oriental, Australian as well 
as Afrotropical biogeographic regions, and extends into the cool-temperate zone 
of the Eastern Palaearctic Region (e.g. the northern part of Honshu, Japan, up to 
A4O°N, Yata, 1995). It was recently recognized that E. hecabe consists of two sib- 
ling species, tentatively called yellow type and brown type, which are distinctive 
in various biological and genetic traits. 

We captured an abnormal adult of E. hecabe (yellow type) with wings of both 
male (left) and female (right) at Mt. Tsukuba located in the central part of main- 
land Japan. This individual was examined for morphology and karyotype of the 
internal and external genitalia. In addition, infection status with endosymbiotic 
bacteria Wolbachia was examined. Wolbachia is known to manipulate the repro- 
duction of its host insect in various ways such as feminization, male killing, 
induction of parthenogenesis or induction of cytoplasmic incompatibility (Bour- 
tzis and Miller, 2003). In Okinawa, a southwestern island of Japan, a part of 
E. hecabe females (ca. 10%) produce progeny with a sex ratio strongly biased in 
favor of females. These females are infected with two different strains of 
Wolbachia (wHecl and wHec2), while those producing progeny with a normal 
sex ratio are infected with wHec! only. The result of antibiotic treatment (indi- 
viduals eclosed were all males) as well as of cytogenetic sexing suggested that 
these females were genetically male but feminized by Wolbachia (Hiroki et al., 
2002, 2004). Almost all populations of E. hecabe in Japanese mainland except- 


‘Received on September 12, 2006. Accepted on January 23, 2007. 


> Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsu- 
do, Chiba 271-8510 Japan. E-mails: (SM) narita3105@graduate.chiba-u.jp, (MN) nomuram@ 
faculty.chiba-u.jp. 


*Insect-Microbe Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Owashi 1-2, 
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634 Japan. kagymad@affre.go.jp (corresponding author). 


Mailed on June 18, 2007 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 135 


ing for the northern area, are infected with only one Wolbachia strain, wHecl 
(Narita et al., 2006), where the female-biased sex ratio has never been reported. 

Sample: A gynandromorph of E. hecabe was caught at Mt. Tsukuba, Ibaraki 
Prefecture, Japan in June 23, 2006. 

Sexual phenotype of wings: Ground color of the left wings was bright yel- 
low (Fig. la). On the left forewing underside, the sex-brand which normally 
appears only in male (Yata, 1995) was present (Figure 1B, 1C). On the contrary, 
ground color of the right wings was pure white/pale yellow, and the sex-brand 
was absent in the right forewing (Figure 1). Thus the left wings of this individ- 
ual were exactly those of the male, while the right wings were exactly those of 
the female. 

Sexual phenotype of the internal organs and external genitalia: The inter- 
nal organs were dissected. They were exactly of the normal female: the bursa 
copulatrix, seminal receptacle and ovaries (female organs) were present and the 
testes (male organ) were absent (Table 1; Figure 2). A spermatophore was pres- 
ent in the bursa copulatrix, indicating that this individual had copulated with a 
male. Matured eggs were significantly fewer in the left ovary than in the right 
(Figure 2). The external genitalia were macerated in a 10% KOH (potassium 
hydroxide) for two hours and their scales removed. They were also exactly of the 
female (data not shown). 


Figures 1-2. 1. A gynandromorph of Eurema sp. collected at Mt. Tsukuba. A: dorsal view. 
B: ventral view. C: magnified image of B. Arrowhead indicates sex-brand. 2. Internal 
organs of the gynandromorph of Eurema sp. ov (L): ovary (left side), ov (R): ovary (right 
side), bc: bursa copulatrix, sr: seminal receptacle, mg: midgut. 


136 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Table 1. Sex-related traits of the gynandromorph of Eurema hecabe (yellow 
type) examined in this study. 


Sex-related traits Female Gynandromorph Male 


Forewing ground color' (left/right) w/w s/w s/s 
sex bland (left/right) -/- +/-? atplatp 
Internal genitalia ovary ty cn - 
testis - - ai 
seminal receptacle ote ce - 
External genitalia valva - - ag 
phallus ~ - a 
ovipositor a lg - 
bursa copulatrix F as - 
Karyotype Malpighian tubule ZW ZW ZZ 
bursa copulatrix ZW ZW ZZ 


'w, weak yellow; s, strong yellow, *See Figure 1, *See Figure 2. 


Cytogenetic Sexing: In many species of Lepidoptera including EF. hecabe, the 
sex chromosome constitution is female-heterogametic (ZZ in males/ZW in 
females), and the W chromosome is conspicuous as a condensed sex-chromatin 
body in interphase nucleus (Traut and Marec, 1996). In this study, the Mal- 
pighian tubules and bursa copulatrix were removed and fixed in methanol : acetic 
acid (3:1) for ca. 1 min, transferred to slides, stained and mounted in lactic acetic 
orcein and examined under a light microscopy as described in Kageyama and 
Traut (2004). Sex chromatin bodies were present in every nucleus of Malpighian 
tubule and bursa copulatrix cells, indicating that at least a part of the body was 
genetically female (Table 1). 

Detection and Identification of Wolbachia: Wolbachia-specific PCR ampli- 
fying wsp gene (ca. 600 bp) gave a positive result. The primers used were 
wsp81F 5' TGGTCCAATAAGTGATGAAGAAAC -3' (forward) and wsp691R 
5'- AAAAATTAAACGCTACTCCA -3' (reverse) (Zhou et al., 1998). To charac- 
terize the Wolbachia strains detected, the PCR product of wsp gene were cloned 
and subjected to DNA sequencing. The sequences of 27 clones examined were 
all identical to those of cytoplasmic-incompatibility-inducing Wolbachia seen in 
E. hecabe from the mainland of Japan (wHecl, accession number AB210826). 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 Sx 


DISCUSSION 

Abnormal individuals that are comprised of morphologically male and female 
tissues are usually referred to as “gynandromorphs.” Strictly speaking, however, 
“gynandromorph” is defined as chimeric individual of genetically both male and 
female. Gynadromorphs usually result from either loss of a sex chromosome dur- 
ing early embryogenesis, or from fertilization of a bi-nucleated egg (Laugé, 
1985). In Lepidoptera, sex chromosome constitution is heterogametic (ZW) in 
females and homogametic (ZZ) in males. The most frequent origin of a gynan- 
dromorph in the silk moth, Bombyx mori (L.), is double-fertilization of a bi-nucle- 
ated egg (Z+W), resulting in an individual with ZZ and ZW cell karyotypes 
(Goldschmidt and Katsuki, 1927). In Drosophila, gynandromorphs are typically 
produced by the loss of an X chromosome during the first cleavages of an XX 
zygote (Morgan, 1914). In the honeybee, Apis mellifera L., where males are hap- 
loid and females are diploid, the male tissues of gynandromorphs are of maternal 
origin and the female tissues are of biparental origin (Rotenbuhler et al., 1952). 

Similarly, intersexes are individuals that are comprised of phenotypically male 
tissues and female tissues. But they are essentially different from gynandro- 
morphs in that an intersex is genetically either purely male or purely female. In 
Drosophila, various mutants that produce intersexes have been isolated and con- 
tributed to the understanding of the sex-determining mechanism (e.g. Morgan et 
al., 1943; Sturtevant, 1945; Watanabe, 1975; Hildreth, 1965). In the gypsy moth, 
Lymantria dispar, a crossing between geographic strains resulted in production 
of intersexes having purely male karyotype (Goldschmidt, 1934). In some of the 
strains of the adzuki bean borer, Ostrinia scapulalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) 
and EF. hecabe are infected with endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia that have an 
ability to feminize their genetically male hosts (Kageyama and Traut, 2004; 
Hiroki et al., 2002). In O. scapulalis, incomplete elimination of Wolbachia re- 
sulted in production of intersexes which were genetically purely male 
(Kageyama et al., 2003; Kageyama and Traut, 2004). 

The individual of E. hecabe examined here was morphologically female ex- 
cept for the left wings. Cytogenetic observation of this individual revealed that 
the internal organs and external genitalia were genetically female. Unfortunately, 
however, we could not examine the sexual genotype of wings, the only tissue 
showing the male phenotype. Thus we could not determine whether this individ- 
ual was an intersex or not. Although Wolbachia was detected, the fact that the 
bursa copulatrix and Malpighian tubules were genetically female indicated that 
this was not the case of feminization of genetic males caused by Wolbachia. 

It is very likely that this individual had copulated with a male and laid eggs in 
the field, since one spermatophore was present in the bursa copulatrix and matured 
eggs in the left ovary were apparently fewer than in the right one (Figure 2). 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


This study was financially supported in part by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) 
fellowship for Young Scientists to S. N. 


138 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bourtzis, K. and T. A. Miller. (Editors). 2003. Insect Symbiosis. CRC Press, New York, NY, 
U.S.A. 347 pp. 


Goldschmidt, R. 1934. Lymantria. Bibliographica Genetica 11: 1-186. 


Goldschmidt, R. and K. Katsuki. 1927. Erheblicher Gynandromorphismus und somatische 
Mosaikbildung bei Bombyx mori L. Biologische Zentralblatt 47: 45-54. 


Hildreth, P. E. 1965. Doublesex, a recessive gene that transforms both males and females of 
Drosophila into intersexes. Genetics 51: 659-678. 


Hiroki, M., Y. Kato, T. Kamito, and K. Miura. 2002. Feminization of genetic males by a symbi- 
otic bacterium in a butterfly, Eurema hecabe (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Naturwissenschaften 89: 
167-170. 


Hiroki, M., Y. Tagami, K. Miura, and Y. Kato. 2004. Multiple infection with Wolbachia inducing 
different reproductive manipulations in the butterfly Eurema hecabe. Proceedings of the Royal 
Society of London Series B 271: 1751-1755. 


Kato, Y. and O. Yata. 2005. Geographic distribution and taxonomical status of two types of 
Eurema hecabe (L.) (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) in south-western Japan and Taiwan. Transactions of 
the Lepidopterological Society of Japan 56: 171-183. 


Kageyama, D. and W. Traut. 2004. Opposite sex-specific effects of Wolbachia and interference 
with sex determination of its host Ostrinia scapulalis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of 
London Series B 271: 251-258. 


Kageyama, D., G. Nishimura, S. Hoshizaki, and Y. Ishikawa. 2003. Two kinds of sex ratio dis- 
torters in a moth, Ostrinia scapulalis. Genome 46: 974-982. 


Laugé, G. 1985. Sex determination: Genetic and epigenetic factors. pp. 295-318. In, G.A. Kerkut 
and L. I. Gilbert (Editors). Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology. 
Volume 1: Embryogenesis and Reproduction. Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, U.K. 


Morgan, T. H. 1914. Mosaics and gynandromorphs in Drosophila. Proceedings of The Society for 
Experimental Biology and Medicine 11: 171-172. 


Morgan, T. H., H. Redfield, and L. V. Morgan. 1943. Maintenance of a Drosophila stock center, 
in connection with investigations on the constitution of the germinal material in relation to hered- 
ity. Carnegie Institution of Washington Yearbook 42: 171-174. 


Narita, S., M. Nomura, Y. Kato, and T. Fukatsu. 2006. Genetic structure of sibling butterfly 
species affected by Wolbachia infection sweep: evolutionary and biogeographical implications. 
Molecular Ecology 15: 1095-1108. 


Rotenbuhler, W. C., J. W. Gowen, and O. W. Park. 1952. Androgenesis with zygogenesis in 
gynandromorphic honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Science 115: 637-638. 


Sturtevant, A. H. 1945. A gene in Drosophila melanogaster that transforms females into males. 
Genetics 30: 297-299. 


Traut, W. and F. Marec. 1996. Sex chromatin in Lepidoptera. Quarterly Review of Biology 71: 
239-256. 


Watanabe, T. K. 1975. A new sex-transforming gene on the second chromosome of Drosophila 
melanogaster. Japanese Journal of Genetics 50: 269-271. 


Yata, O. 1995. A revision of the old world species of the genus Eurema HUBNER (Lepidoptera, 
Pieridae) Part V. Description of the hecabe group (part). Bulletin of Kitakyushu Museum of 
Natural History 14: 1-54. 


Zhou, W., F. Rousset, and S. O’Neill. 1998. Phylogeny and PCR based classification of Wolbachia 
strains using wsp gene sequences. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 265: 509- 
Ss. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 139 


NESTS AND PREY OF I[SODONTIA ELEGANS (F. SMITH) 
(HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) IN MONTANA, U.S.A.' 


Kevin M. O’Neill’ and Ruth P. O’NeilFP 


ABSTRACT: A description is provided of the cavity-nests of /sodontia elegans (Smith), one of three 
North American members of the subgenus Murrayella. As is typical of its close relatives and of other 
populations of the same species, females constructed multi-cellular nests in tunnels (trap-nests in this 
case) and separated cells with 2-20 cm thick partitions consisting of finely cut, dried plant fragments. 
Cells, up to five per nest, were stocked solely with tree crickets (Oecanthus quadripunctatus), 97% 
of which were adults, primarily females. From 3 to 11 prey were placed in individual brood cells, 
with female offspring receiving, on average, 40% more prey than males. 


KEY WORDS: Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, /sodontia, trap-nest, nesting behavior, Gryllidae, Occan- 
thus, Montana, U.S.A. 


The genus /sodontia (Sphecidae: Sphecinae) contains more than 60 described 
species, including 6 in America north of Mexico (Pulawski 2007). Among soli- 
tary cavity-nesting wasps, only Jsodontia of the subgenus Murrayella use dried 
plant materials (grass blades and stems, bark fibers) as the sole constituents of 
nest partitions and plugs. Nests and prey of three North American /sodontia 
(Murrayella) species have been studied: [sodontia auripes (Fernald), [sodontia 
elegans (Smith), and /sodontia mexicana (Saussure) (Pulawski 2007). Of the 
three, J. mexicana is the best-studied and most geographically widespread 
(Medler, 1965; Lin, 1966; Krombein 1967, O’ Neill and O’Neill 2003, O’Neill et 
al., in press; O’Neill and O’Neill, submitted); it has, in fact, recently spread to 
the Midway Atoll in the mid-Pacific (Nishida and Beardsley, 2002) and Europe 
(Pagliano et al., 2001). Zsodontia elegans is the least-studied. In our trap-nesting 
studies in southwestern Montana, we encountered 148 nests of J. mexicana at 
five sites (O’Neill and O’Neill 2003, but only 12 of I. elegans, all at one site. 
Krombein (1967) also found 12 nests of this species (only 7 of which had final 
closures), all from southeast Arizona; he also reviewed earlier, less-detailed 
accounts of the behavior of this species, none of which appeared later than 1924. 
Other, more recent studies provide distributional data on this species (see 
Pulawski 2007), along with a brief account of ovary structure by Ohl and Linde 
(2003). Thus, it seems of value to provide further biological data here. 


METHODS 
We found /. elegans nesting in the Horseshoe Hills, 15 km NE of Logan, Gal- 
latin Co., Montana, in a narrow, dry gully containing a stand of junipers (Juni- 


‘Received on January 12, 2006. Accepted on April 17, 2007. 


> Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, 
Montana 59717 U.S.A. E-mail: koneill@montana.edu. 


* Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 
U.S.A. E-mail: rutho@montana.edu. 


Mailed on June 18, 2007 


140 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


perus sp.). At this site, J. elegans occupied trap nests consisting of pine boards 
with 15 cm long holes into which we had inserted cardboard tubes with internal 
diameters of 7.5, 8.0, and 9.0 mm. In June of 2001, 2003, 2005, we placed trap- 
nests, with holes facing southeast, at heights of ~1.5 m at the edges of individual 
junipers. In late October of each year, we transferred all nests to an 8°C, 85% rel- 
ative humidity storage facility at Montana State University where they remained 
until April of the following year; rearing was then completed at 24-29°C and 20- 
36% relative humidity. We dissected all nests immediately after removal from 
cold storage, so that all cell contents could be recorded and diagramed. The 
lengths of cells, partitions, and final plugs were measured along central longitu- 
dinal axis of the tunnel; length of the final plug was measured to the end of the 
nest tube. We examined prey parts, particularly head capsules, mandibles, anten- 
nal bases, wing fragments, and terminalia, to estimate the number and sexes of 
prey in each cell. At this time, /. mexicana cocoons and fly puparia were removed 
for individual rearing in glass culture tubes. Head widths of emerging adult 
wasps were measured to the nearest 0.1 mm using a micrometer with 0.02 mm 
increments. Head width is a commonly used measure of overall body size in the 
Hymenoptera (O’Neill 2001). 


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

Of the 12 tubes occupied by /. elegans in Montana, three were in 7.5 mm 
diameter holes, three in 8.0 mm holes, and six in 9 mm holes. All 12 nests had 
final closures, a broom of dried grass stems that protruded from nest entrances 
by as much as 5 mm; in most cases, however, the broom was flush, or nearly so, 
with the nest entrance. All nests studied by Krombein (1967) in Arizona were 
within 12.7 mm diameter tunnels, perhaps because the next smallest tunnels he 
made available had diameters of 6.4 mm, which were too small for this species. 
Nest partitions between cells and final plugs in our nests were constructed of 
dried plant fragments of the type previously described for [sodontia (Medler 
1966, Krombein 1967, O’Neill and O’Neill 2003). The number of cells per nest, 
and the dimensions of cells, partitions, and final plugs were similar to those 
reported by Krombein (Table 1); however, in Arizona, nest cells and partitions 
were somewhat longer, whereas final plugs tended to be shorter. Eleven of 
twelve innermost cells in the Montana nests began at the inner end of the boring, 
but one nest began with a 2 mm thick inner plug of fine plant fragments. 

We found only three intact prey in cells, but other prey were identifiable from 
fragments remaining following larval feeding. Of the 189 prey counted, 5 were 
late instar nymphs and 184 were adults of tree crickets of the genus Oecanthus 
(Gryllidae: Oecanthinae). All 73 prey that could be identified to species were 
Oecanthus quadripunctatus Beutenmiller, which was also the most common 
prey of /. mexicana at nearby sites (O’ Neill and O’Neill 2003). In Arizona, J. ele- 
gans provisioned not only with O. guadripunctatus, but with Oecanthus califor- 
nicus Saussure and two species of Tettigoniidae (Krombein 1967). The use of 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 141 


both tree crickets and katydids is common for /. mexicana as well (Medler 1966, 
Krombein 1967, O’Neill and O’Neill 2003). Adult prey that could be sexed in 
Montana nests included 60% females (N = 120), a significant sex bias (y? = 34.2, 
P<0.001), but one that was somewhat less extreme than we found among I. mex- 
icana tree cricket prey in both Montana (77% females among O. quadripuncta- 
tus; O’Neill and O’Neill 2003) and New York (92% females among Oecanthus 
niveus De Geer; K. M. O’Neill and J. F. O’Neill, submitted). 


Table 1. Comparison of characteristics of nests of Isodontia elegans in Montana 
(present study) and Arizona (Krombein 1967). 


Montana Arizona 


Mean Range N Mean Range N 


Number of cells per nest 2S) 1-5 12 - 2-4 7 
Cell length (mm) 21D Sn S=9 33 38 18-90 24 
Partition length (mm) S55) 2-11 23 8 2-20 12 
Final plug (mm) 45.0 5-82 11 DS 14-45 / 


Twenty-one of 35 nest cells produced adults, including 12 females from 3.8- 
4.2 mm head width (mean + SE = 4.08 + 0.03) and 9 males from 3.4 -3.8 mm 
(mean = 3.64 + 0.04; Mann-Whitney test, P < 0.001). Among these cells, the 
number of prey provided was a significant predictor of the head width of the 
emerging adult (linear regression: head width = 0.067 x (prey number) + 3.431; 
r = 0.35, F-test, F,, j, = 10.08, P = 0.005). As in I. mexicana (O’Neill and 
O’Neill 2003) and other solitary wasps (reviewed in O’Neill 2001), females allo- 
cated more prey to cells in which they had laid female eggs. Twelve female cells 
were stocked with a mean of 8.2 + 0.5 prey (range: 5-11), whereas nine male 
cells had 5.2 + 0.5 prey (range: 3-7) (F-test, F,, }, = 4.07, P < 0.001). Offspring 
sex ratios tended to be female-biased in inner cells, but male-biased in outer 
cells: cell 1, the innermost cell (1 male: 6 females), cell 2 (2:5), cell 3 (5:1), and 
cell 4 (1:0). The only male in present in the innermost cell position came from a 
nest with just one cell, and no males emerged from cells basal to a cell housing 
a female in the same nest. 

Among the cells that did not successfully produce adults, one was completely 
empty, two contained prey only (one or two), and two had cocoons containing 
prepupae that had been destroyed by infestations of Melittobia sp. (Hymen- 
optera: Eulophidae) that probably originated in the lab during rearing. The 
remaining cells contained normal cocoons from which adults failed to emerge. 


142 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We would like to thank Peter Jensen and William P. Kemp for their assistance with this research, 
and Joseph Coelho, Alan Hook, and Michael Ohl for reviewing the manuscript; the research was sup- 
ported by the Montana State University Agricultural Experiment Station. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Krombein, K. V. 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees: Life histories, nests, and associates. Smith- 
sonian Press, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. 570 pp. 


Medler, J. T. 1965. Biology of Jsodontia (Murrayella) mexicana in trap-nests in Wisconsin (Hy- 
menoptera: Sphecidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 58: 137-142. 


Ohl, M. and D. Linde. 2003. Ovaries, ovarioles, and oocytes in apoid wasps, with special reference 
to cleptoparasitic species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, “Sphecidae”’). Journal of the Kansas Ento- 
mological Society 76: 147-159. 


O’Neill, K. M. 2001. Solitary Wasps: Behavior and Natural History. Cornell University Press. 
Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. xiii + 406 pp. 


O’Neill, K. M. and R. P. O’Neill. 2003. Sex allocation, nest structure, and prey of /sodontia mex- 
icana (Saussure) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 76: 
447-454. 


O’Neill, K. M., J. F. O’Neill, and R. P. O’Neill. 2007. Sublethal effects of brood parasitism in the 
grass-carrying wasp Isodontia mexicana. Ecological Entomology (in press). 


Pulawski, W. J. 2007. Catalog of the Sphecidae sensu lato (= Apoidea excluding Apidae). Cali- 
fornia Academy of Sciences. http://www.calacademy.org/research/entomology/ Entomology 
Resources/Hymenoptera/sphecidae/Genera_and_species_PDF/introduction.htm. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 143 


A NEW SPECIES OF RHAMPHOMYIA (SENSU STRICTO) 
MEIGEN (DIPTERA, EMPIDIDAE) 
FROM SOUTHERN ANATOLIA, TURKEY ' 


Miroslav Bartak,’ Mustafa Cemal Ciftci,’ and Abdullah Hasbenli* 


ABSTRACT: A new species of Rhamphomyia (s. str.) from southern Anatolia (Karaman province) is 
described and illustrated and compared with related species. 


KEY WORDS: Rhamphomyia, Diptera, Empidiidae, new species, southern Anatolia, Turkey 


Rhamphomyia Meigen is one of the largest genera of the family Empididae. 
Recently, Chvala and Wagner (1989) listed 315 species in the Palaearctic Region. 
Although 30 species have been described since then (Bartak, 1985, 1997, 1998, 1999, 
2000, 2001, 2004, 2006; Bartak and Syrovatka, 1983), there is no Rhamphomyia 
record from Turkey with the exception of recently described R. cimrmani Bartak, 
2006. Due to the geographical position and habitat diversity of Turkey, a high num- 
ber of species from Rhamphomyia is expected. The Holarctic subgenus Rham- 
phomyia s.str. was delimited by Bartak (1982), it contains species with setulose 
proepisternal depression, complete anal vein (A1) and acute axillary angle. 


METHODS 

McAlpine (1981) morphological nomenclature was followed, with a few modifi- 
cations. The genitalia were macerated in 10% KOH (24 hours, at room temperature). 
Abbreviations used areas follows: T 1, 2,3 / Mt 1, 2, 3 = length of fore, mid, hind 
tibia: length of fore, mid, hind basal tarsomere, respectively; Mt 1, 2,3 / Mt 1, 2,3 = 
length of fore, mid, hind basal tarsomere: width of this tarsomere, respectively; M2 / 
D = length of vein M2: greatest length of discal medial cell; M3 / Db = length of api- 
cal of M3: preapical sections of vein CuA1; lw / ww = greatest length of wing: great- 
est width of wing. 


Rhamphompyia (s. str.) karamanensis sp. n. 
Figs. 1-4 

Male 

Eyes holoptic, facets in lower half of eyes much smaller than upper ones. Frons 
black, grey pruinose, without hairs. Ocellar setae black and fine, approximately one 
third as long as frons, accompanied by 1-2 pairs of slightly shorter setulae. Face 
black, light grey pruinose, lower part 0.21 mm broad and as long as its width, with- 
out hairs. Occiput black, light grey pruinose, fine black setose, postocular row incom- 
plete. Antenna black, ratio of antennal segments = 12: 9: 50: 7, longest setulae on 


‘Received on March 14, 2006. Accepted April 14, 2007. 


* Czech University of Agriculture, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of 
Zoology and Fishery, CZ-165 21 Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic. E-mail: bartak@af.czu.cz 


*Gazi University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Biology, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara, 
Turkey. E-mail: empididae@gmail.com. 


Mailed on June 18, 2007 


144. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


basal two segments about 0.15 mm long. Labrum shinning brownish-black, shorter 
than height of head. Palpus brown, short, covered with several dark setulae. Gena nar- 
row and pruinose, clypeus polished partially. 

Thorax black, light grey pruinose, with two brown stripes along rows of dor- 
socentral setae. All setae and setulae are black. Chaetotaxy: about 15 setulae on 
proepisternum; 3-4 setulae on proepisternal depressions; prosternum bare; 16 biseri- 
al, fairly fine acrostichals; 25-28 irregularly biserial dorsocentrals about 0.20 mm 
long, ending with 3 stronger prescutellars; 4-5 setulae on intrahumeral areas; | strong 
posthumerals and 0-2 additional setulae; 1 strong humeral accompanied with about 
10 much smaller and finer setulae; 3 strong notopleurals and 2-3 short setulae on 
anterior part of notopleuron; | strong supraalar (plus 1-2 additional setulae) and about 
4-5 setulae in prealar areas; 1 long and 1 small postalars; 2 scutellars; laterotergite 
(metapleura) with black setae. 

Pleura and coxae same appearance, coxae with black setose. Legs brownish-black, 
pruinose (pruinosity consists of rather long microchaetae), black setose. A long seta 
present in comb at tip of hind tibia. Fore femur with sparse row of fine anteroventral 
setulae shorter than width of femur, posterior surface rather densely covered with 
equally fine setulae about as long as width of femur. Fore tibia with 4-5 pairs of 
anterodorsal and posterodorsal setae twice as long as width of tibia, fine setulae 
between them also relatively long, posteroventral ciliation about as long as width of 
tibia. Mid femur with fine anteroventral setulae half as long as width of femur, 
anterodorsal and posteroventral setae somewhat longer, up to as long as width of 
femur. Mid tibia with 3 long, strong anterodorsals on apical half of tibia, 3 times as 
long as width of tibia; posterodorsal setae absent except single short subbasal and 
preapical setae, 2-3 anteroventral and equal number of posteroventral setae twice as 
long as width of tibia. Hind femur with only very fine and short ventral setulae 
(approximately half as long as width of femur), also other ciliation short and fine 
except several fine posterior setulae on basal part of femur about as long as width of 
femur. Hind tibia very slightly swollen and flattened, with 3-4 anterodorsal and 5-6 
posterodorsal setae, about 1.5 times as long as width of tibia ventral; setulae are short- 
er. Basal tarsomeres of all legs thin and short setose, with short ventral spines, T1 / 
Mtl = 2.1-2.2, Mtl / Mtl = 6.5, T2 / Mt2 = 2.9-3.0, Mt2 / Mt2 = 5.6-5.7, T3 / Mt3 = 
2.1, Mt3 / Mt3 = 7.1. 

Wing clear, stigma brown, veins brown, anal vein (Al) complete. Costal seta 
absent, axillary angle deeply incised. M2 / D = 1.5-1.6, M3 / Db = 2.7-2.8, lw / ww 
= 2.7-2.8. Halteres yellow, calypters yellow with dark fringes. 

Abdomen black, light grey pruinose, dorsal genital lamella partly polished. All 
setae and setulae dark. Hind marginal setae on sides of tergites 2-3 are as long as their 
segments, on remaining segments setae slightly shorter than sclerites, discal setulae 
shorter than marginals. Dorsum of tergites with short setulae. Sternite 1 with 2 setu- 
lae on sides. Terminalia simple (Figs 1-4). Cercus with submedian dorsal process and 
long preapical seta; epandrium broadly ovate, with long setae only at tip; phallus 
slightly broadened at tip and also laterally about middle and with a small dorsal hook; 
hypandrium ovate and free at tip. 

Length of body 5.5 mm, wing 5.7 mm. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 145 


Figures 1-4: Rhamphomyia karamanensis sp. n.: 1. Terminalia in lateral view, 2. phallus (lat- 
eral view), 3. cercus (lateral view), 4. epandrium (lateral view), scales 0.3 mm. 


Female me 

Eyes broadly dichoptic, all facets same size. Frons, face and occiput black, dense- 
ly grey pruinose. Frons almost parallel-sided, upper part only slightly broadened. 
Frontal setulae black and quite short. Face broader than frons and broadened towards 
lower part. Upper half of occiput covered with black, long and strong setae, lower 
part of occiput with longer and finer yellowish-brown hairs. Antenna black, first 
antennal segment 1.5 times as long as 2nd antennal segment. 3rd antennal segment 
nearly 3 times as long as first antennal segment, style short, as long as 2nd antennal 
segment. Labrum slightly longer than height of head, shinning black. 

Thorax black, grey pruinose, with four brown stripes, two stripes along lines of 
dorsocentral setae and two stripes along sides of mesoscutum; outer pair of stripes 
less distinct and thinner. All setae and setulae black, shorter than setae and setulae of 
male. Chaetotaxy: pronotum with row of short setulae; prosternum bare, about 10-15 
setulae on proepisternum; acrostichals and dorsocentrals equally long and biserial, 
dorsocentrals ending with 3 pairs of long prescutellars; 1 strong postpronotal accom- 
panied with small setulae; 1 posthumeral with several setulae nearby; 3 strong noto- 
pleurals; on anterior part of notopleuron with additional 3-4 short setulae; 1 supra- 
alar and about 2-3 setulae in prealar areas; | strong and | quite short and fine posta- 
lars; 2 scutellars; laterotergite with black setae. 

Pleura and coxae same appearance, coxae black setose except fore coxae with yel- 
lowish-brown long hairs and additional black setae (3-4 in row). Legs black, slightly 


146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


grey pruinose. All femora with short black setulae. Fore tibia covered with short black 
setulae, denser on ventral part, posterodorsally with strong setae as long as width of 
tibia, anterodorsally with strong seta on middle part, preapical setae longer than width 
of tibia. Mid tibia covered with short black setae, posterodorsally with 2-3 strong 
setae, as long as width of tibia, preapical setae shorter than preapicals on fore tibia. 
Hind tibia covered with short black setae anterodorsally and posterodorsally with row 
of strong setae becoming longer than width of tibia towards tip; preapical pair of setae 
much longer than width of tibia. All tarsal segments with preapical setae, hind basitar- 
sus dorsally with 2 long setae (longer than width of basitarsus), posteroventrally and 
anteroventrally with 3-4 strong setae, as long as width of basitarsus. 

Wing slightly brown tinged, veins dark brown, anal vein complete. Costal seta 
absent. Halter yellow with darker stem, calypter yellow with dark fringes. 

Abdomen black, grey pruinose and covered with black setulae. Anterior four seg- 
ments laterally with very long setae (as long as their segments), following segments 
with shorter setae. 

Length of body 5.5 — 5.8 mm, wing 5.7 — 6.0 mm. 

Differential Diagnosis: Rhamphomyia (s.str.) karamanensis sp. n. belongs to the 
R. (s.str.) ignobilis complex. It is most closely related to several species of this com- 
plex on the basis of the relatively long and narrow cercus, however its peculiar shape 
(Fig. 3) clearly distinguishes this new species from other species of this complex. In 
a sense, this new species represents a connecting line between Frey’s subgenera 
Eorhamphomyia (no strong ventral setae on hind femora in both sexes) and 
Collinaria (costal seta absent). The most closely related species is probably R. biroi 
Bezzi, however the authors have not seen any male specimen of this species and the 
original description is quite unsatisfactory. Females are similar to R. biroi, however 
this species has much shorter setose abdomen (hind marginal setae on segments 4-5 
are at most 1/3 as long as their segments), whereas the setae in females of R. kara- 
manensis are at least as long as particular segments. 

Variability: One male from the Karamanbey mountain pass has five stripes on the 
mesoscutum, main two stripes on dorsocentral setae brown and distinct, outer pairs 
brown but thin and not very distinct, middle stripe on acrostichal setae slightly dis- 
tinct (only view from above), black and ending in the middle of mesoscutum. 
Halteres yellow with stem nearly black. Other all characters are identical. 

Holotype Male: Turkey centr., 100 km NE Konya, Karaman env., pasture, 
30.iv.1996, leg. B. Mocek, deposited in Museum Hradec Kralove. 

Additional Materials: Turkey centr., 100 km NE Konya, Karaman env., pasture, 
30.iv.1996, 1 female, leg. B. Mocek, deposited in Museum Hradec Kralove; Turkey, 
Icel, Mersin, between Catak and Findikpinari, 20.v.2005, 1 male, 1 female, leg. A. 
Hasbenli, deposited in Zoological Museum of Gazi University (ZMGU); Turkey, I¢el, 
Silifke, between Kicakoy and Comelek, 21.v.2005, 1 male, leg. A. Hasbenli, deposit- 
ed in Zoological Museum of Gazi University (ZMGU); Turkey, Karaman, between 
Ermenek and Karaman, Karamanbey mountain pass, 22.v.2005, 2 males, 1 female, 
leg. M. Ciftci, deposited in Zoological Museum of Gazi University (ZMGU). 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 147 


Distribution: Turkey. 
Dates of Occurrence: April-May. 
Derivatio Nominis: The species is named after the province of the type local- 


ity. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
This paper was partly supported by IRP MSM 6046070901 and NAZV project QH72151. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bartak, M. and O. Syrovatka. 1983. Empididae (Diptera) from the Caucasus, with descriptions of 
seven new species. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 80:215-226. 


Bartak, M. 1982. The Czechoslovak species of Rhamphomyia (Diptera, Empididae), with descrip- 
tion of a new species from Central Europe. Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 1980: 381 - 
461. 


Bartak, M. 1985. A revision of the Rhamphomyia subgenus Lundstroemiella (Diptera, Empididae). 
Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica (1982 - 1984) 9-46. 


Bartak, M. 1997. Rhamphomyia (Diptera, Empididae) from Korea, with descriptions of new spec- 
ies. Entomological Problems 28(2):149-154. 


Bartak, M. 1998. Rhamphomyia (Diptera: Empididae) from the State Museum of Natural History, 
Stuttgart, with descriptions of new species. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, Serie. A 583:1- 
26. ; 


Bartak, M. 1999. Two new species of Rhamphomyia subgenus Lundstroemiella (Diptera: Em- 
pididae). Klapalekiana 35:95-102. 


Bartak, M. 2000. Rhamphomyia species (Diptera, Empididae) of Middle Asia. Acta Universitatis 
Carolinae Biologica 44:111-131. 


Bartak, M. 2001. Types of Palaearctic Rhamphomyia in Bezzi Collection (Milan), with description 
of a new species (Diptera, Empididae). Atti Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali. Museo Civico di 
Storia Naturale Milano 141 (2000) (II):313-327. 


Bartak, M. 2004. Revision of the Rhamphomyia (Megacyttarus) poissoni-group (Diptera, Em- 
pididae), including the description of two new species. Studia Dipterologica. Ampyx- Verlag 
Halle (Saale) 11: 245-254. 


Bartak, M. 2006. Three new West Palaearctic species of Rhamphomyia subgenus Lundstroemiella 
(Diptera, Empididae). Biologia, Bratislava 61 (5): 503-508. 

Chvala, M. and R. Wagner. 1989. Family Empididae. Pp. 228-336. Jn: Sods A. and Papp L. 
(Editors). Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 6. Therevidae - Empididae Akademiai Kiado. 
Budapest, Hungary. 435 pp. 


McAlpine, J. F. 1981. Morphology and terminology - adults. pp. 9-63. Jn: McAlpine, J. F., 
Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R. and Wood, D. M. (Editors). Manual 
of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 1. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 
Monograph 27. 674 pp. 


148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


BOOK REVIEW 


An introduction to biological evolution. Second Edition. Kenneth V. Kardong. 2008 The 
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. New York, New York, U.S.A. 352 pp. ISBN 978-0-07-305077- 
5. Soft cover. 


Although Kardong’s An Introduction to Biological Evolution (2nd ed.) is considered a textbook, it reads 
more like a story, acknowledging the humanity behind the people and ideas of evolution, while retaining 
a scholarly tone. The writing builds on biology basics, relating them to the specifics of Darwin and 
Wallace’s theory. For more ambitious readers, all seventeen chapters list “Selected References” for further 
reading. Numerous, monochrome, three-dimensional illustrations complement the text. 

The idea of evolution is ancient. “Evolution of Evolution” (chapter 1), discusses the different data that 
provided the clues Darwin needed for The Origin of Species. However, Darwin had two unanswered ques- 
tions. First, how were traits passed onto offspring? Second, how could evolution occur given the estimat- 
ed (at that time) age of the Earth? Kardong answers these questions in chapters 2 and 3 with a discussion 
of fossils and heredity. 

Then Kardong moves onto the progression of life. Starting from inorganic matter to current eukaryot- 
ic mammals (and everything in between), Kardong briefly discusses each of the “major evolutionary tran- 
sitions” (chapters 4 and 5). Next, is perhaps the strongest part of this book, the “evidence of evolution” 
(chapter 6). Kardong discusses the fossil record, corresponding anatomy, comparative embryology, and the 
distribution of organisms. He also discusses what can be deduced from each piece of evidence. The evi- 
dence does more than prove Darwin’s argument; it also has implications for human anatomy, which 
Kardong also discusses. 

With the fundamentals of evolution established, Kardong treats each aspect of evolution in depth. First 
is selection. He discusses both artificial and natural selection, including stabilizing, directional, and dis- 
ruptive selection. He finishes off with sexual selection (chapter 7). What allows evolution to occur in the 
first place? Variation — the “the raw material of evolution.” Chapter 8 discusses the different ways varia- 
tion is generated. 

What precise factors lead to the formation of a new species? “Speciation” (chapter 9) answers this ques- 
tion. Starting with a general four-step model, Kardong explains various reproductive isolating mechanisms 
that act to prevent interbreeding among species. He also discusses geographical patterns of speciation. 
Chapter 10 addresses co-evolution: “the joint evolution of two or more species as a consequence of their 
ecological interaction.” Because speciation has a genetic basis, there are phylogenetic relationships among 
organisms. This chapter discusses how these relationships can be advantageous or disadvantageous. 

The success of an organism depends on its ability to survive in its environment. Chapter 11 discusses 
how the full life of an organism can be broken down into many different adaptations. If one of those adap- 
tations fail, the organism may not be able to reproduce. Kardong also discusses the abiotic and biotic fac- 
tors that organisms must contend with. One adaptation of many groups is living in a group. “Life in 
Groups” (chapter 12) addresses this phenomenon. Chapter 13 discusses extinction: types, plausible causes 
(particularly of the dinosaurs), and some of the classified extinctions. 

Chapters 14 and 15 address human evolution, including common misunderstandings. For instance, one 
famous error is the common picture depicting the stages of human evolution, beginning with prokaryotes 
on upward and concluding with Homo sapiens. Such a paradigm is “mistaken,” says Kardong. All living 
organisms, including humans, are “equal survivors” in their given environments. 

The last two chapters (16 and 17) consider some of the evolutionary issues we face today. One is genet- 
ic engineering and its many variants, such as gene therapy, replacement therapy, genetic screening, and 
other technologies that allow us to manipulate our genes to ensure better fitness. The relationship between 
humans and pathogens is also discussed. Concluding the book, Kardong addresses the question of “intel- 
ligent design.” Many people wonder how nature could create such complex adaptations. Kardong answers 
them succinctly, with the rest of his book as proof: “one step at a time.” 


EDITOR’S NOTE: The author of this book review is a biology student interested in becoming a re- 
searcher. The student has requested anonymity. 


Mailed on June 18, 2007 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 149 


NEW DATA ON ASYNDETUS 
(DIPTERA: DOLICHOPODIDAE) FROM CHINA, 
WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIKS' 


Menggqing Wang,’ Ding Yang,” and Kazihiro Masunaga‘* 


ABSTRACT: A new species, Asyndetus ventralis sp. n., is described from Yunnan and a species, 
Asyndetus thaicus Grootaert and Meuffels, is recorded from China for the first time. A key is given 
to separate the Chinese species. 


KEY WORDS: Dolichopodidae, Asyndetus, new species, China, new species 


The genus Asyndetus Loew is distributed worldwide with 99 known species 
(Yang, Zhu, Wang and Zhang, 2006). It is characterized by the wing with vein 
costa ending at Ry,s5 just before wing apex, vein M usually with bend or weak- 
ening in distal third of wing, male sternum 8 usually with four strong curved bris- 
tles (Negrobov, 1973; Bickel, 1996). The species of Asyndetus mostly occur 
within shores of freshwater, playa lakes and marine coastal habitats (Bickel, 
1996). Ten species were known from China (Zhang and Yang, 2003; Wang and 
Yang, 2005). Here a new species and a newly recorded species are added to 
Chinese fauna. The types are kept in the Entomological Museum of China 
Agricultural University (CAU), Beijing. 

The following abbreviations are used: acr - acrostichal, ad - anterodorsal, av - 
anteroventral, dc - dorsocentral, LI - fore leg, LII - mid leg, LIII - hind leg, oc - 
ocellar, pd - posterodorsal, pv - posteroventral, v - ventral. 


Updated key to species of Asyndetus from China (males) 


119 (GROSSVIC MTT CU 01 CNET ee erm ee eee eee ea ee z 
— Crossvein m-cu absent; first flagellomere longer than wide. Neimeng; 
Fen ATS NOM PON re sarees ccapMiennvassoatonosnecicass<diee  Macnnes cece longicornis Negrobov 


2. Abdominal sternum 5 without long bristles; cercus without long apical bris- 
BS Sg ee ee eee ete se a slag aune sen ive eupdosemaiasenees ames 3 
— Abdominal sternum 5 with many long bristles (wave-like curved apically); 
cercus with 2 long curved apical bristles. Xinjiang..............:ceeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeees 
Arteta wt fai SEN MEER rN emai one hs SRE te eRe wusuensis Wang and Yang 


‘Received on January 27, 2006. Accepted on April 17, 2007. 


*Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094 China. E-mail: 
dyangcau@yahoo.com.cn (* Corresponding Author) 


Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100094 China. 
E-mail: mengqingsw@sohu.com 
*Systematic Laboratory, Lake Biwa Museum, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-0001 Japan. E-mail: moai@ 
lbm.go.jp 
Mailed on June 18, 2007 


150 


10. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 
. All legs entirelyablacksy tet Fiat. cee ak. Sete tc tee bone ctteesce.eenttene eee 4 
Fore and mid tibiae yellow or brownish yellow ..............::ccceesesceeeeeeneeeeeeeee yi 
. Hind femur without row of ad or pd; lateral lobe on epandrium not trape- 


ZOIdAl 2.3: RE. ROE, ben nS eG eo 5 
Hind femur with row of ad and pd; lateral lobe on epandrium trapezoidal, 
with long apical bristle on finger-like process and short subapical bristle. 
(Go ina ree 3.0 sec aasiginsnecinso ote guangxiensis Zhang and Yang 


. Fore tarsus not shortened, without rowed pv; lateral lobe on epandrium near- 


ly as long as surstylus; cercus not bilobate......... eee eeeeeeseeeesreeeeeeeeeenes 6 
Fore tarsomeres 2 and 3 shortened, fore tarsomeres | and 2 with row of pv; 
lateral lobe on epandrium shorter than half of surstylus; cercus bilobate. 
IBYSTIINGYSE sas dace SSee ae ee aL aE RE ada roe dd beijingensis Zhang and Yang 


. Upper postocular bristles black, lower postocular bristles (including ventral 


hairs) yellow; lateral lobe on epandrium elongate, with 1 short bristle near 
tip. Yuma: Whatland:7......cscacee-n-ecucereeeee thaicus Grootaert and Meuffels 
All postocular bristles white; lateral lobe on epandrium large with wide base 
and acute apex, apically with 3 bristles. Henan, Taiwan; Palaearctic and 
Oniciibal RE SIONS, 0. 5240.50. dedass SEE eee ae ee latifrons (Loew) 


. Hind tibia partly or mosily yellow; lateral lobe on epandrium not subtrian- 


. Hind tibia chiefly yellow with brown apex .............ccccssccccesseenceceeeeeteeeeeeeeees 9 
Hind tibia brown to black with basal half reddish brown; hind femur just 
WACMBS ATSC WV: VALWAMN 5.00. cas acon aaeuasenteeeeeccese een tee eee eon calcaratus Becker 

~ Fast tlagellomere about: as long as wider. iissetencsss.ccessddecusdadecee sees 10 


First flagellomere 1.7 times longer than wide. Xinjiang ..............::ceeeseeeeees 
Le eR ES ial cop o uceadieventninemeth eon eee xinjiangensis Wang and Yang 


First flagellomere with round apex; lateral lobe on epandrium indistinct, 
with thin finger-like process bearing bristle apically. Beijing, Fujian, 
PMN as ate ctaies il oii cion gap esiasinusci nn sdein ceca eee ee eee perpulvillatus Parent 
First flagellomere with acute apex; lateral lobe on epandrium long and broad 
with wide apex, bearing 2 bristles apically. Xinjiang..............eeeeeeeeeeseeeeeees 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 151 


Asyndetus thaicus Grootaert and Meuffels 
(Figs. 1-3) 


Asyndetus thaicus Grootaert and Meuffels (2002): 42. Type locality: Thailand. 

Diagnosis: First flagellomere 1.3 times wider than long; legs entirely black; 
lateral lobe on epandrium elongate, nearly as long as surstylus, with 1 short bris- 
tle near tip. 

Specimens Examined: 57 males 12 females, Yunnan: Xishuangbanna, Jing- 
hong (300m), 2002. IV. 12, Wenquan Zhen (with yellow pan traps). 

Distribution: China (Yunnan); Thailand. 


Figures 1-3. Asyndetus thaicus Grootaert and Meuffels, male; 4-6. Asyndetus ventralis 


sp. n., male. 1. Habitus. 2, 5. Antenna (excluding scape and pedicel). 3, 6. Genitalia, lat- 
eral view. 4. Wing. 


Asyndetus ventralis, NEW SPECIES 
(Figs. 4-6) 


Diagnosis: First flagellomere 1.4 times wider than long; fore and mid tibiae 


brownish, hind tibia entirely black; hind femur with 2 rows of long ventral bris- 
tles. 


152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Description: Male. Body length 3.1-3.3 mm, wing length 2.3-2.6 mm. Head 
metallic green with pale gray pollen. Hairs and bristles black; ocellar tubercle 
distinct with 2 strong oc and 2 posterior hairs; lower postocular bristles (includ- 
ing postero-ventral hairs) pale. Antenna black (Fig. 5); first flagellomere 1.4 
times wider than long; arista dorsal, blackish, short pubescent, with basal seg- 
ment rather short. Proboscis dark brown with brown hairs; palpus black with 
black hairs and 3 black apical bristles (2 short and | long). 

Thorax dark metallic green with pale gray pollen. Hairs and bristles on thorax 
black; 4 uniformly strong dc, 6-7 paired acr short and hair-like; scutellum with 2 
pairs of bristles (apical pair thick and long, basal pair rather short and hair-like). 
Propleuron with 1 black bristle on upper portion and 1 long and 1 short bristles 
on lower portion. Legs chiefly black except fore femur with yellow brownish 
apex, fore and mid tibiae brown, fore and mid tarsi brown or blackish. Hairs and 
bristles on legs black; fore coxa with 4 anterior and apical bristles; mid coxa with 
2 anterior outer bristles; hind coxa with 1 outer bristle near base. Fore femur with 
row of av on basal half and pv on entire length; mid femur with 2 rows of v on 
apical 1/4; hind femur with 2 rows of long v (longer than femur width). Fore tibia 
with 1 ad near base and | pd at middle, apically with 4 bristles; mid tibia with 2 
ad and 4 short v, apically with 4 bristles; hind tibia with 4 ad, 5 pd, and with 2 
rows of v on basal half, apically with 4 bristles. All tarsomere 1 with row of short 
v, hind tarsomeres 2-3 each with row of short v. Legs without claws; elongate 
pulvilli of fore leg longer than tarsomere 5. Relative lengths of tibia and 5 tar- 
someres LI 3.5: 2.0 : 0.75.: 0:5 : 0.3.03: LI4.0,: 2.25.21.05,: 0:72 O40: 
LUI 5.25 : 1.6: 1.4: 0.8 : 0.4: 0.3. Wing hyaline (Fig. 4); veins brown, Ry,5 and 
M divergent apically. CuAx ratio 0.2. Squama pale yellow with pale hairs. Hal- 
tere pale yellow. 

Abdomen dark metallic green with pale gray pollen. Hairs and bristles on 
abdomen black. Terga 1-5 with row of posterior bristles; sternum 8 with 4 strong 
bristles. Male genitalia (Fig. 6): Lateral lobe on epandrium large, subtriangular, 
nearly as long as surstylus, with broad base and long acute apex, and with 1 long 
apical bristle and | short subapical bristle; surstylus thick and acute apically, with 
1 short bristle near tip and 1 long bristle at middle, basally with 1 short and thick 
process; cercus nearly semicircular with moderately long bristles; aedeagus slen- 
der. 

Female: Body length 2.7-3.2 mm, wing length 2.1-2.7 mm. Similar to male, 
but claws present and pulvilli not elongate. 

Holotype: male, Yunnan: Xishuangbannan, Jinghong, 2002. IV. 12, W. Zhen 
(with yellow pan traps). Paratypes: 25 males 18 females, same data as holotype. 

Etymology: The specific name refers to the hind femur with 2 rows of long v. 

Remarks: The new species is somewhat similar to Asyndetus calcaratus 
Becker, but may be separated from the latter by the hind femur with long v and 
the entirely black hind tibia. In A. calcaratus, the hind femur has sparse v, and 
the hind tibia is brown to black with the basal half reddish brown (Becker, 1922). 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 153 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We are very grateful to Mr. Wenquan Zhen (Beijing) and Dr. Patrick Grootaert (Brussels) for their 
kind help in many ways. The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of 
China (No. 30225009, 30499341). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Becker, T. 1922. Dipterologische Studien, Dolichopodidae der indo-australischen Region. Capita 
Zoologica 1(4): 1-247. 
Bickel, J. 1996. Australian Asyndetus Loew and Cryptophleps Lichtwardt (Diptera: Dolichopodi- 


dae), with notes on the Oriental and Western Pacific Faunas. Invertebrate Taxonomy 10: 1151- 
1170. 


Grootaert, P. and H. Meuffels. 2002. New species of Asyndetus, presumed commensal flies of 
Crabs, in Thailand (Diptera, Dolichopodidae, Diaphorinae). The Natural History Journal of Chu- 
lalongkorn University 2(2): 37-45. 


Negrobov, O. P. 1973. Zur Kenntnis einiger palaearktischer Arten der Gattung Asyndetus Loew. 
Beitrage zur Entomologie 23: 157-167. 


Wang, M. and D. Yang. 2005. New species of Asyndetus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from 
Xinjiang, with a key to Central Asian species. Zootaxa 892: 1-8. 


Yang, D., Y. J. Zhu, M. Q. Wang, and L. L. Zhang. 2006. World catalog of Dolichopodidae 
(Insecta: Diptera). China Agricultural University Press, Beijing. 704 pp., 44 pls. 


Zhang, L. and D. Yang. 2003. A review of the species of Asyndetus from China (Diptera: Dolicho- 
podidae). Annales de la Société entomologique de France 39(4): 355-359. 


154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


THE POLANA (POLANANA) SANA SPECIES GROUP 
(HEMIPTERA: CICADELLIDAE: GYPONINAE), 
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SIX NEW SPECIES' 
FROM SOUTH AMERICA 


Paul H. Freytag’ 


ABSTRACT: The Polana (Polanana) sana species group consists of eight species. Included are: P 
(P.) sana DeLong (=P. (P.) santana DeLong and Foster, new synonym), P. (P.) tropica DeLong and 
Triplehorn, and six new species, P. (P.) ordinaria, P. (P.) brevis, P. (P.) declivata, P. (P.) diplota, P. 
(P.) minima, and P. (P.) ancistra. Polana (P.) sana is now known from Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and 
Peru, P. (P) tropica and P. (P.) brevis are known from Colombia and Peru, and the other five species 
are only known from Colombia. 


KEY WORDS: Leafhoppers, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Gyponinae, Polana, South America 


The genus Polana DeLong is a group of leafhoppers belonging to the sub- 
family Gyponinae (Scarinae) that contains some 130 species (DeLong and 
Freytag, 1972, DeLong, 1979, DeLong and Triplehorn, 1979 and DeLong and 
Foster, 1982). Most species are from 5 to 10 mm in length, are robust and oval 
in body shape, and have few color markings. The crown is short, broad, and 
rounded to the face, with the ocelli near the anterior margin, and with transverse 
striae between the compound eyes. All species are found in the New World. 

The sana species group belongs in the subgenus Polanana DeLong and Frey- 
tag (1972) that contains nineteen species from South America. This subgenus is 
characterized by having the male genitalia without paraphysis or even the aedea- 
gus without basal processes, and the pygofer without processes. 

All species in the sana species group look much alike, being either dark brown 
or black, and nearly the same length from 7 to 8.5 mm. They can only be sepa- 
rated at this time by the differences in the male genitalia. Most species have the 
median area of the style bulging and sticking out of the genital capsule, which 
can often be used to spot specimens of this group. 

Acronyms used in this paper are the following: IHVL = Instituto von 
Humboldt, Villa de Leyva, Colombia; and UKYL = University of Kentucky 
Collection, Lexington, Kentucky, USA. 


‘Received on December 12, 2005. Accepted on April 16, 2007. 


*Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0091 U.S.A., 
E-mail: freytag2104(@windstream.net. 


Mailed on June 18, 2007 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 iss 


Polana (Polanana) sana DeLong 
(Figures 1-4) 


Polana (Polanana) sana DeLong 1979, p. 299. 
Polana (Polanana) santana DeLong and Foster 1982, p. 118. New synonym. 


Length of males 8-8.5 mm, females unknown. This species was described by 
DeLong (1979) and again by DeLong and Foster (1982). Both types are the same 
and represent the same species. 

The male genitalia are illustrated again (Figs. 1-4) for comparative purposes. 
In the original descriptions the aedeagus was illustrated without hair-like 
processes. These could have been broken off, but they are also very difficult to 
see. 

This species 1s now known to occur in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Peru. 


Polana (Polanana) minima Freytag, new species 
(Figures 5-6) 


Description: Length of males 7.2-7.4 mm, females unknown. Similar to 
sana, but smaller and with different male genitalia. Male genitalia: Pygofer and 
genital plates similar to sana. Style (Fig. 5) similar to sana, except notch on api- 
cal margin represented by short spine. Aedeagus (Fig.6) similar to sana, except 
shorter, thicker in ventral view, with shorter apical hair-like processes. 

Type Data: Holotype male: Colombia: Putumayo, PNN La Paya, Cabafia 
Viviano Cocha, 0°7' S 74°56' W, 320 m., Malaise, H-1-10-2003, R. Cobete, M 
3156 CHVL). Paratype male: Same data as holotype (IHVL). 

Additional Specimens: Ten males, same locality as holotype, various dates 
from 2001 to 2003 (IHVL and UKYL). 

Differential Diagonosis: This species is very similar to sana, but is smaller 
and has a short spine at the base of the apical margin of the male style, and a 
shorter, stouter aedeagus. 


Polana (Polanana) declivata Freytag, new species 
(Figures 7-8) 


Description: Length of males 7.8-8.2 mm, females unknown. Similar to sana, 
but slightly smaller, with different male genitalia. Male genitalia: Pygofer and 
genital plates similar to sana. Style (Fig. 7) with large medially pointed spine 
near apex. Aedeagus (Fig. 8) similar to minima, with slight narrowing of shaft on 
apical half, very short hair-like processes at apex. 

Type Data: Holotype male: Colombia: Meta, PNN Macarena, Borde Rio 
Guejar, 3°20' N 73°56' W, 460 m., Malaise, XII-24-28-2001, D. Campos, M 2609 
(IHVL). Paratype males: One, Meta, PNN Tingua, Vda. Bajo Raudal, 2°16’ N 


156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


73°48' W, 460 m., Malaise, II-2-16-2002, M 2329 (IHVL); two, same data, 
except I-19-II-2-2002, M 2331, (HVL and UKYL); one, Meta, PNN Tingua, 
Cano Nevera, 2°11' N 73°48' W, 390 m, Malaise, II-7-16-2002, C. Sanchez, M 
2334 (HVL) and one, Meta, PNN Sierra de La Macarena, Cafio Curia Parcela, 
3°21'N 73°5' W, 460 m., Malaise, II-9-III-24-2003, W.Villelba, M 3531 CHVL). 

Additional male specimen: Colombia, Cundinamarca, PNN Sumapaz, 
Jardin Botanico, 3°48' N 73°56' W, 730 m., Malaise, I-4-24-2002, H. Vargas, M 
3109 HVL). 

Differential Diagnosis: This species is close to sana, but differs by the very 
different male style which appears to be closer to tropica. 


Polana (Polanana) tropica DeLong and Triplehorn 
(Figures 9-10) 


Polana (Polanana) tropica DeLong and Triplehorn, 1979, p. 180. 


Length of males 7.5-8 mm, females unknown. This species was described 
from Peru. It has a very characteristic male style (Fig. 9), with a long, bent spine 
near middle of apical margin. The aedeagus (Fig. 10) appears to lack the apical 
hair-like processes. 

Specimens Seen: Besides the type, nine males from Colombia: Amazonas and 
Vaupes, collected in December and January, from 60 to 380 m, Malaise THVL 
and UKYL). 


Polana (Polanana) diplota Freytag, new species 
(Figures 11-12) 


Description: Length of males 7.5-8 mm, females unknown. Similar to tropi- 
ca, but with a different type of spine on male style. Male genitalia: Pygofer and 
genital plates similar to sana. Style (Fig. 11) with spine near middle of apical 
margin which parallels apex, shorter than apex. Aedeagus (Fig. 12) similar to 
tropica. 

Type Data: Holotype male: Colombia: Putumayo, PNN La Paya, Resquardo 
Cecillo Cocha, 0°11' S 74°55' W, 190 m, Malaise, I-20-24-2003, C. Sarmiento, 
M 3419 (IHVL). Paratype males: Four, same data as holotype (IHVL and 
UKYL). 

Additional Specimens: Six males, same data as holotype, except various 
dates from 2001 to 2003, and various altitudes up to 320 m, (IHVL and UKYL); 
and one male, Amazonas, PNN Amacayacu, Matamata, 3°23'S 70°6' W, 150 m., 
Malaise, XI-19-XII-3-2001, D. Chota, M 2768 (IHVL). 

Differential Diagnosis: This species is close to tropica, but has a different 
style with the spine pointing towards the apex, whereas in tropica it bends 
towards the median margin. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 15% 


) UP yy 
- 5 


6 
0.5mm MINIMA 
lO 
8 
7 9 
DECLIVATA TROPICA 


Figures 1-4. Polana (Polanana) sana DeLong. Fig. 1. Male genital capsule, lateral view. 
Fig. 2. Aedeagus, lateral view. Fig. 3. Aedeagus, caudal view. Fig. 4. Style, lateral view. 
Figures 5-6. P. (P.) minima Freytag, n. sp. Fig. 5. Style, lateral view. Fig. 6. Aedeagus, cau- 
dal view. Figures 7-8. P. (P.) declivata Freytag, n. sp. Fig. 7. Style, lateral view. Fig. 8. 
Aedeagus, caudal view. Figures 9-10. P. (P.) tropica DeLong and Triplehorn. Fig. 9. Style, 
lateral view. Fig. 10. Aedeagus, caudal view. All drawn to the same scale. 


158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Me DS 


DIPLOTA ANCISTRA 0.5mm 
IG 
I8 
IS \7 
BREVIS ORDINARIA 


Figures 11-12. Polana (Polana) diplota Freytag, n. sp. Fig. 11. Style, lateral view. Fig. 
12. Aedeagus, caudal view. Figures 13-14. P. (P) ancistra Freytag, n. sp. Fig. 13. Style, 
lateral view. Fig. 14. Aedeagus, caudal view. Figures 15-16. P. (P) brevis Freytag, n. sp. 
Fig. 15. Style, lateral view. Fig. 16. Aedeagus, caudal view. Figures 17-18. P. (P) ordi- 
naria Freytag, n. sp. Fig. 17. Style, lateral view. Fig. 18. Aedeagus, caudal view. All drawn 
to the same scale. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 159 


Polana (Polanana) ancistra Freytag, new species 
(Figures 13-14) 


Description: Length of males 7.5-8 mm, females unknown. Similar to tropi- 
ca, but with a different male style and aedeagus. Male genitalia: Pygofer and 
genital plates as in sana. Style (Fig. 13) with long thin apex, spine in median ap1- 
cal margin hook-like. Aedeagus (Fig. 14) similar to tropica, but shorter, stouter. 

Type Data: Holotype male: Colombia: Amazonas, PNN Amacaracu, San 
Martin, 3°23' S 70°6' W, 150 m., Malaise, II-23-HI-3-2001, B. Amado, M 2040 
(IHVL). Paratype males: One, same data as holotype, except V-16-23-2000, M 
691 (IHVL); one, same data as holotype, except VII-17-30-2000, M 701 (IHVL) 
and two, same data as holotype, except X-10-18-2000, M 835 UHVL and 
UKYL). 

Additional Specimens: Twenty males, same locality as holotype, various 
dates from 2000 to 2004 (IHVL and UKYL); one male, Vaupés, RN Mosiro 
Itayura (Capart), Centro Ambiental, 1°4' S 69°31' W, 60 m., Malaise, I-20-21- 
2003, M. Sharkey and D. Arias, M 3386 (IHVL) and three males, same data as 
last, except Igapo, [X-7-22-2003, L. Benarides, M 3393 (IHVL and UKYL). 

Differential Diagnosis: This species is close to tropica, but the style has a 
longer bulge on the medial side, and a thinner apex, with a shorter hook-like 
spine. 


Polana (Polanana) brevis Freytag, new species 
(Figures 15-16) 


Description: Length of male 7.5 mm, female unknown. Similar to tropica, but 
with a different male style and longer aedeagus. Male genitalia: Pygofer and gen- 
ital plates similar to sana. Style (Fig. 15) with short, thick spine near apex. 
Aedeagus (Fig. 16) short, stout. 

Type Data: Holotype male: Colombia: Putumayo, PNN La Paya, La Nueva 
Paya, 0°2' S 75°12' W, 210 m., Malaise, I-31-II-5-2003, C. Sarmiento, M 3423 
(IHVL). 

Additional Specimen: One male, Peru: Madre de Dios, near Puerto Mal- 
danado, Posadas Amazonas Lodge, at Rio Tambopata, 186 m., 12°48'115" S$ 
69°18'019" W, IX-30-X-3-2004, C. R. Bartlett (UK YL). 

Differential Diagnosis: This species is close to tropica, but the spine on the 
male style is shorter and closer to the apex, which makes the apex look almost 
bifurcate. 


160 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Polana (Polanana) ordinaria Freytag, new species 
(Figures 17-18) 


Description: Length of male 7.5 mm, female unknown. Similar to tropica, but 
with a very different male style. Male genitalia: Pygofer and genital plates simi- 
lar to sana. Style (Fig. 17) long, with small bulge near middle, than narrowing, 
curving dorsad to pointed apex. Aedeagus (Fig. 18) similar to declivata, but with- 
out hair-like processes at apex. 

Type Data: Holotype male: Colombia: Amazonas, Cgto. La Pedrera, 
Comunidad Camaritagua, 1°20' S 69°35' W, 380 m., Malaise, XII-24-2003-I-13- 
2004, J. Lopez, M 4168 (IHVL). 

Differential Diagnosis: This species is similar to tropica, but with a very dis- 
tinct male style, with only a small bulge and a very narrow and long apex. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Thanks are extended to Michael J. Sharkey, Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, 
who made it possible to study the specimens from Colombia through his National Science 
Foundation Grant no. DEB 0205982. Also thanks to Charles R. Bartlett, Department of Entomology, 
University of Delaware for the specimens he collected and made available. 


LITERATURE CITED 


DeLong, D. M. 1979. Studies of the Gyponinae with six new species of Polana (Homoptera: 
Cicadellidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington $1(2):298-303. 


DeLong, D. M. and D. R. Foster. 1982. New Species of Bolivian Gyponinae (Homop- 
tera:Cicadellidae). Entomological News 93(4):114-118. 


DeLong, D. M. and P. H. Freytag. 1972. Studies of the World Gyponinae (Homop- 
tera:Cicadellidae) The genus Polana. Arquivos de Zoologica, San Paulo 22(5):239-324. 


DeLong, D. M. and B. W. Triplehorn. 1979. New species of Gyponinae (Homoptera:Cicadellidae) 
from Peru. Brenesia 16:175-188. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 161 


FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE VENOM APPA- 
RATUS OF THE FUNNEL SPIDER, AGELENA GRACILENS 
(ARANEAE: AGELENIDAE) FROM TURKEY' 


Nazife Yigit,> Abdullah Bayram,’ Tarik Danisman,’ and Zafer Sancak’ 


ABSTRACT: The funnel-web spider, Agelena gracilens Koch C. L., 1841 is widely distributed 
throughout Middle Europe, Mediterranean countries, and Middle Asia. The aim of this study is to 
describe the functional morphology of the venom apparatus in A. gracilens using scanning electron 
microscopy. The organization of the venom apparatus of A. gracilens follows the general structure of 
the venom apparatus of other spiders. The venom apparatus is situated anteriorly in the prosoma and 
it is composed of a pair of chelicerae and venom glands. Each chelicera consists of a stout basal and 
a movable apical (fang) segments. The fang rests in a furrow on the basal segment and it narrows api- 
cally. There are parallel fine grooves on the surface of the fang. To eject the venom, a venom pore is 
located on the subterminal part of the fang. The venom glands of A. gracilens are of equal size and 
tubular. Each gland is surrounded by a bulky muscular layer. Also, neurons innervate the surface of 
the venom gland by SEM. 


KEY WORDS: Agelena gracilens, spider, venom apparatus, morphology, scanning electron micro- 
scope 


Spiders are an ancient and successful group of invertebrates widely distributed 
throughout the world (Levi and Levi, 1990). Spiders are the largest group of ven- 
omous animals, represented by about 40,000 extant species. Approximately 200 
Species are actually dangerous to humans. In recent years, there has been a 
noticeable increase in- studies on spider venoms (Herzig et al., 2004; Kalapotha- 
kis et al., 2003; Rash and Hodgson, 2002; King, 2004). 

In principle, all spiders with any kind of venom apparatus are considered ven- 
omous, but this does not mean that all of them are dangerous to humans. Their 
venom is toxic to insects, their usual prey. The most dangerous known spiders 
belong in the genera Latrodectus (black widow spiders), Loxosceles (violin spi- 
ders), Atrax (funnel spiders), and Phoneutria (banana spiders). Segesteria, 
Agelena, Cheiracanthium, Steatoda, and Lycosa are known as secondarily dan- 
gerous spiders. The bites of spiders cause local and systemic disorders. Enveno- 
mation produced by a spider bite is known as arachnidism, araneism, or aranei- 
dism. Areneism has recently been considered a serious public health problem. 

Like the venoms of other animals, such as snakes and scorpions, venoms of 
spiders are made up of complex mixtures of biologically active and inactive sub- 
stances. The major constituents of spider venoms are proteins, polypeptides and 
polyamine neurotoxins, enzymes, nucleic acids, free amino acids, monoamines 


"Received on March 31, 2006. Accepted on April 16, 2007. 


> University of Kirikkale, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, TR-71450 Yahsihan, 
Kirikkale, Turkey. E-mails: (NY) yigit@kku.edu.tr, (AB) abdbayram@yahoo.com, (TD) tarikdani 
@yahoo.com 


* Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Kirikkale, 
TR-71450 Yahsihan, Kirikkale, Turkey. E-mail: zafersancak!1@superonline.com 


Mailed on June 18, 2007 


162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


and inorganic salts (Ori and Ikeda, 1998; Rash and Hodgson, 2002). As the pri- 
mary purpose of spider venom is to kill or paralyze prey, spiders produce a vari- 
ety of toxins, which affect the nervous system (Escoubas et al., 2000). Spider’s 
neurotoxins affect prey and non-prey alike. The toxins isolated from spider 
venom have been invaluable in understanding the role and diversity of neuronal 
ion channels and the process of exocytosis (Pescatori and Grasso, 1994). A toxin, 
named agelenin, is found in the venom of spiders in the Agelenidae. This toxin 
is a calcium blocker and halts the neuronal transmission at the neuromuscular 
synapses presynaptically (Nakajima, 2006). In addition, the toxins of spider’s 
venom have enormous pest control potentials for the use of insect specific tox- 
ins in agriculture (King et al., 2002; Tedford et al., 2004). 

Previous investigators have described the venom apparatus of several ven- 
omous animals including snakes, wasps and centipedes (Mebs et al., 1994; 
Young et al., 2001; Schoeters et al., 1997; Menez et al., 1990). The venom appa- 
ratus of spiders consists of a pair of chelicerae and venom glands. The shape and 
position of the venom gland is different in various species. For instance, in large 
tarantulas, the venom glands are quite small and lie inside the chelicerae. 

While there are many studies on venoms of various spiders, there is little 
knowledge on the functional morphology of venom apparatus that produce 
venom in spiders. The objective of this study is to describe functional morphol- 
ogy of the venom apparatus of Agelena gracilens Koch C. L., 1841, a widely dis- 
tributed spider throughout the Middle Europe, Mediterranean countries, and 
Middle Asia. 


METHODS 

Adults of both sexes of A. gracilens were collected in Yahsihan-Kirikkale 
(33°: 31' E, 39°: 50'N, Turkey) on September 2005. The spiders were identified, 
reared in special cages, and fed insects at the Zoological Research Laboratory. 
Prior to dissection, spiders were narcotized with ether. The carapace was gently 
removed and the venom apparatus taken for electron microscopy studies under a 
stereo microscope (Nikon SMZ800). 

Chelicerae and venom glands were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde buffered with 
0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) for two hours at 4°C and then rinsed for 
12 hours in sodium phosphate buffer, and postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide in 
the same buffer for 2 hours. They were dehydrated in a graded ethanol series. To 
clean the surfaces, chelicerae and fangs were washed for 10 minutes in a gentle 
stream of 100% ethanol. The last stages of dehydration were performed with 
propylene oxide and acetone. Then, the venom apparati were dried in an incuba- 
tor at 30°C overnight. These specimens were coated with a thin layer of gold by 
Polaron SC 500 sputter coater. The materials were examined at an accelerating 
voltage of 12 kV with a JEOL JSM 5600 scanning electron microscope, and elec- 
tronmicrographs were recorded. All materials that investigated are deposited at 
The Zoological Research Laboratory of Kirikkale University. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 163 


RESULTS 
The organization of the venom apparatus of A. gracilens (Fig. 1) follows gen- 
eral architecture of venom apparatus of other spiders. The venom apparatus of 
A. gracilens is situated in the anterior part of the prosoma. It is composed of a 
pair of venom glands that produce the venom, the ducts that carry the venom 
from its source to the point of delivery, and cheliceral fangs that envenomate the 
prey by pricking it (Fig. 2). 


Fig. 1. Overall dorsal view of a female Agelena gracilens (taken with a dissecting stereo 
microscope). This specimen is approximately 10 mm long (excluding the legs). 


Each chelicera consists of two parts: a stout basal segment and a movable 
articulated fang. The basal segments of chelicerae are very stout and strong, and 
covered by hairs (Fig. 3). The fang rests in a furrow of the basal segment. Both 
margins of the cheliceral furrow are armed with two marginal teeth. These teeth 
are used for holding and crushing the prey. The fang narrows towards the apical 
part, and there are parallel fine grooves on the fang surface. The fangs possess a 
ridge, and on the lateral side there is a blade-like structure. To eject the venom, 
a venom pore is situated on the subterminal part of the fang (Fig. 4). Also, where 
the fangs connect to the basal segment, there are cuticular structures that look 
like a saw laterally (Fig. 5). . 

The venom glands of A. gracilens are equal size and are tubular (Fig. 6). Each 
gland is surrounded by a bulky muscular layer. This gross muscle bundle spiral- 
ly covering the venom gland can be easily observed (Fig. 7). The venom is pro- 
duced in the venom glands, it is carried by venom ducts passing through the che- 
licerae, and exiting from the venom pore during the muscular contractions. Also, 
the nerve cells that control the contraction of the bulky muscular layer can be 
observed on the surface on the venom gland. The nerve cells are abounded on the 
distal portion of the venom gland surface (Fig. 7). 


164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


SEE dre KIRIKKALE 3 


KIRIKKALE 6 X 180 100 pm 


Figures 2-7. 2. Venom apparatus of Agelena gracelins. The dorsolateral view of a pair of 
chelicerae, c: Chelicera, vg: Venom gland. 3. The view of the chelicerae. The chelicera 
consists of two parts, a basal segment (bs) and a movable fang (f). The fangs (f) rest in a 
groove of the basal segment. 4. The venom pore (vp) and fine grooves on the surface of 
the fangs, marginal teeth (mt). 5. Fine grooves on the surface of the fang and cuticular 
structures look like a saw on the lateral side at higher magnification. 6. Morphological 
description of the venom gland of A. gracilens. The venom gland is tubular and is cov- 
ered with muscle bundles (mb) that completely encapsulate it, nc, nerve cells. 7. The 
higher magnification of Figure 5 clearly shows distinctive muscle bundles (mb) and the 
nerve cells (nc). 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 165 


DISCUSSION 

The position of the fangs in spiders allows them to be divided into two subor- 
ders: Mygalomorphae and Areaneomorphae. It has been noted that mygalomorph 
and araneomorph spiders move their chelicerae in different manners. 
Mygalomorph chelicerae move parallel to one another in the vertical plane. 
Araneomorph spiders have chelicerae that move in opposition to each other in 
pinching motion in the horizontal plane (Ubick et al., 2005). Some venomous 
species such as Poecilotheria spp., Pterinochilus spp. (Theraphosidae) and Atrax 
robustus (Hexathelidae) are mygalomorph. In these spiders, the venom glands 
are in chelicera and quite small. However, Latrodectus, Loxosceles, Phoneutria, 
Segesteria, Cheiracanthium, Steatoda, Lycosa, and Agelena are araneomorph 
spiders. The morphology of the venom apparatus of A. gracilens is basically sim- 
ilar to those of the other araneomorph spiders (Moon and Tillinghast, 1996; Yigit 
et al., 2004). 

Spiders use their chelicerae for defense, seizing prey, carrying egg cocoons, 
making noise, and digging. In many spider species, one or both margins of the 
cheliceral furrows are often armed with cuticular teeth. There are also similar but 
very small structures on the ventral side of the fang. These act as a buttress for 
the movable fang. Spiders whose chelicerae are equipped with such teeth mash 
their prey into an unrecognizable mass. Spiders without such teeth can only suck 
out their victims through the small bite holes. There are two retromarginal teeth 
on cheliceral furrow on A. gracilens. The number and size of the retromarginal 
teeth are important diagnostic characteristics for taxonomists (Ubick et. al, 
2005). 

The tip of the fang is pointed and sharp. It is hollow and has a needle-like 
structure. It is used for injecting venom as well as for piercing and holding prey. 
The cutting ridge on both lateral sides allows deeper fang penetration of the prey. 
Agelena gracilens fang possesses a ridge on the lateral side with a blade-like 
structure. We found grooves on the surface of the fang. These grooves possibly 
suck up the body fluids of the prey by capillary action. 

The venom glands of A. gracilens are paired structures located in the prosoma 
that communicate with the outside through two ducts that lead into the fangs. 
Most araneomorph spiders, including A. gracilens, have relatively large venom 
glands that extend out of the chelicerae and reach the middle of the prosoma. 
Kovoor and Munoz-Cuevas (2000) described the structure and histochemistry of 
the poison glands in Lycosa tarentula (Lycosidae), four species of Peucetia, and 
Oxyopes lineatus (Oxyopidae). All these species show two voluminous gland 
sacs situated dorsally in the prosoma, over the nervous system. The shape of the 
venom glands is different in various species of spiders: bulbous in Loxosceles 
intermedia (Santos et al., 2000), carrot-like in Plesiophirctus collinus (Thera- 
phosidae), and sac-like or cylindrical and consisting of two lobes in Hetropoda 
venatoria (Heteropodidae) and Lycosa indagastrix (Lycosidae) (Ridling and 
Phanuel, 1989), whereas the venom glands of A. gracilens are long and tubular. 


166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Some of these structures, such as retromarginal teeth, shape of venom gland will 
probably prove to be of diagnostic value for spiders. 

In L. intermedia, the external muscular bundles are web-like (Santos et al., 
2000). However, in A. gracilens, the blocks of prominent muscle bundles spiral- 
ly, encapsulating the glands. 

The venom gland of A. gracilens is surrounded by a thick layer of striated 
muscle that encircles the gland. The contraction of the bulky muscular layer is 
controlled by the nervous system. The neurons can be easily observed on the sur- 
face on the venom gland. The neurons are abundant on the distal portion of the 
venom gland’s surface. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Escoubas, P., S. Diochot, and G. Corzo. 2000. Structure and pharmacology of spider venom neu- 
rotoxins. Biochimie 88: 893-907. 


Herzig, V., R. C. Ward, and W. F. dos Santos. 2004. Ontogenetic changes in Phoneutria nigriven- 
ter (Araneae, Ctenidae) spider venom. Toxicon 44: 635-640. 


Kalapothakis, E., C. Kushmerick, D. R. Gusm4a, G. O. Favaron, A. J. Ferreira, M. V. Gomez, 
and A. P. Almeida. 2003. Effects of the venom of a Mygalomorph spider (Lasiodor sp.) on the 
isolated rat heart. Toxicon 41: 23-28. 


King, G. F. 2004. The wonderful world of spiders: preface to the special Toxicon issue on spider 
venom. Toxicon 43: 471-475. 


King, G. F., H. W. Tedford, and F. Maggio. 2002. Structure and function of insecticidal neuro- 
toxins from Australian funnel-web spiders. Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews 21(4): 359- 
389. 


Kovoor, J. and A. Munoz-Cuevas. 2000. Comparative Histology of the Venom Gland in a Lycosid 
and Several Oxyopid Spiders (Araneae). Ekologia (Bratislava) 19: 129-140. 


Levi, H. W. and L. R. Levi. 1990. Spider and their kin. Golden Books Publishing Company, Inc., 
160 pp., New York. 


Mebs, D., U. Kuch, and J. Meier. 1994. Studies on Venom and Venom Apparatus of Fea’s Viper, 
Azemiops feae. Toxicon 32: 1275-1278. 


Menez, A., K. Zimmerman, S. Zimmerman, and H. Heatwole. 1990. Venom apparatus and tox- 
icity of the centipede Ethmostigmus rubripes (Chilopoda, Scolopendridae). Journal of Mor- 
phology 206: 303-312. 


Moon, M. J. and E. K. Tillinghast. 1996. Fine structural aspects of the venom production in the 
black widow spider, Latrodectus mactans. Korean Journal of Electron Microscopy 26: 17-31. 


Nakajima, T. 2006. Nanoanalysis of the neuro-toxins. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Seri B 
82(8): 297-310. 

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Reviews 17: 405-426. 


Pescatori, M. and A. Grasso. 1994. A tissue-specific protein of the venom gland of black widow 
spider affects 4-latrotoxin action. Annals of the New York Academy Sciences 710: 38-47. 


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con 40: 225-254. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 167 


Ridling, M. W. and G. J. Phanuel. 1989. Functional morphology of the poison apparatus and his- 
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Santos, V. L. P., C. R. C. Franco, R. L. L. Viggiano, R. B. Silveira, M. P. Cantao, O. C. Mangili, 
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Tedford, H. W., B. L. Sollod, F. Maggio, and G. F. King. 2004. Australian funnel-web spiders: 
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Crotalus, with Special Reference to Role of the Fang Sheath. Anatomical Record 264: 415-426. 


168 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


LAMINATOPINA ORIENTALIS GEN. ET SP. NOV. 
(HEMIPTERA: FULGOROIDEA: DELPHACIDAE) 
FROM CHINA’ 


Dao-zheng Qin’ and Ya-lin Zhang’ 


ABSTRACT: A new genus and species, Laminatopina orientalis, gen. et sp. n. from China is 
described and illustrated, and assigned to the tribe Delphacini within the subfamily Delphacinae 
(Delphacidae). The new genus resembles Neometopina Yang, 1989, but can best be distinguished 
from the latter by features of the male genitalia. 


KEY WORDS: Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoromorpha, Delphacini, Laminatopina gen. n., 
China. 


According to Asche (1985, 1990), the subfamily Delphacinae is divided into 
three tribes: Tropidocephalini, Saccharosydnini and Delphacini. The Delphacini 
represents the largest tribe within the subfamily, and also the largest group of 
Delphacidae worldwide. Although the Chinese Delphacini has been studied 
extensively, and includes 129 genera (see Ding, 2006), there are probably many 
more new taxa awaiting to be found. In the present paper one new genus and one 
new species of Delphacini from China are described. The type specimens of the 
new species for this study are deposited in the Entomological Museum, North- 
west A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China (NWAFU). The methods and 
terminology in this paper follow those of Ding (2006). 


Laminatopina NEW GENUS 

Type species. Laminatopina orientalis n.sp. 

Diagnosis. Head: Longer and narrower than pronotum. Vertex longer medial- 
ly than broad at base, acuately rounding into frons, Y-shaped carina with stem 
weak. Median carina of frons forked at base. Antennal segment II longer than I. 
Thorax: Lateral carinae of pronotum not attaining hind margin. Legs with tibia 
normal, calcar of hind leg tectiform with many black-tipped teeth on posterior 
margin. Abdomen: Male anal segment ring-like, caudoventral margin produced 
medially into a large spinose process. Pygofer with a distinct plate-like process 
at each side of dorsal margin of diaphragm, twisted, without medioventral 
process. Phallus tubular, strongly decurved medially, one strong process arising 
basally. Diaphragm broad, dorsomedially with a projection. Suspensoritum with 
dorsal part Y-shaped, ventral part ring-like. Genital styles extremely long, strong- 
ly diverging from base. 


‘Received on April 17, 2006. Accepted on April 17, 2007. 


*Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management. Ministry of Education, 
Entomological Museum, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100 China. 
E-mails: gindaozh0426@yahoo.com.cn, yalinzh@yahoo.com.cn (corresponding author). 


Mailed on June 18, 2007 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 169 


Remarks. Of the Chinese genera of Delphacini, the plate-like structures of 
the diaphragm are highly unusual and only found in Neometopina and the new 
genus. The new genus is also related to Neometopina in many parallel features: 
head narrower than pronotum; vertex longer medially than broad at base; 
fastigium acuately rounded; frons with median carina forked at base; antennal 
segment II longer than I; spinal formula of hind leg 5-7-4; pronotum with later- 
al carinae not attaining hind margin; calcar of hind leg with many teeth; forewing 
acutely rounded at apex; male anal segment ring-like and caudoventral margin 
produced medially into a large spinose process; pygofer without medioventral 
process; diaphragm broad and dorsal margin produced; suspensorium with ven- 
tral part ring-like; genital styles long and narrowed subapically. But can be dis- 
tinguished from the latter by: vertex with basal compartment wider at base than 
greatest length; the stem of Y-shaped carina weak; rostrum reaching to metacox- 
ae; especially by the features of the male genitalia: male anal segment with medi- 
an process not produced in ventral margins; diaphragm distinctly projected dor- 
somedially; suspensorium with the dorsal portion Y-shaped; phallus tubular, 
decurved, and with one strong process arising basally; genital styles strongly 
diverging. 

Etymology. The name is derived from the Latin word “laminatus” (plate), and 
with combination of the feminine suffix “-a”, which refers that the pygofer with 
a distinct plate-like process at each side of dorsal margin of the diaphragm. The 
gender is feminine. 

Laminatopina orientalis, NEW SPECIES 
(Figures 1-15) 


Type Locality. CHINA, Hainan, Bawangling. 

Description. Color. Body entirely pale yellowish orange.Vertex with outer 
area to submedian carinae black, frons sublaterally with narrow stripe, blackish 
brown, genae yellowish orange. Median carina of pro- and mesonotum whitish 
yellow, inner lateral carinae with light yellowish brown stripe. Ocelli dark. Eyes 
dark brown to black. Dorsum of abdomen yellowish orange. 

Structure: Body length & 4.54 mm, 9 4.67-4.73 mm. Head including eyes 
narrower than pronotum (0.84:1), longer medially than broad at base about 1.3:1, 
lateral margins of vertex in dorsal view subparallel, except where expanded lat- 
erally behind eyes, submedian carinae originating from near middle of lateral 
carinae, not uniting at apex, basal compartment wider at base than greatest 
length. Fastigium acuately rounded. Vertex length & 0.26-0.27 mm, ? 0.32-0.35 
mm, width O 0.24 mm,  0.25-0.29 mm. Frons about 2.4 times as high as its 
maximum width, widest at apex, lateral carinae slightly sinuate, frons width 0 
0.24 mm, 9 0.26-0.27 mm, length O 0.62 mm, ¥ 0.68-0.69 mm. Antennae terete, 
surpassing frontoclypeal suture, length of segment (0) I 0.15-0.19 mm, II 0.30- 
0.32 mm, (9) 0.16-0.19 mm, II 0.31-0.32 mm. Rostrum reaching to metacoxae. 
Postclypeus large, as wide as frons at apex. Lateral carinae of pronotum pos- 


170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


terolaterally directed, slightly curved, pronotum width & 0.74-0.78 mm, 9 0.81- 
0.86 mm, length & 0.22-0.24 mm, ? 0.24-0.27 mm. Mesonotal carina obscure at 
apical third, lateral carinae diverging, reaching to posterior margin or not, meso- 
notum length & 0.65-0.70 mm, ¢ 0.74-0.82 mm. Forewing long and narrow, 
roundly acute at apex, length & 3.86 mm, 9 3.93-4.02 mm. Metabasitarsus 
slightly longer than tarsomere 2+3 combined, spinulation of metabasitarsus 7 
(2+5), 2nd 4, calcar length 0 0.38 mm, ? 0.39-0.45 mm, tectiform, concave ven- 
trally, more than half length of basitarsus, with 20-22 black-tipped teeth. 

Male genitalia: Anal segment large, median spinose process nearly straight, 
apex bifurcated. Pygofer in profile subtriangular, distinctly wider ventrally than 
dorsally, in posterior view with opening longer than wide. Phallus tubular and 
with many small ventral teeth, apex enlarged, membranous, basal process short- 
er than phallus, broad at basal half, then gradually tapering to acute apex. 
Suspensorium well-developed and sclerotized. Diaphragm broad, dorsomedially 
with a cone-shaped projection, pigmented and sclerotized. Opening for genital 
styles large, dorsal margin nearly straight, produced into a small lobe medially, 
ventral margin evenly curved. Genital styles extremely long and strongly diverg- 
ing from base, surpassing level of lateral margins of pygofer, sinuate, slightly 
widened subapically and greatly narrowed subapically to acute apex. 

Brachypterous. Unknown. 

Recorded Hosts. None. 

Material Examined. Holotype. Macropterous ©’. China: Hainan Province, 
Bawangling, 28-V-1983, coli. Yalin Zhang. Paratypes: 10°, 39, same data as 
holotype. 

Etymology. The name is derived from Latin word “orientalis” which refers to 
the type locality which is in Oriental Region. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 A 


15 


Figures 1-15. Laminatopina orientalis, sp. n. male. Fig. 1. Head and thorax, dorsal view. 
Fig. 2. Face. Fig. 3. Head and pronotum, lateral view. Fig. 4. Forewing. Fig. 5. Male ter- 
minalia, posterior view. Fig. 6. Same, left lateral view. Fig. 7. Pygofer, posterior view, anal 
segment and genital styles removed. Fig. 8. Same, left lateral view. Fig. 9. Phallus, dor- 
solateral view, right aspect. Fig. 10. Same, dorsolateral view, left aspect. Fig. 11. Same, 
left lateral view. Fig. 12. Genital styles, left side. Fig. 13. Suspensorium. Fig. 14. Anal 
segment, ventral view. Fig. 15. Same, left lateral view. 


WZ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


We would like to thank Mr. Mick Webb, The Natural History Museum, London, for reviewing the 
manuscript and suggesting improvements. The first author is especially indebted to Mr. John W. M. 
Marris, Department of Entomology and Animal Ecology, Lincoln University, New Zealand, for help- 
ing to obtain literature during his visit to New Zealand. This study was supported by “the Pilot Project 
of Standardized Curation, Data Integration and Resource Sharing of Zoological Collections by 
Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2005DKA21402),” and “Northwest A & F University 
grant for young academic talent at the year of 2006 and special science program of NWSUAF in 2006 
(08080253).” 


LITERATURE CITED 


Asche, M. 1985. Zur phylogenie der Delphacidae Leach, 1815 (Homoptera Cicadina Fulgoro- 
morpha). Marburger Entomological Publication 2 (1): 1-912. 


Asche, M. 1990. Vizcayinae, a new subfamily of Delphacidae with revision of Vizcaya Muir 
(Homoptera: Fulgoroidea)- a significant phylogenetic link. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 
30: 154-187. 


Ding, J. H. 2006. Fauna Sinica. Insecta Vol. 45. Homoptera Delphacidae. Editorial Committee of 
Fauna Sinica, Chinese Academy of Science. Beijing, China. Science Press. 776 pp., 20 pls. 


Yang, C. T. 1989. Delphacidae of Taiwan (II) (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). National Science Council 
Special Publication Series 6: 1-334. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 173 


NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF ACANTHOCORINI 
(HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA: COREIDAE: COREINAE) 
FROM AUSTRALTA' 


Harry Brailovsky’ 


ABSTRACT: A new genus, Postleniatus and species, P glycosmisus, collected in Australia, are 
described. The relationship with Pomponatius Distant and Turrana Distant is discussed. An illustration 
of the new species and figures of the hemelytra, male genital capsule, and female genital plates are pro- 
vided. A key to the Australian Acanthocorini is provided. 


KEY WORDS: Heteroptera, Coreidae, Acanthocorini, Australia, new genus, new species 


Prior to this paper, two genera and three species of Acanthocorini have been 
recorded from Australia (Brailovsky and Monteith 1996, Cassis and Gross 2002). 
The genus Pomponatius Distant, 1904, contains two species, P. luridus Brailovsky 
and Monteith, 1996, and P. typicus Distant, 1904; Turrana Distant, 1911, includes 
one species 7: abnormis Distant, 1911. This paper adds one new genus and species 
and provides eight morphological features to distinguish them from other Austral- 
ian Acanthocorini: head and pronotum longer than wide, femora unarmed, abdo- 
men in both sexes narrowed and expanded posteriorly, antennal segment II longer 
than III, eyes small, semiglobose, longitudinal groove of mesosternum deep, reach- 
ing posterior third, and abdominal segments VIII and IX of female short. A key to 
the known genera and species of Acanthocorini of Australia is given. 


__ Postleniatus, NEW GENUS 

Type Species. Postleniatus glycosmisus Brailovsky sp. nov. 

Description. Male. General habitus (Fig. 9). Head longer than wide across 
eyes, subquadrate, not produced beyond antenniferous tubercles, granulate, and 
dorsally flat; tylus medially upturned to form a small horn, and apically rounded; 
juga unarmed, thick, globose, shorter than tylus; inner margins of antenniferous 
tubercles with large lobe apically rounded and widely separated; antennal segment 
I robust, thickest, longer than head; segment II cylindrical, regularly incrassate; 
segment III cylindrical, slender, IV fusiform; antennal segment IV shortest, seg- 
ment I longest, II longer than III; frons with deep median longitudinal sulcus; ocel- 
li almost sessile; preocellar pit small, deep; eyes moderately large, semiglobose; 
postocular tubercle absent; bucculae unarmed, short, rounded, not extending be- 
yond anterior margin of eyes; rostrum reaching posterior margin of mesosternum; 
rostral segment III shortest, segment IV longest, II longer than I. Thorax: pronotum 
rectangular, longer than wide, flat, weakly declivent; collar not clearly marked; 
frontal angles produced forward as small conical projection; anterior margin con- 
cave; anterolateral margins straight, slightly reflected; humeral angles obtuse, apex 
subacute; posterolateral margins straight, smooth; posterior margin concave, 
smooth; anterior lobes of pronotal disk granulate, with few punctures, posterior 


‘Received on June 8, 2006. Accepted on April 9, 2007. 


*Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Aut6noma de México, Departamento de Zoologia, 
Apartado Postal 70153, México 04510 D.F. México. E mail: coreidae@servidor.unam.mx 


Mailed on June 18, 2007 


174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


lobes densely punctate, each puncture medium-sized and scarcely deep; calli flat, 
separated along midline by longitudinal furrow; anterior lobe of metathoracic per- 
itreme elevated, reniform, posterior lobe sharp, small; mesosternum with median 
longitudinal groove, reaching posterior third; pro-, meso-, and metathoraces gran- 
ulate with few scattered punctures. Legs: short; hind femur not extending beyond 
posterior border of abdominal sternite IV; femora unarmed, gradually clavate, 
densely granulate; tibiae terete, conspicuously sulcate. Scutellum: triangular, long- 
er than wide, flat, finely striate; apex subacute. Hemelytra: macropterous, reaching 
anterior margin of abdominal segment VII; costal margin emarginate; apical mar- 
gin weakly sinuate; apical angle obtuse; clavus and corium strong and deeply punc- 
tate (Fig. 8). Abdomen: narrow, slightly expanded posteriorly; abdominal segment 
VII exposed aterally with posterior margin trilobate, median lobe fairly rounded, 
lateral expansions subtriangular (Fig. 9); connexivum raised above terga; posterior 
angle of each connexival segment entire, not expanded into spine; abdominal ster- 
na without medial furrow. Male genitalia. Genital capsule: posteroventral edge 
elongate, projected as broad large-sized triangular lobe, apically subtruncated 
(Figs. 5-6). Female genitalia: abdomen narrow, expanded posteriorly; abdominal 
sternite VII with plica and fissura; plica rectangular, short, reaching anterior third 
of sternite VII. Genital plate: gonocoxa I square, shorter than paratergite IX, in cau- 
dal view closed, in lateral view convex; paratergite VIII triangular, elongate, with 
spiracle visible; paratergite [IX triangular, elongate, larger than paratergite VIII and 
apically acute. 

Discussion. The new genus is closely allied to Turrana Distant (1911) in hav- 
ing the head and pronotum longer than wide, postocular tubercle absent, posterior 
margin of pronotal disk concave, legs short with hind femur reaching anterior or 
middle third of abdominal sternite IV, ocelli not raised, femora unarmed, and 
clavus and corium strong and deeply punctate. 

In Postleniatus, the abdomen in both sexes is narrowed and slightly expanded 
posteriorly (Fig. 9), antennal segment II longer than III, eyes moderately large, ros- 
trum reaching posterior margin of mesosternum, longitudinal groove of mesoster- 
num deep, reaching posterior third, and abdominal segments VIII and IX of female 
short. In Turrana the abdomen in both sexes are gradually narrowing beyond mid- 
dle (Figs. 1, 3), antennal segment III longer than II, eyes small, compressed, ros- 
trum shorter reaching posterior margin of prosternum, longitudinal groove of 
mesosternum not reaching posterior third, and abdominal segments VIII and IX of 
female elongate, tubular-type (Fig. 1). 

In Pomponatius Distant (1904), the other australian genus included in Acanthocorini, 
the head and pronotum are wider than long, femora ventrally armed, postocular tubercle 
present, clavus and corium dense and finely punctate, each puncture small, never deeply 
excavated, hemelytral membrane shorter (Fig. 7), hind femur reaching anterior or mid- 
dle third of abdominal sternite V, male abdominal segment VII with posterior margin not 
trilobate (Fig. 2), and female genitalia elongate (Fig. 4). 

Etymology. Named after Anthony Postle, distinguished Australian entomolo- 
gist. Gender masculine. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 175 


Fig. 1. Turrana abnormis Distant. Dorsal view of female abdominal segments VII to IX. 
Figs. 2-3. Dorsal view of male abdominal segment VII, and apex of genital capsule. Fig. 
2. Pomponatius typicus Distant. Fig. 3. Turrana abnormis Distant. Fig. 4. Pomponatius 
typicus Distant. Dorsal view of female abdominal segments VII to IX. Figs. 5-6. Male 
genital capsule of Pomponatius glycosmisus NEW SPECIES. Fig. 5. Lateral view. Fig. 6. 
Caudal view. Figs. 7-8. Hemelytra. Fig. 7. Pomponatius typicus Distant. Fig. 8. Postlen- 
iatus glycosmisus NEW SPECIES. 


176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Postleniatus glycosmisus, NEW SPECIES 
(Figs. 5, 6, 8, 9) 


Types. Holotype: male: Western Australia. Glycosmis Bay, 9 March 2004, A. 
Postle; deposited: Queensland Museum, Brisbane (QMBA). Paratype: female: 
Western Australia. Glycosmis Bay, 9 March 2004, A. Postle; deposited: Queens- 
land Museum, Brisbane (QMBA). 

Description. Dorsal color: yellowish dark, suffused with pink and dark irregu- 
lar marks. Head: yellowish dark with outer face of antenniferous tubercles, 
widened longitudinal stripe running between inner face of antenniferous tubercles 
until vertex, and postocular space dark brown; antennal segment I pale reddish 
brown suffused with yellowish dark marks; antennal segment II reddish brown with 
inner face at basal third pale yellow; segment III pale yellow with apical third red- 
dish brown, and IV with basal half pale orange and apical half reddish brown. 
Pronotum: yellowish dark, suffused with pink irregular marks, and punctures dark 
brown; humeral angles almost black. Scutellum yellow with lateral margins pale 
brown. Hemelytra: clavus and corium yellowish dark, suffused with pink irregular 
marks, and punctures dark brown; hemelytral membrane pale brown with veins 
darker. Abdomen: connexival segments III to VII black with anterior third pale yel- 
low; abdominal terga IJ to VI shiny orange yellow, and VII yellow with two dark 
brown longitudinal stripes running laterally to midline. Ventral color: pale yellow 
suffused with pink irregular marks on head and thorax, and with following areas 
black: longitudinal stripe on meso- and metasterna, upper margin of metaacetabu- 
lae, the area adjacent to metathoracic peritreme, posterior third of pleural margins 
of abdominal sterna, rim of abdominal spiracle, irregular spots on abdominal ster- 
na, and much of genital capsule; upper margin of abdomen almost entirely dark yel- 
low. Legs: coxae reddish brown with ventral surface castaneus to shiny orange; 
trochanters reddish brown to dark brown; femora with dorsal surface reddish 
brown to dark brown suffused with yellowish dark marks, ventral surface pale yel- 
lowish with dark brown spots and irregular stripes dark brown to black; tibiae dark 
yellow with basal joint dark brown; tarsi dark yellow with orange marks. 

Measurements. Male: head length 1.44 mm; width across eyes 1.38 mm; inte- 
rocular space 0.86 mm; interocellar distance 0.42 mm; antennal segment length I, 
2.64, Il, 2.30, Il, 2.24, IV, 1.18 mm; pronotum length 2.54 mm; width across 
humeral angles 2.26 mm; scutellar length 1.04 mm; width 0.76 mm; total body 
length 13.68 mm. 

Female. Similar to male holotype except antennal segment II reddish brown 
with basal third dark yellow, fore tibiae yellow suffused with pale brown marks, 
middle and hind tibiae pale yellow with basal joint dark brown; connexival seg- 
ment VII black with anterior third, wide obliquely stripe at middle third, and pos- 
terior border yellow, connexival segments VIII and IX black with dorsal third yel- 
low, and genital plates yellow. 

Measurements. Female: head length 1.60 mm; width across eyes 1.56 mm; 
interocular distance 0.98 mm; interocellar distance 0.46 mm; antennal segment 
length I, 3.06, I, 2.64, II, 2.52, IV, 1.26 mm; pronotum length 3.12 mm; width 
across humeral angles 2.80 mm; scutellar length 1.36 mm; width 1.08 mm; total 
body length 17.62 mm. 

Etymology. Named for Glycosmis Bay, the type locality. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 WIM 


 BALRERA 


Fig. 9. Dorsal view of Postleniatus glycosmisus NEW SPECIES (male). 


178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Key to the known Australian Acanthocorini 


1. Head and pronotum longer than wide; legs short; hind femora reaching middle third of 
abdominal sternite IV; clavus and corium strong and deeply punctate, each puncture 
deeply excavated, and large (Fig. 8); femora unarmed; postocular tubercle absent.....3 


Head and pronotum wider than long; legs longer; hind femora reaching anterior or 
middle third of abdominal sternite V; clavus and corium dense and finely punctate, 
each puncture small and never deeply excavated (Fig. 7); femora ventrally armed; pos- 
tocular tubencle ESM... 224. ca<cseocac.dueeds eves -ve Pe edeeceadneaterdvesan-atthne tent cenaaee esas ee eee 2 


2. Antennal segment III not noticeably more swollen than II, bicoloured, with apical half 
paler than basal half; hemelytral membrane elongate, longer than 3.20 mm, with sev- 
eral longitudinal veins, with basal margin strongly sinuate; dark longitudinal stripes on 
prosternum aboutisame width as rostrum.....2/..0:..-. i. 200.00 eau ceceasee tea ene 
Beet: TREES EN, MER ca inne ceo cde dee Pomponatius luridus Brailovsky and Monteith 


Antennal segment III noticeably more swollen than II not bicoloured; hemelytral mem- 
brane short, less than 3.20 mm, with reticulate venation, basal margin uniformly 
curved; dark longitudinal stripes on prosternum at least twice width of rostrum .......... 
Sac, Ce ee Ret ata LL sel sdk cd Re eee Pomponatius typicus Distant 


3. Abdomen in both sexes gradually narrowing beyond middle (Fig. 3); antennal segment 
III longer than II; eyes small, compressed; rostrum short, reaching posterior border of 
prosternum; longitudinal groove of mesosternum short, not reaching the posterior 
third; abdominal segments VIII and IX of female elongate, tubular-type (Fig. 1)......... 

EE ecco ETE RTM 06 ccs 200d tcooc aa eae eee Turrana abnormis Distant 


Abdomen in both sexes narrowed, slightly expanded posteriorly (Fig. 9); antennal seg- 
ment II longer than II]; eyes moderately large; rostrum reaching posterior margin of 
mesosternum; longitudinal groove of mesosternum deep, reaching posterior third; 
abdominal segments VIll’and LX of female Shont ...7%.......-.2-.ecssc00+-.05-eeeeee eee 
Ee a eee Postleniatus glycosmisus NEW GENUS, NEW SPECIES 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I thank G. B. Monteith (Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia) for the loan of material and Ernesto 
Barrera (Instituto de Biologia, UNAM) for the drawings. Special thanks to the Direccién General de 
Asuntos del Personal Académico de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México (DGAPA) for provid- 
ing financial assistance during my sabbatical year. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Brailovsky, H. and G. B. Monteith. 1996. A new species of Pomponatius Distant from Australia 
(Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae: Acanthocorini). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 39(2): 205- 
210. 


Cassis, G. and G. F. Gross. 2002. Hemiptera: Heteroptera (Pentatomorpha) /n, Houston W.W. K. and 
Wells A. (Editors). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 27.3B. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing, 
Australia xiv 737 pp. 


Distant, W. L. 1904. Rhynchotal notes 22. Heteroptera from north Queensland. Annals and Magazine of 
Natural History. Series (7) 13! 263-276. 


Distant, W. L. 1911. Rhynchotal notes 55. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series (8) 7: 576- 
586. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 179 


A NEW SPECIES AND SOME NEW RECORDS OF THE 
GENUS OXYCERA (DIPTERA: STRATIOMYIDAE) 
FROM TURKEY ' 


Turgay Ustiiner* and Abdullah Hasbenli’ 


ABSTRACT: A new species, Oxycera quadrilineata sp. n., is described from Turkey and diagnostic 
characters are illustrated and compared with four related species. Oxycera galeata (Lindner, 1975), 
Oxycera grata Loew, 1869 and Oxycera pardalina Meigen, 1822 are recorded for the fauna of Turkey 
for the first time. 


KEY WORDS: Stratiomyidae, Oxycera, Oxycera quadrilineata, new species, Turkey 


Only seven species of Oxycera (Stratiomyidae) have been recorded from 
Turkey (Ustiiner et al. 2002, Ustiiner and Hasbenli 2004, Woodley 2001). These 
species are Oxycera insolata Kuthbandner, 1984, Oxycera limbata Loew, 1862, 
Oxycera meigenii Staeger, 1844, Oxycera nigricornis Olivier, 1811, Oxycera 
pygmaea (Fallén, 1817), Oxycera trilineata (Linnaeus, 1767) and Oxycera turci- 
ca Ustiiner and Hasbenli, 2004. During our investigations of Turkish Stratiomyi- 
dae in the Tahtali Mountains of Turkey, we discovered four species which repre- 
sent interesting additions to the Oxycera fauna of Turkey. One of these species is 
a new species distinctly differing from the related species Oxycera pardalina 
Meigen, 1822, Oxycera limbata Loew, 1862, Oxycera insolata Kihbandner, 
1984 and Oxycera trilineata (Linnaeus, 1767). Three of these species are record- 
ed for the first time in Turkey. 


Oxycera quadrilineata NEW SPECIES 
(Figs. 1-8) 


Holotype: Female, Turkey: Sivas, Giriin-Kindiralik Village, elev. 1819 m., 
July 16, 2002, coll. Ustiiner and Hasbenli, deposited in the collection of the Zoo- 
logical Museum of the Gazi University (ZMGU), Ankara in Turkey. 

Paratypes: 3 females, Turkey: Sivas, Guriin-Kindiralik Village, elev. 1819 
m., 16 July 2002 coll.Ustiiner and Hasbenli. The paratype specimens are deposit- 
ed in the collection of the Zoological Museum of the Gazi University (ZMGU), 
Ankara (coll. Hasbenli) and Selcuk University Department of Biology in Konya 
(coll. Ustiiner) in Turkey. All specimens were collected in a grassy area sur- 
rounding a moist spring. 

Diagnosis: Frons black with 2 yellow spots and a pair of long yellow stripes 
on sides. Antenna entirely black. There are 4 yellow longitudinal stripes on the 
mesonotum. 


‘Received on June 10, 2006. Accepted on April 16, 2007. 


* Selcuk University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Kampiis 42100, Konya, 
Turkey. E-mail: tustuner@selcuk.edu.tr. 


> Gazi University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, 06500 Teknikokullar, Ankara, 
Turkey. E-mail: hasbenli@gazi.edu.tr. 


Mailed on June 18, 2007 


180 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Female: Eyes have quite short sparse hairs. Frons (Fig. 1) shining black, about 
1/3 as broad as head. On the frons there are two yellow medial spots below the 
ocelli that do not reach the eye-margin. Broad lateral yellow areas present along 
eye margins extending from middle of frons below onto the face. Genae black. 
Postocular region (Fig. 2) broadly yellow, extending from upper angle of the eye to 
the postgena, interrupted at about upper one-third. Antenna entirely black. Scape 
and pedicel shining black. Antennal apical style is longer than rest of flagellum. 
Postocciput, vertex (cerebrale behind of ocellar triangle) shining black. Labella 
yellow. Frons and postocular area with sparse, short, yellow hairs. Some long 
sparse hairs present on lower part of face and genae. 

Thorax (Figs. 3 and 4) black, covered with sparse, short, yellow hairs. Four yel- 
low longitudinal stripes present on mesonotum. Humeral callus and postalar callus 
are yellow. Yellow subnotopleural stripes widened posteriorly and extend to base 
of halteres. Scutellum and scutellar spines are yellow. Wings (Fig. 5) are transpar- 
ent, cell rl is golden yellow, R4 present, wing with stronger veins are golden yel- 
low. Legs are mainly yellow. All femur are yellow, with the middle of exterior face 
of fore and mid tibia with a black stripe-like spot, hind tibia yellow with indistinct 
spot near middle. Fore tarsi entirely black. Tarsal segments 3 and 4 of mid and hind 
tarsi segments black. Halteres are light yellow with darkened stalk. 

Abdomen (Fig. 6) shining black covered with sparse, short, yellow hairs. Lateral 
margin yellow beginning at anterior corner of tergum 2, enlarged into lateral mark- 
ings on terga 2-4 that are rather broad on tergites 3 and 4, and somewhat more 
extended medially on tergite 4. There is a yellow apical spot on tergite 5. Venter is 
entirely black. Female terminalia (Figs. 7 and 8): Cerci are relatively long and one- 
segmented. Genital furca is slender, long and triangular. Anterior portion of genital 
furca slender. There is a small, posteromedial emargination on the furca. Postero- 
lateral projections are long and broad on genital furca. 

Length of body 6 mm., wing 5.5 mm. 

Discussion: The four yellow stripes on the black mesonotum are very charac- 
teristic for this species. Although Oxycera quadrilineata sp.n. females resemble 
females of Oxycera pardalina Meigen,1822, Oxycera limbata Loew, 1862, 
Oxycera insolata Kuhbandner, 1984 and Oxycera trilineata (Linnaeus, 1767), it is 
different from them (Kuhbandner 1984, Lindner 1936-1938, Rozkosny 1983). 

Oxycera quadrilineata sp.n. has been carefully compared with the other species. 
The female of O. limbata has the antenna light brown with style black; 4 yellow 
spots at eye margin on the frons; and two narrow longitudinal stripes on the 
mesonotum. The female of O. quadrilineata sp. n., has the antenna entirely black, 
2 yellow spots at eye margin on the frons, and four longitudinal stripes on mesono- 
tum. The coloration of the abdomen of the new species is entirely different from 
the abdomen of O. limbata. 

This species also differs from Oxycera insolata Kihbandner, 1984 and Oxycera 
trilineata (Linnaeus, 1767). There are no spots at eye-margin on the frons in 
O. insolata and O. trilineata. The notopleural stripe of O. trilineata is broader than 
in the new species and it is connected to the subnotopleural suture on mesonotum. 
And there are four yellow or green longitudinal stripes and three black longitudi- 
nal ground stripes on the mesonotum in the female of O. trilineata. This new 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 181 


species appears to be related to Oxycera pardalina Meigen,1822, but O. pardalina 
Meigen, 1822 has only two yellow longitudinal stripes on mesonotum in the 
female. 


Fig. 1-8 Oxycera quadrilineata sp.n. female: 1. Head in frontal view, 2. Head in lateral 
view, 3. Thorax in dorsal view, 4. Thorax in lateral view, 5. Wing, 6. Abdomen in dorsal 
view. Scale bar: 1 mm.; female genitalia: 7. female terminalia in dorsal view, 8. genital furca. 
Scale bar: 0.25 mm. 


182 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


A list of species of Oxycera newly recorded from Turkey 


Oxycera galeata (Lindner, 1975) 

Oxycera galeata was described by Lindner from Israel in 1975 as Heraclina galea- 
ta. Oxycera galeata (Lindner, 1975) is recorded for the fauna of Turkey for the first 
time. 

Material Examined: | male: Turkey: Adana, Feke, Degirmenusagi Village, elev. 
727 m, June 24, 2002, coll. Ustiiner and Hasbenli. 1 female: Turkey: Adana, Feke, 
Degirmenusagi Village, elev. 727 m, June 24, 2002, coll. Ustiiner and Hasbenli. 1 
female: Turkey: Kayseri, Yahyali, Burhantye Village, elev. 1414 m, July 13, 2002, 
coll. Ustiiner and Hasbenli. 1 female: Turkey: Kayseri, Yahyali, Sogulca Plateau, 
elev. 1665 m, July 14, 2002, coll. Ustiiner and Hasbenli. 1 female: Turkey: Kayseri, 
Sariz, Karapinar Village, elev. 1723 m, July 16, 2002, coll. Ustiiner and Hasbenli. 2 
male: Turkey: Adana, Saimbeyli, Avcipinari Village, elev. 1430 m, July 27, 2003, 
coll. Ustiiner and Hasbenli. 

Distribution: Palaearctic: Israel (Lindner, 1975; Lindner and Freidberg, 1978; 
Woodley, 2001). 


Oxycera grata Loew, 1869 

This species has been previously known only from Greece. The female we col- 
lected represents the first record for Turkey. 

Material Examined: | female: Turkey: Sivas, Sarkisla, between Sarkisla and Pin- 
arbasi, Baséren Village, elev. 1810 m, June 23, 2003, coll. T. Ustiiner and A. Has- 
benli. 

Distribution: Palaearctic: Greece (Kertész, 1908; Pleske, 1925a; Rozkosny, 
1983; Woodley, 2001). 


Oxycera pardalina Meigen, 1822 

A Palaearctic species that ranges from Europe to west Europe and Caucasia. This 
species is recorded for the fauna of Turkey for the first time. 

Material Examined: | female: Turkey: Kayseri, Tasci (Bakirdagi), Deresimli 
Village, elev. 1490 m, July 15, 2002, coll. Ustiiner and Hasbenli. 1 female: Turkey: 
Kayseri, Tasci (Bakirdagi), Deresimli Village, elev. 1400 m, August 29, 2003, coll. 
Ustiiner and Hasbenli. 

Distribution: Palaearctic: Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, 
England, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, 
Roumania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia (Kertész, 
1908; Pleske, 1925b; Séguy, 1926; Lindner, 1936-1938; Rozkosny, 1973; DuSek and 
Rozkosny, 1974; Rozkosny, 1983; Narchuk, 1988; Rozkosny and Nartshuk, 1988; 
Woodley, 2001). 


Key to Species of Oxycera Meigen, 1803 of Turkey 


1. Eyes contiguous, male. Mesonotum shining black, humeral cali and postalar cali 
with yellow spots, subnotopleural stripes yellow. Scutellum and scutellar spines 
yellow. Abdomen black, with yellow margin beginning at tergum 2 and yellow 
SO COIS OMT VeR les —ARy i aaians. Pesadhas Feces. iseeus voanectadanioedy Oxycera galeata (Lindner, 1975) 

— "Eyes Sroadly Separated; females :))i.:s..c....ccc... J ce Reiebac eit wndeeantee ate terenak ete 2 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 183 


2. Mesonotum with yellow longitudinal stripes..............cccecceccecsesseeceeeesseeeeeeessseeeees 3 
— Mesonotum with yellow rectangular spot........... Oxycera galeata (Lindner, 1975) 
3. Mesonotum with 4 yellow longitudinal stripes. Frons black with 2 yellow spots 

and a pair of long yellow stripes on sides................... Oxycera quadrilineata n.sp. 
— Mesonotum with 2 yellow longitudinal stripes..............ccccccccsccceeesseeceeessteeeeeesees 4 


4. Pteropleura with yellow spots, subnotopleura with wide yellow stripes. 
Abdominal side-markings on tergum 4 extend to the middle part of the tergum ... 
ee ne ere acre cetccctenersnaenteaserecat incon a Oxycera grata Loew, 1869 
— Pteropleura without yellow spots, subnotopleura with relatively narrow yellow 
stripes Abdominal side-markings on tergum 4 not extend to the middle part of the 
Testy Ma cee Aceh ss) MS A a ten SR Lot Ad kG Oxycera pardalina Meigen, 1822 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


Our thanks are due to Prof. R. Rozkosny (Brno, Czech Republic) for his opinion on this new species 
and due to Dr. N. E. Woodley for critically reviewing the manuscript. The work was carried out with finan- 
cial support from the Selcuk University Scientific Research Council (BAP) (grant 2001/122). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Dusek, J. and R. Rozkosny. 1974. Revision mitteleuropaischer Arten der Familie Stratiomyidae (Dip- 
tera) mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Fauna der CSSR V. Gattung Oxycera Meigen. Acta Ento- 
mologica Bohemoslovaca 71: 322-341. 

Kertész, C. 1908. Orthorrhapha Brachycera. Stratiomyiidae. /n, Catalogus Dipterorum Hucusque Des- 
criptorum, Budapestini 3: 1-137. 

Lindner, E. 1936-1938. Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region - 18. Stratiomyiidae, E. Schweizert’sche 
Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 4(1):1-218. 

Lindner, E. 1975. On some Stratiomyidae (Diptera) from the Near East. Israel Journal of Entomology 
10: 41-49. 

Lindner, E. and A. Freidberg. 1978. New records of Stratiomyidae (Diptera) from the Near East with a 
key to the species of Israel, Sinai and the Golan. Israel Journal of Entomology 12: 51-64. 

Nartshuk, E. P. 1988. 36. Family Stratiomyidae. Jn: G. Ya. Bei-Benko (Editor). Keys to the Insects of 
European Part of The USSR. Russia Volume 5(2): 700-738. 

Pleske, T. 1925a. Etudes sur les Stratiomyiine de la Région Paléarctique- III. Revue des espéces paléarc- 
tiques de la sous-famille des Clitellariinae. In: Lechevalier, P. (Editor). Encyclopédie Entomologique, 
Série B Diptera, Paris 1(3): 105-119. 

Pleske, T. 1925b Etudes sur les Stratiomyiinz de la Région Paléarctique- III. Revue des espéces paléarc- 
tiques de la sous-famille des Clitellariinae. Jn- Lechevalier, P. (Editor). Encyclopédie Entomologique, 
Série B Diptera, Paris 1(4): 165-188. 

Rozkosny, R. 1973. The Stratiomyioidea (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark, Fauna Entomologica 
Scandinavica. Lyneborg L. (Editor). Fauna Entomologica. Vinderup, Denmark. pp:1-139. 

Rozkosny, R. 1983. A Biosystematic study of the European Stratiomyidae (Diptera)- Volume 2: Clite- 
lariinae, Hermetiinae, Pachygasterinae and bibliography. Dr W. Junk Publishers. The Hague, The 
Netherlands. Series Entomologica 21. 431 pp. 

Rozkosny, R. and E. P. Nartshuk. 1988. Family Stratiomyidae. Jn, Sods, A. and Papp, L. (Editors). Cat- 
alogue of Palearctic Diptera. Amsterdam and Akadémiai Kiad6. Budapest, Romania 5: 42-96. 

Séguy, E. 1926. Diptéres (Brachycéres)- F. Stratiomyiidae. Jn, Fauna de France, Paris 13: 1-80. 

Ustiiner, T., A. Hasbenli, and A. Aktiimsek. 2002. Contribution to Subfamily Clitellariinae (Diptera, 
Stratiomyidae) Fauna of Turkey. Journal of the Entomological Research Society 4(1): 19-24. 

Ustiiner, T. and A. Hasbenli. 2004. A new species of Oxycera Meigen (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) from 
Turkey. Entomological News 115(3): 163-167. 

Woodley, N. E. 2001. A World Catalog of the Stratiomyidae (Insecta: Diptera). Backhuys Publishers. 
Leiden, The Netherlands. 473 pp. 


184 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


RECTIMARGINALIS, NEW GENUS, WITH KEY TO GEN- 
ERA OF HOLOCHLORINI (ORTHOPTERA: 
TETTIGONIIDAE: PHANEROPTERINAE) FROM CHINA’ 


Chun-Xiang Liw’ and Le Kang’ 


ABSTRACT: A new genus, Rectimarginalis is erected for Holochlora fuscospinosa, H. traba, H. 
ensis comb. nov. and Rectimarginalis profunda sp. nov., based on the distinguished male stridulato- 
ry apparatus and male epiproct with possession of a stick-shaped projection. The new genus belongs 
to the tribe Holochlorini. A key to the eleven Chinese genera of Holochlorini is provided. A new 
species, R. profunda, is described from southwestern China. Two more new combinations, R. ensis 
(De Haan), and R. traba (Ingrisch), are proposed. A key to all four species of Rectimarginalis is 
given, together with illustrations of important taxonomic characters. 


KEY WORDS: new genus, new species, Holochlorini, key, stridulatory area, China, Orthoptera, 
Phaneropterinae 


Due to special functions of sound in mating behavior of Orthopteroid insects, 
Characters of the male stridulatory organ play an important role in separation for 
species and genera (Liu et al, 2004). When examining the tettigoniids from sev- 
eral museum collections, we established a new genus Rectimarginalis, for 3 
known species, Holochlora fuscospinosa Brunner von Wattenwyl, Holochlora 
ensis (De Haan), Holochlora traba Ingrisch and Shishodia, and one new species 
R. profunda, based on specialized male stridulatory area and epiproct. 

The genus Holochliora Stal is an important group of the subfamily Phanerop- 
terinae, and is mainly distributed in the Oriental region. Fifty-eight species were 
recorded in the genus Holochlora Stal (Eades et al, 2006), among which some of 
the species are not monophyletic. The genus Sinochlora was established by 
Tinkham (1945) for the type species Sinochlora kwangtungensis, which was a 
synonym of Sinochlora longifissa (Matsumura and Shiraki, 1908), based on the 
recent studies (Kang, 1987; Liu and Jin, 1999). In fact the genus Sinochlora has 
covered 13 species, among which one species Sinochlora voluptaria (Carl) was 
also removed out of Holochlora (Liu and Kang, 2007). Our current investigation 
proposed to transfer 3 known species, Holochlora fuscospinosa Brunner von 
Wattenwyl, Holochlora ensis (De Haan), Holochlora traba Ingrisch and Shisho- 
dia, from the genus Holochlora, and to establish the new genus Rectimarginalis. 

The new genus is related to Sinochlora, Pseudopsyra, and Holochlora, but 
maybe it is more remotely related to Holochlora than Sinochlora and Pseu- 
dopsyra. It is distinctly distinguished from Holochlora and other related genera 
including Sinochlora Tinkham, and Pseudopsyra Hebard by the following 
synapomorphies: field around stridulatory file is not swollen (Figs. 6, 8), and, 
posterior portion of anal margin of right stridulatory area is straight (Figs. 7, 9). 


‘Received on March 19, 2006. Accepted on April 10, 2007. 


> State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, 
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080. R.P. China. E-mails: (C-XL) liucx@ioz.ac.cn., 
liucxioz@gmail.com, (LK) Ikang@ioz.ac.cn (corresponding author). 


Mailed on June 18, 2007 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 185 


Whereas, the species of the genera Holochlora, Sinochlora, and Pseudopsyra 
possess similar characteristics about male stridulatory area with the field around 
stridulatory file being strongly swollen (Figs. 10, 12, 14), and base of the poste- 
rior portion of anal margin of right stridulatory area being concave into a trian- 
gular region with other veinlets (Figs. 11, 13, 15). Furthermore, apical projection 
of male epiproct of the new genus is stick-shaped (Figs. 22-25), as male phallus 
described by Ingrisch and Shishodia (1998; 2000). 

The new genus belongs to the tribe Holochlorini. Holochlorini is erected by 
Bei-Bienko (1954), who provided descriptions restricted to some genera reach- 
ing countries adjacent to U.S.S.R, and did not include all genera of Holochlorini. 
Eades et al (2006) included nine genera in Holochlorini, and we proposed that 
the genera Parapsyra Carl, Pseudopsyra Hebard, Sinochlora Tinkham, and 
- Stictophaula Hebard are ascribed to the tribe. Here we just provided a key to the 
eleven genera of Holochlorini in China in order to compare the new genus with 
other relatives. 

Materials come from the following two depositories: Insect Collection of 
Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (IZAS); and 
Institute of Entomology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 
(MSIE). 


Key to Chinese genera of the tribe Holochlorini 
FE eeGenicularilobeof hind femur with, 1=2 Spimesis-2.....0..cc.cicecedee.cteceesensecanlee 2 
Genicular lobe of hind femur rounded, without spines................cccceeee 10 
2. Male subgenital plate without styli. Female ovipositor with lateral surface 
SHO ieee sede. Ae) Teall ioe: Awe: earn tee 3 
Male subgenital plate with styli. Female ovipositor with lateral surface more 
Digles sper mulare@ds, sete ahone a. fe) nee 8 ot. J rk 5 
3. Tegmina with Rs not bifurcated. Male tenth abdominal tergum with median 
pracessiproloneediy 135. JU eect... Wa es Phaulula Bolivar, 1906 
Tegmina with Rs bifurcated. Male tenth abdominal tergum without median 
FOGG SSS Pee. SMA eae ceo ae tRNA GENE SNM | 605. La dada ddd dcaceeadeneeedes 4 
4. Posterior margin of pronotum with a small median notch. Leg pilose. Male 
subsenitaleplateremareinatedimn. me a ee Arnobia Stal, 1876 
Posterior margin of pronotum without median notch. Leg not pilose. Male 
subgenital plate with apical margin deeply notched ..............eeeeeeeeeseeeeetteees 
nus legenobule sinel oighy 100 ea | piel pn Stictophaula Hebard, 1922 
5. Tegmen usually with delicate texture, more or less sub-transparent. Female 
ovipositor thickset, somewhat coarse; dorsal margin obliquely truncated or 


witha shichtitncation aapexne:k..0) Sere. Ae AN Je 6 
Tegmen usually with slightly coarse texture. Female ovipositor fine, com- 
pressed: eraduallypcurveduiaize.2..xov noo dele Dano enews, 8 


6. Left stridulatory vein not swollen on dorsal side of tegmen (Figs. 6, 8); 
stridulatory file on underside of left tegmen fine (Figs. 1-2). Male epiproct 


186 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


with the possession of a stick-shaped projection (Figs. 22-25) 0.0.0... 
ti LER DO ene he Oro as 0 Rectimarginalis NEW GENUS 
Left stridulatory vein strongly swollen on dorsal side of tegmen (Figs. 10, 
12); stridulatory file on underside of left tegmen rather thick (Figs. 3-4). 
Malejepiproctmetisameras above '..J./2. 223). 2 Pare a 7 
7. Costal vein black and white at base of tegmen. Femoral spines strongly 
black. Male tenth abdominal tergum with a pair of forcipate processes and a 
median process, which varied through different species. Female ovipositor 
with the dorsal valvulae strongly truncate at apex ............cccceesseseeeeeeeeeeeesneees 
he ge eee i Sec in a ae EP Re RR RRS 0 SON SA Sinochlora Tinkham, 1945 
Costal vein always conclorous with rest of tegmen. Femoral spines not black 
except in Holochlora venusta Carl. Male tenth abdominal tergum with a pair 
of knob-like processes. Female ovipositor with the dorsal valvulae slightly 


oObliquelyatcunecatedrabapex 2h30.01. Boe eee Holochlora Stal, 1873 
8: leommarwath\costal vein indistinct ....22.5 %.ckcc- aoe ee Parapsyra Carl, 1914 
feemina with costal veiniGisctinets...2.01300)..0i..cdeh eee). 200k ee ) 


9. Male tenth abdominal tergum not produced into a strongly deflexed plate; 
male subgenital plate with styli much shorter than half of its length............ 
eee aM Aft csce sana cant ane epen ceca ReRe EE ec ounneee Psyrana Uvarov, 1940 
Male tenth abdominal tergum produced into a strongly deflexed large plate; 
male subgenital plate with styli much longer than its length..........0000...... 
AR RRs ah nec Saace jos RR ee Pseudopsyra Hebard, 1922 

10. Pronotal disc with lateral margins parallel. Occiput and pronotum punctured. 
Male subgenital plate with styli longer than its length. Female ovipositor 
Wathvlateral Suilace SMOOEH, .....32.26. cto ssessconce Heeeses eae Tapiena Bolivar, 1906 
Pronotal disc with lateral margins spreading outwards; occiput and prono- 
tum not punctured. Male subgenital plate with styli much shorter than third 
of its length. Female ovipositor with distal part of lateral surface granulated 
hE I dod ciara asian darcioeeas mn Merten ee Ruidocollaris Liu, 1993 


Rectimarginalis NEW GENUS 

Type species: Holochlora fuscospinosa Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891 

Diagnosis: Size medium or large. Parapterous, usually green, rarely colourful. 
Male left stridulatory vein swelling on dorsal surface of tegmen (Figs. 6, 8). 
Stridulatory file on underside of left tegmen fine. Mirror of right tegmen indis- 
tinct, occupied by several veinlets (Figs. 7, 9). Male tenth abdominal tergum dev- 
ided into two lateral lobes (Figs. 16-17, 19-20). Epiproct with a stick-shaped pro- 
jection (Figs. 22-25). Male subgenital plate with short styli (Figs. 18, 21). Female 
ovipositor robust, with dorsal margin of distal part only slightly truncate (Fig. 
26). 

Description: Occiput slightly convex. Fastigium verticis circa right-angular- 
ly inserted with fastigium frontis, dorsally and distally sulcate, narrower than 
first segment of the antennae. Compound eyes wide, oval, brown. Antennae long, 
thin. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 187 


Pronotal disc smooth, with longitudinal carina subtle in prozona and distinct 
in metazona, without lateral carina; main sulcus V-shaped; anterior margin 
slightly concave, posterior margin convex. Paranota distinctly higher than long; 
anterior margin substraight to slightly concave, ventral margin oblique, posteri- 
or margin S-shaped; humeral notch distinct. Tegmina and wings fully developed. 
Tegmen gradually widened toward the middle, and then gradually narrowed 
toward the apex; greatest width of tegmen longer than the length of pronotum, 
tegminal apex narrowly rounded; costal vein distinct straight and short; Rs gen- 
erally bifurcate; cross-veins of tegmina numerous, many of which straight and 
transverse. 

Anterior coxae armed. Anterior tibiae dorsally sulcate, widened at and sud- 
denly constricted below tympana; auditory foramina internally conchate, exter- 
nally apert. The occurrence and number of small spinules on femora and tibiae is 
not constant, it may even vary between both sides of the same individual. The 
following pattern occurs most commonly: anterior femora with spinules on ven- 
tro-internal, median femora on ventro-external, and posterior femora on both 
ventral margins. Anterior tibiae with spinules on dorso-external, median tibiae on 
dorso-internal, and posterior tibiae on both dorsal margins. Genicular lobe with 
two spines on each femur. 

Male: Epiproct stick-shaped, covered with clinging hairs. Subgenital plate 
elongate, split at apex, with short styli. 

Female: Similar to Holochlora Stal. Size distinctly larger than male. Tenth 
abdominal tergum with apical margin emarginated. Cerci rather short, conical. 
Ovipositor robust with distinct transverse ridgy pleat, lateral surface coarse with 
rows of irregular spines in the distal half, dorsal margin serrate with distal part 
obliquely truncated, ventral margin with distal sixth denticulate (Fig. 26). 

Discussion: The new genus belongs to Holochlorini, for characters as fasti- 
gium frontis, fastigium verticis, occiput, pronotum, tegmen, anterior tibial tym- 
pana, spination of legs. The differences from other Chinese genera in Holo- 
chlorini are listed in the above key. 

Etymology: The name Rectimarginalis is composed of the prefix Recti-, 
meaning straight, and the word marginal. The name refers to the distinctively 
straight posterior margin of the male right stridulatory area which differs from 
the situation in other genera of Holochlorini. The name is regarded as feminine 
in gender. 


188 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


‘helt 
At yy " 


i 


Figs. 1-15. Male stridulatory area 1, 6-7. Rectimarginalis fuscospinosa; 2, 8-9. R. pro- 
funda; 3, 10-11. Holochlora sp.; 4, 12-13. Sinochlora sp.; 5, 14-15. Pseudopsyra sp. 1-5. 
Male stridulatory file underside of the left tegmen; 6, 8, 10, 12, 14. Male stridulatory area 
of left tegmen; 7, 9, 11, 13, 15. Male stridulatory area of right tegmen. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 189 


Figs. 16-27. Species of Rectimarginalis. Figs. 16-18, 22-27. R. fuscospinosa; Figs. 19-21. 
R. profunda. 16, 19. Male abdominal apex, lateral view; 17, 20. Male tenth abdominal ter- 
gum, dorsal view; 18, 21. Male subgenital plate, ventral view; 23. Male epiproct, dorsal 
view; 24. Male epiproct, ventral view; 21. Male epiproct, lateral view; 25. Male epiproct, 
lateral-apical view 26. Female abdominal apex, lateral view; 27. Female subgenital plate, 
ventral view. 


190 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Key to species of Rectimarginalis NEW GENUS 


1. Each lateral margin of occiput with a short brown line behind compound eye, 
extending alone promotallateral maarein i -cocee-cceceet-- rece eeeee eee ee es 2 
Occiput and pronotum with unicolorous dorsal surface...............:cccceseeeeeeees 3 


2. Tegmen with cells in radial and medial areas with aggregation of brown dots. 
Male tenth abdominal tergum split in distal half; lateral lobes short, strongly 
narrowed at apexe (Ries. 16-17)...:....doceeaeeestoerncee aetieet«-hee aan eee 
...Rectimarginalis fuscospinosa (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891) comb. nov. 
Tegmen unicolorous. Male tenth abdominal tergum split in basal third; later- 
al lobe long, gradually narrowed distad (Figs. 19-21) ......eeeeecsssseeeeeeees 
PPE orocul sobodecoee koe ee ee TE Rectimarginalis profunda NEW SPECIES 


3. Male subgenital plate split in distal quarter into two compressed lobes 
(inignisch-and*Shishodia 1998: 372) Fig- 27) eesti ee 
See Rectimarginalis traba (Ingrisch and Shishodia, 1998) comb. nov. 
Male subgenital plate split in distal third into two cylindrical lobes (Karny 
TOD Oz aie ISS) c. Rectimarginalis ensis (De Haan, 1842) comb. nov. 


Rectimarginalis fuscospinosa (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891) comb. nov. 
(Figs. 1, 2, 6-9, 16-18, 22-27) 


Holochlora fuscospinosa Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891: 91, 92; Hebard, 
1922: 158) 

Examined material: 1 male, P.R. China: Yunnan Prov.: Xishuangbanna, 
Mengla, 620-650m, 1958.XI.15, Coll. Zhang Yiran (IZAS). Paratype: 1 male, 
P.R. China: Hainan Island, Jianfengling, 1983.VIII.4, Coll. Liu Yuanrun (IZAS); 
1 male, Tonkin, Hoa-Binh, leg. A. de Cooman (IZAS); 1 female, P.R. China: 
Yunnan Prov., Mengyang, Sanchahe, 1995.VII.31-VIII.3, Coll. Liu Xianwei, 
Zhang Weinian and Jin Xingbao (MSIE). 

Description: Male. Medium-sized. Hind wings longer than tegmina. Teg- 
mina distinctly surpassing beyond the genicular lobe of hind femur; Tegmen with 
costal vein edged by a brown line, Rs branching slightly before middle of teg- 
men; radial stem with 3 more lateral branches. 

Male: Stridulatory file on underside of left tegmen in basal part with about 9 
indistinct small teeth, middle part with about 23 widely arranged large teeth, and 
distal part with 8 obsolescent teeth (Fig. 1). Tenth abdominal tergum dorsally 
with an obtuse furrow in the basal third. Lateral lobes strongly deviating out- 
wards; notch “U”-shaped (Figs. 16-17). Epiproct beam-shaped, upheaved 
lengthwise in center, shaped a median groove in the ventral surface, with numer- 
ous brown bristles at apex (Figs. 22-25). Cerci rather long, extending little 
beyond three quarters of subgenital plate, coniform, evenly incurved, apex with 
an incurved hook. Subgenital plate widest at base, evenly constricted in basal 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 19] 


third, split in apical third into two lobes; styli short, cylindrical; ventral surface 
of subgenital plate with two lateral and one median carina (Fig. 18). 

Female: Subgenital plate narrowly triangular, longer than wide, lateral mar- 
gin slightly concave, apex with acute triangular notch (Fig. 27). 

Coloration: Green brownish (discolored probably green when alive). Both 
lateral margins of pronotal disc with dark brown longitudinal stripes. Each later- 
al lobe of pronotm with two brown spots. Area between radial and cubital veins 
of tegmen with large brown spots. Hook of cercus dark brown. 

Measurements (mm): length of body: male 26.0, female 36.0; length of pro- 
notum: male 7.5, female 8.5; length of tegmen: male 51.0, female 62.5; greatest 
width of tegmen: male12.5, female 18.0; length of hind wing: male 57.0, female 
67.5; length of hind femur: male 28.5, female 33.5; length of ovipositor 8.0. 


Rectimarginalis profunda NEW SPECIES 
(Figs. 2, 8-9, 19-21) 


Type Material: Holotype. 1 male, P.R. China: Yunnan Prov.: Xishuanbanna, 
Mengnuo, 850m, 1957.VI.27, Coll. Li Xiaofu (IZAS). 

Description: Male (holotype). Large-sized. Tegmen with costa bordered by a 
brown line; Rs branching before middle of the tegmen; radial stem with also 
three more lateral branches. 

Male: Stridulatory file on underside of left tegmen in basal 2/3 with about 25 
widely arranged large teeth, and distal part with about 7 obsolescent teeth (Fig. 
2). Tenth abdominal tergum long, arculately deflexed in distal half, with lateral 
margin concave; split in basal third into two lobes with internal semilunar groove 
in distal part (Figs. 19-20). Cerci rather long, extending as far as two thirds of 
subgenital plate, coniform, evenly incurved, apex with an incurved hook. Sub- 
genital plate widest at base, gradually tapering and more strongly tapering behind 
basal third, split in apical third into two thin sheet lobes; styli short, cylindrical 
(Fig. 21). 

Female: Unknown. 

Coloration: Green. Lateral margins of pronotal disc with symmetrical light 
brown longitudinal stripes. 

Measurements of male (mm): length of body 26.0, length of pronotum 6.0, 
length of tegmen 45.0, largest width of tegmen 11.5, length of hind wing 50.0, 
length of hind femur 22.5. 

Discussion: The new species resembles R. fuscospinosa (Brunner von 
Watteneyl) in coloration, stripes of pronotal disc, but differs from the latter by 
shape of tegminal spots and arrangement of veinlets of male stridulatory area, 
and structure of tenth abdominal tergum. R. profunda differs from R. ensis (De 
Haan) by the brown lateral stripes on pronotum and the male subgenital plate 
being not deeply split. 

Etymology: The name derives from the Latin word “profund,” which indi- 
cated that the male ten abdominal tergum is deeply split into two lobes. 


192 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Thanks are due to Mr. Xianwei Liu in MSIE for his kindness to loan material. The project is sup- 
ported by a grant for project on arboretum and taxonomy, CAS to Dr. Liu (No. KSCX2-YW-Z-009) 
and by funds from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30499341) for major items to 
Dr. Kang. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bei-Bienko, G. Y. 1954. Orthoptera. Vol. II. No. 2. Tettigonioidea Phaneropterinae. Fauna of USSR 
(N. S.) 59. 386 pp. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem 1965. 


Eades, D. C., D. Otte, and P. Naskrecki. 2006. Orthoptera Species File Online. Version 2.3. 
http://osf2.orthoptera.org 


Gorochovy, A. V. 1998. New and little known katydids of the genera Stictophaula, Arnobia, and 
Mirollia (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) from South-East Asia. Russian Entomo- 
logical Journal 7 (1-2): 1-14. 


Hebard, M. 1922. Studies in Malayan, Melanesian and Australian Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera). 
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 74:121-299 


Ingrisch, S. 1990. Zur Laubheus Chrecken-Fauna von Thailand (Ins. Salta. Tett.). Senckenbergiana 
Biologica 70 (1-3): 89-138. 


Ingrisch, S. and M. S. Shishodia. 1998. New species and records of Tettigoniidae from India 
(Ensifera). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 71(3-4): 355-371. 


Ingrisch, S. and M. S. Shishodia. 2000. New taxa and distribution records of Tettigoniidae from 
India (Orthoptera: Ensifera). Mitteilungen der Mincher Entomologische Gesellschart 90: 5-37. 


Kang, L. 1987. Taxononmic studies of the subfamily Pheneropterinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) 
in China. Master's Thesis of Beijing Agricultural University. Beijing, P. R. China. [In Chinese 
with English summary] 


Karny, H. H. 1926. Beitrage zur Malayischen Orthopterenfauna. Treubia 9 (1-3): 121. 


Liu, C. X., L. Kang, and X. W. Liu. 2004. The genus Ectadia Brunner von Wattenwy]1 (Orthoptera: 
Tettigonioidea: Phaneropterinae) with descriptions of three new species from China. Raffles 
Bulletin of Zoology 52 (1): 37-43. 


Liu, C. X. and L. Kang. 2006a. A review of genus Parapsyra Carl (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: 
Phaneropterinae), with descriptions of three new species from China. Oriental Insects 40: 219- 
230. 


Liu, C. X. and L. Kang. 2006b. New discoveries in the Chinese fauna: Genus Pseudopsyra 
(Orthoptera: Tettigonitidae: Phaneropterinae). Entomological News 117 (1): 57-68. 


Liu, C. X. and L. Kang. 2007. Revision of the genus Sinochlora Tinkham (Orthoptera: 
Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae). Journal of Natural History (in press). 


Liu, X. W. and X. B. Jin. 1999. Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea. Jn: Huang BK, editor. Fauna of Insects 
of Fujian Prov. of China. Vol.1. Fujian Scientific and Technological Publishing House. pp. 119- 
174. [In Chinese with English summary] 


Matsumura, S. and T. Shiraki. 1908. Locustiden Japans. Journal of the College of Agriculture, 
Tohoku Imperial University (Sapporo, Japan) 3: 23-24. 


Tinkham, E. R. 1945. Sinochlora, a new Tettigoniidae Genus from China with description of five 
new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 70: 235-246. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 193 


BIOLOGY OF PHERBELLIA INFLEXA (DIPTERA: 
SCIOMYZIDAE), A PREDATOR OF LAND SNAILS 
BELONGING TO THE GENUS ZONITOIDES 
(GASTROPODA: ZONITIDAE)' 


B. A. Foote’ 


ABSTRACT: Information is presented on the distribution, life cycle, and larval feeding habits of 
Pherbellia inflexa Fisher, whose larvae attack the small land snail Zonitoides arboreus (Zonitidae). 


KEY WORDS: Diptera, Sciomyzidae, Pherbellia inflexa, predation, Zonitoides arboreus, Gastro- 
poda, Zonitidae, land snails 


Larvae of Sciomyzidae (Diptera), frequently called snail-killing flies, have 
been intensively studied since the early 1950s when C. O. Berg (1953) reported 
that the larvae of several species attack a variety of aquatic and terrestrial snails. 
Although most of the 200 North American species are associated with aquatic 
and semi-aquatic snails (Knutson and Berg 1978, Knutson and Vala in press), a 
handful of species are known to attack semi-terrestrial Succineidae, land snails, 
and slugs (Table 1). 

The genus Pherbellia Robineau-Desvoidy is the largest genus of Sciomyzidae 
in North America, containing 43 species. All of the 29 reared species of the genus 
worldwide have larvae that either prey on stranded aquatic snails (13 spp.) or 
attack non-operculate land snails or Succineidae (see references in table 1). 

Pherbellia inflexa has a broad distribution in the western United States and 
Canada, being recorded in mountainous areas from southern British Columbia 
south to northern Arizona, east to central Colorado, and west to eastern Cali- 
fornia (Fig. 1). Collection records indicate that this species occurs in coniferous 
forests containing fallen, rotting logs. 


RESULTS 

Rearings were initiated from a puparium found in a shell of the small land 
snail Zonitoides arboreus (Say) (Zonitidae) collected VH-12-1965 under the bark 
of a decaying log of Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in a 
lowland coniferous forest just north of the parking lot at the University of 
Montana Biological Station in Flathead County, MT (47° 52' N x 114° O1' W). 
There was no septum in front of the puparium, and the puparium was close to the 
aperture of the body whorl of the snail. It was curved to fit within the body whorl. 
On VII-13-1965, 29 additional shells of the host snail were collected in the same 
habitat. Of these, 13 were alive and uninfested by fly larvae, 5 were dead but 
contained no puparia, another 5 were dead but each contained a puparium, and 1 


‘Received on February 28, 2006. Acepted on April 16, 2007. 


*Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 U.S.A. E-mail: 
bfoote@kent.edu. 


Mailed on June 18, 2007 


194 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


snail was alive and contained a third-instar larva that projected its posterior end 
into the body whorl of the snail. In total, 38% of the collected shells had been 
infested by P. inflexa. i 


Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Pherbellia inflexa. 


The infested snail died on VII-14, but the larva was still in place and appar- 
ently feeding on the decaying tissues of the host. It formed a puparium in the 
body whorl on VII-18, and a pupa within the puparium was noted on VII-22. This 
gave a prepupal period of 4 days. An adult male emerged on VIII-17, giving a 
pupal period of 26 days. The reared male died on IX-18, having lived for some 
31 days. 

None of the 5 puparia collected on VII-13 had produced adults by [X-25 when 
they were placed in a refrigerator and stored at 7°C. The puparia were returned 
to room temperature III-01-1966, having been exposed to low temperatures for 
156 days. Undetermined wasps of the family Ichneumonidae emerged from 3 of 
these puparia, but no adult flies were obtained. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 


195 


Table 1. Utilization of terrestrial gastropods by larvae of Sciomyzidae in North 


America. 


Species 


Sciomyzini 
Oidematops ferrugineus 
Cresson 


Pherbellia albocostata 
(Fallén) 


Pherbellia albovaria 
(Coquillett) 


Pherbellia inflexa Orth 


Pherbellia schoenherri 
maculata (Cresson) 


Pteromicra anopla 
Steyskal 


Pteromicra perissa 
Steyskal Steyskal 


Pteromicra steyskali 
Foote 


Sciomyza aristalis 
(Coquillett) 

Sciomyzia dryomyzina 
Zetterstedt 


Tetanocerini 
Antichaeta borealis 
Foote 


Antichaeta testacea 
Melander 


Euthycera arcuata 
(Loew) 


Hoplodictya spinicornis 
(Loew) 

Limnia boscii 
(Robineau-Desvoidy) 


Tetanocera clara 
Loew 


Host Relationship 
Snail Habitat To Host 


Stenotrema | Deciduous Parasitoid 
forests 

Discus Mixed Parasitoid 
forests /predator 


Parasitoid 
/predator 


Deciduous 
forests 


Anguispira, 
Discus, 


Triodopsis, 
Zonitoides 


Zonitoides Coniferous Parasitoid? 
forests 

Catinella, Marshes Parasitoid 

Oxyloma 

Pupilla Mixed Parasitoid? 
forests 


__| Discus Shrubby Parasitoid 
marshes 


Catinella, Marshes Egg predator 
Oxyloma 


Mesodon, Parasitoid 


/predator 


Deciduous 
forests 


Stenotrema, 
Ventridens 


Catinella, Marshes ‘| Parasitoid 
Oxyloma /predator 


Vernal ponds | Parasitoid 


sigh Pie ee a 3 


/predator 


Pallifera, Marshes Parasitoid 
Philomycus /predator 


References 


Foote, 1977 


Bratt et al., 1969 


Bratt et al., 1969 


This paper 


Bratt et al., 1969 


Steyskal, 1954 


Steyskal, 1958 


Foote, 1959b 


Foote, 1959a 


Knutson, 1988 


Robinson and 
Foote, 1978 


Fisher and Orth, 
1964 


Foote and 
Keiper, 2004 


Neff and Berg, 
1962 


Steyskal, et al., 
1978 


Trelka and 
Foote, 1970 


196 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Tetanocera kerteszi 

(Hendel) Vallonia Mixed Unknown Knutson, pers. 
forests comm. 

Tetanocera Succinea Marshes Parasitoid Foote, 1996 
melanostigma Steyskal /predator 

Tetanocera oxia Catinella Marshes Parasitoid Foote, 1996 
Steyskal /predator 

Tetanocera phyllophora | Discus, Mixed Parasitoid Personal 
Melander Zonitoides | forests /predator observations 

Tetanocera plebeja Deroceras | Marshes Parasitoid Trelka and 
Loew /predator Foote, 1970 

Tetanocera rotundicornis |Oxyloma Marshes Parasitoid Berg, 1953; 
Loew /predator Foote, 1996 


Tetanocera spirifera Oxyloma Marshes Parasitoid Foote, 1996 
Melander /predator 


Tetanocera valida Deroceras | Deciduous _ |Parasitoid Trelka and 
Loew forests /predator Foote, 1970 
marshes 
Trypetoptera canadensis | Vallonia Deciduous __ | Parasitoid Personal 
(Macquart) forests /predator observations 


marshes 


DISCUSSION 

Although the rearings were incomplete, it is evident that larvae of P. inflexa 
infest land snails belonging to the genus Zonitoides. The few data available sug- 
gest that it is an univoltine species and is either a parasitoid or a parasitoid/pred- 
ator. 

Knutson and Vala (2002) have recently elucidated feeding behavior within the 
Sciomyzidae, recognizing 15 behavioral groups. According to their scheme, 
P. inflexa probably belongs to their group 6, “Parasitoids intimately associated 
with terrestrial non-operculate snails,” although it is not known whether the lar- 
vae complete all three instars within one individual of Z. arboreus. Therefore, it 
is possible that the larvae are better classified as being parasitoid/predators of ter- 
restrial snails. 

Compared with the numerous species of Sciomyzidae that attack aquatic 
snails, the number utilizing land gastropods is comparatively small. Only 27 of 
the 200 North American species of the family (13.5%) have been recorded as 
attacking terrestrial snails or slugs (Table 1). These species are nearly equally 
divided between the two tribes, with 11 belonging to the Sciomyzini, and 16 to 
the Tetanocerini. 

As suggested by Berg et al. (1959), the more terrestrial species show distinct 
tendencies to become increasingly parasitoid in their relationship to snail prey. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 197 


Most of the species are more or less host specific, remain with their prey for an 
extended period of time, and kill relatively few individual snails. Most of the 
species are quite host specific during the first instar but become somewhat more 
generalized in their choice of prey in the later instars (parasitoid/predator). 
However, two species illustrate the trend towards a more intimate association 
with their prey (parasitoid). Oidematops ferrugineus Cresson and Sciomyza 
aristalis (Coquillett) are highly host specific, attacking only one genus of snails, 
remaining with their prey for several days, and usually killing only one individ- 
ual snail. Both species form their puparia within the shell of the host snail. 
Sciomyza aristalis probably represents the epitome of the parasitoid trend among 
the more terrestrial Sciomyzidae in that it also deposits its egg directly onto the 
shell of the host snail (Foote, 1959). A similar story was reported by Barnes 
(1990) for S. varia (Coquillett), a species that attacks stranded or aestivating in- 
dividuals of the aquatic snail Stagnicola elodes (Say). 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Appreciation is expressed to Joe B. Keiper of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Eric G. 
Chapman of Kent State University, and L. V. Knutson of Gaeta, Italy, for reviewing the manuscript 
and offering suggestions for its improvement. Research supported by grants from the National 
Geographic Society and the National Science Foundation. 


z LITERATURE CITED 


Barnes, J. E. 1990. Biology and immature stages of Sciomyza varia (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), a spe- 
cialized parasitoid of snails. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 83: 925-938. 


Berg, C. O. 1953. Sciomyzid larvae that feed on snails. Journal of Parasitology 39: 630-636. 


Berg, C. O. and L. V. Knutson. 1978. Biology and systematics of the Sciomyzidae. Annual 
Review of Entomology 23: 2 


Bratt, A. D., L. V. Knutson, B. A. Foote, and C. O. Berg. 1969. Biology of Pherbellia (Diptera: 
Sciomyzidae). New York Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir 404: 1-247. 


Fisher, T. W. and R. E. Orth. 1964. Biology and immature stages of Antichaeta testacea Melander 
(Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Hilgardia 36: 1-29. 


Foote, B. A. 1959a. Biology and life history of the snail-killing flies belonging to the genus 
Sciomyza Fallén (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 52: 
31-43. 


Foote, B. A. 1959b. Anew species of Pteromicra reared from land snails, with a key to the Nearctic 
species of the genus (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Wash- 
ington 61: 14-16. 


Foote, B. A. 1977. Biology of Oidematops ferrugineus (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), a parasitoid enemy 
of the land snail Stenotrema hirsutum (Mollusca: Polygyridae). Proceedings of the Entomological 
Society of Washington 79: 609-619. 


Foote, B. A. 1996. Biology and immature stages of snail-killing flies belonging to the genus 
Tetanocera (Insecta: Diptera: Sciomyzidae). II. Life histories of the predators of snails of the fam- 
ily Succineidae. Annals of Carnegie Museum 65: 153-166. 


198 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Foote, B. A. and J. B. Keiper. 2004. The snail-killing flies of Ohio (Insecta: Diptera: 
Sciomyzidae). Kirtlandia 54: 43-88. 


Knutson, L. 1988. Life cycles of snail-killing flies: Pherbellia griseicollis, Sciomyza dryomyzina, 
S. simplex, and S. testacea (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 18: 383-391. 


Knutson, L. and J-C. Vala. 2002. An evolutionary scenario of Sciomyzidae and Phaeomyiidae 
(Diptera). Annales de Société de Entomologique de France (n. s.) 38: 145-162. 


Knutson, L. and J.-C. Vala. In Press. Biology of Snail-killing Sciomyzidae Flies. Cambridge Uni- 
versity Press. 


Neff, S. E. and C. O. Berg. 1962. Biology and immature stages of Hoplodictya spinicornis and 


H. setosa (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 88: 
77-93. 


Robinson, W. H. and B. A. Foote. 1978. Biology and immature stages of Antichaeta borealis 


(Diptera: Sciomyzidae), a predator of snail eggs. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of 
Washington 80: 388-396. 


Steyskal, G. C. 1954. The genus Pteromicra Lioy (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) with especial reference 
to the North American species. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 39: 
257-269. 


Steyskal, G. C. 1958 (1957). A new species of the genus Pteromicra associated with snails 
(Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 59: 271-272. 


Trelka, D. G. and B. A. Foote. 1970. Biology of slug-killing Tetanocera (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). 
Annals of the Entomological Society of America 63: 877-895. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 199 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


A GLOMERIDESMID MILLIPED IN CANADA 
(DIPLOPODA: GLOMERIDESMIDA)' 


Rowland M. Shelley,’ Robert A. Cannings,’ Philip T. LePage,’ and Ken J. White* 


Introduced millipeds abound in urban environments of the continental United 
States (US) and Canada but are uncommon in areas removed from direct human 
influence. Most belong to the orders Julida and Polydesmida and are of European 
or Asian origins, although Neotropical representatives of the orders Polyzoniida, 
Spirobolida, and Polydesmida have been widely introduced into Florida and the 
Gulf Coastal states of the southeastern US (Hoffman 1999; Shelley 2000, 2001, 
2004; Shelley & Golovatch 2000; Shelley & Edwards 2001, 2002; Shelley et al. 
2006). Kevan (1983) and Shelley (1988, 1990, 2002) cited 20 non-native 
diplopods in Canada, and with an overall fauna of 64 species/subspecies, includ- 
ing two native ones recently described from Vancouver Island, British Columbia 
(BC) (Shear 2004), introduced species comprise nearly a third, 31.3%, of the 
country’s milliped fauna. 

On 13 August 2004, a research crew from the BC Ministry of Forests study- 
ing ecosystem recovery on the north coast collected an unusual, live milliped in 
the upper 10 cm of soil on the eastern side of Pitt Island, BC, approximately 100 
m from the shoreline at 12 m elevation; site coordinates are 53° 53' 23.8" N and 
130° 8' 57.3" W. The methodology involved cutting out forest floor samples 
measuring 15 x 15 x 10 cm and placing them in plastic bags for hand sorting the 
same day; arthropods were immediately preserved in alcohol. The milliped was 
sent to RAC for deposit in the Royal British Columbia Museum and then to RMS 
for identification; though soft, depigmented, and in poor condition, it was clear- 
ly a female of the genus Glomeridesmus Gervais, 1844 (Glomeridesmida: Glo- 
meridesmidae). One of the least diverse diplopod orders, the Glomeridesmida 
comprises only one family with two subfamilies, each with a single genus. 
According to Hoffman (1980, 1999), Glomeridesmus comprises some 23 species 
that inhabit both the New and Old Worlds; occurrence in the former extends from 
southern Mexico (Tabasco & Chiapas) and the Greater Antilles (Hispaniola 
[Haiti] & Puerto Rico) to Ecuador, and that in the latter includes southern India 
& Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea (New Ireland). The Glo- 


‘Received February 3, 2006. Accepted April 17, 2007. 


> Research Lab., North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, 4301 Reedy Creek Rd., Raleigh, 
North Carolina 27607 U.S.A.; E-mail: rowland.shelley@ncmail.net. 


> Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 9W2 
Canada, E-mail: rcannings@royalbcmuseum.bc.ca. 


*BC Ministry of Forests and Range, Bag 6000, Smithers, British Columbia VOJ 2NO Canada. 
E-mails: phil. lepage@gov.bc.ca, ken.j.white@gov.bc.ca. 


Mailed on June 18, 2007 


200 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


meridesmida belongs to the Infraclass Pentazonia of the Subclass Chilognatha 
(Shelley 2003) that includes two other orders, Glomerida and Sphaerotheriida, 
and is characterized by separate segmental sclerites, modification of the last two 
pairs of legs in males into “telopods,” a small 2nd tergite and pygidium, and the 
inability to volvate (Hoffman 1982). 


Fig. 1. Northern coastal British Columbia (BC) and Alaska (AK). The glomeridesmid 
collection site on Pitt Island (PI) is shown by the star (indicated by the arrow), and the 
dashed line marks the Inside Passage. Municipalities, denoted by dots, are as follows: 
A, Metlakatla, AK; B, Prince Rupert, BC; C, Port Edward, BC. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 201 


Pitt Island, located some 47 km (29.4 mi) SSW Prince Rupert along the west- 
ern side of the “Inside Passage” where BC and Alaska Marine Highway ferries 
pass, is some 90 km (56.3 mi) long and 22 km (13.8 mi) wide; the total area is 
1,361 sq. km (525 sq. mi). It is uninhabited, and the collection area has not expe- 
rienced regular human activity since it was logged in 1940-1941. At that time, the 
loggers were stationed on an offshore float camp, and while False Stewart An- 
chorage on the northeastern end of Pitt Island is occasionally used as a temporary 
harbor by sport fishermen, it is unlikely that they would go ashore. The climate is 
mild with little snow, being foggy and rainy throughout the year, and the collec- 
tion site is located in the wet Hypermaritime Subzone of the Coastal Western 
Hemlock Zone (Banner et al. 1993). The dense second growth forest canopy at 
this site is dominated by Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and Western hemlock 
(Tsuga heterophylla). The moist Orthic Ferrohumic Podzol soil supports diverse 
but poorly developed shrub and herb layers comprised mainly of Alaskan blue- 
berry (Vaccinium alaskaense), red huckleberry (V. parvifolium), false azalea 
(Menziesia ferruginea), spiny wood fern (Dryopteris expansa), deer fern (Blech- 
num spicant), and false lily-of-the-valley (Maianthemum dilatatum). The moss 
layer is well-developed (15-20 cm deep) and is dominated by lanky moss (Rhyti- 
diadelphus loreus), step moss (Hylocomium splendens), Oregon beaked-moss 
(Eurhynchium oreganum), and common green sphagnum (Sphagnum girgen- 
sohnii). This environment, while moist, is significantly cooler (mean annual tem- 
perature approximately 7°C) and possesses considerably different vegetation from 
those in the aforementioned tropical areas where glomeridesmids occur. Fifteen 
sites were investigated on Pitt Island over two years but only this one glom- 
eridesmid was found, so there is no evidence of an established population. 

In groping for an explanation for this extreme geographical anomaly we have 
considered a variety of scenarios for both native occurrence and introduction by 
human agency, and all appear equally implausible; consequently, we cannot offer 
a hypothesis at this time. It is difficult to grasp how a relictual population of a 
tropical milliped order, foreign even to the southern US, could be indigenous to 
an island in so different a climatic zone as northern coastal BC, some 5,760 km 
(3,600 mi) northwest of the closest locality in Mexico. However, as Pitt Island 
has never been inhabited by modern man, human impact has been minimal other 
than when it was logged over 60 years ago, so occurrence as a human introduc- 
tion seems unlikely. We therefore only publicize the discovery for the benefit of 
future workers and note that if the occurrence results from human agency, it will 
constitute the 21st exogenous Canadian milliped and the first introduction any- 
where of a glomeridesmidan. To our knowledge it will also be only the second 
of the infraclass Pentazonia, the other being the Indian/Sri Lankan sphaerotheri- 
idan, Arthrosphaera cf. brandti (Humbert, 1865) in Tanzania (Enghoff 1977). 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


We thank R. L. Hoffman for a prepublication review. We would also like to thank him along with 
W. A. Shear, H. Heatwole, Claudia Copley, and Robb Bennett, for thought-provoking discussions as 
to a possible explanation for this enigma. Dr. Shear also confirmed the identification. 


202 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


LITERATURE CITED 


Banner, A., W. MacKenzie, S. Thompson, J. Pojar, and R. Trowbridge. 1993. A field guide to 
the site identification and interpretation for the Prince Rupert Forest Region. British Columbia 
Ministry of Forests, Research Branch, Victoria. British Columbia Land Management Handbook 
No. 26:1-516. 


Enghoff, H. 1977. Arthrosphaera cf. brandti (Humbert), a giant pill-millipede found in Tanzania, 
probably introduced from Sri Lanka (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriidae). Revue Zoologique Afri- 
caines 91(4):997-999. 


Hoffman, R. L. 1980. Classification of the Diplopoda. Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle. Genéve, 
Switzerland. 237 pp. 


Hoffman, R. L. 1982. Diplopoda, pp. 689-724. In, Parker, S. P., (Editor). Synopsis and Classifica- 
tion of Living Organisms. Volume 2. McGraw Hill. New York, NY, U.S.A. 1232 pp. 


Hoffman, R. L. 1999. Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum 
of Natural History Special Publication Number 8:1-584. 


Kevan, D. K. McE. 1983. A preliminary survey of known and potentially Canadian millipedes 
(Diplopoda). Canadian Journal of Zoology 61:2956-2975. 


Shear, W. A. 2004. Two new species in the milliped genus Zaiyutyla from British Columbia, 
Canada, and Washington, USA (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Conotylidae). Myriapodologica 
8(2):13-20. 


Shelley, R. M. 1988. The millipeds of eastern Canada (Arthropoda: Diplopoda). Canadian Journal 
of Zoology 66:1638-1663. 


Shelley, R. M. 1990. A new milliped of the genus Metaxycheir from the Pacific coast of Canada 
(Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae), with remarks on the tribe Chonaphini and the western Canadian 
and Alaskan diplopod fauna. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:2310-2322. 


Shelley, R. M. 2000. Chondromorpha xanthotricha (Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), a new mil- 
liped for the continental United States. Entomological News 111(5):370. 


Shelley, R. M. 2001 (2000). Annotated checklist of the millipeds of Florida (Arthropoda: Dip- 
lopoda). Insecta Mundi 14(4):241-251. 


Shelley, R. M. 2002. The millipeds of central Canada (Arthropoda: Diplopoda), with reviews of 
the Canadian fauna and diplopod faunistic studies. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80:1863-1875. 


Shelley, R. M. 2003 (2002). A revised, annotated, family-level classification of the Diplopoda. 
Arthropoda Selecta 11(3):187-207. 


Shelley, R. M. 2004. The milliped family Pyrgodesmidae in the continental USA, with the first 
record of Poratia digitata (Porat) from the Bahamas (Diplopoda: Polydesmida). Journal of 
Natural History 38:1159-1181. 


Shelley, R. M. and S. I. Golovatch. 2000. The milliped family Haplodesmidae in the Hawaiian 
Islands, with records of Prosopodesmus jacobsoni from Florida and Louisiana (Diplopoda: 
Polydesmida). Bishop Museum Occasional Papers No. 64:48-49. 


Shelley, R. M. and G. B. Edwards. 2001. Introduction of the milliped, Helicorthomorpha holstii, 
in Florida (Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae). Entomological News 112(3):200. 


Shelley, R. M. and G. B. Edwards. 2002. Introduction of the milliped family Rhinocricidae in 
Florida (Spirobolida). Entomological News 113(4):270-274. 


Shelley, R. M., R. M. Carmany, and J. Burgess. 2006. Introduction of the milliped, 7rigoniulus 
corallinus (Gervais, 1847), in Florida (Spirobolida: Trigoniulidae). Entomological News 117(2): 
239-241. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 203 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


SEASONAL STATUS AND SURVIVAL 
OF CALOSOMA SAYI (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) 
IN SOUTH GEORGIA, U.S.A.’ 


Orrey P. Young’ 


During 1980-1983, considerable research in south Georgia, U.S.A. was con- 
ducted on Calosoma sayi DeJean (Coleoptera: Carabidae), investigating the po- 
tential of the species for use in an augmentative and conservation biocontrol pro- 
gram against insect pests of row crops (e.g., Young 1985, Young and Hamm 
1986). Among the issues not addressed in those reports was the possibility that 
the species could produce more than one generation in a year and could live as 
an adult for more than one year, factors that certainly would increase its biocon- 
trol potential. The possibility of multiple generations had been suggested by 
Price and Shepard in South Carolina (1978), who reported C. sayi adult popula- 
tions, composed of young and old individuals, occurring in crops to mid-October. 
Burgess and Collins (1917) studied in the lab six species that occur in Georgia, 
including C. sayi. All had egg, larval, and pupal stages in early-mid summer, with 
adult emergence in July and August and subsequent hibernation in August and 
September. Some individual beetles, under their laboratory conditions, were able 
as adults to live more than one year, though not C. sayi. They did not demonstrate 
for any of the six species a second generation of adults produced in late summer 
from adults eclosed in early summer. It should be noted, however, that most of 
their studies were conducted in outdoor insectaries in northeastern Massachu- 
setts, which may have affected late season activity of southern species. 

In the entire state of Georgia, Calosoma sayi adults have been captured from 
March to November (Fattig 1949). At the south Georgia light trap where the 
C. sayi adults used in this and the previously cited experiments were captured, 
over a three-year period initial captures of the season occurred the first week of 
May and the final captures of the season occurred the first week of October. 
Those beetles captured in the period of early May-late June were dull colored and 
somewhat worn on the leading edges of the clypeus and fore-tibia. Beetles 
obtained in July and August were a mix of shiny and unworn, and dull and great- 
ly worn individuals. By late September, virtually all individuals were either 
unworn or slightly worn. The ‘shiny and unworn’ individuals represent the pre- 
sumptive recently eclosed adults, and were either teneral (= soft exoskeleton) or 
at least in ‘prime’ condition, e.g., body surfaces fresh and anterior edges of the 
clypeus and fore-tibia sharp and well-defined. The ‘slightly worn’ and ‘dull and 


‘Received on January 31, 2006. Accepted on September 17, 2006. 


> SGIRL-ARS-USDA, PO Box 748, Tifton, Georgia 31793 U.S.A. Current Address: 9496 Good Lion 
Road, Columbia, Maryland 21045 U.S.A. E-mail: orreyy@netzero.net. 


Mailed on June 18, 2007 


204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


greatly worn’ represent presumptive older individuals. This pattern of body con- 
dition suggests that the group of beetles obtained in the spring was composed of 
those individuals that had become adults the previous mid to late summer and 
then hibernated. As those beetles became active in the spring and aged, they 
exhibited more wear and eventually died before late September. Freshly eclosed 
individuals, either teneral or unworn, only occurred in July and August, and were 
the only beetles alive and showing slight wear in October just prior to their hiber- 
nation. 

The above sequence of aged individuals in a light trap suggests only one gen- 
eration of C. sayi is produced each year and that adults live only one season. 
Conceptually, there are three life history patterns that may occur in the sampled 
south Georgia populations, based on the demonstration by Burgess and Collins 
(1917) that not one of the 38 Calosoma species studied was observed to over- 
winter in any stage other than as an adult: (1) adults produced in July-August 
overwinter, reproduce the following spring, feed throughout the summer, over- 
winter, and reproduce again the following spring, with the same beetle possibly 
continuing into subsequent years, (2) adults produced in July-August overwinter, 
reproduce in spring, and die before winter, (3) adults that have overwintered 
reproduce in early spring and either die or overwinter, their progeny become. 
adults in mid-summer and overwinter, with their progeny becoming adults before 
fall and overwinter. Patterns no. 1 and no. 2 were demonstrated for many species 
by Burgess and Collins (1917), but not pattern no. 3. One reason for the absence 
of two generation of adults produced in the same year is probably due to the 
developmental time requirements of the earlier life stages. As an example, Calo- 
soma calidum (Fab.), which occurs in Georgia and is about the same size as 
C. sayi, required on average 45 days to pass through the egg, larva, prepupa, and 
pupa stages, with adults feeding for a month or so before hibernation (Burgess 
and Collins 1917, Gidaspow 1959). If adults emerged from hibernation as early 
as 1 May, it would be about | July before their progeny would be present for re- 
production and sometime after 1 September before the second generation of 
adults would emerge. That second generation of adults would have much diffi- 
culty obtaining sufficient food to acquire fat reserves, while surviving the lower- 
ing fall temperatures, prior to entering a hibernation period that would be suc- 
cessful. 

To consider in the laboratory the life history pattern of C. sayi, a technique was 
employed that examined life span differences between presumptively different 
generation populations. If life history pattern no. 2 is characteristic of C. sayi, 
adult populations in mid June should be overwintered individuals that are repro- 
ductively active and which will become senescent and die before hibernation in 
the fall can occur. Adult populations in late August should include recently 
eclosed individuals preparing for hibernation and perhaps some senescent indi- 
viduals remaining from the spring population. One way to document differences 
between the June and August populations, besides the physical condition of indi- 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 205 


viduals, is to determine the survival periods of each population. If members of 
each group are offered food ad libitum, any differences in survival between the 
groups could be related to their likelihood of surviving under normal circum- 
stances to the following spring-summer reproductive period. 

Adult individuals of C. sayi were obtained on 19 June and 28 August from a 
walk-in black-light trap surrounded by row crops located 6 km NW of Tifton, Tift 
Co., Georgia. Beetles were brought into the laboratory and maintained in indi- 
vidual containers under conditions as previously described (Young 1985, Young 
and Hamm 1986). For each group (19 Jun and 28 Aug collections), 8 beetles were 
maintained without food and 16 beetles were offered food, for a total of 24 con- 
tainers per group. Beetles were examined on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday of 
each week. On each occasion the condition of the beetle and its food was noted, 
water mist was added, and food if required was placed in the container. The 
offered food consisted of three live larvae (Sth-6th instar, 25-30 mm) of the fall 
armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctui- 
dae). For statistical purposes, when a beetle was determined to be dead at one of 
the feeding occasions, it was considered to have died that day. Comparison of the 
means of the two groups was accomplished by use of the Student’s t-test. 

In the 19 June group without food, beetles survived on average 29 days (range 
15-44) with the mean end day of 7 July. Members of the 28 August group with- 
out food survived on average 31 days (R = 19-47) with the mean end day of 28 
September. In the 19 July group with food, beetles survived on average 78 days 
(R = 13-94) with the mean end day of 4 September. Members of the 28 August 
group with food survived on average 118 days (R = 76-133) with the mean end 
day of 25 December. Within each date group (Table 1), the mean no. of days sur- 
viving of the two feeding sets (food vs. no food) were both significantly differ- 
ent (Student’s t-test, P < 0.05), and confirms that the food offered and consumed 
did extend the life of the beetles as compared to the absence of food. The values 
for the mean no. of days surviving with food for each date group were also sig- 
nificantly different (Student’s t-test, P < 0.05). 


Table 1 — Comparison of the survival of two groups of adult Calosoma sayi either 
offered or deprived of food. 


No. Range Mean end 
Treatment beetles days days 


19 June 
28 August 


28 August 


206 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


This experiment demonstrated that the 19 Jun group was a previously over- 
wintered population that most likely could not have survived to overwinter again. 
The 25 August group, with its much longer survival period, would most likely 
have overwintered if it had been allowed to burrow into soil and been faced with 
a decreasing food supply and declining temperatures, conditions that the experi- 
ment did not provide. Although Burgess and Collins (1917) note than in general, 
newly eclosed (teneral) adult Calosoma spp. had shorter starvation periods than 
those newly emerged from hibernation, the close similarity in starvation survival 
between the two date groups does not agree with that observation. The entire 19 
June group was probably not recently emerged from hibernation, some individ- 
uals possibly appearing up to 6 weeks previously. The 28 Aug group probably 
contained some adults that had emerged recently and some that may have 
emerged up to 8 weeks previously. Research with other carabid species has also 
demonstrated similar survival times of individual adults captured at different 
times of the year (Kabacik-Wasylik and Stejgwillo-Laudanska 1971). The sum of 
this laboratory experiment and the associated field observations provide no evi- 
dence that adult C. sayi can live more than one year, and no evidence that two 
generations can be produced in a single season. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Thanks to C. Sharp, H. Gross, and P. Jones for technical assistance and G. Bernon for manuscript 
review. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Burgess, A. F. and C. W. Collins. 1917. The genus Calosoma: Including studies of seasonal histo- 
ries, habits, and economic importance of American species north of Mexico and of several intro- 
duced species. USDA Bureau of Entomology Bulletin 417: 1-124. 


Fattig, P. W. 1949. The Carabidae or ground beetles of Georgia. Emory University Museum Bul- 
letin 7: 1-62. 


Gidaspow, T. 1959. North American caterpillar hunters of the genera Calosoma and Callisthenes 
(Coleoptera, Carabidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 116: 228-343. 


Kabacik-Wasylik, D. and B. Stejgwillo-Laudanska. 1971. Starvation and the average survival 
time of Carabidae. Ekologia Polska 19: 419-425. 


Price, J. F. and M. Shepard. 1978. Calosoma sayi: Seasonal history and response to insecticides 
in soybeans. Environmental Entomology 7: 359-363. 


Young, O. P. 1985. Longevity of adult male Calosoma sayi (Coleoptera: Carabidae) under labora- 
tory conditions. Entomological News 96: 45-48. 


Young, O. P. and J. J. Hamm. 1986. Rate of food passage and fecal production in Calosoma sayi 
(Coleoptera: Carabidae). Entomological News 97: 21-27. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 207 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


NEW OBSERVATIONS OF HOST PLANT USAGE BY 
CLEMATODES LARREAE 
(ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE: COPIOCERINAE), 
INCLUDING A NEW HOST PLANT IN TEXAS, U.S.A.’ 


Thomas Stidham’ and John Stidham’ 


Clematodes larreae Scudder is a small flightless gray grasshopper that occurs 
in the western part of Texas, southern New Mexico, and adjacent Mexico (Rehn 
and Eades 1961). The type material was collected on Larrea (creosote bush), and 
the grasshopper’s specific epithet is in reference to that host plant (Scudder 
1900). Clematodes larreae is predominantly found on Larrea (Rehn and Eades 
1961, Tinkham 1948), but it also has been recorded on low grasses (Poaceae), 
Koeberlinia spinosa (Koeberliniaceae, crucifixion thorn), Fallugia paradoxa 
(apache plume, Rosaceae), Macrorhamnus (Colubrina) ericoides (Rhamnaceae, 
snakewood), and Acacia spp. (Fabaceae) (Rehn and Eades 1961). 

On 25 June 1983 and 30 June 2005, we collected specimens and observed 
other C. larreae on Prosopsis glandulosa (Fabaceae, honey mesquite) in Trans- 
Pecos Texas. These specimens will be placed in the Texas A & M University 
Insect Collection (Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University). The 
occurrence of C. /arreae on mesquite previously has not been reported. We col- 
lected one male and three female specimens in 1983 approximately 40 miles east 
of El Paso on Interstate 10, El Paso County, Texas, and three males and three 
females in 2005 west of Fort Hancock on Interstate 10, Hudspeth County. At both 
locations, the soil is light-colored sand, and the vegetation is composed of a mix- 
ture mostly of mesquite and creosote. At the Ft. Hancock locality, individuals 
were observed on both mesquite and creosote. During the time we were at the Ft. 
Hancock locality in the mid-afternoon, it was extremely hot (over 43°C) and we 
observed that insects died within seconds if they came into contact with the 
sandy surface of the ground. The Clematodes individuals that occurred on mes- 
quite were easily located. They appeared to occupy the highest, visually exposed 
positions on the center tallest branches of individual mesquite trees (sometimes 
over two meters tall) in a cluster of three or more mesquite trees. We believe that 
this position was taken in order to keep away from the extremely hot ground sur- 
face. In 1983, we only encountered Clematodes by beating low vegetated 
branches of mesquite where the specimens were always well hidden. The tem- 
perature was not as extreme at that time. 


"Received on March 31, 2006. Accepted on April 17, 2007. 


* Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3258 
U.S.A. E-mail: furcula@mail.bio.tamu.edu. 


*301 PebbleCreek Dr., Garland, Texas 75040 U.S.A. E-mail: johnstidham@acceleratedmarket.com. 
Mailed on June 18, 2007 


208 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


The occurrence of Clematodes on Larrea at the Ft. Hancock locality appears 
to have paralleled that of the creosote grasshopper [Bootettix argentatus 
(Bruner)]. Every creosote bush or cluster of bushes that was occupied by cre- 
osote grasshoppers (over 37 observations) also contained at least one individual 
of Clematodes. There was perfect correspondence between their co-occurrence 
on seven bushes. We examined over thirty other creosote bushes with neither 
grasshopper species. These are limited data, but we believe that it adds to the dis- 
cussion about the use of individual bushes of Larrea by Clematodes and 
Bootettix, since both species may be selecting individual plants using the same 
or similar criteria. 

A variety of hypotheses have been erected to explain the distribution of 
Bootettix argentatus on creosote (Otte and Joern 1975), but those hypotheses do 
not appear to explain all distribution data (Garcia 1996). The co-occurrence of 
these two species of grasshopper on particular creosote bushes may be a reflec- 
tion of a common choice by both species for some currently unknown factor such 
as leaf chemical abundance or composition (Chapman 1988). Additional obser- 
vations are necessary before that hypothesis can be tested. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We thank Merrill Sweet, Ed Riley, and four anonymous reviewers for comments on an earlier ver- 
sion of the manuscript. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Chapman, R. F. 1988. Chemical aspects of host-plant specificity in three Larrea-feeding grasshop- 
pers. Journal of Chemical Ecology 14:561-579. 


Garcia, E. R. 1996. Utilizacion de Larrea tridentata (DC) cov. (Zygophyllaceae) por Bootettix 
argentatus (Bruner), (Acrididae: Gomphocerinae), en el Bolson de Mapimi, Durango, Mexico. 
Acta Zoologica de Mexico 68:1-12. 


Otte, D. and A. Joern. 1975. Insect territoriality and its evolution: population studies of desert 
grasshoppers on creosote bushes. Journal of Animal Ecology 44:29-54. 


Rehn, J. A. G. and D. C. Eades. 1961. The North American and Mexican Tribe Clematodini 
(Orthoptera: Acrididae: Cyrtacanthacridinae). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences 
Philadelphia 113:135-156. 


Scudder, S. H. 1900. A tropical type of acridian new to the United States. Journal of the New York 
Entomological Society 8:213-214. 


Tinkham, E. R. 1948. Faunistic and ecological studies on the Orthoptera of the Big Bend Region 
of Trans-Pecos Texas, with especial reference to the orthopteran zones and faunae of midwestern 
North America. American Midland Naturalist 40:521-663. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 209 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


NEW ADDITIONS TO THE CADDISFLY FAUNA 
(TRICHOPTERA) OF TENNESSEE AND VIRGINIA, U.S.A. 


John K. Moulton’ 


Ultraviolet light trap collections by the author in eastern Tennessee and portions of 
western Virginia during the summer and autumn of 2005 and 2006 yielded adults of two 
caddisflies, Polycentropus carlsoni Morse and Lepidostoma sackeni (Banks), not pre- 
viously reported from Tennessee and two species, Lepidostoma serratum Flint and 
Wiggins and L. sommermanae Ross, not previously reported from Virginia. The cad- 
disfly fauna of Tennessee, with approximately 400 known species, is among the most 
intensely studied in the United States (Etnier and Schuster 1979; Etnier et al., 1998). 
Parker and Voshell (1981) provided a preliminary checklist of the Trichoptera of 
Virginia that included a total of 239 species and 101 new state records. 

Polycentropus carlsoni was collected on June 18, 2005 (1 male, | female), and Octo- 
ber 9, 2005 (1 male), from Fowler Spring Branch, a small, coldwater, cobble-bottomed, 
first-order tributary to Beaver Creek in northern Knox County, Tennessee (Bell 
Campground Rd., 0.3 km N of jet. with W. Brushy Valley Dr., 36° 02.958 N, 84° 04.146 
W). Fowler Spring Branch is the type locality of another caddisfly species with a rather 
restricted range, Neophylax etnieri Vineyard and Wiggins. Polycentropus carlsoni was 
previously known only from small springs along the western slope of the Appalachian 
Mountains from North Carolina (Etnier et al., 1998), South Carolina (Morse 1971, 
Hoffman and Morse 1990), and Alabama (Harris et al., 1991). Therefore, the Tennessee 
record reported herein is the first for P. carlsoni from a locality west of the Appalachian 
backbone. Based upon prior reports, adults of this species can be taken from April or 
May through October. Most specimens have been taken in Malaise traps, and collec- 
tions generally are comprised of fewer than five individuals. 

Several adults of Lepidostoma sackeni, one of the most easily recognized species in 
this speciose genus (at least the adult male), were taken on September 5, 2005, from a 
bog habitat alongside Newfound Gap Road (US 441) in the Great Smoky Mountains 
National Park, Tennessee (1.5 km S of parking lot for Alum Cave Bluff Trail, 35° 
37.300 N, 83°26.318 W). This record brings the total number of Lepidostoma species 
known or thought to inhabit Tennessee to 21 (Flint and Wiggins 1961; Etnier et al., 
1998; Weaver 1988). The previous most southerly record for L. sackeni was central 
West Virginia (Tarter and Hill 1979). I predict L. sackeni will eventually be found in the 
intervening regions of North Carolina and Virginia once suitable bog habitats are iden- 
tified and sampled during the appropriate time, late summer to early fall. 

Three males and an undetermined number of females of Lepidostoma serratum were 
collected from a small rivulet on a heavily wooded and sloped tract of privately held 
land in southcentral Grayson County, Virginia (36° 37.095 N, 81 02.448 W), on 
September 15, 2005. Several adults of three additional species in the genus, L. som- 
mermanae, L. tibiale, and L. togatum, were also present in the sample. This is the first 


' Submitted on October 3, 2006. Accepted on April 18, 2007. 


* Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 
37996-4560 U.S.A. E-mail: jkmoulton@mail.ag.utk.edu. 


Mailed on June 18, 2007 


210 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


published report of L. serratum from Virginia, although C. R. Parker (personal com- 
munication) has a single record of it from Patrick County. The discovery of this rare, 
but widely distributed species is not unexpected for Virginia. Previously, it has been 
reported from Connecticut (Nelson 1987, Weaver 1988) and PA (Masteller and Flint 
1992) to the north and LA (Weaver 1988), NC (Flint and Wiggins 1961, Weaver 1988, 
Morse et al., 1989), and SC (Morse et al., 1989) to the south. Lepidostoma sommer- 
manae was also not included in the Virginia checklist by Parker and Voshell (1981), 
although C. R. Parker has subsequently collected it along the Blue Ridge Mountains of 
Virginia (C. R. Parker, personal communication). Lepidostoma sommermanae is known 
from eastern Canada and the northeastern United States and down the Appalachians 
into western North Carolina (Weaver 1988). 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


The author is grateful to J. C. Morse and C. R. Parker for providing helpful comments on an early 
draft of this manuscript and one anonymous reviewer whose suggestions also improved the final draft. 
C. R. Parker graciously provided information about unpublished caddisfly records from Virginia. This 
research was funded in part by the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station (TAES) and Discover 
Life In America/All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory (DLIA/ATBI) grant (DLIA-06030518). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Etnier, D. A and G. A. Schuster. 1979. A checklist of the Trichoptera of Tennessee. Journal of the 
Tennessee Academy of Science 54(1): 15-22. 


Etnier, D. A., J. T. Baxter, Jr., S. J. Fraley, and C. R. Parker. 1998. A checklist of the Trichoptera 
of Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 73(1-2): 53-72. 


Flint, O. S., Jr., and G. B. Wiggins. 1961. Records and descriptions of North American species in the 
genus Lepidostoma, with a revision of the vernalis Group (Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae). The 
Canadian Entomologist 43(4): 279-297. 


Harris, S. C., P. E. O’Neil, and P. K. Lago. 1991. Caddisflies of Alabama. Geological Survey of Ala- 
bama. Bulletin 142. Tuscaloosa, Alabama. 442 pp. 


Hoffman, K. M. and J. C. Morse. 1990. Descriptions of the females of three Polycentropus species 
(Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 92(2): 
274-281. 


Masteller, E. C. and O. S. Flint, Jr. 1992. The Trichoptera (Caddisflies) of Pennsylvania: an anno- 
tated checklist. Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 66(2): 68-78. 


Morse, J. C. 1971. New caddisflies (Trichoptera) from the southeastern United States. Journal of the 
Georgia Entomological Society 6(2): 77-84. 


Morse, J. C., S. W. Hamilton, and K. M. Hoffman. 1989. Aquatic insects of Lake Jocassee catch- 
ment in North and South Carolina, with descriptions of four new species of caddisflies (Tri- 
choptera). The Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 105(1): 14-33. 


Nelson, V. A. 1987. Light trap collections of Trichoptera near the source of Hopp Brook, New Haven 
County, Connecticut. pp. 203-205. Jn, M. Bournaud and H. Tachet (Editors). Proceedings of the 5th 
International Symposium on Trichoptera. Lyon (France). 21-26 July 1986. W. Junk Publishers. 
Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Series Entomologica 39. 424 pp. 


Parker, C. R. and J. R. Voshell, Jr. 1981. A preliminary list of the caddisflies (Trichoptera) of 
Virginia. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 16(1): 1-7. 


Tarter, D. C. and P. L. Hill. 1979. Caddisflies (Trichoptera) of the Cranberry Glades in West Virginia. 
Entomological News 90(4): 205-206. 


Weaver, J. S. III. 1988. A synopsis of the North American Lepidostomatidae (Trichoptera). Contribu- 
tions of the American Entomological Institute 24(2): i-iv, 1-141. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 211 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


RANGE EXTENSION OF THE ARMY ANT ECITON 
MEXICANUM ROGER (FORMICIDAE: ECITONIND) IN 
THE PANTANAL SURROUND PLATEAU, BRAZIL' 


Fernando J. Zara’ and Harold G. Fowler’ 


The army ant Eciton mexicanum is represented by six subspecies identifiable 
through male or queen morphology (for review see Borgmeier, 1955; Retten- 
meyer, 1963). In Brazil, E. mexicanum has been reported as far south as Goiania, 
Goias state (referred as Campinas by Schwarzmaier in 1935, an old name of 
Goiania city), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo and Pirapora, Minas Gerais (Borgmeier, 
1955) (Fig 1). Additional occurrences, without locality and subspecies register, 
are recorded from the states of Rondonia, Amazonas, Para, Pernambuco and 
Bahia (Borgmeier, 1955; Kempf, 1972, Watkins, 1976). 


H ose 
> 
f atts “a 
/ Brasilia ws, 


Zz 
/ ee 2 Pirapora 
i Goiania a 
2 


ee 


as 
_ Belo i 
Ps #® Horizonte 
eo ape r 
Ribeirio f 
i 


Preto L eke . 
F .. 


Figure 1. Distribution map depicts the new (star) and previous (black target) registers for 
E. mexicanum in Brazil. 


‘Received on November 27, 2005. Accepted on April 16, 2007. 


>UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista). Campus do Litoral Paulista, Unidade de Sado Vicente 
11330-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil. E-mail: fjzara@cvs.unesp.br. 


> UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista). Campus do Rio Claro, Departamento de Ecologia, 11506- 
900, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil. E-mail: hgfowler@rc.unesp.br 


Mailed on June 18, 2007 


22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


On April 23, 2005, one colony of E. mexicanum was found in a house in the 
center of Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, situated at the border of the Pantanal 
floodplain (20°28'16"S, 55°47'14"W). Raiding columns emerged from a residen- 
tial basement attacking subterranean ant nests, similar to records of Rettenmeyer 
(1963). The occurrence of any species of Eciton foraging in an urban center has 
never been reported and this may be related to E. mexicanum’s primarily hypo- 
gaetic habits (Borgmeier 1995, Rettenmeyer 1963, Gotwald 1995), immediately 
parallel to the Aquidauana River. Rettenmeyer (1963) classified E. mexicanum as 
the most subterranean and nocturnal of the five Eciton species in his study at 
Barro Colorado Island, where he observed only one diurnal raid on a rainy day, 
contrasting to our observation. 

The present record extends the known Brazilian range of E. mexicanum 
810km southwest from Goiania, 835km northwest from Ribeirao Preto and 
1200km west from Pirapora and suggests that this species may be present in the 
Bolivian Pantanal. Worker voucher specimens are deposited in collections of 
H. G. Fowler and the myrmecological collection of the Biology Departments of 
UNESP-Rio Claro and Sao Vicente. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


The authors acknowledge the referees and C. P. A. Prado for the valuable suggestions on the man- 
uscript and Leandro J. Fonseca for the help with the map. FJZ thanks to the FAPESP for the finan- 
cial support (proc. 2005/04707-5). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Borgmeier, T. 1955. Die wanderameisen der Neotropischen Region (Hym. Formicidae). Studia 
Entomologica. Revista Internacional de Entomologia 1: 1-716. 


Gotwald Jr., W. H. 1995. The Army Ants: the biology of social predation. Comstock Publishing 
Associates. Cornell University. Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. 302 pp. 


Kempf, W. W. 1972. Catalogo abreviado das formigas da Regiao Neotropical. Studia Entomo- 
logica. Revista Internacional de Entomologia 15: 3-344. 


Rettenmeyer, C. W. 1963. Behavioral studies of army ants. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 
44: 281-465. 


Watkins, J. F. 1976. The identification and distribution of New Word army ants (Dorylinae: 
Formicidae). Markham Press Fund of Baylor University Press. Baylor University. Waco, Texas, 
U.S.A. 102 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 213 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


OCCURRENCES OF THE MILLIPED, 
CHONDROMORPHA XANTHOTRICHA (ATTEMS, 1898), IN 
THE NEW WORLD: FIRST RECORDS FROM 
MEXICO, COSTA RICA, PANAMA, THE CAYMAN ISLANDS, 
SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES, AND TOBAGO; 
FIRST LOCALITIES IN CUBA 
(POLYDESMIDA: PARADOXOSOMATIDAE)' 


Rowland M. Shelley’ and Fabio G. Cupul-Magana’ 


In the Western Hemisphere, a diverse indigenous fauna of the milliped family 
Paradoxosomatidae occupies South America and ranges northward to Costa Rica and 
Dominica (Pocock 1888, 1894; Hoffman 1960, 1977, 1980a, 1999; Loomis 1968). 
However, the only paradoxosomatids in North America, the lone populated continent 
without native taxa, are four introduced species from Asia and one from Australia: 
Oxidus gracilis (C. L. Koch, 1847), which is widespread in urban environments in 
both the United States and Canada and frequently undergoes population explosions; 
Asiomorpha coarctata (Saussure, 1860), in Florida, Louisiana, and Texas; Akampto- 
gonus novarae (Humbert and Saussure, 1869), the lone Australian paradoxosomatid, 
in California; Chondromorpha xanthotricha (Attems, 1898), in Texas; and Heli- 
corthomorpha holstii (Pocock, 1895), in Florida (Causey 1943; Weems and Loomis 
1974; Hoffman 1980b; Kevan 1983; Shelley 1988, 1990, 2000, 2001, 2002a, b; 
Shelley and Edwards 2002; Shelley et al., 1998). The first two species and C. xan- 
thotricha occur in Central America and on Caribbean Islands, and are sympatric with 
the indigenous fauna from Costa Rica and Dominica southward. New World occur- 
rences of O. gracilis and A. coarctata are supported by numerous samples and pub- 
lished records, but comparatively few of either exist for C. xanthotricha, a more 
recent importation. The earliest reported collection, 1938 from Paramaribo, Surinam 
(Jeekel 1963), is supplanted by the 1931 sample from Trinidad (detailed below); con- 
sequently, the original importation appears to have been in the late 1920-1930s in the 
area of Trinidad and the northern South American coast. The milliped has been intro- 
duced as far north as southern Texas, USA (Shelley 2000), as far south as Ecuador, 
the first South American record outside of Surinam (see below), and is known from 
all islands in the Greater Antilles. 

Chondromorpha xanthotricha is readily distinguished from other exogenous para- 
doxosomatids by the granular, papilose, and setose dorsum and the configuration of 
the gonopods; anatomical diagnoses and illustrations are available in Attems (1898: 
139, pl. 5, fig. 115 as Prionopeltis xanthotrichus; and 1937:110-112, figs. 145-148 as 


‘Received April 3, 2006. Accepted April 16, 2007. 


> Research Lab., North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, 4301 Reedy Creek Rd., Raleigh, NC 
27607 USA; e-mail rowland.shelley@ncmail.net 


*Centro Universitario de la Costa, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad de Guadalajara No. 203, 
Delegacion Ixtapa, C.P. 48280, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico; e-mail fabio _cupul@yahoo.com.mx 


Mailed on June 18, 2007 


214 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


C. granosa and C. xanthotricha), Loomis (1948:187-188, figs. 3-6 as Xaymacia gran- 
ulata), and Shelley and Lehtinen (1998:88, figs. 10-12). The first report of C. xan- 
thotricha in the Western Hemisphere was by Chamberlin (1941), who cited it as 
Dasomus bicolor Chamberlin, 1941, from Jamaica in general based on eight speci- 
mens that were intercepted in quarantine in Washington, DC, USA. Seven years later, 
Loomis (1948) reported it from five localities in Jamaica under another synonym, 
Xaymacia granulata Loomis, 1948. Subsequently, the milliped has been recorded 
from Surinam (Jeekel 1963), two additional sites in Jamaica as C. kelaarti (Humbert, 
1865) (Loomis 1975), Guadeloupe and Marie-Galante (Mauriés 1980), Puerto Rico 
(Santiago-Blay and Velez 1985), Cuba in general (Gonzalez Oliver and Golovatch 
1990), and Haiti and Trinidad Shelley (2000). 

We list below records from six new countries and three new Caribbean islands, 
along with the first localities in Cuba, unreported Jamaican sites, and details of the 
general records from Haiti and Trinidad. Repository acronyms are BMNH, The 
Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom (UK); CAS, California Academy 
of Sciences, San Francisco, USA; CZUG, Coleccion Entomologica del Centro de 
Estudios en Zoologia de la Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico; 
FSCA, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, USA; NCSM, North 
Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, USA; and ROM, Royal Ontario 
Museum, Toronto, Canada. 


Occurrences 

Mexico: Jalisco, Puerto Vallarta, 20°39'28.5" N, 105°13'6.5" W, 48 m elev., 11 
March 2006, F. G. Cupul-Magafia (CZUG). New Country Record. 

Costa Rica: Puntarenas Prov., Julieta, Finca La Ligea, 28 November 1964, K. A. 
Amold (FSCA); and Coto District, 25 July 1981, G. B. Edwards (FSCA). New 
Country Record. 

Panama: Colon Prov., Colon, Cia. Agricola Amsterdam, 19 April 1975, G. H. 
Gwin (FSCA). Herrera Prov. Divisa, 14 October 1957, Lancaster (FSCA). New 
Country Record. 

Ecuador: Guayaquil, 20 March 1966, R. O. Albert (FSCA). New Country 
Record. 

Cuba: Ciudad de la Habana, Marianao, Country Club, 19 March 1949, M. L. 
Jaume (FSCA); and Littoral de W Gariano, 29 July 1951, M. L. Jaume (FSCA). 
Guantanamo Proyv., Loma en el km 6 de la Carretera de Hoya Colorado, Ciudad 
Baracoa, Haboma, 26 September 1951, M. L. Jaume (FSCA). Pinar del Rio Prov., 
San Vicente, 13 August 1959, R. E. Woodruff (FSCA); 2 km del Puebla de Artemisa, 
27 May 1950, M. L. Jaume (FSCA); and Cayajabos, 2 October 1951, M. L. Jaume 
(FSCA). First Specific Localities. 

Haiti: Martissant, 1 August 1958, S. Lazell (FSCA, NCSM). 

Puerto Rico: Mayaguez, 26 May 1981, D. Richman (FSCA). 

Jamaica: Portland Parish, Nonsuch Cave, November 1973, R. Norton (FSCA). 
St. Andrew Parish, locality unknown, 31 August 1952, W. J. Baerg (FSCA); Buff Bay, 
26 December 1970, D. Bennett (FSCA); and nr. Kingston, Costa Mente Hotel, 30 
December 1970, D. Bennett (FSCA). St. Ann Parish, Ocho Rios, 27 December 1970, 
D. Bennett (FSCA); and Runaway Cave, 27 March 1973, R. Norton, R. Zimmerman 
(FSCA). St. Catharine Parish, St. Claire Cove, 27 December 1972, S. and J. Peck 


Volume 118, Number 2, March and April 2007 215 


(FSCA). St. Elizabeth Parish, municipality unknown, Bamboo Ave., 5 August, year 
unknown, E. S. Ross (CAS). St. Thomas Parish, Morant Bay, 59.2 km (37 mi) E 
Kingston, 1 May 1971, W. Baker (ROM). 

Cayman Islands (UK): Grand Cayman, 3.2 km (2 mi.) NE George Town, 6 
March and 29 April 1970, D. W. Buden (FSCA); and Old Man Bay, 26 February 1970 
(FSCA). New Territory and Island Record. 

St. Vincent and the Grenadines: Mustique, 6 August 2005, M. de Silva (digital 
photo sent to RMS). New Country and Island Record. 

Trinidad and Tobago: Jobago, Bloody Bay, 7 July 1999, R. M. Shelley, M. 
Judson (NCSM); L’Anse Fourmi and Speyside, 8-9 July 1999, R. M. Shelley 
(NCSM) New Island Record. Trinidad, St. Augustine, 5 November 1931, D. Vesey- 
Fitzgerald (BMNH); and St. Georges County, Arima Valley, Simla, 27 June - 3 July 
1978, C. B. and H. V. Weems (FSCA). 


In the Grenadines, C. xanthotricha occurs under stones and leaf litter throughout 
Mustique, where it is the most common small milliped; however, it has not been 
found to the south on Mayreau, the only other island examined to date. Mustique 
receives substantial imports like plants from St. Vincent and Barbados and construc- 
tion sand from Guyana, so a sizeable population of an introduced milliped is not sur- 
prising (M. de Silva, pers. comm. to RMS). In Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, C. xan- 
thotricha is common outdoors in the rainy season (June-October) but is found only 
under stones in the dry months (November-May). Mating was observed in March. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We thank the following curators for providing RMS access to the collections under their supervisions: 
J. Beccaloni (BMNH), C. E. Griswold (CAS), G. B. Edwards (FSCA), and D. C. Darling (ROM). We are 
particularly grateful to M. de Silva for sending the photo of C. xanthotricha from Mustique to RMS and 
providing other information on the Grenadines. R. L. Hoffman provided a pre-submission review. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Attems, C. 1898. System der Polydesmiden I. Theil. Denkschriften der Mathematisch-Naturwissen- 
schaftlichen Class der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 67:1-262. 


Attems, C. 1937. Myriapoda 3. Polydesmoidea I. Fam. Strongylosomidae. Das Tierreich, Lief. 68:1-300. 


Causey, N. B. 1943. Studies on the life history and the ecology of the hothouse millipede, Orthomorpha 
gracilis (C. L. Koch 1847). American Midland Naturalist 29(3):670-682. 


Chamberlin, R. V. 1941. New polydesmoid diplopods intercepted at quarantine. Proceedings of the 
Entomological Society of Washington 43(2):32-35. ' 


Gonzalez Oliver, R. and S. I. Golovatch. 1990. Catalogo de los diplopodos de Cuba. Editorial Aca- 
demia, La Habana, Cuba, 37 pp. 


Hoffman, R. L. 1960. Millipeds from Dominica, British West Indies. Proceedings of the United States 
National Museum 111:33-41. 


Hoffman, R. L. 1977. The milliped genus Mestosoma in Costa Rica (Polydesmida: Paradoxoso mati- 
dae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 12(1977):207-215. 


Hoffman, R. L. 1980a (1979). Classification of the Diplopoda. Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Genéve, 
Switzerland, 237 pp. 


Hoffman, R. L. 1980b (1979). An Australian polydesmoid milliped in San Francisco (Paradoxo- 
somatidae). Wasmann Journal of Biology 37:55-58. 


216 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Hoffman, R. L. 1999. Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of 
Natural History Special Publication No. 5:1-504. 


Jeekel, C. A. W. 1963. Diplopoda of Guiana (1-5). Studies on the Fauna of Suriname and other 
Guyanas 4:1-157. 


Kevan, D. K. McE. 1983. A preliminary survey of known and potentially Canadian millipedes 
(Diplopoda). Canadian Journal of Zoology 61(12):2956-2975. 


Loomis, H. F. 1948. Two new millipeds of Jamaica. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 
38(5):185-188. 

Loomis, H. F. 1968. A checklist of the millipeds of Mexico and Central America. United States 
National Museum Bulletin 266:1-137. 


Loomis, H. F. 1975. New millipeds in a noteworthy collection from Jamaica. The Florida Ento- 
mologist 58(3):167-185. 


Mauriés, J.-P. 1980. Diplopodes Chilognathes de la Guadeloupe et ses dépendances. Bulletin du 
Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 4° série, 2:1059-1111. 


Pocock, R. I. 1888. Contributions to our knowledge of the Myriopoda of Dominica. Annals and Maga- 
zine of Natural History, Series 6, 2:472-483. 


Pocock, R. I. 1894. Contributions to our knowledge of the arthropod fauna of the West Indies. — Part 
III. Diplopoda and Malacopoda, with a supplement on the Arachnida of the class Pedipalpi. Journal 
of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 24(157):473-544. 


Santiago-Blay, J. A. and M. J. Vélez. 1985. Condromorpha xanthotricha: A new record of poly- 
desmid millipede (Diplopoda: Paradoxosomatidae) and the geographical distribution of the three 
known paradoxosomatids of Puerto Rico. Caribbean Journal of Science 21:137-141. 


Shelley, R. M. 1988. The millipeds of eastern Canada (Arthropoda: Diplopoda). Canadian Journal of 
Zoology 66:1638-1663. 


Shelley, R. M. 1990. A new milliped of the genus Metaxycheir from the Pacific coast of Canada (Poly- 
desmida: Xystodesmidae), with remarks on the tribe Chonaphini and the western Canadian and 
Alaskan diplopod fauna. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:2130-2322. 


Shelley, R. M. 2000. Chondromorpha xanthotricha (Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), a new mil- 
liped for the continental United States. Entomological News 111(5):370. 


Shelley, R. M. 2001 (2000). Annotated checklist of the millipeds of Florida Grea ta Insecta 
Mundi 14(4):241-251. 


Shelley, R. M. 2002a. The millipeds of central Canada (Arthropoda: Diplopoda), with reviews of the 
Canadian fauna and diplopod faunistic studies. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80:1863-1875. 


Shelley, R. M. 20026. Annotated checklist of the millipeds of California (Arthropoda: Diplopoda). 
Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist 1:90-115. 


Shelley, R. M. and G. B. Edwards. 2002. Introduction of the milliped, Helicorthomorpha holstii, in 
Florida (Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae). Entomological News 112(3):200. 


Shelley, R. M. and P. T. Lehtinen. 1998. Introduced millipeds of the family Paradoxosomatidae on 
Pacific Islands (Diplopoda: Polydesmida). Arthropoda Selecta 7(2):81-94. 


Shelley, R. M., S. B. Bauer, and S. F. Swift. 1998. The milliped family Paradoxosomatidae in the 
Hawaiian Islands (Diplopoda: Polydesmida). Bishop Museum Occasional Papers No. 56:43-53. 


Weems, H. V., Jr., and H. F. Loomis. 1974. Oxidus gracilis (Koch) and Orthomorpha coarctata 
(Saussure), two milliped pests in Florida. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer 
Services, Division of Plant Industry, Entomology Circular No. 145:1-2. 


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193 Biology of Pherbellia inflexa (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), a predator of 
land snails belonging to the genus Zonitoides (Gastropoda: 
Zonitidae), in western United States and Canada B. A. Foote 


continued from front cover 


SCIENTIFIC NOTES 


199 A glomeridesmid milliped in Canada (Diplopoda: Glomeridesmida) 
Rowland M. Shelley, Robert A. Cannings, Philip T. LePage, 
and Ken J. White 


203 Seasonal status and survival of Calosoma sayi (Coleoptera: 
Carabidae) in south Georgia, U.S.A. . Orrey P Young 


207 New observations of host plant usage by Clematodes larrae 
(Orthoptera: Acrididae: Copiocerinae), including a new host 
plant in Texas, U.S.A. Thomas Stidham and John Stidham 


209 New additions to the caddisfly fauna (Trichoptera) of Tennessee 
and Virginia, U.S.A. John K. Moulton 


211 Range extention of the Army Ant Eciton mexicanum Roger 
(Formicidae: Ecitonini) in the Pantanal Surround Plateau, Brazil 
Fernando J. Zara and Harold G. Fowler 


213 Occurrences of the milliped, Chondromorpha xanthotricha 
(Attems, 1898), in the New World: first records from Mexico, 
Costa Rica, Panama, the Cayman Islands, Saint Vincent and 
the Grenadines, and Tobago; first localities in Cuba (Polydesmida: 
Paradoxosomatidae) 
Rowland M. Shelley and Fabio G. Cupul-Magana 


THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


www.acnatsci.org/hosted/aes 


217 


223 


227 


255 


273 


279 


283 


Entomological News 


Detection and identification of Leishmania kKDNA in Lutzomyia 
olmeca olmeca and Lutzomyia cruciata (Diptera: Psychodidae) 
by Polymerase Chain Reaction in southern Mexico 
Silvia B. Canto-Lara, Maria D. Bote-Sanchez, 
Eduardo A. Rebollar-Téllez, and Fernando J. Andrade-Narvaez 


Two new species of Palingonalia (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: 
Cicadellinae) from Colombia = Paul H. Freytag and Juan M. Vargas 


Morphology and chemical analysis of the metathoracic scent 
glands of Coreus marginatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Heteroptera: 
Coreidae) from Turkey Dilek Durak and Yusuf Kalender 


Postembryonic development of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen 
under the influence of quercetin 
Ana Sarié, Mirjana Kalafatié, Gordana Rusak, 
Goran Kovaéevic, Damjan Franjevic, and Herwig 0. Gutzeit 


Robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) of Arkansas, U.S.A.: notes and a 
checklist Jeffrey K. Barnes, Norman Lavers, and Herschel Raney 


Xanthogaleruca subcoerulescens (Weise, 1884) (Coleoptera: 
Chrysomelidae), a little-known galerucine from Turkey, with a 
description of the female, additions to the description of the 
male, and ecological remarks 

Ali Gok, Ebru Gul Aslan, and Baran Aslan 


Heteroceran fauna of Gdkceada and Bozcaada (North Aegean 
Islands, Turkey), with a new record of Noctuidae (Lepidoptera), 
and biogeographical analyses Zuhal Okyar and Nihat Aktac 


Long-range dispersal possibilities via sea turtle: a case for Clunio 
and Pontomyia (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Puerto Rico 
Michelle T. Scharer and J.H. Epler 


A light-trapped ant, Dolichoderus bispinosus (Formicidae) with 
evidence of stylopization by male Caenocholax fenyesi waloffi 
(Strepsiptera: Myrmecolacidae) from Mexico 
Jeyaraney Kathirithamby, Steven J. Taylor, E. Valenzuela, 
Jaime Gomez, and Juan F. Berrera 


Microdon falcatus Williston (Diptera: Syrphidae): a redescription, 
with lectotype designation and new synonyms 
F. Christian Thompson 


continued on back cover 


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Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 2G 


DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF LETSHMANIA 
kKDNA IN LUTZOMYIA OLMECA OLMECA AND LUTZOMYIA 
CRUCIATA (DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE) 


HSO 

BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION MIT NIAN 
SOUTHERN MEXICO : 17 200/ a 

Silvia B. Canto-Lara,’ Maria D. Bote-Sanchez,’ Eduardo A. Rebollar-Te z 04 IBRARIES 


Fernando J. Andrade-Narvaez’” 


ABSTRACT: Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana is 
endemic in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico. Lutzomyia olmeca olmeca and Lutzomyia cruciata have 
been found infected by flagellates. This represents the first report on the detection and identification of 
Leishmania to the genus and subgenus levels in both sand fly species using the polymerase chain reac- 
tion. 


KEY WORDS: Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana, Lutzomyia olmeca olmeca, Lutzomyia cruciata, 
identification, PCR 


Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) was first described in southern 
Mexico by Seidelin (1912). Since then, the sylvatic area of the Yucatan peninsula 
has been recognized as an endemic focus of LCL. Leishmania (Leishmania) mexi- 
cana (Biagi 1953, emended Garham 1962) has been identified as the predominant 
causative agent in humans and wild rodents (Perez-Mutul et al., 1994; Chablé- 
Santos et al., 1995; Canto-Lara et al, 1998; Canto-Lara et al., 1999). The sand fly 
Lutzomya olmeca olmeca (Vargas and Diaz Najera 1953) has been incriminated as 
a Leishmania vector (Biagi et al., 1965), but the species of Leishmania present in 
this region are unknown. However, recent evidence suggested that L. cruciata 
(Coquillet) may play an important role in Leishmania transmission in the adjacent 
state of Campeche (Rebollar-Téllez et al., 1996a). Female L. cruciata are highly 
anthropophilic and are by far the most abundant man-biting species caught in the 
states of Campeche (Rebollar-Téllez et al., 1996 b and c), Quintana Roo (Cruz- 
Ruiz et al., 1994) and Yucatan (Rebollar-Téllez and Manrique-Saide 2001). This is 
the first report regarding the detection and identification to the genus and subgenus 
levels of Leishmania in both L. 0. olmeca and L. cruciata collected in the Yucatan 
Peninsula of Mexico using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to amplify 
the parasite’s kDNA. 


Received on June 13, 2006. Accepted on April 16, 2007. 


* Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi,” Universi- 
dad Autonoma de Yucatan, Avenida Itzaes No. 490 x 57, CP 97000, Mérida, Yucatan, México. E-mails: 
SBC-L, scanto@uady.mx (corresponding author); MDB-S, lunula_77@hotmail.com; EAR-T, 
rebollar@uady.mx; and FJA-N, anarvaez@uady.mx. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 118 (3): 217, May and June 2007 
Mailed on July 31, 2007 


218 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


METHODS 

Study Sites: Site selection was based on epidemiological studies carried out 
between 1988 and 2000 in collaboration with health authorities from these three 
states of the Yucatan peninsula. Collections were performed at the following sites: 
La Libertad, Escarcega, Campeche (N 18° 31.60', O 90° 27.89"); La Guadalupe, 
Calakmul, Campeche (N 17° 20.25', O 89° 28.49"); Dos Naciones, Calakmul, 
Campeche (N 17° 58.40', O 89° 20.74'); La Virgencita, Calakmul, Campeche (N 18° 
14.53' O 89° 19.65'); Santa Isabel, Carrillo Puerto, Quintana Roo (N19° 28.20', O 
88° 06.87'); Becanchen, Tekax, Yucatan (N 19° 52.31', O 89° 12.618'). Collections 
were carried out during the transmission season (Andrade-Narvaez et al., 2003), 
from November to March 2001-2002 and November to February 2002-2003 using 
Shannon and Disney traps between 18.00-22.00 h and 18.00-07.00 h, respectively. 

Once identified using a sand fly key (Biagi 1966), the insects were stored in 80% 
ethanol in groups of 15-20 specimens per vial (2001-2002 collections), or groups 
of 5-10 specimens per vial (2002-2003 collections). DNA was extracted as des- 
cribed by Aransay et al. (2000). Briefly, sand fly bodies were homogenized and 
DNA was extracted using 100ul of extraction buffer, and samples were incubated 
at 65°C for 30 min. Following the addition of 14.0 ul 8 M potassium acetate (pH 
7.2) the homogenates were incubated on ice for 30 min and then centrifuged at 
13000 rpm for 10 min. Supernatants were recovered and DNA was precipitated 
with the addition of 200 uml of 100% ethanol. DNA pellets were resuspended in 
20 ml of Tris-EDTA buffer. 

Primers specific for Leishmania genus, namely 13 yey 
(GTGGGGGAGGGGCGTTCT) and 13 B (ATTTTACACCAACCCCCAGTT), 
B-4 (TCGTACTCCCCGACATGCCTC) for the subgenus Viannia, and M1.1 
(CCAGTTTCGACCGCCGGAGC) for the subgenus Leishmania were designed 
within the conserved region of the KDNA minicircle by Dr. Peter C. Melby, Health 
Sciences Center, The University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas USA (Invitrogen). 

The PCR was standardized using L. (L.) mexicana (MHET/MX97/Hd18) iden- 
tified by monoclonal antibodies (Canto Lara et al., 1999) and L. (V.) braziliensis 
WHO reference strain (MHOM/BR/LTB300). 


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

In the states of Campeche and Quintana Roo, 290 and 295 L. O. olmeca speci- 
mens were captured during the first and second study seasons, respectively. 
However, in the state of Yucatan, just 25 and 30 Lu. cruciata were trapped each sea- 
son (Tables 1 and 2), highlighting the differences in sand fly abundance between 
each microfocus. 

Only two species of Leishmania have been reported in the Yucatan peninsula: 
L. (L.) mexicana has been predominantly identified in humans and wild rodents, 
whereas L. (V) braziliensis was present in only a few cases of LCL (Pérez-Mutil et 
al., 1994; Canto-Lara et al., 1999). Therefore, the use of primers for each subgenus 
(Leishmania, M1.1 and Viannia, B-4) permitted indirect species identification. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 219 


Table 1. Detection of the subgenus Leishmania by PCR in wild-caught sand flies 
during the transmission season 2001-2002 in the Yucatan Peninsula. 


Study site State No. Lutzomyia/ Pools positive 
Lutzomyia spp. % 
No. vials 
La Libertad Campeche 80/4 olmeca 4 (100 %) 
La Guadalupe Campeche 96/5 olmeca 4 (80 %) 
Dos Naciones Campeche 86/5 olmeca 3 (75 %) 
Santa. Isabel § Quintana Roo 23/2 olmeca 2 (100 %) 
Becanchen Yucatan 251 2 cruciata 1 (50 %) 


Table 2. Detection of the subgenus Leishmania detected by PCR in wild-caught 
sand flies during the transmission season 2002-2003 in the Yucatan peninsula. 


Study site State No. Lutzomyia/ Pools positive 
Lutzomyia spp. % 
No. vials 

La Libertad Campeche 15/2 olmeca 0 (0 %) 
La Guadalupe Campeche 100/11 olmeca 3 (27 %) 
Las Virgencitas Campeche 140/14 olmeca 7 (50 %) 
Santa. Isabel §_ Quintana Roo 40/4 olmeca 1 (25 %) 
Becanchen Yucatan 30/3 cruciata 0 (0 %) 


In a two-year study on vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the state of 
Campeche previously reported, five Lutzomyia species were found infected with 
flagellates believed to be Leishmania spp. (Rebollar-Téllez et al., 1996a). The high- 
est prevalence of infection was observed in L. O. olmeca (7.1%) followed by L. 
cruciata (4.5%). 

Two classical methods exist for the estimation of infection rates in vectors, 
microscopic analysis and isolation of parasites in culture which requires absence of 
bacterial and/or fungal contamination. Both are laborious and inaccurate for iden- 
tification of the parasite in sand flies. The second one has been tried unsuccessful- 
ly due to contamination. The most successful method for detection and identifica- 
tion of Leishmania in naturally infected sand flies has been PCR directed to ampli- 
fy kDNA (Rodriguez et al., 1999; Aransay et al., 2000; Santamaria et al., 2005). 

Most studies done recently have been based on Aransay et al. (2000) method 
(Santamaria et al., 2005, Gomez-Saladin et al., 2005, Jorquera et al., 2005). It must 
be expected that there could be some differences regarding endemic area, Leish- 


220 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


mania spp. involved, as so Lutzomyia studied. In all of them pools from sand flies 
as suggested by the methodology have been examined. In the present study pool 
samples varied from 15-20 (first collection) and 5-10 (second collection). This was 
based on a previous standardization of specificity of the PCR assay using a tem- 
plate genomic DNA equivalent to 10, 100 and 1000 promastigotes of L. (L) mexi- 
cana. The sensitivity was high enough to detect 10 Leishmania promastigotes. 

In the present study we confirmed L. O. olmeca as vector of L. (L.) mexicana 
through detection and identification of subgenus Leishmania kDNA by PCR 
(Figure 1). For the first time the subgenus Leishmania was detected and identified 
in a pool of L. cruciata from the state of Yucatan. However, it should be highlight- 
ed that Becanchen, Tekax, in Yucatan has never been documented as a hyperen- 
demic area of LCL (Albertos-Alpuche et al., 1996). 


l 2 3 4 5 6 q 8 9 ll 


500 bp 


300 bp 


120 bp 
100 bp 


25 bp 


Figure 1. Detection and identification of kKDNA specific for the genus and subgenus 
Leishmania in Lu. 0. olmeca by PCR. Lanes, as follows: 1. Marker (bp), 2. Control (-), 
3. Control (+) genus Leishmania, 4. Lu. 0. olmeca, 5. Lu. o. olmeca, 6. Lu. 0. olmeca, 
7. Control (-), 8. Control (+) subgenus Leishmania, 9. Lu. 0. olmeca, 10. Lu. 0. olmeca, 
11. Lu. o. olmeca. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 pM 


The potential of L. cruciata as vector of L. (L.) mexicana should be confirmed 
by performing studies in the state of Campeche where L. cruciata population 
dynamics and biting rhythm of the anthropophilic sand fly Lutzomyia cruciata 
(Diptera: Psychodidae) has been documented (Rebollar-Téllez et al., 1996b). 
Moreover, the incidence-prevalence of LCL caused by L. (L.) mexicana is well 
established (Andrade-Narvaez et al., 1990). 

In summary, PCR technique employed must be improved to detect kDNA in one 
sand fly in order to become a very useful tool not only for monitoring the 
Leishmania infection rate in sand fly populations, but also for the rapid identifica- 
tion of both prevalent Leishmania and sand fly species in endemic areas as it has 
been proposed by Kato et al. (2005). 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


This investigation received:financial support from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia 
(CONACYT, Mexico) ID:33211-M, and from the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for 
Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR/WHO) ID A00732. We would like to thank M. Sc. 
Nicole R. Van Wynsberghe for reviewing and editing; to the health authorities from the state of 
Campeche (SSY and IMSS-Oportunidades) for their facilities, and also to the community. 


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222 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


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Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales (México) 13: 41-52. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 223 


TWO NEW SPECIES OF PALINGONALTIA (HEMIPTERA: 
CICADELLIDAE: CICADELLINAE) FROM COLOMBIA' 


Paul H. Freytag’ and Juan M. Vargas’ 


ABSTRACT: Two new species are added to the genus Palingonalia Young, 1977 (Hemiptera: Cica- 
dellidae: Cicadellinae) from Colombia, P. subta and P. hypera. 


KEY WORDS: Palingonalia, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Colombia 


The genus Palingonalia was described by Young (1977) for the single species 
P. bigutta (Signoret, 1854) from French Guiana and Brazil. This species has only 
been known from this Northeastern part of South America. In this paper two new 
species are added from Colombia. The new species have many features which 
are similar to P. bigutta, but the color patterns of both are quite different from 
each other and from P. bigutta. These two species are pictured on http://www. 
ciencias.unal.edu.co/galeria/detalle_dep.php?id=7&coleccionfiltered=49 

The acronyms used in this paper are: IHVL = Instituto von Humboldt, Villa de 
Leyva, Colombia; UK YL = University of Kentucky, Department of Entomology, 
Insect Collection, Lexington, Kentucky, USA. 


Palingonalia subta Freytag and Vargas, NEW SPECIES 
(Figures 1, 3, and 5) 


Description: Length of males 7.0-7.2 mm., females 7.1-7.5 mm. Similar to 
bigutta, but with a different color pattern. Generally brownish black with orange 
markings. Head (Fig. 1) with crown orange with pair of large black spots on ante- 
rior margin and median black rectangular area from between ocelli back to pos- 
terior margin. Face uniformly yellowish orange. Pronotum brownish black with 
three bands of orange, one longitudinal band on each side near lateral margin and 
one between these which is U-shaped. 

Scutellum entirely brownish black. Forewing brownish black with three longi- 
tudinal orange bands. One short band along anterior of commisure, one from base 
of clavus to apex of clavus, and one from near base of corium to base of second 
apical cell. Ventral side of thorax and abdomen mostly yellowish orange with legs 
mostly orange. Female with apex of seventh sternum black. Male genitalia: 
Pygofer (Fig. 5) broadly rounded. Subgenital plates (Fig. 5) short, with a triangu- 
lar dorsal extension on medial side. Aedeagus (Fig. 5) large, similar to bigutta. 
Connective and second phallobase as in bigutta. Style short, sharply hooked at 
apex. Female seventh sternum (Fig. 3) long, narrowing to bifurcate apex. 


‘Received on September 19, 2006. Accepted on May 18, 2007. 


> Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40546 U.S.A. E-mail: 
freytag2 104@windstream.net. 


* Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Labotatorio de sistematica y biologia comparada de insectos, Uni- 
versidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia. E-mail: jmvargasr@unal.edu.co. 


Mailed on July 31, 2007 


224 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Type Data: Holotype male: Colombia: Vaupés, RN Mosiro-Itajura (Caparu) 
Centro Ambiental, 1°4'S 69°31'W, 60 m., Malaise, 20-I-1-II-2003, M. Sharkey 
and D. Arias, M 3386 (IHVL). Paratypes: two males, two females, same data as 
holotype (IHVL and UKYL) 

Additional Specimens: Colombia: One male, Amazonas, PNN Amacayacu, 
Cabana Lorenal, 3°0'S 69°59'W, 210 m., 27-VIII-2001, Red, D. Campos, M 2234 
(IHVL); one female, same data, except Malaise, M 2238; one female, same data, 
except San Martin, 3°23'S 70°6'W, 150 m., Malaise, 2-7-VII-2000, B. Amado, M 
699 CHVL); one female, same data, except Matamata, Tierra Firme, 8-12-III- 
2000, Malaise, M. Sharkey; one female, same data as holotype, except FIT, M 
3388 (IHVL); one male, same data as holotype, except Antigua Cabana, 1°4'N 
69°3'W, 60 m., Malaise, 27-III-3-IV-2003, J. Pinzon, M 3634 (IHVL); one male, 
same data, except 9-25-II-2003, M 3629: one male, same data, except 10-[I-17- 
IV-2003, M 3613 (IHVL); one female, same data, except Igapo, 1°4'S 69°3 1'W, 
60 m., 4-11-III-2003, M 3623; one male, same data, except 7-22-X-2002, 
L. Benavides, M 3395 (IHVL); one female, Caqueta, PNN Chiribiquete, Cunare- 
Amu, 1°12'N 72°24'W, 300 m., Malaise, 14-17-II-2001, M. Ospina and E. Gon- 
zalez, M 1388 (HVL). 

Notes: This species is named for the more posterior median U-shaped orange 
marking on the pronotum. 


oF 
liga 


Figures 1, 3. Palingonalia subta n. sp. Figures 2, 4. PR. hypera n. sp. Fig. 1-2. Dorsal 
view of head, pronotum and scutellum. Fig. 3-4. Female abdominal terminal segments, 
ventral view (setae not shown). All drawn to the same scale, which equals 1 mm. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 2S 


Palingonalia hypera Freytag and Vargas, NEW SPECIES 
(Figures 2, 4, and 6 ) 


Description: Length of males 7.0-7.5 mm., females 7.3-7.5 mm. Similar to 
subta, but with different color pattern and genitalia. Generally brownish ‘black 
with orange markings. Head (Fig. 2) with orange crown with pair of large black 
spots on anterior margin and large rectangular black area from between ocelli 
back to posterior margin. Face uniformly yellowish orange. Pronotum brownish 
black with three orange bands. One longitudinal band on each side near lateral 
margin and one horizontal band between them along median anterior margin. 
Scutellum brownish black with small orange median spot near posterior prono- 
tal margin. Forewing brownish black with two longitudinal orange bands, one 
from base of clavus to apex of clavus, and one from near base of corium to base 
of second apical cell, sometimes with a third small orange band along com- 
misure, as in subta. Female seventh sternum black at apex. Male genitalia: Pygo- 
fer (Fig. 6) smaller than subta, more truncate at apex. Subgenital plate (Fig. 6) 
small, with dorsal triangular median process. Aedeagus (Fig. 6) similar to subta, 
but half the size. Connective and second phallobase similar to subta. Style sim- 
ilar to subta. Female seventh sternum (Fig. 4) long, narrowing to somewhat 
pointed apex. 

Type Data: Holotype male: Colombia: Caqueta, PNN Chiribiquete, Rio Cu- 
fare, 0°30'N 72°37'W, 300 m., Malaise, 1-5-XI-2000, E. Gonzalez and 
M. Ospina, M 960 (IHVL). Paratypes: Five males, six females, same data as 
holotype (HVL and UKYL). 


SUBTA HYPERA 


Figures 5-6. Male genital capsule, lateral view, showing internal genitalia (setae not 
shown). Fig. 5. Palingonalia subta n. sp. Fig. 6. P. hypera n. sp. Both drawn to the 
same scale, which equals 1 mm. 


226 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Additional Specimens: Colombia: Seven males, same data as holotype, 
except 0°31'N 72°38'W, 10-14-XI-2000, M 959 (IHVL and UKYL); one male, 
same data, except Rio Mesay, 0°14'N 72°56'W, 300 m., Malaise, 26-28-I-2000, 
F. Quevedo, M 222 (IHVL): one male, one female, same data, except Cufare- 
Amu, 0°12'N 72°24'W, 300 m., Malaise, 14-17-II-2001, M 1388 (IHVL); one 
female, Amazonas, PNN Amacayacu, Matamata, 3°23'S 70°6'W, 150 m., Ma- 
laise, 29-V-6-VI-2000, A. Parente, M 680 (IHVL); one female, same data as last, 
except 15-29-I-2001, A. Alvarado, M 1320 HVL); one male, same data as last, 
except, Cabana Lorenal, 3°0'S 69°59'W, 210 m., Pantrap, 31-VIII-2001, D. 
Campos, M 2204 (IHVL); and one female, same data, except San Martin, 3°23'S 
70°6'W, 150 m., Malaise, D. Chota, M 2774 (HVL). 

Remarks: This species is named for the median anterior orange band on the 
pronotum. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We thank Michael J. Sharkey, Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, for making it 
possible to study the specimens used in this study through his National Science Foundation Grant no. 
DEB 0205982. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Young, D. A. 1977. Taxonomic study of the Cicadellinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Part 2. New 
World Cicadellini and the genus Cicadella. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station 
Bulletin 239. 1135 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 227 


MORPHOLOGY AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE 
METATHORACIC SCENT GLANDS OF 
COREUS MARGINATUS (LINNAEUS, 1758) 
(HETEROPTERA: COREIDAE) FROM TURKEY ' 


Dilek Durak’ and Yusuf Kalender° 


ABSTRACT: The morphology of the metathoracic scent glands of Coreus marginatus (Linnaeus, 
1758) (Heteroptera: Coreidae) was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The metathoracic scent 
glands are composed of a reservoir and a pair of lateral glands that connect to the reservoir through 
a duct. The metathoracic scent glands open to the surface through paired ostioles located between the 
2nd and 3rd coxae in evaporation areas with a mushroom-like structure. Extracts of the volatile frac- 
tion from male and female metathoracic gland secretions were analyzed by capillary gas chromatog- 
raphy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirteen and sixteen compounds were detected in males and 
females, respectively. Most of the chemical compounds are qualitatively similar on each male and 
female but they differ in their quantity. In the analyses of metathoracic scent glands of females of C. 
marginatus, n-hexenoic acid (22.46%) was determined at the most and 14-Beta-H-Pregna (0.12%) 
was determined at the least in all samples. In males, octadecanoic acid (57.78%) was determined at 
the most and n-hexyl acetate (0.06%) was determined at the least in all samples. 


KEY WORDS: Coreus marginatus, Heteroptera, Coreidae, scent glands, electron microscopy, gas 
chromatography-mass spectrometry, Turkey 


Many heteropterans are characterized by the production of large quantities of 
strong-smelling and irritating defensive chemicals that are released when these 
insects are disturbed (Aldrich, 1988). Odorous compounds are produced by both 
adults and immatures (Staddon, 1979, Pavis et al., 1994, Ho and Millar, 2001) 
and several reports attest to their efficacy as effective defenses against predation 
(Krall et al., 1999; Ho and Millar, 2001). These chemicals may also have a role 
as alarm pheromones (Gunawardena and Bandumathie, 1993; Leal et al., 1994). 
The source of these defensive/alarm compounds could be a single or a pair of 
median or ventral scent glands usually located in the metathoracic region of 
Heteroptera (Carayon, 1971). 

Coreus marginatus is a cosmopolitan species and that feeds on many flowers 
both in the garden and open grassy areas, especially plants belonging to the Poly- 
gonaceae, such as Rumex (Hoberlandt, 1955). These bugs are ideal for this study 
because they can be captured in nature simultaneously at various stages of devel- 
opment of leaf surfaces of their host plant. This insect is common in central 
Turkey reaching a length of 12-15 mm and can be collected from early spring to 
early autumn, being prone to fly away when disturbed or hide between the spines 
and the brown fibres of the leaves. Large quantities of volaties are released by 
C. marginatus in response to disturbance (Aldrich, 1988). 


‘Received on July 21, 2006. Accepted on April 16, 2007. 


* Bozok University, Yozgat Faculty of Arts and Science, Biology Department, 66100, Yozgat, Turkey. 
E-mail: dilekdurak@erciyes.edu.tr 


* Gazi University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Biology Department, 06500 Ankara, Turkey. E-mail: 
kalender@gazi.edu.tr. Corresponding author. 


Mailed on July 31, 2007 


228 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


In this work, the morphology of the metathoracic scent gland (MTG) of this 
species was described by scanning electron microscopy and volatiles released from 
extracts of these glands were analyzed by GC-MS. 


METHODS 
Insects 


Adult C. marginatus were collected (15 females and males) on various Poly- 
gonaceae in Ayas, Ankara, Turkey, from June to September 2005. Insects were 
reared in the laboratory and maintained in plastic jars at 22-24°C and 70% relative 
humidity with a 12:12 light-dark photoperiodic regime. Bugs were maintained on 
fresh host-plants until dissection. Insects were dissected under insect’s saline (0.7% 
NaCl + 0.3% KCI, Santos-Mallet and De Souza, 1990). 


Morphology of the metathoracic scent glands 

To study the morphology of the metathoracic scent glands of C. marginatus a 
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used. To prevent the insect discharge of 
gland contents, bugs were anesthetized with CO, and then killed by freezing. The 
thoracic region was dissected in a Petri dish, the tergites were removed, and the 
metathoracic scent glands (reservoir and glands) were fixed for 3 hrs on 3% glu- 
taraldehyde (0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2). After washing in fresh buff- 
er, the metathoracic scent glands were post fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide (0.1 M 
sodium phosphate buffer), dehydrated in a graded ethanol series, dried using 
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), mounted in stubs, and sputter-coated 
with gold. The observations were made in a JEOL JSM 5600 scanning electron 
microscope. 


Chemical Analyses 

Analyses of the metathoracic scent glands of C. marginatus were done on each 
male and female. The metathoracic scent glands were removed and immersed in 
~100 pL analytical grade hexane distilled from calcium hydride (CaH2) and stored 
at -20°C for posterior analyses. Extracts were analyzed (~2 wL of the extract) by 
splitless coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS, Agilent 6890 
series) fitted with a HP-5 MS column (30m x 0,25 mm I.D. x 0,25 um film) and 
interfaced to a mass selective detector (Agilent 5973, electron impact ionization, 
106 eV). The GC temperature program for the column oven was 50°C/2 min and 
then 5°C/min to 250°C, with injector and transfer line temperatures of 250 and 
280°C, respectively. Helium was used as carrier gas. Compounds were preliminary 
identified by GC-MS. 


RESULTS 
The morphology of the metathoracic scent glands of C. marginatus 
The metathoracic scent glands of C. marginatus have a well-developed bag-like 
reservoir and paired glands located in the upper-lateral areas of the reservoir (Fig. 
1A). There are irregular projections and intrusions on the reservoir’s surface. 
Reservoir connects to the glands by a canal in the apical surface (Fig. 1A). 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 229 


Fig. 1A. Scanning electron micrograph of the metathoracic scent glands of C. marginatus. 
B. Multitubular lateral glands of metathoracic scent glands. C. Ostiole (O) and evaporation 
area (*). D. Evaporation area, LG: Lateral gland, R: Reservoir, OD: Ostiolar duct. 


Lateral glands connect to the reservoir via a duct and have many tubular struc- 
tures (Fig. 1B). The metathoracic glands open onto the surface of the coreid 
through paired oval ostioles located between the 2nd and 3rd coxae (Fig. 1C). A 
long, wide and groove-like structure extends downwards from ostioles (ostiolar 
duct, OD on Fig. 1C). The ostiole, ostiolar groove and their surroundings are col- 
lectively called evaporation area. The metathoracic scent gland secretions exit from 
the ostiole and it spreads out this region through the ostiolar groove and into the 
rest of the evaporation area which is endowed with mushroom-like structures (Fig. 
1D). The polygonal mushroom-like structures, which are slightly convex in the 
center, have irregular projections. The mushroom-like structures linked to each 
other through cuticular ridges and numerous trabecules found under the ridges (Fig. 
1D). No sexual differences in the fine structure of the metathoracic scent glands of 
C. marginatus were found. 


Odors from the metathoracic scent glands of C. marginatus 

Analyses of the metathoracic scent glands of C. marginatus were done on each 
male and female (15 males and females). While sixteen different compounds were 
detected for females, thirteen different compounds were detected for males (Table 
1). Quantitative and qualitative compositions of these compounds differ in both 


230 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


sexes. In C. marginatus females, five alkanes (cyclooctane, octadecane, tetracosane, 
octacosane, tricosane), two esters [n-hexyl ester, S-(2-aminoethy]) ester], two alde- 
hydes [n-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal], three acids (n-hexanoic acid, n-hexadecanoic 
acid, octadecanoic acid), one steroid (14-Beta-H-Pregna), one ether (vinyl cetyl 
ether), and two alcohols (4-methyl-5-decanol, 1-octadecanethiol) were found. In C. 
marginatus female’s metathoracic scent glands, n-Hexenoic acid (22.46%) was the 
most abundant compound detected and 14-Beta-H-Pregna (0.12%) was the least 
(Fig. 2). In the male, three alkanes (cyclooctane, tetracosane, docosane), three esters 
[n-hexyl ester, ethyl ester, methyl ester], two aldehydes [n-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal], 
four acids (n-Hexadecanoic acid, n-hexanoic acid, 2-methyl, 2-butenoic acid, 
octadecanoic acid), and one steroid (14-Beta-H-Pregna) were found. Octadecanoic 
acid (57.78%) was the most abundant compound detected in the male and n-hexyl 
acetate (0.06%) was the least (Fig. 3). 


DISCUSSION 

Three different categories of scent glands are described in insects: metathoracic 
scent glands, Brindley’s glands, and ventral glands. The metathoracic scent glands 
and Brindley’s glands are situated in the insect’s metathoracic region (Schofield 
and Upton, 1978). Metathoracic scent glands are present in most of heteroptera and 
are usually found in the third thorax region of C. marginatus. Kalin and Barret 
(1975) described the Brindley’s glands of the haematophagous bug Rhodnius pro- 
lixus. These paired glands are dorsally located extending into the second abdomi- 
nal segment and are found only in reduviids (Santos-Mallet and De Souza, 1990). 
Shape, size and aspect of Brindley’s glands vary according to the feeding status 


Abundance 


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Fig. 2. Gas chromatogram of the compounds present in the female’s metathoracic scent 
glands of C. marginatus. 1-n-Hexanal, 2-n-Hexyl ester, 3- Cyclooctane, 4-(E)-2-Octenal, 5- 
n-Hexanoic acid, 6-Octacosane, 7-4-Methyl-5-decanol, 8-Hexadecanoic acid, 9-Vinyl cetyl 
ether, 10-14-Beta-H-Pregna, 11-Octadecane, 12-S-(2-aminoethyl) ester, 13-Octadecanoic 
acid, 14-Octacosane, 15-1-Octadecanethiol, 16-Tricosane, 17-Tetracosane, RT: Retention 
time in minutes. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 231 


seundenes 
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Fig. 3. Gas chromatogram of the compounds present in the male’s metathoracic scent glands 
of C. marginatus. 1-n-Hexanal, 2-n-Hexanoic acid, 3-n-Hexyl ester, 4-Cyclooctane, 5-(E)- 
2-Octenal, 6-n-Hexanoic acid, 7-2-methyl, 2-butenoic acid, 8-n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9-Ethyl 
ester, 10-Octadecanoic acid, 11-14-Beta-H-Pregna, 12-Docosane, 13-Methyl ester, 14- 
Tetracosane, RT: Retention time in minutes. 


(Santos-Mallet and De Souza, 1990). However, Kalin and Barret (1975) did not 
observe any difference between insects unfed for 30-40 days and those fed 1 or 2 
days before examination. In well-fed C. marginatus bugs (15 males and 15 
females), the metathoracic scent glands extend into the abdominal cavity up to the 
second segment, whereas in starved bugs the aspect was milky and shriveled and 
they were located just in the thorax. However, size differences were observed in the 
reservoir, whether it was full or empty. 

There are two types of metathoracic scent glands in heteroptera: the diastomien 
type and the omphalien type. In the distomien type, scent glands always open to the 
outside through more than one ostiole, whereas omphalien scent glands open 
through one ostiole. We found that C. marginatus has diastomien metathoracic 
scent glands. There is one scent gland between the second and third coxa in C. mar- 
ginatus. 


232 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Table 1. Percentages of compounds detected in metathoracic scent secretion of 
female and male of C.marginatus, n.d.= not detected 


C. marginatus sex 


Group Chemical Compounds 
Female % Male % 
ALKANES» Cyclooctane O25 02 
Octadecane 0.32 n.d 
Tetracosane Onn 2.82 
Octacosane 20.45 n.d 
Tricosane 0.19 n.d 
Docosane n.d 222 
ALDEHYDES (E)-2-Octenal 24! 0.40 
n-Hexanal 5.09 0.63 
ESTERS Methyl ester n.d 0.09 
Ethyl ester n.d 1.38 
n-Hexyl ester 6.22 0.06 
S-(2-aminoethyl) ester 1.50 n.d 
ACIDS n-Hexanoic acid 22.46 8.17 
n-Hexadecanoic acid 3.26 19.61 
Octadecanoic acid 7.50 57.78 
2-methyl, 2-butenoic acid n.d 0.12 
ALCOHOLS 4-Methyl-5-decanol 15..43 n.d 
1-Octadecanethiol 0.42 n.d 
ETHER Vinyl cetyl ether 0.32 n.d 
STEROID 14-Beta-H-Pregna 0.12 1.38 


Ostiole structure of metathoracic scent glands is often used in systematic keys 
and diagnosis (Kamaluddin and Ahmad, 1988). In C. marginatus, the metathoracic 
scent gland ostiole has an elongate peritreme (ostiolar duct) with mushroom-like 
surfaces of evaporation, features that can be used as systematic keys and diagnosis 
for C. marginatus. The evaporation area, i.e., the mushroom-like structure, may 
show differences between species of the same genus or family (Davidova- 
Vilimova, 2000). As suggested by Carayon (1971), mushroom-like structures and 
ostiolar grooves are different in evaporation areas of species belong to Xylocoris. 
Moreover, we found that the ostiolar grooves are short and the ostioles structures 
are folded. In addition, the mushroom-like structures of the evaporation area are 
polygonal and are connected to each other through numerous trabecules. It is 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 233 


thought that many of the ridges found in the evaporation area contribute to the long 
residency of volatiles (Carayon, 1971). 

Our results on the comparative study of the chemical analysis of the metatho- 
racic scent glands of male and female of the C. marginatus revealed a lot of com- 
pounds identified on individual specimens. Octadecane, octacosane, tricosane, 
S-(2-aminoethyl) ester, 4-methyl-5-decanol, 1-octadecanethiol, vinyl cetyl ether 
are specific to only females but docosane, methyl ester, ethyl ester and 2-methy], 
2-butenoic acid are specific to males. Some of these compounds may be sex phero- 
mone (Durak and Kalender, 2007). 

According to the chemical analyses performed, compounds of metathoracic 
scent gland can be divided into eleven chemical groups: aldehydes, saturated 
hydrocarbons, acetates, alcohols, terpenes, lactones, ketones, esters, alcenes, acids 
and miscellaneous compounds (Farine et al., 1993). In our study, seven different 
chemical groups were detected in the chemical analyses of MTG of C. margina- 
tus: alkanes, aldehydes, acetates, steroid, acids, alcohols and ether. A kind of 
steroid, 14-Beta-H-Pregna, was detected only in females. This compound may 
lead not only defensive chemicals but also would function as a sex pheromone. 
Chemical and behavioral analyses showed that aldehydes and hydrocarbons found 
in the scent glands of a number of Heteroptera species have a dual function. In 
addition, these compounds may have different effects according to their level of 
viscosity (Farine et al., 1992). Here two aldehydes and five hydrocarbons were 
identified in the female and two aldehydes and three hydrocarbons were identified 
in C. marginatus male. These compounds may have a dual function in this sex. 

As suggested by Waterhouse (1964), the various paraffins compounds like 
hexacosane, tricosane, octacosane have been shown to aid in the penetration of the 
cuticle of insect enemies and, by delaying evaporation, acting as ‘odor fixatives’ 
for the more volatile constituents. There are not these components in the metatho- 
racic scent glands of every species. These compounds were identified in C. mar- 
ginatus, and we can speculate that they may quickly block the evaporation of scent 
compounds after the release of them. That is, paraffins compounds may also be an 
odor fixative for C. marginatus. Besides, it would be interesting to know the rel- 
ative efficiencies of scents with and without paraffins in deterring natural ene- 
mies. 

MTG contents are primarily for defense and have a role as sex pheromones. In 
addition to these hypothetical defensive and pheromonal activities, other functions 
could be attributed to the secretion of the MTG of C. marginatus by comparing 
them with other close bug species. The composition and structure of the MTG has 
been identified and quantified in many Heteroptera, the biological function of each 
compound in the scent secretion still needs further study. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
We thank Ayse Ogutcu, Meltem Uzunhisarcykly, and Fatma Bayrakdar for their help in our study. 


234 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


LITERATURE CITED 


Aldrich, J. R. 1988. Chemical ecology of the Heteroptera. Annual Review of Entomology 33: 211- 
238. 


Carayon, J. 1971. Notes et documents sur I’appareil odorant metathoracique des Hemipteres. Annales 
de la Société Entomologique de France 7 (4): 737-770. 


Davidova-Vilimova, J.. M. Nejedla, and W. Schaefer. 2000. Dorsa-abdominal scent glands and 
metathoracic evaporatoria in adults of central European Rhopalidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with 
a discussion of phylogeny and higher systematics. European Journal of Entomology 97: 213-221. 


Durak, D. and Y. Kalender. 2007. Fine structure and chemical analysis of the metathoracic scent 
glands Graphosoma semipunctatum (Fabricius, 1775) (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). Journal of 
Applied Biological Science 1: 13-22. 


Farine, J. P., O. Bonnard, R. Brossut, and J. L. Quere. 1992. Chemistry of pheromonal and defen- 
sive secretions in the nymphs and the adults of Dysdercus cingulatus Fabr. (Heteroptera: Pyrrho- 
coridae). Journal of Chemical Ecology 18 (1): 65-76. 


Farine, J. P., C. Everaerts, R. Brossut, and J. L. Quere. 1993. Defensive secretions of nymphs and 
adults of five species of Pyrrhocoridae (Insecta: Heteroptera). Biochemical Systematics and Eco- 
logy 21 (3): 363-371. 


Gunawerdana, N. E. and M. K. Bandumathie. 1993. Defensive secretion of rice bug, Leptocorisa 
oratorius Fabricius, (Hemiptera: Coreidae): a unique chemical combination and its toxic, repellent, 
and alarm properties. Journal of Chemical Ecology 19: 851-861. 


Ho, H. and J. G. Millar. 2001. Compounds in metathoracic glands of adults and dorsal abdominal 
glands of nymphs of the stink bugs, Chlorochroa uhleri, C. sayi, and C. ligata (Hemiptera: Penta- 
tomidae). Zoological Studies 40 (3): 193-198. 


Hoberlandt, L. 1955. Result of the Zoological Scientific Expedition of the National Museum in Praha 
to Turkey-18 Hemiptera. IV. Terrestrial Hemiptera Heteroptera of Turkey. Acta Entomologica Musei 
Nationalis Prage, supp. 3 pp. 274. 


Kalin, M. and F. M. Barret. 1975. Observations on the anatomy, histology, release site, and function 
of Brindley’s glands in the blood-sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Annals 
of the Entomological Society of America 68: 126-134. 


Kamaluddin, S. and I. Ahmad. 1988. A revision of the tribe Phyllocephalini (Hemiptera: Pentato- 
midae: Phyllocephalinae) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent with description of five new species. 
Oriental Insects. 22: 185-240. 


Krall, B. S., R. J. Bartelet, C. J. Lewis, and D. W. Whitman. 1999. Chemical defense in the stink 
bug Cosmopepla bimaculata. Journal of Chemical Ecology 25: 2477-2494. 


Leal, W. S., A. R. Panizzi, and C. C. Niva. 1994. Alarm pheromone system of leaf-footed bug Lep- 
toglossus zonatus (Heteroptera: Coreidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology 20: 1209-1216. 


Pavis, C., C. Malosse, P. H. Ducrot, and C. Descoins. 1994. Dorsal abdominal glands in nymphs of 
southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): chemistry of secretions 
of five instars and role of (E)-4-oxo-2-decanal, compound specific to first instars. Journal of Chem- 
ical Ecology 20: 2213-2227. 


Santos-Mallet, J. R. and W. Souza. 1990. Histological and ultrastructural aspects of the Brindley’s 
glands of Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Memorias do 
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 85 (2): 141-152. 


Schofield, C. J. and C. P. Upton. 1978. Brindley’s scent-glands and the metasternal scent-glands of 
Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia. 38: 
665-678. 


Staddon, B. W. 1979. The scent glands of Heteroptera. Advances in Insect Physiology 14: 351-419. 


Waterhouse, D. F. and A. R. Gilby. 1964. The adult scent glands and scent of nine bugs of the super- 
family Coreoidea. Journal of Insect Physiology 10: 977-987. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 2B 


POSTEMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF DROSOPHILA 
MELANOGASTER MEIGEN, 1830 UNDER 
THE INFLUENCE OF QUERCETIN’ 


Ana Sari¢é,? Mirjana Kalafatié,? Gordana Rusak,’ Goran Kovaéevic¢, 
Damjan Franjevi¢,’ and Herwig O. Gutzeit* 


ABSTRACT: Quercetin is one of the best studied and most abundant flavonoid molecules in plants. 
Flavonoids are a large group of natural polyphenols that are almost ubiquitously present in the plants. 
The consumption of fruit and vegetables containing quercetin has been associated with several health 
benefits. In this study, we examined the impact of dietary quercetin (0, 0.005, 0.05, 0.5 and 1.75% 
quercetin by weight) on Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 postembryonic development and 
histological changes in larvae and females. A possible hormonmimetic (ecdysonergic) activity of 
quecetin was also studied on polytene chromosomes present in the larval salivary glands. We noticed 
a decrease in the duration of the larval period of flies raised on 1.75% quercetin diet. Quercetin-fed 
larvae entered metamorphosis sooner than the control ones. The most dramatic change was observed 
in larval fat body. Dark round structures were observed in fat body cells from larvae treated with 
quercetin. 


KEY WORDS: Drosophila melanogaster, Diptera, Drosophilidae, quercetin, postembryonic devel- 
opment, fat body, polytene chromosomes 


Quercetin is one of the best-studied and most-abundant flavonoid molecules 
in plants. The quercetin is naturally present in plant foods and particularly abun- 
dant in apples (Rosaceae), broccoli (Brassicaceae), and onions (Alliaceae). The 
consumption of fruit and vegetables containing quercetin has been associated 
with several health benefits, including reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and 
some forms of cancer (Graf et al., 2006). 

Flavonoids comprise a large group of natural polyphenols that are almost 
ubiquitously present in the plant kingdom and exhibit a wide range of biological 
activities arising mainly from their ability to chelate bivalent metals, modulate 
activity of various enzymes or nuclear receptors and consequently alter gene 
expression (Rusak et al., 2002). The effect of flavonoids on insect development 
is investigated mainly in the light of insect nutritional ecology, with less empha- 
sis on the mechanism of action. (Anti)estrogenic effects of flavonoids may arise 
due to the interaction of the flavonoid with the estradiol receptor (Kuiper et al., 
1998). 


‘Received on September 20, 2006. Accepted on May 18, 2007. 


*Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijeni¢ka cesta 54, HR-10000 
Zagreb, Croatia. E-mail: ana.saric@irb.hr 


*Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia. 
E-mails: (MK) calafatm@zg.biol.pmf.hr, (GK) goran@zg.biol.pmf.hr, (DF, corresponding author) 
damianf@zg.biol.pmf.hr 


* Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia. E-mail: 
gordana@botanic.hr 


> TU Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany. E-mail: herwig.gutzeit@tu-dresden.de 
Mailed on July 31, 2007 


236 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Quercetin is able to inhibit ecdysone receptor (EcR)-dependent reporter-gene 
expression when given in conjunction with ecdysteroid. Increase in ecdysone 
titer induces changes in gene expression through the activation of transcription 
of small set of so-called “early” genes. In giant polytene chromosomes, tran- 
scribed genes are represented as puffs making it possible to visualize the effect 
of steroid hormone, or his analogue, on gene expression (Ashburner 1990). 

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of quercetin on 
D. melanogaster Meigen, 1830, postembryonic development. Therefore, we 
have examined the influence of dietary quercetin on the duration of 
D. melanogaster larval period and the histological changes in larvae and adult 
females. A possible hormonmimetic (ecdysonergic) activity of quercetin was also 
studied on polytene chromosomes present in larval salivary glands. 


METHODS 

Wild-type D. melanogaster provided by Bloomington Drosophila Stock Cen- 
ter at Indiana University was raised on cooked food composed of cornmeal, 
sugar, baker’s yeast, agar and propionic acid (to retard mold growth). After boil- 
ing and mixing, food was cooled, poured into glass tubes (20 x 2 cm diameter), 
and allowed to harden during the night. Each tube contained 10 ml of culture 
medium and was plugged with foam rubber. 

Adult flies were allowed to lay eggs for 20 h. After 24 h of egg incubation, a 
freshly hatched first instar larvae were gently transferred to tubes (20 
larvae/tube) containing 10 ml of culture medium, supplemented with 0, 0.005, 
0.05, 0.5 or 1.75% quercetin by weight. Quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland) 
was mixed into the diet when the food had cooled under ~ 50°C (just prior to 
solidification and pouring). For each quercetin concentration, plus control, 6 
replicates were prepared. From the onset of pupariation (identified by the ever- 
sion of anterior spiracles), the newly formed prepupae were counted once a day. 
Each prepupa was marked with ink on the tube wall as counted. The larvae that 
pupariated on the medium were also counted. When adults began to emerge from 
the pupal case, they were counted separately, males and females. The mean 
developmental time from hatching to pupariation (and from hatching to eclosion, 
for each sex separately) was calculated for each concentration used. One-way 
ANOVA (Statistica 6, Neural Networks) was used to determine significant dif- 
ferences (P < 0.05) between the experimental groups. A post-hoc Newman-Keuls 
test was used to determine which groups differed significantly in their distribu- 
tion. 

Histological analyses were performed on the third instar larvae and on females 
(1,5 and 22,5 h after eclosion), raised on a 1.75% quercetin diet or regular food. 
Females spent an indicated period following eclosion together with untreated 
males. The specimens were then fixed in Bouin’s solution for 24 hours, dehy- 
drated through a graded series of alcohol, embedded in paraffin and sectioned 
with microtome at 7 um. Sections were stained with 0.1% toluidin blue and 
examined with a light microscope (Opton III Zeiss). 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 237 


Salivary glands from the late third instar larvae had to be dissected prior to 
ecdysone release, meaning during the puffing stage one (PS 1) approximately 12- 
18 h from pupariation (FarkaS and Slama 1999). In order to stage the animals 
correctly, they were grown on food supplemented with 0.05% bromphenolblue. 
Actively crawling larvae with blue content in the gut were selected. Larvae with 
completely cleared guts were thought to be 3 h from pupariation (Karim and 
Thummel 1991). To determine more accurately larvae of the salivary PS1, puff 
analysis of one salivary gland lobe from each animal had to be done, since two 
sister lobes have an identical puffing pattern. Following dissection in Ringer 
solution and under the stereomicroscope, the two salivary gland lobes were sep- 
arated: one lobe was cultured, and the second one immediately fixed in 40% 
acetic acid, stained with lacto-orcein, squashed, and its puffing pattern was 
examined under the light microscope. Puff analysis was determined (Ashburner 
1989) using cytology maps (Lindley and Zimm 1992). The sister lobe was cul- 
tured in 50 ul of Grace’s media (Grace 1962) diluted in ratio 5:1 in distilled water 
(Ashburner 1989). Incubation of lobes took place at 20-22°C in humified cham- 
bers for 1, 2 or 3 h with or without quercetin. At the end of the incubation peri- 
od, puffing pattern of treated glands was examined. Only glands that were ini- 
tially in PS 1 were used for interpreting results. Quercetin was stored in required 
stock solution of DMSO, and added to Grace’s medium to yield a final concen- 
tration of 10 uM or 100 uM quercetin and 0.1% of DMSO. Solvent controls were 
also run. For each exposure level, at each incubation time, 4-6 glands were 
squashed. Minimally two nuclei from each gland were examined. 


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

Quercetin-fed larvae entered metamorphosis sooner than the control larvae. 
Stamp et al. (1994) has conducted experiments showing that rutin (quercetin gly- 
coside) reduces growth, prolongs development, and increases survival of various 
insects. Mean larval developmental time of flies reared on 1.75% quercetin diet 
was decreased for an average of 7 h in comparison to other experimental groups, 
including the control. On the fourth day after egg-laying, 34.7% flies from 1.75% 
quercetin fed group had pupariated, while in the control group only 11.7% flies 
had done so. This effect was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). While larvae 
fed with 1.75% quercetin preferentially selected medium as pupariation place, 
larvae from all other experimental groups mostly pupariated on the tube wall 


(Fis: 1): 


238 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Fly pupariation on the media ;: LS Means 
Current effect: F(4, 25)=4,2650, p=,00910 
Vertical bars denote 0,95 confidence intervals 


F lies (%) 


0 0,005 0,05 0,5 1.05 
Quercetin in media (% by weight) 


Figure 1. Effect of quercetin on pupariation. Summary of F-statistic from one-way 
ANOVA. Each point represents the mean value of all results from each group (there were 
six tubes per exposure level of quercetin, each tube recieved 20 newly hached larvae). 
Difference between control vs. 1,75% quercetin-treated group was significant at p = 
0.008687 level as indicted by a post-hoc Neuman-Keuls analysis. 


Besides direct binding to ecdysone receptor, querectin can interfere with 
steroid hormone system by modulating the activity of ecdysone 20-mono-oxy- 
genase, an enzyme belonging to cytochrome P450 family (Mitchell et al., 1993). 
This may also account for the shorter development of quercetin-fed larvae. 

Fly survival and duration of metamorphosis were not affected by the treat- 
ment. The examined structure of ovarioles did not differ between control and 
treated groups. 

The most dramatic change was observed in larval fat body. Dark round struc- 
tures were observed in fat body cells from larvae treated with quercetin (Fig. 2). 
Fat body is insect analogue of liver in vertebrates. It is a major site of xenobiot- 
ic metabolism. The dark round structures were found in fat body from larvae fed 
quercetin. There is a possibility that this could be some quercetin metabolite, but 
this needs further investigation. 

Salivary glands which were initially in PS1 were incubated with quercetin in 
order to investigate quercetin activity as ecdysone analogue. PS1 lobe was iden- 
tified by puffs at 3C, 68C, 25B loci. Then, after 1, 2, or 3 h incubation, puffing 
pattern of sister lobe was determined. We were most concerned in examining the 
puffs at 2B5, 74EF and 75B loci, but we did not detect induction of puffs at these 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 239 


Figure 2. Top Panel. Control larvae without round structures in fat body cells. Bottom 
Panel. Round structures in fat body cells of third instar larvae raised on a 1.75% quercetin 
diet. Stained with 0.1% toluidin blue. Magnification 40 x 6.3. 


240 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


loci after incubation with 10 or 100 uM of quercetin. Using this system of cul- 
tured salivary glands we wanted to test our hypothesis that quercetin acted as 
ecdysone analogue when shortening larval period in our feeding experiments. 
This system has already been used when investigating ecdysone-agonist proper- 
ties of compounds that stimulate precocious development in immature stages of 
various insects (Farkas and Slama 1999). Quercetin activation of ecdysone- 
inducible puffs was not confirmed. The main reason for such results probably lies 
in limited understanding of the absorption, metabolism and mechanisms of 
action of quercetin in metabolism. It has been shown that quercetin is rapidly 
metabolized in living organism (Williamson et al., 2000). That confirms the fact 
that different tissues may respond differently, therefore it may be possible that in 
our experiment quercetin didn’t accelerate development of all organs equally. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


We are grateful to Prof. Gordana Lackovic-Venturin, Faculty of Natural Science, Division of 
Biology, Zagreb, for her suggestions and comments on the text, and to Ms. Nada Vincek, Faculty of 
Natural Science, Division of Biology (Zagreb) for her technical assistance. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Ashburner, M. 1989. Drosophila. A laboratory handbook. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 
Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, U.S.A. 1331 p. 


Ashburner, M. 1990. Puffs, genes and hormones revisited. Cell 61:1-3. 


Farkas, R. and K. Slama. 1999. Effect of bisacylhydrazine ecdysteroid mimics (RH-5849 and RH- 
5992) on chromosomal puffing, imaginal disc proliferation and pupariation in larvae of Droso- 
phila melanogaster. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 29:1015-1027. 


Grace, T. D. 1962. Establishment of four strains of cells from insect tissues grown in vitro. Nature 
195:788-789. 


Graf, B., C. Ameho, G. G. Dolnikowski, P. E. Milbury, C. Chen, and J. B. Blumberg. 2006. Rat 
gastrointestinal tissues metabolize quercetin. Journal of Nutrition. 136(1):39-44. 


Karim, F. D. and C. S. Thummel. 1991. Ecdysone coordinates the timing and amounts of E74A 
and E74B transcription in Drosophila. Genes & Development 5:1067-1079. 


Kuiper, G. G., J. G. Lemmen, B. Carlsson, J. C. Corton, S. H. Safe, P. T. van der Saag, B. van 
der Burg, and J. Gustafsson. 1998. Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens 
with estrogen receptor beta. Endocrinology 139:4252-4263. 


Lindsley, D. L. and G. G. Zimm. 1992. The genome of Drosophila melanogaster. Academic Press. 
San Diego, California, U.S.A. 


Mitchell, M. J., D. P. Keogh, J. R. Crooks, and S. L. Smith. 1993. Effects of plant flavonoids and 
other allelochemicals on insect cytochrome P-450 dependent steroid hydroxylase activity. Insect 
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 23:65-71. 


Rusak, G., H. O. Gutzeit, and J. Ludwig-Miiller. 2002. Effects of structurally related flavonoids 
on hsp gene expression in human promyeloid leukemia cells. Food Technology and Biotech- 
nology 40:267-273. 


Stamp, N. E., M. P. Temple, M. S. Traugott, and R. T. Wilkens. 1994. Temperature allelochem- 
ical interactive effects on performance of Manduca sexta caterpillars. Entomologia Experi- 
mentalis et Applicata 73:199- 210. 


Williamson, G., A. J. Day, G. W. Plumb, and D. Couteau. 2000. Human metabolic pathways of 
dietary flavonoids and cinnamates. Biochemical Society Transactions 28:16—22. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 241 


ROBBER FLIES (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE) 
OF ARKANSAS, U.S.A.: NOTES AND A CHECKLIST’ 


Jeffrey K. Barnes,’ Norman Lavers,’ and Herschel Raney’ 


ABSTRACT: A checklist of 131 species of robber flies from Arkansas is presented. It includes 101 
species studied by the authors, of which 66 species are here recorded for the first time from the state. 
Seven more species have been recorded in the literature, and 23 species that might occur in the state 
have never been recorded. The Arkansas robber fly fauna has close affinities with the fauna of the 
eastern United States. Distributional notes are given for several species, and biological notes are pre- 
sented for Orthogonis stygia. Ceraturgus fasciatus is resurrected from synonymy with C. cruciatus. 


KEY WORDS: Robber flies, Asilidae, Arkansas, Ceraturgus fasciatus, Orthogonis, Zabrops 


Robber flies comprise one of the most taxonomically diverse, speciose, and 
conspicuous families of Diptera. More than seven thousand species have been 
described worldwide, and about one thousand are known to occur in the Nearctic 
Region (Geller-Grimm 2005, Poole 1996). Most species have restricted ecologi- 
cal requirements and are rather locally distributed. Within their broader ranges, 
individuals tend to be found in isolated, local colonies (Martin 1965). 

Most North American robber flies are associated with dry, open habitats, and 
the family has a predominantly southern and western distribution. Asilids have 
been collected from short, mixed, and tallgrass prairies, glades, savannas, and 
open woodlands. Adult robber flies are opportunistic, aerial predators of many 
kinds of insects. Upon seizing its prey, the fly kills it with paralyzing saliva 
injected through its hypopharynx. The liquefied contents of the victim are then 
sucked up through the proboscis. Certain robber fly species seem to prefer bum- 
blebees, wasps, dragonflies, grasshoppers, or beetles. The larval stage is spent in 
the soil, among plant roots, or in decaying stumps and logs, usually within the 
galleries of wood-boring insects. Asilid larvae are predators or ectoparasites that 
feed on eggs, larvae, or pupae of other insects. Larvae of most species that have 
been reared feed on white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), but some have been 
known to prey on larvae of other beetle families, Hymenoptera, Diptera, or 
Orthoptera eggs (Knutson 1972, Lavigne et al. 1978, Wood 1981, Foote 1991). 

Their specialized habitats and other species-specific specializations, together 
with their ecological roles as primary predators among the insects, make robber 
flies significant elements of the ecosystem. Along with butterflies (Lepidoptera), 
tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), and dragonflies (Odonata), robber flies are 
increasingly viewed as a focal group of conservation concern. 


‘Received on June 7, 2006. Accepted on April 16, 2007. 


* University of Arkansas, Department of Entomology, The Arthropod Museum, 319 Agriculture 
Building, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701 U.S.A. E-mail: jbarnes@uark.edu. 


* 3068 County Route 901, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72401 U.S.A. E-mail: clavers@gmail.com. 
*4430 Raleigh Drive, Conway, Arkansas 72034 U.S.A. E-mail: herschel.raney@conwaycorp.net. 
Mailed on July 31, 2007 


242 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Due to the dependence of some species on much-reduced habitat types, such 
as prairies, there is concern that several species may have experienced popula- 
tion declines. In general, grasslands support a highly diverse robber fly fauna, 
and perhaps the most serious historic anthropogenic stress on robber fly popula- 
tions has been the destruction of grasslands by farming, overgrazing, fire sup- 
pression, vehicular traffic, and introduction of weeds. Forest species may be 
adversely affected by logging operations, especially those that remove woody 
debris used as breeding sites by asilid larvae. Of the 101 species of Asilidae 
recorded from Canada’s Montane Cordillera Ecozone, 8 are considered endan- 
gered, threatened, or vulnerable. Most of these species are associated with van- 
ishing grasslands (Cannings 1998). In Finland, some robber flies have declined 
due to changes in forestry and agricultural practices (Vaisanen 1982). 

To date, there has been no systematic inventory of robber flies in Arkansas. 
Before 2005, only 42 species from Arkansas had been recorded in the published 
literature. Ceraturgus cruciatus (Say) was the first species recorded from the 
state. Say (1823) described it as Dasypogon cruciatus from “Arkansa.” Up to 
1964, only 4 more species were recorded (Back 1909, Wilcox 1936b, 1960, 
Martin 1957). That year, Whitcomb and Bell (1964) identified 21 species (ex- 
cluding one misidentification) of Asilidae from Arkansas cotton fields, all new 
records for the state. The specimens they collected form the core of the Univer- 
sity of Arkansas Arthropod Museum (UAAM) robber fly collection. Their Nerax 
rufibarbis (Macquart) is a junior synonym of Efferia pogonias (Wiedemann), 
and their Proctacanthella ieucopogon (Williston) 1s apparently misidentified 
Philonicus rufipennis Hine. The following year, Martin (1965), unaware of the 
1964 report, was able to tally only 12 species from Arkansas, and he also found 
other states bordering the Mississippi River to have a dearth of species. Scar- 
brough (1972) recorded 22 species found in the northeastern part of the state. 
Twelve of those were new state records. Scarbrough’s Arkansas specimens are 
now at the National Museum of Natural History and the University of Arkansas 
Arthropod Museum. Accomplished robber fly taxonomist Joe Wilcox recorded 
Ceraturgus cornutus (Wiedemann) from Arkansas in an unpublished generic 
revision dated 1975. Adisoemarto and Wood (1975) recorded one more species, 
Bullington (1986) recorded two, and Warriner (2004) recorded one. Several more 
records appear in the unpublished draft Catalog of the Robber Flies (Diptera: 
Asilidae) of the Nearctic Region by Eric M. Fisher and Joe Wilcox dated 1997. 
Recent collecting and analysis have revealed that Arkansas has a fauna of more 
than one hundred recorded robber fly species, plus another 20% of that number 
that potentially occur here but have not yet been found. 

Artigas and Papavero (1997) subdivided the genus Efferia. They placed some 
species in old genera, including Nerax, which had been treated as a synonym. 
They also described five new genera — Albibarbefferia, Aridefferia, Carinefferia, 
Pogoniefferia, and Tuberculefferia — to receive other species. The latest catalog 
of robber fly genera recognizes all of these genera (Geller-Grimm 2003). 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 243 


However, we feel that the subdivision of Efferia was based on insufficient evi- 
dence and continue to use Efferia sensu lato. 


METHODS 

Specimens were keyed to genus using Wood’s (1981) key, and they were 
keyed to species using the references cited therein or more recent works. The 
unpublished draft catalog of Nearctic robber flies was indispensable for deter- 
mining which species probably occur in Arkansas. Specimens from the follow- 
ing collections were studied: California Academy of Sciences, Department of 
Entomology, San Francisco (CASE); Hot Springs National Park Collections, Hot 
Springs, Arkansas (HSNP); Louisiana State Arthropod Museum, Department of 
Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge (LSAM); Museum of 
Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (MCZH); 
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 
(NMNH); K.C. Emerson Museum, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 
(OSEC); Snow Entomological Collections, University of Kansas Natural History 
Museum, Lawrence (SEMC); and the University of Arkansas Arthropod Muse- 
um, Department of Entomology, Fayetteville (UAAM). 


DISTRIBUTIONAL, TAXONOMIC, AND BIOLOGICAL NOTES 
Notes are here provided on several species for which our records significant- 
ly extend the known ranges, provide new biological or taxonomic information, 
or correct inaccurate published data. These notes are arranged alphabetically by 
species name. 


Atomosia punctifera Hermann 

This taxon was described by Hermann (1912) as a Mexican variety of 
Atomosia rufipes Macquart. Fisher and Wilcox raised it to species rank in their 
unpublished catalog and recorded it from Kansas to Texas and Mississippi as 
well as Mexico. Beckemeyer (2001), under the influence of the Fisher and 
Wilcox catalog, published this new status without annotation or comment. 

Atomosia punctifera has not been recorded from Arkansas, although it occurs 
in at least two neighboring states. 


Ceraturgus cornutus (Wiedemann) 
Arkansas: Benton County, 7 June 1933, 1 female, S. A. Summerland, VAAM. 


In his unpublished revision of Ceraturgus, Joe Wilcox recorded the following 
specimens from Arkansas: Washington County: 5 June 1960, 12 June 1939 and 
17 June 1941, one with a second label, Oenothera, 3 females, VAAM (examined 
by JW, now apparently lost). 


244 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Ceraturgus fasciatus Walker 

Unpublished revisionary work on the genus Ceraturgus by the senior author 
has resulted in Ceraturgus fasciatus being resurrected from synonymy with 
C. cruciatus (Say). The Midwestern species Ceraturgus cruciatus has not been 
recorded from Arkansas since Say (1823) described it from the state. Ceraturgus 
fasciatus has not been recorded from Arkansas, although it is known from near- 
by localities in Mississippi. From there its range extends to the Northeast. The 
ranges of the two species apparently do not overlap. 


Cyrtopogon lutatius (Walker) 

Arkansas: Logan County, Mt. Magazine State Park, N 35°10.550' W 93°37.063', 
oak-hickory forest, 4-18 May 2004, 1 female, J. K. Barnes, UAAM; Pulaski 
County, Little Rock, flight intercept trap, 10 April 1998, 1 female, B. Baldwin, 
UAAM. 


Cyrtopogon lutatius was previously known from Michigan to Nova Scotia, 
south to Pennsylvania (Martin and Wilcox 1965). These Arkansas records sig- 
nificantly extend the southwestern corner of the known range. 


Diogmites angustipennis Loew 

Some Arkansas Diogmites specimens could be identified as D. symmachus 
Loew using existing keys (Bromley 1936b, Artigas 1966). We are considering 
these to be light colored variants of D. angustipennis. Loew (1866) described 
D. angustipennis in 1866 from two relatively robust and dark colored females 
collected in Kansas. A few years later, he described D. symmachus Loew from 
two smaller, light colored specimens collected in Texas, both a male and a female 
(Loew 1872). In females from both type series, abdominal tergites 1-5 and the 
corresponding sternites are dull and pollinose, whereas tergites 6-8 and the cor- 
responding sternites are glabrous except for the lightly pollinose extreme lateral 
edges of tergite 6. D. angustipennis is common and widespread in Arkansas. In 
a similar, but as yet undescribed, species, females have abdominal tergites 1-6 
pollinose and dull dorsally, tergites 7-8 glabrous dorsally and dull laterally, and 
all abdominal sternites pollinose and dull. This new species is apparently rare in 
Arkansas, occurring only in the southwest portion of the state, but it is wide- 
spread from Colorado and Kansas south to the United States border from Cali- 
fornia to Louisiana. More will be said about synonymy, and the new species will 
be described, in a future publication. 


Diogmites discolor Loew 

Arkansas: Garland County, Hot Springs, 13 August 1962, 1 female, E. Coch- 
rane, OSEC; Montgomery County, Mt. Ida, 23 July 1963, 1 male, M. E. Coch- 
rane, VAAM. 


Most recorded specimens of D. discolor have been collected from Ohio and 
Kentucky east to Massachusetts and Virginia, but the species has also been 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 245 


recorded from Alabama (Artigas 1966, Martin and Wilcox 1965). These records 
extend the southwestern border of the known range. 


Echthodopa formosa Loew 

Arkansas: Craighead County, Craighead Forest Park, woodland trail, 22 April 
2004, 1 male, N. Lavers, VAAM; Greene County, Crowley’s Ridge State Park, 
woodland path, 10 May 2004, 1 male, N. Lavers, UAAM; Poinsett County, 
Lake Hogue, open woodland, understory in sun, 15 April 2004, 2 males, 
N. Lavers, VAAM. 


Echthodopa formosa was previously known to range from Massachusetts to 
Mississippi (Adisoemarto and Wood 1975). 


Echthodopa pubera Loew 
Arkansas: Boone County, Baker Prairie Natural Area, 30 May 2003, 1 male, 
M. D. Warriner, UAAM. 


This is the most southeastern record for this species (Adisoemarto and Wood 
1975). 


Efferia kansensis (Hine) 

Arkansas: Crawford County, 19 June 1964, 2 males, 1 female, UAAM; ex Des- 
modium, 6 July 1970, 1 male, P. Tugwell, UAAM; 6 August 1970, 1 male, 
P. Tugwell, VAAM. 


Efferia kansensis was previously known only from Kansas, Oklahoma, and 
Texas (Wilcox 1966). 


Efferia prairiensis (Bromley) 

Arkansas: Greene County, Scatter Creek Wildlife Management Area, path in 
grassland, 16 June 2004, 1 female, N. Lavers, UAAM; Poinsett County, Lake 
Hogue, 26 July 2003, 1 male, N. Lavers, UAAM. 


Efferia prairiensis was previously known only from Kansas, Oklahoma, and 
Texas (Wilcox 1966). 


Efferia texana (Banks) 

Arkansas: Calhoun County, 2 July 1964, 1 female, UAAM; Garland County, 
Hot Springs National Park, 18 June 1961, 1 female, HSNP; Montgomery 
County, Richardson Bottoms, 5 September 2003, 1 female, T. D. Marsico, 
UAAM;; Pulaski County, 22 May 1965, 1 female, H. R. Dodge, UAAM; 12 
June 1965, 1 male, H. R. Dodge, UAAM. 


Efferia texana was previously known from Oklahoma, Texas, and Arizona 
(Wilcox 1966). 


246 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Heteropogon macerinus (Walker) 

Arkansas: Cross County, Village Creek State Park, 9 September 2003, 1 female, 
N. Lavers, VAAM; 25 August 2005, 1 female, N. Lavers, UAAM; Craighead 
County, Bono Bog, 26 August 2005, 1 female, N. Lavers, VAAM. 


Heteropogon macerinus was previously recorded from New York to Kentucky 
(Martin and Wilcox 1965). 


Laphria affinis Macquart 
Arkansas: Pulaski County, Little Rock, Malaise trap, 4 October 1999, 1 male, 
B. Baldwin, UAAM. 


Most species of Laphria fly in late spring or early summer. Laphria affinis, 
however, flies in late summer and fall. It was previously recorded from Massa- 
chusetts to to Georgia and Louisiana (Bromley 1934b, Martin and Wilcox 1965). 
McAtee and Banks (1920) found this species to be plentiful in Washington, 
D.C., in autumn, and they identified two prey species, one a staphylinid beetle 
and the other a chrysomelid beetle. Bromley (1934b) found this species to be 
quite common at Chadbourne, Columbus County, North Carolina, in September 
and October 1925. One individual fed on a lampyrid beetle. 


Laphria divisor (Banks) 
Arkansas: Stone County, Sylamore Creek, trail, open woodland, understory in 
sun, 5 May 2004, 1 male, N. Lavers, VAAM. 


Laphria divisor was previously known from Ontario, Maine to Wisconsin, and 
south to North Carolina and Illinois (Martin and Wilcox 1965, Skevington 1999). 


Laphria vorax (Bromley) 

Arkansas: Boone County, Baker Prairie Natural Area, Jenkins Road, east sec- 
tion, 11 July 2002, 2 males, M. D. Warriner, UAAM; Baker Prairie Natural 
Area, 2 July 2003, 1 male, M. D. Warriner, UAAM; Franklin County, Cherokee 
Prairie Natural Area, 19 May 2003, 1 female, M. D. Warriner, UAAM; H. E. 
Flanagan Prairie Natural Area, 3 June 2003, 2 males, M. D. Warriner, UAAM. 


Laphria vorax was previously known from the prairie states Nebraska, Iowa, 
Kansas, and Oklahoma (Bromley 1934b). The Arkansas records are all from 
prairie remnant habitats. 


Leptogaster atridorsalis Back 

Arkansas: Carroll County, Urbanette, N 36°25.064' W 93°28.574', 2-9 July 
2004, 1 male, J. K. Barnes, UAAM; Craighead County, 21 June 2005, 1 male, 
N. Lavers, UAAM; Hempstead County, Rick Evans Grandview Prairie, 
N 33°48.076', W 93°48.082', 25 May-2 June 2004, 1 male, J. K. Barnes, 
UAAM. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 247 


Leptogaster atridorsalis was previously thought to be confined to a rather 
small area from southern Pennsylvania to North Carolina and westward as far as 
Indiana (Martin 1957). 


Machimus virginicus (Banks) 

Arkansas: Clay County, Chalk Bluff, 30 June 2005, 1 male, N. Lavers, UAAM; 
Cleburne County, Cherokee Wildlife Management Area, logging road, near 
pasture, 15 June 2004, 1 male, H. Raney, UAAM; Craighead County, Bono 
Bog, 22 May 2003, 1 male, 1 female, N. Lavers, UAAM; Craighead Forest 
Park, 10 May 2003, 1 male, N. Lavers, UAAM; 23 May 2004, 2 males, | 
female, N. Lavers, UAAM; Jonesboro, 28 May 2005, 1 male, 1 female, N. 
Lavers, UAAM; | June 2005, 1 male, N. Lavers, VAAM; Cross County, Vill- 
age Creek State Park, woodland, 11 June 2004, 1 male, 1 female, N. Lavers, 
UAAM; Greene County, Crowley’s Ridge State Park, 26 May 2003, 1 male, N. 
Lavers, UAAM; 17 June 1971, 2 males, 2 females, A. G. Scarbrough, UAAM; 
Scatter Creek, woodland edge, 14 May 2005, 1 female, N. Lavers, UAAM; 
Scatter Creek Wildlife Management Area, 27 May 2005, 1 male, 1 female, N. 
Lavers, UAAM; Newton County, woodland trail near Pruitt, 5 June 2004, 2 
males, | female, N. Lavers, VAAM; Buffalo National River, Cecil Cove Trail, 
3 km NW Erbie, 24-28 June 1994, 1 female, C. E. Carlton, UAAM; Perry 
County, 2 mi. NE Lake Sylvia, 16 June 1993, 1 male, C. E. Carlton, VAAM; 
Pope County, Piney Creeks Wildlife Management Area, 18 June 2005, 1 male, 
N. Lavers, VAAM; Scott County, Mill Creek, 5 mi. E of Y City, 21 May 1978, 
1 male, G. W. Byers & C. W. Young, SEMC. 


Scarbrough (1972) reported M. notatus (Wiedemann) from Arkansas, but his 
specimens are more likely referable to M. virginicus. McAtee and Banks (1920) 
found M. notatus and M. virginicus to be similar species, distinguishable by char- 
acters of the male genitalia. Inspection of the male genitalia of Scarbrough’s 
specimens, and all other male specimens collected in Arkansas, reveals that each 
half of the epandrium (= superior forceps) has the apex projecting straight back- 
wards as in M. virginicus, not downturned as in M. notatus. 


Megaphorus clausicellus (Macquart) 

Whitcomb and Bell (1964) recorded this species from Arkansas cotton fields. 
We have not been able to confirm its presence in the state. At UAAM, there is a 
single specimen of Megaphorus acrus (Curran) misidentified as M. clausicellus. 
It was collected in Conway County, 29 July 1959. 


Microstylum morosum Loew 
Arkansas: Howard County, 1994, 1 female, S. Reeder, VAAM. 


Until recently, these giant asilids, up to 50 mm long, were known from only 
Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona (Beckemeyer 
and Charlton 2000). Warriner (2004) recorded the species from Terre Noire 


248 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Natural Area, a blackland prairie remnant near Arkadelphia, Clark County, 
Arkansas. The specimen recorded here was found in the student collection of 
Southern Arkansas University, Magnolia, and was presented to UAAM as a gift 
by Dr. Randall Adams. 


Neoitamus orphne (Walker) 
Arkansas: Polk County, 21-24 April 1998, 1 female, V. L. Moseley, LSAM. 


Neoitamus orphne was previously recorded from Colorado to Wisconsin and 
Maine, south to North Carolina (Martin and Wilcox 1965). 


Neomochtherus auricomus (Hine) 

Arkansas: Carroll County, Urbanette, N 36°25.064', W 93°28.574', 24 August- 
1 September 2004, 1 male, J. K. Barnes, UAAM; Logan County, Mt. Magazine 
State Park, N 35°10.550', W 93°37.063', oak-hickory forest, 16 August-1 Sep- 
tember 2004, 1 male, J. K. Barnes, UAAM; Montgomery County, Crystal 
Mountain Scenic Area, 22 September 1993, 2 males, C. E. Carlton, UAAM; off 
Hwy 270 at Co. 527, 23-30 September 1999, 4 males, C. Lewis, UAAM; Pu- 
laski County, Little Rock, in house, 20 September 1996, 1 female, B. Baldwin, 
UAAM;; Little Rock, Malaise trap, 17 September 1998, 2 males, B. Baldwin, 
UAAM;; Little Rock, 21 October 2003, 1 female, B. Baldwin, UAAM; Wash- 
ington County, near West Fork, 14634 Hwy 170, 22 September 2004, 1 female, 
J. J. Riggins, UAAM; woods, 25 September 1984, 1 male, B. White, UAAM. 


Oklahoma: Grady County, Tuttle, 17 September 2005, 3 females, B. Baldwin, 
UAAM;; 18 September 2005, 2 males, B. Baldwin, UAAM; 2 October 2005, 2 
males, 2 females, B. Baldwin, VAAM. 


These records represent a significant range extension from the previously 
known range, which includes Ontario, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 
and Connecticut (Martin and Wilcox 1965, Skevington 1999). 

This species was previously placed in the genus Asilus. In their unpublished 
catalog, Fisher and Wilcox moved it to the predominantly Palaearctic genus 
Neomochtherus. Skevington (1999) published this combination without com- 
ment, apparently under the influence of the Fisher and Wilcox catalog. 


Nicocles pictus (Loew) 

Arkansas: Cross County, Village Creek State Park, woodland trail, 5 March 
2005, 1 female, N. Lavers, UAAM; Washington County, 1959, 1 female, 
J. Lindsey, VAAM. 


Nicocles pictus was previously recorded from New Jersey; Washington, D.C.; 
Georgia; Florida; and Alabama (Martin and Wilcox 1965). It flies early in the 
season, and it has been known to prey on ants of the genus Lasius and the dung 
beetle Aphodius femoralis Say (McAtee and Banks 1920). 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 249 


Orthogonis stygia (Bromley) 

Arkansas: Clay County, Chalk Bluff, fallen oak log, 8 July 2004, 1 male, 
N. Lavers, UAAM; poison ivy, 14 July 2004, 1 female, N. Lavers, VAAM; 
Cross County, Village Creek State Park, oak log in deep woods canyonside, 23 
July 2004, 1 male, N. Lavers, VAAM; Phillips County, Saint Francis National 
Forest, 20 July 2005, 1 male, N. Lavers, VAAM; Washington County, Fayette- 
ville vicinity, 25 June 1962, 1 female, L. J. Paulissen, VAAM. 


This exceptionally rare robber fly is large, about 2.5 cm long. With its black 
and metallic blue coloration, it resembles a spider wasp, family Pompilidae. 
Bromley (1931a) originally described this species in the genus Laphria. Hull 
(1962) placed it in Smeryngolaphria, but Martin and Wilcox (1965) placed it in 
Orthogonis, and Eric Fisher (personal communication) finds that it is “definite- 
ly congeneric with typical Orthogonis.” The holotype female was collected in 
Stovall, Granville County, North Carolina, 26 June 1919, and the paratype 
females were collected in Ovett, Jones County, Mississippi, 20 June 1914. All 
type specimens were from the Hine Collection, Ohio State University. Bromley 
(1950) later recorded the species from Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida. 
Taber and Fleenor (2003) recorded two female specimens in the Texas A&M 
University Insect Collection collected by Bromley in 1934 in Liberty, Texas, and 
they reported on a single female that they collected in June in the Ottine Swamps 
of Gonzales County, south central Texas, but they failed to report the day or year 
of collection and the specimen depository. The specimen was found on a trail in 
a swamp characterized by green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall, and 
dwarf palmetto, Sabal minor (Jacquin) Persoon. Our specimens include the first 
recorded males. 

On 9 July 2004, at Chalk Bluff, Clay County, Arkansas, NL tried to net a male 
specimen on a rotting oak log. It escaped, but flew only to the other end of the 
log, where NL succeeded in capturing it. Two days later, on 11 July, examination 
of about 20 other logs did not turn up any new specimens, but a second male was 
found upon returning to the original log. This log was in closed-canopy woods 
consisting of hardwoods, mostly oaks, with dappled shade. The understory was 
mostly bare, with only dried leaf litter and the occasional seedling or sapling tree. 
The log attractive to O. stygia was well rotted, about 0.5 m in diameter and 12 m 
long, and lying on an eastward-facing slope of about 30 degrees. The log was ori- 
ented up and down the slope, rather than across it. The soil was highly erodible 
loess, and there was a stream at the bottom of the slope. 

When first spotted, the second male was flying along the ground about 2 m 
from the log carrying a 6-7 mm ichneumonid or braconid wasp. When pursued, 
the robber fly made frequent, brief flights, but over a period of two hours or more 
it always landed on or close to the rotting log, as if it was defending its territory. 
A male Laphria grossa (Fabricius) shared the environs of the log, but it was far 
less active than the Orthogonis male. 


250 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


NL returned to the same area about 10:00 AM on 14 July and found a male 
Orthogonis stygia active on top of, and in the immediate vicinity of, the rotting 
log, never flying more than about a meter above the ground. It flew beyond the 
log about 3 m, then it quickly returned carrying an ichneumonid wasp 
8 mm long. NL then walked to the ridge top above the log, about 60-70 m from 
the log, and there in closed-canopy woods with a dense ground cover of poison 
ivy and other low, woody plants was a female O. stygia. This habitat was much 
richer in potential prey than the areas being guarded by the males. The female 
escaped NL’s first attempt to net it, but like the males, when pursued, she only 
flew 2-3 m away and then landed on low vegetation. It was eventually netted. NL 
returned to the log on 17 July and again found a male O. stygia seemingly guard- 
ing it. It flew beyond the log and returned with an ichneumonid wasp, 6 mm 
long. 

On 23 July, NL visited Village Creek State Park in Cross County, still on 
Crowley’s Ridge, but some 150 km south of the previous site, where he found 
similar habitat: closed canopy, oak/beech forest on loess soil in a steep sided 
ravine. When he approached a large, rotting log, 16-17 m long and 0.5 m in diam- 
eter, positioned up and down a 35 degree, east-facing slope, a male O. stygia 
appeared. It performed what appeared to be a wasp-like warning display, buzzing 
loudly about 0.3 m from his face. This same behavior had been noted in the 
males observed at Chalk Bluff. When pursued with an insect net, the fly scram- 
bled away two or three times but refused to leave the log. It was finally caught. 
Further observation on 27 July revealed no more specimens of O. stygia at this 
site. 

The following specimen was examined by Eric Fisher (personal communica- 
tion) at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco: Arkansas: Washing- 
ton County, Cave Creek Valley, 1000 ft., “1955-56,” 1 female, M. Hite, CASE. 
The following three specimens were examined by JKB at the National Museum 
of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: Alabama: 
1 female [no other data], NUNH; Oklahoma: Muskogee County, Fort Gibson, 
21 July 1937, 1 female, Standish-Kaiser, NMNH; and Mississippi: Oktibbeha 
County, Agricultural College, July 1894, 1 female, H. E. Weed, NMNH. 


Proctacanthella leucopogon (Williston) 

Whitcomb and Bell (1964) reported finding Proctacanthella leucopogon in 
Arkansas, but this record is probably an error. Many specimens of Philonicus 
rufipennis Hine were found at UAAM misidentified as this species. 


Stichopogon colei Bromley 

Arkansas: Little River County, weeds, 4 July 1961, 2 females, UAAM; Perry 
County, Toad Suck, 7 September 2003, 1 female, H. Raney, UAAM; Toad 
Suck Park, along sandy Arkansas River beach, 5 September 2004, 1 female, 
H. Raney, VAAM. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 DIS \\ 


This species was previously recorded only from Texas (Martin and Wilcox 
1965). The three species of Stichopogon that are known to occur in the central 
United States are distinguished from other North American species by the lack 
of marginal hairs or bristles on the scutellum. Stichopogon trifasciatus (Say) 1s 
readily distinguished by entirely black tibiae and the silvery pollinose abdominal 
segments 1, 4, and 8 contrasting sharply with the otherwise velvety black abdo- 
men. Stichopogon colei Bromley has the tibiae reddish basally, and it has dis- 
tinctive black or dark brown triangles on tergites 1-7 (Bromley 1934c, Wilcox 
1936a). In the specimens that we have seen the frons and vertex are covered with 
golden brown pollen. Stichopogon pritchardi Bromley has the tibiae yellowish 
basally and the abdomen is fairly uniformly yellowish red (Bromley 1951). The 
frons is white pollinose, and the vertex usually has at least a transverse line of 
golden brown pollen at about the level of the ocellar triangle. It is sometimes 
very difficult to distinguish between S. colei and S. pritchardi. Further study 
might prove them to be synonymous. 


Zabrops flavipilis (Jones) 
Arkansas: Pope County, Holla Bend National Wildlife Refuge, NW side, in shad- 
ed woods, perching on leaf tops, 5 July 2005, 1 female, H. D. Raney (UAAM). 


The habitat was bottomland hardwood, oak, hickory, and cottonwood in full 
shade with an open understory of ferns, sapling oaks, and poison ivy. It was sev- 
eral hundred yards from the Arkansas River channel, out of the floodplain except 
for extraordinary flood years. The soil was covered with rich leaf litter and prob- 
ably a deeper sandy base. The soils are generally moist, with some puddle and 
pool areas, but they were mostly dried at the time this specimen was collected. 
Also found perching on leaf tops in the vicinity were Diogmites neoternatus 
(Bromley) and Machimus antimachus (Walker). 

This species was described from a female holotype specimen collected in 
Meadow [county unknown], Nebraska (Jones 1907). Published records also exist 
for Riley County, Kansas (1 male) and Scioto County, Ohio (1 male) (Fisher 
1977). E. Fisher (personal communication) provided the following unpublished 
records: Iowa: Pottawattamie County, Council Bluffs, 19 July 1940, 2 females, 
F. S. Stancliffe (Larry Bezark Collection); Missouri: Linn County, Pershing State 
Park, malaise trap, 16 July 2004, 1 female, D. A. Woller (D. A. Woller Collec- 
tion). 


CHECKLIST 
The recorded robber fly fauna of Arkansas comprises 108 species. We have 
collected, or studied museum specimens of, 101 species, of which 35 were pre- 
viously recorded from the state, and 66 are here recorded for the first time 
(names in boldface type). In most cases specimens are deposited in the UAAM. 
Another 7 species have been reported in the literature, but we have not yet con- 
firmed their presence in the state (names followed by a dagger, ft, followed by 


252 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


the relevant reference), for a total of 108 recorded species. We consider another 
23 species to be potential residents of the state, based on known distributions in 
nearby states (names followed by an asterisk, *), for a state faunal list consisting 
of 131 species. We have adopted the subfamily classification found in Geller- 
Grimm ’s (2003) world catalog of robber fly genera. 


Subfamily Apocleinae 
Efferia aestuans (Linnaeus) 
Efferia albibarbis (Macquatt) 
Efferia apicalis (Wiedemann)* 
Efferia bicolor (Bellardi)* 
Efferia kansensis (Hine) 
Efferia nemoralis (Hine) 
Efferia plena (Hine) 
Efferia pogonias (Wiedemann) 
Efferia prairiensis (Bromley) 
Efferia texana (Banks) 
Mallophora orcina (Wiedemann) 
Megaphorus acrus (Curran) 
Megaphorus clausicellus (Macquart)+ (Whitcomb and Bell 1964) 
Megaphorus guildiana (Williston)* 
Proctacanthella cacopiloga (Hine) 
Proctacanthus brevipennis (Wiedemann)t (Whitcomb and Bell 1964) 
Proctacanthus duryi Hine 
Proctacanthus hinei Bromley 
Proctacanthus longus (Wiedemann)* 
Proctacanthus milbertii Macquart 
Proctacanthus rufus Williston 
Promachus bastardii (Macquart) 
Promachus fitchii Osten Sacken 
Promachus hinei Bromley 
Promachus oklahomensis Pritchard* 
Promachus rufipes (Fabricius)t (Scarbrough 1972) 
Promachus vertebratus (Say) 
Triorla interrupta (Macquart) 


Subfamily Asilinae 
Asilus sericeus Say 
Dicropaltum rubicundus (Hine) 
Machimus antimachus (Walker) 
Machimus erythocnemius (Hine) 
Machimus notatus (Wiedemann) (Scarbrough 1972) 
Machimus paropus (Walker) 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 


Machimus prairiensis (Tucker) 
Machimus sadyates (Walker) 
Machimus snowii (Hine) 
Machimus virginicus (Banks) 
Neoitamus flavofemoratus (Hine) 
Neoitamus orphne (Walker) 
Neomochtherus auricomus (Hine) 
Philonicus rufipennis Hine 


Subfamily Dasypogoninae 
Diogmites angustipennis Loew 
Diogmites basalis (Walker) 
Diogmites discolor Loew 
Diogmites misellus Loew 
Diogmites missouriensis Bromley 
Diogmites neoternatus (Bromley) 
Diogmites platypterus Loew 
Diogmites properans Bromley* 
Diogmites salutans Bromley* 
Diogmites texanus Bromley 
Nicocles pictus (Loew) 
Taracticus octopunctatus (Say) 

Subfamily Dioctriinae 
Echthodopa formosa Loew 
Echthodopa pubera Loew 
Eudioctria tibialis (Banks) 


Subfamily Laphriinae 
Andrenosoma fulvicauda (Say) 
Atomosia glabrata (Say) 
Atomosia melanopogon Hermann 
Atomosia puella (Wiedemann) 
Atomosia punctifera Hermann* 
Atomosia pusilla Macquart* 
Atomosia rufipes Macquart 
Atomosia sayii Johnson 
Cerotainia albipilosa Curran 
Cerotainia macrocera (Say) 
Lampria bicolor (Weidemann) 
Lampria rubriventris (Macquart) 
Laphria affinis Macquart 
Laphria aktis McAteet (Bullington 1986) 


254 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Laphria apila (Bromley) 
Laphria cinerea (Back) 
Laphria divisor (Banks) 
Laphria flavicollis Say 
Laphria grossa (Fabricius) 
Laphria index McAtee 
Laphria ithypyga McAtee 
Laphria lata Macquart 
Laphria macquarti (Banks) 
Laphria saffrana Fabricius 
Laphria sericea Say* 
Laphria sicula McAtee 
Laphria thoracica Fabricius 
Laphria vorax (Bromley) 
Orthogonis stygia (Bromley) 
Pogonosoma dorsatum (Say) 
Pogonosoma ridingsi Cresson* 


Subfamily Laphystiinae 
Laphystia bromleyi Wilcox 
Laphystia notata (Bigot)* 
Laphystia ochreifrons Curran* 
Laphystia sexfasciata (Say) 
Psilocurus birdi birdi Curran 
Psilocurus nudiusculus Loew 
Zabrops flavipilis (Jones) 


Subfamily Leptogastrinae 
Apachekolos tenuipes (Loew) 
Beameromyia disfascia Martin* 
Beameromyia vulgaris Martin 
Leptogaster aegra Martin 
Leptogaster atridorsalis Back 
Leptogaster brevicornis Loew 
Leptogaster flavipes Loew* 
Leptogaster incisuralis Loew* 
Leptogaster murina Loew 
Leptogaster virgata Coquillett 
Psilonyx annulatus (Say) 
Tipulogaster glabrata (Wiedemann) 


Subfamily Ommatiinae 
Ommatius gemma Brimley 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 255 


Ommatius oklahomensis Bullington and Lavigne* 
Ommatius ouachitensis Bullington and Lavigne 
Ommatius tibialis Say (Scarbrough 1972) 
Ommatius wilcoxi Bullington and Lavigne* 


Subfamily Stenopogoninae 
Ceraturgus cruciatus (Say)f (Say 1823) 
Ceraturgus cornutus (Wiedemann) 
Ceraturgus elizabethae Brimley 
Ceraturgus fasciatus Walker* 
Ceraturgus mitchelli Brimley* 
Cyrtopogon lutatius (Walker) 
Heteropogon macerinus (Walker) 
Holopogon guttulus (Wiedemann)* 
Holopogon phaeonotus Loew 
Microstylum morosum Loew 
Prolepsis tristis (Walker) 
Scleropogon subulatus (Wiedemann) 


Subfamily Stichopogoninae 
Stichopogon colei Bromley 
Stichopogon pritchardi Bromley 
Stichopogon trifasciatus (Say) 
Townsendia nigra Back* 


Subfamily Trigonomiminae 
Holcocephala abdominalis (Say)* 
Holcocephala calva (Loew) 
Holcocephala fusca Bromley 


DISCUSSION 

The checklist of Arkansas robber flies now comprises 131 species. It includes 
101 species studied by the authors, of which 66 species are recorded for the first 
time from the state. Seven more species have been recorded in the literature, and 
23 species that might occur in the state have never been recorded. Preliminary 
evidence seems to indicate that Arkansas robber fly biodiversity is greatest in 
areas with friable soils, such as the loess of Crowley’s Ridge and the sands of the 
riparian habitat at Toad Suck on the Arkansas River. 

The Arkansas robber fly fauna shares many species with the fauna of the east- 
ern United States, sharing nearly 60% of its species with Kansas (Beckemeyer 
2001), which has a fauna consisting of 122 recorded species and another 14 that 
might occur there, over half of its species with Michigan, which has a fauna con- 


256 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


sisting of 72 recorded species and another 7 that might occur there (Baker and 
Fischer 1975), and over half of its species with Ohio, which has a fauna consist- 
ing of 90 recorded species and another 9 that might occur there (Bromley 193 1b, 
1933, 1934a, 1936a, 1947). In contrast, less than 10 percent of Arkansas’ species 
are shared with Utah, which has a fauna consisting of some 158 recorded species 
(Nelson 1987). The species shared with Utah tend to be those that occur over all 
or most of the United States, such as Stichopogon trifasciatus (Say), Triorla 
interrupta (Macquart), Efferia aestuans (Linnaeus), E. albibarbis (Macquart), 
Machimus paropus (Walker), and Proctacanthus milbertii Macquatt. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We are grateful to Eric M. Fisher (California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento) 
for providing label data from specimens that he examined, a copy of Joe Wilcox’s unpublished revi- 
sion of Ceraturgus, and a copy of the Fisher and Wilcox unpublished draft catalog of Nearctic rob- 
ber flies. Eric Fisher, Torsten Dikow (Cornell University and American Museum of Natural History), 
and Fritz Geller-Grimm (Museum Wiesbaden) reviewed an early draft of this paper and made many 
suggestions that substantially improved it. Randall Adams (Southern Arkansas University, Mag- 
nolia), Brian Baldwin (Tuttle, Oklahoma), and Michael Warriner (Arkansas Natural Heritage 
Commission, Little Rock) made gifts to UAAM of some of the specimens recorded here. We are 
grateful to Dr. Philip D. Perkins (MCZH) for loan of type specimens of Diogmites angustipennis and 
D. symmachus. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Adisoemarto, S. and D. M. Wood. 1975. The Nearctic species of Dioctria and six related genera 
(Diptera, Asilidae). Quaestiones Entomologicae 11: 505-576. 


Artigas, J. N. 1966. The genus Diogmites (robber flies) in eastern United States (Diptera: Asilidae). 
Ohio Journal of Science 66 (4): 401-421. 


Artigas, J. N. and N. Papavero. 1997. The American genera of Asilidae (Diptera): keys for iden- 
tification with an atlas of female spermathecae and other morphological details. [X.2. Subfamily 
Asilinae Leach — Efferia-group, with the proposal of five new genera and a catalogue of the 
Neotropical species. Arquivos de Zoologia 34 (3): 65-95. 


Back, E. A. 1909. The robber-flies of America, north of Mexico, belonging to the subfamilies 
Leptogastrinae and Dasypogoninae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 35: 
137-400. 


Baker, N. T. and R. L. Fischer. 1975. A taxonomic and ecologic study of the Asilidae of Michigan. 
Great Lakes Entomologist 8 (2): 31-91. 


Beckemeyer, R. J. 2001. A literature-based checklist of Kansas robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). 
Prairie Naturalist 33 (2): 65-91. 


Beckemeyer, R. J. and R. E. Charlton. 2000. Distribution of Microstylum morosum and M. galac- 
todes (Diptera: Asilidae): significant range extensions. Entomological News 111 (2): 84-96. 


Bromley, S. W. 1931a. New Asilidae, with a revised key to the genus Stenopogon Loew: (Diptera). 
Annals of the Entomological Society of America 24: 427-435. 


Bromley, S. W. 1931b. A preliminary annotated list of the robber flies of Ohio (Diptera: Asilidae). 
Ohio State Museum Science Bulletin | (2): 3-19. 


Bromley, S. W. 1933. Additions to the Ohio list of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Ohio Journal of 
Science 33 (3): 204. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 pe >)7/ 


Bromley, S. W. 1934a. Additions to the Ohio list of robber flies. II. (Diptera: Asilidae). Ohio 
Journal of Science 34 (3): 163-164. 


Bromley, S. W. 1934b. The Laphriine Robber Flies of North America. Doctoral dissertation, Ohio 
State University. 358 pp. 


Bromley, S. W. 1934c. The robber flies of Texas (Diptera, Asilidae). Annals of the Entomological 
Society of America 27 (1): 74-113. 


Bromley, S. W. 1936a. Additions to the Ohio list of robber flies. III. (Diptera: Asilidae). Ohio 
Journal of Science 36 (3): 130-131. 


Bromley, S. W. 1936b. The genus Diogmites in the United States of America with descriptions of 
new species (Diptera: Asilidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 44: 225-237. 


Bromley, S. W. 1947. Ohio robber flies IV (Diptera: Asilidae). Ohio Journal of Science 47 (2): 67- 
68. 


Bromley, S. W. 1950. Florida Asilidae (Diptera) with description of one new species. Annals of the 
Entomological Society of America 43: 227-239. 


Bromley, S. W. 1951. Asilid notes (Diptera), with descriptions of thirty-two new species. American 
Museum Novitates 1532: 1-36. 


Bullington, S. W. 1986. Two New Genera Related to Laphria Meigen (Diptera: Asilidae), With 
Revisions of the Included Species in North America North of Mexico. Unpublished doctoral dis- 
sertation, University of Wyoming, Laramie. 275 pp. 


Cannings, R. A. 1998. Robber flies (Insecta: Diptera: Asilidae). Jn, I. M. Smith and G. G. E. Scud- 
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Fisher, E. M. 1977. Review of the North American genera of Laphystiini, with a revision of the 
genus Zabrops Hull (Insecta: Diptera: Asilidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of 
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Foote, B. A. 1991. Asilidae (Asiloidea). pp 778-780. Jn, F. M. Stehr (Editor). Immature Insects. 
Volume 2. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 975 pp. 


Geller-Grimm, F. 2003. A world catalogue of the genera of the family Asilidae (Diptera). Studia 
dipterologica 10 (2): 473-526. 


Geller-Grimm, F. 2005. Robber flies (Asilidae). Database. Catalog of species. Available at: 
http://www.geller-grimm.de/catalog/species.htm (Accessed 5 June 2006). 


Hermann, F. 1912. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der siidamerikanischen Dipterenfauna auf Grund der 
Sammelergebnisse einer Reise in Chile, Peru und Bolivia, ausgefuhrt in den Jahren 1902-1904 
von W. Schnuse. Fam. Asilidae. Abhandlungen der Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen 
Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher (Nova Acta. Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae 
Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum) 96 (1): 1-275. 


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National Museum Bulletin 224 (Parts 1 & 2). 907 pp. 


Jones, P. R. 1907. A preliminary list of the Asilidae of Nebraska, with description of new species. 
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Knutson, L. V. 1972. Pupa of Neomochtherus angustipennis (Hine), with notes on feeding habits 
of robber flies and a review of publications on morphology of immature stages (Diptera: 
Asilidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 85: 163-178. 


Lavigne, R., S. Dennis, and J. A. Gowen. 1978. Asilid literature update 1956-1976, including a 
brief review of robber fly biology (Diptera: Asilidae). University of Wyoming Agricultural 
Experiment Station Science Monograph 36. 134 pp. 


258 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Loew, H. 1866. Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria septima. Berliner Entomolog- 
ische Zeitschrift 10: 1-54. 


Loew, H. 1872. Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria decima. Berliner Entomolo- 
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Entomological Society of Washington 74 (4): 375-378. 


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ecosystem. Great Lakes Entomologist 32 (4): 257-265. 


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Orthogonis stygia (Bromley). Southwestern Entomologist 28 (1): 85-87. 


Vaisanen, R. 1982. Vanishing and vulnerable Diptera of Finland. Notulae Entomologicae 62: 111- 
ale 


Warriner, M. D. 2004. First Arkansas record of the robber fly Microstylum morosum (Diptera: 
Asilidae). Southwestern Naturalist 49 (1): 83-84. 


Whitcomb, W. H. and K. Bell. 1964. Predaceous insects, spiders, and mites of Arkansas cotton 
fields. University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 690: 84 pp. 


Wilcox, J. 1936a. Asilidae, new and otherwise, from the southwest, with a key to the genus Stich- 
opogon. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 12 (4): 201-212. 


Wilcox, J. 1936b. New Ommatius with a key to the species (Diptera, Asilide). Bulletin of the 
Brooklyn Entomological Society 31 (4): 172-176. 


Wilcox, J. 1960. Laphystia Loew in North America (Diptera: Asilidae). Annals of the Ento- 
mological Society of America 53: 328-346. 


Wilcox, J. 1966. Efferia Coquillett in America North of Mexico (Diptera: Asilidae). Proceedings of 
the California Academy of Sciences 34 (2): 85-234. 


Wood, G. C. 1981. Asilidae. pp. 549-573. Jn, J. F. McAlpine, B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. 
Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth, and D. M. Wood (Editors). Volume 1. Agriculture Canada Research 
Branch Monograph 27. 674 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 259 


XANTHOGALERUCA SUBCOERULESCENS (WEISE, 1884) 
(COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), A LITTLE-KNOWN 
GALERUCINE FROM TURKEY, WITH A DESCRIPTION 
OF THE FEMALE, ADDITIONS TO THE DESCRIPTION OF 
THE MALE, AND ECOLOGICAL REMARKS' 


Ali Gék,’? Ebru Gil Aslan,’ and Baran Aslan’ 


ABSTRACT: Xanthogaleruca subcoerulescens (Weise, 1884), has been rediscovered recently in south- 
ern Turkey. Beetles were found feeding on the leaves of Celtis glabrata Steven ex Planchon (Ulmaceae), 
leaving behind small, round holes. Redescriptions of the male and female are presented. The spermath- 
eca is illustrated for the first time. 


KEY WORDS: Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Xanthogaleruca subcoerulescens, host plant, Turkey 


The genus Xanthogaleruca Laboissiére, 1934 is characterized by the following 
combination of characters: body oblong, parallel-sided, upperside pubescent; third 
antennomere equal to fourth or a little shorter, following segments about twice as 
long as wide; aedeagus with a remarkable long internal comb-shaped sclerite 
(Silfverberg, 1974; Beenen, 2003; Warchalowski, 2003). 

Xanthogaleruca 1s represented by two species throughout the western Palearctic 
region: X. /uteola (Miller, 1766) and X. subcoerulescens (see Silfverberg, 1974; 
Beenen, 2003). Xanthogaleruca luteola is a well-known species with a large distri- 
bution area in the western Palearctic region, including Turkey (Silfverberg, 1974; 
Warchalowski, 2003). However, X. subcoerulescens is known only from Turkey 
(Weise, 1884; Silfverberg, 1974; Beenen, 2003; Warchalowski, 2003). 

Xanthogaleruca subcoerulescens was first described based on a single male 
specimen collected from Amasya (Turkey) by Weise (1884). This was a very brief 
description lacking illustrations. Then, the species went unrecorded for about a cen- 
tury. During faunistic trips in the southern provinces of Turkey between 1988 and 
1993, a few specimens of X. subcoerulescens were collected outside the type local- 
ity. Beenen (2003) dealt with these specimens in his recent paper which included 
illustrations of male genitalia and a key for western Palearctic species of the genus 
Xanthogaleruca. Neither the original description nor Beenen’s paper contain a 
description of the female or data on host plant and habitat. In 2005, during a field 
research in southwest Turkey, specimens of X. swbcoerulescens were found feeding 
on leaves of Celtis glabrata Steven ex Planchon (Ulmaceae). 

The goals of this paper are to supplement the original description of X. subcoe- 
rulescens with a description of the female, to add to the description of the male with 
illustrations of the aedeagus, and to provide information on habitat and host plant. 


‘Received on June 1, 2006. Accepted on April 17, 2007. 


*Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Stileyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, 
Turkey. E-mails: aligok@fef.sdu.edu.tr and egul@fef.sdu.edu.tr, respectively. 


*Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Stileyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, 
Turkey. E-mail: aslanb@ziraat.sdu.edu.tr 


Mailed on July 31, 2007 


260 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


METHODS 

This jaa. was based on X. subcoerulescens specimens collected in Antalya 
(Turkey) by the authors. Samples were taken from the host plant using an aspirator 
and sweep net. Genitalia were photographed with a Camedia C-5060 digital cam- 
era attached to an Olympus SZX12 stereomicroscope. Ten specimens (5 males and 
5 females), including the largest and smallest ones of each sex were used for meas- 
urements. Voucher specimens are deposited at the Department of Biology, Faculty 
of Arts and Sciences, Stleyman Demirel University, Turkey. The ecological notes 
are summarized from personal observations. 


SYSTEMIC ENTOMOLOGY 
Xanthogaleruca subcoerulescens (Weise, 1884) 


Description of the female. Body parallel, 5.58 - 5.73 mm long, covered entirely 
with long white hairs. Macropterous. Head, pronotum, legs and the ventral part of 
antennomeres 1-7 pale yellow; elytra dark brown with usually bluish sheen, or dark 
reddish in some specimens. Venter: underside yellowish in the greatest part; metas- 
ternites moderately black; all abdominal sternites pale yellow with a black spot at 
both side of each sternite. Legs entirely pale eee. The last abdominal sternite 
very slightly emarginate. 

Head: maximum width of head 1.27-1.31 mm, distance across the eyes 0.72- 
0.75 mm. Vertex with deep and dense punctures, and a fine and regular median lon- 
gitudinal impression. Frontal tubercles distinct; raised; impunctate and glabrous. 
Antennae pubescent; segments 1-7 black dorsally, yellow ventrally; the remaining 
segments completely black. Frontal keel evident; lateral margins with hairs. Labrum 
with eight regular, large bristles. Mandibles small, black apically; palps yellow. 

Pronotum: maximum width about 2.02.mm; maximum length 1.01 mm. Front 
margin of pronotum slightly arched. Margin of lateral borders small; lateral mar- 
gins faintly rounded from front to base. Upper surface of pronotum rather punctate; 
punctures mostly large. Pronatal disc with 1-3 black spots in the middle; a large 
hollow at each side of the disc. 

Scutellum: broad and moderately rounded; punctation sparser than on pronotum 
and elytra. 

Elytra: almost parallel; maximum width about 2.93 mm; maximum length 4.53 
mm. Lateral margins quite visible from above; flat and broad; gradually narrowing 
from base to apex, disappearing at apex. Humeral calli well-developed; elytral mar- 
gin becoming slightly narrow just behind the humerus, extending again to the apex. 
Elytra coarsely and densely punctate; covered completely with white hairs. Elytral 
epipleura distinct; wide at base, narrowing gradually towards apex. 

Spermatheca: nodulus of spermatheca moderately long with transverse wrin- 
kles, roundish at the base; cornu long, thin, hook-shaped; ductus short, attached to 
dorsal side of nodulus (Figure 1A). 

Sexual dimorphism: Males resemble females except for the following traits: 
body length 5.13-5.47 mm (5.58 - 5.73 in females); antennomeres 1-8 black dor- 
sally, yellow ventrally; antennomere 9 black dorsally, partly brownish-black ven- 
trally (antennomeres 1-7 black dorsally, yellow ventrally; the remaining anten- 
nomere completely black on females); the last two antennomeres completely black; 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 261 


the last abdominal sternite distinctly and deeply emarginated (very slightly emar- 
ginate in the female). Aedeagus: about 2.02 mm in length; quite typical, slender 
with a strongly elongate apex; apex slightly curved dorsally in lateral view (Figure 
1B); characterized by the presence of a long internal comb-shaped sclerite which is 
also treated as an important distinctive feature of the genus Xanthogaleruca (Figure 
LC). 

Habitat and host plant: Beetles were collected during July, August, and Sep- 
tember from a mountain slope in Dibek Nature Reserve (Antalya) at an elevation 
of 1362 m above sea level. The scrubland consists mainly of Quercus spp. 
(Fagaceae), Juniperus spp. (Cupressaceae) and Crataegus spp. (Rosaceae) inter- 
spersed with Cedrus spp. (Pinaceae) at the higher elevations. Adult X. subcoe- 
rulescens were found feeding on the leaves of a shrub or small tree with shiny, 
glabrous twigs, Celtis glabrata Steven ex Planchon (Ulmaceae), leaving behind 
tiny, round (approximately 4 mm) holes. 

Fully grown leaves of C. glabrata are 2.5-8.0 x 2.0-5.0 cm; yellowish green; 
broadly ovate to narrowly ovate, sometimes serrate in shape. The fruit, a drupe, is 
globose, yellow to orange. Celtis glabrata mainly occurs in open rocky slopes 


0,5 mm 


A B 


Figure 1. Xanthogaleruca subcoerulescens (Weise), genitalia. (A) spermatheca; (B) aedea- 
gus lateral view; (C) aedeagus dorsal view Scale bar = 0.5 mm. 


262 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


between the altitudes of 650-1370(-1800) m and it is widely distributed in Turkey, 
the Balkans, Crimea, Caucasia, Iran and northern Iraq (Davis, 1982). 

Material Examined: SW Turkey, Antalya, Kumluca, Dibek Nature Reserve 
(36° 38' 76" N, 30° 16' 78" E), 1362 m, 16.07.2005, 9 males, 7 females; 
06.08.2005, 8 males, 6 females; 10.09.2005, 10 males, 7 females. 


DISCUSSION 

Although the classification of Xanthogaleruca is not settled (Beenen, 2003), it 
is widely recognized as a genus with two western Palearctic species. Xanthogale- 
ruca luteola has been known from central and south Europe, Caucasus, Central 
Asia, Turkey, Iran, North Africa, and North America, where it was introduced 
(Silfverberg, 1974; Gruev and Tomov, 1998; Beenen, 2003; Warchalowski, 2003). 
Xanthogaleruca subcoerulescens is a less studied species, recorded only from Tur- 
key up to now (Silfverberg, 1974; Beenen, 2003; Warchalowski, 2003). Its type 
locality was Amasya, located in northern Turkey. Additionally, it has been record- 
ed from Adana, Antalya, and Icel situated in southern Turkey (Beenen, 2003). This 
distributional disjunction can now be explained by the parallel distribution of the 
host plant. Celtis glabrata has a scattered distribution in central, northern, eastern 
and southern Turkey (Davis, 1982). We predict that X. subcoerulescens should be 
present in all except western Turkey where the host plant, C. glabrata, does not 
occur. Xanthogaleruca luteola feeds on Ulmus sp. (Ulmaceae) (Gruev and Tomov, 
1998; Warchalowski, 2003), suggesting that species of Xanthogaleruca are associ- 
ated with ulmaceans. Additionally, other factors may also affect the distribution of 
X. subcoerulescens. 

There is variability in antennomere and coloration as well as beetle length. For 
instance, in the key to western Palearctic species of Xanthogaleruca (Beenen, 
2003), the legs and antennae are reported as black. However, in our samples legs 
are entirely pale yellow and antennomeres 1-8 (in female 1-7) are black dorsally, 
yellow ventrally. According to Warchalowski (2003), the length of X. subcoerule- 
scens 1s about 4.5 mm, the specimens which Beenen (2003) examined were 7-8 
mm; whereas our specimens are 5-6 mm long. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Beenen, R. 2003. New records of Xanthogaleruca subcoerulescens (Weise) in southern Turkey 
(Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae). Entomologische Blatter 99: 99-103. 


Davis, P. H. 1982. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Volume 7. University Press. 
Edinburgh, England, United Kingdom. 947 pp. 


Gruey, B. and V. Tomov. 1998. Catalogus Faunae Bulgaricae 3 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Pensoft 
Publishers. Sofia, Bulgaria. 160 pp. 


Silfverberg, H. 1974. The West Palearctic species of Galerucella Crotch and related genera (Coleo- 
ptera, Chrysomelidae). Contribution to the study of Galerucinae 6. Notulae Entomologicae 54: 1-11. 


Warchalowski, A. 2003. Chrysomelidae: The leaf beetles of Europe and the Mediterranean area. 
Natura optima dux Foundation. Warszawa, Poland. 600 pp. 


Weise, J. 1884. Beitrag zur Chrysomeliden-Fauna von Amasia. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 
28: 157-160. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 263 


HETEROCERAN FAUNA OF GOKCEADA AND 
BOZCAADA (NORTH AEGEAN ISLANDS, TURKEY), 
WITH A NEW RECORD OF NOCTUIDAE 
(LEPIDOPTERA), AND BIOGEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSES! 


Zuhal Okyar’ and Nihat Aktac’ 


ABSTRACT: During 1988-1989, 72 species of heterocerans (Lepidoptera) were collected and iden- 
tified in Gdkceada and Bozcaada islands. One species collected on Gok¢eada Caradrina ingrata 
(Staudinger, 1897), is the first record for Turkey and the North Aegean Islands. All identified species 
are first records for Gdk¢eada and Bozcaada, whereas 32 of them are first records of heterocerans for 
the North Aegean Islands. 


KEY WORDS: North Aegean Islands, Gdkc¢eada, Bozcaada, Heterocera, Lepidoptera, fauna, new 
record 


Islands are areas somewhat independent from continents that tend to have 
peculiar ecological conditions and Islands biogeographic characteristics. 
Compared to the continent, species diversity can be different in islands that are 
completely isolated. 

The study of the heteroceran Lepidoptera of the Greek islands of Thasos, 
Limnos, and Samothraki began with Staudinger (1870) followed by Beier 
(1936), Reiser (1946), Rebel (1935, 1938), and Koutsaftikis (1970, 1973). In 
total, 250 species of Heterocera have been identified. Many of these species were 
the first records for the Balkans, Greece, and the Aegean Sea island fauna (Kout- 
saftikis, 1973). However, up to the present study, no heteroceran lepidopteran has 
been recorded for the islands of Gdkceada and Bozcaada. There is only one study 
on Gok¢eada’s lepidopterans (Kili¢, 1987) that included 32 diurnal species. 


METHODS 

The current study was performed expecting that the heteroceran Lepidoptera 
fauna of islands possessing typical features of Mediterranean region climate and 
vegetation, such as Gék¢eada and Bozcaada, should be represented by more 
species than the number of species collected from this region previously. Adult 
specimens were collected from various habitats such as woodlands, orchards and 
cultivated areas, areas around water channels and areas where small sized annu- 
al plants (/nula sp. and Carthamus sp., Asteraceae) present of Gokceada and 
Bozcaada in 1998 and 1999. Collections were made only during their peak active 
months (between April and October), thus excluding the species which would 
possibly be found during the winter period and nonadult stages of all species. 
Materials were also collected with a light trap and a sweeping net during the day. 


‘Received on April 2006. Accepted on May 7, 2007. 


*Trakya University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, 22030 Edirne-Turkey. 
E-mails: zuhalo@trakya.edu.tr, nihata@trakya.edu.tr, respectively. 


Mailed on July 31, 2007 


264 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Specimens were prepared and identified and prepared following the methods 
used by previous researchers (Pierce, 1967; Kornosor, 1982; Fernandez, 1986). 
Expert identified specimens, deposited both at Trakya University (Science and 
Art Faculty, Biology Department) and at Cukurova University (Agriculture 
Faculty Plant Protection Department), were utilized to identify the species. 
Faunistic studies done for neighboring countries (Hacker, 1989, 1990; Dufay, 
1975; Kloet and Hincks, 1972) and systematic studies were also used (Stau- 
dinger, 1878, 1881; Pierce, 1967, 1978; Forster and Wohlfahrt, 1971; Wolfsberg- 
er, 1965, 1971; Scheuringer, 1972; Bustillo and Varela, 1981; Arnsheid, 1981; 
Calle, 1982; Rezbanyai-Reser, 1983, 1986; Vardikyan, 1985; Skou, 1986; Freina 
and Witt, 1987; Kornosor, 1987; Hacker, 1990; Fibiger, 1993; Rezbanyai-Reser 
et al., 1997; Hausmann, 2001; Hacker et al., 2002; Mironov, 2003; Hacker, 2004; 
http://www. faunaeur.org/index.php). The study islands and the collecting local- 
ities are shown in Figure 1. 


RESULTS 

Fifty-two genera and 72 species belonging to 8 families were identified in the 
islands. Of these, 1 genus and | species belong to the Hepialidae, 1 genus and 
1 species to the Pyralidae, 15 genera and 27 species to the Geometridae, 5 gen- 
era and 5 species to the Sphingidae, 2 genera and 2 species to the Notodontidae, 
2 genera and 2 species to the Lymantridae, 2 genera and 2 species to the Arcti- 
dae and 25 genera and 32 species to the Noctuidae. All identified species are first 
records for Gokcgeada and Bozcaada. Thirty-two of these species (H. sylvina, 
T: smaragdaria, T: fimbrialis, C. pendularia, T: comea, S. flaccidaria, I. dilu- 
taria, I. dimidiata, I. subsericeata, I. filicata, I. politaria, I. rusticata, I. determi- 
nata, E. centaurata, C. aestimaria, C. pennaria, E. regina, L. populi, M. quercus, 
T. pityocampa, E. chrysorrhoea, P. palpina, E. crypta, N. orbona, M. albipuncta, 
P. effusa, T. matura, C. ingrata, C. clavipalpis, A. melanura, A. triplasia, 
P. plumigeralis) are also first records for the North Aegean Islands (Table 1). 
Caradrina ingrata Staudinger, 1897 caught in Gékceada is the first record for 
Turkey and North Aegean Islands’ Noctuidae fauna. 


Noctuidae 

Caradrina ingrata Staudinger, 1897, Dt.Ent.Z.Iris 10:175 

Material Examined: Canakkale-Gokceada-A gricultural Management Office, 
22.09.1998, 1 & (Fig. 1). 

Geographical Distribution: Middle Italy (Wolfsberger, 1965, 1971; Scheu- 
ringer, 1972); The Alps (Arnscheid, 1981); North Half of Spain (Calle, 1982); 
Syria, Libya, Israel, Iraq, Arab Peninsula, Egypt (Hacker, 1990); Greece-Crete 
(Hacker, 2004). 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 265 


GREECE 


MARMARA SEA 


Gékceada 
2 
ae Canakkale 


Bozcaada 


< 
Li 
¢2) 
Zz 
< 
Lu 
oO 
LU 
< 


Tepekdy @ BOZCAADA 


a4 
rn @GOKCEADA 


*Zeytinlik 
2 


e 
Papazbahce 


Figure 1. A. The Location of the Islands of Gdkceada and Bozcaada in the Aegean Sea. 
----: Canakkale city border; B. Collecting sites in Gdkceada, (A 4. Collecting site of 
C. ingrata: Agricultural Management Office); C. Collecting sites in Bozcaada. 


266 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Table 1. Distribution of the species that identified in GOk¢eada and Bozcaada in 
neighboring countries. Asterisk,*, means first record for Turkey and North 
Aegean Islands’ noctuid fauna. 


NEIGHBORING 
COUNTRIES 


SPECIES 


HEPIALIDAE 
1. Hepialus sylvina (Linnaeus, 1761) + | + 48 ae ae 
PYRALIDAE 
2. Pyrausta aurata (Scopoli, 1763) or + | +] + [+ 
GEOMETRIDAE 
. Thetidia smaragdaria Fabricius, 1787 + +] + ]+ 


5 

4. Thalera fimbrialis (Scopoli, 1763) aati = ne 
5. Cyclophora pendularia (Clerck, 1759) [+ | [| | [+ [+ 
6. Timandra comea Schmidt, 1931 Ic? | eeviellh eey atl et aia oh 
1 
8 
9 


zcaada 
Aegean Islands 


. Scopula marginepunctata (Goeze, 1781) |+ | | + | + | + [+ 

. Scopula imitaria (Hiibner, 1799) Pee) le hrckeed| See ian 

. Scopula flaccidaria (Zeller, 1852) eo) ‘hel spe a aa + 
10. Idaea ochrata (Scopoli, 1763) co ens 
11. Idaea dilutaria (Hiibner, 1799) el eS 
12. Idaea seriata (Schrank, 1802) ES a = a 
13. Idaea dimidiata (Hufnagel, 1767) Gsm mie ies amazed 
14. Idaea subsericeata (Haworth, 1809) eee tee Fe a 
15. Idaea filicata (Hubner, 1799) 1 Tick] mse | en ce 
16. Idaea politaria (Hubner, 1799) FEN + 


17. Idaea rusticata | a 
(Denis-Schiffermiiller, 1775) 2 + | 
18. Idaea palaestinensis (Sterneck, 1933) ct Basle: gnu (ae ea + 
19. Idaea determinata (Staudinger, 1876) i tec lubitarall Ai aa ie if 
20. Rhodometra sacraria (Linnaeus, 1767) 20 
21. Xanthorhoe fluctuata (Linnaeus, 1758) Nove: ads eS + 
22. Camptogramma bilineata (Linnaeus, 1758) Ve por of Sevale eae is 
23. Eupithecia breviculata (Donzel, 1837) SEAS | - 


24. Eupithecia centaurata 

(Denis-Schiffermiller, 1775) 4 | ook +] + ]+ 
25. Isturgia arenacearia 

(Denis-Schiffermiller, 1775) + + +] + [+ 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 267 


NEIGHBORING 
COUNTRIES 


SPECIES 


26. Chiasmia aestimaria Hubner, 1809 pos eee 2 


27. Colotois pennaria (Linnaeus, 1761) ieeinWaie joa sie 25) 3h 
28. Eumera regina Staudinger, 1892 LTE EE 
29. Aspilates ochrearia (Rossi, 1794) SSeS + | + 


SPHINGIDAE a ae 

30. Laothoe populi (Linnaeus, 1758) she =} sie eee 

31. Marumba quercus uae Ee a ee 
(Denis-Schiffermuller, 1775) “+ sk | ation ots 


32. Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus, 1758) ae eee eS as 


33. Macroglossum stellatarum (Linnaeus, 1758 ee er eee nee + 
34. Hyles livornica (Esper, 1780) | ld eae a ee ce 


NOTODONTIDAE 
35. Traumetopoea pitvocampa 
(Denis-Schiffermuller, 1775) + pl ect all et 


36. Pterostoma palpinum (Clerck, 1759) ee ee ee ee 


LYMANTRIIDAE 
37. Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus, 1758) 32 | SS eae eA SAA jes 


38. Euproctis chrysorrhoea (Linnaeus, 1758) [po or ere eee a 


ARCTIIDAE 
39. Pragmatobia fuliginosa (Linnaeus, 1758) | + ifr a iu 
40. Arctia villica (Linnaeus, 1758) ZS rr =e 


NOCTUIDAE 
41. Euxoa crypta (Dadd, 1927) = + + 


42. Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766) [Pep eee || x 
43. Noctua orbona (Hufnagel, 1766) [SS er ae Pe ee i 
44. Noctua comes Hiibner, 1813 eee a cc pe ee 
45. Peridroma saucia (Hubner, 1808) EES ree iz 
46. Hadula trifolii (Hufnagel, 1766) lictecsdh Cheqar | cpctand | gate a ata fo 


47. Hecatera dysodea 

(Denis-Schiffermiller, 1775) + a aoe (aml cht 43 
48. Mythimna albipuncta 

(Denis-Schiffermiiller, 1775) ats Teel Gero 


49. Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth, 1809) a ate leans a eee eereslace 


50. Acronicta rumicis (Linnaeus, 1758) co eee eee a 


Aegean Islands 


268 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Ss 
NEIGHBORING & 
SPECIES COUNTRIES 3 = as 
5 S| 9 (Sai 
On ‘D) Oo BD x 
6 o| 2) eis 
O 4| 0) eae 
51. Pyrois effusa (Boisduval, 1828) he | | ee ai 


52. Thalpophila matura (Hufnagel, 1766) ETT > 
53. Caradrina ingrata Staudinger, 1897 * |: eid! ) [oe epee a 

54. Caradrina clavipalpis (Scopoli, 1763) | bros verte ernie ste eel 7 
55. Spodoptera exigua (Hubner, 1808) | aahSl) aictstydlog teal Tay 


56. Heliothis peltigera 

(Denis-Schiffermiller, 1775) alee eae a3 +) eee 
57. Protoschinia scutosa 

(Denis-Schiffermiller, 1775) Se =f P| aaa 


58. Emmelia trabealis (Scopoli, 1763) (Zatlers als 
59. Acontia melanura (Tauscher, 1809) a 
60. Acontia lucida (Hufnagel, 1766) Se a 
61. Abrostola triplasia (Linnaeus, 1758) (ies ns in nee | are es 
62. Autographa gamma (Linnaeus, 1758) Ea aise = = 
63. Trichoplusia ni (Hiibner, 1803) CRMs 
64. Catocala elocata (Esper, 1787) a ae or 
65. Catocala conjuncta (Esper, 1787) SSS aoe ae 
66. Catocala conversa (Esper, 1783) ee ee ° 
67. Catocala nymphagoga (Esper, 1787) ea males Gt. | Fil hain 
68. Dysgonia algira (Linnaeus, 1767) Peete ee ee ee a 
69. Grammodes stolida (Fabricius, 1775) ea ieee eee le ri A aa 
70. Euclidia glyphica (Linnaeus, 1758) Eire =| 23 
71. Tyta luctuosa (Denis-Schiffermiiller, 1775)|+ | + | + | + | + |+ 
72. Polypogon plumigeralis (Hiibner, 1825) [+ | | | +] + |+ 


Totals 68 | 14 | 40 | 70 | 69 | 71 


Caradrina ingrata (Staudinger, 1897) is a first record for Turkey and North 
Aegean Islands. Caradrina ingrata (Staudinger, 1897) collected in Gékceada is 
a supramediterranian-asiatic member according to Bustillo and Vaela (1981). 
Thus far, it has been reported from middle Italy, the Alps (Wolfsberger, 1965, 
1971; Scheuringer, 1972; Arnscheid, 1981), northern half of Spain (Calle, 1982, 
Draudt, 1934), south France, and Switzerland (Rezbanyai-Reser, 1983). Outside 
Europe, C. ingrata has also been found in Syria, Palestine (Warren, 1914; 
Draudt, 1934), Libya, Israel, the Arabic Peninsula, Egypt (Hacker, 1990), and 
Greece-Crete (Hacker, 2004). Rezbanyai-Reser (1983) has questioned whether 
C. ingrata is a newly discovered native species in Middle Europe or a migrant. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 269 


He reported that more investigations must be done to clarify the situation. Because 
C. ingrata resembles C. clavipalpis in terms of external morphology, Rezbanyai- 
Reser (1983) emphasized that specimens identified as C. clavipalpis should be rei- 
dentified using external genital organ investigations (Figure 2). By doing so, the 
existence of C. ingrata in previous years in Europe perhaps will be clarified. 


1mm 


A B 


Figure 2. Caradrina ingrata Staudinger, 1897. Male external genital organs. A. Valve, B. 
Aedeagus. 


BIOGEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSES 

Seventy-one species identified in GOkceada and Bozcaada show similarities 
with the Heterocera fauna of Turkey. Similarly, 69, 70 and 40 species show simi- 
larity with Heterocera fauna of Bulgaria, Greece and Aegean islands (Table 1). The 
data given above show that the heteroceran fauna of Gdkceada and Bozcaada have 
great similarity with that of the mainland. 

Seventy-eight species from Thasos, the North Aegean Island, 68 species from 
Samothraki and 35 species from Limnos were identified (Koutsaftikis 1973). When 
the nearness of the islands to the continent, their surface areas and the vegetation 
types present here are taken into consideration, it is reasonable to say that 68 
species identified in Gdkceada and 14 species identified in Bozcaada make the 
number of species in these islands to be in expected values. During the study, 68 of 
72 species were identified in G6kceada, but only 14 species were found in 
Bozcaada. This relatively low number in Bozcaada is somewhat surprising. Per- 
haps the predominant xerophyllous and herbaceous vegetation and the continuous 
wind limit species diversity in Bozcaada. 


270 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


The theory of island biogeography holds that the number of species found on an 
island is directly related by island size and inversely related to the distance from the 
mainland. These would affect the rates of extinction and immigration on the islands. 
For instance, islands closer to the mainland are more likely to receive immigrants than 
those far from the mainland. The chance of extinction on smaller islands is greater than 
on larger ones. Thus, larger islands can hold more species than smaller ones (Mac 
Arthur and Wilson, 1967). Larger islands closer to the mainland are predicted to hold 
more species than tiny islands located far from the mainland. 


Table 2. Surface areas, the distances to mainland and the number of species kept of 
five islands in the northern Aegean Sea. Data from Ering and Ytcel (1988), http:// 
www.holiday-european-island.eu/Greece.php, http://thasos.netfirms.com/ index.htm, 
http://www. wikipedia.org/wiki/Samothrace, http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozcaada. 


Distance (km) Number of 
Island Name Area (km2) from nearest species olf 
mainland Heterocera 
Bozcaada 40 6 14 
Gokceada 285 16 68 
Limnos 476 59 35 
Thasos 399 10 78 
Samothraki 178 40 68 
90 90 
80 @ Thasos 80 A Thasos 
ae Samothraki @ @ Gokceada aah A Gikceada & Samothraki 
a 60 2 60 
2 50 s54-----—-_-_—-_-—-——- 
: : Limnos 2 A Limnos 


@ Bozcaada 


0 100 200 300 400 500 
Area (km?) Distance (km) 


Figures 3-4. Relationship between area and numbers of species on five islands in the northern 
Aegean Sea. Relationship between distances to the mainland and numbers of species of five 
islands in the northern Aegean Sea. 


When Bozcaada, Gok¢eada, Limnos, Thasos, Samothraki are compared according 
to their surface areas, the distance from the mainland, and the number of species they 
possess (Table 2), it appears that there is a weak correlation between the number of 
species and surface area (Fig. 3, r = 0.392; in semi-log scale log r = 0.633, p > 0.05). 
There is also a weak negative correlation between the number of species and the dis- 
tance from mainland (Fig. 4, r = -0.063; in semi-log scale, log r = 0.16, p > 0.05). 
Although Samothraki Island seems not to fit island biogeography theory (Table 2), 
this situation can be explained by the fact that it is probably exposed to continuing 
migrations from the mainland, both Turkish Thrace and Greece, never reaching equi- 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 271 


librium. Also, Samothraki was studied by Koutsaftikis (1973). He also collected his 
specimens using light traps and only during active period, not during the winter, as 
we did. We do not know whether he collected nonadult stages. Both the continuing 
dispersal of lepidopterans from the mainland to Gok¢eada and Bozcaada and ship- 
ping activities providing a continuous link between these land masses diminish the 
likelihood of isolation. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
We would like to thank Dr. Ladislaus Rezbanyai-Reser for his help in identification of Caradrina 
ingrata, Dr. Jorge Santiago-Blay for his helpful suggestions and comments on an earlier version of the 
manuscript, and to Dr. Selcuk Yurtsever for his help in graphics and statistical analysis. This research was 
supported by TUBAP (Project number 201). 


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Rezbanyai-Reser, L. 1986. Caradrina ingrata Staudinger, 1897. Eine schwer erkennbare neue Wander- 
falterart in Mitteleuropa (Lep. Noctuidae). Atalanta 17:151-155. 

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ersten mal in der Zentralschweiz sowie weitere Fundangaben aus der Siidwestschweiz (Lepidoptera: 
Noctuidae). Mitteilungen der Entomologischen Gesellschaft Basel 47(1):2-8. 

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Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 273 


LONG-RANGE DISPERSAL POSSIBILITIES VIA SEA 
TURTLE - A CASE FOR CLUNIO AND PONTOMYIA 
(DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) IN PUERTO RICO' 


Michelle T. Scharer’ and J. H. Epler’ 


ABSTRACT: Larvae of the marine midges Clunio and Pontomyia are reported as epibionts on the 
carapace of sea turtles. Turtle transportation may be an important factor in the dispersal of flightless 
marine midges. 


KEY WORDS: long range dispersal, Clunio, Pontomyia, Diptera, Chironomidae, turtles, Puerto 
Rico 


Pontomyia Edwards (Diptera: Chironomidae) is considered the only truly 
marine midge (Pinder 1995), occurring at depths down to 30 meters in Belize 
(Bretschko 1982) as well as in shallow coastal waters (Hashimoto 1976; Epler 
2001). Larval Pontomyia and Clunio Haliday have been found associated with 
algae and are commonly collected in benthic samples and plankton tows 
(Tokunaga 1932; Hashimoto 1959). Most reports of Pontomyia species are from 
Indo-Pacific locations (Soong et al., 1999), but a single report exists from the 
Caribbean (Bretschko 1982), and Hudson et al. (1990) and Epler (1992, 1995, 
2001) have reported the genus from Florida. Clunio has a worldwide distribution 
along temperate and tropical sea coasts. This note describes the presence of 
Pontomyia sp. and Clunio sp. as Hawksbill sea turtle [Eretmochelys imbricata 
(L.)] epibiota in Puerto Rico. 

Previous studies of marine turtle epibiota have reported diverse assemblages 
of marine organisms (Caine 1986; Frick et al., 1998; Scharer 2003). Special 
reports have been generated for epibiotic groups such as barnacles (Bugoni et al., 
2001; Gramentz 1988; Matsuura and Nakamura 1993; Monroe and Limpus 
1979), mollusks (Frazier et al., 1985), crabs (Davenport 1994; Dellinger et al., 
1997; Frick et al., 2000), tunicates (Frazier et al., 1991), Bryozoa (Frazier et al., 
1992), and algae (Senties et al., 1999). Although midge larvae have been report- 
ed as commensals or parasites on a wide variety of invertebrates and vertebrates 
(Tokeshi 1993, 1995; Epler 2001), chironomids have not previously been report- 
ed as epibionts on marine turtles. This research theme may provide knowledge 
about the dispersal of epibionts as well as insight into habitat use and migrations 
by their hosts. Marine turtles inhabit coastal areas where intertidal organisms are 
present, and surfacing through the water column increases the likelihood for 
acquiring planktonic and benthic larval organisms. Results of epibiotic commu- 
nity studies on E. imbricata have identified groups previously unrecorded, such 
as the only known submarine Chironomidae. 


‘Received on September 12, 2006. Accepted on May 18, 2007. 


* Department of Marine Sciences, P. O. Box 9013, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagtiez, Puerto Rico 
00681. E-mail: m_scharer@hotmail.com. 


* 461 Tiger Hammock Road, Crawfordville, FL 32327, USA. E-mail: johnepler@earthlink.net (cor- 
responding author) 


Mailed on July 31, 2007 


274 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Mona Island and satellite Monito Island are located in the Mona Passage, 
between Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, approximately 75 km west of 
Puerto Rico, between 18° 00' N and 18° 13' N and between 67° 01' W and 67° 
48' W. The islands’ coasts are surrounded by limestone vertical walls, seagrass 
lagoons, reefs, and sandy beaches, which are nesting habitat for marine turtles. 
The water temperatures around Mona fluctuated between 25.5° and 30.5°C 
throughout the year. The islands’ coasts provide foraging habitat for endangered 
species of sea turtles [E. imbricata and Chelonia mydas (L.)]. 

The epibiota were identified from 105 turtles collected in July and August of 
1999. Pontomyia and Clunio larvae were present on 19 turtles (18%) which were 
also covered with patches of filamentous turf algae. This turtle-chironomid asso- 
ciation was more frequent in coral reef (17 of 39) vs. cliff wall areas (2 of 66). 
Percent occurrence of chironomids was ten times higher on turtles of coral reef 
habitat (35.8%) than in cliff walls (3.0%); the difference is significant at 
p < 0.001 in Chr’, 2x2 contingency tables (X*° = 22.7). 

Individual Pontomyia and Clunio larvae were observed in the samples col- 
lected, swimming and crawling within algae and unconsolidated substrate com- 
posed of calcareous sediment, with foraminiferan tests, small shells, and other 
unidentified fragments. Chironomids were also observed within tubes of sand 
particles probably constructed by the larvae. The turtle project was not designed 
as a midge study; thus the numbers of larvae on each turtle were not recorded, 
only their frequency of occurrence was noted. The more frequent occurrence of 
larvae on turtles from coral reef habitat compared to those from cliff wall habi- 
tat may be related to the accumulation of sand and turf algae on the carapace of 
coral reef turtles; in cliff wall habitats this accumulation was less common. 

Because only larvae were collected from the turtles, it was not possible to 
identify specimens of either genus to species. Only one species of Clunio, 
C. marshalli Stone and Wirth, has been described from the northwestern Atlantic, 
with a northernmost record from North Carolina (Epler 2001). The identity of the 
south Florida/Caribbean species of Pontomyia is unknown, because adult males, 
necessary for species identification, have not been collected. Bretschko (1982) 
suggested the most likely species would be P. natans Edwards, but the insects 
collected in the Caribbean and Florida could represent an undescribed species. 
Because Bretschko collected only larvae, pupae and females, he postulated that 
the Belize population may be parthenogenetic. 

According to Soong et al., (1999), P. oceana Tokunaga larvae hatch and molt 
through 4 instars in a generation time of 30 days. Larvae lived up to 45 days 
under laboratory conditions; adult life stages lasted one to two hours. Soong et 
al. (1999) stated that the presence of males appears to be necessary for eclosion 
of females, but offered no explanation. In another marine midge, Clunio marinus 
Haliday, males must strip the pupal exuviae from females before mating (sever- 
al papers summarized by Armitage 1995). Cheng and Collins (1980) hypothe- 
sized that such behavior may occur in Pontomyia, but it has never, to our knowl- 
edge, been observed. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 275 


In some parthenogenetic chironomid taxa, such as Paratanytarsus grimmii 
(Schneider), at least some eggs may be deposited within the pupal exuviae before 
eclosion (Langton et al., 1988) or all eggs may be laid within the pupal exuviae 
by uneclosed females (P.S. Cranston, pers. comm.). Thus eclosion, whether 
aided by males or not, may not be necessary for successful reproduction. 
Bretschko (1982) did not report any eggs within pupal exuviae. 

Clunio males are fully winged and have been collected in light traps in the 
Florida Keys (Hribar and Epler 2007), but females of C/unio and Pontomyia are 
wingless (and essentially legless). Pontomyia males possess shortened wings, 
useless for flight, which are used as oars as the midges skate across the water’s 
surface. Males of Clunio may be able to disperse by flight over great distances, 
but Clunio females and both sexes of Pontomyia would be unable to do so. Thus, 
sea turtles may provide a significant means for long range dispersal for members 
of these two genera. It could also be hypothesized that Thalassomya, another 
coastal marine genus that can occur with Clunio (Epler 2001), may eventually be 
found on the carapace of sea turtles. However, in Thalassomya bureni Wirth, 
along with the other known coastal marine species in the Gulf of Mexico, Tel- 
matogeton japonicus Tokunaga, both sexes are fully winged. 

Much has been written about the life history of marine midges and the influ- 
ence of tidal, lunar and diel effects (see Armitage 1995 for summary), but little 
has been observed or hypothesized concerning the dispersal abilities of marine 
flightless midges. Cheng and Hashimoto (1978) offered two hypotheses: males 
dragging their mates in copula would be attracted to fishing vessels, with some 
egg masses adhering to the algae growing on the sides of the vessels; or eggs 
could be embedded in floating algal mats which are then dispersed by currents, 
etc. There appear to be no fossil records of flightless marine midges and we do 
not know the extent of distribution of these taxa before humans began plying the 
seas. The fishing vessel hypothesis may partially explain “modern” distribution 
and dispersal, but it cannot be tested without a fossil record. 

Growth of the epibiotic community on a turtle may be enhanced by increased 
water flow over the carapace, increased exposure to light (when the turtle is sur- 
facing to breathe), and protection from predation or escape from unfavorable 
conditions. The distribution of marine chironomids and E. imbricata overlap in 
Pacific and Caribbean tropical regions. Trans-Caribbean migrations of adult sea 
turtles (Van Dam and Diez, unpublished data) may provide for distribution of 
chironomid species with limited dispersal capabilities, such as Clunio and Pon- 
tomyia. With the recent report (Green and Sanchez 2006) of live midge larvae 
being transported in the feces of Black-tailed Godwits [Aves: Charadriiformes: 
Scolopacidae: Limosa limosa (L.)], biogeographical hypotheses for marine in- 
vertebrates with limited dispersion capabilities should also be reviewed in light 
of this new observation of turtle transportation. Or, in other words, testudine 
transportation of tiny tenacious “tendipedids” may partially account for their dis- 
tribution. 


276 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


Field work would not have been possible without the support of Chelonia Inc. and the Department 
of Natural and Environmental Resources of Puerto Rico. J. Holmquist was essential in initial identi- 
fication of the chironomids; E. Williams, P. S. Cranston, B. A. Caldwell and several anonymous 
reviewers have commented on early drafts. The Sea Grant College Program of the University of 
Puerto Rico at Mayagiiez provided funding for this investigation. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Armitage, P. D. 1995. Behaviour and ecology of adults, pp. 194-224. In, P. D. Armitage, P. S. 
Cranston, and L. C. V. Pinder (Editors). The Chironomidae: Biology and Ecology of Non-biting 
Midges. Chapman & Hall, New York, NY, U.S.A. 572 pp. 


Bretschko, G. 1982. Pontomyia Edwards (Diptera: Chironomidae), a member of the coral reef 
community at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. pp 381-385. Jn, Ratzler, K. and I. G. Macintyre (Editors). 
The Atlantic Barrier Reef Ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, 1: Structure and Communities. 
Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences 12: 539 pp. 


Bugoni, L., L. Krause, A. O. Almeida, and A. A. P. Bueno. 2001. Commensal barnacles of sea 
turtles in Brazil. Marine Turtle Newsletter 94: 7-9. 


Caine, E. A. 1986. Carapace epibionts of nesting loggerhead sea turtles: Atlantic coast of USA. 
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 95: 15-26. 


Cheng, L. and J. D. Collins. 1980. Observations on behavior, emergence and reproduction of the 
marine midge Pontomyia (Diptera: Chironomidae). Marine Biology 58: 1-5. 


Cheng, L. and H. Hashimoto. 1978. The marine midge Pontomyia (Chironomidae) with a descrip- 
tion of females of P. oceanica Tokunaga. Systematic Entomology 3: 189-196. 


Davenport, J. 1994. A cleaning association between the oceanic crab Planes minutus and the log- 
gerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta. Journal of Marine Biology Association U.K. 74: 735-737. 


Dellinger, T., J. Davenport, and P. Wirtz. 1997. Comparisons of social structure of Columbus 
crabs living on loggerhead sea turtles and inanimate flotsam. Journal of Marine Biology Associ- 
ation U.K. 77: 185-194. 


Epler, J. H. 1992. Identification manual for the larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of Florida. Florida 
Department of Environmental Regulation, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A. 302 pp. 


Epler, J. H. 1995. Identification manual for the larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of Florida. Revised 
Edition. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.A. 317 pp. 


Epler, J. H. 2001. Identification manual for the larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of North and South 
Carolina. A guide to the taxonomy of the midges of the southeastern United States, including 
Florida. Special Publication SJ2001-SP13. North Carolina Department of Environment and 
Natural Resources, Raleigh, North Carolina, and St. Johns River Water Management District. 
Palatka, Florida, U.S.A. 526 pp. 


Frazier, J. G., I. Goodbody, and C. A. Ruckdeschel. 1991. Epizoan communities on marine tur- 
tles. II. Tunicates. Bulletin of Marine Sciences 48(3): 763-765. 


Frazier, J.. D. Margaritoulis, K. Muldoon, C. W. Potter, J. Rosewater, C. Ruckdeschel, and 
S. Salas. 1985. Epizoan communities on marine turtles. I. Bivalve and Gastropod Mollusks. 
Marine Ecology 6(2): 127-140. 


Frazier, J., J. E. Winston, and C. A. Ruckdeschel. 1992. Epizoan communities on marine turtles. 
III. Bryozoa. Bulletin of Marine Sciences 51(1): 1-8. 


Frick, M., K. Williams, and M. Robinson. 1998. Epibionts associated with nesting Loggerhead 
Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) in Georgia, USA. Herpetological Review 29(4): 211-214. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 vA 


Frick, M. G., K. L. Williams, and D. Veljacic. 2000. Additional evidence supporting a cleaning 
association between epibiotic crabs and sea turtles: How will the harvest of sargassum seaweed 
impact this relationship? Marine Turtle Newsletter 90: 11-13. 


Gramentz, D. 1988. Prevalent epibiont sites on Caretta caretta in the Mediterranean Sea. I] Natur- 
alista Siciliano 12(1-2): 33-46. 


Green, A. J. and M. I. Sanchez. 2006. Passive internal dispersal of insect larvae by migratory 
birds. Biology Letters 2: 55-57. 


Hashimoto, H. 1959. Notes on Pontomyia natans from Sado (Diptera, Chironomidae). Science 
Reports of the Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku, section B, 9: 57-64. 


Hashimoto, H. 1976. Non-biting midges of marine habitats (Diptera: Chironomidae). pp. 377-414. 
In: L. Cheng (ed.). Marine Insects. American Elsevier Publishing Company, New York. 581 pp. 


Hribar, L. J. and J. H. Epler. 2007. Collection records for some Chironomidae (Diptera) in the 
Florida Keys. Florida Scientist 70: 110-112. 


Hudson, P. L., D. R. Lenat, B. A. Caldwell, and D. Smith. 1990. Chironomidae of the South- 
eastern United States: A checklist of species and notes on biology, distribution, and habitat. Fish 
and Wildlife Research 7: 1-46. 


Langton, P. H., P. S. Cranston, and P. Armitage. 1988. The parthenogenetic midge of water sup- 
ply systems, Paratanytarsus grimmii (Schneider) (Diptera: Chironomidae). Bulletin of Ento- 
mological Research 78: 317-328. 


Matsuura, I. and K. Nakamura. 1993. Attachment pattern of the turtle barnacle Chelonibia testu- 
dinaria on carapace of nesting loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 
59(10): 1803. 


Monroe, R. and C. Limpus. 1979. Barnacles on turtles in Queensland waters with descriptions of 
three new species. Memoirs Queensland Museum 19(3): 197-223. 


Pinder, L. C. V. 1995. The habitats of chironomid larvae, pp. 107-135. Jn: P. D. Armitage, P. S. 
Cranston, and L. C. V. Pinder (Editors). The Chironomidae: Biology and ecology of non-biting 
midges. Chapman & Hall. New York, NY, U.S.A. 572 pp. 


Scharer, M. T. 2003. A survey of the epibiota of Eretmochelys imbricata (Testudines: Cheloniidae) 
of Mona Island, Puerto Rico. Revista de Biologia Tropical. 51 Supplement 6: 87-89. 


Senties, A., J. Espinoza-Avalos, and J. C. Zurita. 1999. Epizoic algae of nesting sea turtles 
Caretta caretta (L.) and Chelonia mydas (L.) from the Mexican Caribbean. Bulletin of Marine 
Sciences 64(1): 185-188. 


Soong, K., G. Chen, and J. Cao. 1999. Life history studies of the flightless marine midges 
Pontomyia spp. (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zoological Studies 38(4): 466-473. 


Tokeshi, M. 1993. On the evolution of commensalism in the Chironomidae. Freshwater Biology 
29: 481-489. 


Tokeshi, M. 1995. Species interactions and community structure, pp. 297-335. Jn, P. D. Armitage, 
P. S. Cranston, and L. C. V. Pinder (Editors). The Chironomidae: Biology and Ecology of Non- 
biting Midges. Chapman & Hall. New York, NY, U.S.A. 572 pp. 


Tokunaga, M. 1932. Morphological and biological studies on a new marine chironomid fly, Pon- 
tomyia pacifica from Japan, Part I: Morphology and Taxonomy. Memoirs of the College of Agri- 
culture, Kyoto Imperial University 19: 1-56. 


278 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


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' Jorge A. Santiago-Blay, Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, 
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012 U.S.A. E-mail: blayj@si.edu. 


Mailed on July 31, 2007 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 279 


A LIGHT-TRAPPED ANT, DOLICHODERUS BISPINOSUS 
(FORMICIDAE) WITH EVIDENCE OF STYLOPIZATION 
BY MALE CAENOCHOLAX FENYESI WALOFFI 
(STREPSIPTERA: MYRMECOLACIDAE) 

FROM MEXICO’ 


Jeyaraney Kathirithamby,’ Steven J. Taylor,’ Jorge E. Valenzuela,‘ 
Jaime Gomez,° and Juan F. Barrera® 


Most Strepsiptera (Insecta) are collected as free-living adult males from light 
or Malaise traps. The family Myrmecolacidae is exclusively night flying, and 
light-trapped Strepsiptera are typically adult male members of this family 
(Kathirithamby, unpublished). Of the 113 species of Myrmecolacidae described 
thus far (Kathirithamby 2006), only 6 have been found and definitely associat- 
ed with their ant hosts (Kathirithamby and Johnston 2004; Kathirithamby, 
unpublished). The sexes in Myrmecolacidae have different hosts: males para- 
sitize ants and females orthopterans (Ogloblin 1939; Kathirithamby and Hamil- 
ton 1972). 

Only two stylopised ants had been discovered so far outside their nests 
(Westwood 1861; Ogloblin 1939). Ogloblin (1939) indicated that the behavior of 
ants is altered when stylopized stating that they: “change their nocturnal habits, 
acquiring positive phototropism, but evidently lose their social instincts, aban- 
doning their nests and rambling singly, often climbing high on grass and bush- 
es.” Westwood (1861) notes “...a species of ant, which had ascended a tuft of 
grass on an extensive pattena (sic), or meadow, the parasite making its exit back 
to back from the ant.” It was therefore assumed that stylopized ants abandoned 
the nest, thus explaining why they are rarely found: “The myrmecologists used, 
almost without exception, a special method of only collecting the ants in their 
nests, in order to get all forms of polymorphic colonies, mostly progeny of a sin- 
gle or of a few females. This method gave the students of ants little chance to 
meet stylopized specimens which evidently abandon the nest soon after the male 
parasites extert their puparium” (Ogloblin 1939). However, if this was what was 
happening, stylopized ants would be more frequently encountered because ants 


' Submitted on September 13, 2006. Accepted March 6, 2007. 


* Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, U.K. E-mail: 
jeyaraney.kathirithamby@zoo.ox.ac.uk 

*Tilinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak Street (MC-652), Champaign, Ilinois 61820-6953 
U.S.A. E-mail: sjtaylor@uiuc.edu 

*Instituto de Ecologia, A.C. (INECOL), Apartado Postal 63, Km. 2.5 Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 
351, Congregacion El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz CP 91070, México. E-mail: valenjor@ 
ecologia.edu.mx 

° El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Apartado Postal 36, Carretera AntiguoAeropuerto km 2.5, 


Tapachula, Chiapas CP 30700 Mexico. E-mails: jbarrera@tap-ecosur.edu.mx and jgomez@ 
tap-ecosur.edu.mx (JG, JFB, respectively): 


Mailed on July 31, 2007 


280 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


are one of the most abundant macroinvertebrates in terrestrial ecosystems 
(Kathirithamby and Hamilton 1972). More recently, Kathirithamby and Hamil- 
ton (1972) and Kathirithamby (2005) have speculated that, unlike stylopized 
wasps and bees, stylopized ants remain in the nest until the male strepsipteran is 
ready to emerge. This has been confirmed by the collection and dissections of 
several nests which contained ants parasitized by late pupal stages of male 
myrmecolacids (Kathirithamby 1991; Kathirithamby and Johnston 1992, 2004; 
Kathirithamby and Hughes 2002; Hughes et al., 2003). Until now, stylopized 
ants have not been found in traps. One such specimen was encountered during 
field collections in southeastern Mexico, and is reported here. 


METHODS 

A black light trap was set up and checked daily at Estacién de Biologia 
Tropical “Los Tuxtlas” Instituto de Biologia (Universidad Nacional Autonoma 
de México), Km 30 Carretera Catemaco-Montepio, San Andrés Tuxtla, Veracruz, 
Mexico (18° 35'N 95° W). The trap, designated as ECOIAPAR-L, consists of an 
empty transparent plastic drinks bottle (2.0 1) with an opening (11 x 20 cm) on 
its side. The black light (20 watt fluorescent lamp black light blue) was sus- 
pended inside of the top of the bottle, and the insects trapped in soapy water at 
the bottom. The insects were sorted under a dissecting microscope, and preserved 
in ethanol. 


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

An empty strepsipteran puparium was noted in a male Dolichoderus 
bispinosus Olivier (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae). The puparial cap (cephalothe- 
ca) of Caenocholax fenyesi waloffi Kathirithamby and Johnston was hinged to 
the side of the puparium (Fig. 1). In Myrmecolacidae the male cephalotheca does 
not break all the way round as in other strepsipterans, but instead it “closes back” 
on the puparium after the emergence of the male (Kathirithamby 1991). 

Description of the cephalotheca: An illustration of a cephalotheca of a 
myrmecolacid was given by Kinzelbach (1971), but the species name was not 
given. This is the first description of the cephalotheca of C. f waloffi and of any 
named Myrmecolacidae. Length: 0.75mm. Width: 0.52mm. Complex eyes (e): 
Rudiments of ommatidia are presented as 22 small thickenings of the sclerite on 
either side of the cephalotheca. Antennal rudiments (ant) occur as a patch of pig- 
ments which represent the scapus and pedicellus, and a slight bulge enclosed 
within the pedicellus which represents the vestige of a flabellum. Mandibles 
(mdb): These appear during the last larval instar before extrusion and participate 
in the extrusion of the male larva through the host cuticle prior to pupation. These 
occur on either side below the eyes with an outward pointing tooth. Clypeus 
(cly): is a raised region in the center of the cephalotheca. Mouth opening (mth): 
below the clypeus. Labrum (lbr): lies just below the eyes. Hinge (h): was 
attached to the host and puparium within the host when the rest of the cephalo- 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 281 


theca was broken by the emerging adult male C. f waloffi. Vertex (vtx) and 
occipital suture (ocs) are found on the dorsal region of the cap. 

Dolichoderus bispinosus has been recorded to be parasitized by C. f waloffi 
(Kathirithamby and Johnston 2004), and although many workers and sexuals 
have been found to be stylopized in the nests, none have so far been found in the 
traps. This is the first record of an ant with an empty male strepsipteran pupa in 
a trap. 


wu 20 


Fig. 1 Dorsal view of the male puparial cap (cephalotheca) of Caenocholax fenyesi walof- 
fi Kathirithamby and Johnston (Strepsiptera: Myrmecolacidae) which was attached to a 
male Dolichoderus bispinosus Olivier (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae) A. Light micro- 
scope photograph. B. Line drawing, with position of eye facets indicated by shad- 
ing. Abberviations: ant - antenna and antennal sclerite; cly - clypeus; e - compound eye; 
h - hinge of puparial cap; lbr - labrum; mdb - mandible; mth - mouth; ocs - occipital 
suture; vtx - vertex. 


282 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


We thank Martin Ricker of the Estacion de Biologia Tropical “Los Tuxtlas” Instituto de Biologia 
UNAM, Veracruz, Mexico, for permission to collect; and the Royal Society of London and the 
Academia Mexicana de Ciencias for the study visit grant to JK. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Hughes, D. P., G. Moya-Rygoza, and J. Kathirithamby. 2003. The first record among Dolicho- 
derinae (Formicidae) of parasitism by Strepsiptera. Insectes Sociaux 50:148-150. 


Kathirithamby, J. 1991. Stichotrema robertsoni spec. n. (Strepsiptera: Myrmecolacidae): The first 
report of stylopization in minor workers of an ant (Pheidole sp.: Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 
Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa 54:9-15. 


Kathirithamby, J. 2005. Further homage to Santa Rosalia: Discovery at last of the elusive females 
of a species of Myrmecolacidae (Strepsiptera: Insecta). pp. 117-134. Jn, M. Ridley (Editor). 
Narrow Roads of Gene Land. Volume III. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK. 480 pp. 


Kathirithamby, J. 2006. Partial list of Strepsiptera species. http://tolweb.org/notes/?note_id=2978 
(accessed 17 August 2006). 


Kathirithamby, J. and W. D. Hamilton. 1992. More covert sex: The elusive females of Myrme- 
colacidae. Trends Ecology and Evolution 7:349-351. 


Kathirithamby, J. and D. P. Hughes. 2002. Caenocholax fenyesi Pierce (Strepsiptera: Myrme- 
colacidae) parasitic in Camponotus planatus Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Mexico: Is 
this the original host? Annals of the Entomological Society of America 95:558-563. 


Kathirithamby, J. and J. S. Johnston. 1992. Stylopization of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: 
Formicidae) by Caenocholax fenyesi (Strepsiptera: Myrmecolacidae) in Texas. Annals of the 
Entomological Society of America 85:293-297. 


Kathirithamby, J. and J. S. Johnston. 2004. The discovery after 94 years of the elusive female of 
a myrmecolacid (Strepsiptera), and the cryptic species of Caenocholax fenyesi Pierce sensu lato. 
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B (Supplement 3) 271, S5-S8. 


Kinzelbach, R. K. 1971. Morphologische Befunde an Facherfluglern und ihre phylogenetische 
Bedeutung (Insecta, Strepsiptera). Zoologica (Stuttgart) 41 (119) 1/2: 256 pp. 


Ogloblin, A. A. 1939. The Strepsiptera parasites of ants. International Congress of Entomology, 
Berlin (1938) 2:1277-1284. 


Westwood, J. O. 1861. Notice on the occurrence of a strepsipterous insect parasitic on ants dis- 
covered in Ceylon by Herr Niener. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 5:418- 
420. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 283 


MICRODON FALCATUS WILLISTON (DIPTERA: 
SYRPHIDAE): A REDESCRIPTION, WITH LECTOTYPE 
DESIGNATION AND NEW SYNONYMS' 


F. Christian Thompson’ 


ABSTRACT: Microdon falcatus Williston 1887 (Diptera: Syrphidae) is redescribed. A lectotype is 
designated for the name and three new synonyms are proposed (Microdon aquilinus Giglio-Tos 1892, 
Microdon hondanaria Hull 1940, and Microdon mellogutta Hull 1943). 


KEY WORDS: Microdon falcatus, Diptera, Syrphidae, redescrition, lectotype, synonyms, Neo- 
tropics 


More than a century ago Williston (1887) described a small microdontine fly 
from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Mexico) and named the fly Microdon falcatus, 
due to the distinctive shape of the basoflagellomere. The basoflagellomere is 
elongate and curved, with its base swollen, and the arista is short and thick (Fig. 
1-4). Giglio-Tos (1892) recognized the species and described a related one, 
aquilinus, but since then no one has recognized either name. Hull, however, did 
redescribe the species twice (Hull 1940, 1943), and upon the second time 
declared his “new” species was related to no known species. This situation rep- 
resents a common problem in the study of the Neotropical flower fly fauna, lots 
of new species descriptions, but little synthetic, monograph work. As previously 
noted (Thompson et al., 1976: 1), the Neotropical fauna is undoubtedly the rich- 
est, most diverse one in the World and hundreds of new species await descrip- 
tion, but first, two centuries of names must be resolved, so new synonymies are 
now more important than new species descriptions. The challenges are to under- 
stand the species, their characters, variation and distribution, then re-examine 
types of old names where available or original descriptions where types are lost. 
So, this paper makes one small step toward that goal of resolving the Neotropical 
flower fly fauna, so we can begin to fully and accurately enumerate it. 


METHODS 

This paper presents a revision of a species, with a complete synonymy, distri- 
butional and biological data for the species, as well as a lectotype designation 
and notes on the type specimens of each name. Adult terminology follows 
Thompson (1999), the abbreviations found in the synonymies follow Thompson 
(2006), the use of the asterisk in the distribution statement refers to verified 
records found in the material examined section, ellipses (“...”) are used in the 
material examined section to replace data that is the same as the immediately pre- 
ceding record. In the literature cited section, an attempt has been made to pro- 
vide precise publication dates for all critical works (those with nomenclatural 


"Received on December 27, 2005. Accepted on August 25, 2006. 


* Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, NHB-168 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 
20560 U.S.A. E-mail: chris.thompson@ars.usda.gov 


Mailed on July 31, 2007 


284 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


acts). These are in the numerical format of Year: Month: Day, with question 
marks used for unknown values. Color images of the species and more extensive 
information is provided at the Diptera WWW site under Flies and Syrphidae (see 
www.diptera.org/syrphid/syrphid.htm). 


SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY 
Microdon falcatus Williston 


Microdon falcatus Williston 1887: 9. Mexico, Isthmus of Tehuantepec. LT 0 
USNM here designated. Williston 1891: 3 (key ref., Mexico [Guerrero), 
notes]; Giglio-Tos 1892: 36 (description, Mexico); Aldrich 1905: 345 (cata- 
log citation); Kertész 1910: 355 (catalog citation); Fluke 1957: 26 (catalog 
citation); Thompson et al., 1976: 64 (catalog citation). 

Microdon aquilinus Giglio-Tos 1892: 2. Mexico, Veracruz, Tuxpango. HT 9 
MRSN. Giglio-Tos 1893: 133 (description, Mexico); Aldrich 1905: 345 (cat- 
alog citation); Kertész 1910: 352 (catalog citation); Fluke 1957: 21 (catalog 
citation); Thompson et al., 1976: 63 (catalog citation). NEW SYNONYM. 

Microdon hondurania Hull 1940: 247. Honduras, Salada River, 15 miles inland 
from Ceiba. HT & CNC. Fluke 1957: 28 (catalog citation); Cooper and 
Cumming 1993: 65 (HT in CNC). NEW SYNONYM. 

Microdon honduranius. Thompson et al., 1976: 247 (catalog citation). 

Microdon mellogutta Hull 1943: 104. Brazil, Amazon. HT 9 BMNH. Fluke 
1957: 30 (catalog citation); Thompson et al., 1976: 66 (catalog citation). 
NEW SYNONYM. 


Lectotype (Fig. 2) Male. Head (Fig. 3): Face yellowish orange, shiny, black 
pilose; facial stipe very narrow ventrally, expanded dorsally, brownish-white 
pollinose; lunule black; frons yellowish orange except for small black punctum 
just dorsad to antenna, shiny, black pilose; vertex yellowish orange except ocel- 
lar triangle black, black pilose; occiput narrow on ventral 3/4, expanded dorsal- 
ly, black and grayish-white pollinose on ventral 3/4, yellowish orange dorsally, 
black pilose; antenna black, black pilose; basoflagellomere elongate and curved, 
with distinct round basolateral sensory pit; arista thick, about 3/4 as long as 
basoflagellomere, with very fine, short pile, with pile about ? as long as aristal 
diameter; antennal ratio 5:1:12. 

Thorax: Postpronotum reddish orange, black pilose; scutum (Fig. 6) reddish 
orange except large medial and submedial black vittae which merge together 
along most of their length which is about medial 3/4 of scutum, black pilose; 
scutellum (Fig. 8) reddish yellow, black pilose, with small black microtrichose 
apical tubercle; pleuron yellow except pectus black, black pilose; anepisternum 
uniformly pilose dorsally; katepisternum pilose dorsally; anepimeron pilose; 
metasternum greatly reduced, bare; plumula short, pale; calypter brownish black; 
halter yellow with brown capitulum. Legs. black, black pilose. Wing. hyaline 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 285 


except veins diffusely brownish bordered; completely microtrichose; crossvein 
sc-r present; vein R4+5 with distinct spur; vein M1 (apical crossvein) straight, 
perpendicular to vein R4+5. 

Abdomen (Fig. 7): Reddish orange, black pilose; Ist sternum narrow, pilose; 
male genitalia (Fig. 10) as figured, typical Microdon structure with apically fur- 
cate aedeagus; cercus simple; 9th tergum with short dense pile dorsally; surstyle 
triangular in lateral view with posteroventral process; aedeagus with short apical 
processes. 

Length. 7 mm (LT), 5-10 mm; wing: 5 mm (LT), 5-6 mm. 

Variation: As is usual with many syrphid species, color develops and darkens 
after the adult emerges. Freshly emerged adults (young specimens) appear paler 
(Fig. 6), whereas older ones are much darker (Fig. 5). Examination of specimens 
of falcatus indicates that the extent of pale (yellow to reddish orange) coloration 
on the scutum and abdomen is a factor of age, individual and geographic varia- 
tion. Also, there is the normal sexual dimorphism related to the eyes and the 
female basoflagellomere is not so swolllen basally (Fig. 4). 

The lectotype as described above is rather typical of the specimens from 
Mexico. The darkest individual specimen examined (Costa Rica, INBIO ... 
459599, male) differs in having the frons completely brownish black, scutum and 
scutellum entirely brownish black and the abdomen almost entirely brownish 
black with only narrow pale areas along apical margin of 2nd tergum and basal 
and apicolateral margins of 4th tergum. The lightest individuals are the speci- 
mens from Brazil and Bolivia. In these the thorax and legs are entirely pale, yel- 
low to orange, and pale pilose; the abdomen may have large brownish fasciate 
maculae on 3rd and 4th terga, but the abdomens are entirely pale pilose. 
Intermediate specimens have different combinations of partially pale legs (coxae, 
trochanters and basal 1/2 to 3/4 of femora pale), partially pale pilose scutella and 
scuta, dark frons, etc. So, there is a male specimen with black pilose scutellum, 
partially pale legs and dark frons (Costa Rica, INBIO ... 2426262) collected with 
a female specimen with pale pilose scutellum, partially pale legs and pale frons 
-(Costa Rica, INBIO ... 2426255) [‘“with” means labeled as being of the same lot, 
same place, time and collector]. While comparison of typical specimens from 
Mexico with those from Brazil suggests differences that in many cases warrant 
species recognition, the various intermediate forms found in Costa Rica and 
Panama strongly suggest instead individual and geographic variation which will 
be confirmed when additional material from Colombia and Ecuador are studied. 
Hence, only one species is here recognized. 

Types. Microdon falcatus Williston was described from 4 “female” specimens 
in the C. V. Riley collection from Tehuantepec. All these syntypes are still pres- 
ent in USNM collection, but are males! All have identical locality labels, but one 
is also labeled with a USNM type label and what appears to be a Williston deter- 
mination label. This specimen is here designated lectotype to fix and ensure con- 
sistent interpretation of the name. This lectotype is labeled as follows (Fig. 9): 


286 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


“Isthmus of, Tehauntepec, Sumchrast;” “Type, No. 796, U.S.N.M. [red];” 
‘““Microdon, falcatus, Type Will” [black bordered, apparently in Williston’s hand]. 
I have added a yellow lectotype label. The lectotype is in fair condition, the left 
wing is missing and the base of the abdomen has been damaged by dermestid 
beetle larvae. 

Microdon aquilinus Giglio-Tos was described from a single female from 
Tuxpango collected by Sumichrast. In the Bellardi Mexican collection (MRSN), 
the holotype is labeled with “288,” and “Microdon aquilinus, [upside down male 
sex symbol] Giglio-Tos” [in Giglio-Tos’ hand] and is above the green Bellardi 
collection label of “Microdon, 2 [upside down female sex symbol], Tuxpango 
(Sumichr.) 288.” 

Microdon honduriana Hull was described from a specimen he collected “on 
small, low herbage along the Salada River ... “ The holotype is now in the CNC 
and is labeled: ‘Salado R., 20 mi inland, Hond., 8.30.38;’ F. M. Hull collector;” 
“HOLOTYPE hondurania Hull;” and “HOLOTYPE, Microdon, hondurania 
Hull, CNC No. 20440.” The right wing is missing from the holotype. In describ- 
ing honduriana, Hull provided no comparative information. 

Microdon mellogutta Hull was described from a single female collected from 
the “Amazon” by Henry W. Bates. This specimen is in good condition in the 
Natural History Museum, London, and is labeled: “Holo-, type” [red circular 
BMNH type label], “Amazon, 66: 53”, and “Holotype, Microdon, mellogutta 
Hull” [red, in Hull’s hand]. In describing mellogutta Hull wrote “Not related to 
known species.” Hull apparently did not know many Microdon species and even 
some of his own species! 

Distribution. Mexico (Tamaulipas*), El Salvador,* Honduras,* Costa Rica,* 
Panama,* Brazil,* Bolivia.* 


| 


287 


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Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 


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288 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Fig. 10. Microdon falcatus (Williston). Male genitalia, lateral view. 


Material Examined (42). BRAZIL. [? State] “Amazon,” (HT 9 of mellogut- 
ta). Para: Belem, 48. 29 W 1. 27 S 1967 Apr 12, Y. Sedman, (Q USNM 
ENT00038259 USNM). BOLIVIA. Cochabamba Prov., Villa Tunari, 16 54' 
55" S 65 22' 06" W, March 2001, Malaise Trap, H. Haider (9, G. Stahls FMNH 
DNA voucher Y 128, FMNH). COSTA RICA. Cartago: Ref. Nac. Fauna Silv. 
Tapanti, Quebrada Segunda, 1200 m, LN 194000 560000, 1992 Apr, R. Vargas 
(& INBIOCRI000459599 USNM). Limon: Res. Biol. Hitoy Cerere, Rio Cerere, 
Est. Hitoy-Cerere, LN 184200 643300, 200 m, 1991 Apr, G. Carballo (0 
INBIOCRI000601465 USNM); ..., LN 643400 184600, 100 m, 1993 Jan, G. 
Carballo (“5-6cc-93”), #1775 (& INBIOCRI001742876 USNM); Bribri, 4 km 
NE, 1989 Sept-Nov, P. Hanson, (1 9 3 O&O’ USNM ENT00038254-7 USNM). 
Guanacaste: Sector Las Pailas, 4.5 km SW del Volcan Rincon de la Vieja, LN 
306300 388600, 800 m, 1995 Jun 24-Jul 10, K. Taylor, #6198 (& 
INBIOCRI002426262, 9 INBIOCRI002426255 USNM); A. C. Guanacaste, P. 
N. Guanacaste, Sector Las Pailas, 800 m, 1994 Jun 6-26, K Taylor, #3063 (0 
INBIOCRIO001908659 USNM); Estacion Expt Enrique Jimenez Nunez, 20 km 
SW Canad, 1991 Nov 5-17, A S Menke, (& USNM ENT00038250 USNM). 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 289 


Puntarenas: R. F. Golfo Dulce, 24 km w Piedras Blancas, 200 m, 1990 Nov, 
P. Hanson (& USNM ENT00038258 USNM). EL SALVADOR. Cuscatlan: 
Rosario, 88. 55 W 13. 46 N 1957 June 15 (& USNM ENT00038243 USNM); 
Quezaitepeque, 3 miles W, 1961 Aug 24, M. E. Irwin (3 CO USNM 
ENT00038266-8 USNM); ..., 1961 July 19, M. E. Irwin (Q USNM 
ENT00038269 UCDavis); San Salvador, 1958 June 22, O. L. Cartwright ( 
USNM ENT00038252 USNM), ..., 1958 May 24, O. L. Cartwright (Q USNM 
ENT00038253 USNM). GUATEMALA. Coyotenango “Such”, Finca San 
Rafael Olimpo, 1700 ft, 1965 May 1, J. M. Campbell (Q USNM ENT00038272 
CNC); Siquinala, (Q USNM ENT00038248 USNM). HONDURAS. La Lima, 
1958-1959, J. G. Mattysse (O& USNM ENT00038270 Cornell); Salado River, 20 
miles inland from Ceiba, 30 Aug 1938, F. M. Hull (HT of honduriana, & CNC). 
MEXICO. Chiapas: Huixtla, 20 miles N, 3000 ft, 1969 June 5, Malaise Trap (0 
© USNM ENT00038277-8 CNC); ..., Huixtla, 20-25 miles NE, 3000 ft, 1969 
June 1, H. J. Teskey (2 9 USNM ENT00038273-4 CNC); ..., Tapachula, Craw- 
ford, (OQ USNM ENT00038244-5 USNM); Colima: Colima, 103 41 W 19 14 
N. L. Conradt, (CoQ USNM ENT00038246-7 USNM); Oaxaca: Palomares, 1961 
Sep 5-21, R. and K. Dreisbach (2 O&O’ USNM ENT00038260-1 USNM); 
Sinaloa: Concordia, 20 miles east, 3000 ft, 1964 Aug 8, W. R. M. Mason (& 
USNM ENT00038279 CNC); ..., Mazatlan, 1964 Aug 16, J. F. McAlpine, 
Malaise Trap (& USNM ENT00038275 CNC); Tamaulipas: Gomez Farias, and 
vicinity, 1965 July 20-24, Cornell Mexican Field Party, Malaise Trap, (& USNM 
ENT00038271 Cornell); Veracruz, Tuxpango, 18E49'N 97E01W (holotype of 
aquilinus, MRSN); [state?], Tehauntepec, Isthmus of, [95 0' 0" W 16 30' 0" NJ, 
Sumichrast, C. V. Riley Collection, (LT 9, 3 O&O PLT of furcatus, USNM 
ENT00038262-4 USNM); Veracruz: Lake Catemaco, 1969 June 17, B. V. Peter- 
son, (0 USNM ENT00038276 CNC). PANAMA. Canal Zone: Ancon, [80. 0. 
OW 9. 0. ON] 1918 Aug 9, R. P. Dietz (Q USNM ENT00038251 USNM); ..., 
Summit, [79. 7 W 9. 1 N] 1946 Dec, N. L. H. Kraus (& USNM ENT00038249 
USNM). 

Remarks. Curran (1925, 1936, 1940, 1941), the last worker to attempt to 
publish comprehensive treatments of the genus Microdon, did not recognize 
these names (falcatus Williston, aquilinus Giglio-Tos) as he only worked from 
specimens previously identified in the collection of his museum (see Curran 
1936: 1). He simply ignored the descriptions of other species by earlier authors. 
In the last published key to the Neotropical species of Microdon (Curran 1941), 
falcatus runs to couplet #21, where typical specimens do not match either alter- 
native well (thorax black or dull orange) as the thorax is both black and pale yel- 
low / orange. In those specimens, where the thorax is entirely yellow, falcatus is 
readily distinguished from Aristosyrphus currani Goot [replacement name for 
clavicornis Curran] by antennal shape, wing venation and coloration. 

Among the New World microdontine flies, Microdon falcatus is easily recog- 
nized by its distinctive antennal shape as noted above. Other diagnostic charac- 


290 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


ters are: 1) a greatly reduced and bare metasternum; 2) unarmed (without apical 
calcar) scutellum or one with small apical microtrichose tubercles; 3) oval 
abdomen; 4) vein R4+5 with distinct spur; and 4) vein M1 (apical crossvein) 
straight and joining vein R4+5 perpendicularly. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I thank Richard Vane-Wright and Nigel Wyatt, the Natural History Museum [formerly the British 
Museum (Natural History)], London (BMNH); J. Cumming and J. Richard Vockeroth, Canadian 
National Collection, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa (CNC); James Liebherr and Richard Hoebeke, 
Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca (Cornell); Gunilla Stahls, Finnish Museum of 
Natural History, Helsinki (FMNH); Manuel Zumbado, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Santo 
Domingo de Heredia (INBIO); Paul Hanson, Museo de Insectos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San 
Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose (MIUCR); Mauro Daccordi, Museo Regionale di Scienze 
Naturali, Turin (MRSN); for permission to study material in their care. The other museum acronym 
used in the text is USNM for the Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Taina Litwak prepared the fig- 
ures of the male genitalia; Lucrecia Rodriquez prepared the other images and made the final plate. I 
also thank Allen Norrbom, Steven W. Lingafelter, and Alma Solis of the Systematic Entomology 
Laboratory, USDA, Washington; and Martin Hauser, Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, California 
Department of Food and Agricuture, Sacramento; Wayne N. Mathis of National Museum of Natural 
History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, for their critical review of the manuscript. 

This study resulted from an investigation of the flower fly fauna of Costa Rica and is the 18th in 
a series dedicated to the documentation of the Costa Rican flower fly fauna, started in 1991 with the 
encouragement of Daniel H. Janzen. Beyond the support of my organization, additional funding has 
been provided by the S. W. Williston Diptera Research Fund of the Smithsonian Institution and the 
Global Environmental Facility Trust Fund of the World Bank (project # CR-GE-39876). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Aldrich, J. M. 1905. A catalogue of North American Diptera. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collec- 
tions 46 (2[=pub. 1444]), 680 pp. Washington, D.C., U.S.A. [before 1905.05.25] 


Cooper, B. E. and J. M. Cumming. 1993. Diptera types in the Canadian National Collection of 
Insects. Part 2 Brachycera (exclusive of Schizophora). Research Branch, Agriculture Canada 
Publication 1896/B, iii + 105 pp. [1993.??.??] 

Curran, C. H. 1925. Contribution to a monograph of the American Syrphidae (Diptera) from north 
of Mexico. Kansas University Science Bulletin [1924] 15: 7-216. [1925.12.01] 


Curran, C. H. 1936. New Neotropical Syrphidae (Diptera). American Museum Novitates 882, 17 
pp. [1936.10.09] 


Curran, C. H. 1940. Some new Neotropical Syrphidae (Diptera). American Museum Novitates 
1086, 14 pp. [1940.10.16] 


Curran, C. H. 1941. New American Syrphidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural 
History 78: 243-304. [1941.08.07] 


Fluke, C. L., Jr. 1957. Catalogue of the family Syrphidae in the Neotropical Region (Diptera) 
[part]. Revista Brasileira Entomologia 7: 1-181; Sao Paulo. [1957.06.20] 


Giglio-Tos, E. 1892. Diagnosi di nuove specie di Ditteri. VI. Sirfidi del Messico. Bolletino del 
Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata della Reale Universita di Torino 7 (123), 7 pp. Turin, 
Italy. [1892.07.01] 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 291 


Giglio-Tos, E. 1893. Ditteri del Messico. Pt.2, 80 pp., 1 pl. C. Clausen, Torino. [1893.03.31] Also 
appeared subsequently in Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino (Scienze, 
Fisiche, Matematische e Naturali) 43: 321-398. [1893.??.??] 


Hull, F. M. 1940. Some Neotropical syrphid flies. Entomological News 51: 247-250. [1940.11.08] 


Hull, F. M. 1943. Some flies of the genus Microdon in the British Museum (Natural History). 
Annals and Magazine of Natural History (11) 10: 702-720. [1943.11.20] 


Kertész, K. 1910. Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Vol. 7, 470 pp. Museum Nationale 
Hungaricum, Budapestini [=Budapest]. [1910.06.??] 


Thompson, F. C. 1999. A key to the genera of the flower flies of the Neotropical Region including 
the descriptions of genera and species and a glossary of taxonomic terms.- Contributions, 
Entomology International 3: 319-378. [1999.08.23] 


Thompson, F. C. 2007. Nearctic Flower Flies (Diptera: Syrphidae). Myia 13, 569 pp. [2007.??.??] 


Thompson, F. C., J. R. Vockeroth, and Y. S. Sedman. 1976. Family Syrphidae. Catalog of the 
Diptera of America south of the United States 46, 195 pp. [1976.08.09] 


Williston, S. W. 1887. Synopsis of the North American Syrphidae. Bulletin of the United States 
National Museum (1886) 31, xxx + 335 pp. [before 1887.06.30] 


Williston, S. W. 1891. Fam. Syrphidae. pp. 1-56, [1891.12.??] [cont.]. Jn, F. D. Godman and O. 
Salvin (Editors), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Zoologia-Insecta-Diptera. Vol. 3, 127 pp., 2 pls. 
London, U.K. 


292 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


CAVE CRICKETS (ORTHOPTERA: 
RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE) AS VECTORS OF 
DICTYOSTELIDS (PROTISTA: DICTYOSTELIIDA)' 


Steven L. Stephenson,’ Michael E. Slay,’ Christy A. Slay,’ and Alicia E. Tuggle’ 


ABSTRACT Our study was done to determine if cave crickets (Ceuthophilus gracilipes gracilipes) 
are able to transport dictyostelid cellular slime molds into and within caves. Large cave crickets were 
captured from Pigeon Roost Cave in northwestern Arkansas. Crickets were individually washed to 
remove dictyostelid spores, and fecal pellets collected aseptically from the washed crickets. Five spec- 
ies of dictyostelids, assigned to two genera (Dictyostelium and Polysphondylium), were recovered 
from the surface of six crickets, and a single species (D. sphaerocephalum) from one sample of fecal 
pellets. Since cave crickets forage outside the cave, they can introduce dictylostelids to caves from out- 
side sources, and can serve as vectors for transporting dictyotelids within caves. The present study is 
the first to demonstrate that cave-dwelling invertebrates are capable of transporting these organisms. 


KEY WORDS: Rhapidophoridae, Ceuthophilus, dictyostelids, cave, Arkansas, U.S.A. 


Dictyostelid cellular slime molds (Dictyosteliida: Dictyosteliidae) are single- 
celled, eukaryotic, phagotrophic bacterivores usually present and often abundant 
in terrestrial ecosystems. These organisms represent a normal component of the 
microflora in soils and apparently play a role in maintaining the natural balance 
that exists between bacteria and other microorganisms in the soil environment. 
Dictyostelids are most abundant in the surface humus layer of forest soils, but 
they also occur in the soil-like material found in caves. In a recent study, 17 dic- 
tyostelid species were recovered from over 100 caves in eastern North America 
(Landolt et al., 2006). Five species of dictyostelids were recovered in more than 
25 different caves, and three additional species were present in more than 20 dif- 
ferent caves. In general, based on available data, the distribution of dictyostelids 
in caves appears to be rather patchy, but in the microhabitats where they do occur, 
these organisms can exhibit surprisingly high levels of abundance and diversity. 

Unlike many microorganisms, dictyostelids produce spores that appear to 
have a rather limited potential for dispersal. In the dictyostelid life cycle, the uni- 
cellular amoeboid cells that represent the vegetative stage aggregate to form a 
structure called a pseudo-plasmodium, which then gives rise to one or more fruit- 
ing bodies (sorocarps), each bearing one to several masses of spores (sori). 
Because the spores are embedded in a mucilaginous matrix that dries and hard- 
ens, they stand little chance of being dispersed by wind (Cavender, 1973; Olive, 
1975). Various animals, ranging from invertebrates to amphibians, small mam- 
mals, and birds are capable of dispersing the spores of dictyostelids by means of 
ingestion-defecation (Suthers, 1985; Huss, 1989; Stephenson and Landolt, 
1992). Dictyostelids may be introduced to caves by bats (Stephenson and Lan- 
dolt (1992). However, are there other organisms that could serve as vectors for 


‘Received June 27, 2006. Accepted on April 19, 2007. 


> Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701 U.S.A. 
SLS, corresponding authors, E-mail: slsteph@uark.edu. CAS, E-mail: cmelhar@uark.edu. AET, 
E-mail: atuggle@uark.edu. 


>The Nature Conservancy, 601 North University Avenue, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 U.S.A. 
E-mail: mslay@tnc.org. 


Mailed on July 31, 2007 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 293 


dictyostelid spores, either for short range dispersal within a cave or introduction 
to the cave from outside? 

Cave and camel crickets (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae) represent an impor- 
tant component of the animal communities associated with caves in North 
America, and several species are considered critical members of these commu- 
nities (Benoit et al., 2004; Taylor et al., 2005). Cave and camel crickets forage 
on the surface at night and then return to caves to roost during the day. In doing 
SO, organic material in the form of cricket fecal material, cricket eggs, and cadav- 
ers of crickets are introduced to the cave, which supplies nutrients to a number 
of invertebrate species. In addition to transferring organic material, 14 genera of 
fungi were recovered from external body surfaces and internal contents of the 
raphidophorid Hadenoecus cumberlandicus inhabiting two Kentucky caves 
(Benoit et al., 2004). Most of these fungi were common soil saprophytes typi- 
cally found in caves, but two plant pathogen species, which were isolated only 
internally, were believed to have been acquired during foraging outside the cave. 
The presence of fungi externally and internally on cave crickets plus their sur- 
face foraging and subsurface roosting behavior suggests that these organisms 
also might be capable of vectoring slime molds. Our primary objective of the 
study reported herein was to investigate the potential role that these crickets may 
play in the dispersal of dictyostelids into and within caves. 


METHODS 

Ceuthophilus gracilipes gracilipes (Haldeman) is a species of rhaphidophorid 
cricket commonly found inhabiting caves and forest floors across central and 
eastern United States (Hubbell, 1936). It has been reported from a number of 
caves in Arkansas (Graening et al., 2004). Pigeon Roost Cave in Benton County, 
Arkansas, was selected for this study because the site contained C. gracilipes 
gracilipes and because human access to the cave is restricted due to the season- 
al presence of federally endangered gray bats (Myotis grisescens). Pigeon Roost 
Cave is developed in Mississippian aged limestones, specifically the Boone and 
underlying St. Joe formations. The cave is located in an oak-hickory forest typi- 
cal of the type found throughout much of northern Arkansas (Spetich, 2004). 

Twelve crickets were captured alive inside the cave. While in the cave, each 
cricket was placed into separate 50 mL centrifuge tubes containing 7.5 mL of 
sterile deionized water and 0.25 mL of a wetting agent (Tween 20). The surfac- 
tant was used as a wetting agent to elute any substances carried by the crickets. 
The tube was shaken gently for a few seconds, after which the cricket was 
removed and placed in a single holding container lined with sterile paper. 
Crickets were removed from the cave and held in the holding container without 
food for 5 days at 20°C to collect fecal pellets. 

Fecal pellets (frass) deposited by the crickets on the bottom of the holding 
container were combined into two samples. Each sample was transferred to a 
sterile 50 mL centrifuge tube containing 7.5 mL of sterile distilled water. The pel- 
lets in each tube were broken up with the use of a sterile glass rod and vigorous 
shaking of the sealed tubes. 

Isolation procedures used for dictyostelids were those described by Cavender 
and Raper (1965). Aliquots (each 0.5 mL) of the “cricket wash” from each of the 


294 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


12 tubes were added to each of two 100 x 15 mm culture plates prepared with 
hay infusion agar (Raper, 1984). The same procedure was followed for the two 
tubes containing the suspended material from the fecal pellets except that three 
plates were prepared from each tube. Approximately 0.4 ml of a heavy suspen- 
sion of E. coli was added to each culture plate, and plates were incubated under 
diffuse light at 20—25°C. Each plate was examined at least once a day for sever- 
al days following appearance of initial aggregations, and the location of each 
aggregate clone marked. When necessary, isolates were subcultured to facilitate 
identification. Nomenclature used herein follows Raper (1984). 


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

Five different species of dictyostelids appeared in one or both of the plates 
prepared with “cricket wash” from six of the twelve crickets we examined (Table 
1), and three of these were recovered from a single cricket. Because Pigeon 
Roost Cave was one of the caves investigated for the presence of dictyostelids in 
a larger study of the distribution and occurrence of these organisms (Landolt et 
al., 2006), data are available on the species present. Dictyostelium purpureum, 
recovered from crickets, was not isolated from samples of cave soil. Two other 
species (D. rosarium Raper and Cavender and Polysphondylium pallidum Olive), 
recorded from cave soil, were not recovered from the crickets. One of the six 
plates prepared with suspended material from the fecal pellets yielded a single 
colony of D. sphaerocephalum. 


Table 1. Occurrence of dictyostelids in the two sets of samples. Plus (+) indi- 
cates presence, minus (-) indicates absence. 


Dictyostelid Species Cricket Wash Cricket Frass 
Dictyostelium giganteum Singh -: 2 
Dictyostelilum mucoroides Brefeld “i. - 
Dictyostelium purpureum Olive + = 
Dictyostelium sphaerocephalum (Oudem) 

Sacc and Marchal oF ae 
Polysphondylium violaceum Brefeld + 7 


Because several surface-dwelling invertebrates have been reported as vectors 
of dictyostelid spores (Huss, 1989), the results obtained in the present study are 
not unexpected. However, the fact that we were able to recover dictyostelids 
from half of the crickets examined suggests that these organisms potentially play 
a role in spore dispersal. A still unanswered question is whether cave crickets can 
introduce dictyostelids to caves. As noted above, cave crickets forage in the lit- 
ter layer on the forest floor outside the cave. Although the primary microhabitat 
for dictyostelids in forests is represented by the soil/humus layer that occurs at 
the interface of soil and the decomposing organic material (mostly leaf litter) 
located above the soil, dictyostelids also occur in the leaf litter itself (Stephenson 
and Landolt, 1996). As such, crickets would have the opportunity to come into 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 295 


contact with dictyostelid spores during their foraging activities in leaf litter. It 
seems likely that some of these spores could be introduced to caves. 

In summary, our data indicate that cave crickets can serve as vectors for dic- 
tyostelid spores within caves. Since the crickets forage outside the cave, it is pos- 
sible that they also introduce spores to caves from outside sources. The present 
study is the first to demonstrate that cave-dwelling invertebrates are capable of 
transporting dictyostelid spores. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


The research reported herein was supported in part by a grant (DEB-0316284) from the National 
Science Foundation and in part by The Nature Conservancy. Appreciation is extended to S. Taylor 
for suggesting the project. We thank G. Graening and S. Taylor for reviewing an early draft of the 
manuscript. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Benoit, J. G., J. A. Yoder, L. W. Zettler, and H. H. Hobbs II. 2004. Mycoflora of a trogloxenic 
cave cricket, Hadenoecus cumberlandicus (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae), from two small 
caves in northeastern Kentucky. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 97: 989-993. 


Cavender, J. C. 1973. Geographical distribution of Acrasiae. Mycologia 65: 1044-1054. 


Cavender, J. C. and K. B. Raper. 1965. The Acrasieae in nature. I. Isolation. American Journal of 
Botany 52: 294-296. 


Graening, G. O., M. E. Slay, and K. K. Tinkle. 2004. Bioinventory and bioassessment of caves 
of the Sylamore Ranger District, Ozark National Forest, Arkansas. Journal of the Arkansas 
Academy of Science 57: 44-58. 


Hubbell, T. H. 1936. A monographic revision of the genus Ceuthophilus (Orthoptera, Grylla- 
crididae, Rhapidophorinae). University of Florida Publication, Biological Science Series 2: 1- 
Ss. 


Huss, M. J. 1989. Dispersal of cellular slime molds by two soil invertebrates. Mycologia 81: 677- 
682. 


Landolt, J. C., S. L. Stephenson, and M. E. Slay. 2006. Dictyostelid cellular slime molds from 
caves. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 68: 22-26. 


Olive, L. S. 1975. The Mycetozoans. Academic Press. New York, New York, U.S.A. 293 pp. 


Raper, K. B. 1984. The dictyostelids. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A. 
453 pp. 


Spetich, M. A. (Editor). 2004. Upland oak ecology symposium: history, current conditions, and sus- 
tainability. General Technical Report SRS-73. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, South- 
ern Research Station. Asheville, North Carolina, U.S.A. 311 pp. 


Stephenson, S. L. and J. C. Landolt. 1992. Vertebrates as vectors of cellular slime molds in tem- 
perate forests. Mycological Research 96: 670-672. 


Stephenson, S. L. and J.C. Landolt. 1996. The vertical distribution of dictyostelids and myxomy- 
cetes in the soil/litter microhabitat. Nova Hedwigia 62: 105-117. 


Suthers, H. B. 1985. Ground-feeding migratory songbirds as cellular slime mold distribution vec- 
tors. Oecologia (Berlin) 65: 526-530. 


Taylor, S. J., J. K. Krejca, and M. L. DeNight. 2005. Foraging range and habitat use of Ceutho- 
philus secretus (Orthoptera: Rhapidophoridae), a key trogloxene in central Texas cave communi- 
ties. American Midland Naturalist 154: 97-114. 


296 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


THE GENUS ZOGRAPHETUS WATSON 
(LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERITDAE) IN CHINA, 
WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES' 


Xiao-ling Fan,’ Min Wang,’ Liu-sheng Chen,’ and Ling Zeng’ 


ABSTRACT: Two new species, Zographetus pangi Fan and Wang sp. nov. from Nanling National 
Nature Reserve, Guangdong, and Z. hainanensis Fan and Wang sp. nov. from Yinggeling, Hainan, 
China, are described and illustrated. Z. pangi is allied to Z. rama, but can be easily separated from 
the latter by forewing lack of swollen vein in the male, and hindwing underside having dark brown 
spots, as well as the valva of male genitalia without pointed protruding in the upper margin of the 
harpal process. Z. hainanensis is closely related to Z. pangi, differing from the latter in having the 
small white spot in space M, on forewing upperside and that on underside more distinct, the spot in 
upper cell rather smaller; valva with the harpal process nearly rectangular, the upper margin nearly 
straight. Female genitalia of Z. satwa de Nicéville is described for the first time. 


KEY WORDS: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae, Zographetus, new species, China 


The genus Zographetus was described by Watson in 1893 with Jsoteinon 
satwa de Nicéville, 1884 as its type. The striking features of the genus are small- 
er size; palpi with the third segment short; forewing vein M, down-curved at its 
base, with ground color on upperside dark brown, and small white hyaline spots; 
hindwing underside with ground color ferruginous, and black spots in cell and 
postdiscal area. Based on forewing venation and secondary sexual characters, the 
genus includes two remarkable groups, e.g., the Z. satwa group and Z. ogygia 
group. The former comprises Z. satwa, Z. rama, Z. abima and Z. pallens with 
forewing vein Cu, arising much closer to the wing base than to vein Cu,, and the 
basal portion of vein Cu, and the cubitus are swollen in the male (de Jong, 1993); 
the latter is composed of the remaining species, with forewing vein Cu, arising 
slightly closer to vein Cu, than to the wing base, male without swollen vein 
(Eliot, 1992; de Jong, 1993). 

The knowledge of the genus Zographetus from China has been summarized 
by Chou (1994), in which three species are included. Later, four species of the 
genus were reported from Hainan (Gu and Chen, 1998). Unfortunately, most of 
the species they recognized are misidentified. 

Prior to the present study, only nine species are known in the genus (Bridge, 
1994), ranging from northeastern India through southern China and the Malay 
Peninsula to the Philippines, Sulawesi and the Lesser Sunda Islands, of which 
one species, Zographetus satwa (de Nicéville, 1884) has been recorded in China. 
Recently, we conducted a systematic research of the genus from China based on 
our collection, and two species were confirmed as new to science. 


'Received on July 11, 2006. Accepted on April 3, 2002. 


> Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, 
China. E-mails: fanxiaol66@scau.edu.cn, minwang@scau.edu.cn, Ishchen78@163.com, zengling 
@scau.edu.cn, respectively. 


Mailed on July 31, 2007 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 237), 


METHODS 
The terminology used in descriptions of morphology follows Evans (1949) 
and Shirdzu (1960). Photographs were taken with a Nikon Coolpix 995 digital 
camera, along with a Leica MZ125 for genitalic photos. Digital images were 
imported into Adobe Photoshop 6.0 for labeling and plate composition. Measure- 
ments are given in millimeters. 


Zographetus satwa (de Nicéville, 1884) 
Isoteinon satwa de Nicéville, 1884: 86. (Type locality: Assam, India) 


Zographetus satwa: Watson, 1893: 85; Seitz, 1927: 1067; Evans, 1949: 299; Pinratana, 1985: 71; 
Chou, 1994: 740; Gu and Chen, 1998: 329; Huang (Ed.), 2001, 4: 147. 


Widespread species; hindwing underside with basal half yellow, distal half 
brown making it different from other congenerics. Herein, we describe and illus- 
trate the female genitalia for the first time. 

Female genitalia (Fig. 1): Papilla analis completely sclerotized; lamella ante- 
vaginalis broad, with upper-lateral processes; lamella postvaginalis long and nar- 
row rectangular, protruded medianly; ductus bursa short and sclerotized; copula- 
trix bursa long globular; signum absent. 


Fig. 1. Female genitalia of Zographetus satwa (de Nicéville, 1884), scale = 1 mm. 


298 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Examined Specimens: | male, China: Hainan, Jianfengling, 1983. III. 26, leg. 
M. B. Gu; 1 female, China: Yunnan, Mengla County, 1994. IV. 17, leg. X. L. Fan 
and M. Wang. 

Distribution: Yunnan, Hainan, Hong Kong; Sikkim, India, Burma, Thailand, 
W. Malaysia, Sumatra, Java. 


Zographetus pangi Fan and Wang, NEW SPECIES 
(Figs. 2-3) 


Diagnosis: Externally the new species is closely allied to Z. rama (refer to 
Eliot, 1992; Evans, 1949 for photos of adults and male geinitalia), but can be dis- 
tingished from the latter by forewing with the spots in cell connected; hindwing 
underside with dark brown spots in spaces M3, Cu,, Cu,, and M;; the valva of male 
genitalia without pointed protruding in the upper margin of the harpal process. 

Description of the male: Forewing length 16 mm, antenna length 11 mm (Fig. 
2). 

Head. Antennae longer than 1/2 of forewing costa, dark brown with club pale 
yellow inwardly before the apiculus, which is pointed and hooked; palpi second 
segment porrect, densely covered with long yellow scales ventrally, third segment 
short and small. 

Wing. Wings upperside with ground color dark brown. Forewing with orange 
hair tuft at the basal dorsum, and five white spots in spaces R;, M3, Cu, and cell, 
of which the double spots in cell connected and the one in space R; and upper cell 
rather small; hindwing unmarked. Forewing underside with ground color and 
white spots the same as of the upperside, covered with yellow brown scales along 
costa and at apex, small black spots in spaces M, and M,; hindwing underside yel- 
low, costa and termen dark brown, with small dark brown spots in the spaces M,, 
Cu,, Cu,, and M,, the one in space M, blurred, distal cell spot dark brown with yel- 
low centrally. 

Male genitalia (Fig. 3). Uncus long and thin with distinct fenestrula; socius and 
gnathos absent; saccus broad and long; valva nearly rectangular, the harpal process 
broad with upper margin wavy and armed with small spines basally, end blunt, the 
ampullar process thin and digit-shaped, shorter than the harpal process; aedeagus 
with subzonal sheath slim basally, suprazonal sheath stout; juxta U-shaped with a 
common base. 

Female: Unknown. 

Type Data: Holotype, male, China: Guangdong, Ruyuan, Nanling National 
Nature Reserve, 2003. VI. 12, leg. Min Wang and Guo-Hua Huang. Paratype, | 
male, same data as holotype. Deposited in Department of Entomology, South 
China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. 

Host Plant: Unknown. 

Distribution: Known only from the type locality. 

Etymology of specific epithet: Named in honor of the late Prof. Xongfei Pang for 
his contributions to entomology in China. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 20 


Fig. 2. Zographetus pangi sp. nov. ( scale = 10 mm) A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. 


Figs. 3. Male genitalia of Zographetus pangi sp. nov. A. ring, lateral view. B. tegumen, 
dorsal view. C. valva, inner view. D. aedeagus. E. juxta. Scale = 1 mm. 


Zographetus hainanensis Fan and Wang, NEW SPECIES 
(Figs. 4-5) 


Diagnosis: The new species is similar to Z. rama in appearance, differing 
from the latter in the small white spot in space M, on forewing upperside, and 
that on underside more distinct, the spot in upper cell rather small; hindwing with 
dark brown spots in spaces M3, Cul and Cu,; the valva of male genitalia with- 
out pointed protruding in the upper margin of the harpal process. 


Description of the male: Forewing length 14 mm, antenna length 9 mm (Fig. 
4). 

Head. Antennae longer than 1/2 of forewing costa, dark brown with club pale 
yellow inwardly before the apiculus, which is pointed and hooked; palpi second 
segment porrect, densely covered with long gray scales ventrally, third segment 
short and small. 


300 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Wing. Wings upperside with ground color dark brown. Forewing with orange 
hair tuft at the basal dorsum, and white spots in spaces R;, M3, M,, Cu, and cell, 
of which the spots in space M, and upper cell very small; hindwing unmarked. 
Forewing underside with ground color and white spots the same as of the upper- 
side, covered with yellow brown scales along costa and at apex; hindwing under- 
side yellow brown, costa and termen dark brown, with small dark brown spots in 
the spaces M3, Cu,, Cu, distal cell spot dark brown and comma-shaped. 

Male genitalia (Fig. 5). Uncus long and thin with distinct fenestrula; socius 
and gnahos absent; saccus broad and long; valva broad and long, the harpal 
process nearly rectangular with upper margin straight and covered with small 
spines, the ampullar process thin and digit-shaped, shorter than the harpal 
process; aedeagus with subzonal sheath thinner than suprazonal sheath; juxta U- 
shaped with a common base, lateral arms broader. 


Fig. 4. Zographetus hainanensis sp. nov. (scale = 10 mm) A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral 
view. 


Fig. 5. Male genitalia of Zographetus hainanensis sp. nov. A. ring, lateral view. B. tegu- 
men, dorsal view. C. valva, inner view. D. aedeagus. E. juxta. Scale = 1mm. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 301 


Female: Unknown. 

Type Data: Holotype, male, China: Hainan, Yinggeling, 2005. V. 12, leg. 
Min Wang and Liu-Sheng Chen. Paratype, 1 male, same data as holotype. 
Deposited in Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, 
Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. 

Host Plant: Unknown. 

Distribution: Known only from the type locality. 

Etymology of specific epithet: Referring to the type locality. 


DISCUSSION 

The genus Zographetus comprises a rather heterogeneous group of species, 
with differences in forewing venation and secondary sexual characters (Eliot, 
1992). The two new species, Z. pangi and Z. hainanensis, share the following 
characters: forewing upper side with an orange hair tuft at the basal dorsum, vein 
Cu, arises slightly closer to the wing base than to vein Cu,, no veins are swollen 
in the male; hindwing underside with dark brown spots. 

However, the latter differs from the former in forewing having the spot in 
upper cell rather smaller, while it is larger and distinct in Z. pangi; the spot in 
space M, is white on both sides in Z. hainanensis, while it is unmarked on upper- 
side and black on underside in Z. pangi; aedeagus with subzonal sheath is straight 
in Z. hainanensis, but it is bent in Z. pangi; valva with the dented upper margin 
of harpal process sinuated in Z. pangi, but it is straighter in Z. hainanensis. 

Zographetus pangi and Z. hainanensis differ from the species in the Z. ogygia 
group by having the forewing upper side with an orange hair tuft, from the 
Z. satwa group by the forewing lack of a swollen vein in the male. The forewing 
upper side has a hair tuft, which is also present in Z. rama, but Z. pangi and 
Z. hainanensis are easily separated from the latter by forewing lack of swollen 
vein in the male, and hindwing underside having dark brown spots, as well as the 
valva of male genitalia without pointed protruding in the upper margin of the 
harpal process. Obviously, the two species are very different from all other 
species of the genus. Further studies are required to infer monophyletic lineage 
and the species group of the genus Zographetus. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We thank the staff members of the Yinggeling and Nanling Nature Reserves for their kind help 
during the surveys, as well as Mr. Guo-hua Hang for collecting the specimens. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bridges, C. A. 1994. Catalogue of the family-group, genus-group and species-group names of the 
Hesperioidea (Lepidoptera) of the World. Part IX: 75. Charles A. Bridges. Urbana, U.S.A. 76 pp. 


302 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Chou, I. (Editor) 1994. Monographia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium. Henan Scientific and 
Technological Publishing House. Zhengzhou, China. 854 pp. 


Eliot, J. N. 1992. Revision of Corbet, A. S. and H. M. Pendlebury. The butterflies of the Malay 
Peninsula. Malayan Nature Society. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 597 pp. 


de Nicéville, C. L. A. 1884. On new and little-known Rhopalocera from the Indian Region. Journal 
of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Part II 52(2/4): 65-91. 


Evans, W. H. 1949. A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia & Australia in the British 
Museum (Natural History). The British Museum. London, England, United Kingdom. 502 pp, 
pls) 1-537 


Gu, M. B. and P. Z. Chen. 1998. Butterflies Hainan Island. China Forestry Publishing House. 
Being, China. 355 pp. 

Huang, B. K. (Editor) 2001. Fauna of Insects in Fujian Province of China. Volume 4. Fujian 
Scientific and Technological Publishing House. Fuzhou, China. 165 pp. 

Pinratana, A. 1985. Butterflies in Thailand Volume 5. Hesperiidae. Viratham Press. Bangkok, 
Thailand. vi + 152 pp. 

Seitz, A. (Editor) 1912-1927. Macrolepidoptera of the World. Volume 9. Indo-Australian Butter- 
flies. Alfred Kernen. Stuttgart, Germany. 1197 pp. 

Shirézu, T. 1960. Butterflies of Formosa in Colour. Hoikusha. Osaka, Japan. 4to: vi + 481, tfs 1- 
479, pls 1-76. 


Watson, E. Y. 1893. A proposed classification of the Hesperiidae, with a revision of the genera. 
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 3-132. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 303 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE 
LACEWING FAUNA OF TURKEY (NEUROPTERA: 
CONIOPTERYGIDAE, MYRMELEONTIDAE), WITH 
SOME ECOLOGICAL REMARKS 


Savas Canbulat 


ABSTRACT: I report on three lacewings, a dusty wing, Parasemidalis fuscipennis, and two rare 
myrmeleontids, Myrmecaelurus spectabilis and Distoleon kabulensis, coming from Turkish lacewing 
fauna. Faunistic data and habitats are provided. Photographs of wings of two ant lions, drawings on 
male and female external and internal genitalia structure of Myrmecaelurus spectabilis and female 
genitalia of Distoleon kabulensis are illustrated with 9 figures. The distribution map with new record- 
ing sites is also given. 


KEY WORDS: Neuroptera, Coniopterygidae, Myrmeleontidae, new records, Turkey 


Until the 1960s neuropterologists did not pay attention to the rich Turkish 
lacewing fauna. In the past four decades, however, all families of Neuroptera 
(Osmylidae, Coniopterygidae, Hemerobiidae, Chrysopidae, Dilaridae Mantispi- 
dae, Berothidae, Nemopteridae, Myrmeleontidae, Ascalaphidae) living in Turkey 
have been intensively researched. Turkish and foreign neuropterologists have 
collected and identified many lacewings from various localities of Turkey 
(Aspock and Aspock 1969; Aspock and Holzel 1996; Aspock et al., 1980, 2001; 
Canbulat 2002; Canbulat and Kiyak 2002a, 2005a; Gepp 1974; H6lzel 1972, 
1987; Kacirek 1998; Meinander 1990; Monserrat and Hélzel 1987; Popov 1986; 
Sengonca 1979). Nevertheless, the lacewing fauna of Turkey is believed to be 
richer. 

Previous studies have mostly focused on the local fauna of Neuroptera, and 
only a few pieces of information are available on the distribution of Neuroptera 
at national level due to the lack of provincial and countrywide surveys. Aspock 
et al. (2001) catalogued 170 species and 1 subspecies from 10 lacewing families, 
but subsequent studies revealed the presence of 11 other species for the Turkish 
fauna (Canbulat and Kiyak 2002b, 2003a, b, 2004, 2005b; Kacirek 1998; Onar 
and Aktag 2002) yielding 181 lacewing species and | subspecies. 

The aim of this study was to investigate the lacewing fauna of Turkey at the 
provincial level looking for new records which will be added to the forthcoming 
checklist of Neuroptera of Turkey. 


METHODS 
In 2004 and 2005, neuropterans were collected from Kayseri and Bolu 
provinces of Turkey by sweep net. Specimens were killed in ethyl acetate and 
cyanide jars, prepared and labeled according to the standard procedures for 


Received on April 24, 2006. Accepted on April 17, 2007. 


* Sakarya University, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Department of Biology, 54140 Sakarya, Turkey. 
E-mail: scanbulat@sakarya.edu.tr. 


Mailed on July 31, 2007 


304 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


museum material. Specimens were identified based on the taxonomic keys of 
Aspock et al. (1980), Hélzel (1972), Krivokhatsky (1998) and Meinander (1972). 
The drawings of gonarcus-parameres complexes and apex of abdomen of 
M. spectabilis and drawings of spermatheca and apex of abdomen of D. kabu- 
lensis were made by using an Olympus BX41 microscope with a drawing attach- 
ment. The drawings of genitalic structures of both ant-lion females give adequate 
information from taxonomical and morphological point of view to identify the 
specimens. Specimens of the newly recorded species are deposited in the insect 
collection of Sakarya University, Science, as well as in the Art Faculty in the 
Department of Biology, Sakarya, Turkey. 


SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY 


Parasemidalis fuscipennis (Reuter, 1894) 

Material Examined: Turkey, Kayseri province (Hisarik town; 5. km from 
Hisarik to Develi, Erctyes Mountain), 38°20'N/35°49'E, 1520 m, one female, 
28.V.2004. This species was collected by a net in a coniferous forest (Abies cili- 
cica subsp. cilicica) (Leg. S. Canbulat). Drawings of the genitalia segments and 
identification keys to species of Coniopterygidae can be found in Aspock et al. 
(1980) and Meinander (1972). 

Sziraki (1992) reported collecting of P fuscipennis on oak trees in a gallery 
forest in Hungary. Popov (1986) found this species in Juniperus spp. (asl. 700 m) 
in Bulgaria. Greve (1997) showed an association between P. fuscipennis and 
coniferous trees, especially Pinus sylvestris and Juniperus communis by using 
light traps. However, Monserrat and Diaz-Aranda (1987) caught this species in 
Crataegus monogyna. In Norway the seasonal flight activity of imago was found 
from June to early July (Greve 1997). 

Aspock et al. (1980) encountered small hoki tei of this species in Europe. 
The species spread in Holarctic distribution, and were mainly recorded from 
Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, 
Denmark, Spain, France, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Croatia, Italy, Latvia, 
Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Finland, Slovenia, Serbia and 
Montenegro. Asia: Mongolia. North America: USA (Michigan, Arizona, Cali- 
fornia), Mexico (Durango) (Aspock et al., 2001). 


Myrmecaelurus spectabilis Navas, 1912 
Figure 1-6 


Material Examined: Turkey, Bolu province (Ankara-Gerede road, 13 km to 
Gerede), 1300 m, one male, two females, 17.VI.2005. This species was collect- 
ed by a net on steppe vegetation (Leg. S. Canbulat). 

The original description of the species was short but later a partial description 
(without female figures) of wings, male genitalia and end of abdomen was given 
by Krivokhatsky (1998: 45 Figure 11), based on the specimens collected in Ar- 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 305 


menia (Arax River) and presently deposited in the Zoological Institute of the 
Russian Academy of Sciences. However, even this study did not provide any 
information on the female genitalia. 

This species has been collected in Armenia and Russia, but the actual range of 
the species remains unknown (Aspock et al., 2001). Krivokhatsky (http://www. 
zin.ru/projects/zinsecta/eng/ZInsecta.asp) reported some specimens of M. spec- 
tabilis from Russia (Duske) (2 males, 5 females) (missing) (FZM), Armenia 
(Artik) of 1937 Armenia (Artik) (1 female) (ZIN) and 14 km southeast of 
Sarikamis in Turkey (18.VII.1999, 4 males) (ZIN). 

As it is the second time for M. spectabilis to be detected in Turkey, the author 
gives the male and female genitalia drawings and a photograph of wings of 
M. spectabilis in Figs. 1-6 to ease species recognition. 


Figure 1. Myrmecaelurus spectabilis: 1. Right wings. 


306 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Figures 2-6. Myrmecaelurus spectabilis: 2. Pleuritosquamae and apex of male abdomen, 
lateral view. 3. Genital structure of male, lateral view. 4. Gonarcus and parameres com- 
plex, lateral view. 5. Apex of female abdomen, lateral view. 6. Spermatheca, lateral view. 


Distoleon kabulensis H6lzel, 1972 
‘Figure 7-9 


Material Examined: Turkey, Kayseri province (Pinarbasi town, around 
Cinlidren Village), 38°50'N/36°15'E, one female, 1350 m, 14.VII.2004. The 
specimen was found in habitat with dense vegetation consisting of various 
species of Poaceae (Leg. S. Canbulat). 

Distoleon kabulensis was originally described from Afghanistan, Iran, and 
Anatolia (Turkey), and seems to be widespread, but rarely collected in the south- 
west Palaearctic region. There is no available information on its ecological 
tolerance (H6lzel 1972). Distoleon kabulensis is thought to be an Iranoeremial 
faunal element (Aspock et al., 2001). 

The description of D. kabulensis by Hélzel (1972) was not complete and 
lacked genitalia drawings. Because of this a description of the female of the 
species follows. 


Description of female D. kabulensis 
Body 23 mm, forewings 23 mm, hind wings 21 mm. Body color brown. 
Head brown, clypeus and frons yellow, terminal segment of labial palps thick- 
ened with brown and brown hairs. Vertex curved, with medial line and two rows 
across with dark brown spots. Eyes convex. Antennae clavate, length 6 mm, fla- 
gellum segment with brown, distally becoming progressively brighter. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 307 


Figures 7-9. Distoleon kabulensis: 7. Right wings. 8. Apex of female abdomen, lateral 
view. 9. Spermatheca, lateral view. 


Pronotum brief, not longer than broad, yellowish strips before the side edge, 
white bristle lateral. Meso and metanotum dark; small yellow marks only at the 
mesocutellum. Wings yellow with interrupted brown lines, interrupted with 
brown at intersections of crossveins, membranes shaded with brown (Fig. 7). 
Forewing shading, longitudinal veins pale, interrupted with brown at intersec- 
tions of crossveins, Sc, and last part of R, Cua fork, Cua, completely dark brown, 
in forewing 6 crossveins before last part of Rs and crossveins between with dark 
brown. Hinterwing Rs fork last part brown. Pterostigma distinct. Legs; coxae and 
femora yellow, tibia yellow distal part brown. Tibia of all legs white bristle and 
dark long thorn. Fifth segment of tarsi as long as 1-4 tarsi. Spurs basal pale yel- 
low distal brown, slightly curved, as long as tarsi 1-4. 


308 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Abdomen of female shorter than wings, with clear brown with short white 
hair. Apex of female abdomen as in (Fig. 8). Ectoprocts with digging setae on 
ventral surface; two pairs of gonapophyses present: with short cylindrical gona- 
pophyses anterior and spherically round gonapophyses posterior, forming a glo- 
bose structure with digging setae. Spermatheca twist, slightly enlarged distally 
(Fig. 9). 

Drawings of female genitalia, spermatheca, and photograph of wings (Figs. 7- 
9) are published here for the first time. 


Figure 10. Distribution of (M) Parasemidalis fuscipennis, (A) Myrmecaelurus spectabilis 
and (%) Distoleon kabulensis in Turkey. 


DISCUSSION 

Five species of Parasemidalis are known from Europe, Mongolia, U.S.A., and 
Mexico (Meinander 1990). This is the first report for the genus and species 
(P. fuscipennis) for the Turkish lacewing fauna, southwest part of Palaearctic 
region. Due to their very small size, many dusty wing species may still remain 
undetected in Turkey. 

The dry climate, loose soil, and scarce vegetation are favorable to ant-lions 
and, not surprisingly, the Turkish ant-lion fauna is extremely rich in species as 
compared with the European counterpart. Due to the intensive fieldwork made 
by Turkish neuropterologists, the number of Turkish ant-lion species has contin- 
uously increased in the last twenty years, useful in faunistical and zoogeograph- 
ical evaluations. 

The second male and the first female of M. spectabilis, the very rare species 
were recorded from Turkey. Until now only a male specimen has been known in 
Sarikamis (Kars, Turkey) (Krivokhatsky [http://www.zin.ru)]. It should be noted 
that M. spectabilis is formally new to the country. Furthermore, the female of this 
species is recorded for the first time in Turkey. In West Anatolia, where M. spec- 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 309 


tabilis was collected, the transition among the Mediterranean, Euro-Siberian, and 
Irano-Turanian regions is occupied by scrub or even parklike forest often domi- 
nated by junipers and deciduous forests. 

Species of Distoleon are one of the least known groups of Myrmeleontidae in 
Turkey. In this genus, three species have been recorded in Turkey (Aspock et al., 
2001). Distoleon kabulensis was also found for the second time in Turkey. This 
species was recorded in the part of type series from Anatolia (Turkey) in Elazig 
province (Ergani-Maden town) (Holzel 1972). On the other hand, Aspéck et al. 
(2001) did not cite the data of the paratype female in the catalogue of west 
Palearctic fauna. The new localities for Distoleon kabulensis are in the Irano- 
Turanian zoogeographical region extending from Central to East Anatolia in Tur- 
key. j 

Further studies at the provincial level are likely to reveal more new species for 
both the Turkish and the world fauna. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
I wish to thank Dr. Orkun Baris Kovanci for linguistic editing the manuscript. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Aspock, H. and U. Aspéck. 1969. Die Neuropteren Mitteleuropas. Ein Nachtrag zur Synopsis der 
Systematik, Okologie und Biogeographie der Neuropteren Mitteleuropas. Naturkundliches 
Jahrbuch der Stadt Linz 1969: 17-68. 


Aspock, H., U. Aspéck, and H. Holzel. 1980. Die Neuropteren Europas. Eine zusammenfassende 
Darstellung der Systematik, Okologie und Chorologie der Neuropteroidea (Megaloptera, Raphi- 
dioptera, Planipennia) Europas. Goecke and Evers. Krefeld, Germainy. Volume I, 495 pp.; vol- 
ume II, 355 pp. 


Aspock, H. and H. Hélzel. 1996. The Neuropteroidea of North Africa, Mediterranean Asia and of 
Europe: a comparative review (Insecta). pp 31-86. Jn, M. Canard, H. Aspé6ck and M.W. Mansell 
(Editors.). Pure and Applied Research in Neuropterology. Proceedings of the Fifth International 
Symposium on Neuropterology. Cairo, Egypt. Printed in Toulouse, France. 341 pp. 


Aspock, H., H. Hélzel, and U. Aspéck. 2001. Kommentierter Katalog der Neuropterida (Insecta: 
Raphidioptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera) der Westpalaarktis. Denisia 02. Linz, Austria. 606 pp. 


Canbulat, S. 2002. Contributions to the Knowledge of Turkish Neuroptera from Kayseri Province 
(Insecta; Neuroptera). Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology of Gazi University 
15(3): 633-639. 

Canbulat, S. and S. Kiyak. 2002a. A study on the Neuroptera Fauna of Canakkale Province 
(Insecta: Neuroptera). Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology of Gazi University 
15(2): 413-418. 

Canbulat, S. and S. Kiyak. 2002b. Nineta pallida (Schneider, 1846) new to Turkey (Neuroptera: 
Chrysopidae). Journal of the Entomological Research Society 4(1): 11-14. 


Canbulat, S. and S. Kiyak. 2003a. A new record of ant-lions for the Turkish fauna (Insecta, 
Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae). Journal of the Entomological Research Society 5(1): 17-20. 


Canbulat, S. and S. Kiyak. 2003b. A new species of the Genus Nineta from Turkey (Neuroptera: 
Chrysopidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 50(1): 129-131. 


310 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Canbulat, S. and S. Kiyak. 2004. Four species of Lacewing (Insecta; Neuroptera) new to the fauna 
of Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East. 32: 113-114. 


Canbulat, S. and S. Kiyak. 2005a. Contribution of the Fauna of Neuroptera (Insecta) of South- 
Western Anatolia. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum, Entomology 13: 9-60. 


Canbulat, S. and S. Kiyak. 2005b. A new species of the Genus Dichochrysa from Turkey (Neu- 
roptera: Chrysopidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 52(2): 225-228. 


Gepp, J. 1974. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Neuropteren der Turkei, Entomologische Berichten 34: 
102-104. 


Greve, L. 1997. The family Coniopterygidae (Neuroptera) in Norway. Fauna Norvegica (B) 44: 
143-157. 


Hdlzel, H. 1972. Die Neuropteren Vorderasiens [V. Myrmeleonidae. Beitrage zur Naturkundlichen 
Forschung in Stdwestdeutschland 1: 3-103. 


Holzel, H. 1987. Revision der Distoleonini. I. Die Genera Macronemurus Costa, Geyria Esben- 
Petersen and Mesonemurus Navas (Planipennia, Myrmeleonidae). Entomofauna Zeitschrift fir 
Entomologie 8(27): 369-412. 


Kacirek, A. 1998. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Familien Myrmeleontidae, Ascalaphidae and Nemop- 
teridae (Neuroptera) der Tirkei. Klapalekiana 34: 183-188. 


Krivokhatsky, V. A. http://www.zin.ru/projects/zinsecta/eng/ZInsecta.asp. 25 June 2005. 


Krivokhatsky, V. A. 1998. Zoogeography of Palaearctic ant-lions (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae). 
Report of the 51st. Annual Reading in Memory of Nicolai Alexandrovich Holodkovsky. St. 
Petersburg, Russia. 90 pp. 


Meinander, M. 1972. A revision of the family Coniopterygidae (Planipennia). Acta Zoologica 
Fennica 136: 1-357. 


Meinander, M. 1990. The Coniopterygidae (Neuroptera: Planipennia). A check-list of the species 
of the world, descriptions of new species and other new data. Acta Zoologica Fennica 189: 1-95. 


Monserrat, V. J. and L. M. Diaz-Aranda. 1987. Contribucion al conocimiento de los neuropteros 
de Cuenca (Neuropteroidea, Raphidioptera, Planipennia). Boletin de la Asociacion. Espanola de 
Entomologia 11: 171-189. 


Monserrat, V. J. and H. Holzel. 1987. Contribucion al conocimiento de los neuropteros de 
Anatolia (Neuropteroidea, Planipennia). Eos 63: 133-142. 


Onar, N. and N. Aktag. 2002. Edirne yéresi Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) Faunasi tzerine Taksono- 
mik ve Faunistik Arastirmalar. Tiirk Entomoloji Dergisi 26(2): 121-134. 


Popov, A. 1986. Coniopterygiden aus Bulgarien (Neuroptera). Entomologische Nachrichten und 
Berichte 30: 167-171. 


Sziraki, G. 1992. Coniopterygidae of Hungary with a key to the identification of Coniopteryx 
Curtis females (Insecta: Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae), pp 359-366. In, M. Canard, H. Aspock, 
and M. W. Mansell, (Editors): Current Research in Neuropterology. Proceedings of the Fourth 
International Symposium on Neuropterology. Symposium held in Bagnéres-de-Luchon, France. 


Sengonca, ©. 1979. Beitrag zur Neuropterenfauna der Tiirkei. Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen 
Entomologen 28(1): 10-15. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 311 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


ORTHOGRAPHY AND DISTRIBUTION OF 
PARALEPTOPHLEBIA PACKTT (EPHEMEROPTERA: 
LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE) IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA’ 


W. P. McCafferty’ 


Leptophlebia packii Needham was originally described from the North Fork 
of the Ogden River, Weber County, Utah, by Needham (1927). This species is 
one of the tusked burrowing leptophlebiids of western North America (e.g. 
Edmunds and McCafferty 1996), and was referred to as Pack’s Tusker by Need- 
ham and Christenson (1927). Traver (1935) correctly referred to it as the recom- 
bined Paraleptophlebia packii (Needham). Beginning with its citation in a 
checklist by Edmunds and Allen (1957), it has been incorrectly referred to as 
Paraleptophlebia packi. As per the recent correction of the name Drunella 
doddsii (Needham) by Jacobus and McCafferty (2004), even if the subsequent 
emendation of orthography was deliberate, the use of the first spelling ending in 
“-117” is mandated by Section 4 of Article 33 of the current International Code of 
Zoological Nomenclature (1999), and the original orthography is here restored. 
This species has been known from Grand and Jackson Counties in Colorado 
(McCafferty et al., 1993), Weber County in Utah (Needham 1927), and Teton 
County in Wyoming (Kroger 1974). 

New records of P. packii based on materials residing in the Purdue Entomo- 
logical Research Collection, West Lafayette, Indiana, or on data provided by the 
late George Edmunds, include the following: 

UTAH: Summit County, Weber River, at Peoa, 14-X-1970, M. M. Boreman 
(larvae); Wasatch County, Provo River, at Midway, 11-XI-1947, G. F. Edmunds 
(larvae and adults); Weber County, South Fork Weber River, at Huntsville, 20- 
XI-1968, G. Z. Jacobi (larvae). 

WYOMING: Natrona County, North Platte River, at By-The-Way Ranch, ca. 
24 miles southwest of Casper, off State Road 220, 8-X-2001, W. P. and 
N. McCafferty (larvae). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Edmunds, G. F. and R. K. Allen. 1957. A checklist of the Ephemeroptera of North America north 
of Mexico. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 50: 317-324. 


Edmunds, G. F. and W. P. McCafferty. 1996. New field observations on burrowing in Ephemer- 
optera from around the world. Entomological News 107: 68-76. 


‘Received on October 24, 2006. Accepted on May 18, 2007. 


*Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 U.S.A. E-mail: 
mecaffer@purdue.edu. 


Mailed on July 31, 2007 


312 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Jacobus, L. M. and W. P. McCafferty. 2004. Revisionary contributions to the genus Drunella 
(Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 112: 127-147. 


Kroger, R. W. 1974. Invertebrate drift in the Snake River, Wyoming. Hydrobiologia 44: 369-380. 


McCafferty, W. P., R. S Durfee, and B. C Kondratieff. 1993. Colorado mayflies (Ephemerop- 
tera): an annotated inventory. Southwestern Naturalist 38: 252-274. 


Needham, J. G. 1927. A baetine mayfly nymph with tusked mandibles. Canadian Entomologist 59: 
44-47. 


Needham, J. G. and R. O. Christenson. 1927. Economic insects in some streams of northern 
Utah. Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 201: 3-34. 


Traver, J. R. 1935. Part II, Systematic. Pp. 239-739 In, The Biology of mayflies. J. Needham, J. 
Traver, and Y. Hsu (Editors). Comstock Publishers. Ithaca, NY, U.S.A. 759 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 313 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


FIRST RECORD OF ITHYTRICHIA (TRICHOPTERA: 
HYDROPTILIDAE) IN MICHIGAN, U.S.A.! 


Jaquelyn M. Craig’ and Margret A. Chriscinske’ 


The microcaddisfly genus [thytrichia Eaton (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) has 
been previously reported from many Great Lakes states (Illinois: Ross 1944, 
Ohio: Huryn and Foote 1983, Wisconsin: Hilsenhoff 1995, Pennsylvania: 
Moulton et al., 1999, Minnesota: Houghton et al., 2001, New York: Bode et al., 
2002) and Canada (Barton and Hynes 1978), but had not previously been docu- 
mented from Michigan. /thytrichia larvae are strongly compressed laterally and 
have distinct lobate projections. They produce a purse-like case made of silk 
secretions and live on rocks and moss in lotic habitats where their ability to keep 
the flat side of their case against the substrate is advantageous (Wiggins 1996). 

Ithytrichia specimens were identified as part of a benthic macroinvertebrate 
community survey for the Crystal River within Sleeping Bear Dunes National 
Lakeshore, conducted in July and September 2004 and June 2005. The park is 
located along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan in Leelanau County, Michigan. 
Our observations in conjunction with those of White (1987) describe the river as 
follows: it originates in Glen Lake, passes through Fisher Lake, and empties into 
Lake Michigan. Total stream length is <10 km, half of which is within the park. 
Although the river receives ground-water input, discharge is primarily surface 
water from the lakes, resulting in warm, rich, hard water. Beds of submerged 
aquatic vegetation over a sandy substrate are extensive in certain reaches of the 
river, while other areas are characterized by pool-riffle-run over sand and grav- 
el, and some segments of the stream are runs of bare sand. The low-head dam 
and culverts at County Road 675 provide areas of tailrace whitewater flow over 
cobble and gravel. Although depths range from less than 3 cm over some gravel 
bars to about 1.5 m in a deep run, the overall average depth of the river is about 
0.3-0.6 m. Typically, the shoreline is littered with woody debris and detritus. 

Benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected by D-frame dip-net. All 
samples were preserved in 10% buffered formalin and transported to the Great 
Lakes Science Center in Ann Arbor, MI, where they were sorted and identified. 
Trichoptera identification was based on Wiggins (1996), and representative spec- 
imens were donated to the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Insect 
Division, Trichoptera Collection. 

All 14 Ithytrichia specimens we encountered were larvae and were collected 
from a variety of substrate types and flow regimes. Whereas the literature indi- 


"Received on June 14, 2006. Accepted on May 18, 2007. 


*U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, 1451 Green Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105 U.S.A. 
E-mails: jcraig@usgs.gov, mchriscinske@usgs.gov 


Mailed on July 31, 2007 


314 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


cates that [thytrichia larvae inhabit rocks and moss in running water (Wiggins 
1996), the Crystal River specimens were found primarily on sand substrates, 
occasionally with gravel and/or aquatic vegetation. Numerous empty cases were 
found in most of the samples, indicating that occurrence of Jthytrichia in the 
Crystal River may be common. Although there is no larval key to species, our 
specimens are likely Jthytrichia clavata, based on known ranges of the three 
North American species. Future studies of Ithytrichia in Michigan should include 
adult light-traps and larval rearing to confirm species identification. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


This study was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Park Service through the 
National Resources Preservation Program. Field collections were performed by USGS-GLSC per- 
sonnel: Greg Kennedy, Glen Black, Jeff Allen, and Jerrine Nichols. This is contribution #1428 of the 
United States Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Barton, D. R. and H. B. N. Hynes. 1978. Wave-zone macrobenthos of the exposed Canadian 
shores of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes. Journal of Great Lakes Research 4: 27-45. 


Bode, R. W., M. A. Novak, L. E. Abele, D. L. Heitzman, and A. J. Smith. 2002. Quality assur- 
ance work plan for biological stream monitoring in New York State. Stream Biomonitoring Unit, 
Bureau of Water Assessment and Management, Division of Water, New York State Department 
of Environmental Conservation. City, New York, U.S.A. 122 pp. 


Hilsenhoff, W. L. 1995. Aquatic Insects of Wisconsin, Keys to Wisconsin Genera and Notes on 
Biology, Habitat, Distribution and Species. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Natural History 
Museums Council, No. 3., Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 79 pp. 


Houghton, D. C., R. W. Holzenthal, M. P. Monson, and D. B. MacLean. 2001. Updated check- 
list of the Minnesota caddisflies (Trichoptera) with geographic affinities. Transactions of the 
American Entomological Society 127: 495-512. 


Huryn, A. D. and B. A. Foote. 1983. An annotated list of the caddisflies (Trichoptera) of Ohio. 
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 85: 783. 


Moulton, I. S. R., S. C. Harris, and J. P. Slusark. 1999. The microcaddisfly genus Ithytrichia 
Eaton (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) in North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society 
of Washington 101: 233-241. 


Ross, H. H. 1944. The caddis flies, or Trichoptera, of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural 
History Survey 23: 1-326. 


White, D. S. 1987. Analysis of the limnology of four streams (Platte River, Crystal River, Shalda 
Creek, Otter Creek) in the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Seashore based on the macroinverte- 
brate fauna: A report to the National Park Service, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 
Empire, Michigan. Great Lakes Research Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michi- 
gan, U.S.A. 116 pp. 


Wiggins, G. B. 1996. Larvae of the North American caddisfly genera (Trichoptera). University of 
Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada. 457 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 315 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


OCCURRENCE OF THE CENTIPEDE, PARACRYPTOPS 
INEXPECTUS CHAMBERLIN, 1914, IN BARBADOS 
(SCOLOPENDROMORPHA: CRYPTOPIDAE: 
CRYPTOPINAE)' 


Rowland M. Shelley’ 


The cryptopine centipede genus, Paracryptops Pocock, 1891, comprises four 
small-bodied species in southern/southeastern Asia and one in the West Indies 
(Lesser Antilles) and northeastern South America, which is based on a specimen 
discovered during a quarantine inspection in Washington, DC, USA. Chamberlin 
(1914) proposed P inexpectus for this centipede, and the nominal species is 
known from Guyana and Dominica (Chamberlin 1914; Attems 1930; Biicherl 
1939, 1941, 1974; Chagas and Shelley 2004). As few anatomical differences 
exist between it and the type species, P weberi Pocock, 1891, occurring in India, 
Vietnam, and Singapore, the last authors suggested that the names may be syn- 
onymous and that P. inexpectus may be the one applied to New World specimens 
of P. weberi. Species of Paracryptops are intimately associated with man, as 
they are cryptic, have twice been intercepted in quarantines, and 5 (29.4%) of the 
now 17 samples were encountered in urban environments where introduced 
species are common. Chagas and Shelley (2004) therefore suggested that Para- 
cryptops may consist of only one or two species that have been unknowingly car- 
ried by man to other locations and then discovered and redescribed as new 
species. A definitive conclusion as to the origin of Paracryptops in the New 
World can only come from a full generic revision, in which all specimens are 
examined and compared, and all available names are evaulated. 

While visiting the Zoological Museum of the Danish Museum of Natural 
History, Copenhagen (ZMUC), in August 2005, I discovered a sample with two 
individuals of P. inexpectus from Cole’s Cave, Barbados, Lesser Antilles. This is 
a somewhat inaccessible cave with a resident bat colony that tourists can visit 
with a guide, and it is located near the village of Proutes in the center of the 
island, about an hour’s drive northeast of Bridgetown. The sample thus repre- 
sents both the third country and locality for P inexpectus and Paracryptops in the 
Western Hemisphere and the second generic record from a cave, the other being 
the type of P. indicus Silvestri, 1924, from Siju Cave, Meghalaya State, India 
(Jangi and Dass 1978, Khanna 2001, Chagas and Shelley 2004). The centipedes 
were encountered “in guano” well inside Cole’s Cave, the same locality and 
habitat where the same collector found the widespread Caribbean milliped, 


‘Received April 3, 2006. Accepted April 17, 2007. 


* Research Laboratory, North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, 4301 Reedy Creek Road, 
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607 U.S.A. E-mail: rowland.shelley@ncmail.net 


Mailed on July 31, 2007 


316 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Orthoporus antillanus (Pocock, 1894) (Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae), two 
years later (Krabbe and Enghoff 1985). Sample data are as follows: 

Barbados: ca. 24 km (15 mi) NE Bridgetown, Cole’s Cave near Proutes, 400- 
500 m (1,312-1,640 ft.) from entrance, in guano, 2 specimens, 7 March 1976, 
T. Wolff (ZMUC). New Country and Island Record. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I thank H. Enghoff, for access to the Zoological Museum collections, and R. L. Hoffman, for a 
pre-submission review. 


LITERATURE CITED 
Attems, C. 1930. Myriapoda 2. Scolopendromorpha. Das Tierreich, Lief 54:1-308. 
Biicherl, W. 1939. Os Quilopodos do Brasil. Memorias do Instituto Butantan 13:43-362. 


Biicherl, W. 1941. Catalogo dos Quilopodos da Zona Neotropica. Memorias do Instituto Butantan 
15: 25i1- 35/2. 


Biicherl, W. 1974. Die Scolopendromorpha der Neotropischen Region. Symposia of the Zoological 
Society of London No. 32:99-133. 


Chagas, A. and R. M. Shelley. 2004. Rediscovery and redescription of the centipede Paracryptops 
inexpectus Chamberlin, 1914, with an account of the genus (Scolopendromorpha: Cryptopidae: 
Cryptopinae). Zootaxa 475:1-8. 


Chamberlin, R. V. 1914. The Stanford expedition to Brazil, 1911, John C. Branner, Director. The 
Chilopoda of Brazil. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 58(3):151-221. 


Jangi, B. S. and C. M. S. Dass. 1978. A new species of the genus Paracryptops from India, with 
remarks on the generic and species characters (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Cryptopidae). 
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 64:327-330. 


Khanna, V. 2001. A checklist of the Indian species of the centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendro- 
morpha). Annals of Forestry 9(2):199-219. 


Krabbe, E. and H. Enghoff. 1985. Morphological variability in a population of Orthoporus antil- 
lanus (Pocock, 1894) from Barbados, with notes on the taxonomic status of the species (Diplo- 
poda: Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 15:333-339. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 Sil7. 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


NEW RECORDS OF RHAMMATOCERUS VIATORIUS 
(ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE: GOMPHOCERINAE) 
FROM TEXAS, U.S.A.’ 


Thomas Stidham’ and John Stidham? 


The grasshopper Rhammatocerus viatorius (Saussure) occurs from South 
America northward to the southwestern United States (Otte 1981). In the United 
States, it occurs in south central Arizona, and there are two specimens collected 
in 1930 and 1931 from the Chinati Mountains in Presidio County (Figure 1) in 
Trans-Pecos Texas (Tinkham 1948). These are the only records of this species 
known from Texas. On | July 2005, the authors collected an adult male and an 
adult female Rhammatocerus viatorius on a rocky hillside with tall grass (60-80 
cm in height) on route 118 northwest of the McDonald Observatory, north of Ft. 
Davis in the Davis Mountains, Jeff Davis County, Texas (Figure 1). The locality 
is approximately 2000 m (6500 ft) in elevation. Other grasshoppers observed at 
the locality with Rhammatocerus were Melanoplus lakinus, Melanoplus aridus, 
Opeia obscura, Dactylotum bicolor variegatum, Mermeria texana, and Eritettix 
tricarinatus. These are the first records of R. viatorius in over 70 years from 
Texas and are a northeastern range extension of that species’ occurrence in Texas 
by approximately 100 km (65 miles). The Chinati and Davis Mountains are not 
connected mountain ranges and have intervening desert. Thus, these individuals 
may be from an isolated population separate from those in the Chinati Mountains 
or they may be recent dispersers to Jeff Davis County. These new specimens will 
be placed in Texas A&M University Insect Collection (Department of Ento- 
mology, Texas A&M University). 

The occurrence of adults in the Davis Mountains in early July differs from 
reports of adults in the late spring in Arizona and the Chinati Mountains (Otte 
1981). However, the morphology of the specimens is consistent with previously 
described specimens, having red hind tibiae, six to eight large black spots on the 
tegmen, and angular bands on the outer face of the hind femora. In addition, the 
sulci on the pronotum match those illustrated by Otte (1981), and the male spec- 
imen’s phallus and epiphallus do not differ from those illustrated for specimens 
from Mexico (de Assis-Pujol 1998). Additional collections are necessary to de- 
termine if these individuals are late survivors from the previous spring or if the 
Davis Mountains individuals occur at a different time of year. 


"Received on March 31, 2006. Accepted on April 16, 2007. 


* Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3258 
U.S.A. E-mail: furcula@mail.bio.tamu.edu. 


* 301 PebbleCreek Dr., Garland, Texas 75040 U.S.A. E-mail: johnstidham@acceleratedmarket.com. 
Mailed on July 31, 2007 


318 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


New Mexico 


Mexico 


Brewster 


100 k 


Figure 1. Map of the counties of Trans-Pecos Texas. Dots indicate the localities where 
Rhammatocerus viatorius have been collected. The shaded areas are the extent of the 
Davis and Chinati Mountains. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We thank Ed Riley, Merrill Sweet, and four anonymous reviewers for comments on an earlier ver- 
sion of the manuscript. 


LITERATURE CITED 


de Assis-Pujol, C. V. 1998. Aspectos morfologicos, taxondnomicos e distribuig¢ao geografica de 
cinco espécies de Rhammatocerus Saussure, 1861 (Acrididae, Gomphocerinae, Scyllinini). Bo- 
letin do Museu Nacional Nova Série. 387:1-27. 


Otte, D. 1981. The North American Grasshoppers Volume 1 Acrididae Gomphocerinae and Acri- 
dinae. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 275 pp. 


Tinkham, E. R. 1948. Faunistic and ecological studies on the Orthoptera of the Big Bend Region 
of Trans-Pecos Texas, with especial reference to the orthopteran zones and faunae of midwestern 
North America. American Midland Naturalist 40:521-663. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 319 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


OCCURRENCE OF THE MILLIPED GENUS SCYTONOTUS 
C. L. KOCH, 1847 (POLYDESMIDA: POLYDESMIDAE) 
IN ALBERTA, CANADA’ 


Rowland M. Shelley’ 


The milliped genus Scytonotus C. L. Koch, 1847, occupies four areas of North 
America, one east of the Central Plains and three west of the Continental Divide 
(one coastal and two in the interior) (Shelley 1993, Hoffman 1999, Shelley et al., 
2005). The western coastal area extends along the Pacific from Yakutat Bay, 
Alaska, to Marin and San Joaquin counties, California, including all intervening 
offshore islands except the Queen Charlottes, British Columbia (BC). One inte- 
rior area encompasses the Wasatch and Teton mountains, and associated ranges, 
in western Wyoming, eastern Idaho, and northern Utah, and the other centers on 
the Columbia River Valley and the Rocky and Selkirk Mountains from Revel- 
stoke and Yoho National Parks, BC, to southeastern Washington, northern Idaho, 
and western Montana (Kevan 1983; Shelley 1990, 1993, 2002). Three species 
inhabit the last area, but only S. columbianus Chamberlin, 1920, occurs in BC, 
where it extends northward to the vicinity of Takkakaw Falls in Yoho. While 
recently perusing samples in the Virginia Museum of Natural History (VMNH), 
Martinsville, I discovered one with three unidentifiable females of Scytonotus 
from “Sta. 2,” 4,000', Jasper National Park, Alberta, the first record of the genus 
from this Canadian province. The specimens were collected on 2-4 October 1964 
by the late D. R. Whitehead, an experienced arthropod field collector, so there is 
no reason to suspect a labeling error; Jasper is also where he routinely collected 
beetles in the course of doctoral program at the University of Alberta. The pre- 
cise location of “Sta. 2” is unknown, but Dr. Whitehead sampled extensively in 
the vicinity of Mt. Edith Cavell, some 144 km (90 mi) NNW of the site in Yoho. 
“Sta. 2” may not have been here, but the southern boundary of Jasper Park is ca. 
88 km (55 mi) NNW of the Yoho locality, and the northward generic range exten- 
sion is probably between these distances because the part of the Park north of 
Jasper village and highway 16 is largely roadless and inaccessible. Males are 
necessary for a specific determination, but considering the magnitude of this 
extension and the fact that the locality lies east of the Divide, a formidable dis- 
tribution barrier that runs along the border between BC & Alberta, the species 
seems more likely to be undescribed than S. columbianus. Canadian biologists 
should be aware of the possibility of an undescribed milliped species in Jasper, 
and if true, it will be the second that is known only from the Park, the other being 
Austrotyla borealis Shear, 1971 (Chordeumatida: Conotylidae), whose holotype 
and only known specimen was collected by Dr. Whitehead in 1967 at “Sta. 5,” 
precise location also unknown (Shear 1971; Shelley 1990, 2002; Hoffman 1999). 


"Received February 3, 2006. Accepted April 17, 2006. 


* Research Laboratory, North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, 4301 Reedy Creek Road, 
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607 U.S.A. E-mail: rowland.shelley@ncmail.net 


Mailed on July 31, 2007 


320 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


The distribution of Scytonotus in southeastern BC and Alberta is shown in Fig. 
le 


Fig. 1. Occurrences of Scytonotus in Alberta (Alb) and southeastern British Columbia 
(BC). Dots, S. columbianus; star, Scytonotus sp. J, Jasper National Park; Y, Yoho National 
Park. Areas directly under BC represent the parts of the states of Washington, Idaho, and 
Montana (U.S.A.). 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I thank R. L. Hoffman, for access to the Alberta sample in the VMNH milliped collection, and 
G. E. Ball, for a prepublication review. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Hoffman, R. L. 1999. Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum 
of Natural History Special Publication No. 5:1-504. 


Kevan, D. K. McE. 1983. A preliminary survey of known and potentially Canadian millipedes 
(Diplopoda). Canadian Journal of Zoology 61(12):2956-2975. 


Shear, W. A. 1971. The milliped family Conotylidae in North America, with a description of the 
new family Adritylidae (Diplopoda: Chordeumida). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoo- 
logy 141(2):55-97. 

Shelley, R. M. 1990. A new milliped of the genus Metaxycheir from the Pacific coast of Canada 


(Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae), with remarks on the tribe Chonaphini and the western Canadian 
and Alaskan diplopod fauna. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:2310-2322. 


Shelley, R. M. 1993. Revision of the milliped genus Scytonotus Koch (Polydesmida: Polydesmi- 
dae). Brimleyana 19:1-60. 


Shelley, R. M. 2002. The millipeds of central Canada (Arthropoda: Diplopoda), with reviews of the 
Canadian fauna and diplopod faunistic studies. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80:1863-1875. 


Shelley, R. M., C. T. McAllister, and Z. D. Ramsey. 2005. Discovery of the milliped Scytonotus 
granulatus (Say, 1821) in Oklahoma and Alabama, with a review of its distribution. Western 
North American Naturalist 65(1):P112-117. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 32 Il 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


AN UNUSUAL PREY RECORD 
FOR TACHYTES CHRYSOPYGA OBSCURUS CRESSON 
(HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE: LARRINAE) 
FROM IOWA, U.S.A.’ 


G. K. Lechner’ 


The genus Zachytes Panzer is a large group of solitary fossorial wasps with 
over 300 species worldwide and 35 species in America north of Mexico (Bohart 
1994). Tachytes has been classified into subgenera (Banks 1942) or into species 
groups (Bohart and Menke 1976; Kurczewski and Spofford 1986; Bohart 1994). 
Tachytes are described as hunters of Orthoptera (although two separate workers 
had noted the aberrant behavior of 7’ bidens and T: ambidens preying on lepi- 
dopterous larvae of the family Geometridae in certain states of the former 
USSR), and prey specificity is reported to be fairly constant at the family level 
(Bohart and Menke 1976). Kurczewski and Spofford (1986) delineate the prey of 
Tachytes by species groups as follows: species in the aurulentus group hunt Tet- 
tigoniidae (katydids); the pepticus and distinctus groups hunt Acrididae (true 
grasshoppers and locusts); the mergus group preys on Tridactylidae (pygmy mole 
crickets); and in the group exhibiting the most diverse behavior, abdominalis, 
prey records include Tetrigidae (pygmy grasshoppers), Tridactylidae and Acridi- 
dae (for common names of orthopterans, see Capinera, et.al., 2004). 

Tachytes chrysopyga is a member of the abdominalis group and is reported to 
store Acrididae (Kurczewski and Spofford 1986). This species ranges from 
southern Mexico to southern Brazil; however, the subspecies obscurus inhabits 
the United States and northern Mexico (Bohart and Menke 1976). 

I had a chance meeting with a female 7’ chrysopyga obscurus on 26 July 2006 
as she was transporting prey to the nest. This incident was my first, and so far 
only, encounter with this species. At approximately 1415 hrs, the wasp in ques- 
tion flew in and landed at my feet in the lawn of a residential lot in Sioux City, 
Iowa, very close to the base of a retaining wall constructed of small slabs of bro- 
ken concrete. She immediately began walking toward an interstice in the wall; 
but before she could enter, I was able to collect her prey, a snowy tree cricket 
(Oecanthus fultoni Walker, T.) She ignored my intrusion and walked straight- 
away into a gap between two concrete slabs. I set a clear plastic jar against the 
wall; and when the wasp emerged, she was trapped. This 7’ chrysopyga obscu- 
rus was in good condition (only minor fraying on the wings); and, at approxi- 
mately 13 mm in length, was of a normal size for a female of this species (length 
range: 13-14 mm; W. J. Pulawski, pers. comm.). 


‘Received on February 20, 2007. Accepted on April 3, 2007. 
> 1227 3st Street #28D, Sioux City, lowa 51104 U.S.A. E-mail: lechnerg_wcqma@yahoo.com 
Mailed on July 31, 2007 


Be: ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


My review of the literature indicates that the use of an Oecanthus fultoni 
(Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Oecanthinae) as prey by Zachytes chrysopyga obscurus 
may represent a new prey record for this species of wasp (Evans and Kurczewski 
1966, Kurczewski 1976, Kurczewski and Ginsberg 1971, Kurczewski and Kurc- 
zewski 1971, Kurczewski and Spofford 1986, Lin 1967, Parker 1921, Pulawski 
1999, Rau 1923, 1946). 

The wasp has been retained in my personal collection; the snowy tree cricket has 
been donated to the ensiferan Orthoptera collection of the Florida State Collection 
of Arthropods. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


I am indebted to Terry P. Nuhn, USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Washington, D.C., and 
A. S. Menke, Bisbee, Arizona, for suggestions on locating an expert to verify the species of the wasp 
involved. In this regard, my thanks go to W. J. Pulawski, California Academy of Sciences, San 
Francisco, California, for identifying the Zachytes and for providing clarification on nomenclature and 
size ranges. Likewise, I am grateful to T. J. Walker, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, who 
kindly identified the snowy tree cricket. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Banks, N. 1942. Notes on the United States species of Zachytes. Bulletin of the Museum of Com- 
parative Zoology 89: 395-436. 


Bohart, R. M. 1994. A key to the genus Zachytes in North America north of Mexico with descriptions 
of three new species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 96: 342-349. 


Bohart, R. M. and A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid wasps of the World: A generic revision. University of 
California Press. Berkeley, California, U.S.A. 695 pp. 


Capinera, J. L., R. D. Scott, and T. J. Walker. 2004. Field Guide to Grasshoppers, Katydids, and 
Crickets. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. 249 pp. 


Evans, M. E. and F. E. Kurcezewski. 1966. Observations on the nesting behavior of some species of 
Tachytes (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Larrinae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 39: 
323-332. 


Kurczewski, F. E. 1976. Behavioral observations on some Tachytini and Larrini (Hymenoptera: Sphe- 
cidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 49: 327-332. 


Kurczewski, F. E. and S. E. Ginsberg. 1971. Nesting behavior of Tachytes (Tachyplena) validus. 
Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 44: 113-131. 


Kurczewski, F. E. and E. J. Kurczewski. 1971. Host records for some species of Zachytes and other 
Larrinae. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 44: 131-136. 


Kurczewski, F. E. and M. G. Spofford. 1986. Observations on the nesting behaviors of Tachytes 
parvus Fox and T: obductus Fox (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Proceedings of the Entomological 
Society of Washington 88: 13-24. 


Lin, C. S. 1967. Nesting behavior of TJachytes (Tachyplena) praedator Fox with a Review of the biol- 
ogy of the genus (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Larrinae). American Midlands Naturalist 77: 241-245. 


Parker, J. B. 1921. Notes on the nesting habits of Jachytes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society 
of Washington 23: 103-107. 


Pulawski, W. J. 1999 (revised 4 February 2007). Bibliography of Sphecidae. http://www.cal. 
academy.org/research/entomology/Entomology/Resource/Hymenoptera/sphecidae/bibliography.pdf 


Rau, P. 1923. A note on the nesting habits of Zachytes distinctus. Psyche 30: 220-221. 


Rau, P. 1946. Notes on the behavior of a few solitary wasps. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological 
Society 41: 10-11. 


Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 323 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


A FOURTH BAHAMIAN RECORD OF THE MILLIPED, 
AMPHELICTOGON SUBTERRANEUS BAHAMIENSIS 
CHAMBERLIN, 1918 (POLYDESMIDA: 
CHELODESMIDAE)' 


Rowland M. Shelley’ 


The milliped, Amphelictogon subterraneus bahamiensis Chamberlin, 1918, a 
senior synonym of 4. bidens Loomis, 1934, is common in Cayo Coco, in the 
Archipiélago de Camaguey, Cuba, and is known from three islands in the 
Bahamas: Andros, Cat, and Eleuthera (Chamberlin 1918, Perez-Asso 1996, 
Shelley 2003). It is the only Bahamian representative of the Chelodesmidae and 
the polydesmidan suborder Leptodesmidea, and these occurrences are the only 
New World representations of the family north of the Tropic of Cancer. Shelley 
(2003) hypothesized that the Bahamian populations arose during the Pleistocene 
via rafting between the existing Cuban and “Great Bahama Bank” land masses, 
whereupon the milliped dispersed through the latter. The present populations 
therefore represent fragments of the Pleistocene population that became isolated 
on today’s islands as sea levels rose in the post-Pleistocene era. If true and if 
modern populations survive, A. s. bahamiensis would be expected on other 
islands that were formerly united in the “Great Bahama Bank” land mass — Long 
Island, the Exumas, New Providence, the Guana Cays, and possibly Bimini (see 
Shelley 2003, fig. 4). 

While recently perusing milliped samples at the Florida State Collection of 
Arthropods (FSCA), Gainesville, I discovered one of A. s. bahamiensis from 
New Providence Island, which supports this hypothesis. It is the fourth island 
and the fourth Bahamian locality for the species, genus, family, and suborder, 
and it supplants Eleuthera as the northernmost record of the species, genus, and 
family in the New World. Sample data are as follows: 

BAHAMAS: New Providence I., east end, “beach,” &, 9, 12 July 1964, E. 
M. & W. Loomis. 

The Andros, Cat, and Eleuthera samples were collected from 74 to 116 years 
ago. This one was taken only 42 years ago but still far enough in the past that it 
does not constitute evidence of present occurrence. Investigations are still need- 
ed to determine if Bahamian populations survive today, and with three records 
from the former “eastern arm” of the Pleistocene island, the exception being that 
from Andros, other components of this “arm” — Long Island, the Exumas, and the 
Guana Cays — are promising places to search. 


"Received June 27, 2006. Accepted April 17, 2007. 


* Research Laboratory, North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, 4301 Reedy Creek Road, 
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607 U.S.A. E-mail: rowland.shelley@ncmail.net 


Mailed on July 31, 2007 


324 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


The meaning of the notation, “beach,” and whether the millipeds were actual- 
ly found on the sand itself, probably in association with wood or debris, is 
unknown. They seemingly could have come from surrounding forest and washed 
onto the beach along with litter during a storm, as I have seen an example of this 
situation from a beach in Oregon. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


I thank G. B. Edwards, curator at the Florida State Collection of Arthropods, for access to the mil- 
liped collection and for loaning the New Providence sample. R. L. Hoffman provided a pre-submis- 
sion review. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Chamberlin, R. V. 1918. The Chilopoda and Diplopoda of the West Indies. Bulletin of the Museum 
of Comparative Zoélogy at Harvard College 62(5):149-262. 


Pérez-Asso, A. R. 1996. Revision del género Amphelictogon (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Chelodes- 
midae) en Cuba. Insecta Mundi 10(1-4):181-216. 


Shelley, R. M. 2003. Redescription of the milliped Amphelictogon subterraneus bahamiensis 
Chamberlin, 1918, with an assessment of the family Chelodesmidae in the Bahamas (Poly- 
desmida: Leptodesmidea). Zootaxa 180:1-8. 


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continued from front cover 


292 


296 


SOS 


SCIENTIFIC NOTES 


311 Orthography and distribution of Paraleptophlebia packii 
(Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) in western North America 
W. P McCafferty 
313 First record of /thytrichia (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) in Michigan, 
U.S.A. Jaquelyn M. Craig and Margret A. Chriscinske 
315 Occurrence of the centipede Paracryptos inexpectus Chamberlin, 
1914, in Barbados (Scolopendromorpha: Cryptopidae: 
Cryptopinae) Rowland M. Shelley 
317 New records of Rhammatocerus viatorus (Orthoptera: Acrididae; 
Gomphocerinae) from Texas, U.S.A. 
Thomas Stidham and John Stidham 
319 Occurrence of the millipede genus Scytonotus C. L. Koch, 1847, in 
Alberta, Canada (Polydesmida: Polydesmidae) 
Rowland M. Shelley 
321  An-unusual prey record for Jachytes chrysopyga obscurus Cresson 
(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Larrinae) from lowa, U.S.A. 
G. K. Lechner 
323 A fourth Bahamian record of the milliped, Amphelictogon 
subterraneus bahamiensis Chamberlin, 1918 (Polydesmida: 
Chelodesmidae) Rowland M. Shelley 
BOOK REVIEW 
278 — Recently published books Jorge A. Santiago-Blay 


Ww 


wigmuon 


Cave crickets (Orthoptera: Rnaphidophoridae) as vectors of 
dictyostelids (Protista: Diyctiosteliida) Steven L. Stephenson, 
Michael E. Slay, Christy A. Melhart, and Alicia E. Tuggle 


The genus Zographetus Watson (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in 
China, with the description of two new species 
Xiao-ling Fan, Min Wang, Liu-sheng Chen, and Ling Zeng 


Contributions to the knowledge of the lacewing fauna of Turkey 
(Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae, Myrmeleontidae), with some 
ecological remarks Savas Canbulat 


THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


www.acnatsci.org/hosted/aes 


ie 118 


325 


IDI 


357 


361 


366 


371 


377 


385 


397 


402 


Y” 


a 
Entomological News 


A detailed description of a new species of the Hoplopleura aitkeni 
group (Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Hoplopleuridae) parasitic on South 
American rodents (Mammalia: Rodentia) in Argentina 
Dolores del C. Castro, Alda Gonzalez, Mariano Lattari, 
Natalia Martino, and Mariano D. Romero 


New records of Pentatomoidea (Heteroptera) for the fauna of 
Europe, Turkey, and the Turkish Thrace Meral Fent and Nihat Aktac 


A proposal of generic and subgeneric abbreviations for the fauna of 
phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Phychodidae: Phlebotominae) 
of the world Carlos Brisola Marcondes 


A new species of Neotournieria Apfelbeck, 1932 (Coleoptera: 
Curculionidae) from Turkey Luigi Magnano and Osman Sert 


Redescription of the pupa of Paryphoconus oliveirai Lane (Diptera: 
Ceratopogonidae) from Brazil Maria M. Ronderos, 
Gustavo R. Spinelli, and Daiane Silveira Carrasco 


A new genus and a new species of Acrididae (Orthoptera) from 
Yunnan, China Ben-Yong Mao and Guo-Dong Ren 


A new species of Psylliodes Latreille (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) 
from Turkey Ali Gok and Ebru Giil Aslan 


A new species of Phtheiropoios Eichler, 1940 (Phthiraptera: 
Amblycera: Gyropidae) from Argentina, with a key to the males 
collected from Ctenomys (Mammalia: Rodentia) in South America 
Dolores del C. Castro, Armando Cicchino, 
Marta Arce de Hamity, and Félix Ortiz 


Two new genera and six new species of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: 
Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) from Hispaniola Paul H. Freytag 


Taxonomic study of the genus Lambertiodes Diakonoff 
(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with the description of a new 
species from China Xinpu Wang and Houhun Li 


Hyperaspis brunnescens Dobzhansky (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) 

newly recorded in Canada from Scatarie Island, Nova Scotia 
Christopher G. Majka, Kathleen R. Aikens, A. Andrew MacDonald, 
Sheena M. Townsend, and David B. McCorquodale 


continued on back cover 


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ISSN 0013-872X 


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Cover Design by Jane Spencer 


Mailed on November 14, 2007 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 325 


A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF THE 
HOPLOPLEURA AITKENI GROUP 
(PHTHIRAPTERA: ANOPLURA: HOPLOPLURIDAE) 
PARASITIC ON SOUTH AMERICAN RODENTS 
(MAMMALIA: RODENTIA) IN ARGENTINA’ 


Dolores del C. Castro,’ Alda Gonzalez,’ Mariano Lattari,’ 
Natalia Martino,’ and Mariano D. Romero‘ 


ABSTRACT: Hoplopleura paranaensis sp. nov. 1s described from specimens collected from Deltamys 
kempi Thomas, 1917, on the Delta del Parana, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Detailed descriptions 
of sexes, the three nymphal instars, external architecture of eggs (by scanning electron microscopy), and 
sites of oviposition are provided. Differences from Hoplopleura aitkeni Johnson, 1972 are included. A 
key and discussion of the distribution of the ten species of the aitkeni-group on their hosts, and their 
respective geographical ranges in Argentina is also given. 


KEY WORDS: Phthiraptera, Anoplura, Holplopluridae, parasitism, eggs, nymphs, adults, new species, 
Argentina, South America, mammalian, Rodentia, new species, key 


We describe herein a new species of anopluran lice, Hoplopleura paranaensis, 
based on specimens collected from Deltamys kempi Thomas, 1917 from Campana, 
Parana de Las Palmas River, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. This new species 
resembles Hoplopleura aitkeni Johnson, 1972 and is included in the “aitkeni”’ 
species-group, which contains nine species known from Argentina (Castro 1984, 
1988, 1997, Castro et al., 1998, Castro and Gonzalez, 2003). 


METHODS 

Studied specimens were obtained directly from museum host skins. Lice were 
cleared and mounted on conventional microscope slides following the procedure 
described by Castro and Cicchino (1978). Procedures for scanning electronic 
microscopic study included hydration with decreasing ethanol, cleaned in physio- 
logical solution by means of an ultrasonic vibrator, rinsed in distilled water, fixed 
in 70% ethanol solution, dehydrated with increasing ethanol solutions. They were 
then mounted in stubs, coated with gold/palladtum, and observed and pho- 
tographed at different magnifications in a Jeol/RO 1.1 scanning electron micro- 
scope at the Electronic Microscopy Service of Museo de La Plata, Buenos Aires 


"Received on October 25, 2006. Accepted on April 16, 2007. 


* Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, Laboratorio 32, calle 64 N° 3, 1900, La Plata, Buenos 
Aires, Argentina. E-mails: (DCC) castrodreon@Lpsat.com, (ML) marianolattari@yahoo.com.ar, and 
(NM) nsmartino@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar 


*CEPAVE (CONICET-UNLP), Calle 2 N° 584, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail: 
asgonzalez@cepave.edu.ar 


*Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales “Lorenzo Scaglia” Area Mastozoologia. Avenida Libertad 
3099, 7600 Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail: dromeromuseo@yahoo.com.ar 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 118 (4): 325, September and October 2007 
Mailed on November 14, 2007 


326 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Province. Nomenclature of the different structures of the egg follows Castro et al. 
(1991). Body measurements, given in millimeters, were taken directly from mount- 
ed specimens using a calibrated eyepiece and are identified in the text by the fol- 
lowing abbreviations: HL, head length; HW, maximum head width; THL, thorax 
length; THW, maximum thorax width; AL, abdomen length; AW, maximum abdo- 
men width; TL, total body length. Scale: the figures are represented in millimeters. 
Measurements include the range of the available specimens. Magnifications for 
SEM pictures were obtained directly from the automatic scale. Figure scales are 
represented in micrometers. 

Cephalic chaetotaxy follows Kim and Ludwig (1978). Illustrations were drawn 
with the aid of a camera lucida. Holotype, allotype and most of the paratypes are 
deposited in Museo de La Plata collections, Buenos Aires province, Argentina 
(MLP). 


SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY 


Hoplopleura paranaensis sp. nov. 
(Figs. 1-10, 11j, 12-15) 


Male Holotype: Fig. 1. Head slightly longer than broad, with anterior border 
rectilineous and lateral borders convex; postantennal angles rounded. Cephalic 
chaetotaxy: dorsal principal head seta long and robust; accessory small and robust; 
sutural 2 thin; preantennal 2 thin; anterior marginal | thin; apical 1-2 thin; ventral 
principal head seta long and robust; preantennal long and thin; anterior marginal 3- 
4 small and thin, 1 long. Thorax slightly broader than long, seta medial to mesotho- 
racic spiracle long and robust, sternal plate twice longer than broad, with its poste- 
rior margin rounded in contact with coxa III (Fig. 3). Abdomen with sternal plates 
well developed and with remarkably uniform setae on each. Tergal plates well 
developed starting with tergite IV. Number of setae on tergite I: 4 thin and of same 
length; tergite II: 4 external ones much longer than central ones; tergite III: 8-10 
thin and of same length; tergites IV-V: 6-7 thin and of same length; tergites VI-VI: 
4 thin and of same length. Paratergal plates with the following characteristics: I: 
with 2 unequal acute lobes, ventral much longer and thinner than dorsal, and with 
2 different sized setae, with scaly appearance in medial third; HI: with 2 rounded 
subequal lobes, with 2 much longer setae of the same length, with markedly scaly 
appearance in all its length; [V-V: with 2 lobes, ventral one narrow, with 2 setae, 
one of them tiny, and markedly scaly appearance in all its length; VI: with 2 lobes, 
ventral much thinner than dorsal, with 2 setae, one of them tiny and markedly scaly 
appearance in all its length; VII: with 2 lobes, ventral short and rounded and dor- 
sal longer and thin, with 2 macrochaetae; VIII: without lobes, with 2 macrochaetae 
(Figs. 7, 11j). Abdominal terminalia as in Figure 5. 

Genitalia: well developed, long and narrow basal plate, parameres moderately 
developed and rounded apically; pseudopenis well developed and serrate in medi- 
al third, narrowed to acute apex (Fig. 4). 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 327 


Female Allotype: Similar to male, differing in measurements, abdominal terminalia, 
and greater number of tergites and sternites. Gonapophysis: with longer and robust setae 
(Figs. 2, 6). 


Figs. 1-2. Hoplopleura paranaensis sp. nov. 1. Male, dorsal and ventral view. 2. Fe- 
male, dorsal and ventral view. Scale 0.1mm. 


328 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


2Ehwmn Bee4 , 


3 6 


Figs. 3-6. Hoplopleura paranaensis sp.nov. 3. Scanning electron micrograph of thoracic ster- 
nal plate, x650, scale 20 um. 4. Male genitalia. 5. Male terminalia. 6. Female terminalia, 
scale 0.05mm. 


329 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 


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Figs.7-10. Hoplopleura paranaensis sp.nov. 7. Female paratergal plates, scale 0.1mm. 
8. Nymph I, scale 0.1mm. 9. Nymph II, scale 0.1mm. 10. Nymph III, scale 0.1mm. 


330 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


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Fig. 11. Paratergal plates of the species of the “aitkeni” group: a. H. aitkeni; b. H. impar- 
ata; c. H. mendozana; d. H. nicolai; e. H. serrulata; f. H. varia; g. H. riojensis, h. H. 
misionalis; 1. H. massoiai; j. H. paranaensis sp. nov. All figures were taken from original 
descriptions. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 aol 


First nymphal instar: Dorsal principal head seta well developed and short; 
accessory poorly developed and thin; ventral principal seta long and thin; abdomen 
with marked and forked anal lobe, with 2 macrochaetae on each side (Fig. 8). 

Second nymphal instar: Dorsal principal head seta well developed, long and 
thin; accessory well developed and thin; sutural 2 poorly developed; ventral prin- 
cipal seta long and thin; preantennal long and thin; abdomen with marked and 
forked anal lobe, with 4 macrochaetae on each side (Fig. 9). 

Third nymphal instar: Dorsal principal head seta well developed, long and 
robust; accessory long and thin; sutural 2 well developed, of equal size and thin; 
preantennal 2 short and thin; ventral principal seta long and robust; central anteri- 
or | short and thin; preantennal long and thin; abdomen with marked and forked 
anal lobe, with 4 macrochaetae on each side (Fig. 10). 

Measurements. Males (n = 5) HL= 0.15-0.16; HW= 0.13- 0.14; THL= 0.13- 
0.14; THW= 0.17-0.18; AL= 0.67-0.4; AW= 0.34-0.37; TL= 0.93- 1.05. Females 
(n= 7) HL=0.16-0.17; HW= 0.14; THL= 0.13-0.15; THW= 0.17-0.17; AL= 0.77- 
0.87; AW= 0.34-0.38; TL= 1.05-1.15. Nymphs I (n= 4) HL= 0.11-0.12; HW= 0.10- 
0.11; THL= 0.05-0.07; THW= 0.12-0.15; AL= 0.16-0.27; AW= 0.11-0.27; TL= 
0.29-0.44. Nymphs II (n= 3) HL= 0.12-0.13; HW= 0.120-0.21; THL= 0.06-0.06; 
THW2= 0.16-0.17; AL= 0.33); AW= 0.27-0.28; TL= 0.49-0.60. Nymphs HI (n= 3) 
HL= 0.13-0.14; HW= 0.12; THL= 0.09-0.11; THW= 0.17-0.20; AL= 0.40-0.54; 
AW= 0.30-0.38; TL= 0.65-0.77. 


Figs.12-15. Scanning electron microphotograph of the egg of Hoplopleura paranaensis 
sp.nov.: 12. General view x 200 (Scale 100 um); 13. Operculum, showing air chambers and 
adjacent region of amphora x 750 (Scale 50 tm); 14. Detail of air chamber showingthe loca- 
tion of the micropyle x 5000 (Scale 10 um); 15. Detail of ornamentation of amphora x 1500 
(Scale 10 um). ; 


332 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Egg: Silhouette ellipsoidal (Fig.12), type of ornamentation of amphora: pavi- 
mentose, strongly impressed (Fig.15), kind of aerial chamber: ampullacea nor- 
mal (Figs. 13, 14), relationship among aerial chambers: isolated; number of air 
chambers: 9-10 (Fig. 13). 

Total length: 596um. 


Taxonomic Summary 

Type Host: Deltamys kempi Thomas, 1917 (Rodentia, Muridae, Sigmodon- 
tinae) MBR. N° 15612 and 15613: Buenos Aires, Delta, Parana de las Palmas. 
23-IV-1964; 28-VII-1964, Coll. Massoia; Museo Bernardino Rivadavia (MBR); 
N° 18668: Buenos Aires, Delta INTA. 03-V-1988; 04-V-1988 Coll. Piantanida. 
(MBR). 

Type locality: Estacion Experimental INTA, Campana (34° 12'S; 58° 56'W), 
Delta, Parana de las Palmas River, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. 

Type specimens: Male holotype, female allotype; 4 male; 6 female and 7 
nymph I; 3nymph IJ; 3 nymph III paratypes, 9-V-1998, Castro Coll. in MLP. 

Ethymology. Paranaensis is named after the region 1n which the host was col- 
lected: Parana de Las Palmas River. 

Sites of oviposition on the host: We examined eight host individuals; six of 
them were parasitized, although in low density, by H. paranaensis sp. nov. Each 
had a similar infestation pattern, always on the flanks of the thorax and cephalic 
posterior dorsal region. All the eggs were fixed with a little spumaline only at the 
base of the hair. 

Host: Deltamys kempi Thomas, 1917. Type locality: “Isla Ella, in the delta of 
the Rio Parana at the top of the La Plata Estuary.” The Delta del Parana is a large 
area of islands, marshes, and small rivers and creeks of the Parana River estu- 
ary, between the provinces of Buenos Aires and Entre Rios (about 34°S and 
59°W, Argentina) (Gonzalez and Pardifias, 2002). Deltamys kempi has 2 sub- 
species (Gonzalez and Massoia, 1995): D. k. kempi and D. k. langguthi. In 
Argentina D. k. kempi is known from the Delta del Parana area and from sever- 
al localities bordering the Rio de La Plata estuary (from islands of the Ibicuy in 
Entre Rios province and La Balandra in the Buenos Aires province) (Gonzalez 
and Pardinas, 2002). Sauthier et al. (2005) extend the rank of their distribution 
40 Km South of La Balandra. 


Remarks 

Hoplopleura paranaensis sp. nov. is morphologically similar to H. aitkeni, 
differing in the shape and dimensions of the thoracic plate, structure of the 
paratergal plates, male external genitalia, body shape and measurements. 


DISCUSSION 
In Argentina, Hoplopleura Enderlein, 1904 includes 27 species (including H. 
paranaensis sp. nov.), all are parasites of rodents from Sciuridae and Muridae 
families, excluding the four species assigned to Ferrisella Ewing, 1929 by 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 333 


Castro and Verzi (2002). Distribution of the 10 members species of “aitkeni”’ 
group in South America includes Venezuela, Brasil and Argentina. 

Of those 10 species, one (H. aitkeni) of them has been described from 
Venezuela and recorded from Argentina, (H. imparata Linardi, Teixeira and 
Botehlo, 1984) from Brazil, and the remaining eight from Argentina (H. men- 
dozana Castro, 1984; H. varia Castro, 1988; H. misionales Castro, 1988; H. rio- 
Jensis Castro, 1997; H. serrulata Castro, 1997; H. nicolai Castro et al., 1998; 
H. massoiai Castro and Gonzalez, 2003 and H. paranaensis sp. nov.). In 
Argentina the “aitkeni” species-group distribution includes the northwestern 
provinces of Catamarca, La Rioja and Jujuy, the northeastern provinces of Chaco 
and Misiones, the central western provinces of Mendoza and San Luis, the cen- 
tral eastern province of Buenos Aires and the southwestern province of Neuquen. 

The known species of the “aikteni” group parasitize Muroidea rodents, from 
Muridae family, Sigmodontinae subfamily. Most of “aitkeni” group are parasites 
of Akodontini rodents. 


Key to the Hoplopleura aitkeni species-group 


1. Paratergal plate II with two lobes of similar length .............00 cc ccceeeeeeeeeee 2 
Paratergal plate II with two lobes of different length........00.0... eee 3 


— 


2. Paratergal plate VII narrow, with ventral lobe longer than the dorsal one. 
Plates IV-V with dorsal lobe narrower than the ventral one ............eeeeeeeee 
Pemerienii slo the tyne denne tre ie A H. serrullata Castro (Fig. 11e) 
Paratergal plate VII wide, with dorsal lobe longer than the ventral one. Plates 
IV-V with dorsal lobe wider than the ventral one ..............:cceeeeeeeesteeeeeeeeeeeeeees 
PEE Aes san otis ceoaren ue n ko ise | eset H. aitkeni Johnson (Fig. 11a) 


2 


3. Paratergal plate II with long dorsal lobe and short ventral lobe....................... 
I oe ose sO SE 8 cack coh cna scncie H. riojensis Castro (Fig. 11g) 


3' Paratergal plate II with short dorsal lobe and long ventral lobe..................... 4 
4. Paratergal plate VII without lobes................ H. nicolai Castro et al. (Fig. 11d) 
PeLatsereal mate vy Wl wit One. OF UWO LOWES ......-cad-..2.cc--c¢ pence aopeerescescecosncsetenaete 5 
eee ACES Al aten VIG a THA OMEN ODE. Hg _ re chinc.ts...00.c0-scne+-cenoserseoersaccece-teeeeneenenes 6 
> aparnersal plate Vill with two lobes. 2.2.22. .2e ens. 28h nk LE 7 


6. Paratergal plate VII wide, with long and thin dorsal lobe ........ eee 
SC CURRE «Waa tee DANTE enters ba a 3 sad rat a H. imparata Linardi et al. (Fig. 11b) 
6' Paratergal plate VII narrow, with short dorsal lobe... eee eee eeeeeeeeee 
Ro aia ty ele Dose a te AS SO aerate EEE H. mendozana Castro (Fig. 11c) 


7. Paratergal plate VII with dorsal and ventral lobes subequal in length........... 8 
7' Paratergal plates VII with dorsal and ventral lobes very different in length..9 


334 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


8. Paratergal plate VII with ventral lobe slightly longer than the dorsal one. Par- 
atergal plates [V-VI with one much longer setae ....H. varia Castro (Fig. 11f) 
8' Paratergal plate VII with dorsal lobe slightly longer than the ventral one. 
Paratergal plates IV-VI with evident lateral denticle and 2 short and similar 
setae |2IN LAI ee, Meee BO H. massoiai Castro and Gonzalez (Fig. 111) 


9. Paratergal plate VII wide, with rounded dorsal lobe. Paratergal plates IV-VI 
with reduced lateral denticulation................... H.. misionalis Castro (Fig. 11h) 
9' Paratergal plate VII narrow, with thin dorsal lobe. Paratergal plates IV-VI 
with noticeable lateral denticulation........... H. paranaensis sp. nov. (Fig. 11j) 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT 
The authors thank Olga Vaccaro for the information of the host. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Castro, D. del C. and A. C. Cicchino. 1978. Contribucién al conocimiento de los malofagos 
argentinos III. Revista Sociedad Entomologica Argentina. Buenos Aires 37: 77-83. 


Castro, D. del C. 1984. Contribucion al conocimiento de los Anopluras neotropicales II. Revista 
Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, Buenos Aires 43 (1/4): 159-163. 


Castro, D. del C. 1988. Sobre dos nuevas especies del género Hoplopleura Enderlein, 1904 
(Phthiraptera, Anoplura) parasitas de roedores (Rodentia, Cricetidae). Revista Iberica de 
Parasitologia, Madrid, Espana 48 (1): 63-70. 


Castro, D. del C., A. C. Cicchino, and L. C. De Villalobos. 1991. A comparative study of the 
external architecture of the eggs of some neotropical species of the genus Hoplopleura Enderlein, 
1904 (Phthiraptera, Anoplura). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, Sao Paulo, Brasil 35: 663-669. 


Castro, D. del C. 1997. Dos nuevas especies del género Hoplopleura Enderlein, 1904 parasitas de 
roedores Miomorfos. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, Porto Alegre 83: 23-30. 


Castro, D. del C., A. Gonzalez, and E. Caviedes Vidal. 1998. Hoplopleura nicolai sp. nov. 
(Anoplura, Hoplopleuridae), parasita de Andalgalomys sp. (Muridae, Rodentia). Revista de la 
Academia de Ciencias, Zaragoza, 53: 297-306. 


Castro, D. del C. and D. Verzi. 2002. A new species of Ferrisella (Phthiraptera, Anoplura) para- 
sitic on desert adapted Rodent 7ympanoctomys (Rodentia, Octodontidae). Rudolstadter Natur- 
historische Schriften 4: 113-123. 


Castro, D. del C. and A. Gonzalez. 2003. Una nueva especie de Hoplopleura (Phthiraptera, 
Anoplura) parasita de tres especies de Bibimys (Muridae, Sigmodontinae, Rodentia). Iheringia, 
Série Zoologia, Porto Alegre 93 (2): 183-188. 


Gonzalez, E. M. and E. Massoia. 1995. Revalidacion del género Deltamys Thomas, 1917, con la 
descripcion de una nueva subespecie de Uruguay y Sur del Brasil (Mammalia, Rodentia: Cri- 
cetidae). Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 12 (182): 1- 
8. 


Gonzalez, E. M. and U. F. J. Pardifias. 2002. Deltamys kempi. Mammalian Species. The Ameri- 
can Society of Mammalogists 711: 1-4. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 335 


Johnson, P. T. 1972. Sucking lice of Venezuelan rodents, with remarks on related species (Ano- 
plura). Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, 17: 1-62. 


Kim, K. C. and H. W. Ludwig. 1978. The family classification of the Anoplura. Systematic Ento- 
mology, 3:249-284. 


Linardi, P. M., V. Teixeira, and J. R. Botelho. 1984. Hoplopleura imparata sp. nov. de Minas 
Gerais e notas sobre outras espécies brasileiras de Hoplopleura (Anoplura: Hoplopleuridae). 
Revista Brasileira de Biologia 44 (4): 533-539. 


Udrizar Sauthier, D. E., A. M. Abba, L. G. Pagano, and U. F. J. Pardifias. 2005. Ingreso de 
micromamiferos brasilicos en la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Mastozoologia Neotrop- 
eal 12 (1)° 91-95: 


ERRATUM 


A NOTE ON THE PRIMARY TYPE DEPOSITORY OF 
TETRACNEMOIDEA COIMBRENSIS (HYMENOPTERA: 
CHALCIDOIDEA: ENCYRTIDAE) AND A COMMENT ON 
THE CORRECT SPELLING OF THE SPECIES NAME! 


G. Japoshvili 


In a recent paper, Japoshvili and Abrantes (2006) published the descriptions of 
several new species of Encyrtidae from Portugal, including Tetracnemoidea 
coimbrensis. Unfortunately, when listing the type depository for this species we 
inadvertently included the type depository for another species described in the 
same paper, namely that of Pseudaphycus portugalensis. Technically, under the 
current International Code of Zoological Nomenclature this renders the name 
Tetracnemoidea coimbrensis unavailable for use because the type depository of 
the primary type of this species is not given (see International Code of Zoological 
Nomenclature, 1999: Article 16.4.2). To ensure that there is no ambiguity in the 
availability of this species name we hereby state that the holotype of Tetracne- 
moidea coimbrensis is deposited in the collections of the Institute of Zoology, 
Tbilisi, Georgia. We also note that 7etracnemoidea coimbrensis is misspelled as 
Tetrachnemoidea in the title of description on the page 429 and conimbrigensis 
in the caption for Figures 4-5 on same page. The correct spelling of the species 
name is Zetracnemoidea coimbrensis Japoshvili. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Japoshvili, G. and I. Abrantes. 2006. New records of encyrtids (Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae) from 
Portugal, including description of two new species. Entomological News, Vol. 117(4):423-431. 


International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 1999. International Commission on Zoological 
Nomenclature. Available from http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp (Accessed 17 July 2007). 


‘Received on July 16, 2007. Accepted on July 19, 2007. 


* Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey. 
E-mail: giorgij70@yahoo.com 


Mailed on November 14, 2007 


336 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


NEW RECORDS OF PENTATOMOIDEA 
(HETEROPTERA) FOR THE FAUNA OF EUROPE, 
TURKEY, AND THE TURKISH THRACE’ 


Meral Fent’? and Nihat Aktag’ 


ABSTRACT: This study was carried out in various localities in five provinces of the Turkish Thrace, 
between the years 1992 and 2003. A total of 101 species from six heteropteran families (Pentato- 
midae, Scutelleridae, Thyreocoridae, Cydnidae, Acanthosomatidae and Plataspidae) were deter- 
mined, 22 of the species are new records of the Pentatomoidea for the Turkish Thrace. Of these, three 
species (Thyreocoris fulvipennis, Neottiglossa lineolata, Podops inuncta) are first records for Turkey. 
It seems that Podops is a new genus record for Turkey. Picromerus brachypterus, which has previ- 
ously been recorded from Anatolia (Turkey), is considered a new record for Europe. 


KEY WORDS: Europe, Turkey, Turkish Thrace, Pentatomoidea, new records 


Early biological studies of the Turkish Thrace heteropterans date back to the 
early 1900s (Horvath, 1906, 1917, 1918, 1919). The report of Zwolfer (1930) dis- 
cussed a number of localities from Anatolia, and also included records from 
Edirne and Istanbul of the Turkish Thrace. Gadeau de Kerrville (1939) and Hober- 
landt (1955), who studied different parts of Anatolia, prepared a detailed species 
list that included some species from Edirne, in the Turkish Thrace. Also, Reuter 
(1900) has species records from the region but he gave no precise locality. 
Fahringer (1922) gives some records from Istanbul, particularly from the Belgrad 
Forest. In addition, there are species records of Schmitschek (1944) and Linna- 
vuori (1965) for different places in Istanbul. Wagner (1966) identified a few 
species only from Tekirdag. Josifov (1986) included some information about the 
Turkish Thrace in the Heteroptera checklist of the Balkan Peninsula. In addition, 
some species have been recorded from different localities in the region, including 
papers by Lodos et al. (1978), Lodos and Onder (1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983), 
Onder et al. (1984), Abbas and Onder (1990), Ahmad and Onder (1990, 1990a), 
Kivan (1998, 2004), and Fent and Akta¢ (1999, 2002). When all these studies 
summarized, it appears that 98 species have been recorded from the Turkish 
Thrace, with three of them being new records (Ahmad and Onder 1990, 1990a). 

In this study we aim to contribute to the knowledge of the Pentatomoidae 
fauna of the Turkish Thrace which has a wide variety of vegetation and is also a 
bridge between the Balkans, Europe, and Asia. 


METHODS 
The study material was collected from different habitat types in the Turkish 
Thrace during the active period of the Pentatomoidea (May - September) for 
three years from 2000 to 2003. Additionally, some data belonging to our previ- 
ous field samplings, some as early as 1992, were also evaluated for the present 
work. 


‘Received on April 24, 2006. Accepted on April 17, 2007. 


>Trakya University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology 22030 Edirne-Turkey. 
E-mails: m_ fent@hotmail.com, nihata@trakya.edu.tr, respectively. 


Mailed on November 14, 2007 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 3B) 


Different regions, each with particular vegetation and climatic characters in 
the study area (e.g. dry and humid forests in the Istranca Mountains, Ergene 
River basin, an anthropogenic steppe, and coastal plain which has Mediterranean 
type vegetation), were chosen as sampling sites. These sites were surveyed reg- 
ularly every year in order to search the whole area horizontally and vertically. 

The identification of the species was made following Tamanini (1959), Stichel 
(1960, 1961, 1962), Wagner (1965), Awel (1977), Lodos and Onder (1979); 
Seidenstiicker (1963, 1971) Stys and Davidovd (1980), Gdllner-Scheiding 
(1986, 1990) and Abbas and Onder (1990), as well as Ahmad and Onder (1990, 
1990a). Also, during the identification process, several species were compared 
with the materials in the Niyazi Lodos Museum at the Plant Protection Depart- 
ment of the Faculty of Agriculture at Ege University (Izmir, Turkey). The alti- 
tude, type of habitats and sampling dates in the study sites are summarized in 
Table 1. The localities are shown in Figure 1. The study materials have been pre- 
served in the Entomology Museum at the Biology Department of the Faculty of 
Arts and Science at Trakya University. 


BULGARIA 


BLACK SEA 


TEKIRDAG 
e 


MARMARA SEA 


Figure 1. Collecting localities for this study. 


338 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Table 1. The localities, altitudes, habitats, and dates where Pentatomoidea 
species were recorded in Turkish Thrace. 


Loc. Altitude Collection 
no Province Locality Coordinates (m) Habitat Dates 
1 Tekirdag Malkara 40° 52' ON 200 Alfalfa field Medicago 26.09.1992 
(izgar Koy) 26° 46'0 sativa (Fabaceae ) 18.09.1994 
meadow 28.07.1998 
05.05.2001 
2 Edirne Kapikule 41° 40'28N = 41 Populus alba 23.06.1993 
26° 33' 39E (Salicaceae), meadow 21.07.1993 
3 Istanbul Bahc¢ekéy 41°10' 47N D5 Mixed forest Quercus 24.06.1993 
(Bilezikgi Ds) D3, SNE spp., Fagus orientalis, 14.06.2001 
Ciftligi) (Fagaceae) Populus 
spp. (Salicaceae) 
4 Edirne Lalapasa 41° 54'33N 400 Pasture 21.07.1993 
(Haci 26° 49' 24E 
danisment) 
5 Edirne Centre 41° 40'28N = 41 Fruit trees Prunus 02.12.1995 
Centre 2635) 39E domestica, Malus 13.01.2001 
Gullapoglu sylvestris, (Rosaceae) 28.05.2002 
Yerleskesi flowering plants 06.06.2002 
12.06.2003 
18.06.2003 
6 Edirne Kesan 40° 37'60N ‘Sea Roadside 17.05.1997 
(Yayla) 26° 23'60E _ level 
7 Edirne Lalapasa 41°55'60N 350 Mixed forest Ulmus 05.07.1997 
(Dogankéy) 26° 41' 60E sp. (Ulmacea) Acer sp. 01.09.2001 
(Aceraceae) Quercus 
spp. (Fagaceae) 
Alnus sp. (Betulaceae) 
8 Kurklareli Pinarhisar 41° 43'58N = 450 Oak forest: Quercus 06.07.1997 
(Yenice) 28 TE spp. (Fagaceae) 
9 Kurklareli Demirkoy 41° 55'60N 292 Oak forest: Quercus 06.07.1997 
(Yigitbas1) 27° 38' 60E spp. (Fagaceae) 
10 Istanbul Silivri 41° 13'S59N 163 Streamside, Populus 15.08.1997 
(Beyciler) 238i OE alba (Salicaceae) 
11 Tekirdag Saray 41° 23'30N = 125 Streamside, Populus 11.09.1997 
(Sinanl) 27° 46' 20E tremula, (Salicaceae) 
12 Tekirdag Malkara 41° 1'18N 242 Pasture 29.07.1998 
(Sahin) 26° 50' 33E 
13. Tekirdag Malkara 40° 57' ON 120 Pasture 29.07.1998 
(Karaidemir) 27° 1'60E 
14 Tekirdag Sarkoy 40° 46'60N ‘110 Alfalfa field Medicago 30.07.1998 
(Emiral1) 27° 1' 60E sativa, (Fabaceae) 
15 Tekirdag | Ugmakdere 40° 47'49N — 33 Oak forest: Quercus 06.08.1998 
21 2 Sa spp. (Fagaceae) 
16 Kairklareli Cukurpinar 41° 50' 7N 533 Oak forest: Quercus 25.08.1998 


2), owe spp. (Fagaceae) 


Loc. 


no Province Locality Coordinates 
Al’ 
27° 
41° 
ZY 
41° 
28° 


17 


18 


19 


20 


21 


22 


23 


24 


25 


26 


27 


28 


29 


30 


31 


Kirklareli 
Kuirklareli 


Istanbul 


Edirne 


Kirklareli 


Kuirklareli 
Edirne 


Edirne 


Edirne 


Tekirdag 


Istanbul 


Istanbul 


Tekirdag 


Tekirdag 


Canakkale 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 


Kuzucu 
Vize 


Catalca 
(Durusu) 


Kesan 
(Sazlidere) 


Centre 


Kofcaz 
Lalapasa 
(Omeroba) 


Havsa 
(Haskoy) 


Kegan 
(Korudag1) 


Nusratfaki 


Silivri 


(Buytkkilich) 


Gaziosmanpas 


(Bogazkoy) 


Malkara 
(Mahraml1) 


Sarkoy 
(Yenikéy) 


Gelibolu 
(Koca¢ges me) 


40° 
26° 


41° 
27; 


41° 
27° 
41° 
26° 
41° 
26° 


40° 
26" 


40° 
Je 


41° 
28° 
41° 
28° 


40° 


2g 


40° 
26° 


40° 
26° 


52' ON 
15' OE 
34' 21N 
45' 57E 


18' 19N 
40' 36E 


39' SON 
B 7] S3E 


43' 54N 
13" 29E 


55' 42N 
9' 40E 
55' ON 
55' 60E 
38' 28N 
Si 31 


46' ON 
38' 60E 


57' ON 
19' OE 


9' 25N 
10' 14E 


10' 59N 
46' 20E 


55' 60N 
10' 60E 


38' 60N 
58' 60E 


39' 47N 
48' 1E 


Altitude 
(m) 


423 


186 


40 


10 


200 


500 


310 


95 


300 


189 


56 


116 


123 


160 


350 


Habitat 


Oak forest: Quercus 
spp. (Fagaceae) 

Oak forest: Quercus 
spp. (Fagaceae) 
Mixed forest: 
Quercus spp. 
(Fagaceae), Pinus ssp. 
(Pinaceae), maquis: 
Juniperus oxycedrus 
(Cupressaceae), Cistus 
sp. (Cictaceae) 


Pine Forest: 
Pinus brutia, Pinus 
nigra (Pinaceae) 


Hayfield, fruit garden 
Amygdalus communis 
(Rosaceae) 


Streamside 


Oak forest: Quercus 
spp. (Fagaceae) 

Fruit garden: Malus 
silvestris, Amygdalus 
communis, Pirus 
communis (Rosaceae) 


Mixed forest: Quercus 
spp. (Fagaceae), Pinus 
spp. (Pinaceae) 


Mixed forest: Ulmus 
sp. (Ulmaceae), Cornus 
mas (Cornaceae) 


Streamside 


Mixed forest: (Corylus 
avellena Corylaceae 
Quercus sp. 
(Fagaceae), Ulmus sp. 
(Ulmaceae), Pinus 
spp. (Pinaceae) 


Mixed forest: Quercus 
sp. (Fagaceae), Ulmus 
sp. (Ulmaceae), Picea 
abies (Pinaceae) 


Mixed forest: Thuja 
sp., Cupressus sp. 
(Cupressaceaea) Pinus 
nigra (Pinaceae) 

Pine forest: Pinus 
brutia, Pinus nigra 
(Pinaceae) 


359 


Collection 
Dates 


25.08.1998 
27.08.1998 


29.08.1998 


31005:1999 
17.07.2000 


02.08.2000 
29.06.2002 


02.08.2000 


11.05.2001 


07.06.2001 
09.06.2001 


15.06.2001 


15.06.2001 


07.08.2001 


10.08.2001 


10.08.2001 
20.05.2003 


340 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 
Loc. Altitude Collection 
no Province Locality Coordinates (m) Habitat Dates 
32 Canakkale Gelibolu 40° 17'60N 160 Pine forest: Pinus 11.08.2001 
Ilgardere 26° 28' 60E brutia (Pinaceae) 
33, Canakkale Eceabat 39° 45'29N 170 Mixed forest: Pinus 12.08.2001 
(Kemalyeri) 26° 14' 8E brutia, Cedrus sp. 
(Pinaceae) Cupressus 
sp. (Cupressaceae) 
34 Edirne Karaagac¢ 41° 39'28N =. 23 Populus nigra 12.09.2001 
26% 3" 25E (Salicaceae) 21.05.2003 
Medicago sativa 
(Fabaceaea) 
35 Tekirdag Malkara 40° 49' ON 210 Streamside 14.09.2001 
(Karacahalil) 26° 55'60E 
36 Tekirdag Corlu 41° 14'6N 120 Mixed forest: Pinus 17.05.2002 
(UlaS) 27° 42' 39E sp. (Pinaceaea), Ulmus 
sp. (Ulmacaeae) 
37 Edirne Sarayi¢i 41° 40'28N ss 41 Mixed forest: Ulmus 12.05.2002 
(Tavuk AS BSP 3S)3 sp. (Ulmaceaea), 21.05.2002 
Orman1) Populus alba, 
Salix alba (Salicaceae) 
38 Tekirdag Malkara 41° 1'SN 250 Mixed forest: Quercus 19.05.2002 
(Kozy6ruk) 26us6 39% sp. (Fagaceae) 
39 Edirme Siileoglu 41° 46'2N 156 Dam side 24.05.2002 
(Baraj) 26° 54' 43E 25.06.2002 
40 Kurklareli Demirkoy 41° 46'S57N Sea Mixed forest: Populus 26.05.2002 
(Igneada Viel Sor Wievel spp. (Salicaceae) 
Pedina Golu) Quercus spp. 
(Fagaceae) 
Alnus sp. (Betulaceae) 
Ulmus sp. (Ulmaceae) 
41 Karklareli Uskiip 41° 43'60N = 297 Roadside 27.06.2002 
(Hacifakl) 27° 26' 60E 
42 Kuirklareli Caglayik 42° 1' 60N 347 Mixed forest: Quercus 28.06.2002 
271419) OE spp. (Fagaceae), Alnus 
sp. (Betulaceaea), Ulmus 
sp. (Ulmaceae) Corylus 
avellen (Corylaceae) 
43 Kurklareli Derekdy 42° 1' 60N 430 Oak forest: Quercus 28.06.2002 
27. 20' OE spp. (Fageceae) 
44 Kirklareli Lileburgaz 41° 28'0N 136 Pasture 28.08.2002 
(Kurik) 27° 14' 58E 
45 Kirklareli Demirkdy 41° 50' 8N 700 Mixed forest: Populus 29.08.2002 
(Balaban) 27° 40' 34E alba (Salicaceae) 
Ulmus sp. (Ulmaceae) 
Quercus sp. (Fagaceae) 
46 Kirklareli Vize 41° 42'19N = 425 Meadow 29.08.2002 
(Sergen) 2142! 30E 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 341 


Loc. Altitude Collection 


no Province Locality Coordinates (m) Habitat Dates 
47 Karklareli Prnarhisar 41° 34'60N = =248 Mixed forest: Quercus 29.08.2002 
(Tozakl1) 27° 34' OE spp. (Fagaceae) 


Ulmus sp. (Ulmaceae) 
Alnus sp. (Betulaceae) 


48 Kurklareli Pinarhisar 41° 43'S55N 800 Mixed forest: Fagus 07.06.2003 
(Mahya Di 38 KE orientalis (Fagaceae) 
Tepesi) Carpinus betulus 
(Oleaceae) 
41° 45'46N 880 Anthropogenic steppe 07.06.2003 
Die sie Ts 


SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY 


Acanthosomatidae Stal, 1865 
Cyphostethus tristriatus (Fabricius, 1787) 
Material Examined: loc. 30,2 0C. 
Distribution: Widely distributed in the Balkan Peninsula and found in many 
localities in Anatolia. First record for the Turkish Thrace. 


Thyreocoridae Amyot and Serville, 1843 
Thyreocoris fulvipennis (Dallas, 1851) 

Material Examined: loc. 5, 3 99. 

Distribution: Recorded from Austria, Bulgaria, Corsica, Czechoslovakia, 
South of France, Italy, Macedonia, Spain, Slovakia, Portugal, Yugoslavia, Hun- 
gary, Romania, and from Algeria and Morocco (Stichel, 1961; Stys and 
Davidova, 1980). This species is the first record for Turkish fauna. The study area 
can be considered the eastern border of the distribution range of the species. 

Diagnosis and Comments: The most important characters of Thyrecoris ful- 
vipennis used to differentiate it from other Thyrecoris species is the ratio of the 
lengths of the 2nd and 3rd antennal segments and the corium coloration. When 
our specimens were compared with the description of Stys and Davidova (1980), 
it appears that the length of the 2nd antennal segment is 1/3 of the 3rd. On the 
other hand, the 2nd antennal segment of 7’ scarabaeoides has a length of more 
than half of the 3rd. 7’ ohridanus can be placed between these two species in 
terms of the same length character. The 2nd antennal segment of this species is 
shorter compared to that of 7’ scarabaeoides and the 3rd is shorter compared to 
that of TZ. fulvipennis (Stys and Davidova, 1980). Corium of 7. fulvipennis is 
brown with reddish yellow shades while it is black with metallic reflections in 
T’ scarabaeoides. 

Our specimens of 7. fulvipennis are also in accordance with descriptions of 
Stichel (1961) and Josifov (1981). The contact among the populations that are 
distributed mostly in Europe is continued. 


342 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Cydnidae Billberg, 1820 
Microporus nigrita (Fabricius, 1794) 
Material Examined: loc. 39, 1 &. 
Distribution: Distributed in a broad area, particularly in Europe. Known to 
occur in a few localities of Anatolia. New record for the Turkish Thrace. 


Plataspidae Dallas, 1851 
Coptosoma mucronatum Seidensticker, 1963 
Material Examined: loc. 23, 1 C’; loc. 26, 1 9,5 OC; loc. 48, 1 o&. 
Distribution: Distributed in several eastern European countries, as well as in 
Russia, and Kazakhstan. Found in Anatolia, particularly in the midland. New 
record for the Turkish Thrace. 


Scutelleridae Leach, 1815 
Odontoscelis minuta Jakovlev, 1881 

Material Examined: loc. 39, 8 99,17 OO’; loc. 40, 4 99,7 So. 

Distribution: Widely distributed in Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia. Record- 
ed for the first time from Turkish Thrace during the present study. 

Comments: The male genitalia morphology obtained by genital preparations 
of males, as well as other morphological characters are in accordance with those 
of Seidenstiicker (1971) and Gollner-Scheiding (1986). 


Psacasia tuberculata (Fabricius, 1781) 

Material Examined: loc. 2, 1 9. 

Distribution: Widespread in Europe, Mediterranean countries, and in the 
south of Russia. Occurs in many parts of Anatolia and it is particularly common 
in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Recorded for the first time for the Turkish 
Thrace. 


Psacasta neglecta (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1837) 
Material Examined: loc. 4, 1 9. 
Distribution: Common in the Balkan Peninsula, but known to occur in only 
two localities in Anatolia. First record for the Turkish Thrace. 


Odontotarsus freyi Puton, 1882 
Material Examined: loc. 1, 1 9, 2 OO’; loc. 15, 2 99; loc. 20, 1 9; loc. 25, 
19,10; loc. 31, 599,200. 
Distribution: Found in the north African countries, Spain, and Greece, as 
well as in Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey (Lodos, et al., 1978, 
1998; Onder et al., 1995). First record for the Turkish Thrace. 


Odontotarsus plicatulus Horvath, 1906 
Material Examined: loc. 15, 1 9, 6 OO’; loc. 35, 1 &, 41, 1 9,1 oc. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 343 


Distribution: Although this species is known to occur from Macedonia to 
Anatolia and northern Syria (Gollner-Scheiding, 1990), it has been recorded for 
the first time in the Turkish Thrace during the present study. 


Odontotarsus rufescens Fieber, 1861 

Material Examined: loc. 7, 1 &; loc. 8, 1 &; loc. 9, 1 &; loc. 12, 1 &; loc. 
13,19: loc. 14, 1 GO: low! 16;1kO::, toc 2171 92 O'C’: log 18's = 10e222, 1 
QO, 10; loc. 23, 1 9: loc. 28, 2 99; loc. 33, 1 9; loc. 37, 1 &; loc. 38, 1 Y; loc. 
42,10; loc. 44,2 OC; loc. 48, 19,2 0o°. 

Distribution: This species has a distribution range including Greece, Bul- 
garia, Crete, Cyprus, Syria, Egypt, Iraq and Anatolia. It is a new record for the 
Turkish Thrace fauna. 

Comments and Diagnosis: The morphological characters of Odontotarsus 
freyi, O. plicatulus, and O. rufescens in this present study are in accordance with 
those reported by Stichel (1961) and Gollner-Scheiding (1990). Moreover, geni- 
tal preparations of male specimens of these three species confirmed the data of 
Gollner-Scheiding (1990). 


Pentatomidae Leach, 1815 
Picromerus brachypterus Ahmad and Onder, 1990 

Material Examined: loc. 7, 3 99. 

Distribution: This species is known to occur only in Turkey and its type 
locality is the Bayburt-Kackar Mountains. Since it was recorded for the first time 
from the Turkish Thrace during the present study, it is also the first record for the 
Balkan Fauna and Europe. 

Diagnosis and Comments: Membrane of hemelytra in P. brachypterus 1s 
short and does not entirely cover the distal part. Second antennal segment is at 
least 1% x or about 1% x length of third, and usually is distinctly longer than the 
fourth. The fourth and fifth segments are almost equal; paraclypeus are as long 
as clypeus. The close species to this species are P. bidens and P. pseudobidens. 
According to Ahmad and Onder (1990), hemelytra in P. bidens reaches till the 
distal part of abdomen entirely, second antennal segment is longer than the third 
but less than 1% x length of third, and equal to the fourth, the fourth and fifth 
segments are equal. Paraclypeus are equal to clypeus or shorter. In the other 
species P. pseudobidens, the hemelytra distinctly reaches beyond abdomen; the 
second antennal segment is equal or slightly longer than the third, and is longer 
than the fifth; paraclypeus is equal or slightly longer than the clypeus. Our 
P. barchypterus material conforms to the study of Ahmad and Onder (1990). 


Jalla dumosa (Linnaeus, 1758) 
Material Examined: loc. 48, | 9. 
Distribution: This species has a wide geographic range and is commonly 
found throughout Europe. It is also known to occur in many localities in 
Anatolia, but the present study represents the first record for the Turkish Thrace. 


344 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Sciocoris (Aposciocoris) homalonotus Fieber, 1852 
Material Examined: loc. 36,4 99, 1 G&; loc. 37, 1 9. 
Distribution: Exhibits a wide distribution in Europe, but is found in a few 
localities in Anatolia, also is the first record for the Turkish Thrace. 


Aelia albovittata Fieber, 1868 
Material Examined: loc. 6, 1 9; loc. 31, 2 99,2 0Oo. 
Distribution: This species has been reported from Greece and Bulgaria 
which are contiguous countries to the study area. It is known to occur in Syria 
and many localities in Anatolia but is the first record for the Turkish Thrace. 


Neottiglossa leporina (Herrich-Schaffer, 1830) 

Material Examined: loc. 17, 1 9. 

Distribution: Common in Europe and also found in the south of Russia and 
Siberia. This species has been reported from several localities in Anatolia. It was 
recorded from only one locality in our study area and it is the first record for the 
Turkish Thrace. 


Neottiglossa lineolata (Mulsant and Rey, 1852) 

Material Examined: loc. 27, 2 99; loc. 37, 2 99. 

Distribution: This species has been found in European countries which are 
on the Mediterranean coast, in the Balkan Peninsula and in the south of Russia. 
It was found in only two localities in Turkish Thrace and is the new record for 
the Turkish Fauna. 

Comments and Diagnosis: The taxonomic status of this species is highly 
complicated and, therefore, it has been included in different taxa by several 
authors. This species is very close to N. pusilla but, as Wagner (1954) stated, due 
to several head and genital parts it is definitely different from that species. 
According to Stichel (1961), the medial part of the venter forms a dark triangle- 
shaped spot distally, laterally with a dark black stripe consisting of black punc- 
tures, the area between these stripes and the middle part of the abdomen is pale 
yellow and has scarce brown punctures. The venter described above is the same 
in our specimens. Stichel (1961) regards these features as distinctive between 
N. lineolata and N. pusilla. Wagner (1954) and Josifov (1981) have given these 
features of the venter for N. pusilla. Josifov (1981) separated the two species 
according to the coloration on the connexivum. According to Josifov (1981), 
there are triangle-shaped spots on the connexivum of each paratergites in N. line- 
olata. Stichel (1961) states that the dark punctures are distributed homogeneous- 
ly on connexivum or that they are found densely on each of proximal and distal 
margins. The shape of punctures on connexivum in our study conforms to 
description of Josifov (1981). 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 345 


Acrosternum heegeri Fieber, 1861 
Material Examined: loc. 34, 1 9. 
Distribution: Widely distributed throughout Palaearctic, particularly com- 
mon in southern Europe. Although this species has previously been reported 
from several localities in Anatolia, it is the first record for the Turkish Thrace. 


Holcostethus albipes (Fabricius, 1781) 
Material Examined: loc 1, 2 99; loc. 21, 1 9. 
Distribution: Distributed particularly in Mediteranean countries and in 
Europe, but is reported from a few localities in Anatolia. First record for the 
Turkish Thrace. 


Holcostethus sphacelatus Fabricius, 1794 
Material Examined: loc. 48, 1 9. 
Distribution: Distributed in Europe, Mediterranean countries, southern Rus- 
sia, and in a few localities in Anatolia. First record for the Turkish Thrace. 


Carpocoris melanocerus (Mulsant and Rey, 1852) 
Material Examined: loc. 7, 1 0; loc. 11, 1 9; loc. 16, 1 9; loc. 19, 1 9; loc. 
25, 1 9; loc. 29, 1 9; loc. 32, 1 9; loc. 46, 1 &. 
Distribution: Distributed in Europe, Caucasia, and found in many localities 
in Anatolia. First record for the Turkish Thrace. 


Stagonomus bipunctatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 
Material Examined: loc. 3, 2 OC’; loc. 7, 1 &; loc. 10, 2 99, 1G; loc. 43, 
2'OO. loc.45.)1.0.. loc, 47. 1-C. 
Distribution: This species is widely distributed in Europe, North Africa, 
Caucasia, the Middle East, and several localities in Anatolia. First record for the 
Turkish Thrace. 


Podops (Podops) inuncta (Fabricius, 1775) 

Material Examined: loc. 3, 1 9. 

Distribution: This species has a wide distribution in Europe, particularly in 
the Balkan Peninsula. It is the first record for Turkish fauna at genus level. 

The genus Podops is represented by 10 species belonging to 3 subgenera in 
the Palaearctic (Josifov, 1981; Derzhansky, 2000). The presence of the genus in 
Turkey is shown for the first time during the present study in which we record- 
ed Podops inuncta. The subgenera of Podops are Petalodera, Podops, and Opo- 
crates. The genus Podops is characterized by the peculiar shape of the distal cor- 
ner of the pronotal projections, such as axe, tongue, pen, or spine (Stichel, 1961). 

Diagnosis: According to the description of Stichel (1961) regarding Podops 
inuncta, the circular brown spot on the distal portion of the femur is single, tibia 
is yellow without a longitudinal line, tarsi are entirely yellow. Moreover, the 


346 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


number of tubercles is three or may be five. In the study material, the femur has 
circular brown spots, brown pretarsi, and the ventral side of the tibia with brown 
longitudinal stripe. The number of tubercles on the proximal side of scutellum is 
three. 


DISCUSSION 

As a result of this study, 22 new records belonging to 6 families (Pentatomi- 
dae, Scutelleridae, Thyreocoridae, Cydnidae, Acanthosomatidae and Plataspi- 
dae) for Turkish Thrace were determined. Three of these species (Thyreocoris 
fulvipennis, Neottiglossa lineolata, Podops inuncta) are new records for Penta- 
tomidae fauna of Turkey. The genus Podops is also new for Turkey. Picromerus 
brachypterus is the first record for Europe and for the Balkan Peninsula. 

In the previous studies dealing with the geographical distribution, no species 
belonging to genus Podops had been reported for the Turkish Thrace and 
Anatolia. However, this genus is represented by the species P inuncta, and P. 
rectidens, in Bulgaria, as well as P. curvidens and P. rectidens in Greece (Josifov, 
1981, 1986). Podops inuncta, which was found only in Istanbul-Belgrad Forests 
for the first time during the study, may be considered a European species in terms 
of its geographic distribution. 

Three species of the genus Thyreocoris have been known from the Palaearctic. 
These are 7: scarabaeoides, T. fulvipennis, and T: ohridanus (Josifov, 1981, 
1986). Only 7. scarabaeoides has been known from Turkey up to now. In the 
early studies, 7’ scarabaeeides was recorded from Ankara (Escherich, 1897; 
Hoberlandt, 1955) and Istanbul-Belgrad Forests (Fahringer, 1922). In later stud- 
ies, it was reported from Antalya, Nevsehir and Izmir (Lodos and Onder, 1980; 
Lodos et al., 1998). Thyreocoris scrabaeoides has been known to occur in Bul- 
garia and Greece which are the neighbor countries to the study area (Josifov, 
1986). Thyreocoris fulvipennis is known to occur in a few European countries 
including Bulgaria (Stichel, 1962; Josifov, 1981), which also was contributed to 
Turkish fauna by the present study. The third species, 7. ohridanus, was report- 
ed from southwestern Bulgaria, though it was not found in the Turkish Thrace 
during this study. However, this species may possibly be found in the area if its 
distribution is regarded. Josifov (1981) pointed out that 7! fulvipennis is a moun- 
tainous species particularly for high altitudes, since it is found at mountains 
(Rhodope, Vitosha and Lozen) above 800 m in Bulgaria. However, our findings 
do not support Josifov’s (1981) suggestions because it was found at 41 m altitude 
in Edirne. In central Europe 7: fulvipennis occurs only in lowlands (Stys and 
Davidova, 1980). 

Neottiglossa lineolata, which was the first record in the study area, has been 
reported to occur in only Europe and in the Balkans regarding its geographic dis- 
tribution. This species was found in two localities (Edirne-Sarayici and Silivri- 
Buyiikkiligly) which are located at a long distance from each other. It is possible 
that this species may have a broader distribution. The study area may be consid- 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 347 


ered as the eastern boundary of its distribution, because this species has never 
been reported from Anatolia. 

The species Cyphostethus tristriatus, Microporus nigrita, Coptosoma mucro- 
natum, Odontoscelis minuta, Odontotarsus freyi, O. rufescens, O. plicatulus, 
Psacasta tuberculata, P. neglecta, Jalla dumosa, Sciocoris homalonatus, A. al- 
bovittata, Nettiglossa leporina, Acrosternum heegeri, Holcostethus albipes, 
H. sphacelatus, Carpocoris melanocerus and Stagonomus bipunctatus, which 
appeared as new records for the Turkish Thrace, are widespread in Anatolia, the 
Balkans, and particularly in Greece and Bulgaria. Although Picromerus brachyp- 
terus has already been reported from Anatolia, it was recorded for the first time 
in the Turkish Thrace during the course of the present study. 

As a result, the species number of Turkish Pentatomoidea fauna increased 
from 244 to 247 with the introduction of three new species recorded during the 
present extensive survey in the Turkish Thrace. The species number of Pentato- 
moidea in the Turkish Thrace was 98 before the present study, and the addition 
of 22 new records from the Turkish Thrace, 3 of which are also new for Turkey, 
increased this number to 120. In conclusion, the present data revealed that the 
Turkish Thrace exhibits a rich species diversity of Pentatomoidea, as this rela- 
tively small area houses almost half of the species of Turkish Pentatomoidea. 


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BRWN 


Ww > 


SS! =! fac! @) lssl les! tS) © 


_— 
—" 


350 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


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Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 351 


A PROPOSAL OF GENERIC AND SUBGENERIC 
ABBREVIATIONS FOR PHLEBOTOMINE SANDFLIES 
(DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE: PHLEBOTOMINAE) 
OF THE WORLD' 


Carlos Brisola Marcondes’ 


ABSTRACT: The systematics of Phlebotomine sandflies has been studied and discussed since the 
beginning of the 20th century, and many systems have been proposed. Complex and well-based sys- 
tems, dividing Phlebotominae in many genera and subgenera, proposed for Old and New World 
species, have been progressively understood and accepted by the workers in the subfamily. Due to its 
complex nature, a system of abbreviations, similar to that utilized for Culicidae, is proposed here for 
these groups of Phlebotominae. It uses two letters for genera and three for subgenera. 


KEY WORDS: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae, nomenclature, systematics, abbreviation, genus, sub- 
genus 


Many systems of classification of the species of Phlebotomine sandflies have 
been proposed since Newstead (1911). Galati (1995, 2003) revised the existing 
proposals for New World sandflies, and created a new system, based on a careful 
phyllogenetic study. It includes a complete review and reorganization of the spec- 
ies of the subfamily Phlebotominae into two tribes (Hertigiini and Phlebotomini). 
The first was divided in the subtribes Hertigiina and Idiophlebotomina, and the 
second in Phlebotomina, Australophlebotomina, Brumptomyiina, Sergentomyiina, 
Lutzomyiina and Psychodopygina. 

Galati (1995, 2003) did not analyze the infrageneric systematics of the genus 
Phlebotomus; moreover, Rispail and Léger (1998) proposed a new classification 
of genera and subgenera for Old World Phlebotominae sandflies, based in a mor- 
phological study, which is utilized here. Older classifications are discussed by 
Galati (1995, 2003) and Rispail and Léger (1998), in their analyses and new pro- 
posals. 

Several of the many genera and subgenera of Phlebotominae have the same ini- 
tial letter, preventing the use of abbreviations in publications. If the authors choose 
to abbreviate in publications, some confusion may occur. A system of abbreviations 
for these categories is proposed. It is similar to the system proposed by Reinert 
(1975, 1982, 1992, 2001) for the genera of Culicidae, which has been very useful. 


METHODS 
The abbreviations of genera utilize the first two letters of the genus and those of 
subgenera the first three of the subgenus. When necessary to avoid confusion, 
another combination of letters is proposed. Since some publications include refer- 
ences to Culicidae and Phlebotominae, the abbreviations for the last group were 
usually conciliated to those of Reinert (2001). 


‘Received on May 17, 2006. Accepted on April 20, 2007. 


* Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of 
Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianopolis- SC, Brazil. E-mail: cbrisola@mbox1.ufsc.br. 


Mailed on November 14, 2007 


BSA ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Since series and groups are provisory, and these categories are not recognized 
by the Code of Zoological Nomenclature, no abbreviations are proposed for them. 


PROPOSALS 
The abbreviations for 31 genera and 35 subgenera proposed by Galati (2003) 
and Rispail et al. (1998) are shown below. Adequate utilization of abbreviations 
is recommended by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 
Chapter 7, Article 25, Recommendation 25A, 1999), to prevent confusion be- 
tween genera and subgenera with the same initial. Periods must be used with the 
generic and subgeneric abbreviations (ICZN, Appendix B11, 1999). 


Proposed abbreviations for genera of Phlebotominae 


Genus Abbreviation 
Australophlebotomus Theodor Au. 
Bichromomyia Artemiev Bi. 
Brumptomyia Franca and Parrot Br. 
Chinius Leng Ch. 
Dampfomyia Addis Da. 
Deanemyia Galati De. 
Evandromyia Mangabeira Ey. 
Expapillata Galati Ex. 
Hertigia Fairchild He. 
Idiophlebotomus Quate and Fairchild Id. 
Lutzomyia Franga Lu. 
Martinsmyia Galati Mt. 
Micropygomyia Barretto Mi. 
Migonemyia Galati Mg. 
Nyssomyia Barretto Ny. 
Oligodontomyia Galati OL. 
+Phlebotomiella Hennig Pe. 
+Phlebotomites Meunier PE 
Phlebotomus Rondani and Berté Ph. 
Pintomyia Costa Lima Pi. 
Pressatia Mangabeira Pr. 
Psathyromyia Barretto Pa. 
Psychodopygus Mangabeira Ps. 
Sciopemyia Barretto Sc. 
Sergentomyia Franga and Parrot Se. 
Spelaeomyia Theodor, 1948 Sa. 
Spelaeophlebotomus Theodor SI. 
Trichophoromyia Barretto Th. 
Trichopygomyia Barretto Ty. 
Viannamyia Mangabeira Vi. 
Warileya Hertig Wa. 


+ Extinct 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 


Proposed abbreviations for subgenera of Phlebotominae 


Subgenus 


Coromyia 
Dampfomyia 


Aldamyia 
Barrettomyia 
Evandromyia 


Castromyia 
Lutzomyia 
Helcocyrtomyia 
Tricholateralis 


Coquilletimyia 
Micropygomyia 
Sauromyia 
Silvamyia 


Blancasmyia 
Migomemyia 


Adlerius 
Anaphlebotomus 
Euphlebotomus 
Kasaulius 
Larroussius 


Paraphlebotomus 


Phlebotomus 
Synphlebotomus 


Transphlebotomus 


Pifanomyia 
Pintomyia 


Forattiniella 
Psathyromyia 
Xiphomyia 


Abbreviation 


Genus Dampfomyia 
Cor. 
Dam. 


Genus Evandromyia 
Ald. 
Bar. 
Eva. 


Genus Lutzomyia 
Gas. 
Lut. 
Hel. 
Trl. 


Genus Micropygomyia 


Col. 

Mic. 
Sau. 
Sel: 


Genus Migonemyia 
Bla. 
Mig. 


Genus Phlebotomus 
Adl. 
Ana. 
Eup. 
Kas. 
Lar. 
Par. 
PAhl. 
Syn. 
Tra. 


Genus Pintomyia 
Pif- 
Pin: 


Genus Psathyromyia 
For. 
Psa. 
Xip. 


353 


354 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Genus Sergentomyia 


Demeillonius Dem. 
Grassomyia Gra. 
Neophlebotomus Neo. 
Parrotomyia Par. 
Sergentomyia Ser. 
Sintonius Sin. 


The abbreviation Ps. was utilized for Psychodopygus, in a similar way to the 
proposition of this as a genus (Ready et al., 1980); this genus, narrower than that 
previously proposed by Forattini (1971), is accepted by Galati (1995, 2003). 

The abbreviation Mt. was utilized for Martinsmyia and Col. for the subgenus 
Coquillettimyia to avoid confusion with Ma. for Mansonia, and Cog. for the sub- 
genus Coquillettidia, both in the Culicidae. The abbreviation 7h. was utilized for 
Trichophoromyia and Ty. for Trichopygomyia, to avoid confusion with Tricho- 
prosopon (Reinert 2001); h and y refer to, respectively, phoreus (“carrier”) and 
pygos (“rump, buttocks”) (Brown 1956). Both genera of Culicidae are common 
in the American continent (Knight and Stone, 1977), adopting the narrower con- 
cept of Trichoprosopon of Zavortink (1979). 

It was not considered necessary to avoid the utilization of Mi. for Micropy- 
gomyia, Mg. for Migomemyia, Bar. for Barrettomyia, and Ch. for Chinius (Gal- 
ati 2003), because there is no coincidence between the distributions of these 
groups and those of Mimomyia, Maorigoeldia, Barraudius, and Chagasia 
(Knight and Stone, 1977). The coincidence of abbreviations is not important in 
papers which do not include both families. 

The abbreviation 7r/. was utilized for Tricholateralis to prevent any associa- 
tion to Trichopygomyia and to recall Jateralis (“of the side’), and S/. for 
Spelaeophlebotomus, instead of Sp., to prevent confusion with sp. for undefined 
species. 

The maintenance of Lu. for the genus Lutzomyia agrees with the use in papers 
also referring to Leishmania (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), in 
which the last genus is abbreviated as Le. or L. (e.g., Lainson et al., 1977). 

Since Depaquit et al. (1998) considered Phlebotomus, including Larroussius, 
as a paraphylletic group, some modifications may occur in the genus, which 
would change the status of this subgenus. The study of more characters of Old 
World Phlebotomine sandflies than those utilized by Rispail and Léger (1998) 
and of their polarity will possibly lead to modifications on the classification of 
these species (Galati, unpublished data). | 

No classification can be considered as perpetual, as confirmed by the new 
proposals for the raising to the genus level of Ochlerotatus (Reinert, 2000) and 
Stegomyia (Reinert et al., 2004). The classification of Phlebotominae of Galati 
(1995, 2003) is based on sound morphological basis. It has been confirmed by 
the molecular study of Depaquit et al. (1998), which showed Sergentomyia near- 
er to Lutzomyia than to Phlebotomus. Beaty et al. (2004) distinguished two 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 395 


clades, one corresponding to Psychodopygina and other to Lutzomyiina in the 
classification of Galati (1995, 2003); in the last clade, a subclade, equivalent to 
genus Lutzomyia, and another, equivalent to Migonemyia+, both proposed by 
Galati (1995, 2003), can easily be distinguished. 

The adequacy of the acceptance of new proposals for taxonomic changes was 
recently commented (Marcondes, 2007; but see Polaszek 2007) and, if not dis- 
proved in an adequate period, they should be accepted and utilized. The number 
of known species of Culicidae (ca. 3,500) is greater than that of Phlebotominae 
(ca. 700). However, since the number of genera of the last group (31) is compa- 
rable to that of the first (39) (Reinert, 2001) plus Stegomyia (Reinert et al., 2004), 
the proposed “abbreviations” are also useful. 

The proposed abbreviations can be adapted to any future modification of the 
classification, as done by Reinert (1982, 1992, 2001) for Culicidae. Since gener- 
ic names of Phlebotomine sandflies are much less known to general public than 
those of mosquitoes, the acceptance of the new classification (Galati, 1995, 
2003; Rispail and Léger, 1998) would be much less traumatic for them; in fact, 
some medical personnel still refer to sandflies as “Phlebotomus.” The recom- 
mendations of Editor JME (2005) to manage the modifications for Aedine mos- 
quitoes, if applied for sandflies, will form, for example, Nyssomyia neivai 
(=Lutzomyia neivai see Galati, 2003). If, after an adequate study on phylogeny, 
some subgenus is raised to generic status (or vice-versa), it will be easy to change 
the abbreviation (e.g., Xip. to Xi or. Ny. to Nys.). 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


To Dr. Eunice A. B. Galati (Faculdade de Saude Publica, Universidade de Sao Paulo), for infor- 
mation on her system of classification and on the usefulness of systematics; to her and also to Dr. 
Lucia Massutti Almeida (Departamento de Zoologia, UFPR) and to Dr. Ubirajara Martins (Museu de 
Zoologia, USP), for information on the ICZN. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Beaty, L, A. G. Caceres, J. A. Lee, and L. E. Munstermann. 2004. Systematic relationships 
among Lutzomyia sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Peru and Colombia based on the analysis 
of 12S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences. International Journal of Parasitology 34:225-234. 


Brown, R. W. 1956. Composition of scientific words. Reese Press, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. 
882 pp. 


Depaquit, J., S. Perrotey, G. Lecointre, A. Tillier, S. Tillier, H. Ferté, M. Kaltenbach, N. Léger. 
1998. Systématique moléculaire des Phlebotominae: étude pilote. Paraphylie du genre Phle- 
botomus. Comptes Rendus de la Academie de Sciences de Paris Sciences de la Vie 321:849-855. 


Edman, J. D. (Editor-In-Chief), C. S. Apperson, G. G. Clark, J. F. Day, A. M. Fallon, L. D. Foil, 
H. S. Ginsberg, L. C. Harrington, U. Kitron, P. G. Lawyer, L. P. Lounibos, T. J. Lysyk, 
R. W. Merritt, R. D. Moon, D. E. Norris, W. K. Reisen, R. Rosenberg, C. J. Schofield, D. E. 
Sonenshine, W. J. Tabachnick (all subject editors). 2005. Journal policy on names of Aedine 
mosquito genera and subgenera. Journal of Medical Entomology 42:511. 


356 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Forattini, O. P. 1971. Sobre a classificagaéo da subfamilia Phlebotominae nas Américas (Diptera: 
Psychodidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 24:93-111. 


Galati, E. A. B. 1995. Phylogenetic systematics of the Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) with 
emphasis on American groups. Boletin de la Direcién de Malariologia y Saneamento Ambiental 
43(3/4):133-142. 


Galati, E. A. B. 2003. Classificagao de Phlebotominae. pp. 23-52. Jn, E. R. Rangel, R. Lainson 
(Organizersorgs.). Flebotomineos do Brasil. Editora Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 367 pp. 


Knight, K. L. and A. Stone. 1977. A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world. Entomological 
Society of America, College Park, Maryland, U.S.A. Entomological Society of America. xi+ 611 
pp. 

Lainson, R., R. D. Ward, and J. J. Shaw. 1977. Leishmania in phlebotomid sandflies: VI. 
Importance of hindgut development in distinguishing between parasite of the Leishmania mexi- 
cana and L. braziliensis complexes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 199:309-320. 


Marcondes, C. B. 2007. Taxonomic changes: disprove or accept them. Trends in Parasitology 
23:302-303. 


Newstead, R. 1911. The papataci flies (Phlebotomus) of the Maltese Islands. Bulletin of Ento- 
mological Research 2:27-78. 


Polaszek, A. 2007. Response to Marcondes: accepting name changes. Trends in Parasitology 
23:303-304. 


Ready, P. D., H. Frahia, R. Lainson, and J. J. Shaw. 1980. Psychodopygus as a genus: reasons 
for a flexible classification of the phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Journal of 
Medical Entomology 17:75-88. 


Reinert, J. F. 1975. Mosquito generic and subgeneric abbreviations (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito 
Systematics 7:105-110. 


Reinert, J. F. 1982. Abbreviations for mosquito generic and subgeneric taxa established since 1975 
(Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics 14:124-125. 


Reinert, J. F. 1992. Additional abbreviations of mosquito subgenera: names established since 1982 
(Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics 23:209-210. 


Reinert, J. F. 2000. New classification for the composite genus Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae: Aedini), 
elevation of subgenus Ochlerotatus to generic rank, reclassification of the other subgenera, and 
notes on certain subgenera and species. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 
16:175-188. 


Reinert, J. F. 2001. Revised list of abbreviations for genera and subgenera of Culicidae (Diptera) 
and notes on generic and subgeneric changes. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Asso- 
ciation 17:51-55. 


Reinert, J. F, R. Harbach, and I. J. Kitching. 2004. Phylogeny and classification of Aedini 
(Diptera: Culicidae), based on morphological characters of all life stages. Zoological Journal of 
the Linnean Society 142:289-368. 


Rispail, P. and N. Léger. 1998. Numerical taxonomy of Old World Phlebotominae (Diptera: 
Psychodidae). 2. Restatement of classification upon subgeneric morphological characters. 
Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 93:787-793. 


Zavortink, T. J. 1979. A reclassification of the Sabethini genus Trichoprosopon. Mosquito Syste- 
matics 11:255-257. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 357 


A NEW SPECIES OF NEOTOURNIERIA APFELBECK, 1932 
(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) FROM TURKEY ' 


Luigi Magnano’ and Osman Sert’ 


ABSTRACT: Neotournieria ambigener n. sp. from Turkey is described and compared with the three 
known species of the genus. The new species is the only amphigonic known member of Neotournieria. 


KEY WORDS: Neotournieria, new species, amphigony, Turkey, Coleoptera, Curculionidae 


Neotournieria was described by Apfelbeck (1932) as subgenus of Otiorhynchus 
Germar, 1822 and raised to generic level by Magnano (1998). Thus far, only three 
species, all apparently parthenogenetic, are included in it. However, the new 
species herein described is amphigonic, namely it has both sexes. It can be remind- 
ed that Lona (1943) described Otiorhynchus liebmanni Lona, 1943 approaching it 
to the quite unrelated species O. (Panorosemus) gibbicollis Boheman, 1843, 
O. (Tournieria) veluchianus Apfelbeck, 1908 and Neotournieria bureschi (Apfel- 
beck, 1932), although he did not included O. liebmanni to any of the then described 
subgenera. Judging from the description, it could be possible that it also belongs in 
Neotournieria, and only the future study of types will clarify its systematic posi- 
tion. 


SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY 


Neotournieria ambigener n. sp. 

Diagnosis: Neotournieria related to N. bureschi (Apfelbeck, 1932) with which 
it shares the minutely granulate elytra, but easily recognizable by its larger size and 
the patches of golden hairlike scales on elytra. 

Type Data: Holotypus 9: “Turkey Aysebacy village, Balikesir, 02.06.1994, 
leg. S. Varli” in Magnano collection. Genitalia included in Euparal® and sternites 
1-5 glued on a transparent label below the specimen and borne by the same pin. 
Paratypes: 1 & “Turkey Aysebacy village, Balikesir, 02.06.1994, leg. S. Varli,” in 
Magnano collection; 2 99 “Turkey Aysebacy village, Balikesir, 02.06.1994, leg. 
S. Varli,” in Sert collection. 

Description: Holotypus 9. Length (prothorax + elytra) mm 8.5, maximum ely- 
tral width mm 4.5. Integument black, apex of tibiae, tarsi and antenna dark brown. 
Rostrum, pterygia included, 1.55 times as long as wide, slightly conically tapering 
from anterior margin of eyes to posterior margin of pterygia. Scrobe deep, with 
anterior margin notched, and not extending toward eye. Epistoma shining, acutely 
arch-shaped and keeled posteriorly. Frons sloping forward at the level of hind mar- 
gin of scrobe. Epifrons parallel-sided with a faint longitudinal carina, areolate 
punctures dense and deeper than those on frons, hairlike scales sparse and with 
weak golden lustre. Clubbed scape almost straight and gradually thickened toward 


‘Received July 27, 2006. Accepted on May 18, 2007. 
*-Via Montenero, 53 I-53036 Poggibonsi SI Italy. E-mail: luigimagnano@libero.it. 


> Hacettepe University, Department of Biology, Section of Applied Biology, Beytepe Ankara Turkey. 
E-mail: sert@hacettepe.edu.tr. 


Mailed on November 14, 2007 


358 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


apex, long as to reach the level of the apical third of pronotum in repose. First anten- 
nal joint twice as long as wide, subcylindrical; segment two 4.2 times as long as 
wide and 2.2 times as long as first; third 1.5 times as long as wide; fourth and fifth 
1.2 times as long as wide; sixth and seventh as wide as long. Club fusiform, 2 times 
as long as wide and barely shorter than the five preceding joints. Scape clothed by 
whitish recumbent setae as long as those on rostrum, antennal segments with lifted 
similar scales as long as one of them, club with dense short setae. Head 2 times as 
wide as long. Vertex convex, interocular surface flat and with a small pit in the mid- 
dle, slightly wider than epifrons at the level of antennal insertion, grained surface 
with small not deep areolate punctures. Eyes small, slightly oval, convex, their 
greater diameter 3 times shorter than the width of the interocular distance. Pronotum 
much convex, 1.2 times as wide as long, maximum width just basad of middle. 
Anterior to middle part of pronotal disc with middle-sized areolate punctures spaced 
by a distance equal to the diameter of one of them. Sides and base of pronotal disc 
with granules gradually more convex and partially fused to form concentric wrin- 
kles. Hairs on pronotum sparse, as long as one diameter of a pit of elytral striae, and 
white with feeble golden lustre. Elytra oval, 1.6 times as long as wide, maximum 
width at the level of anterior third. Areolate punctures of dorsal striae large and deep 
on disc, gradually becoming smaller toward apex, whereas those of lateral striae are 
just a little smaller at apex than at base. Intervals a little convex, 3 times wider than 
striae, with minute granules flattened on disc and gradually more convex toward 
apex. Suture appearing more convex since its granules are so dense that elytral apex 
is almost vertical (Fig. 3). Elytra clothed by recumbent quite sparse, thin, white with 
feeble olden lustre setae, which are as long as one of the strial punctures on disc. In 
addition there are golden piliform scales about twice as long as the whitish ones, and 
condensed in patches. Anterior legs longer than others. Profemora with a medium- 
sized tooth, meso and metafemora with small tooth. Femora clothed by sparse short 
white hairs. Protibiae thin at base, outer margin quite straight and only widening 
near apex, whereas the inner margin is slightly outcurved up to basal 1/5, then 
straightly widening toward apex like the inner margin. Meso and metatibiae only 
slightly widening toward apex. Recumbent setae on tibiae thicker and longer than 
those on femora. Tarsal segments 1 and 2 equal in length, third deeply bilobe and 
wider than 2, onychium projecting from 3 half of length of 3. Tarsal vestiture simi- 
lar to that of apex of tibiae. Urosternites with small not deep punctures, and thin 
short hairs. Habitus: fig. 1. Spermatheca and spiculum ventrale: figs. 4, 5. 

Paratypes females do not differ from the holotype. The single male available is 
smaller (mm 5.0), thinner, its maximum elytral width is mm 4.2 mm, and its elytra 
are subtriangular with sides much less rounded than those of females (figs. 2, 3, 6, 
ism) 

Remarks: Neotournieria ambigener n. sp. is the first known amphigonic 
species of the genus, having been collected thus far only females of the three 
remaining members of Neotournieria. The new species is immediately differenti- 
ated by the patches of golden scales on elytra. 

Comparative Descriptions: The following table will facilitate the identifica- 
tion of all of the four species of the genus. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 359 


Neotournieria ambigener n. sp. Eyes scarcely oval, convex. Interocular distance 
3.5 times as the greater diameter of an eye, and wider than epifrons between anten- 


0.5mm 


0.5mm 


6 


Figs. 1-8. 1. Neotournieria ambigener n. sp., holotype. Habitus. 2. Neotournieria ambi- 
gener n. sp., male paratype. Habitus in dorsal view. 3. Neotournieria ambigener n. sp., male 
paratype. Habitus, lateral view. 4-5. Neotournieria ambigener n. sp., holotype. Spermateca 
(4) and spiculum ventrale (5). 6. Neotournieria ambigener n. sp., male paratype. Uroster- 
nites. 7-8. Neotournieria ambigener n. sp., male paratype. Aedeagus in lateral (7) and (8) 


dorsal view. 


360 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


nal insertion. Second funicular joint 1.3 times as long as 1, 3-7 hardly longer than 
wide. Pronotum much convex, transversal, sides strongly rounded, disc with areo- 
late punctures intermingled with granules. Elytral sides rounded, intervals slightly 
convex and thinly granulose. Patches of golden scales on elytra. Turkey. 

Neotournieria lodosianus (Magnano, 1977). Eyes scarcely oval, slightly convex. 
Interocular distance 2 times the greater diameter of an eye, and wider than epifrons 
between antennal insertion. Second funicular joint slightly longer than 1, 3-7 trans- 
verse. Pronotum feebly convex, transversal, sides slightly rounded, disc with areo- 
late punctures. Elytra subtriangular, intervals convex and somewhat wrinkled. No 
patches of golden scales on elytra. Western Turkey. 

Neotournieriawitzgalli (Braun, 1991). Eyes oval, convex. Interocular distance 
equal to the width of epifrons between antennal insertion. Second funicular almost 
twice longer than 1, 3-7 longer than wide. Pronotum much convex, much wider 
than long, disc without areolate punctures. Elytral intervals flat and feebly wrin- 
kled-granulose. No patches of golden scales on elytra. Turkey. 

Neotournieriabureschi (Apfelbeck, 1932). Eyes scarcely oval, convex. Inter- 
ocular distance 3 times the greater diameter of an eye, and as wide as epifrons 
between antennal insertion. Second funicular joint 11% longer than 1, 3-7 as long as 
wide. Pronotum feebly convex, transversal, sides slightly rounded, disc with areo- 
late punctures. Elytral sides rounded, intervals flat and thinly granulose. No patch- 
es of golden scales on elytra. Bulgaria, Turkey. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


We would like to thank Dr. Sakin Varly for his kind permission to keep all the specimens he col- 
lected. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Apfelbeck, V. 1932. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der bulgarischen Curculioniden. I. Mitteilungen aus den 
K6niglichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Institut in Sofia. V: 153-161. 


Braun, W. 1991. Eine neue Art der Gattung Otiorhynchus Germar aus Anatolien (Coleoptera: 
Curculionidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift 101(1): 193-208. 


Lona, C. 1943. Studi sugli Otiorrhynchus. IV. Le razze balcaniche dell’ Otiorrhynchus winkleri Solari 
(glabratus Stierl.) e dell’ Otiorrhynchus macedonicus Reitt. Ibridismo tra |’ Ot. arenosus Strl. e lo Ot. 
heeri Strl. Ot. lavandus Germ. e i suoi affini. L’Otiorrhynchus kopaonicensis Apfelb. e le specie affi- 
ni. Distribuzione geografica dell’ Ot. cribrirostris Leoni. Revisione degli Otiorrhynchus del gruppo 
brevicornis Boh. Contributo alla conoscenza dei Curculionidi dell’Asia Minore e zone limitrofe. 
Otiorrhynchus korabensis n. sp., Otiorrhynchus bonomii, Otiorrhynchus shardaghensis, Otiorrhyn- 
chus arammichnoides, liebmanni nn. spp. Memorie della Societa entomologica italiana 23: 5-37. 


Magnano, L. 1977. Due nuove specie di Otiorhynchus della Turchia e osservazioni su alcune altre dei 
paesi balcanici. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae.) (XVI Contributo alla conoscenza dei Curculionidi.) 
Fragmenta Entomologica XIII (2): 163-182. 


Magnano L. 1998. Notes on the Otiorhynchus Germar, 1824 complex. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) 
(pp. 51-80). Jn: Colonnelli E., Louw S. & Osella G. (Eds.). Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of 
Curculionoidea (Coleoptera: Polyphaga). Proceeding of a Symposium (28 August, 1996, Florence, 
Italy). XX International Congress of Entomology. Atti del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali. 
Torino, Italy. 294 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 361 


REDESCRIPTION OF THE PUPA OF PARYPHOCONUS 
OLIVEIRAI LANE (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) 
FROM BRAZIL’ 


Maria M. Ronderos,’ Gustavo R. Spinelli,’ and Daiane Silveira Carrasco’ 


ABSTRACT: The pupa of Paryphoconus oliveirai Lane is described from a specimen collected from 
a sandy bottom of a shallow human disturbed stream near Manaus, Brazil. The pupa of P. oliveirai is 
compared with previous descriptions of the pupa of this species and with the pupae of its congeners, 
P. flavidus (Johannsen), and P. mayeri Wirth. 


KEY WORDS: Paryphoconus oliveirai, predaceous midge, pupa, Diptera, Ceratopogonidae, 
Manaus, Brazil 


The predaceous midge genus Paryphoconus Enderlein is exclusively Neotrop- 
ical, and includes medium-sized to large midges (female wing lengths 1.5-7.0 
mm). Presently there are 40 species in this genus (Borkent and Spinelli, 2000), 
and Spinelli and Wirth (1984) provided a key to females of 38 of these. The 
pupae of only three species have been previously described: P._ flavidus (Johann- 
sen) (as P. lanei) and P. mayeri Wirth by Mayer (1959), and P. oliveirai Lane by 
Wirth and Ratanaworabhan (1972). These prior pupal descriptions are very brief 
and incomplete, and it is almost impossible from them to determine the most rel- 
evant structures at even the generic level. 

During recent field sampling by DSC in the vicinity of Manaus, Brazil, one 
pupa of P. oliveirai was collected. The purpose of this paper is to redescribe and 
illustrate the pupa of this species, the first detailed description of a pupa of 
Paryphoconus sp. 


METHODS 

A single live pupa of P. oliveirai was collected from the sandy bottom of a 
shallow human disturbed stream (Fig. 1). The sandy sediment was collected with 
an aquatic net (Fig. 2) and transported to the laboratory with water from the nat- 
ural environment in a 5 liter plastic container. The pupa was lab reared and the 
adult eventually emerged and its exoskeleton allowed to harden before preserva- 
tion in 70% ethanol. 

This adult female and its pupal exuvia was slide-mounted in Canada balsam 
following the technique of Borkent (2000), and examined and measured with a 
binocular compound microscope. Illustrations were made with pen and ink using 
an attached camera lucida. 

This specimen is deposited in the collection of Invertebrates, Instituto 
Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil (INPA). Photomicrographs 


‘Received on September 13, 2006. Accepted on .May 18, 2007. 


* Division Entomologia, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. E-mails 
(respectively) ronderos@museo.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar; spinelli@museo.fenym.unlp.edu.ar 


* Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil. E-mail: daiane.carrasco@bol.com.br 
Mailed on November 14, 2007 


362 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


of pupa were taken with a Pentax Optio, Power Shot, S60, digital camera through 
a Leitz, SM-Lux microscope at 10X and 40X, and the images assembled in 
Photoshop 7.0. For special terminology of ceratopogonid terminology, see Nevill 
and Dyce (1994). 


Figs. 1-5: Paryphoconus oliveirai, female pupa. 1, collecting site; 2, collecting with 
aquatic net; 3, female pupa; 4, prothoracic respiratory horn (PRH) and anterodorsal (ad) 
and dorsolateral (dl) tubercles; 5, caudal segment, posterolateral processes (PP). 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 363 


SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY 


Paryphoconus oliveirai Lane 
(Figs. 3-14) 


Paryphoconus oliveirai Lane, 1956: 303 (female; Brazil); Wirth and Ratana- 
worabhan, 1972: 1374 (female, male, pupa; Brazil); Spinelli and Wirth, 1984: 
902 (in key; Colombia record); Borkent and Spinelli, 2000: 66 (in catalog). 


Redescription of female pupa. Length 6.00 mm. Exuvia dark brown (Figs. 
3, 6). Cephalothorax quadrangular, length 2.07 mm, width 1.56 mm; cephalotho- 
racic tubercles (Figs.7-9) as follows: anterodorsal tubercle (ad) (Figs. 4, 7-8) 
with one long, thin seta; dorsolateral tubercle (dl) (Figs. 4, 7-8) with two long, 
thin, subequal setae; dorsal tubercles (d) (Figs. 7, 9): 1-i11,v with long, thin seta, 
iv pore, setae of ili,v slightly longer than setae of 1-11; two stout ventromedian 
setae (vm) (Fig. 11), one longer than other; apparently one very thin ventrolater- 
al seta (vl) (Fig. 11). Respiratory horn (Figs. 4, 8) 4.57 times longer than broad, 
length 0.26 mm, surface with reticular cell-like pattern, apex with 18-20 spira- 
cles; pedicel short, stout, length 0.10 mm; P/H 0.38. Operculum (Fig. 10) as long 
as broad; anterior margin pointed with single row of marginal rounded tubercles; 
mesal V-shaped band of spicules extending 0.13 mm under the angle of disc, disc 
mostly smooth; two anteromarginal tubercles (am) with single long seta and 
basal sensillum present; posterior margin concave with small, rounded, antero- 
mesal tubercles; OL 0.1 mm; OW 0.3 mm; OW/OL 3.0. Abdominal segments 
with abundant spicules. Fourth abdominal segment (Figs. 3, 12-13) with two dor- 
sal anterosubmarginal tubercles (dasm): 1,11 with long, stout, subequal setae; four 
dorsal posteromarginal tubercles (dpm): i,11,iv with long, stout, subequal setae, 111 
pore; three lateral posteromarginal tubercles (lpm): 1,11 with long stout setae, 
sharing stout triangular base, iii with long, stout seta; two lateral anterosubmar- 
ginal tubercles (lasm), i pore, ii with long, stout seta; three ventral posteromar- 
ginal tubercles (vpm), each with long, stout seta; tubercles with stout, quadran- 
gular base (except lpm i, ii). Caudal segment (Figs. 5-6, 14) length 0.45 mm, 
width 0.25 mm, lateral margins concave; ventral surface with abundant posteri- 
orly directed spinules, also present on posterolateral processes. Posterolateral 
processes (PP) stout, curved, divergent, with base broad, apical 1/3 pigmented, 
tips bare, sharply pointed. 

Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, Para), Colombia. 

Material Examined. Brazil, Amazonas, Igarapé, Parque das Gargas (bacia 
Mind) Trecho Tributario, 03°03'41,2"; 59°58'09,0", 14-X-2005, D. Carrasco- 
J. Oliveira, 1 female (with pupal exuvia) (in slide in Canada balsam, INPA); 
Brazil, Amazonas, rio Aripuana, Igarapé das Pedras, 18-I-1962, E .J. Fittkau, 1 
female, at light (in Museo de La Plata, Argentina, MLP). 


364 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Figs. 6-14. Paryphoconus oliveirai, female pupa. 6, entire pupa; 7, cephalothorax, dorso- 
lateral view: prothoracic respiratory horn (PRH), pedicel (P), anterodorsal tubercle (ad), 
dorsolateral tubercle (dl); 8, prothoracic respiratory horn (PRH), anterodorsal tubercle 
(ad), dorsolateral tubercles (dl); 9 dorsal tubercles (d); 10, operculum, anteromarginal 
tubercle (am), basal sensillum (bs); 11, ventral setae: ventrolateral setae (vl), ventromedi- 
an setae (vm); 12, 4th abdominal segment; 13, abdominal tubercles of 4th abdominal seg- 
ment: lateral anterosubmarginal tubercle (lasm); dorsal posteromarginal tubercle (dpm); 
dorsal anterosubmarginal tubercle (dasm); ventral posteromarginal tubercle (vpm); later- 
al posteromarginal tubercle (lpm); 14, caudal segment, posterolateral processes (PP). 
Scale bars: 0.05 mm 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 365 


Remarks. The adult female keys out to P. oliveirai in couplet 26 in the key by 
Spinelli and Wirth (1984). It was also compared with one female examined by 
Wirth and Ratanaworabhan (1972) as P. oliveirai, who briefly described the pupa 
of this species based on material from the same locality and date. However, their 
pupa differs from the pupa described herein in having 13 spiracles on the respi- 
ratory horn and in the shape of the caudal segment, has subparallel lateral mar- 
gins and the posterolateral processes are nearly straight, not divergent. 

Mayer (1959) described the pupa of P. mayeri, which is much smaller (length 
4.3 mm) than our pupa of P. oliveirai. Also, despite the terminology of the 
cephalothoracic tubercles is different from the one used in this redescription, 
Mayer mentioned one ad and three dl tubercles (as a spine devoid of seta and 3 
setae at the base of the respiratory organ, respectively) and only one vm seta, 
which are the most important differences with respect to the pupa of P. oliveirai. 
Mayer (1959) also described the pupa of P. flavidus (as P. lanei), and stated that 
it is very similar to the one of P. mayeri except for the vm which is represented 
by a short seta. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We would like to acknowledge Dr. William L. Grogan for his critical review of an earlier version 
of the manuscript. We are also grateful to Drs. Ruth Leila Menezes Ferreira and Neusa Hamada, 
directors of the Master Thesis of Daiane Carrasco, for their continuous support during this investi- 
gation 


LITERATURE CITED 


Borkent, A. and G. R. Spinelli. 2000. Catalog of the new World biting midges south of the United 
States of America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 4: 1- 
107. 


Lane, J. 1956. On “Paryphoconus” and “Stenoxenus’” (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Revista Bra- 
sileira de Biologia 16: 299-308. 


Mayer, K. 1959. Die puppen brasilianischer Heleiden (Diptera). Deutsche Entomologische Zeit- 
schrift 6: 230-233. 


Nevil, H. and A. L. Dyce. 1994. Afrotropical Culicoides: Description and comparison of the pupae 
of seven species of the similis supergroup (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Onderstepoort Journal of 
Veterinary Research 61: 85-106. 


Spinelli, G. R. and W. W. Wirth. 1984. A review of the Neotropical predaceous midge genus 
Parayphoconus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washing- 
ton 97: 882-908. 


Wirth, W. W. and N. C. Ratanaworabhan. 1972. A revision of the tribe Stenoxenini (Diptera: 
Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 65: 1368-1388. 


366 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


A NEW GENUS AND A NEW SPECIES OF ACRIDIDAE 
(ORTHOPTERA) FROM YUNNAN, CHINA’ 


Ben-Yong Mao”? and Guo-Dong Ren’ 


ABSTRACT: A new genus Sinocaryanda gen. nov. is proposed for Sinocaryanda macrocercusa sp. 
nov. from Yunnan, China. The new genus is an aberrant member of the Oxyinae and resembles 
Caryanda Stal, 1878, and Nepalocaryanda Ingrisch, 1990. It differs from the latter two by the follow- 
ing features in male: terminalia dorsally broad; 10th tergite broadly interrupted in midline with widened, 
rounded, medial margins; cerci reaching to or beyond apex of subgenital plate; epiphallus not divided 
in middle, and aberrant connecting mode of anchorae with bridge. 


KEY WORDS: Orthoptera, Acrididae, new genus, new species, China 


While identifying the grasshoppers collected from the western Yunnan, we found 
a new species belonging to a new genus, herein named Sinocaryanda gen. nov. 
Type specimens are deposited in the College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Dali 
University (CLDU), Yunnan Province. In this paper, we adopt the classification 
system of Vickery and Kevan (1983) which seems to be the most appropriate at the 
present knowledge, and follow the methods used by Ingrisch (1989) and the main 
terminology utilized by Dirsh (1975). 


Sinocaryanda, NEW GENUS 

Diagnoses: Size small. Head conical. Vertex convex with apex roundly angular, 
fastigum moderately broader than long; face oblique in lateral view; frontal ridge 
sulcated in whole length; lateral facial carinae straight. Antennae filiform, surpass- 
ing hind margin of pronotum. Eyes long oval. Pronotum cylindrical, anterior mar- 
gin broad round, posterior margin with a triangular breach; median carina faint, 
intersected by three sulci, lateral carinae absent. Prosternal spine long conical. 
Mesosternal interspace longer than wide. Squamipterous. Tympana distinct. Hind 
femora with upper carina smooth, terminating in a short spine; lower genicular 
lobes spinous. Hind tibiae with apical half nearly cylindrical; external apical spine 
present. Terminalia broad in dorsal view; 10th abdominal tergite broadly interrupt- 
ed in midline with widened, rounded, medial margins; cerci compressed, triangu- 
lar, reaching to or beyond apex of subgenital plate. Subgenital plate short conical. 
Epiphallus very broad with only one pair of large lophi; bridge nearly entire, not 
divided in middle; anchorae hooked, dorsad projecting in a 90° angle from bridge, 
connected with bridge by membrane. Oval sclerites elongate. Cingular valves not 
fused apically, paired. 

Type species: Sinocaryanda macrocercusa, sp. nov. 

Remarks: The keys in Willemse (1955) and Li and Xia (2006) run to Caryanda 


'Received on May 18, 2006. Accepted on April 17, 2007. 


? College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali 671000, P. R. China. E-mails: (B-YM) 
maobenyong@yahoo.com.cn, (G-DR) gdren@mail.hbu.edu.cn (corresponding author). 


> College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China. E-mail: gdren@mail.hbu. 
edu.cn. 


Mailed on November 14, 2007 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 367 


Stal, 1878, which is listed under the Oxyinae (Vickery and Kevan, 1983; Otte et al., 
2005). However, the new genus has the following striking differences from Car- 
yanda except general appearance: male terminalia dorsally very broad; 10th tergite 
broadly interrupted in midline with widened, rounded, medial margins, instead of 
with small furculae on posterior margin; cerci reaching to or beyond apex of sub- 
genital plate instead of supra anal plate. Further differences appear on the shape of 
epiphallus with bridge not divided in middle, large extending lophi, anchorae point- 
ing dorsad, and mode of anchorae connecting with bridge; on cingular valves 
which is apically divided instead of fused. The new genus also is closest to 
Nepalocaryanda Ingrisch, 1990, but differs from the latter by fastigum that is mod- 
erately broad instead of very broad; ventral genicular lobes of posterior femora are 
spined; apical half of posterior tibiae is nearly cylindrical; and abdominal sternites 
have tufts of hairs. The differences are listed in detail in Table 1. The new genus is 
an aberrant member of the Oxyinae. It does not possess the following very charac- 
teristic features of the subfamily: the apical expansion of the hind tibiae, the divid- 
ed bridge of epiphallus, and the fusion of the cingular valves. It agrees with the 
Oxyinae in general appearance, the apical spine of the ventral genicular lobes of the 
posterior femora, the tufts of hair on the abdominal sternites. The scientific name 
derives from its distribution and similarity to Caryanda Stal, 1878. 


Table 1. Comparisons among Sinocaryanda gen. nov. and its allied genera 


Caryanda 


Fastigum moderately broad 


Ventral genicular lobes of 
posterior femora spined 


Posterior tibiae with apical 
half cylindrical 


Terminalia dorsally normal; 
abdominal sternites with 
tufts of hairs 


10th tergite in male 
narrow with or without 
small furculae 


Cerci conical 


Epiphallus divided, with 
1-2 pairs lophi; cingular 
valves fused apically; 
anchorae pointing apicad, 
directly connected with 
bridge 


Sinocaryanda, gen. nov. 


Fastigum moderately broad 
(Fig. 2) 

Ventral genicular lobes of 
posterior femora spined 


Posterior tibiae with apical 
half nearly cylindrical 


Terminalia dorsally broad 
(Fig. 5); abdominal sternites 
with tufts of hairs (Fig. 1) 


10th abdominal tergite 
broadly interrupted in 
midline with widened, 
rounded, medical margins 
(Fig. 5) 

Cerci compressed 

(Figs. 1, 4-5) 


Epiphallus not divided, with 
a pair of lophi; cingular 
valves divided apically; 
anchorae hooked, dorsad 
projecting in a 90° angle 
from bridge, connected with 
bridge by a soft membrane 
(Figs. 6-11) 


Nepalocaryanda 


Fastigum very broad 


Ventral genicular lobes of 
posterior femora unspined 


Posterior tibiae expanded 
apically 


Terminalia dorsally normal; 
abdominal sternites 
without tufts of hairs 


10th tergite in male narrow, 
with small, prominent 
furculae 


Cerci compressed 


Epiphallus divided, with a 
pair lophi; cingular valves 
divided apically; anchorae 
pointing apicad, directly 
connected with bridge 


368 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Sinocaryanda macrocercusa, NEW SPECIES 
(Figs. 1-11) 


Type Locality. Mt. Wuliang, Nanjian County, Yunnan Province, China (24° 
12'N, 100°48'E), 2000 m, 17Jul. 2003. 

Description. Male (Figs. 1-11). Body small-sized. Vertex convex with apex 
roundly angular, fastigum moderately broader, width in front of eyes 2.3—2.4 
times larger than length. Frons oblique in lateral view; frontal ridge sulcated in 
whole length, lateral margins somewhat parallel, slightly broad near the median 
ocellus. Interocular distance about 1.3 times larger than width of frontal ridge 
between antennae. Lateral facial keels straight. Antennae filiform, reaching base 
of hind femur, any middle segment about 2.9-3.1 times longer than wide. Eyes 
long oval, longitudinal diameter about 1.4 times as long as horizontal one, and 
about 2.4 times as long as subocular furrow. Pronotum nearly cylindrical, anteri- 
or margin broad round, posterior margin with a triangular breach; median carina 
faint, distinctly intersected by three sulci, lateral carinae absent; prozona 2.0 
times as long as metazona (Fig. 2). Prosternal spine long conical, apex subacute. 
Mesosternal interspace about 2.5—2.6 times as long as minimum width; 
mesosteral lobes 1.2 times wider than long; metasternal lobes contiguous (Fig. 
3). Tegmina narrow squamiform, length 2.8—2.9 times as long as maximum 
width, reaching posterior margin of Ist abdominal tergite (Fig. 1). Hind femur 
with upper carina smooth, terminating in a short spine; apex of lower knee lobe 
spinous. Hind tibia with apical half nearly cylindrical, with 7 external and 9 inter- 
nal spines on dorsal side; external apical spine present. Abdomen with median 
carinula. Tympana opening nearly rounded. Abdominal sternites with tufts of 
hairs (Fig. 1). Terminalia broad in dorsal view. Tenth abdominal tergite broadly 
interrupted in midline with widened, rounded, medial margins. Supra anal plate 
broadly triangular, 1.6 times wider than long, with a middle longitudinal sulcus 
along whole length. Cerci laterally compressed, large, triangular; apex pointed, 
reaching to or beyond apex of subgenital plate. Subgenital plate short conical, 
apex blunt (Figs. 4-5). Epiphallus very broad with only one pair of lophi pro- 
jecting in a 90° angle from bridge; lophi large (length about 1.3 mm), stout, tri- 
angular with apex gently incurved, acute; lateral plates narrow, undulate; anteri- 
or projections obtuse; bridge cross-shaped, not divided or with only indication of 
split in middle; anchorae hooked, dorsad projecting in a 90° angle from bridge, 
connected with bridge by a soft membrane which has many cylindrical promi- 
nences on the surface. Oval sclerites elongate. Cingulum with apodemes, zygo- 
ma and rami; apodemes narrow, lamellate; zygoma posteriorly connected with 
membraneous sheath covering the apical penis valves, laterally connected with 
rami. Cingular valves not fused apically, paired (Figs. 6-11). 

Coloration. Generally dark green. Frons and genae yellowish green. 
Antennae yellow. Eyes grey. Postocular bands black, laterally extending to 5th 
abdominal tergite. Lateral lobes of pronotum with two yellowish green maculae, 
ventral margins black. Tegmina black. Meso- and metathorax with episterna and 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 369 


epimera yellow. Fore and mid legs with femora yellow, tibiae greenish yellow. 
Hind femora yellowish green, knee black. Hind tibiae blue.Tenth abdominal ter- 


gite, cerci black. Lateral areas of supra anal plate and apex of subgential plate 
black. 


Figs. 1-11. Sinocaryanda macrocercusa new species: 1. body of male, lateral view; 
2. head and pronotum of male, dorsal view; 3. meso- and metasternum of male; 4. ter- 
minalia of male, lateral view; 5. terminalia of male, dorsal view. 6—8. epiphallus: 6. dor- 
sal view; 7. anterior view; 8. lateral view. 9-11. phallic complex: 9. ventral view; 10. 
dorsal view; 11. lateral view. (Abbreviations: an, ancora; ap, apical penis valves; apd, 
apodeme; br, bridge; cv, valves of cingulum; em, ectophallic membrane; lo, lophus; Ip, 
lateral plate; zy, zygoma.) Scale bars = 1 mm. 


370 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Female. Unknown. 

Measurements. (mm). Length of body: male 19.0—-19.5; length of pronotum: 
male 3.6—3.7; length of tegmen: male 3.5—4.0; length of hind femur: male 
10.5—10.8. 

Type Material. Holotype: male, Mt. Wuliang, Nanjian County, Yunnan Pro- 
vince, China (24°12'N, 100°48'E), 2000 m, 17 Jul. 2003. Collected by Ben-yong 
Mao. Paratype: 1 male (Sth instar nymph, emerged as adult after a week in the 
laboratory), other data same as holotype. 

Etymology. The specific name refers to the size of cercus of male. 

Biology. The species live in tussock grass under subtropical bushes and broad- 
leaf trees which grow in the wet and half-shady zone at medium elevation in 
Yunnan. The food plant of this species has been unknown in field, but in labora- 
tory, it appears to feed on some grass, such as Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) 
Makino, Oplismenus compositus (Linn.) Beauv. and Echinochloa crusgalli 
(Linn.) Beauv. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


We are grateful to Dr. Zi-Zhong Yang and Mr. Ji-Shan Xu for their assistance in collecting spec- 
imens, also to Dr. Fu-Min Shi and Dr. Yao Niu for providing us with some copies of related litera- 
ture. The present study was supported by the Major Item Foundation of Dali University. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Dirsh, V. M. 1975. Classification of the Acridomorphoid Insects. E. W. Classey Ltd, Farringdon, 
Oxon. Oxford, England. 171 pp. 


Ingrisch, S. 1989. Records, descriptions, and revisionary studies of Acrididae from Thailand and 
adjacent regions (Orthoptera, Acridoidea). Spixiana 11(3): 205—242. 


Ingrisch, S. 1990. Grylloptera and Orthoptera s. str. from Nepal and Darjeeling in the Zoologische 
Staatssammlung Miinchen. Spixiana 13(2): 149-182. 


Li, H. C. and K. L. Xia. 2006. Fauna Sinica, Insecta. Volume 43. Orthoptera, Acridoidea: 
Catantopidae. Science Press. Beijing, China. 724 pp. 


Otte, D., D. C. Eades, and P. Naskrecki. 2005. Orthoptera Species File Online (http://osf2x. 
orthoptera.org). 


Vickery, V. R. and D. K. McE Kevan. 1983. A monograph of the orthopteroid insects of Canada 
and adjacent regions. Memoirs of the Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory 
13(2): 681-1462. 


Willemse, C. 1956. Synopsis of the Acridoidea of the Indo-Malayan and adjacent regions (Insecta, 
Orthoptera) part 2. Fam. Acrididae, Subfam. Catantopinae, part 1. Publicaties van het Natuur- 
historisch Genootschap. Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands. 225 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 371 


A NEW SPECIES OF PSYLLIODES LATREILLE 
(COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) FROM TURKEY ' 


Ali Gok? and Ebru Giil Aslan’ 


ABSTRACT: A new species of Psylliodes (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae), P. kasnakensis, 
is described and illustrated from Isparta, southwest Turkey. The new species, a member of the P. pic- 
ina Marsham species group, is compared with its congeners. The distinguishing features of the 
species are specified; habitat and host plant notes are presented. 


KEY WORDS: Chrysomelidae, Psylliodes kasnakensis, new species, Quercus spp., Fagaceae, 
Turkey 


The genus Psylliodes Latreille, one of the cosmopolitan genera of Alticinae, is 
distributed in all of the zoogeographical regions of the world, comprises nearly 
200 species worldwide (Konstantinov and Vandenberg, 1996), and 125 of them 
are known to occur in the Palearctic region (Baselga and Novoa, 2003). The cur- 
rent number of the Turkish Psylliodes is estimated to be over 50. 

Recently, during surveys on the diversity of Chrysomelidae of “Kasnak Oak 
Forests,” a nature reserve mainly consisting of pure stands of vulcanic oak 
[(Quercus vulcanica Boiss. & Heldr. ex) Kotschy.], which is endemic to Turkey, 
a considerable number of specimens belonging to an unknown Psylliodes species 
were found on Quercus spp. The new species belongs to /uteolus subgroup of 
Psylliodes picina species group and differs from all other known species in the 
group by having its dorsum conspicuously bicolored. The main purpose of this 
work is to describe the new species and to present its habitat and host plants. 


METHODS 

Ten specimens including the largest and smallest ones of each sex were exam- 
ined. Specimens were measured for six characters that have been found impor- 
tant in comparing closest species in the picina species group. Character abbrevi- 
ations are as follows: Lb = body length; Le = elytron length; Lp = pronotum 
length; La = aedeagus length (for males); Ls = spermatheca length (for females); 
We = maximum width of elytra at middle; Wp = pronotum width. The ratio 
Le/Lp (relative prothorax size) has been calculated which is also useful for dif- 
ferentiation. All measurements were made with an ocular micrometer and given 
in millimeters. 


' Submitted on September 14, 2006. Accepted on May 18, 2007. 


* Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Biology Department, 32260 Isparta, 
Turkey. E-mails: aligok@fef.sdu.edu.tr (corresponding author) and egul@fef.sdu.edu.tr or egaslam 
@gmail.com 


Mailed on November 14, 2007 


SIZ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Psylliodes kasnakensis Gok and Aslan, sp. nov. (Figs. 1-2) 


Type Material. Holotype, Male: Southwest Turkey, Isparta, Kasnak Forest 
Nature Reserve (37° 44' 53" N, 30° 49' 83" E), 1557 m, leg. A. Gok [printed on 
red paper]. Paratypes (257 specimens): all same locality as holotype collected at 
different dates; 14 males, 16 females, 22.06.2006; 21 males, 27 females, 
06.07.2006; 25 males, 26 females, 18.07.2006; 31 males, 33 females, 
01.08.2006; 18 males, 22 females, 23.08.2006; 9 males, 15 females, 02.09.2006, 
legs. A. Gok and E. G. Aslan. Holotype and paratypes are deposited in Suleyman 
Demirel University (SDU), Biology Department, Isparta, Turkey. 

Etymology: The species epithet, kasnakensis, derived from “kasnak” means 
“riddle-frame oak” in Turkish and refers to the locality “Kasnak Oak Forest” in 
Isparta, southwest Turkey where the specimens were collected. 

Diagnosis: The new species appears different from all other known taxa of 
the Psylliodes picina species group and can be easily recognized by the follow- 
ing combination of the characters: head and pronotum orange or reddish, elytra 
black (having bicolored upperside makes P. kasnakensis unique in the group); in 
males first tarsal segment of fore and middle legs obviously widened and extend- 
ed; humeral calli quite evident, impunctate; elytra with regular rows of punctures 
effaced towards apex; aedeagus almost parallel sided, ventral groove deep and 
long, ligula distinct in dorsal view; receptacle of spermatheca long, pump dis- 
tinctly divided from receptacle, ductus reaches to half of the receptacle, has a thin 
and long extension at apex. 

Description: Measurements. Males: Lb = 2.02-2.60 (Mean: 2.37, SD: 
0.19); Le = 1.43-1.95 (Mean: 1.70, SD: 0.18); We = 1.04-1.36 (Mean: 1.20, SD: 
0.11); Lp = 0.48-0.58 (Mean: 0.53, SD: 0.03); Wp = 0.75-0.97 (Mean: 0.85, SD: 
0.06); La = 0.88-1.04 (Mean: 0.97, SD: 0.05); Le/Lp = 2.93-3.33 (Mean: 3.16, 
SD: 0.15). 

Females: Lb = 1.98-2.60 (Mean: 2.33, SD: 0.22); Le = 1.40-1.95 (Mean: 1.68, 
SD: 0.21); We = 0.97-1.33 (Mean: 1.15, SD: 0.12); Lp = 0.45-0.58 (Mean: 0.52, 
SD: 0.05); Wp = 0.68-0.97 (Mean: 0.82, SD: 0.11); Ls = 0.29-0.32 (Mean: 0.31, 
SD: 0.01); Le/Lp = 3.07-3.33 (Mean: 3.24, SD: 0.09). 

Holotype, Male: Lb = 2.34; Le = 1.69; We = 1.20; Lp = 0.52; Wp = 0.88; La = 
1.04. 

Habitus (Fig. 1): Body convex-elongated, about twice longer than broad. 
Dorsum bicolored; head and pronotum orange or reddish, elytra black or black- 
ish brown. Antennae and legs except metafemora completely yellow. Labrum 
and apical parts of mandibula brown, maxillary palpi and other mouth append- 
ages yellowish. 

Head: seen from above in dorsal view; vertex with few minute punctures; 
frontal punctures denser and more distinct than those on vertex; background tex- 
ture smooth; antennal calli evident, moderately raised; frontal ridge wide and 
flattened, impunctate; antennal sockets and labrum with sparse long hairs; first 
antennal segment 2.0 times longer than second, fourth 1.2 times longer than 
third, fifth as long as third. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 S/S 


Pronotum: about 1.5 times broader than long; with two small longitudinal 
impressions basally; basal border narrower than that of elytra; lateroposterior 
margins clearly visible from above; surface finely and densely punctate; back- 
ground texture almost smooth. 


Fig. 1. Psylliodes kasnakensis, habitus 


Elytra: about 1.4 times longer than broad, widest at middle; slightly tapering 
posteriorly; humeral calli well developed, without punctures; elytral punctures 
larger than those on pronotal disc, arranged in longitudinal rows; rows almost 
effaced towards apex, interrows very slightly convex and minutely punctate. 

Venter: abdominal sternites relatively convex; covered with sparse white 
hairs; in males apical part of the last abdominal sternite depressed. 

Legs: completely yellow except blackish metafemora; first tarsal segments of 
the fore and middle legs remarkably widened in males, normal in females. 

Aedeagus (Fig. 2A-C): in ventral view almost parallel sided, rounded apical- 
ly, with an indistinct apical tip; ventral groove deep and long, reaches to basal 
opening; in lateral view apex feebly deflexed ventrally; ligula distinct in the api- 
cal third in dorsal view basally wide narrowed to the apex. 

Spermatheca (Fig. 2D): receptacle fairly long, well delimited from pump; 
pump moderately long, slightly curved ventrally; ductus simple, attached to lat- 
eral side of receptacle with a long, indistinct line shaped extension outgoing from 
its apex. 

Sexual Dimorphism: The most obvious distinction between males and fe- 
males occurs in tarsal segments. In males first tarsal segments of fore and mid- 
dle legs are conspicuously wider than the following two segments; the first one 
is as long as the second and third combined. All tarsal segments are, however, 
normally sized in females. The other distinguishing feature is the small depres- 
sion on the last abdominal sternite of males. Both sexes are virtually similar 
except for the characters mentioned above. 

Variation: Some specimens, especially the most poorly developed ones, have 
pale color variations. In these specimens pronotum, elytra and abdominal seg- 
ments are somewhat paler than that of original colors described. Aedeagus and 


374 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


spermatheca forms of these specimens are likewise little sclerized. Color of the 
humeral calli is also variable among different individuals. There are individuals 
presenting dark brownish or reddish humeral calli although most of the speci- 
mens have completely black elytra. 


Fig. 2. Psylliodes kasnakensis, genitalia. (A) aedeagus ventral view; (B) aedeagus dorsal 
view; (C) aedeagus lateral view; (D) spermatheca (scale, 0.5 mm). 


Habitat and Host Plants: The type specimens were collected from xeric 
mountain slopes in Kasnak Forest Nature Reserve (Isparta) at an altitude of 1557 
m a.s.l. from June to September 2006. Kasnak Forest, covering an area of 1300 
ha, presents dense forests composed of mixed conifer, including Pinus nigra, 
P. brutia, Cedrus libani, Abies cilicica (Pinaceae), Juniperus oxycedrus, J. excel- 
sa, J. foettidissima (Cupressaceae), and deciduous species, Quercus vulcanica, 
Q. cerris, Q. libani, Q. infectoria, Q. coccifera, Q. frainetto (Fagaceae), Acer 
platanoides, A. hyrcanum (Aceraceae), Populus tremula (Salicaceae), Celtis ori- 
entalis (Legumonosae), Pistacia terebinthus (Anacardiaceae), Cornus mas 
(Cornaceae), Ulmus glabra (Ulmaceae), and Phillyrea latifolia, Fraxinus oxy- 
carpa, F; ornus (Oleaceae). Having such a rich flora, accompanied with impor- 
tant populations of Quercus vulcanica (endemic vulcanic oak), makes the Kas- 
nak Forest a natural arboretum in addition to its esthetic beauty. Hence, the area 
was declared as nature reserve in 1987. 

Specimens of P. kasnakensis feeding marks consist of minute holes that tra- 
verse the blades. They feed primarily on shrub forms of Q. cerris and Q. vul- 
canica (about 1.5-2.5 m high), rarely on Q. libani. They prefer the young leaves 
of the host plants and, together with P. anatolicus Gok & Cilbiroglu, they feed in 
large numbers, particularly on Q. cerris. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 SHS 


Cruciferae (or Brassicaceae), Solanaceae, and Graminae (or Poaceae) are the 
preferred host plant families of species of Psylliodes species (Biondi, 1994; 
Furth, 1983; Mohr, 1966). However, we observed significant series of P. kasna- 
kensis feeding simultaneously on the Quercus species mentioned above. Similar 
host records were also reported by Furth (1979) for some alticines especially in 
the summer and fall months. Anyway, it is difficult to say whether Quercus 
species are the actual host plants of the new species or not. 


DISCUSSION 

Psylliodes kasnakensis is a member of the picina species group because of its 
general aedeagal shape, shortened orbital lines and very particular shape of hind 
tibia emphasized by Leonardi (1970, 1978). Having two small longitudinal im- 
pressions at the base of the pronotum incorporates the new species into the 
Psylliodes luteolus subgroup (Leonardi, 1970). Among the taxa in the luteolus 
subgroup it resembles P. algiricus Allard, P wachsmanni Csiki, and P. luteolus 
(Miller), but is unique because of its conspicuous body coloration as well as the 
strongly widened first tarsal segments of fore and middle legs in males. 

The new species can be easily distinguished from the aforementioned species 
by its bicolored dorsum (head and pronotum orange or reddish, elytra black) 
which is entirely yellow reddish in P. algiricus, reddish brown in P- wachsman- 
ni, and rusty red in P. Iuteolus (Leonardi, 1972; Warchalowski, 2003). Further- 
more, it can be seperated from P. algiricus by having distinct and dense frontal 
punctures (almost lacking punctures in P. algiricus), parallel sided aedeagus with 
a rounded apex (distinctly narrowed in the apical third in P. algiricus), and the 
parallel sided receptacle of spermatheca which is strongly narrowed at base in 
P. algiricus. Spermatheca shape of P. kasnakensis is more similar to that of 
P. wachsmanni, but it differs from the latter species by the comparatively small- 
er body length, puncturation of elytra (larger sized in P. wachsmanni), and more 
importantly the symmetric form of aedeagus. (According to Leonardi (1972) 
P. wachsmanni has a recognizable aedeagic asymmetry.) From P. luteolus, sper- 
matheca form can seperate it (ductus longer in /uteolus), as well as the lighter 
colour of apical antennal segments and form of the aedeagus. 

Psylliodes kasnakensis can be incorporated into the key to the taxa of 
Psylliodes picina complex given by Leonardi and Gruev (1993) by modifying 
couplet 1 as follows: 


1. Dorsum usually yellow-reddish or bicoloured, rarely brown. Frons fairly well 
punctured, or else hind tibiae comparatively elongate (see Leonardi, 1972: 
143, fig. 11) and supraorbital grooves close to inner border of eyes, almost at 
right angle to supratubercular lines (see Leonardi, 1972: 141, fig. 6): complex 
GES CONUS: SUD STOW occ cork casas cectessnsueetevonsd sousxcaisinna bss eat aesiauess cones teueeeens la 

— Dorsum usually red-brown, pitchy brown or blackish, often with more or less 
evident metallic lustre. Frons usually unpunctured or covered with very fine 
to almost unperceivable punctures which are often more densely distributed 


376 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


and less obscure just behind frontal tubercles. Supraorbital grooves more dis- 
tant from inner border of eyes, at a largely obtuse angle to supratubercular 
lines (see Leonardi, 1972: 141, fig. 5). Hind tibia stout and greatly curved: 
complex‘of (Psy pieinusi(Marshs) xs.) 20s.20. 0 eeeenel Bee Bee 2 


la. Dorsum bicoloured; head and pronotum orange or reddish, elytra black or 
blaekiSh Dro yittterperes retest Bechet esto tevte- teoréeeeac ee eeceaseereenton te P. kasnakensis 

— Dorsum unicoloured, usually yellow reddish, rarely brown...............:::.:cceee 
other species of the P. luteolus subgroup [P. luteolus (Mull.), P wachsmanni 
Csiki, P. leonhardi Heiktgr., P. pallidicolor Pic, nigripennis All., P. algiricus 
All., PR. puncticollis Rosh]. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
We thank The Scientific & Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for the finan- 
cial support to perform the present study by the project No. TOVAG 1050181. We are also grateful 
to Andrés Baselga (Spain) and Andrzej Warchalowski (Poland) for their contribution on this work as 
well as valuable comments on comparison of the new taxon with related species. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Baselga, A. and F. Novoa. 2003. A new species of Psylliodes (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and key 
to the wingless species from the Iberian Peninsula. Annals of the Entomological Society of 
America 96(6): 689-692. 


Biondi, M. 1994. Contribution a l’histoire naturelle de l’ile de Chypre (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, 
Alticinae). Biocosme Mésogéen Nice 11(1): 9-25. 


Furth, D. G. 1979. Wing polymorphism, host plant ecology, and biogeography of Longitarsus in 
Israel (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 13: 125-148. 


Furth, D. G. 1983. Alticinae of Israel: Psylliodes (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Israel Journal of 
Entomology 17: 37-58. 


Konstantinoy, A. S. and N. J. Vandenberg. 1996 Handbook of Palearctic flea beetles (Coleoptera: 
Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Vol 1, Number 3. Associated Publishers. Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. 
439 pp. 


Leonardi, C. 1970. Materiali Per Uno Studio Filogenetico Del Genere Psylliodes (Coleoptera 
Chrysomelidae). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia 
Naturale di Milano 110: 201-223. 


Leonardi, C. 1972. La “Psylliodes wachsmanni” Csiki Specie Distinta e Suo Inquadramento nel 
Gruppo Della “Psylliodes picina” (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Atti del Museo Civico di Storia 
Naturale di Trieste 28(1): 137-146. 


Leonardi, C. 1978. Studio critico sulla Psylliodes picina (Marsh.) e sulle forme che le sono starte 
attribuite, con particolare riguardo alla fauna italiana (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae). Atti della 
Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 119: 271- 
299. 


Leonardi, C. and B. Gruev. 1993. Note Sistematiche e Geonemiche su Alcuni Psylliodes del com- 
plesso picinus (Marsh.) con descrizione di una Nuova Specie (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Atti 
della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 133: 
13-32. 


Mohr, K. H. 1966. Chrysomelidae. pp. 95-299. Jn, Freude, H., K. Harde, and G. A. Lohse (Editors). 
Die Kafer Mitteleuropas. Krefeld, Germany. 299 pp. 


Warchalowski, A. 2003. Chrysomelidae: The leaf beetles of Europe and the Mediterranean area. 
Natura optima dux Foundation. Warszawa, Poland. 600 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 BM: 


A NEW SPECIES OF PHTHEIROPOIOS EICHLER, 1940 
(PHTHIRAPTERA: AMBLYCERA: GYROPIDAE) FROM 
ARGENTINA, WITH A KEY TO THE MALES COLLECTED 
FROM CTENOMYS (MAMMALIA: RODENTIA) 
FROM SOUTH AMERICA' 


Dolores del C. Castro,’ Armando Cicchino,’ Marta Arce de Hamity,* and Félix Ortiz‘ 


ABSTRACT: The species Phtheiropoios susquensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated from spec- 
imens of Ctenomys sp. collected from Laguna Mucar, Susques District, Jujuy Province, Argentina. 
Diagnostic features for the new species include a proportion of male forficula, male external geni- 
talia, and counts of setae, body measurements in both sexes and external architecture of the egg. Its 
morphological affinities with allied species are briefly commented. A key to males of all species of 
the genus Phtheiropoios known to parasitize rodents of the genus Ctenomys, is included. 


KEY WORDS: Phtheiropoios, Phthiraptera, descriptions, Ctenomys, Jujuy Province, Argentina, new 
species 


To date, the genus Phtheiropoios Eichler includes 13 species, all parasitic on 
mammalian rodents of the genus Ctenomys Blainville (Rodentia: Octodontidae: 
Ctenomyinae). Other two species customarily included in this genus (e.g. Price 
et al., 2003) parasitize species of Chinchilla Bennet (Rodentia: Chinchillidae) 
(Cicchino and Castro 1998a, Castro and Cichino 2001). A detailed study by the 
authors now in progress based on adult and egg morphology of these two species 
led us to conclude that they fit well in the genus Gyropus Nitzsch, 1818 and not 
in Phtheiropoios. The only species known from Jujuy Province is P. nematophal- 
lus (Werneck 1935) from C. opimus luteolus Thomas, 1900 (Cicchino et al., 
2000). It was our aim to describe a new species from Ctenomys sp. collected 
from western locality in this province near the border with Chile. Also brief com- 
ments on the morphological affinities with P. nematophallus, its closest morpho- 
logical relative, are also provided. 


METHODS 
Specimens were collected from freshly trapped hosts, stained and mounted on 
slides following the procedure described by Cicchino and Castro (1998a). Type 
series and most of the specimens are housed in the collections of the Museo de 
La Plata, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. 


‘Received on October 31, 2006. Accepted on April 17, 2007. 


*Facultad Ciencias Naturales y Museo, 64 N° 3, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-Mail: 
castrodreon@Lpsat.com 


*Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Dean Funes 3250, 7600 Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, 
Argentina. E-mail: cicchino@copetel.com.ar 


‘Instituto de Biologia de la Altura, Av. Bolivia 1661, 4600 San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina. E-mails: 
(MAH) mghamity@inbial.unju.edu.ar, (FO) fortiz@inbial.unju.edu.ar 


Mailed on November 14, 2007 


378 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Body measurements are in millimeters; they include maximum head length 
and width, maximum abdominal width and total length of the body. Terminology, 
including counts and notation of abdominal setae, follows that of Cicchino and 
Castro (1998a). 

Eggs taken from freshly trapped individuals of Ctenomys were stored in vials 
with ethanol 70°. 

Procedures for scanning electron microscopic study included hydration with 
decreasing ethanol, cleaned in physiological solution by means of an ultrasonic 
vibrator, rinsed in distilled water, fixed in 70% ethanol solution, dehydrated with 
increasing ethanol solution, mounted in stubs, coated with goldpalladium, then 
observed and photographed at different magnifications in a Jeol/RO 1.1 scanning 
electron microscope at the Electronic Microscopy Service of Museo de La Plata, 
Buenos Aires Province. Nomenclature of chorionic structures follows those used 
by Cicchino and Castro (1994, 1998b). Measurements are expressed in microm- 
eters (um). 


SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY 


Phtheiropoios susquensis sp. nov. 
(Figs. 1-9) 


Male Holotype (Fig. 1). Body shape elongated, reminiscent of P nemato- 
phallus. Measurements. Head length 0.313-0.326; head width 0.333-0.347; max- 
imum width of abdomen 0.687-0.708; total body length 1.926-2.069. Forficulae 
with “toe” not projected beyond level of second tarsomere (Fig. 2). Abdominal 
chaetotaxy. Tergal setae: I (3-6) 8-11; II (8-9) 14; III (9-13) 15-18; [TV (9-10) 16- 
20; V (10- 14) 17; VI (10-15) 15-17; VII (10-12) 10-11; VIII (6-7) 2; sternal 
setae: I (2) 4-6; II (13-17) 14-17; HI (14-18) 15-17; IV (15-16) 16-17; V (13-15) 
12-15; VI (11-15) 14-16; VII (8-13) 11-14; VIII (6-7) 2. External genitalia. Basal 
plate and general structure similar to P nematophallus, differing in shape and 
thickeness of the genital sclerite, shape and proportions of the basal plate, and 
pseudopenis (Figs. 3-4). 

Female: Similar to male, except for larger size and counts of abdominal setae. 
Measurements. Head length 0.326; head width 0.374-0.391; maximum width of 
the abdomen 0.694-0.803; total body length 2.096-2.273. Chaetotaxy. Tergal 
setae: I (6-8) 11; If (12-16) 14-15; HII (16-19) 16-19; IV (20-24) 18-19; V (20- 
24) 20-21; VI (21-23) 17-18; VI (16-19) 10-11; VIII 5-8; sternal setae: I (2-3) 
4-6; II (19-21) 18; HI(19-24) 17-18; TV (22) 17-18; V(21-22) 16-17; VI (16-20) 
16; VII (12-17) 13-15. External genitalia: vulvar margin not differing signifi- 
cantly from that of P. mendocinus (see Cicchino and Castro 1998). 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 379 


Figures 1-3 Phtheiropopios susquensis sp. nov. 1. Male, dorsal-ventral view 
(scale = 500 pm); 2. Idem, left forficula (scale = 50 um); 3. Idem, external gen- 
italia (scale =50 um). Figure 4. P nematophallus (Werneck 1935), external gen- 
italia (same scale as Fig. 3). 


380 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


ha Ay 
Mea 


fae ) iN 


Figures 5-9 Phtheiropoios susquensis sp. nov., egg, SEM pictures: 5. whole egg, 6. later- 
al aspect of the amphora, 7. detail of the mesh of the amphora, 8. operculum in semipolar 
view, 9. lateral view. Scales: Figs 5-6 = 100 um; Fig. 7 = 25 um; Figs. 8-9 = 50 um. 


External architecture of the egg: Silhouette largely elliptical (Fig. 5), with a 
prominent eccentric and deciduous phanerum (Fig. 5). Operculum: capitate (see 
Cicchino and Castro, 1994) strongly convex, with surface smooth (Figs. 8, 9), 
with 17-21 air chambers (Fig. 8). Opercular callus uniformly thickened, neither 
raised nor reflexed upwards (Figs. 8, 9). Callus of the amphora scarcely elevat- 
ed (Figs. 8, 9). Amphora: surface ornamented with an irregular mesh composed 
of unequal semielliptical areolae (diameter ranging from 2.3 to 13.6 um), becom- 
ing smaller toward the surface faced with the hair and the posterior end of the 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 381 


egg (Fig. 6). Measurements: diameter of the operculum 115-123 um, opercular 
height 75.7-81.2 um, diameter of the amphora 281-360 um, length of the ampho- 
ra 544-588 um, Length of the opercular phanerum 98-105 um, total length of the 
egg 611-659 um. 

Specimens Examined: Holotype male, 5 males and 5 females Paratypes. 
Laguna Mucar, Susques District, Jujuy Province, Argentina, 3700 meters above 
sea level, 17-[X-2000, Yanina Arzamendia. Holotype and most of the paratypes 
at the Museum of La Plata. 

Etymology: The epithet susquensis refers to the geographical district where 
the type series was collected, located at the SW Jujuy Province in Argentina. 

Diagnosis: This species is close to P. nematophallus (Werneck, 1935), differ- 
ing greatly in shape and structure of the genital sclerite of males; both sexes show 
a large number of setae in the abdomen, body silhouette and measurements. 

Host: Ctenomys sp from Laguna Mucar (23°28’ S; 67°8’ W, 3700 meters 
above sea level), Susques Department, Jujuy Province, Argentina. Within the 
geographic area, two species and subspecies of Ctenomys are cited: C. frater 
Thomas, 1902 from the yunga and andean highlands of Jujuy and Salta Pro- 
vinces, and C. opimus luteolus Thomas, 1900 from the punean highlands of the 
Andes of Catamarca, Salta and Jujuy provinces (Bidau, 2006). Identity of the 
specimens from which lice were collected is still uncertain, and it is now under 
study in the Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Argentina. 

Remarks: Strong morphological similarities to P nematophallus (Werneck, 
1935), P. ewingi (Werneck, 1936) and P. susquensis sp. nov. seem to be consis- 
tent with the currently accepted evolutionary theory of the different lineages of 
Ctenomys (Contreras and Bidau, 1999). Hosts of the three species belong to 
derivatives of the main stem of this genus, originated in the highlands of Bolivia 
and adjacent parts of Argentina (Reig et al.,1990); some of them are associated 
with the above cited lice species (Contreras et al., 1999). 


Key to males of the genus Phtheiropoios known to parasitize 
species of the genus Ctenomys 


1. Pseudopenis deeply V-shaped, noticeably widened, thickened, and produced 
backwards in middle. Apical portion of basal plate slightly widened. No 
traces of sclerite in genital sac ................eee. P. tucumanus Cicchino, 1986 

1' Pseudopenis otherwise, slightly widened, and produced backward in middle 
and sometimes also at sides. Apical portion of basal plate noticeably 
widened. Sclerite present, or at least discernable at the differentiation of the 
apex of the genital sac and consistently associated with the latter .............. 2 


2. Genital sclerite present as unpigmented or slightly pigmented differentiation 
OPapex of SenttalSaG sa BY hPL, gs A, 4, a 3 
2' Genital sclerite always well differentiated and pigmented ........................ 10 


382 


5' 


6' 


9 


Q' 


10. 


10' 


[at 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Genital sclerite tube-like and partially contorted, unpigmented. Lateral edges 
of pseudopenis produced caudally .... P- centralis Castro and Cicchino, 2001 


Genital sclerite otherwise, always slightly pigmented. Lateral edges of 


pseudopenis caudally produced or not ...2.:..:......:.cccvasce-- us acaaeee eee eee 4 
Genital sclerite not V-or U-shaped ..2...0..2:.00cc.02.-b-2cccheensdee veces coertee ss eee 5 
Genital selerite V-shaped or U-shaped. Pseudopenis always slightly thick- 
ened and:caudally produced im middle..........2..2.sce-c:-s207- teeeeeca-cetee eee eee 6 


Genital sclerite pear-shaped, caudally round. Pseudopenis greatly thickened 
and produced medially................. P. rionegrensis Cicchino and Castro, 1994 
Genital sclerite rounded, caudally produced and forming a double series of 
small sclerites. Pseudopenis slender and caudally produced in the middle 
SNS Gc con Sotto ee Getic a ee P. inaequalis Castro and Cicchino, 2007 


Genital ’Sclentte V-shaped. ...2.5.~..2.5.25.0.csdetanessantecetonrreeh- eee teee ee 7 
Genital sclembe W=Shaped tos. cc..cns.-ss.eccceesoonceonsessteetarteedee ceeteneceeee see 9 


“Thumb” of forficula short, not reaching level of second tarsomere. Body sil- 
houette slender: maximum width of abdomen 0.52-0.58 mm ...............::008 
ee ek Meee OPM Se cnniitas, aaacens P. mendocinus Cicchino and Castro, 1998 
“Thumb” of forficula long, exceeding level of apex of second tarsomere. 
Odyr SulhOUelie SLOUE ea as. 52) bese one wonteseavadscnene denbshouesenahecceeeeee ee tee 8 


Maximum width of abdomen 0.63-0.67 .........cccc-cccese+-eonecosessccnsede deseo 
CRU NN Cut atta, od ey P. cordobensis Castro and Cicchino, 2002 
Maximum width of abdomen 0.73-0.78 mam .................2...c0ecceeecoosscnnecersecenees 


Tibia almost as wide as pro-femur. Meta-femur almost as wide as meso- 
femur. Thumb of forficula greatly enlarged and its apical third somewhat 
UIE, AMMA LS foes ah; Saar vole cas cashotenca Staencuu don P. latipollicaris (Ewing, 1924) 
Tibia 1 more slender than pro-femur. Meta-femur noticeably more slender 
than the meso-femur. Thumb of forficula not enlarged or curved inwards 
ee ae eS ee ee Oe ee Se ee P. gracilipes (Ewing, 1924) 


Genital sclerite short and stout, composed of two subtriangular and superim- 
posed pieces. Pseudopenis very narrow................ P. wetmorei (Ewing, 1924) 
Genital sclerite elongated, composed of single piece ...............ccceeeeeeeeeeeees 11 


Genital sclerite short (length 68-75 um), bacilliform .............ceeeeeeeeeeeeeees 
rsh Sa) B88 Sse bach ASR ee en eMbedhre Ties toot ayy eet Peete Mabe ed P. pollicaris (Ewing, 1924) 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 383 


11' Genital sclerite very long (over 200 um), with its basal end widened....... 2 


12. Genital sclerite deflexed, spoonlikev................... P. ewingi (Werneck, 1936) 
1 Genital Selenite almna@StiStr al oo. oc coc encsesc toes oe sdccccescsseesvveastuuaeedstwosootugergesees 13 


132 Maximum width of the Genital sclerife 6.8-8 [i ..........:..:.ss0cbiets deaseeenecs ann 
prscrat, cans be sei ot cnntee temanes Jipeintietore tia thee tnans P. nematophallus (Werneck, 1935) 
13' Maximum width of the genital sclerite 14-16 um........ P. susquensis sp. nov. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT 


The authors thank Dr. Lilia E. Neder (Instituto de Biologia de la Altura, Jujuy province, 
Argentina) for reading the manuscript. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bidau, C. J. 2006. Superfamilia Octodontoidea Waterhouse, 1839. Familia Ctenomyidae Lesson, 
1842. pp. 212-231. In, R. M. Barquez, M. M. Diaz and R. A. Ojeda (Editors). Mamiferos de 
Argentina, Sistematica y distribucidn. Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamiferos 
(SAREM), Tucuman, Argentina. 359 pp. 


Castro, D del C. and A. C. Cicchino. 2001. A new species of the genus Phtheiropoios Eichler, 
1939 (Phthiraptera, Gyropidae), parasitic on a Ctenomys (Mammalia, Octodontidae) from central 
Cordoba, Argentina. The Canadian Entomologist 133 (1):87 - 92. 


Castro, D del C. and A. C. Cicchino. 2007 (in press). Two remarkable species of Phtheiropoios 
Eichler (Phthiraptera: Gyropidae) from Tucuman province, Argentina. The Canadian Entomo- 
logist 139:472 - 477. 


Cicchino, A. C. and D. del C. Castro. 1994. On Gyropus parvus parvus (Ewing, 1924) and 
Phtheiropoios rionegrensis sp. nov. (Phthiraptera, Amblycera, Gyropidae), parasitic on Ctenomys 
haighi Thomas, 1919 (Mammalia, Rodentia, Ctenomyidae) Iheringia, Serie Zoologia (77):3 - 14. 


Cicchino, A. C. and D. del C. Castro. 1998. Phtheiropoios mendocinus sp. nov. y estado del 
conocimiento de las demas especies del genero Phtheiropoios Eichler, 1940 (Phthiraptera: 
Gyropidae) en la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina. Gayana Zoologia 62:183 - 190. 


Cicchino, A. C. and D. del C. Castro. 1998b. Identificacion de las especies de Gyropidae 
(Phthiraptera, Amblycera) parasitas de Ctenomyidae (Rodentia) de la provincia de Buenos Aires, 
Argentina, en base a la morfologia coridnica de los huevos. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 41 
(2-4):199 - 202. 


Cicchino, A. C., D. del C. Castro, and J. J. Baldo. 2000. Elenco de los Phthiraptera (Insecta) hal- 
lados en distintas poblaciones locales de Ctenomys (Rodentia: Octodontidae) de la Argentina, 
Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia y Brasil. Papeis Avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia de Sao Paulo 
41(13):197 - 211. 


Contreras, J. R. and C. J. Bidau. 1999. Lineas generales del panorama evolutivo de los roedores 
excavadores sudamericanos del género Ctenomys (Mammalia, Rodentia, Caviomorpha: 
Ctenomyidae). Fundacién Bartolomé Hidalgo, Ciencia Siglo XXI, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1:1 - 
2 


384 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Contreras, J. R., D. del C. Castro, and A. C. Cicchino. 1999. Relaciones de los Phthiraptera 
(Insecta, Amblycera, Gyropidae) con la distribucién taxonédmica del género Ctenomys 
(Mammalia, Rodentia: Ctenomyidae) Fundacion Bartolomé Hidalgo, Ciencia Siglo XXI, Buenos 
Aires, Argentina 2:1 - 32. 


Price, R. D., R. A. Hellenthal, R. L. Palma, K. P. Johnson, and D. H. Clayton. 2003. The chew- 
ing lice: world checklist and biological overview. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publi- 
cation 24. 501 pp. 


Reig, O. A., C. Busch, C. O. Ortells, and J. Contreras. 1990. An overview of evolution, system- 
atics, population biology, cytogenetics, molecular biology and speciation in Ctenomys. In, 
E. Nevo, and O. Reig (Editors) Evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molec- 
ular levels. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 335:71 - 96. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 385 


TWO NEW GENERA AND SIX NEW SPECIES OF 
LEAFHOPPERS (HEMIPTERA: CICADELLIDAE: 
CICADELLINAE) FROM HISPANIOLA ' 


Paul H. Freytag’ 


ABSTRACT: Two new genera and six new species related to the genus Hadria are described from 
Hispaniola. Parahadria new genus, includes but the type species P. octolineata n. sp. Neohadria new 
genus, includes five new species, N. maculata, type species, N. amaurota, N. delecta, N. diversa, and 
N. grisea. Parahadria octolineata is found commonly throughout the island, while all Neohadria 
species are found only in the higher elevations of the central and western part of the island. 


KEY WORDS: Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Cicadellinae, Parahadria, Neohadria, Hadria, Dominican 
Republic, Hispaniola 


Two new genera closely related to the genus Hadria Metcalf and Bruner 
(1936) are described from Hispaniola. Both genera include species which look 
much like the species found in Hadria, but differ in the number of anteapical 
cells in the forewing and some differences in the male and female genitalia. 
Young (1977) included sixteen species in the genus Hadria from Cuba and 
Hispaniola. Dlabola and Novoa (1976a, 1976b) added two species to the genus 
Arezzia Metcalf and Bruner (1936) and two species to the genus Hadria. Young 
(1977) considered Arezzia and Lucumius Metcalf and Bruner (1936) synonyms 
of Hadria, as all species have two anteapical cells in the forewing. In this paper 
I accept Young’s concept of the genus, so there are about 20 species in the genus 
Hadria. The new genera being described have but one anteapical cell or none, 
and are only found on Hispaniola. This difference is usually easily seen, so the 
two new genera are quickly separated from Hadria. 

The acronyms used for the repositories alluded to in this paper are, as follows: 
CMNH- Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania; USNM— 
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.; FSCA—Florida State 
Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville; UKYL—University of Kentucky Col- 
lection, Lexington; MHND—Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santo Domin- 
go, Dominican Republic. 


Key to the species of the Hadria complex 


1. Forewings with two anteapical cells, either normal sized (Young, 1977, Fig. 
790p) or very small (Young, 1977, Fig. 782p), male paraphysis absent, or with 
ONE OM IVO PEOCESSES Ye vacate cco cos ete na bee cat ean Hadria Metcalf and Bruner 

1'. Forewings with one anteapical cell (Fig. 4) or none (Fig. 2) .................. Z 


‘Received on August 7, 2006. Accepted on May 17, 2007. 


* Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546 U.S.A. E-mail: 
freytag2 104@vwindstream.net 


Mailed on November 14, 2007 


386 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


2. Forewings with one anteapical cell (Fig. 4), male paraphysis reduced to small 


sclefite. (Figs DEA Ao AAS Eee Neohadria Freytag n. g. 
2'. Forewings with no anteapical cell (Fig. 2), male paraphysis with long thin 
base and long single process (Fig. 9)...........::c:sccee Parahadria Freytag n. g. 


Parahadria Freytag NEW GENUS 


Body: Length 5.9-7 mm. Head moderately produced, ocelli slightly closer to 
eye than median line. Thorax with pronotal width less than transocular width of 
head, lateral margins rounded. Forewing with membrane extending over all api- 
cal cells, except basal portion of third and outer apical cell, second and third api- 
cal cells nearly equal in length, wider at wing margin, with no anteapical cell. 
Hindleg with femoral setal formula 2:1:1. 

Male genitalia: Pygofer moderately produced, apex rounded, macrosetae 
few located on posterior half. Subgenital plates extending two-thirds length of 
pygofer, with uniseriate mirosetae. Style small, extending about half length of 
connective, pointed at apex. Connective T-shaped, long. Aedeagus with shaft 
short, without processes. Paraphysis present, asymmetrical with a single, long 
apical process. Female seventh sternum large, rounded at posterior margin, with 
median slightly produced, bifurcate. 

Type species: Parahadria octolineata Freytag, n. sp. 

Remarks: This genus is close to the genus Hadria, but differs from that 
genus by having no anteapical cell in the forewing, and the male paraphysis has 
a longer, thinner base than found in any of the Hadria species. 


Parahadria octolineata Freytag NEW SPECIES 
(Figures 1-2 and 7-11) 


Description: Length of male 5.9-6.1 mm, female 6.5-7 mm. Similar to Hadria 
maldonadoi but slightly larger and with a lighter yellow green color. Head yel- 
low with dark brown markings (Fig. 1), with face mostly yellow with median 
dark brown spot. Pronotum with anterior, yellow, with posterior two-thirds 
green, marked with eight longitudinal thin lines of black dots (Fig. 1). Scutellum 
yellow, with brown markings (Fig. 1). Forewings mostly green, with yellow 
costal area, viens brown; apical cells membranous, except for whitish patch 
across base of third and forth cells (Fig. 2). Legs yellow. Abdomen yellow ven- 
trally, dark brown dorsally. Male genitalia: Pygofer rounded at apex (Fig. 7). 
Subgenital plates with wide base narrowing to thin, rounded apex (Fig. 8), about 
half length of pygofer. Aedeagus (Fig. 9) short, finger-like, curving ventrally. 
Connective T-shaped, with long shaft. Paraphysis (Fig. 9) with long narrow base, 
with single long wide process narrowing near apex which is pointed. Style (Fig. 
10) small, narrowing from base to sharply pointed apex. Female seventh sternum 
(Fig. 11) long, rounded to slightly prolonged median bifurcate apex. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 387 


\ 


aie ae ee las mee 


OCTOLINEATA 


OCTOLINEATA ye 


te 


: 3 : 4 


mm MACULATA 


Figures 1-2. Parahadria octolineata n. sp. Fig. 1. Dorsal view of head, prono- 
tum and scutellum. Fig. 2. Forewing, apical half. Figures 3-4. Neohadria mac- 
ulata n. sp. Fig. 3. Dorsal view of head, pronotum and scutellum. Fig. 4. 
Forewing, apical half. Figure 5. Neohadria diversa n. sp., dorsal view of head, 
pronotum and scutellum. Figure 6. Neohadria amaurota n. sp., dorsal view of 
head, pronotum and scutellum. All drawn to the same scale. 


388 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


8 
OCTOLINEATA 
[mm 10 
9 ’ 
| 2 | 
13 I4 


MACULATA 


Figures 7-14. Figures 7-11. Parahadria octolineata n. sp. Fig. 7. Male genital 
capsule, lateral view, setae not shown. Fig. 8. Male valve and subgenital plates, 
ventral view, setae not shown. Fig. 9. Male aedeagus, paraphysis and apex of 
connective, lateral view. Fig. 10. Male style, lateroventral view. Fig. 11. Female 
seventh sternum, ventral view. Figures 12-14. Neohadria maculata n. sp. Fig. 
12. Male genital capsule, lateral view, setae not shown. Fig. 13. Male styles, con- 
nective and paraphysis, ventral view. Fig. 14. Male valve and subgenital plates, 
ventral view, setae not shown. All drawn to the same scale. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 389 


Type Data: Holotype male: Dominican Republic: Duarte, Reserva Loma 
Quita Espuela, canelo, 13.1 km NNE San Francisco de Macoris, 19-24-44 N 70- 
09-47 W, 512 m., 6-IV-2004, C. Young, R. Davidson and J. Rawlins, burned 
patch in broadleaf forest, uv light, sample 11313 (CMNH). Paratypes: Three 
males, three females, same data as holotype; 1 male, 2 females, same data as 
holotype, except 13.2 km, 19-24-46 N 70-09-52 W, 515 m., edge of wet 
broadleaf forest; and 5 males, 2 females, same data as holotype, except 13.2 km, 
19-24-47 N 70-09-54 W, 523 m., disturbed field near wet forest fragment. Nine 
male, seven female paratypes (CMNH); two male, two female paratypes 
(FSCA); and two male, two female paratypes (UK YL). 

Additional Specimens: Over 600 specimens have been seen from nearly all 
parts of the Dominican Republic. Over 200 specimens (CMNH), 150 specimens 
(MHND); 150 specimens (FSCA); 55 specimens (UKYL); and the remainder 
(USNM). 

Remarks: This species is larger than Hadria maldonadoi, and with a differ- 
ent color pattern. However, this species was mixed with the specimens Young 
(1977) had when he described that species. All specimens of H. omaldonadoi 
from the type locality appear to be that species. The other specimens in the series 
from other localities appear to be octolineata. Some of the drawings, such as the 
wing (Young, 1977, fig. 794p), are also probably of octolineata. This species is 
fairly common throughout the island, while H. omaldonadoi is uncommon and 
rarely collected. 


Neohadria Freytag NEW GENUS 


Body: Length 6-8.5 mm. Head moderately produced, ocelli closer to eye than 
median line. Thorax with pronotal width nearly same as transocular width of 
head, lateral margin rounded. Forewing with membrane extending to second api- 
cal cell, except for basal portion of second cell, second apical cell small, parallel 
sided, shorter then third apical cell, one anteapical cell. Hindleg with femoral 
setal formula 2:1:1. 

Male genitalia: Pygofer moderately produced, apex rounded, macrosetae 
few located on posterior half. Subgenital plates variable, extending nearly to 
pygofer apex, with uniseriate microsetae. Styles variable, usually with pointed 
apex. Connective T-shaped, short. Aedeagus with shaft short, without processes. 
Paraphysis vestigial, represented by small sclerite between connective and 
aedeagus. Female seventh sternum large, wide, with posterior margin rounded to 
small sharply pointed median. 

Type species: Neohadria maculata Freytag, n. sp. 

Remarks: This genus is near the genus Hadria, but has only one anteapical 
cell in the forewing, and the male paraphysis is represented by a small sclerite, 
which is not found in any of the species of Hadria. 


390 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


DELECTA GRISEA 


DIVERSA I9 MACULATA 


Figures 15-20. Figures 15-16. Neohadria delecta n. sp. Fig. 15. Head, pronotum and 
scutellum, dorsal view. Fig. 16. Female seventh sternum, ventral view. Figures 17-18. 
Neohadria grisea n. sp. Fig. 17. Head, pronotum and scutellum, dorsal view. Fig. 18. 
Female seventh sternum, ventral view. Figure 19. Neohadria diversa n. sp., female sev- 
enth sternum, ventral view. Figure 20. Neohadria maculata n. sp., female seventh ster- 
num, ventral view. All drawn to the same scale. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 391 


VaEAG 
cS 
-a| 
22 
DIVERSA 
a) 
Imm 
23 
GRISEA 
co 
26 eo 


Figures 21-26. Figures 21-23. Neohadria diversa n. sp. Fig. 21. Male genital capsule, lat- 
eral view, setae not shown. Fig. 22. Male valve and subgenital plates, ventral view, setae 
not shown. Fig. 23. Male styles, connective and paraphysis, ventral view. Figures 24-26. 
Neohadria grisea n. sp. Fig. 24. Male genital capsule, lateral view, setae not shown. Fig. 
25. Male valve and subgenital plates, ventral view, setae not shown. Fig. 26. Male styles, 
connective and paraphysis, ventral view. All drawn to the same scale. 


392 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


29 


— 28 Pa 
AMAUROTA Imm 


i 


32 


oe 


DELECTA 


Figures 27-32. Figures 27-29. Neohadria amaurota n. sp. Fig. 27. Male genital capsule, 
lateral view, setae not shown. Fig. 28. Male valve and subgenital plates, ventral view, 
setae not shown. Fig. 29. Male styles, connective and paraphysis, ventral view. Figures 
30-32. Neohadria delecta n. sp. Fig. 30. Male genital capsule, lateral view, setae not 
shown. Fig. 31. Male valve and subgenital plates, ventral view, setae not shown. Fig. 32. 
Male styles, connective and paraphysis, ventral view. All drawn to the same scale. 


3| 


Key to the species of Neohadria 
1. Male subgenital plates smaller and triangular (Figs. 14, 28, 31)... 2 
1’. Male subgenital plates larger and rounded (Figs. 22, 25)...........ccsccceseeeeeeees 4 


2. Dorsal part of head and pronotum black with many small yellow spots (Fig. 
Oa decsiey ag se die Rin de iste AT Socio « + Rr amaurota n. sp. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 393 


3. Head and pronotum green with randomly spaced dark spots (Fig. 3) ............ 
Fr SRE URE RE EIN | OE TC STAN Fe aye feo maculata n. sp. 
3’. Head and pronotum gray with irregular dark spots and a prominent horizon- 
talimeantenortorocelli (Pie 15) ek. delecta n. sp. 


4. Male styles large, evenly curving to a sharp apex (Fig. 23)..... diversa N. sp. 
4’. Male styles small, curving to near apex which is slanted (Fig. 26)................. 
Fe ata ce Rar Mh Cee AO REEL oR een Ee eR grisea N. Sp. 


Neohadria maculata Freytag NEW SPECIES 
(Figures 3, 12-14 and 20) 


Description: Length of male 6.4-7 mm, female 6.5-7.5 mm. Head yellow 
with dark brown markings (Fig. 3). Pronotum yellow, except for posterior mar- 
gin and much of median, green, with brown markings (Fig. 3). Forewings green 
with brown viens and numerous small brown spots in most cells, first and most 
of second apical cells, membranous; third apical cell with small dark brown spot 
near apex (Fig. 4). Legs yellow. Abdomen mostly yellow ventrally, reddish 
brown dorsally. Male genitalia: Pygofer broadly rounded at apex (Fig. 12). 
Subgenital plates triangular, gradually narrowing to rounded apex (Fig. 14), 
about three-fourths length of pygofer. Aedeagus (Fig. 12) short, stout with trun- 
cate apex. Style (Fig. 13) robust at base narrowing to apex which is angled, 
pointed. Connective (Fig. 13) T-shaped, short. Paraphysis vestigial, represented 
by a small sclerite. Female seventh sternum (Fig. 20) robust, posterior margin 
rounded to a small pointed median projection . 

Type Data: Holotype male: Dominican Republic, Barahona, Eastern Sierra 
Bahoruco, Reserva Cachote, 12.8 km NE Paraiso, 18-05-52N 71-11-19W, 1198 
m., 21-23-III-2004, J. Rawlins, C. Young, R. Davidson, C. Nunez, M. Rial, semi- 
disturbed wet broadleaf, UV light, Sample 44313, specimen 364,226 (CMNH). 
Paratypes: Nine males, three females, same data as holotype, except for speci- 
men number (5 males, 1 female, CMNH; 2 males, 1 female, FSCA; 2 males, 1 
female, UKYL). 

Additional Specimens: Over 400 specimens of this species have been seen 
from Barahona and Independencia (CMNH, FSCA). Some 150 specimens from 
other areas including Puerto Plata, Pedernales, Santiago, Elias Pifa, Duarte, La 
Vega, San Christobal and Distrito Nacional (CMNH, FSCA, MHND, UKYL, 
USNM). 

Remarks: At this time this is the most common species in this genus. It 
somewhat resembles Hadria cubana, but can easily be separated by having but 
one anteapical cell in the forewing, and quite different male and female genitalia. 


Neohadria diversa Freytag NEW SPECIES 
(Figures 5, 19 and 21-23) 


Body: Length of males 7.5-8 mm, females 8.2-8.5 mm. Head yellow, with 


394 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


black irregular markings from ocelli back to posterior margin (Fig. 5), eyes red- 
dish brown. Pronotum and scutellum with many black irregular markings (Fig. 
5). Forewings yellowish green, covered with many black irregular markings, 
except first and over half of second apical cells, membranous. Legs yellow 
orange. Abdomen mostly yellow ventrally, dark brown dorsally with band of red- 
dish orange between each segment. 

Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 21) narrowing to a truncate apex. Subgenital 
plates (Fig. 22) robust, rounded then narrowed to rounded apex. Aedeagus (Fig. 
21) simple, long, finger-like. Style (Fig. 23) large, crescent-shaped, sharply 
pointed at apex. Connective (Fig. 23) T-shaped, with short shaft. Paraphysis ves- 
tigial, represented by a small sclerite. Female seventh sternum (Fig. 19) robust, 
posterior margin rounded on each side of convex area each side of small pointed 
median projection. 

Type Data: Holotype male: Dominican Republic, Independencia, Sierra de 
Neiba near crest, 5.5 km NNW Angel Feliz, 18-41N 71-47W, 1750 m., 21-22- 
VII-1992, J. Rawlins, S. Thompson, C. Young, R. Davidson, Dense Cloud Forest 
(CMNH). Paratypes: Two males, same data as holotype (1 male, CMNH; 1 male 
FSCA). 

Additional Specimens: One male, two females, similar data to holotype, 
except south slope near summit, 4.1 km N Angel Feliz, 18-40-24N 71-46-04W, 
1851 m., 1-2-IV-2004, canopy trap, sample 34193 (CMNH); 4 males, same, 
except sample 34113 (CMNH); 3 males, 5 females, same, except sample 34243 
(CMNH); 13 males, 6 females, same, except sample 34213 (9 males, 2 females 
CMNH; 2 males, 2 females FSCA; 2 males, 2 females UK YL); 1 male, same, 
except sample 34283 (CMNH); | male, same, except sample 34263 (CMNH). 

Remarks: This species is related to maculata but with a different color pat- 
tern and male genitalia. 


Neohadria amaurota Freytag NEW SPECIES 
(Figures 6 and 27-29) 


Body: Length of males 7-7.5 mm, females unknown. Head, pronotum and 
scutellum blackish brown with yellow spots (Fig. 6). Face uniformly black, eyes 
reddish orange. Forewings blackish brown with numerous small grayish spots 
overall, except for membranous first and apical half of second apical cells. Legs 
orange red. Abdomen blackish brown with orange red membranous areas. 

Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 27) robust, with a truncate apex. Subgenital 
plates (Fig. 28) triangular, narrowing to a nearly pointed apex. Aedeagus (Fig. 
27) small, short, truncate. Style (Fig. 29) gradually narrowing to a pointed apex. 
Connective (Fig. 29) small, with lateral arms short. Paraphysis vestigial, repre- 
sented by small sclerite. 

Type Data: Holotype male: Dominican Republic, Independencia, Sierra de 
Bahoruco, Loma del Toro, 5.3 km SW El Aguacate, 18-17-16 N 71-42-46 W, 
2316 m., 29-30-III-2004, C. Young, R. Davidson, J. Rawlings, Pinus, Garrya 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 395 


montane forest, Malaise trap, sample 43283, specimen # CMNH 364,337 
(CMNH). Paratypes: Three males, same data as holotype, except specimen # 
362,977, 363,194 and 364,345 (one in each CMNH, FSCA and UKYL). 

Remarks: This species has a unique color pattern which separates it from the 
other species of the genus. 


Neohadria delecta Freytag NEW SPECIES 
(Figures 15-16 and 30-32) 


Body: Length of males 6.8-7.1 mm, females 7.3-7.5 mm. Head yellow, 
marked with blackish brown (Fig. 15). Face yellow with faint brown markings 
overall. Pronotum and scutellum yellow, with brown markings (Fig. 15). Fore- 
wings greenish yellow, with first and second apical cells membranous, and two 
dark brown spots, one in base of anteapical cell, other at apex of third apical cell. 
Legs yellow. Abdomen yellow ventrally, red dorsally. 

Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 30) gradually narrowed to rounded apex. Sub- 
genital plates (Fig. 31) triangular, narrow, elongate, extending nearly to apex of 
pygofer. Aedeagus (Fig. 31) short, stubby. Style (Fig. 32) with a stout base, nar- 
rowing to bent, sharply pointed apex. Connective (Fig. 32) T-shaped. Paraphysis 
vestigial, represented by small sclerite. Female seventh sternum (Fig. 16) robust, 
posterior margin angled to a small pointed median projection. 

Type Data: Holotype male: Dominican Republic, Barahona, Filipinas, 
Larimar Mine, 1006 m., 12-IV-1997, blacklight trap, R. E. Woodruff (FSCA). 
Paratypes: Ten males, two females, same data as holotype (6 males, 1 female 
FSCA; 2 males, 1 female CMNH; 2 males UKYL). 

Additional Specimens: Six males, one female, same data as holotype, except 
at light, 16-17-XII-1995 (FSCA); 1 male, 1 female, same data as holotype, 
except mercury vapor light, 6-11-VII-1993 (FSCA); 1 male, Barahona, Eastern 
Sierra Bahoruco, Reserva Cachote, 12.8 km NE Paraiso, 18-05-52N 71-11-19W, 
1198 m., 22-23-XI-2004, J. Rawlins, V. Verdecia, C. Young, C. Nunez, W. Zanol, 
semi-disturbed wet broadleaf, UV light, sample 44315, specimen 383,217 
(CMNH). 

Remarks: This species is closely related to maculata with a different color 
pattern and different male genitalia. 


Neohadria grisea Freytag NEW SPECIES 
(Figures 17-18 and 24-26) 


Body: Length of males 6.4-7.1 mm, females 7.3-7.5 mm. Head, pronotum 
and scutellum grayish yellow, with numerous brown markings (Fig. 17). Fore- 
wings grayish yellow, with brown veins, brown modeling overall, with first and 
second apical cells, membranous. Legs grayish yellow. Abdomen grayish yellow 
ventrally, reddish brown dorsally. 

Male genitalia: Pygofer (Fig. 24) narrowing to rounded apex. Subgenital 
plates (Fig. 25) robust, with stubby rounded apex. Aedeagus (Fig. 24) small, 


396 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


short, truncate. Style (Fig. 26) with robust base, narrowing to slanted, sharply 
pointed apex. Connective (Fig. 26) T-shaped, with shaft same length as arms. 
Paraphysis vestigial, represented by a small sclerite. Female seventh sternum 
(Fig. 18) robust, truncate, with sharply pointed median projection. 

Type Data: Holotype male: Dominican Republic, Barahona, Filipinas, 
Larimar Mine, 1006 m., 12-IV-1997, blacklight trap, R. E. Woodruff (FSCA). 
Paratypes: 9 males, 6 females, same data as holotype (5 males, 2 females FSCA; 
2 males, 2 females CMNH; 2 males, 2 females UK YL). 

Additional Specimens: One male, Dominican Republic: Barahona, Eastern 
Sierra Bahoruco, Reserva Cachote, 12.8 km NE Paraiso, 18-05-54N 71-11-21W, 
1230 m., 21-23-II-2004, J. Rawlins, C. Young, R. Davidson, C. Nunez, M. Rial, 
cloud forest with tree ferns, Malaise trap, sample 44283 (CMNH); one female, 
Independencia, Sierra de Neiba just south of crest, 5 km NW Angel Feliz, 1780 
m., 18-41N 71-47W, 13-15-X-1991, J. Rawlins, R. Davidson, C. Young, 
S. Thompson, cloud forest (CMNH); one male, two females, Independencia, 
Sierra de Neiba south slope near summit, 4.0 km N Angel Feliz, 18-40-21N 71- 
46-05 W, 1825 m., 1-2-IV-2004, J. Rawlins, C. Young, R. Davidson, broadleaf 
cloud forest without pine, UV light, sample 34213 (CMNH); one female, same 
data, except 18-40-17N 71-46-03W, 1821 m., disturbed cloud forest with fields, 
sample 34313 (CMNH); one female, La Vega, Cordillera Central, Loma 
Casabito, 15.4 km NW Bonao, 19-02-00N 70-30-58W, 1385 m., 28-V-2003, 
J. Rawlins, C. Young, R. Davidson, C. Nunez, P. Acevedo, disturbed evergreen 
cloud forest, UV light, sample 21312 (CMNH); one male, similar data to last, 
except 15.8 km NW Bonao, 19-02-12N 70-31-08W, 1455 m., sample 21212 
(CMNH); one female, similar data as last, except 19-03N 70-31 W, 1390 m., 3- 
XI-2002, V. A. Zanol, C. W. Young, C. Staresinie, J. Rawlins, wet cloud forest, 
sample 24119 (CMNH). 

Remarks: This species is related to maculata, but is gray in color and has dif- 
ferent male genitalia. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Many thanks are extended to Dr. Chen Young, Carnegie Museum of Natural History and Dr. 
Robert E. Woodruff, Florida State Collection of Arthropods for making the specimens available for 
this study. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Dlabola, J. and N. Novoa. 1976a. Dos Nuevas Especies del Género Hadria Metcalf y Bruner, 1936 
(Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha) y Revision de Otras Especies Cubanas. Poeyana 157: 1-17. 


Dlabola, J. and N. Novoa. 1976b. Dos Nuevas Especies del género Arezzia Metcalf y Bruner, 1936 
(Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha) y Revision de Otras Especies Cubanas. Poeyana 158: 1-27. 


Young, D. A. 1977. Taxonomic study of the Cicadellinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Part 2. New 
World Cicadellini and the genus Cicadella. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station 
Bulletin 239. 1135 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 397 


TAXONOMIC STUDY ON THE GENUS LAMBERTIODES 
DIAKONOFF (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), WITH 
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM CHINA’ 


Xinpu Wang” and Houhun Li’ 


ABSTRACT: The genus Lambertiodes Diakonoff is reviewed, with Lambertiodes multipunctata sp. 
nov. described as new to science. The adult and genital structures of the new species are illustrated, 
and keys to distinguish the two known species of Lambertiodes are provided. 


KEY WORDS: Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, Lambertiodes, new species, China 


Lambertiodes is a monotypic genus in the tribe Sparganothini. It was proposed 
by Diakonoff in 1959 to include Epagoge harmonia Meyrick. To date, the genus 
contains only the type species, which is distributed in China, Burma, Thailand, 
India and Nepal (Meyrick, 1908, 1913; Clarke, 1958; Diakonoff, 1959, 1976; 
Horak, 1991, 1998; Tuck, 1995; Liu and Li, 2002; Brown, 2005). 

The tribe Sparganothini is widely distributed and diverse in the Nearctic 
Region, but has limited distribution in the Palaearctic Region. Razowski (1993) 
recognized only five Palaearctic species of the genus Sparganothis. Lamber- 
tiodes is another genus of Sparganothini occurring in the Oriental Region. Based 
on the known distribution, we think that Lambertiodes might be confined to the 
Oriental Region. 

In this paper, we describe one species, Lambertiodes multipunctata sp. nov. 
and distinguish it from L. harmonia (Meyrick). All the studied specimens, in- 
cluding the type series, are deposited in the Insect Collection, College of Life 
Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China. 


Lambertiodes Diakonoff, 1959 
Lambertiodes Diakonoff, 1959, Ark. Zool., 12(13): 166. 
Type Species: Epagoge harmonia Meyrick, 1908, by monotype. 


Head with appressed scales, a long pointed tuft projecting over forehead. 
Ocellus posterior. Labial palpus in male long, more than 2.5 times length of 
diameter of compound eye. Forewing with vein R, arising from middle of cell, 
strongly bent in middle; veins Ry and Rs long stalked to 1/3 length, R3; from 
beyond middle of distance between Ry,5 and R>, Cu,-M, rather remote, CuP 
present but not developed. Hindwing without cubital pecten, Cu, and M3; con- 
nate from angle, M, closely approximate at base. 


‘Received on September 14, 2006. Accepted on May 18, 2007. 


* College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China. E-mail: lihouhun@nankai. 
edu.cn. To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. 


* College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China. E-mail: wangxinpu@eyou. 
com. 


Mailed on November 14, 2007 


398 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Male genitalia. Uncus long and slender, curved down. Socius usually longer 
than length of tegumen, densely setose. Gnathos arm slender, fused with socius. 
Transtilla spinose along upper edge. Valva simple. 

Female genitalia. Sterigma with length half width of SVHI. Antrum with 
internal sclerites. Signum present. 

Biology unknown. 


Key to species of the genus Lambertiodes based on the external characters 
1. Forewing with 25-30 dark brown dots throughout and a large spot at middle, 


without median fascia...............0000 0 ee L. multipunctata sp. nov. 
- Forewing with 8-12 dark brown dots, without large spot at middle, with a dis- 
tinct but short median fascia .................. L. harmonia (Meyrick) 


Key to species of the genus Lambertiodes based on the genital characters 
1. Uncus slender, nearly as long as socius; socius distinctly narrowed apically; 
aedeagus slender, with a small subapical tooth dorsally ............... 
Se ER Oe di 2s, ol th Ae L. harmonia (Meyrick) 
- Uncus stout, shorter than socius; socius thick, without distinctly narrowed 
part; aedeagus stout, without subapical tooth..... L. multipunctata sp. nov. 


Lambertiodes multipunctata sp. nov. 

Type Material. Holotype &, China, Médog County (29°13'N, 95°18'E), 
Tibet, alt. 2380 m, 9. Aug. 2003, leg. WANG Xinpu and XUE Huayun. Paratypes 
2 0O’,, 1 Y, same data as holotype. 

Description. Adult (Fig. 1): Wingspan 27.5-29.5 mm in male, 31.5 mm in 
female. Labial palpus about 2.5 times as long as diameter of compound eye; first 
segment short, yellowish brown; second segment long, curved upward, dilated 
apically, rust brown; third segment short, porrect, dark brown. Frons and vertex 
with erect and rough yellowish brown scales. Antenna thick, ciliate, dark brown. 
Tegula brown basally, yellowish brown distally. Thorax yellowish brown, mixed 
with some rusty brown scales. Forewing broad, expanded distally; costal margin 
arched slightly; apex blunt; termen almost straight, sinuate slightly beyond apex; 
tornus broad. Forewing with ground color pale yellow, with 25-30 scattered dark 
brown dots; costal margin dark brown in basal 1/4, with a yellowish brown blotch 
at middle; a large yellowish brown blotch extending from costal 2/3 almost to 
apex, stretching nearly to middle of termen; a large dot at middle, mixed with yel- 
lowish brown and pale brown scales; some yellowish brown scales along basal 
portion of dorsum; cilia yellowish brown. Hindwing pale gray, slightly yellow- 
ish at apex; cilia darker than ground colour. Legs yellowish brown, with some 
dark brown scales. Abdomen slender, gray dorsally, pale yellowish ventrally. 

Male genitalia (Fig. 3): Tegumen about 4/5 length of socius. Uncus stout, 
curved, with a few bristles apically, expanded basally. Socius long and thick, 
without distinctly narrowed part, covered with dense long hairs. Gnathos thin 
and short. Transtilla half as long as width, sclerotized dorsally, densely with long 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 399 


and short spinules along upper edge. Valva broad, more or less narrowed distal- 
ly, costa developed basally. Sacculus short and narrow. Aedeagus stout, some- 
what curved, smooth and narrowed subapically, with 8-9 spinose cornuti. Juxta 
broad, coecum penis developed, caulis slender. 

Female genitalia (Fig. 4): Papilla analis with length 3 times width. Posterior 
apophysis with broad basal plate. Lateral portion of sterigma spinulate. Antrum 
short and broad, with two internal sclerites. Ductus bursae membranous; ductus 
seminalis arising from near middle. Corpus bursae ovoid; signum a U-shaped 
sclerite. 

Diagnosis. The new species is similar to L. harmonia (Meyrick) in appear- 
ance and male genitalia, but can be separated from the latter by the forewing with 
25-30 dark brown dots and a large spot at middle, but lacking median fascia; the 
uncus shorter than socius, the socius without distinctly narrowed part, and the 
aedeagus smooth and narrowed subapically. 


Figs. 1-5. Lambertiodes spp. Figs. 1, 3, and 4: L. multipunctata sp. nov. 1. Adult, holo- 
type. 3. Male genitalia, holotype. 4. Female genitalia, paratype. Figs. 2 and 5: L. harmo- 
nia (Meyrick). 2. Adult. 5. Male genitalia. 


400 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Biology. Unknown. 

Etymology. The new specific name is derived from the Latin prefix multi- = 
numerous and word punctatus = punctate, referring to forewing having many 
dark brown dots. 

Remarks. There are two small “‘sclerites” inside the corpus bursae posterior- 
ly. The “sclerites” cannot be removed with pin when making genital slide. They 
might represent two signa, but further study is needed for confirmation. 


Lambertiodes harmonia (Meyrick, 1908) 

Epagoge harmonia Meyrick, 1908, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 18: 617. 

Capua harmonia (Meyrick): Obraztsov, 1954, Tijdschrift poor Entomologia 97: 
154; Clarke, 1958, Catalogue of the Type Specimens of Microlepidoptera in 
the British Museum described by Edward Meyrick 3: 68, pl. 34, figs. 4-4b; 
Liu and Li, 2002, Fauna Sinica, 27: 141, pl. XVIII-179a, b, LX VII-179, CX- 
179. 

Lambertiodes harmonia (Meyrick): Diakonoff, 1959, Ark. Zool. 12(13): 167, fig. 
1, pl. I, figs. 1-3; Diakonoff, 1976, Zool. Verh., 144: 69; Tuck, 1995, Micro- 
lepid. Thailand 3: 89; Brown, 2005, World Catalogue of Insects 5: 398. 


Materials Examined. China: 2 0'O’, Bomi County (29°53'N, 95°45'E), Tibet, 
alt. 2800 m, 2003-VIII-19, leg. WANG Xinpu and XUE Huaijun; 1 0, Médog 
County (29°13'N, 95°18'E), Tibet, alt. 1200 m, 2003-VIII-10, leg. WANG Xinpu 
and XUE Huaijun; 2 O'O’, Xiaoheishan, Longling County (24°35'N, 98°41'E), 
Yunnan, alt. 2300 m, 2005-VIII-10, leg. Ren Yingdang. 

Adult (Fig. 2). Wingspan: 21.0-23.0 mm in male. 

Male genitalia (Fig. 5): As illustrated. 

Distribution. China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet), Burma, Thailand, India, and 
Nepal. 

Remarks. This species can be distinguished easily from LZ. multipunctata sp. 
nov. by the forewing with a distinct but short median fascia, the uncus nearly as 
long as socius, smooth and distinctly narrowed apically. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


We wish to express our thanks to Mr. K. Tuck (The Natural History Museum, London) for pro- 
viding us with helpful references. The research was supported by the National Natural Science 
Foundation of China (30660151), the Fok Ying Tung Educational Foundation (101022), and the 
Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia, China (NZ 0518). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Brown, J. W. 2005. Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Jn, World Catalogue of Insects 5. Apollo Books. 
Stenstrup, Denmark. 741 pp. 


Clarke, J. F.G. 1958. Catalogue of the type specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 401 


(Natural History) described by Edward Meyrick. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural 
History). London, England, U.K. 3: 600 pp. 


Diakonoff, A. 1959. Entomological results from the Swedish expedition 1934 to Burma and Brit- 
ish India, Lepidoptera collected by René Malasie Microlepid. II. Arkiv for Zoologi 12(13): 165- 
182. 


Diakonoff, A. 1976. Tortricidae from Nepal 2. Zoologische Verhandelingen 144: 1-145. 


Horak, M. 1984. Assessment of taxonomically significant structures in Tortricinae (Lepidoptera: 
Tortricidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 57(1): 3-64. 


Horak, M. 1998. The Tortricoidea (Lepidoptera). Handbuch der Zoologie 4(35): 199-215. 


Horak, M. and R. L. Brown. 1991. Taxonomy and Phylogeny. 23-48. Jn, L. P. S. van der Geest and 
H. H. Evenhuis (Editors). World Crop Pest 5: Tortricid Pest, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and 
Contral. Elsevier Science Publishers. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 


Liu, Y. Q. and G. W. Li. 2002. Lepidoptera Tortricidae. Fauna Sinica, Insecta 27. Science Press, 
Beijing, China. 463 pp. 


Meyrick, E. 1908. Descriptions of Indian Micro-Lepidoptera. The Journal of the Bombay Natural 
History Society 18: 613-638. 


Meyrick, E. 1913. Fam. Tortricidae Jn, P. Wytsman, Genera Insectorum, Lepidoptera Heterocera. 
Bruxelles, Belgium. 81 pp, 5 plates. 


Obraztsov, N. S. 1954. Die Gattungen der Palaearktischen Tortricidae. I. Allgemeine Aufteillung 
der Familie und dis Unterfamilien Tortricinae und Sparganothinae. Tijdschrift poor Entomologia 
97: 141-231. 


Razowski, J. 1993. The catalogue of the species of Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Part II: Palaearctics, 
Sparganothini, Euliini, Ramapesiini and Archipini. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 35(3): 665- 
703. 


Tuck, K. R. 1995. A checklist of described species of Chlidanotinae and Tortricinae (Lepidoptera: 
Tortricidae) of Thailand, with description of a new species of Ancyroclepsis Diakonoff. Micro- 
lepidoptera of Thailand 3: 87-92. 


402 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


HYPERASPIS BRUNNESCENS DOBZHANSKY 
(COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) NEWLY RECORDED 
IN CANADA FROM SCATARIE ISLAND, NOVA SCOTIA 


Christopher Majka,’ Kathleen R. Aikens,’ A. Andrew MacDonald,’ Sheena M. Townsend,’ 
and David B. McCorquodale’ 


ABSTRACT: Ayperaspis brunnescens Dobzhansky is newly recorded in Canada and eastern North 
America from a storm-petrel burrow on Scatarie Island, Nova Scotia. This record extends the range 
of the species 2,100 km to the east. Hypotheses with respect to the ecology of the species are dis- 
cussed, as are possible zoogeographic scenarios that might account for its presence in Nova Scotia. 


KEY WORDS: Hyperaspis brunnescens, Coccinellidae, Scymninae, Hyperaspidini, range exten- 
sions 


Hyperaspis brunnescens Dobzhansky, 1941 is a rare and little-known lady 
beetle (Coccinellidae) described from specimens collected in Illinois. Gordon 
(1985) reported a specimen from Iowa, and Fauske et al. (2003) found it in Min- 
nesota. Only 19 individuals have previously been collected. Consequently, it was 
of some interest when a specimen of H. brunnescens was discovered in Nova 
Scotia, Canada, circa 2,100 kilometers east of the previously reported range. 


SITE DESCRIPTION, METHODS, AND CONVENTIONS 

Scatarie is a small (1,497 ha) island located approximately two km off the 
eastern shore of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, near Main-a-Dieu. Cool ocean 
waters and salt spray result in vegetation with boreal characteristics; dense stands 
of black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.), and balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill 
(Pinaceae), dominate much of the island (Davis and Browne 1997). Poor 
drainage contributes to extensive peatlands and small ponds, including coastal 
barrachois. The headlands in the east are heath barrens characterized by 
Empetrum nigrum L. (Empetraceae), Cornus canadensis L. (Cornaceae), and 
Vaccinium spp. (Ericaceae). The shoreline is mostly rocky, with a few small sand 
and pebble beaches, often with abundant beach wrack accumulation and back- 
shore zones of dune grasses, e.g. Elymus mollis Trin., Ammophila brevigulata 
Fern. (Poaceae), and beach pea, Lathyrus maritimus (L.) (Fabaceae). Thousands, 
likely tens of thousands, of Leach’s Storm-petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa 
(Vieillot)) (Procellaridae) dig nest burrows on the island, primarily among roots 
of spruces, but also in heath barrens. 


‘Received on June 29, 2006. Accepted on July 8, 2006. 


> Nova Scotia Museum, 1747 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3A6. E-mail: 
c.majka@ns.sympatico.ca. Corresponding author. 


*Cape Breton University, Department of Biology, 1250 Grand Lake Rd., Sydney, Nova Scotia, 
Canada BIP 6L2. E-mails: (KA) kathleen_aikens@hotmail.com, (AM) andrew@yahoo.com, 
(SMT) sheenatown@gmail.com, and (DBM) david_mccorquodale@capebretonu.ca. 


Mailed on November 14, 2007 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 403 


Although the island is now uninhabited and protected under Nova Scotia’s 
Wilderness Protection Act, several dwellings remain on the eastern end of the 
island (Cameron 2004). European fishers have periodically used the island since 
the 15th century. During the 19th and 20th centuries, however, permanent resi- 
dences and communities were established on the island (Chrestien 2001). In 
areas where land was cleared, paper birch, Betula papyrifera Marshall (Betu- 
laceae), and white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (Pinaceae), are promi- 
nent. 

A team of researchers visited Scatarie Island from 8-11 August 2005 to docu- 
ment the island’s biodiversity. Insects were collected by sweep-netting, pitfall 
and bowl trapping, and hand collection. 

Abbreviations of collections referred to in this study are, as follows: CASC, 
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA; INHS, Illinois 
Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, USA; NSDU, North Dakota State 
University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA; NSMC, Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax, 
Nova Scotia, Canada; USNM, United States National Museum, Washington, 
DC, USA. 


RESULTS 

On 9 August 2005, Aikens and MacDonald were examining a Leach’s Storm- 
petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) burrow at Tin Cove, on the southern coast of 
Scatarie Island (46° 00.181' N, 59° 43.679' W) when they discovered a specimen 
of Hyperaspis brunnescens. C.G. Majka made the species determination after 
consulting with R. Gordon and N. Vandenberg. The strongly alutaceous dorsum 
of the specimen and the vittate colour pattern of the elytra separate the specimen 
from H. quadrivittata LeConte, 1852, the only similar species of Hyperaspis 
(Dobzhansky 1941, Gordon 1985). 

The burrow was located in a salt-spray barren dominated by (in decreasing 
order of abundance) Empetrum nigrum, Juniperus communis L. (Cupressaceae), 
and Potentilla tridentata Ait. (Rosaceae). The burrow was located about 50 m 
from the rocky edge of the seashore and about equally distant from a dense 
coniferous forest. The entrance of the burrow dropped approximately 10 cm 
before turning sharply to run parallel with the ground surface. The beetle was 
located near its mouth. 

The specimen represents the first record of H. brunnescens in Canada and 
northeastern North America. It will be deposited for reference in the Nova Scotia 
Museum collection. 

Previous records are: Illinois: state record, Hubbard and Schwartz, male, 
USNM;; northern Illinois, Peabody, 3 males & 6 females, USNM, INHS, & C.W. 
Leng collection; Edgebrook, Cook Co., 2 males & 3 females, CASC. Iowa: Iowa 
Experimental Station, Clarke Co., February 1934, little bluestem grass 
[Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash (Poaceae)], USNM. Minnesota: Clay 


404 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Co., 2.5 mi. SSE of Felton, 9 September 1997, P. Tinerella and G. Fauske, pit- 
fall, NDSU; Clay Co., 2.5 mi. SSE of Felton, 24 September 1997, P. Tinerella, 
pitfall, NDSU; Clay Co., 2.5 mi. SSE of Felton, 13 August 1997, P. Tinerella and 
A. Abbott, NDSU. 

The following year on July 15-16, 2006, on a second excursion to Scatarie 
Island, efforts were made to locate additional specimens of H. brunnescens, how- 
ever, they were not successful. 


DISCUSSION 

The surprising discovery of this species on Scatarie Island, Nova Scotia, rais- 
es several questions. In Minnesota, H. brunnescens has been found in dry prairie 
and dry mesic prairie habitats (G. Fauske, pers. comm.), quite different from the 
salt-spray barren environment where the Nova Scotia specimen was collected. 
Both, however, are open habitats. Two of the three specimens in Minnesota were 
captured in pitfall traps (G. Fauske, pers. comm.), and the Nova Scotia specimen 
was in the mouth of a subterranean burrow suggesting that the species is regu- 
larly found on, in, or near the ground. Adults and larvae of Hyperaspis are pred- 
ators of scale insects and mealybugs (Homoptera: Coccoidea) (McClanahan 
1970; Booth et al., 1995; Staubli Dreyer et al., 1997; Vandenberg 2002). Some 
larvae burrow into the egg sacks of female scales and approach a parasitic mode 
of existence (Vandenberg 2002). Some species of scales are subterranean, raising 
the possibility that the larvae of H. brunnescens could be specialist feeders on 
such insects, perhaps accounting for the scarcity of this species in collections. 
Another possibility might be that H. brunnescens could be myrmecophilous. 
Chapin (1966) described Hyperaspis acanthicola Chapin from the nests of 
Pseudomyrmex ants in Mexico and Hyperaspis reppensis (Herbst) is found in 
Europe in association with nests of Zapinoma erraticum var. nigerrimum 
Nylander (Chapin 1966). 

The presence of H. brunnescens on a remote, uninhabited island approxi- 
mately 2,100 km northeast of its previously known range also raises perplexing 
questions. Given the rarity of the species and distance from previously known 
populations in the American Midwest, an arrival by accidental or anthropochor- 
ous means seems unlikely. We therefore conclude that the specimen does repre- 
sent an indigenous population. If that is the case, is there a disjunct or relict pop- 
ulation in Nova Scotia, or has the species been overlooked in intervening 
regions? 

Recently Majka and McCorquodale (2006) surveyed the Coccinellidae of the 
Maritime Provinces of Canada and drew attention to species with apparently iso- 
lated or disjunct populations in Nova Scotia. These include Stethorus punctum 
punctum (LeConte, 1852), Scymnus caudalis LeConte, 1850, Diomus amabilis 
(LeConte, 1852), Hyperaspis troglodytes Mulsant, 1853, Naemia seriata seriata 
Melsheimer, 1847, and Cycloneda munda (Say, 1835) — all of which have not 
otherwise been recorded in Atlantic Canada. Two of these, D. amabilis and 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 405 


N. s. seriata, are known in Canada solely from Nova Scotia. Diomus amabilis, 
H. troglodytes, and N. s. seriata are Atlantic coastal plain species whose distri- 
bution extends to Nova Scotia, whereas S. p. punctum, S. caudalis, and C. munda 
are found broadly in the central and eastern parts of the continent. None are as 
widely disjunct as H. brunnescens appears to be, however, Nova Scotia does sup- 
port a coccinellid fauna composed of a variety of zoogeographic elements, some 
of which exist as disjunct populations. 

If H. brunnescens 1s a relict species, the postglacial climatic history of Nova 
Scotia may have provided colonization opportunities. Miller and Elias (2000) 
interpret post-glacial fossil beetle assemblages (from ~ 12,600 years BP to the 
present) in the Maritime Provinces as illustrating four historical phases of colo- 
nization, each indicative of a different climatic regimen. Miller (1997) found 
specimens of the coccinellid, Nephus flavifrons (Melsheimer, 1847), a more 
southern species not currently found in Atlantic Canada, in peat deposits dating 
from circa 12,300 years BP on Cape Breton Island — an illustration of historical 
colonization by a species that has subsequently disappeared from the region. 

Scatarie Island represents part of the southern edge of the range of several 
northern plants including Cornus suecica L. (Cornaceae), Vaccinium uliginosum 
L. (Ericaceae), Prenanthes nana (Bigel) Torr. (Asteraceae) (Pronych and Wilson 
1993), and Carex rariflora (Wahlenb.) J. E. Smith (Cyperaceae) (Roland 1998). 
The same coastal influence that results in cool summers causes a long frost-free 
season compared to nearby areas only a few kilometers from the coast. Much of 
the vegetation, however, is similar to that encountered in other coastal headland 
environments on Cape Breton Island and other parts of Nova Scotia. Conse- 
quently it would be worth investigating neighbouring areas to ascertain if 
H. brunnescens occurs more widely in the province. 

Although this discovery raises more questions than it answers, it emphasizes 
how much remains to be learned about the biodiversity of the Coleoptera of Nova 
Scotia. Majka and McCorquodale’s (2006) recent survey of the Coccinellidae of 
the region had scarcely appeared when yet another species was discovered. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Thanks to Max Barclay (The Natural History Museum, London), Gerald Fauske (North Dakota 
State University), Robert Gordon (Northern Plains Entomology), Natalia Vandenberg (Systematic 
Entomology Laboratory, USDA), Alex Wilson (Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History), and Mary 
(Pixie) Williams for their assistance. Donna Giberson (University of Prince Edward Island), Doug 
Strongman (St. Mary’s University), and three anonymous reviewers read earlier versions of the man- 
uscript and contributed many constructive suggestions. C. G. Majka thanks David Christianson, 
Calum Ewing, and Andrew Hebda, for continuing support and encouragement. This work was assist- 
ed by research grants from Cape Breton University and the Board of Governors of the Nova Scotia 
Museum. We all thank Rob Cameron, Nova Scotia Department of Environment and Labour for 
organizing the collecting trip to Scatarie Island. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Booth, R. G., A. E. Cross, S. V. Fowler, and R. H. Shaw. 1995. The biology and taxonomy of 
Hyperaspis pantherina (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and the classical biological control of its 


406 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


prey, Orthezia insignis (Homoptera: Ortheziidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 85: 307- 
314. 


Cameron, R. P. 2004. Resources guide and ecological atlas for conducting research in Nova 
Scotia’s wilderness areas and nature reserves. Protected Areas Branch, Nova Scotia Environment 
and Labour Technical Report 0401. 


Chapin, E. A. 1966. A new species of myrmecophilous Coccinellidae, with notes on other 
Hyperaspini (Coleoptera). Psyche 73: 278-282. 


Chrestien, J-P. 2001. Archaeological survey and testing of eighteenth-century fishing properties on 
Scatarie Island (Nova Scotia). Canadian Museum of Civilization, Ottawa, Ontario. 


Davis, D. S. and S. Browne. 1997. Natural history of Nova Scotia. Vol. 2. Theme regions. Nimbus 
Publishing and Nova Scotia Museum. Halifax, Nova Scotia. 304 pp. 


Dobzhansky, T. 1941. Beetles of the genus Hyperaspis inhabiting the United States. Smithsonian 
Miscellaneous Collections 101(6): 1-94. 


Fauske, G. M., P. P. Tinerella, and D. A. Rider. 2003. A list of the lady beetles (Coleoptera: 
Coccinellidae) of North Dakota with new records from North Dakota and Minnesota. Journal of 
the Kansas Entomological Society 76(1): 38-46. 


Gordon, R. D. 1985. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. Journal of the 
New York Entomological Society 93: 1-912. 


Majka, C. G. and D. B. McCorquodale. 2006. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of the Maritime 
Provinces of Canada: new records, biogeographic notes, and conservation concerns. Zootaxa 
1154: 49-68. 


McClanahan, R. J. 1970. Cottony maple scale and its natural control. Entomophaga 15: 287-289. 


Miller, R. F. 1997. Late-glacial (Allergd - Younger Dryas) Coleoptera from central Cape Breton 
Island, Nova Scotia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34: 247-259. 


Miller, R. F. and S. A. Elias. 2000. Late-glacial climate in the Maritimes Region, Canada, recon- 
structed from mutual climatic range analysis of fossil Coleoptera. Boreas 29: 79-88. 


Pronych, G. and A. Wilson. 1993. Atlas of rare vascular plants in Nova Scotia. Volumes | and 2. 
Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Curatorial Report 78: 1-331. 


Roland, A. E. 1998. Roland’s Flora of Nova Scotia; revised by Marian Zinck. Nimbus Publishing 
and the Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 1297 pp. 


Staubli Dreyer, B., J. Baumgartner, P. Neuenschwander, and S. Dorn. 1997. The functional 
responses of two Hyperaspis notata strains to their prey, the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus 
manihoti. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique Suisse 70: 21-28. 


Vandenberg, N. J. 2002. Coccinellidae Latreille 1807. pp. 371-389. Jn, American Beetles, Volume 
2: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. (R. H. Arnett Jr., M. C. Thomas, P. E. 
Skelley, and J. H. Frank, editors.) CRC Press. Boca Raton. Florida, USA. 861 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 407 


NEW STATE RECORD OF THE MAYFLY 
BAETISCA LAURENTINA McDUNNOUGH FOR WEST 
VIRGINIA (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETISCIDAE) AND 

NEW COUNTY RECORDS FOR SPECIES OF BAETISCA 
IN KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA, U.S.A.’ 


Donald C. Tarter,’ Dwight L. Chaffee,’ Jeffery E. Bailey,’ and Sandy Raimondo’ 


ABSTRACT: Baetisca laurentina McDunnough is reported for the first time from West Virginia. 
One male imago was collected near Twelvepole Creek, Wayne County, West Virginia. This record 
extends the range of this species eastward to the Mid-Atlantic coastal region. New distributional 
records (57) of Baetisca spp. are reported for Kentucky (15) and West Virginia (42). The following 
county records have been added to the list of Baetisca spp. from the two states: Baetisca berneri 
Tarter and Kirchner (KY/1 and WV/13), B. carolina Traver (WV/3), B. gibbera (WV/1), B. lacustris 
McDunnough KY/14 and WV/22), B. laurentina McDunnough (WV/1), and B. rubescens Pro- 
vancher (WV/2). Baetisca lacustris is the most widespread baetiscid in West Virginia (26 counties) 
and Kentucky (25 counties). This species was found in six drainage basins (I, II, IV, V, VI, VII) in 
West Virginia. Only one baetiscid mayfly, B. rubescens, was recorded for drainage basin III. 


KEY WORDS: Ephemeroptera, Baetisca, state and county records, Kentucky, West Virginia 


The North American endemic family Baetiscidae is monotypic, containing 
only the genus Baetisca (Pescador and Berner, 1981). Presently, twelve species 
are recorded for eastern North American, Great Plains, and the Northwest Terri- 
tories of Canada (Pescador and Berner, 1981). Nymphs of Baetisca live partial- 
ly buried in silt, sand, gravel of small to moderate sized streams. Distributional 
and/or ecological information on the Baetisca spp. in West Virginia and Ken- 
tucky have been reported by the following investigators: Traver (1931, 1935), 
Needham et al. (1935), Olson (1971), Berner (1977), Faulkner and Tarter (1977), 
Tarter and Kirchner (1978), Chaffee and Tarter (1979), Morris et al. (1980), 
Pescador and Berner (1981), Pettry and Tarter (1983, 1985), Tarter and Pettry 
(1983), Burgess and Tarter (1989), and Randolph and McCafferty (1998). 

Baetisca specimens used in this investigation were deposited at the following 
agencies/institutions: Biological Systems Consultants (Lexington, Kentucky), 
Colorado State University, Marshall University (West Virginia Benthological 
Survey), Morehead State University, United States Army Corps of Engineers 
(Huntington District), West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection 
(Watershed Assessment Section), and West Virginia University. 


‘Received April 26, 2006. Accepted April 25, 2007. 


* Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25755 U.S.A. 
E-mail: tarter@marshall.edu 


> Forest Biology Consultant, P. O. Box 814, Richmond, Kentucky 40476 U.S.A. 


“West Virginia Department Environmental Protection, 601 57th Street, S.E. Charleston, West Vir- 
ginia 25304 U.S.A. E-mail: jbailey@wvdep.org 


>USEPA Gulf Ecology Division, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561 U.S.A. E-mail: sandyraimondo@ 
yahoo.com 


Mailed on November 14, 2007 


408 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS 


West Virginia 

Janssen (1973) divided the state into the following drainage basins (Fig. 1): 
I. Ohio River (industrialization and farming), Il. Monongahela River (high ele- 
vations and some acid mine pollution), III. Potomac River (farming, little pollu- 
tion), IV. Little Kanawha River (slow, low gradient streams), V. Kanawha River 
(industrialization), VI. Guyandot River (heavy acid mine pollution) and VII. Big 
Sandy River (mining, low gradient streams). All baetiscid records are listed by 
drainage basin and county. 


Morga 
“= _( Preston Berkeley/ 
AS ie 


eésants..\ ip | | 
: { 
il us) ddridge. Harrison Vey 


SQ Pinay L Barbour, Tucker jfoant 


C : Mineral / Hampshire &fferso 
{ 


Ritchie 


Swit | = Se i 
. \ Jackson & — r K 


Massa), 


ae a t 
YF ‘ 
| c 
Y 


£ : ig : at ox 
Fe : Eke eek ee al ay 
2 | Fayette G ex 
os ¢ Greenbrier V 
Ee ? 
q My, 


Figure 1. Janssen’s (1973) drainage basins in West Virginia. 


Baetisca berneri Tarter and Kirchner 1978 

Tarter and Kirchner (1978) described mature nymphs from Laurel Fork of 
Pigeon Creek in Mingo County (drainage basin VII). Pescador and Berner (1981) 
reported this species from the Morgantown area in Monongalia County (drainage 
basin II). The following counties (13) are added to the distribution of this species 
(Fig. 2): Drainage basins II, V, VI, VI (Boone Co.: Bennett Fk., 23-14-97/Left 
Fk. of Joes Cr., 07-X-97 and Spicelick Fk., 17-[X-97; Clay Co.: Sycamore Cr., 
11-[X-02; Kanawha Co.: Bells Cr., 16-VII-03/Slaughter Cr., 26-I[X-01/Bradley 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 409 


Fk., 26-IX-01/Dry Br., 03-X-01 and Blue Cr., 05-[X-02; Lewis Co.: Little Kan- 
awha River, 25-IX-80; Logan Co.: Cow Cr., 09-V-78 and Pine Cr., 14-III-79; 
McDowell Co.: War Cr., 16-[X-03; Mercer Co.: Camp Cr., 10-VIII-99; Nicholas 
Co.: Panther Cr., 25-VII-75; Camp Cr., 15-X-05; Pocahontas Co.: Little River, 
29-VII- 99; Raleigh Co.: Peachtree Cr., 25-IX-97 and Rock Cr., 07-X-97; Usphur 
Co.: Right Fk. of Buckhannon River, 06-X-02 and Left Fk. of Buckhannon 
River, 08-X-02; Webster Co.: Elk River, 07-XI-89; Wyoming Co.: Measle Fk., 
05-IX-00). 


sept el ] 
| Jee eley 
site ans) Ha a a, 


Eapare A Tucker 355 


} Randolph / 3 : 
i Zz 
f7 22g/ Pendleton F 


260 Miles 


Fig. 2. County distribution records of Baetisca berneri in West Virginia. 


Baetisca callosa Traver 1931 

Traver (1931) described B. callosa from a tributary of the Potomac River in 
West Virginia. However, Pescador and Berner (1981) studied the paratype 
nymphs from Preston and Mineral counties from West Virginia and concluded 
that the enigmatic species is not recognizable. From the examination of imma- 
ture nymphs of the species of Baetisca, they reported that B. callosa Traver rep- 
resents a very young stage of some species already described — perhaps B. car- 
olina Traver or B. berneri Tarter and Kirchner. One author (Tarter) has collected 


410 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


and identified young and mature nymphs of Baetisca spp. for 30 years in West 
Virginia and has identified B. callosa from 10 counties. He disagrees with sug- 
gestions that B. callosa is a young stage of B. carolina Traver or B. berneri Tarter 
and Kirchner. Efforts are being made to collect and rear specimens from the type 
locality and other counties in drainage basin III to resolve the taxonomic prob- 
lem associated with this enigmatic species. 


Baetisca carolina Traver 1931 

Pettry and Tarter (1985) reported the ecological life history of this species 
from Panther Creek, Nicholas County, West Virginia (drainage basin V). Need- 
ham et al. (1935) recorded this species from Monongalia County in West Virginia 
(drainage basin II). The following counties (3) are added to the distribution of 
this species (Fig. 2): Drainage Basin V (Greenbrier Co.: North Fk. of Cherry 
River, 25-VII-75; Pocahontas Co.: Tea Cr. of Williams River, 02-VIII-73; Web- 
ster Co.: Cranberry River, 05-VIII-77). 


mn ff N 


=) Xf 


Pocahontas 
—— 


a 2, 
a Nee oats 
Greenbrier 


= ‘iia ay 
Suen »> 
\ MORI: s 


iy 
Pe, wocar J aa 
eee 
260 Miles 


Fig. 3. County distribution records of Baetisca carolina in West Virginia. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 411 


Baetisca gibbera Berner 1955 

Nymphs of B. gibbera have been recorded from the cool mountain streams of 
the Appalachian Mountains and the warm waters of the Coastal Plain (Pescador 
and Berner, 1981). Burgess and Tarter (1989) recorded this from Indian Creek 
in Monroe County, West Virginia (drainage basin V). The following county is 
added to the distribution of this species (Fig. 4): Drainage basin V (Summers 
Co.: Indian Cr., 28-III-83). 


ee 
Ps S___ Biorgan/ 
ee a Berkeley 
age ots a De ‘<4 


260 Miles 


Fig. 4. County distribution records of Baetisca gibbera in West Virginia. 


Baetisca lacustris McDunnough 1932 

Baetisca lacustris (= B. bajkovi Neave) has been collected from the Great 
Lakes region and across the United States and Canada to the eastern slope of the 
Rocky Mountains (Burks, 1953; Pescador and Berner, 1981). This species has 
been reported from following counties in West Virginia (drainage basins I, I, VI, 
VII): Lewis, Lincoln, Pleasants, Wayne (Olson, 1971; Faulkner and Tarter, 
1977). Chaffee and Tarter (1979) reported the life history and ecology of this 
species from Beech Fork in Wayne County. The following counties (22) are 


412 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


added to the distribution of this species (Fig. 5): Drainage basins I , IV, V, VI, 
VII (Boone Co.: Big Horse Cr., 25-XI-75/Spruce Laurel Fk., 25-[X-97 and 
Laurel Cr., 07-X-97; Braxton Co.: Coon Cr., no date/Falls Run, 25-IX-80 and 
Knawl Cr., 17-XI-77; Cabell Co.: Mill Cr., of Mud River, 12-IX-71 and Charley 
Cr., 16-[X-03; Calhoun Co.: no locality data: Clay Co.: Elk River, 22-VI-73; 
Doddridge Co.: Toms Fk., 16-[X-03 and Meathouse Fk., 16-IX-03; Gilmer Co.: 
Steer Run, 25-IV-74; Jackson Co.: Right Fk. of Sandy Cr., 15-IV-99; Kanawha 
Co.: Kanawha River, 13-IV-82 and Davis Cr., 06-V-02; Logan Co.: Hoover Fk. 
04-V-98 and Seng Camp Cr., 07-VIII-02; Mason Co.: Jerry’s Run, 17-IV-74; 
Mingo Co.: East Fk. of Twelvepole Cr., 28-IV-03/Tug Fk. River, 24-IX- 
03/Guyandotte River, 21-IV-82 and West Fr. of Twelvepole Cr., 03-V-00; 
Pocahontas Co.: Douthat Cr., 19-V-72/Mullenax Run, 20-VII-99/Little River of 
West Fk. of Greenbrier River, 29-VII-99 and East Fk. of Greenbrier River, 20- 
VII-00; Putnam Co.: Coon Cr., 19-III-73 and Clymer Cr., 24-II-73; Raleigh Co.: 
Marsh Fr. of Big Coal River, 13-XI-86; Ritchie Co.: South Fk. of Hughes River, 
no date and Indian Cr., 13-V-99; Roane Co.: Green Cr., 28-V-97 and Big Sandy 
Cr., 10-IX-02; Tyler Co.: Middle Island Cr., 15-X-99 and Indian Cr., 09-IX-03; 
Webster Co: Left Fk. of Holly River, 09-VII-78; Wetzel Co.: South Fk. of Fish- 
ing Cr., 26-I[V-99; Wood Co.: Worthington Cr., no date and Walker Cr., no date; 
Wyoming Co.: Guyandotte River, 21-I[V-82 and Measle Fk., 05-[X-00. 


| 
j 


Hagcock 


{ 
Marshal 
ee 
i / io 
J =< We 
Pca 1 Wetzel f- si | & Sioa 3 
fo 2 if ; eo 
gh \ Tyl Jor a piener 4 Preston aor rd a ae 
<7 OF. ro 
iV c. \ \Petean Saf) - Be ee Ba! ze acri 1/ Hampshire _} a re ne 
hen aa dono Harrison \** fy a me g Ne 
(  Biood a Ritchie \ ‘ 


~_[ Barbour e Tucker 


ee } 


Se $ 
I oi vn 


ee (ies, Swe 
: : ee, ; 
4 \ Wirt ie oe deus / ‘ — ey / Hardy a 
Gi Imer \ aay 


| oe t 


Laem] sistieg ea Nal Rendolph | f. 
ok & Reane Le Breson._ oe a ] ie 
aN 


y 
i 
aa 
= > \ webster ie 4 ie 
{ Clay 7 *h oe F “ 
Kanawha \ e 
Nicholas Del, Pocahontas 


ee 
/ he Poy! a 


} 
me ey 


te = oe 
iS Greenbrier e V 
S va 


J » SS EL nd 
) Summers’ 


5 N 
Z S / Monroe ° j 
a > 


260 Miles 


Fig. 5. County distribution records of Baetisca lacustris in West Virginia. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 413 


Baetisca laurentina McDunnough 1932 

Baetisca laurentina is widely distributed in many areas of eastern North 
America, the Great Plains, through Canada into the Northwest Territories 
(Pescador and Berner, 1981; Randolph and McCafferty, 1998). On 13 May 1990, 
one male imago of B. /aurentina was collected near Twelvepole Creek (Rt. 75, 
Shoals) in Wayne County, West Virginia (drainage basin VII (by Kondratieff, 
Welch, and Kirchner) (Fig. 6). This record extends the range of this species east- 
ward to the mid-Atlantic coastal region. Randolph and McCafferty recorded this 
species from nearby Ohio (Adams, Highland, and Lawrence counties). 


as re 


3 Va ug pee 
oF Tyler > __f tare Sai) Preston | le iPad Pty a 
Plebsants. vo ys can 2 | i Mierat/ Hampshire 7 


Taylor A 


| / pcs a 
Gedo Harison Cee ay \- ao, | on wes 


San 
\ 


a 


Lewis } 
a at 


Ao ft pegs 
aa y ee 


eran ere \ Sfecnoies © 
ce Nicholas > J ta - 


{ E 3 
ra i P | ‘S a 7 

ea Boone ™ i Fayette 4 hes 
Na ? Greenbner vy 


$ a 


eh 
Ties: mers 
eis 


“Es 
a 


© Wayne 


sO EN 
spate 


“csc euinge iael eg! digiass 
ine “yf lew ee 


Le Mercer 
J ph Se —. 


65 260 Miles 


Fig. 6. County distribution records of Baetisca laurentina in West Virginia. 


Baetisca rubescens Provancher 1876 
Tarter and Pettry (1983) reported this species from Red Creek, Tucker County, 
West Virginia (drainage basin II). The following counties (2) are added to the dis- 
tribution of this species (Fig. 7): Drainage basin III, V Pendleton Co.: Seneca 
Cr., 07-X-00; Pocahontas Co.: East Fk. of Greenbrier River, 26-IV-87. 


414 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Seer 
{| 


me Figure 7. Baetisca rubescens in West Virginia. 
‘Ohio 


J 
Marshal 


IV Ms 


| Taylor 


ponent all Merk Harrison S 
od Ritchie \ *s, 
ja ein 


ins 
f ion 4 


( oe er \ Webster y = 


Kanawha \ id 


Nichols “Poca ; 5 


oe 


“at = a 


as 
260 Miles 


Fig. 7. County distribution records of Baetisca rubescens in West Virginia. 


Kentucky 
Two species of baetiscids, B. berneri and B. lacustris, have been reported from 
Kentucky (Pescador and Berner, 1981; Randolph and McCafferty, 1998). Based 
on collections from Ohio (Randolph and McCafferty, 1998) and western West 
Virginia, B. laurentina may also be found in Kentucky. Randolph and McCaf- 
ferty (1998) reported B. obesa from southwestern Ohio, suggesting that it also 
may occur in Kentucky. 


Baetisca berneri Tarter and Kirchner 1978 

Prior to this investigation, B. berneri had been reported only from one 
drainage in Kentucky (Letcher County) (Randolph and McCafferty, 1998). On 19 
October 1999, nymphs were collected from Brownies Creek in Harlan County. 


Baetisca lacustris McDunnough 1932 
Prior to this study, B. Jacustris had been reported from 11 counties (Breathitt, 
Elliott, Floyd, Jackson, Knott, Lawrence, Lewis, Morgan, Pike, Pulaski, Wolfe) 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 415 


in Kentucky (Pescador and Berner, 1981; Randolph and McCafferty, 1998). The 
following records (14) are added to the distribution of this species (http://www/ 
nws/noaa.gov/mirs/public/prods/maps/cnty_fips_kentucky.htm): Boyd Co.: East 
Fork of Little Sandy River, 14-XI-78; Carter Co.: no locality data; Clay Co.: 
Goose Cr., 17-X-78 and Redbird River, 03-I-00; Estill Co: Station Camp Cr., 
18-IV-02, Johnson Co.: Little Paint Cr., 09-X-85/Paint Fk., 26-IX-77 and Open 
Fk. of Paint Creek, 21-XI-75; Lee Co.: Ross Cr., 04-X-00; Letcher Co.: Colliers 
Cr., no date; Magoffin Co.: Lick Cr., 12-X-00; Martin Co., Horse-Pin Cr., 18-V- 
04; Menifee Co.: Gladie Cr., 23-X-00; Owsley Co., Wild Dog Cr., 04-X-00; 
Powell Co.: Fishtrap Br., 05-III-01; Rowan Co.: Elk Lick Fk., 16-II-06; Whitley 
Co.: Mud Cr., 12-X-04. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


The authors are grateful to the following persons for the loan of Baetisca specimens and help in 
field work: Mr. Kerry Bledsoe (Marshall University), Dr. Linda Butler (West Virginia University), 
Jack Humphreys (Marshall University), Mr. Fred Kirchner (US Army Corps of Engineers, Hunting- 
ton District), Mr. Ed Kirk (Research Environmental & Industrial Consultants, Inc), Dr. Boris Kon- 
dratieff (Colorado State University), Dr. Sean O’Keefe (Morehead State University) and Mr. James 
Robinson (Biological Systems Consultants). Special thanks to Drs. Boris Kondratieff (Colorado State 
University) and Mike Little (Marshall University) for suggestions on the prepublication review of the 
manuscript. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Berner L. 1955. The southeastern species of Baetisca (Ephemeroptera: Baetiscidae). Quarterly 
Journal Florida Academy Science 18:1-19. 


Berner, L. 1977. Distributional patterns of southeastern mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Bulletin Florida 
State Museum, Biological Series 22:1-56. 


Berner, L. and M. L. Pescador. 1980. The mayfly family Baetiscidae (Ephemeroptera). Part I. Pp. 
511-524. Jn, J. F. Flannagan and K. E. Marshall (Editors). Advances in Ephemeroptera Biology. 
Plenum Press. New York, NY, U.S.A. 552 pp. 


Burgess, L. and D. Tarter. 1989. New record of the mayfly Baetisca gibbera Berner for West 
Virginia. Proceeding West Virginia Academy of Science 61:100-102. 


Burks, B. D. 1953. The mayflies, or Ephemeroptera, of Illinois. Illinois Natural Survey Bulletin 
26:1-216. 


Chaffee, D. L. and D. C. Tarter. 1979. Life history and ecology of Baetisca bajkovi Neave in 
Beech Fork of Twelvepole Creek, Wayne County, West Virginia. (Ephemeroptera: Baetiscidae). 
Psyche 86:53-61. 


Faulkner, G. M. and D. C. Tarter. 1977. Mayflies, or Ephemeroptera, of West Virginia with 
emphasis on the nymphal stage. Entomological News 88:202-206. 


Janssen. R. E. 1973. Earth Science: a handbook on the geology of West Virginia. Educational 
Marketeers, Inc. Clarksburg, West Virginia, U.S.A. 345 pp. 


Morris, W. R., D. L. Chaffee, and D. C. Tarter. 1980. Ecological life history of Baetisca berneri 
Tarter and Kirchner from a West Virginia stream (Ephemeroptera: Baetiscidae). Psyche 87:39-47. 


416 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Needham, J. G., J. R. Traver, and Y. Hsu. 1935. The biology of mayflies. Comstock Publishing 
Company, Inc. Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. 759 pp. 


Olson, D. E. 1971. A pre-impoundment investigation of the aquatic biology, and surveys of the 
woody vegetation and early socioeconomic impact of a reservoir project on the Beech Fork 
Basin, Twelvepole Creek, Wayne and Cabell Counties. Unpublished M. S. thesis. Marshall Uni- 
versity. Huntington, West Virginia, U.S.A. 87 pp. 


Pescador, M. L. and L. Berner. 1981. The mayfly family Baetiscidae (Ephemeroptera). Part II. 
Biosystematics of the genus Baetisca. Transactions American Entomological Society 197:163- 
228. 


Pettry, D. K. and D. C. Tarter. 1983. The relationship between body size and body coloration of 
Baetisca carolina Traver nymphs in Panther Creek, Nicholas County, West Virginia (Ephemer- 
optera: Baetiscidae). Proceedings West Virginia Academy Science 55:65-71. 


Pettry, D. K. and D. C. Tarter. 1985. Ecological life history of Baetisca carolina Traver in Panther 
Creek, Nicholas County, West Virginia (Ephemeroptera: Baetiscidae). Psyche 92:355-368. 


Randolph, R. P. and W. P. McCafferty. 1998. Diversity and distribution of the mayflies 
(Ephemeroptera) of Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Ohio Biological 
Survey Bulletin, New Series 13:1-188. 


Tarter, D. C. and R. F. Kirchner. 1978. A new species of Baetisca from West Virginia (Ephemer- 
optera: Baetiscidae). Entomological News 89:209-213. 


Tarter, D. C. and D. K. Pettry. 1983. New record of mayfly Baetisca rubescens (Provancher) for 
West Virginia (Ephemeroptera: Baetiscidae). Entomological News 94:141-142. 


Traver, J. R. 1931. The ephemerid genus Baetisca. Journal New York Entomological Society 
39:45-66. 


Traver, J. R. 1935. Part II, Systematic. pp. 239-739 In, The biology of mayflies with a systematic 
account of North American species. J. G. Needham, J. R. Traver, and Y. C. Hsu (Editors). Com- 
stock Publishing Company. Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. 759 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 417 


A NEW SPECIES OF LIRIS FABRICIUS FROM CHINA, 
WITH A KEY TO THE CHINESE SPECIES 
(HYMENOPTERA: CRABRONIDAE)' 


Tingjing Li,** Wanzhi Cai,’ and Qiang Li’ 


ABSTRACT: Liris ferrugineimarginalis new species from Guangdong and Fujian, China, is des- 
cribed and illustrated. A key to the Chinese species of the genus is provided 


KEY WORDS: Hymenoptera, Crabronidae, Liris, new species, China 


Liris Fabricius is a large cosmopolitan genus, most species of which inhabit 
the tropics. Pulawski listed 308 species and 32 subspecies of the genus Liris in 
the electronic Catalog of Sphecidae in October 2006. Six species and three sub- 
species occur in the Palaearctic, 94 species and 6 subspecies in the Oriental, | 
species and 2 subspecies in the Nearctic, 38 species in the Neotropical, 47 
species and 4 subspecies in the Australian, 71 species and 14 subspecies in the 
Ethiopian, 5 species and 3 subspecies in the Palaearctic and Oriental, 8 species 
in the Palaearctic and Ethiopian, 6 species in the Oriental and Australian, 24 
species in the Nearctic and Neotropical, 1 species in the Oriental and Nearctic, 2 
species in the Palaearctic, Oriental and Australian, 2 species in the Palaearctic, 
Oriental and Ethiopian, | species in the Palaearctic, Ethiopian and Australian, 2 
species in the Palaearctic, Oriental, Australian and Nearctic regions (Bohart and 
Menke, 1976; Tsuneki, 1976, 1982, 1983a, 1983b; Krombein and Shanks 
Gingras, 1984; Amarante, 2002). Sixteen species and five subspecies have been 
recorded from China (Smith, 1856; Bingham, 1897; Cameron, 1903; Dover, 
1926; Richards, 1928; Gussakovskij, 1938; de Beaumont, 1961; Bohart and 
Menke, 1976; Tsuneki, 1966, 1967, 1971, 1972, 1983b; Pu, 1986; Wu and Zhou, 
1996; Porter et al., 1999). During our study of the Chinese material of Liris, a 
new species from Guangdong and Fujian was discovered. A key to the Chinese 
species of Liris is provided and the new species is described and illustrated. For 
the terminology we mainly follow Bohart and Menke (1976). 

The diagnosis for Liris Fabricius is as follows: lateral ocellus reduced, flat and 
small; frons just below median ocellus with a transverse swelling extending from 
eye to eye and interrupted by median frontal line, and a linear swelling along 
inner orbit which joins transverse swelling to form an M shape; mandible sim- 
ple, most species with a conspicuous notch on outer margin, mostly with one or 
two teeth on inner margin; pronotal collar, scutum, scutellum and metanotum 


‘Received on December 16, 2006. Accepted on May 20, 2007. 


* Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biodiversity for Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Yunnan 
Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China. E-mails: (TL) Itjing1979@hotmail. 
com, (QL, corresponding author) liqiangkm@126.com. 


* Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China. E-mail: caiwz@ 
cau.edu.cn. 


Mailed on November 14, 2007 


418 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


punctuate, punctures longer than one to less than one diameter apart; forewing 
with three submarginal cells; pronotum is angular in dorsal view, and gaster 
without petiole. Liris Fabricius can be distinguished from Larra Fabricius by the 
following combination of the following characters: in female, last tarsomere 
angled in lateral view and sides parallel on apical half, pygidial plate mostly with 
setae and in most species with apically a transverse row of stout apical spinules; 
in male, propodeal side impunctate and dull or if shiny, then at most with sparse 
pinprick punctures, fore and hind femur excavate ventrally in some species. 
Body length 5.0 — 30.0 mm. 


METHODS 

The material examined during this study is deposited in the following institu- 
tions: Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Institute of Zoology, Academia 
Sinica, Beijing, China; China Agricultural University, Beijing; Nanjing 
Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu; Shandong Agricultural University, 
Taian, Shandong; Northwest Science-Technology University of Agriculture and 
Forestry, Yangling, Shanxi; South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 
Guangdong; Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei; Yunnan Agricultural University, 
Kunming, Yunnan. 

The specimens were observed and figured with the aid of an Olympus stere- 
omicroscope (SZ Series, Japan) with an ocular micrometer. The ratios used in the 
species descriptions were calculated at the same magnification. 


SYSTEMATICS 


Key to females of Liris from China 


1. Mandible without notch on outer margin, pubescence on head and thorax 
golden, scape and pedicel, legs except basal portions ferruginous, wings pur- 
plish dark brown, body length 15.0—22.0 mm. Borneo, Caroline Islands, 
China (Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan, Hong Kong, and Taiwan), Guam, 
Hawaiian Islands, India, Indonesia, Java, Malaysia, Mariana, Marshall, New 
Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu and Okinawa Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand....... 
NUS PPA, CRO, CE), RIO Oe BY ESS L. aurulentus (Fabricius), 1787 


- Mandible with well-defined notch on outer margin ............cceeeeeeeeeeteeee 2 
2. Pyeicial plate dsetose Or NEALLY SOY .cocc.s2--cccce- sete cecessoe-ecceeeesecacens cone ene 3 
SMP YOretal Pale tSelOSS 0). 21)..0.2 on MAeeeeett cco ctede eer anteentenc Gate ee aete er S 


3. Pygidial plate dull, alutaceous, tarsal claws with tooth near base, mandible 
without teeth on inner margin, body length 12.0—-13.0 mm. China (Guang- 


dong, Yunnan, and Taiwan)................. L. larroides taiwanus (Tsunek1), 1967 
- Pygidial plate polished, tarsal claws without tooth, mandible with two teeth 
iii IMS ONAN, 2.05 ois ewiise ous enne cuzuest nicss axequsres Ree maemo ane ese nee eae 4 


4. Pygidial plate apically with short, stiff setae; pronotum not thick; anterior 
margin of clypeus somewhat rounded, mandible mostly black; body length 
9.0-13.0 mm. Botel Tobago Islands, Burma, China (Beijing, Hebei, and 


ile 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 419 


Henan), India, Malaysia, Mongolia, North Africa south to Sudan and 
Erithrea, Southern Europe, Southwestern and Central Asia.................ccc0 
BUELL CIPI 8, Patek MORAINE aehitleessecctesasansecscess L. niger (Fabricius), 1775 
Pygidial plate asetose, pronotum comparatively thick, clypeus broadly 
rounded anteriorly, mandible mostly red, body length 10.0—12.0 mm. China 
(Yunnan and Taiwan), India, Philippines, Thailand...........0.0. ccc ecceeseeeeeees 
BP dried oti. Ribot i etidre «A Maa rears hl MEBs Maihhas Entuet L. fuscinervus (Cameron), 1905 


With a transverse sulcus adjacent to the free margin of the lateral clypeal 
lobe, a coarsely rugose propodeal dorsum, and the presence of a subbasal 
tooth on the female claw; body length 12.5 mm. China (no specific locality), 
Sia LLP iRl Re lyeteee tee rh ele ecladerr chenet L. vigilans (F. Smith, 1856); & unknown 
Without a transverse sulcus adjacent to the free margin of the lateral clypeal 
lobe, or without a subbasal tooth on the female claw ..............c.cceeeeeeeeeeeees 6 


Mesopleuron sparsely punctuate, punctures distinctly more than one diame- 
ter apart, interspaces polished, body length 8.0—10.0 mm. Africa, China 
(Jiangsu), Southwestern Europe, Southwestern and Central Asia .................. 
nes ee nee ee coe eee oe Eee ene eee L. nigricans (Walker), 1871 
Mesopleuron punctuate or rugose, punctures no more than one diameter 
ARPA CS EOUU Ueno tee cea nina tunics adatse ‘esdacl Jecabazqnedaace teeter 7 


Gaster pruinose, middle sterna with long, black, stiff setae, body length 7.0 
mm. China (Hong Kong), India .... L. anthracinus Kohl, 1892; ® unknown 
Gaster not pruinose or at most apical portions of segments with bands of pile, 
middle sterna without long black stiff setae in most specimens ................. 8 


Side of propodeum coarsely reticulate, body length 8.0—11.0 mm. Burma, 
China (Guangxi), India, Indonesia, Java, Okinawa ..............:cccccceeesssneeeeeeeeeees 
een tee en acorn te oye L. tristis (F. Smith), 1856; © unknown 


Side of propodeum punctuate or obliquely rugose, not reticulate ............... 9 
Pronotum, at least in middle, raised high, nearly reaching level of scutum .. 
EAR ok, St MANNS SAREE BU, AIBA MNT VIOREL chee tl LACIE. 10 
Pronotum depressed much below level of scutum ..............eeeeeeeeeeees 12 


. Gaster with four silvery bands of pile, head and thorax densely with silvery 


or whitish pubescence, body length 7.0—8.5 mm. China (Taiwan), Philip- 


pines, Ryukyu Islands, Thailand ...........00000... L. albopilosus Tsuneki, 1967 
Gaster with three silvery bands of pile, pubescence on head and thorax sparse 
_Lpachgac Shaan saedech Saree A A tania aah Iedlche es hl Sie alin fede OCs icen rept oe MALE lead va tl 11 


Lateral carina of propodeum strong and complete, rugae on side of 
propodeum mainly longitudinal, punctures on mesopleuron minuter and 
sparser, body length 6.0-12.0 mm. China (Yunnan, Guangdong, Zhejiang, 
and Taiwan), Japan, Korea, Ryukyu Islands, Thailand............. eee 
Br 22 HB, NOFEE TRG BIO LEIA GOO fee L. festinans japonicus (Kohl), 1884 
Lateral carina of propodeum not strong or complete as above, rugae on side 
of propodeum oblique, punctures on mesopleuron coarser and sparser, body 


420 


12. 


13. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


length 6.5—8.5 mm. China (Taiwan), Fiji, Guam, Mariana and Caroline 
Islands, Micronesia, New Caledonia, Philippines, Samoa ................ccc0cccc00 
bs, Aepaaden tel fy weenie NB ce 5 asta te cee ea L. festinans manilae (Ashmead), 1904 


Head and thorax closely with golden or brassy pubescence, punctures on 
clypeal anteriorly extending to margin and fairly dense, wings markedly yel- 
NO Wash. (xecscel eqneega desi six bOI A pe Re Nd A, a 13 


Large species, body length 16.0—21.0 mm, setae erect on vertex and thorax, 
mesopleuron rugose, setae on pygidial plate dark brown, interocular distance 
at vertex slightly shorter than flagellomere I, clypeus broadly rounded ante- 
riorly, its free margin slightly emarginate mesally. China (Sichuan, Fujian, 
Yunnan, Jiangsu and Taiwan); Ryukyu Islands................c cc ccecceeesessteeeeeeeeeees 
Rete pepe pire die in ijsoccocdncose OAR een Pare L. deplanatus binghami Tsuneki, 1967 
Medium-sized species, body length 11.0—16.0 mm, setae on head and thorax 
appressed, mesopleuron punctuate, setae on pygidial plate golden, interocu- 
lar distance on vertex longer than flagellomere I, free margin of clypeus not 
emarginate. Burma, China (Yunnan and Taiwan), Malaysia, Mariana Islands, 
Micronesia, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Thailand................cccccecesseeeeeteeees 
RE, ee en 2 RS L. laboriosus (F. Smith), 1856 


. Tibiae, tarsi, hind femur, and mandible mostly red, body length about 12.0 


mm. China (Yunnan and Taiwan), Philippines, Thailand ...........00...ceeeeeeee 
TASAALY Sak cee eee aaetnnett SALENL SY MUONS. elf 0 L. larriformis (F. Williams), 1928 
Atleast tibiae’ and tarsn black ..)220,. oA. LI. ee ee 15 


. Interocular distance on vertex less than flagellomere I, lateral carina of 


propodeunt. completerr ..2 Re SI Oe 16 
Interocular distance on vertex equal to flagellomere I, lateral carina of 
propodeum in most specimens lacking, at most ill defined ..................00 19 


. Apical margins of each gastral segment narrowly ferruginous, rhinaria pres- 


ent on flagellomeres IV—IX, elongate, elliptic, anterior margin of clypeus 
mostly smooth, sparsely punctuate, wings brown, body length 13.0 mm. 


China (Guangdong and Fujian) ................... L. ferrugineimarginalis sp. nov. 
Apical margins of gastral segments black, rhinaria present on flagellomeres 
NED viene Meee ata Me), MNS Aes Ue TMA Ll er 17 


. Large, deep-black species, body length 17.0—20.0 mm, wings strongly infu- 


mate, with purplish shimmer, three bands of sparse brownish pile on gaster 
narrow, ill defined, setae of pygidial plate dark brown. China (Zhejiang, 
Jiangxi, Sichuan, and Taiwan), Ryukyu Islands... L. surusumi Tsuneki, 1966 
Medium-sized species, less black due to more marked pile, wings not so 
strongly infumate, three bands on gaster fairly well-defined as seen from cer- 
[PIMA ONS etre scancnacsnexueerscaperdiceseanued ysitoce cage nftearetes eracasds tee Coelatn cate eae 18 


. Body and wings much darker, with three bands of pile on gaster and setae of 


pygidial plate dark brown, body length 12.0-16.0 mm. China (Taiwan), 
Ryukyu. Islandsiageanreeel chee iosd-s L. rohweri formosanus Tsueki, 1973 


19: 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 421 


Body and wings less dark, with four bands of pile on gaster and setae of 
pygidial plate golden, body length 11.0-15.0 mm. China (Yunnan and 
ilanwan) Philippines. Ryukyuslslamds wx. bees eescctescuss. cavatiessas soevebworeueeesnenans yes. 
ee ee eee L. rohweri rohweri (F. Williams), 1928 


Median lobe of clypeus broad, apical bevel of clypeus impunctate and pol- 
ished, body length 12.0—-15.0 mm. Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, China 
(Taiwan), Malaysia, Okinawa, Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Thailand........... 
1g ERIE OI IE RH SRE ER L. difficilis Tsuneki, 1983b 
Median lobe of clypeus comparatively narrow, apical bevel with transverse 
series of punctures below, or sparsely punctured, dull, body length 12.0—16.0 
mm. Bismarck Archipelago, Botel Tobago Islands, China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, 
Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong), Central to 
South Asia, Fiji, Hawaiian Islands, Japan, Marshall Islands, Mediterranean 
basin, Micronesia, Solomon Islands ......... L. subtessellatus (F. Smith), 1856 


Key to males of Liris from China 


Mandible without notch on outer margin, scape, pedicel, and legs except 
basal portions ferruginous, clypeus not excavate and anterior margin of 
clypeus not truncate, body length 10.0—22.0 mm. Distributions as the female 
Ne ee ee eo occa sc eneteacdtcka L. aurulentus (Fabricius), 1787 
Mandible with well-defined notch on outer margin; scape, pedicel, or legs not 
His iateth AMOI (CM MUS CUILCMEING conc cee dace case ncncdectecenetocneaeserereuecernecvnrecensesoeuseess 2 


Mandible without teeth on inner margin, at most very weakly incised toward 
middle, rhinaria on flagellomere II only, in an elliptic flattened impression, 
leneth about 9.0 mimes: resciorce.c ise: L. larroides taiwanus (Tsuneki), 1967 
Mandible with one or two teeth on inner Margin .......... eee eee eee eeeee eee 3 
Anterior margin of clypeus obtusely angulate, distinctly prominent in middle, 
length relation among abscissae of radial vein of forewing: 2<5<3<4< 1, 
bodylemeth £.0—9:0 Mi... ct-t-ccseencacoccbe-neiectets---- L. niger (Fabricius), 1775 
Anterior margin of clypeus not obtusely angulate, length relation among 
abscissae of radial vein of forewing usually 4>1>3>5>2 oe. + 


Mesopleuron sparsely punctuate, punctures distinctly more than one diame- 
ter apart, interspaces polished, hind femur simple, body length 5.0—8.0 mm. 
sate athe ea sd anne ees perenne leh geminata L. nigricans (Walker), 1871 
Mesopleuron punctuate or rugose, punctures equal to or less than one diam- 
eter apart, interspaces not polished, hind femur excavate ventrally in some 


SSIES. scedasteceetect lak 6 atl cadena aha Mae tel heehee led dell taht reser nibs reed oe | CaN 5 
. Pubescence on frons and clypeus golden, at least with brassy luster .......... 6 
Pubescence onions and clypeus Sil Vly ..s... 14 ic.ces.coasssouss orspsbeesicesaetereae- a: 9 


Apical margin of each gastral segment ferruginous, interocular distance on 
vertex less than combined length of pedicel and flagellomere I, rhinaria on 
flagellomeres II-XI, on IJ—X extending over full length of each segment, on 
MFApourd 7s leneth~ body tenet VIO mane eee eae ete cee cocoate seen eae 
Bd ae ine aba ee ek hope ee ri ee ce ibaa er L. ferrugineimarginalis sp. nov. 


422 


10. 


Lt. 


ze 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Apical margin of gastral segments black ..............eccccccccceessceccesessseeeeeesnseees i 


. Four broad silvery bands of pile on gaster, wings yellowish, apically fuscous 


punctures on vertex, scutum and mesopleuron minute, body length 10.0—12.0 
Tanta +” GRRE AS a ee pe AAC eh L. laboriosus (F. Smith), 1856 
Three bands of pile on gaster, wings markedly darkened, punctures on vertex 
and scutum comparatively coarse, at least subalar epimeral area of meso- 
pleuron ‘with reticulate mueae” 220. RES, it: A 8 


Pile on frons and clypeus deep golden, clypeus nearly truncate apically, rhi- 
naria with surface smooth, body length 9.0-13.0 mm................ccccceccseseeeeeeees 
PO MEE eo os. L. deplanatus binghami Tsuneki, 1967 
Pile on frons and clypeus pale yellow, clypeus roundly produced anteriorly, 
Bodiyy ler otha Sinai 86 onenninnitn>oaZh enn ateresnct L. surusumi Tsuneki, 1966 


Pronotum thick, not transversely carinate on top, mesally raised nearly to 
level of scutum, body length 7.0—-9.0 mm ....L. fuscinervus (Cameron), 1905 
Pronotum compressed in front, flattened anteriorly, with top transversely 
ridgedybelowclevelor scutumian.w. Ae Lae 10 


Tibiae, tarsi, and hind femur wholly and mandible mostly red, clypeus ante- 
riorly polished, nearly truncate apically, without median incision, body 
Temetlr 720800: onc. sence cecsueasesecamse L. larriformis (F. Williams), 1928 
Tibiae, tarsi, hind femur and mandible black or at most brown ................. jk 


Pronotum in middle raised nearly to level of scutum, punctures on scutum 
comparatively coarse, with well-defined interspaces, radial cell of forewing 


with apex more or less obliquely truncate ...............cveses: {jah -teeneshe, ee eRe 12 
Pronotum depressed much below level of scutum, punctures on scutum 
minute and dense, radial cell of forewings truncate apically .........0...... 14 


Clypeus on anterior margin with median tooth, silvery pubescence on frons, 
clypeus, gena and thorax thick, dense and long, body length 5.0—7.0 mm..... 
Mees Sou 5 OA RN, a i me ee ORM L. albopilosus Tsuneki, 1967 
Clypeus on anterior margin without median tooth, silvery pubescence on 
frons, clypeus, gena and thorax not thick, dense or long ................:::eee 13 


. Interocular distance on vertex slightly less than combined length of pedicel 


and flagellomere I, clypeus gently rounded and slightly produced in middle, 
body length 5.0—6.5 mm.................... L. festinans manilae (Ashmead), 1904 
Interocular distance on vertex distinctly less than combined length of pedicel 
and flagellomere I, clypeus roundly produced anteriorly, not produced medi- 
ally, body length 5.0—10.0 mm................ L. festinans japonicus (Kohl), 1884 


. Interocular distance on vertex distinctly less than combined length of pedicel 


and flagellomere I, pubescence on fore femur ventrally long and erect, wings 
fairly markedly darkened, lateral carina of propodeum complete............... iS 
Interocular distance on vertex longer than or as long as combined length of 
pedicel and flagellomere I, pubescence on fore femur ventrally short and flat- 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 423 


tened, wings slightly darkened or yellowish, apically darker, lateral carina of 
propedcum™uncomplete or labkime i) Mee Ses Pe i, 


15. Body and wings very dark, with only three bands of pile on the gaster, 
clypeus slightly rounded, body length 8.0 —10.0 mm... eee eee 
1 cits MAE Rc RR RNR RE ll 5 A L. rohweri formosanus Tsuneki, 1973 
- Body and wings less dark, with four bands of pile on the gaster ............... 16 


16. Clypeus not emarginate medially, without sharp lateral angles, body length 
G7 mine, Chinan(Varwan) 80 evccec. 0. L. menkei Tsuneki, 1972; 9 unknown 
- Clypeus distinctly emarginate medially, with sharp lateral angles, body 
Fonee.8.0= 1 3 OMmNt. ave. scscteencceee L. rohweri rohweri (F. Williams), 1928 


17. Interocular distance on vertex distinctly longer than combined length of pedi- 
cel and flagellomere I, as long as combined length of flagellomeres I and II, 
body length 5.5 mm China (Taiwan) ..................0.. L. hanedai Tsuneki, 1971 

- Interocular distance on vertex as long as combined length of pedicel and fla- 
gellomere I, distinctly less than combined length of flagellomeres I and II... 


18. Pubescence of femur fairly long ventrally, wings markedly fuscous, stigma 
and veins black, body length 14.0 mm. China (Taiwan ..............00.ccccceeeeees 
pee Geer ehn cee Merete! sess raels, does ecatinteante L. fuscatus Tsuneki, 1971; 9 unknown 

- Pubescence of femur short ventrally, wings hyaline, apical margin darkened, 
SMemIavaNG Views (ROW e.e288.. 0.0 de srsedes.Peegges bf. .dgdeofetsiecsachaee.. J oaqesceacelsbee: 19 


19. Fore femur slightly excavate ventrally, median lobe of clypeus broad, para- 
mere of the male genitalia slender, body length 7.0-12.0 mm. .............0...0.0.. 
SETI. SA OTR ira hE ta ey TONIC! L. difficilis Tsuneki, 1983 

- Fore femur strongly excavate ventrally, median lobe of clypeus narrow, para- 
mere of the male genitalia stout, body length 7.0-12.0 mm. ..............0.0.008 
G tariun, Acute: poteks) .. seeeieay fe) L. subtessellatus (F. Smith), 1856 


Liris ferruginimarginalis, NEW SPECIES 
Figures 1-8 


Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished from the related L. silvico- 
la (F. Williams), 1928 and all other species of the genus by the following com- 
bination of characters: apical margin of each gastral segment ferruginous; ante- 
rior part of clypeus broadly smooth, sparsely punctate, with median incision in 
female, emarginate apically in male; wings hyaline and partly brown, male gen- 
italia unique. 

Description. Female. Body length 13.0 mm. Black except the following: tib- 
ial and tarsal spines, apical margin of each gastral segment ferruginous; mandible 
apically dark ferruginous; palpi, tegula, stigma and veins of wings dark brown; 
wings hyaline and partly brown. Head, thorax, and gastral segments I-IV with 
silvery pubescence, pygidial plate (Fig. 3) with setae stiff, long and recumbent, 
and with a few erect longer setae, apical margin with 6 long spinules. 


424 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Frons and vertex sparsely punctate, punctures on upper portion about one 
diameter apart, those on lower portion more than one diameter apart. Interocular 
distance on vertex less than length of flagellomere I. Flagellomere I as long as II 
and 3.2 times as long as apical breadth. Rhinaria on flagellomeres IV-IX, elon- 
gate, elliptic, on IV very small, on V about 0.1 length of the segment, on VI about 
0.2 length of the segment, on VII-I[X about 0.25 length of each segment. Clypeus 
(Fig. 1): anterior part broadly smooth, sparsely punctuate, with median incision. 
Mandible with two teeth on inner margin. 

Thorax closely punctuate, punctures distinctly less than one diameter apart, 
but those on scutum larger, those on metanotum sparser, about one diameter 
apart, metapleuron with oblique rugae, interspaces between rugae polished; pro- 
podeal dorsum reticulate, without median carina, with lateral carina; side of pro- 
podeum alutaceous, sparsely obliquely, finely rugose; posterior side of pro- 
podeum alutaceous, basally with median furrow, sides of furrow sparsely, trans- 
versely rugose. Length relation among abscissae of radial vein of forewings: 5 < 
Dia eS Lae 

Pygidial plate (Fig. 3); length of tergum I: width at posterior margin = 69: 127. 

Male. Body length 12.0 mm. Similar to female. But pubescence on frons and 
clypeus golden, wings pale brown, the ferruginous apical margin of each seg- 
ment wider than in female. Interocular distance on vertex longer than the length 
of flagellomere I, shorter than combined length of pedicel and flagellomere I. 
Flagellomere I subequal to II and about 2 times as long as apical breadth. 
Rhinaria on flagellomeres Ii--XI, on II—X extending over full length of each seg- 
ment, on XI extending 0.75 length of the segment. Median lobe of clypeus (Fig. 
2) narrower than in female, anterior margin medially emarginate. Fore femur dis- 
tinctly excavate ventrally, hind femur slightly excavate ventrally. Propodeal dor- 
sum reticulate, with short median carina; lateral side of propodeum alutaceous, 
thin and oblique rugae closer than in female. Gaster without pygidial plate, 
length of tergum I: width at posterior margin = 59: 82. Length relation among 
abscissae of radial vein of forewings: 5 < 2 <3 <1 <4. Sternum VIII (Fig. 5), 
lateral view of volsella (Fig. 4), inside view of right paramere (Fig. 6), dorsal 
view of right paramere (Fig. 7), lateral view of penis valve (Fig. 8). 

Material Examined. Holotype: 9, China, Guangdong, Huizhou, Xiangtou 
Mountain, 18. May 2002, Zaifu Xu; deposited in the Insect Collections of 
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang. Paratypes: 10°, China, Guangdong, 
Huizhou, Xiangtou mountain, 18 May 2002, Zaifu Xu; 10°, China, Guangdong, 
Xinyi, Dawuling, 5 May 2002, Zaifu Xu; 19, China, Hainan, Limu Mountain, 14 
July 2002, Zaifu Xu; all paratypes deposited in the Insect Collections of Zhejiang 
University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang. 

Distribution: China: Guangdong and Fujian. 

Etymology. The name ferrugineimarginalisis derived from the Latin words: 
ferrugineus (= ferruginous) and marginalis (= marginal), with reference to the 
ferruginous apical margin of each gastral segment in both sexes. 


WU 6/0 = 8-p SOINSIY JOJ UUW CQ" | = E—] SOINSIY IO} seq a]eos 
‘OATCA STUad JO MOIA [eIOIeT °g ‘oJoWeIed JYSII JO MOIA [eSIOG “L “‘o1OWIeIEd JYBII JO MOIA OPISUT °9 [ITA WINUID}S “¢ “e[[ASTOA JO MIA [RIOT ‘p 
‘oyeyd JerprsAd Jo Mota [estog “¢ ‘snodAjo Jo MIA [eIUOLy *Z ‘T “8—-p ‘7 WRI “€ ‘T ‘OTeUIay ‘soloods Mou ‘sypUIsiDWIUIsNALaf SIT °Q—] “SoINn314 


425 


G 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 


426 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We are grateful to Wojciech J. Pulawski (California Academy of Sciences) for providing copies 
of many publications and Professor Yan-Ru Wu (Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing), 
Professor Chikun Yang (China Agricultural University, Bejing), Professor Junhua He and Professor 
Xuexin Chen (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), Professor Yalin Zhang and Professor Yunlun Wang 
(Northwest Science-Technology University of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanxi Province), Professor 
Lianfang Yang (Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province), Professor Zaifu Xu 
(South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province) and Professor Guodong Ren (Hebei 
University, Baoding, Hebei Province) for providing us with specimens deposited in the insect col- 
lections under their care. Funded by the Principle and Method of Agro-biodiversity for Pest Control 
and Germplasm Conservation, National Basic Research Program of China (2006CB100204), Nation- 
al Natural Science Foundation of China (30460025, 30160014), and Science and Technology Depart- 
ment of Yunnan Province (2003RC01). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Ashmead, W. H. 1904. Descriptions of new genera and species of Hymenoptera from the Philip- 
pine Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 28:127-158, pl. I-II. 


Beaumont, J. de. 1961. Les Liris du bassin méditerranéen (Hymenoptera Sphecidae). Mitteilungen 
der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 34:213-252 


Bingham, C. T. 1897. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, 
Volume I. Wasps and Bees. Taylor and Francis, London, England, United Kingdom. pp. 1-579. 


Bohart, R. M. and A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press. 
Berkeley, California, U.S.A. [IX + 695. 


Cameron, P. 1903. Descriptions of nineteen new species of Larridae, Odynerus and Apidae from 
Barrackpore. The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1903:117-132. 


Cameron, P. 1905. Descriptions of new species of Sphecidae and Ceropalidae from the Khasia Hill, 
Assam. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology 
15 (7):218-229. 


Dover, C. 1926. A contribution to a list of the aculeate Hymenoptera (excepting ants) of Hong 
Kong. China Journal of Science and Arts 4:233-235. 


Fabricius, J.C. 1775. Systema Entomologiae, sistens Insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, 
adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. Kortii, Flensburgi et Lipsiae [= 
Flensburg and Leipzig]. [1-32], 1-832 pp. 


Fabricius, J. C. 1787. Mantissa Insectorum sistens eorum species nuper detectas adiectis charac- 
teribus genericis, differentiis specificis, emendationibus, observationibus, Volume 1. Christ. 
Gottl. Proft, Hafniae [= Copenhagen]. I-XX, 1-348 pp. 


Gussakovskij, V. V. 1938. Dir. Kiell Kolthoff’s Spheciden-und Tiphiiden-Ausbeute aus China. 
Arkiv Fér Zoologi, Band 30A, No 15:1-16. 


Kohl, F. F. 1884. Neue Hymenopteren in den Sammlungen des k. k. zool. Hof-Cabinetes zu Wien. 
II. Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-k6niglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 
33:331-386, pl. XVIla-X VIII. 


Kohl, F. F. 1892. Neue Hymenopterenformen. Annalen des k.k. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums 
7:197-234, pl. XIL-XV. 


Krombein, K. V. and S. Shanks Gingras. 1984. Revision of North American Liris Fabricius 
(Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea: Larridae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 404:1-96. 


Porter, Ch. C., L. A. Stange, and H.-Y. Wang. 1999. Checklist of the Sphecidae of Taiwan with a 
key to genera (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Journal of the National Taiwan Museum 52:1-26. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 427 


Pu, T. 1986. New records of Sphecidae from China. Entomotaxonomia 8:8. 


Pulawski, W. J. 2006. Catalog of Sphecidae. Available from http://www.calacademy.org/ 
RESEARCH/entomology/Entomology Resources/Hymenoptera/sphecidae/Genera_and_species 
_PDF/Liris.pdf (accessed 14 October 2006), pp. 1-61. 


Richards, O. W. 1928. The Species of Notogonia (Hymenoptera, Larridae) occurring in Mediter- 
ranean Basin. Proceedings of the General Meetings For Scientific Business of the Zoological 
Society of London 1928:357-363. 


Smith, F. 1856. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 
IV. Sphegidae, Larridae and Crabronidae. Taylor and Francis. London, England, United King- 
dom. pp. 207-497. 


Tsuneki, K. 1966. Contribution to the knowledge of the Larrinae fauna of Formosa and Ryukyus. 
(Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Etizenia 17:1-15. 


Tsuneki, K. 1967. Studies on the Formosan Sphecidae (1). The subfamily Larrinae. Etizenia 20:1- 
60. 


Tsuneki, K. 1971. Studies on the Formosan Sphecidae (11). A supplement to the subfamily Larrinae 
(Hymenoptera). Etizenia 55:1-21, 88 figs. 


Tsuneki, K. 1972. Studies on the Formosan Sphecidae (14). Notes on some specimens newly exam- 
ined, with a description of a related Japanese subspecies (Hymenoptera). Etizenia 60:1-13, 25 
figs. 


Tsuneki, K. 1973. Taxonomic notes on two species of Sphecidae (Hymenoptera). The Life Study 
7s: 


Tsuneki, K. 1974. A contribution to the knowledge of Sphecidae occurring in Southeast Asia 
(Hymenoptera). Entomologiczne 44:585-660. 176 figs. 


Tsuneki, K. 1976. Sphecoidea taken by the Noona Dan expedition in the Philippine Islands 
(Insecta, Hymenoptera). Steenstrupia 4(6):33-120, 185 figs. 


Tsuneki, K. 1982. Sphecidae collected by the Noona Dan Expedition to the Bismarck and Solomon 
archipelagoes (Hymenoptera). Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 
19:1-58. 


Tsuneki, K. 1983a. Further studies on the Larrinae of the Philippine Islands, with remarks on the 
Indian species of the genus Lyroda, (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Special Publications of the Japan 
Hymenopterists Association 24:1-116. 


Tsuneki, K. 1983b. Chrysolarra spp. Cameron, 1901, are presumably ssp. binghami of Liris (Lep- 
tolarra) deplanatus (Kohl, 1883), with one other synonym (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Special 
Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 25:54-56. 


Walker, F. 1871. A list of hymenopterous insects collected by J. K. Lord, Esq. in Egypt, in the 
neighbourhood of the Red Sea, and in Arabia. With descriptions of the new species. E. W. Janson. 
London, England, United Kingdom. I-IV + 59 pp. 


Williams, F. X. 1928. Studies in tropical wasps-their hosts and associates (with descriptions of new 
species). Bulletin of the Hawaiian sugar planters’ Association, Entomological Series 19:61-111. 


Wu, Y. and Q. Zhou. 1996. Economic Insect Fauna of China. Fasc. 52. Hymenoptera: Sphecidae. 
Science Press, Beijing. 197 pp., 14 unnumbered color plates. 


428 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


SEVEN NEW RECORDS FOR THE TURKISH 
ARANEOFAUNA (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE), WITH 
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REMARKS' 


Aydin Topcu,’ Hakan Demir,’ and Osman Seyyar* 


Arachnological studies of Turkey began towards the end of the 19th century. 
The spider fauna of Turkey needs further study. To date, 613 species of spiders 
have been recorded from Turkey (Topcu et al., 2005). In this paper, we add seven 
species to the spider fauna of Turkey. For each taxon, the paper includes zoo- 
geographical remarks and chorotype information. 

The specimens were collected from different parts of Turkey using pitfall traps 
and manual collection. Examined specimens are deposited in the Arachnology 
Museum of Nigde University (NUAM). The specimens were preserved in 70% 
ethanol. The identification was made with a ZX61 Olympus stereomicroscope. 
The keys of Heimer and Nentwig (1991) and Roberts (1995) were used to iden- 
tify all specimens. General distribution of all species follows Platnick (2007). 
The Range section indicates the actual known distribution for each taxon. The 
species distribution within Turkey is summarized in Remarks. The Chorotype, or 
zoogeographical characterization for the species, is given following Taglianti et. 
al. (1999). One chorotype designation is identified for each taxon. 


NEW RECORDS 


1. Dictyna pusilla Thorell, 1856 (Dictynidae). Two males collected in Nigde 
in Central Anatolia, Turkey. They were collected on oaks (Quercus sp., Faga- 
ceae) shrubs on 18.11.2002. Description: Males 2-2.25 mm. Prosoma and ster- 
num brown. Abdomen dark brown and has blackish bands on the upper surface. 
Legs dark brown, usually annulated distinctly at the ends of segments. This 
species often resembles D. arundinacea closely. The males can be separated by 
the form and proportions of bifid tibial apophysis. 

Range and Chorotype. Palearctic. 

Remarks. New to Turkey. This species may be distributed in Central Anatolia. 


' Submitted on May 3, 2006. Accepted on April 27, 2007. 

* Nigde University, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Department of Biology, 51200-Nigde, Turkey. E-mail: 
atopcu3(@msn.com. 

* Gazi University, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Department of Biology, 06500-Ankara, Turkey. E-mail: 
hakandemir@gazi.edu.tr. 

‘Erciyes University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, TR-38039, Kayseri, Tur- 
key. E-mail: osmanseyyar@hotmail.com. 


Mailed on November 14, 2007 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 429 


2. Cheiracanthium pennyi O. P. Cambridge, 1873 (Miturgidae). One male 
was recorded from Nigde in June 2003. It was found under stone. Description: 
Male 6.5 mm. Prosoma oval, coppery light brown. Abdomen dark brown with 
black hairs. Legs long with the same colour of the carapace. This species often 
resembles C. erraticum very closely. The males can be separated by the cymbial 
spur of the male palp is long and blunt at terminal part. 

Range and Chorotype. Palearctic. 

Remarks. New to Turkey. This species may be distributed in Central Anatolia. 


3. Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831) (Gnaphosidae). Only mature female 
has been taken from Mersin (Sarusik village) in early July 2002. Specimen has 
been collected luckily among debris. Description: Female 7.2 mm. Prosoma 
clearly red-brown. Abdomen dark brown with white dots. Sternum is same 
colour with abdomen. Epigyne with lengthwise oval spermathecae which reach- 
es at least up to the transverse anterior margin. 

Range and Chorotype. Palearctic. 

Remarks. New to Turkey. The record of Turkey is indicated the most south- 
ern point of known range. 


4. Erigone atra Blackwall, 1833 (Linyphiidae). Three females and five males 
were recorded from Meydan Plateau in Nigde. All specimens were collected in a 
stony grassland from under the same stone during October 2004. Description: 
Female 2.3-2.5 mm, Male 1.9-2.2 mm. Prosoma blackish-brown. In male, later- 
al sides of carapace light brown, with 12-14 teeth-like notches. In female, cara- 
pace darker than male. Abdomen oval and light brown. Sternum black with dark 
brown spots. Epigyne black, rather large and cutaneous. Tibialapophysis of male 
palp with a median rounded flat extension. 

Range and Chorotype. Holoarctic. 

Remarks. New to Turkey. This species may be distributed in Central Anatolia. 


5. Agroeca inopina O. P. Cambridge, 1886 (Liocranidae). One female was 
recorded from Nigde (Maden village) in May 2002. It was collected from under 
stone. So far, no Agroeca species has been recorded from Turkey (Topcu et al., 
2005). Description: Female 4.5 mm. Prosoma with bright central band. Both 
sides of carapace are blackish-brown. Anterior median eyes smaller than laterals, 
and equal in size to posterior medians. Abdomen reddish-brown, without recog- 
nizable dorsal pattern. Metatarsus I and II, ventrally with three pairs of spines. 
Epigyne strongly cutaneous, with long curved ducts in posterior half. This spec- 
ies resembles A. proxima in general appearance, but can be distinguished by sex- 
ual organs, very faint annulations of the legs and absence of a wedge-shaped ven- 
tral mark on abdomen. 

Range. Europe, Algeria. Chorotype. European. 

Remarks. New to Turkey. This species may be distributed in Central Anatolia. 


430 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


6. Liocranoeca striata (Kulezynski, 1882) (Liocranidae). One male was 
recorded from Adana (Pozanty district) in July 2002. Specimen has been col- 
lected under stone. So far, no Liocranoeca species has been recorded from 
Turkey (Topg¢u et al., 2005). Description: Male 4.1 mm. General habitus resem- 
bles Agroeca. Prosoma oval, brown with a greyish-black borderline. Colour of 
chelicerae as carapace. Both rows of eyes procurved. Anterior medians slightly 
smaller than laterals. Abdomen elliptic, dusky grey with a yellow lighter central 
band reaching nearly to spinners. Sternum almost circular and light yellow. Legs 
yellow brown, tibiae and metatarsi I and II sometimes sooty grey or faintly annu- 
lated. The male palpal organ has long tibial apophysis. 

Range. Europe, Russia. Chorotype. Turano-European. 

Remarks. New to Turkey. The record of Turkey is southernmost point of its 
known range. 


7. Scotina palliardii (L. Koch, 1881) (Liocranidae). One female was record- 
ed from Nigde (Camardy district) in June 2003. So far, no Scotina species has 
been recorded from Turkey (Top¢u et al., 2005). It was collected from under 
stone. Description: Female 3.2 mm. Prosoma reddish-brown with white hairs 
posteriorly, but the sides of carapace with black hairs. Abdomen blackish-brown. 
Legs light brown with black spots. The spermathecae are small. 

Range. Europe, Russia. Chorotype. Turano-European. 

Remarks. New to Turkey. This species may be distributed in Central Ana- 
tolia. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Heimer, S. and W. Nentwig. 1991. Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Paul Parey Verlag. Berlin, Germany, 
543 pp. 


Platnick, N. I. 2007. The world spider catalog, version 7.5. American Museum of Natural History, 
online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html. 


Roberts, M. J. 1995. Collins Field Guide: Spiders of Britain & Northern Europe. HarperCollins. 
London, England, U.K. 383 pp. 


Topcu, A., H. Demir, and O. Seyyar. 2005. A checklist of the spiders of Turkey. Serket 9(4): 109- 
140. 


Taglianti, A. V., P. A. Audisio, M. Biondi, M. A. Bologna, G. M. Carpaneto, A. De Biase, 
S. Fattorini, E. Piattella, R. Sindaco, A. Venchi, and M. Zapparoli. 1999. A proposal for a 
chorotype classification of the Near East fauna, in the framework of the Western Palaearctic 
Region. Biogeographia 20: 31-59. 


Volume 118, Number 4, September and October 2007 431 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


NEW RECORD OF THE ALDERFLY SIALIS MOHRI 
(MEGALOPTERA: SIALIDAE) FROM TEXAS AND 
LOUISIANA, U.S.A.’ 


Jason L. Locklin? 


Herein I report the occurrence of Sialis mohri Ross (Megaloptera: Sialidae) 
for the first time from Texas and Louisiana. On 15 April 2006, I collected six 
males and five females of S. mohri along the shoreline vegetation of a pond 
(approximately 5 hectares) just south of Joaquin in Shelby County, TX. I also 
collected two males of the same species from another pond (approximately 3 
hectares) near Zwolle in Sabine Parish, LA on the same date. 

Currently 24 species of Sialis Latreille are known from America north of 
Mexico (Ross 1937, Townsend 1939, Flint 1964, Whiting 1991a). Ross (1937) 
described the holotype of Sialis mohri from the Trout River in Boulder Junction, 
Wisconsin. Known state/province records for this widely distributed species are 
Arkansas, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Massachu- 
setts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New Brunswick, New Hamp- 
shire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Quebec, 
Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, and Wisconsin (Ross 1937, Tarter et al., 
1978, Stark and Lago 1980, Whiting 1991b). The two new state records report- 
ed here broaden the known southwestern distribution of S. mohri. 

Before these new records from Texas and Louisiana, three species of Sialis 
had been reported from Texas (S. velata Ross, S. itasca Ross, S. americana 
Rambur) (Ross 1937, Tarter et al., 1978) and only one (S. americana Rambur) 
from Louisiana (Tarter et al., 1978). The specimens are deposited in the person- 
al collection of the author (11) and in the Texas A&M University Insect Collec- 
tion (2). 

Collection Data: LOUISIANA, Sabine Parish near Zwolle (31°66'99N, 
93°58'34W), 15 April 2006, J. L. Locklin, at large; 2 males. TEXAS, Shelby 
County near Joaquin (31°96'18N, 94°06'67W), 15 April 2006, J. L. Locklin, at 
large; 6 males, 5 females. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I thank Dr. David Bowles, National Park Service — Southwest Missouri State University, 
Dr. Darrell Vodopich, Baylor University, and three anonymous reviewers for the helpful comments 
made during their review of this manuscript. 


"Received on October 16, 2006. Accepted on May 18, 2007. 


* Department of Biology, Baylor University, One Bear Place 97388, Waco, Texas 76798-7388 U.S.A.; 
E-mail: jason_locklin@baylor.edu. 


Mailed on November 14, 2007 


432 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


LITERATURE CITED 


Flint, O. S., Jr. 1964. New species and new state records of Sialis (Neuroptera: Sialidae). Ento- 
mological News 75:9-13. 


Ross, H. H. 1937. Studies of Nearctic aquatic insects. I Nearctic alderflies of the genus Sialis 
(Megaloptera, Sialidae). Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 21:57-78. 


Stark, B. P. and P. K. Lago. 1980. New records of Nearctic Sialis (Megaloptera: Sialidae), with 
emphasis on Mississippi fauna. Entomological News 91:117-121. 


Tarter, D. C., W. D. Watkins, D. L. Ashley, and J. T. Goodwin. 1978. New state records and sea- 
sonal emergence patterns of alderflies east of the Rocky Mountains (Megaloptera: Sialidae). 
Entomological News 89:231-234. 

Townsend, L. H. 1939. A new species of Sialis (Megaloptera: Sialidae) from Kentucky. 
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 41:224-226. 

Whiting, M. F. 1991a. New species of Sialis from Southern California (Megaloptera: Sialidae). 
Great Basin Naturalist 51:411-413. 

Whiting, M. F. 1991b. A distributional study of Sialis (Megaloptera: Sialidae) in North America. 
Entomological News 102:50-56. 


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TITUTION LIBRA 


nee wi I 


407 New state record of the mayfly Baetisca laurentina McDunnough 
for West Virginia (Ephemeroptera: Baetiscidae) and new county 
records for species of Baetisca in Kentucky and West Virginia, 
U.S.A. Donald C. Tarter, Dwight L. Chaffee, 

Jeffery E. Bailey, and Sandy Raimondo 


417  Anewspecies of Liris Fabricius from China, with a key to the 
Chinese species (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) 
Tingjing a Weanzal Cai, and Qiang Li 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


428 Seven new records for the Turkish araneofauna (Arachnida: 
‘ Araneae), with zoogeographical remarks 
Aydin Topcu, Hakan Demir, and Osman Seyyar 


431 Newrecord of the alderfly Sialis mohri (Megaloptera: Sialidae) 
from Texas and Louisiana, U.S.A. Jason L. Locklin 


ERRATUM 


335 A note on the primary type depository of Tetracnemoidea 
coimbrensis (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae) and 
a comment on the correct spelling of the species name 
G. Japoshvili 


AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY BUSINESS 


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THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


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Entomological News 


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433 Anewname for a whitefly, redescription and intraspecific variation 
in Aleurolobus exceptionalis Regu and David, a new record of 
A/euro/obus, and description of a new species of Dia/eurodes 
(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), all from India 
Anil Kumar Dubey and Chiun-Cheng Ko 


450 Onthe genus Sy/sta Konow, with the description of a new species 
from China (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) Meicai Wei 


459  Thoraconaupactus, a new Brazilian genus of broad nosed weevil 
‘ (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) associated with Levcaena 
~ (Fabaceae) M. Guadalupe del Rio and Analia A. Lanteri 


* £430 — First record of phoretic copulation in Dissomphalus xanthopus 
_, Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) Juan M. Vargas 


475 Morphology of the spermatheca of several species of Dysmachus 
(Diptera: Asilidae) from Turkey: a scanning electron microscope 
study, second part 

Mahmut Erbey, Selami Candan, and Abdullah Hasbenli 


487 First species of Pleurocerinella from the New World (Diptera: 
Conopidae), with the description of a new species Sidney Camras 


489 A contribution to the Algerian aquatic Coleoptera (Helophoridae) 
fauna, with two new records, and a discussion on total 
aedeagophore length of Helophorus aquaticus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

U. Incekara, H. lbncherif, and S. Bouzid 


493 Anewspecies of Otiorhynchus Germar, 1822 (Coleoptera: 
Curculionidae: Entiminae) from Anatolia, Turkey 
Bekir Keskin and I. Ethem Cevik 


497 Two new species of the genus Cornutrypeta Han and Wang 
(Diptera: Tephritidae) from China Xiaolin Chen and Xingjian Wang 


5035 The genus Trichonta Winnertz (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in China, 
with descriptions of two new species 
Wu Hong, Yiping Wang, and Huachao Xu 


512 A newspecies of Pachytoma Bagnall, 1949 (Collembola: 
Isotomidae) from China _—_-Yufeng Ding, Guofu Gao, and Shiping Bai 


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Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 433 


A NEW NAME FOR A WHITEFLY, REDESCRIPTION AND 
INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN ALEUROLOBUS 
EXCEPTIONALIS REGU AND DAVID, A NEW RECORD 
OF ALEUROLOBUS, AND DESCRIPTION OF A 
NEW SPECIES OF DIALEURODES 
(HEMIPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE), ALL FROM INDIA’ 


Anil Kumar Dubey’ and Chiun-Cheng Ko’ 


ABSTRACT: A new name, Aleuroclava tarennae, is proposed for Aleuroclava davidi Dubey and 
Sundararaj, 2005, a homonym of Aleuroclava davidi Qureshi, 1982. Aleurolobus exceptionalis Regu 
and David, found infesting Madhuca latifolia (Sapotaceae) in India, is redescribed and its intraspe- 
cific variation reported. An African whitefly, Aleurolobus gruveli Cohic is recorded for the first time 
in India. A new species, Dialeurodes atalantiae, infesting Atalantia racemosa (Rutaceae) in India, is 
described and illustrated. 


KEY WORDS: Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae, intraspecific variation, new species, new record, new name, 
India 


The whiteflies comprise a single hemipterous family Aleyrodidae that in- 
cludes an economically important group of sap-sucking insects, infesting a wide 
range of host plants. They are small, inconspicuous and often found feeding on 
leaf surfaces. The family Aleyrodidae includes three subfamilies, Aleurodicinae 
Quaintance and Baker, Aleyrodinae Westwood and Udamoselinae Enderlein. The 
Indian whitefly fauna comprises two subfamilies, Aleurodicinae (1 genus and 4 
species) and Aleurodinae (50 genera and 352 species). The economic loss is well 
known due to their activities of sucking the plant sap, acting as a vector of plant 
viruses causing diseases, and production of honey dew leading to the develop- 
ment of mould on leaves, thus, adversely affecting photosynthesis. In India, a 
few species that cause such damage are the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes 
vaporariorum (Westwood), the sugarcane whitefly Neomaskellia bergii (Signo- 
ret) and Aleurolobus barodensis (Maskell), the jasmine whitefly Dialeurodes kir- 
kaldyi (Kotinsky) and Dialeurodes vulgaris (Singh), the cardamom whitefly 
Singhiella cardamomi (David and Subramaniam), the citrus whitefly Aleurocan- 
thus woglumi Ashby and Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead), and the cotton whitefly 
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). 

The biology includes egg, four nymphal instars and adult stage. The adults 
develop within the quiescent fourth instar usually referred to as the “puparium.” 
Except the first nymphal instar ‘crawler,’ the second, third and fourth instars are 
atrophied and sessile. The taxonomy of this group of insects is exclusively based 


‘Received on December 19, 2006. Accepted on May 20, 2007. 


* Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, 
Taiwan. E-mails: (AKD) ani2kd@yahoo.com, (C-CK) kocc2501@ntu.edu.tw. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 118 (5): 433, November and December 2007 
Mailed on January 18, 2008 


434 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


on the characteristics of the fourth nymphal instar so-called ‘pupal case’ or 
‘puparium.’ It is found attached with leaf surface and often providing host plants 
identity. The whitefly which infests monocotyledonous host plants do not usual- 
ly feed on Dicotyledonous hosts. Some polyphagous species showing morpho- 
logical variation in puparia depend upon the host plant cuticle which often results 
in misidentification. The genera included herein comprises the maximum num- 
ber of species in India. We understand the paper includes additional information 
on morphotaxonomy of Indian aleyrodids. In this paper, we report a new name 
for a whitefly, redescribe and report the intraspecific variation in Aleurolobus 
exceptionalis, report a new record of Aleurolobus, and describe a new species of 
Dialeurodes, all from India. 


METHODS 

Host plant leaves infested with late instar nymphs of the new species were col- 
lected in paper covers and brought to the laboratory. Specimens were prepared 
for scanning electron microscopy by removing them from the host plant and 
washing them in 95% ethanol with an ultrasonic mini cleaner at 50-60 Hz for 2 
minutes. Then, the specimens were sequentially dehydrated in 95% and 100% 
ethanol for one minute. Thereafter, specimens were critical point dried by using 
CO, as a transfer fluid, mounted on stubs, and sputter-coated with a gold-palla- 
dium alloy. The scanning electron microscope (JEOL S-800) of the Department 
of Entomology, National Taiwan University (Taipei, Taiwan) was used to exam- 
ine the specimens and take micrographs. Descriptions and terminology of exter- 
nal morphological structures are based on Bink-Moenen (1983), Martin (1985), 
and Gill (1990). 


Specimen Depositories 

ANIC — Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, 
ACT, Australia. 

BMNH - British Museum of Natural History, London, U.K. 

CDFA — California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California, 
U.S.A. 

IARI — Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. 

NMNH -— National Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Israel. 

NTU — National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. 

SMTD — Staatliches Museum fiir Tierkunde, Dresden, Germany. 

USNM — U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, U.S.A. (Ster- 
norrhyncha collections of the United States National Museum of Natural 
History, Washington, D.C.). 

ZMU — Zoological Museum, Universitetsparken, Department of Zoology, Co- 
penhagen, Denmark. 

ZSI — Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 435 


SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY 
Part 1. A new name for an Indian whitefly 
Aleuroclava tarennae Dubey and Sundararaj, nomen novum 


Aleuroclava davidi Dubey and Sundararaj, 2005: 241-172. 

Aleurotuberculatus tarennae Dubey and Ko, nom. nov. for Aleuroclava davidi 
Dubey and Sundararaj, 2005 (preoccupied by Aleuroclava davidi (Qureshi), 
described as Aleurotuberculatus davidi Qureshi. 1982. 


Material Examined. Holotype puparium, India: Tamil Nadu: Jamunamara- 
thur Hills, on Zarenna asiatica, 19.viii.2001, A. K. Dubey. Paratypes, 5 puparia, 
data as for holotype (BMNH, SMTD, NMNH, NTU, USDA). 

Host Plant. Zarenna asiatica (Rubiaceae) (Dubey and Sundararaj, 2005). 

Distribution. India: Tamil Nadu (Dubey and Sundararaj, 2005). 

Etymology. The replacement name is given after host plant genus, Zarenna. 

Remarks. Dubey and Sundararaj (2005) described Aleuroclava davidi Dubey 
and Sundararaj from specimens collected on Zarenna asiatica in India. Qureshi 
(1982) described Aleurotuberculatus davidi (p.49-50) and used the species name, 
Aleurotuberculatus davidae, in his key, phenogram and discussion (pp. 56-57). 
Martin (1999) synonymised the genus Aleurotuberculatus Takahashi with Aleu- 
roclava Singh, therefore making Aleuroclava davidi Dubey and Sundararaj, 
2005, a junior homonym of the former species. Hence, a replacement name is 
assigned to it. 


Part 2. Redescription and intraspecific variation of a species of 
Aleurolobus from India 


The whitefly genus, Aleurolobus Quaintance and Baker is represented in India 
by 49 species (Regu and David, 1993; Meganathan and David, 1994; Martin, 
1999). Studies on this genus in the last decade have increased the number of 
species known from the Indian subcontinent and have revealed some of the com- 
plexities involved in determining their identity. This is mainly due to the over- 
looking of the variation occurring within a species and the use of variable mor- 
phological characters for identification. As pointed by Martin (1999), “many of 
the characters that have been used to separate species of Aleurolobus are subtle 
variations of cuticular folding and setal lengths, and undoubtedly some described 
species will eventually prove to be synonyms when phenotypic variation (as first 
described by Mound, 1963) is investigated.” Since whitefly taxonomy is largely 
based on puparial characters, the treatments of puparia with various chemicals 
and the duration of the treatments may result in the artifacts, the appearance or 
disappearance of certain characters, such as the presence of minute tubercles in 
caudal furrow, black spots on dorsum and toothlike processes at base of vasiform 
orifice. Slide mounting of specimens with curved, deflexed lateral margins or 
less bleaching of the puparia often results in variations in the number of teeth 


436 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


observed in thoracic tracheal pores. For example, a species that normally has 
three teeth present in the tracheal pore may have only one tooth. The appearance 
of a single tooth in the thoracic tracheal pore depends on the prominence of mar- 
ginal teeth associated with the central one; it varies within a species and with the 
duration of chemical treatment. The discussion on variation observed in the 
puparia of Aleurolobus exceptionalis Regu and David (1993) emphasized the 
need for a revision of the species of Aleurolobus known from the Indian subcon- 
tinent. Regu and David (1993) discussed the puparial characters for the genus 
Aleurolobus. One African whitefly, Aleurolobus gruveli Cohic (1969) is record- 
ed for the first time from India and drawings are given for reference. This species 
is redescribed and its morphological variability reported due to morphological 
variations observed in type and other material. 


Aleurolobus exceptionalis Regu and David 
(Figs. 1-22) 


Aleurolobus exceptionalis Regu and David 1993: 25-26. 


Puparium. Black, most puparia with white wax secretions on dorsum, some 
puparia without wax secretions; oval in shape, broadest at first abdominal seg- 
ment, dimorphic, O 1.00-1.04 mm long, 0.62-0.74 mm wide; ? 1.08 mm long, 
0.76 mm wide, found singly and scattered on the lower surface of leaves, abun- 
dant on lower right side of leaves. Margin smoothly crenulate (Fig. 16), 6-7 
crenulations in 0.1 mm. Theracic (Fig. 2) and caudal tracheal comb (Figs. 12, 16) 
differentiated from lateral margin by three distinct teeth. 

Dorsum. (Figs. 1-19). Submargin incompletely separated from dorsal disc by 
a submarginal furrow. Submedian pockets present on all the abdominal segment 
sutures. Submedian depressions present on cephalothoracic and abdominal seg- 
ment sutures. Rhachis well developed on abdominal segments. Longitudinal 
moulting suture reaching margin and transverse moulting suture reaching sub- 
marginal furrow (Fig. 17). Submarginal lines broken. A row of minute granules 
present on submargin along the margin. Median submarginal area with a row of 
minute pores with associated porettes. Minute pores and associated porettes scat- 
tered throughout dorsum. Eye spots reniform. Vasiform orifice subcordate (Figs. 
4,18), & 82-90 um long, 72-76 um wide, 9 90 um long, 78 um wide; oper- 
culum subtriangular shaped, no clear difference is seen in operculum of male and 
female puparia, 66-70 um long, 58-64 um wide. Inner caudal wall of vasiform 
orifice with irregular transverse markings. Three toothlike processes at base of 
vasiform orifice usually present (holotype Fig. 11), sometimes absent or one to 
six in number and simple or fimbriate at apices (Figs 5-7, 18, 19). Lingula tip 
concealed (Fig. 18, 19). Caudal furrow with few polygonal markings. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 437 


0.01 mm 


Figures 1-4. Aleurolobus exceptionalis Regu and David. 1. Puparium. 2. Thoracic tra- 
cheal pore. 3. Submarginal seta. 4. vasiform orifice. 


Chaetotaxy. Five pairs of dorsal setae present - one cephalic, two on the first 
abdominal, one on eighth abdominal segment cephalolaterad of vasiform orifice 
and one submarginal caudal pair. Submargin with a row of 16 pairs of setae, their 
bases distinct, (8 pairs each on cephalothorax and abdomen) (Figs. 3, 9, 15). 
Setae usually broken, in one specimen hook-shaped (Fig. 3), but in holotype 
stout (Fig. 10). Of the eight pairs of cephalothoracic setae, three pairs are locat- 
ed above the eye spots and five pairs are below them. Of the eight pairs of 
abdominal submarginal setae, one pair of setae located on each segment of 
abdominal segments I-VIII, position of setae found varying from subdorsum to 
submargin (on subdorsum, holotype Fig. 9). 


438 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


\ 


ANN 


ANY we 


rs 


*\ rr 


Figures 8-13. Aleurolobus exceptionalis Regu and David. Holotype puparium 8-13. 
8. First abdominal segment. 9. Cephalic submarginal area. 10. Submarginal seta. 
11. Vasiform orifice with teeth at base. 12. Caudal tracheal pore. 13. Antenna and proleg. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 439 


16Gum ; _ SE rn 


ZZ 


SE barn | Ss 1G xm 


Figures 14-17. Aleurolobus exceptionalis Regu and David. 14. Puparium dorsal view. 
15. Cephalic submarginal setae. 16. Tracheal comb and margin. 17. Abdominal segment. 


Venter. (Fig. 20). A pair of setae at base of meso- and metathoracic legs, 2 um 
long. Antennae reaching base of mesothoracic legs (holotype Figs. 13; 21). Ven- 
tral submargin with fold just below submarginal furrow (Fig. 1). A faint row of 
smooth papillae also present along margin. Caudal tracheal fold with stipples 
(Fig. 22), stipples absent in submarginal area of thoracic and caudal tracheal 
folds. Spiracles and adhesive sacs visible. 


440 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


56 warn 


Figures 18-22. Aleurolobus exceptionalis Regu and David. 18, Vasiform orifice. 19. Vasi- 
form orifice with variable number of teeth. 20. Puparium ventral view. 21. Thoracic tra- 
cheal fold, legs, and antenna. 22. Ventral setae and caudal tracheal fold. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 44] 


Material Examined: Type - Holotype puparium and six paratype specimens, 
India: Tamil Nadu: Khapoli, on unidentified plant, 12.x1.1988, K. Regu. Addi- 
tional material (paratypes)- 4 puparia on one slide, on unidentified plant, Kha- 
poli, 12.11.1988, K. Regu; 9 puparia on five slides, on unidentified plant, Khapolt, 
12.x1.1988, K. Regu (loan from K. Regu); | puparium, on Ficus sp., Karnataka: 
Kudremukh National Park., 9.vi11.2001, A. K. Dubey; 40 puparia on 32 slides, 
Karnataka: Bangalore, on Madhuca latifolia, 25.vi.2006. A. K. Dubey (NTU 
GOEL): 

Host Plants. Ficus beddomei (Regu and David 1993), Ficus sp. (Dubey and 
Sundararaj 2006); Madhuca latifolia (Sapotaceae) (new host record). 

Distribution. India: Tamil Nadu: Khapoli (Regu and David 1993); Karna- 
taka: Kudremukh National Park (Dubey and Sundararaj 2006); Bangalore 
(Dubey and Ko) (new distribution record). 

Remarks. This species typically has two pairs of first abdominal setae as does 
Aleurolobus delamarei Cohic. Of the many slide-mounted specimens collected 
on Madhuca latifolia, one puparium had a single seta on one side of the first ab- 
dominal segment and two setae on the other side. Examination of holotype (A. 
exceptionalis) confirmed the presence of one seta on one side of the first abdom- 
inal segment and two setae on the other side (Fig. 8); however, in the paratype 
specimens, there are two setae on each side of the first abdominal segment, which 
was not noted by Regu and David (1993) in their description of the species. 
Examination of the holotype, six paratypes and additional specimens collected 
from Madhuca latifolia (Sapotaceae) confirmed that the number of submarginal 
setae varies in number from 14-16. The original description states that there is 
one pair of setae present on subdorsum above the eye spots: however, we ob- 
served that the position of cephalic subdorsal setae and submarginal setae may 
vary from the subdorsum to submargin. Interestingly, the apparent number of 
teeth in thoracic tracheal pores was not constant and varied from one to three 
depending upon the degree of bleaching used in processing the specimen. This 
suggests that the presence of two pairs of setae on the first abdominal segment 
(one pair each side) is variable and should not form the basis for the creation of 
a separate genus for the species of Aleurolobus which have this characteristic. 
The toothlike processes at the base of the vasiform orifice have long been used as 
characters for species identification. We observed that this character, in itself, is 
highly variable as the number of teeth varied between zero and six. Some of the 
teeth are unclearly separated at base and in some puparia the toothlike processes 
have fimbriate apices (Figs. 4-7). This kind of variation has also been observed 
in puparia of other A/eurolobus species (personal observations). Host-correlated 
variation occurring in Aleurolobus marlatti (Quaintance) (=Aleurolobus niloticus 
Priesner and Hosny) as noted by Regu and David (1993) and Martin (1999), is 
clear evidence that the lack of knowledge regarding the intraspecific variation 
occurring in a species has sometimes resulted in description of several new taxa. 
Regu and David (1993) described seven new species of Aleurolobus; namely, A. 
cephalidistinctus with bluish black puparia and A. cohici, A. diacritica, A. hosu- 


442 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


rensis, A. patchily, A. rhachisphora, and A. sundararaji, which have black pu- 
paria. They distinguished these species from closely related species based on the 
presence of black spots on dorsum (except A. sundararaji, which has black spots 
that are shown in the diagram (see Regu and David, 1993). We now understand 
that the appearance of such black spots is a result of not bleaching the puparia 
prior to slide mounting, and it is very unlikely that the black cuticle of puparia 
would indeed, have black spots on it. Bleaching of the puparia results in the dis- 
appearance of the black spots. With these observations, we conclude that using 
characters such as the number and characteristics of the tooth-like processes at the 
base of the vasiform orifice, the position of submarginal setae, and the presence 
or absence of the black spots on the dorsum as a basis for species identification 
must be avoided. These variations observed in A. exceptionalis, and the facts dis- 
cussed herein, will help in attaining a proper understanding of similar variation 
that may occur in other species of Aleurolobus, and determining their identity. 


Part 3. A new record of Aleurolobus from India 


Eighteen species of the genus Aleurolobus are known to occur in Africa; how- 
ever, only one species, Aleurolobus onitshae Mound, known from Nigeria 
(Mound, 1965), Ivory Coast (Cohic, 1969) and Tchad (Bink-Moenen, 1983), has 
been reported to occur in India (Regu and David, 1993). The new record of 
Aleurolobus gruveli Cohic from India indicates the possibility that the distribution 
range of other African Aleurolobus species may extend into the Oriental region. 


Aleurolobus gruveli Cohic (Figs. 23-30) 
Aleurolobus gruveli Cohic, 1968: 88-91. 


Material Examined. One puparium, India: Karnataka: Bangalore (13.12193' 
N, 77.54866' E; 930 m. asl.), on Vetiveria zizanioides (Poaceae), 22.1x.2005, A. 
K. Dubey. 

Host Plants. Poaceae [=Gramineae] (Cohic, 1968); Coelorhachis afrautica 
(Bink-Moenen, 1983); Vetiveria zizaniodes (Poaceae) (new host record). 

Distribution. South Africa; Cameroon (Cohic, 1968); Tchad: Bebediia 
(Bink-Moenen, 1983); India: Bangalore (new record). 

Remarks. This species was described by Cohic (1968) from the Poaceae 
[=Graminae] family. The description provided by him and variation noted by 
Bink-Moenen (1983) are adequate; however, figures are given herein for refer- 
ence. 

Discussion. Bink-Moenen (1983) recorded variation in numbers of submar- 
ginal setae occurring in this species as “15 pairs of spine-like setae instead of 
ten” and observed one of the submedian pairs occasionally missing (see p. 49). 
The specimen of this species collected from Vetiveria zizaniodes from India 
shows 10 pairs of submarginal setae and no submedian setae; however, the exter- 
nal appearance of puparium is the same as she had observed. We agree that the 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 443 


al 
Seay 


iy? 2 VS 
OU OO We’ 
Na 

a) 


JY 
UUUY 
OE I 
nan ira) 


PO ee 
YU 


OO 
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(ae) 
oS 
om) 
[5 


al 


; 


Figures 23-25. Aleurolobus gruveli Cohic. 23. Puparium. 24. Thoracic tracheal pore. 
25. Vasiform orifice, photomicrographs. 


444 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Figures 26-30. Aleurolobus gruveli Cohic. 26. Puparium. 27. Thoracic tracheal pore. 28. 
Margin. 29. Abdominal pockets. 30. Vasiform orifice and caudal furrow. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 445 


puparia of this species are highly variable in terms of submarginal and submedi- 
an setae. Figures are given for reference. 


Part 4. Description of a new species of Dialeurodes from India 


Dialeurodes atalantiae Dubey and Ko, new species 
(Figs. 31-42) 


Puparium. Pale white, with thin layer of white wax on dorsum, median area 
of cephalothorax and abdomen with a light red spot in some puparia; subpentag- 
onal in shape, dimorphic, constricted at the posterior abdominal region and 
widest across the transverse moulting suture region; measures & 1.0-1.08 mm 
long, 60-68 mm wide, 9 1.34-1.36 mm long, 90 mm wide; found singly, one or 
two per leaf on the lower surface of leaves. Margin smoothly crenulate; thoracic 
(Figs. 32, 36) and caudal tracheal pores indicated by invaginated internal teeth 
and inner demarcation of caudal tracheal pore (Fig. 39) bilobed, clear in slide 
mounting. 


Nw 


“Nii 


nw 


‘\ 


ss oS oft i wea 


Figures 31-33. Dialeurodes atalantiae Dubey and Ko sp. nov. 31. Puparium. 32. 
Thoracic tracheal pore. 33. Vasiform orifice; photomicrographs. 


446 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


NY 
M\ 


\ 
x 


ft 
on 


Figures 34-39. Dialeurodes atalantiae 34. Puparium dorsal view. 35. Posterior abdomi- 
nal area. 36. Thoracic tracheal pore. 37. Obliquely elevated ridges on submedian area of 
prothorax. 38. dorsal pore and porette. 39. Caudal tracheal pore and seta. 


Dorsum. (Figs. 31-39). Dorsum with typical large pores sometimes contain- 
ing two to three minute scattered porettes (Fig. 38). A pair of obliquely elevated 
submedian ridges on prothorax and laterad of seventh abdominal segment pres- 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 447 


ent (Fig. 37). Submarginal striations reaching subdorsal area. Subdorsum with 
wavy markings. Median length of abdominal segment VII shorter than VIII (Fig. 
35). Submedian pockets present in all the cephalothoracic and abdominal seg- 
ment sutures. Submedian depressions faintly discernible in all the segments. 
Longitudinal moulting suture reaching margin and transverse moulting suture 
reaching submargin. Pockets not contiguous. Vasiform orifice subcircular (Fig. 
33, 35), as long as wide or slightly longer than wide, & 49-50 um long, 50 um 
wide, 9 60-64 um long, & 58-60 um wide, inner posteriolateral wall of orifice 
without a comb of teeth; operculum subcordate, 9 38 um long, 38 um wide, & 
30 um long, 30 um wide, not completely covering the orifice. Lingula obscured. 
Caudal tracheal furrow not clearly defined and appears to be granulated. A pair 
of minute setae slightly above the caudal tracheal pore, 8 um long distinct. 
Chaetotaxy. Cephalic setae present, first abdominal setae 12 um long and 
eight abdominal setae cephalolaterad of vasiform orifice 14 um long and sub- 
marginal caudal setae 8 um long (Fig. 39). Submargin with a row of minute 
setae, each 8 um long, number and position of setae varying within puparium. 


Figures 40-42. Dialeurodes atalantiae 40. Puparium ventral view. 41. Thoracic tracheal 
fold and legs. 42. Caudal tracheal fold. 


448 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Venter. (Figs. 40-42). Minute setae at the base of meso- and metathoracic 
legs, each 10 um long evident. Ventral setae present. Thoracic (Fig. 41) and cau- 
dal tracheal fold (Fig. 42) distinct with stipples. Antennae reaching to base of 
prothoracic legs, inside. Legs not confluent (Fig. 41). Spiracles and adhesive sacs 
visible. 


Material Examined. Holotype puparium, India: Tamil Nadu: Chennai 
(13.04°N, 80.17°E), on Atalantia racemosa, 16.v.2004, A. K. Dubey (ZSI). Para- 
types, 12 puparia, data same as for holotype (ANIC, BNHM, CDFA, JARI, 
NMNH, SMTD, USNM, ZMU, ZSI and remainder in NTU). 

Host Plant. Atalantia racemosa (Rutaceae). 

Distribution. India: Tamil Nadu. 

Etymology. This species is named after its host plant genus, Atalantia. 

Remarks. This species is similar to Dialeurodes abbotabadiensis Qureshi, 
1982 in shape but differs from it in having two pairs of obliquely elevated sub- 
median tubercles—one pair each on prothorax and laterad of seventh abdominal 
segment, variable number of subdorsal setae, wider at abdominal region than 
D. abbotabadiensis, distinct pores with associated porettes on dorsum (Fig. 38) 
and tracheal folds with dots (Figs. 41, 42). Jensen (2001) mentioned in his cladis- 
tic analysis of Dialeurodes species group taxa “the practical definition of Dialeu- 
rodes in use today encompasses a great variety of species, the primary shared 
characters of which are having some sort of distinct marginal tracheal pore, a 
vasiform orifice with the lingula included and the operculum nearly filling ori- 
fice and usually covering the lingula.” Martin (1999) diagnosed the following 
characteristics to separate species of Singhiella from Dialeurodes: margin not or 
very little, modified at thoracic tracheal pore openings at margin, a small caudal 
indentation present, variably developed submarginal setae present, typically as 
an even row of 13 pairs, including caudal setae; and ventrally, tracheal folds 
sometimes developed but not usually sculptured. The new species has very clear, 
deeply invaginated thoracic and caudal tracheal pores with internal teeth, a vari- 
able number of subdorsal setae and characters of the vasiform orifice as defined 
by Jensen (2001) for the genus Dialeurodes. This species differs from Singhiella 
species primarily in having a well-defined tracheal pore opening which accord- 
ing to Martin (1999) is not well defined or little modified from the lateral mar- 
gin in Singhiella species. 

In addition, the following 14 species of the genus Dialeurodes are already 
recorded from India: D. armatus David and Subramaniam, D. brideliae Jesuda- 
san and David, D. citri (Ashmead), D. davidi Mound and Halsey, D. delhiensis 
David and Sundararaj, D. icfreae Sundararaj and Dubey, D. indicus David and 
Subramaniam, D. kirkaldyi (Kotinsky), D. malabaricus Jesudasan and David, D. 
martini Jesudasan and David, D. rotunda Singh, D. saklespurensis David, D. 
sundararajani Sundararaj and David, and D. wendlandiae Meganathan and 
David. In general, species of Dialeurodes possess 12-14 pairs of submarginal or 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 449 


subdorsal setae. Details of the number of these setae in a few of the Indian 
species have not been published and, therefore, the specimens need to be reex- 
amined and these data added to their description. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


We thank H. F. Hung (NTU) for assistance for scanning electron photomicrographs, to B. V. 
David and K. Regu, India, for loaning of type specimens, to Jon Martin, BMNH, UK for providing 
information on the homonymy of Aleuroclava davidi, G. A. Evans, USDA, ARS, USA for sugges- 
tions and editing the draft, and to Y. F. Chen (NTU) for help in formatting this manuscript. Publi- 
cation is supported by part of a grant from National Taiwan University, Tarwan (NTU 95R0044), and 
National Science Council (NSC95-2621-B-002-012). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bink-Moenen, R. M. 1983. Revision of the African whiteflies (Aleyrodidae), mainly based on a 
collection from Tchad. Monografieen Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging 10: 1-211. 


Cohic, F. 1968. Contribution a |' etude des aleruodes africains (4 e Note). Cahiers de l'Office de la 
Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-mer. Series (Biologie). 6: 63-143. 


Cohic, F. 1969. Contribution a |' etude des aleurodes africains (5 e Note). Annales de L'université 
d'abidjan (E) 2: 1-156. 

Dubey, A. K. and R. Sundararaj. 2005. A review of the genus Aleuroclava Singh (Hemiptera: 
Aleyrodidae) with description of eight new species from India. Oriental Insects 39: 241-272. 


Dubey, A. K. and R. Sundararaj. 2006. A review on the tribe Aleurolobini Takahashi (Hemiptera: 
Aleyrodidae) with description of five new species from India. Oriental Insects 40: 33-59. 


Gill, R. J. 1990. The morphology of whiteflies. pp. 13-46. Jn: D. Gerling ed. Whiteflies: Their Bio- 
nomics, Pest Status and Management. Andover, /ntercept. 


Jensen, A. 1999. Cladistics of a sampling of the world's diversity of whiteflies of the genus Dialeu- 
rodes (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Annals of Entomological Society of America 92(3): 359-369. 


Martin, J. H. 1985. The whitefly of New Guinea (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Bulletin of the British 
Museum of Natural History (Entomology) 50: 303-351. 


Martin, J. H. 1999. The whitefly fauna of Australia (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) a taxonomic 
account and identification guide. Technical Paper, CSIRO Entomology. 38: 1-197. 


Meganathan, P. and B. V. David. 1994. Aleyrodidae fauna (Aleyrodidae: Homoptera) of Silent 
valley, a tropical evergreen rain-forest, in Kerala, India. Fredric Institute of Plant Protection and 
Toxicology, Entomology Series 5: 1-66. 


Mound, L. A. 1963. Host-correlated variation in Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyro- 
didae). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society London (A). 38: 171-180. 


Qureshi, J. I. 1982. Aleurotuberculatus (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of 
Zoology 14(1): 45-47. 


Regu, K. and B. V. David. 1993. Taxonomic studies on Indian Aleyrodids of the tribe Aleurolobini 
(Aleyrodinae: Aleyrodidae: Homoptera). Fredric Institute of Plant Protection and Toxicology, 
Entomology Series 4: 1-79. 


450 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


ON THE GENUS SYRISTA KONOW, WITH THE 
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM CHINA 
(HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE)' 


Meicai Wei ” 


ABSTRACT: Syrista xiaoi Wei, sp. nov. (Cephidae: Hymenoptera) is described from Sichuan, 
China. Syrista xiaoi is similar to S. similis Mocsary, 1904. Syrista Konow 1896 is redescribed in 
detail. A key to species of the genus is provided and new distribution records are given. 


KEY WORDS: Hymenoptera, Cephidae, Syrista, new species, China 


The genus Syrista was proposed by Konow in 1896 for Cephus parreyssii 
Spinola, a stem sawfly species distributed in the West Palaearctic (Benson 1968, 
Taeger et al., 2006). Syrista parreyssii is unique in Cephidae as the anal cell in 
forewing without cross vein. Mocsary (1904) described the second species of the 
genus from Japan, Syrista similis Mocsary, 1904. Benson (1935) described a new 
genus and a new species, Neosyrista japonica Benson, 1935, which has the anal 
cell in forewing with a normal cross vein. Takeuchi accepted Neosyrista Benson 
but pointed out that Neosyrista japonica Benson, 1935 is a synonym of Syrista 
similis Mocsary, 1904 (Takeuchi, 1938). Benson (1946) himself treated Syrista 
and Neosyrista as nomenclatural synonyms. Benson's opinion (Benson, 1946) 
was accepted by subsequent researchers of Cephidae (Maa, 1949; Okutani, 1974; 
Muche, 1981; Abe and Smith, 1991; Wei and Nie, 1996). Syrista xiaoi sp. nov., 
a new species similar to Syrista similis, is described from China herein. The rela- 
tionship between the two E. Asian species, S. similis and S. xiaoi sp. nov., and the 
West Palaearctic, S. parreyssii, requires additional scrutiny. Based on new mate- 
rial Syrista Konow is redescribed in detail and a key to the known species pro- 
vided. The type specimen of the new species is deposited in the Insect Collection 
of the Central South Forestry University, Changsha, China. 


Syrista Konow 


Syrista Konow, 1896, Wien. Ent. Zeit. 15: 150, 152-153. 
Type species: Cephus parreyssii Spinola, 1843, by monotypy. 
Neosyrista Benson, 1935, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10)16: 547. 
Type species: Neosyrista japonica Benson, 1935, by original designation. 


Description: Body slender. Left mandible bidentate, inner tooth feebly 
shouldered and as long as or slightly longer than outer tooth, outer tooth simple 
(Fig. 1); right mandible tridentate, inner tooth much longer than middle and outer 


‘Received on April 5, 2006. Accepted on April 27, 2007. 


> College of Life Science, Central South Forestry University, 498 South Shaoshan Road, Changsha 
410004, China. E-mail: weimc@126.com. 


Mailed on January 18, 2008 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 451 


tooth; maxillary palp with 6th segment emerging from middle of 5th, 3rd seg- 
ment enlarged, 4th segment slender and 1.5 times longer than 6th segment (Fig. 
2); labial palp 4-segmented, Ist segment longer than 2nd segment, 2nd segment 
more than 2 times length of 3rd segment, 4th segment longer and broader than 
Ist segment; (Figs. 3, 7, 12); clypeus flat and apically truncate; malar space as 
broad as or slightly broader than diameter of front ocellus; inner margins of eyes 
feebly divergent downwards, shortest distance between eyes broader than height 
of an eye; distance between antennal sockets slightly narrower than distance 
between an antennal socket and inner margin of eye, and clearly shorter than dis- 
tance between an antennal socket and a tentorial pit on same side; head not 
strongly swollen behind eyes and 1.5 times broader than long, temple as long as 
or slightly longer than eye, lateral sides parallel or narrowing backwards in dor- 
sal view; POL slightly narrower than OOL, OCL 2.5-3.2 times POL; occipital 
carina extending to upper part of hind orbit. Antenna filiform, 25-34 segmented 
and shorter than abdomen, flagellum not distinctly swelling, pedicel broader than 
long, 3rd segment much longer than 4th segment. Pronotum distinctly broader 
than long. Abdomen distinctly compressed laterally, lst tergite not merged at 
middle, 2nd segment higher than long. Middle tibia with | preapical spur, hind 
tibia with 2 preapical spurs; hind basitarsus slender and about as long as or slight- 
ly longer than following 3 tarsomeres together; claw bifid and without a basal 
lobe (Figs. 4, 8, 10, 13). Cell C of forewing narrow, vein Sc absent, Ir entire and 
joining stigma at extreme base, 2r joining stigma beyond middle; hind wing with 
cell Rs and M closed, both much more than 2 times as long as broad. Ovipositor 
not shorter than hind tibia and distinctly bent ventrally, sheath about as long as 
basal plate and about 6-8 times length of cercus (Fig. 5). Lancet very slender and 
simple with 19-22 serrulae and 5-6 apical annular sutures, serrulae subtruncate 
and shallowly emarginated ventrally, without fine subbasal tooth (Figs. 6, 9). 
Distribution: Eastern Asia, West Palaearctic. 
Host: Rosa spp. (Rosaceae) (Ho 1936, Maeda 1938, Scheibelreiter 1969). 


Three species of the genus have been found, which can be identified using the 
following key. 


Key to species of Syrista Konow 


2. Tibia, tarsus and apex of antenna reddish brown; pronotum and hind coxa 
entirely black; abdominal tergites and mandibles black and red, without yel- 
low macula; area between antennal sockets evenly elevated, without a keel; 
pterostigma pale brown; head in dorsal view hardly narrowed behind eyes; 
head and thorax dorsally distinctly punctured; anal cell in forewing without a 


452 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


cross vein; body length 15-21mm. West Palaearctic............ Syrista parreyssii 
(Spinola, 1843) 


Hind tibia black with basal third white, antenna entirely black; basal half of 
mandible yellow, outer side of hind coxa, abdominal tergites 2 and 6 with dis- 
tinct yellow maculae; area between antennal sockets strongly elevated with a 
distinct keel; pterostigma dark brown to black; head in dorsal view distinctly 
narrowed behind eyes; head and thorax dorsally almost impunctate; anal cell 
in forewing. withVarerassaviewinn ASIA 20. 22 ..2....c.sdnacs oogetee eae seecee eee eee ee 3 


3. Hind tarsus red brown; abdominal tergites 4-7 largely red; pterostigma black; 
claw with inner tooth distinctly longer than outer tooth; body length 20mm. 
WestiCiima ct eerie sees. Mer ome Oe eee Syrista xiaoi, Sp. NOV. 


Hind tarsus black to dark brown; abdominal tergites 3-5 largely red; pterostig- 
ma dark brown; claw with inner tooth hardly longer than outer tooth; body 
length 13-15 mm. East China, Japan................ Syrista similis Mocsary, 1904 


4. Anal cell in forewing without a cross vein; hind tibia, tarsus and apex of 
antenna reddish brown; pterostigma pale brown; apical half of 7th sternite 
depressed with posterior margin straight, not emarginated, 8th sternite dis- 
tinctly emarginated at apex (Fig. 14).........0.... Syrista similis Mocsary, 1904 


Anal cell in forewing with a cross vein; basal 1/3 of hind tibia white, apical 
2/3 of hind tibia and hind tarsus entirely black; pterostigma dark brown; pos- 
terior margin of 7th sternite deeply incised, apex of 8th sternite round (Fig. 
DL i tice sete ie i nan ee Mes rite oe as Syrista parreyssii (Spinola, 1843) 


Syrista xiaoi, NEW SPECIES 
(Figs. 1-6, 15) 


Diagnosis: Body black with yellow maculae on head and abdomen; claw 
with inner tooth much longer and broader than outer tooth; area between anten- 
nal sockets elevated with a distinct keel; third segment of labial palp 2 times 
longer than broad; pterostigma black. 

Female (Fig. 15): Body (including sheath) length 20 mm, black, basal half of 
mandible, a stripe on lower inner orbit, a dot on upper inner orbit, a triangular 
spot on hind orbit and lateral stripes on abdominal tergites 2-7 yellow, abdomi- 
nal tergites 4-7 largely and sternites 4-5 partly red. Legs black, outside of hind 
coxa and basal third of each tibia yellow; apex of fore femur, fore and middle tib- 
iae and tarsus largely and hind tarsus entirely pale brown, apical 2/3 of middle 
tibia dorsally dark brown. Body hairs pale brown. Wings distinctly infuscate 
toward apex, veins and pterostigma black. 

Head and thorax extremely minutely punctured and shining, mesepisternum 
and metapleuron finely and densely microsculptured, feebly shining; abdomen 
indistinctly microsculptured. Left mandible as in Fig. 1, inner tooth slightly long- 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 453 


er than outer tooth; maxillary palp as in Fig. 2; labial palp as in Fig. 3, third seg- 
ment 2 times longer than broad; malar space slightly broader than diameter of an 
ocellus; area between antennal sockets elevated with a distinct keel; middle 
fovea indistinct; interocellar furrow fine and shallow, postocellar furrow broad 
and shallow; OOL: POL: OCL =3: 2: 6; head behind eyes slightly longer than 
eye in dorsal view, lateral margins distinctly narrowing backwards. Antenna 34- 
segmented, third segment 1.3 times longer than fourth segment. Posterior margin 
of pronotum clearly incised and 1.5 times breadth of anterior margin; mesoscu- 
tellum flat with a low carina posteriorly. Claw with inner tooth much longer and 
broader than outer tooth (Fig. 4). Anal cell of forewing with a cross vein; cu-a 
joining cell 1M at its basal 1/4, cell 2Rs slightly longer than 1Rs; cell Rs about 
as long as cell M and both of them 3 times longer than broad. Abdomen (includ- 
ing propodeum and excluding sheath) 2 times as long as head and thorax (exclud- 
ing propodeum) together, 2nd segment 1.3 times higher than long; ovipositor 1.2 
times as long as hind tibia, sheath as long as basal plate and 7 times length of cer- 
cus (Fig. 5). Lancet with 22 serrulae and 5-6 apical annular sutures, middle ser- 
rulae oblique, distance between serrulae triple the breadth of a serrula (Fig. 6). 

Male: Unknown. 

Type Data: Holotype female, Sichuan: Luding, Hailuogou, 2003. VI. 17, 
W. Liu (deposited in the Insect Collection of the Central South Forestry 
University, Changsha, China). 

Etymology: The species is named after Prof. Gangrou X1ao, a famous sawfly 
researcher of China. 

Distribution: China (Sichuan). 

Remarks: The new species is similar to Syrista similis but it can be separat- 
ed from the latter by the following features: body larger (20 mm in female), the 
10th abdominal tergite and fore coxa entirely black, the hind tarsus reddish 
brown, pterostigma black, the inner tooth of claw much longer and broader than 
the outer tooth, abdomen 2 times longer than head and thorax together, oviposi- 
tor distinctly longer than hind tibia, and the middle serrulae smaller and oblique, 
remote to each other. In S. similis the body is smaller (13-15mm in female), a 
spot on the ventral side of fore coxa, the 10th abdominal tergite yellow, the hind 
tarsus blackish brown, pterostigma dark brown, the inner tooth of claw hardly 
longer than the outer tooth, abdomen about 1.7 times longer than head and tho- 
rax together, ovipositor as long as hind tibia, the middle serrulae of lancet close 
to each other and not oblique. 


454 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Figures 1-6: Syrista xiaoi sp. nov. |. Left mandible. 2. Maxillary palp. 3. Labial palp. 
4. Claw. 5. Ovipositor. 6. The 9-10th serrulae. Figures 7-11: Syrista similis Mocsary. 7. 
Labial palp. 8. Female claw 9. The 9-10th serrulae. 10. Male claw. 11. The 7th and 8th 
sternites, male. Figures 12-14: Syrista parreyssii (Spinola). 12. Labial palp. 13. Male 
claw. 14. The 7th and 8th sternites, male. 


455 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 


19 


Figures 16-17. Syrista similis Mocsary: 


Figure 15. Syrista xiaoi sp. nov., Female adult. 
Syrista parreyssii (Spinola): 18. Female 


16. Female adult; 17. Male adult. Figures 18-19. 
adult; 19. Male adult. 


456 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Syrista similis Mocsary, 1904 
(Figs. 7-11, 16-17) 


Syrista similis Mocsary, 1904, Ann. Mus. Hungar., 2: 496. 
Cephus subrufus Matsumura, 1912, Thous. Ins. Jap. Suppl. 4: 212. 
? Neosyrista japonica Benson, 1935, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. s. 10, 16: 552. 


Diagnosis: Body length 14-15 mm in female and 13 mm in male. Posterior 
margin of pronotum, tegulae, mesoscutellum largely, a spot on the ventral side of 
fore coxa, the 10th abdominal tergite yellow, posterior margins of the 3rd and 7th 
abdominal tergites each with a distinct yellow band; 3rd segment of labial palp 
as long as broad (Fig. 7); head distinctly narrowing behind eyes; inner tooth of 
claw hardly longer than outer tooth (Fig. 8, female; Fig. 10, male); abdomen 
about 1.7 times longer than head and thorax together, posterior margin of 7th 
sternite deeply incised, apex of 8th sternite round (Fig. 11); ovipositor as long as 
hind tibia, middle serrulae of lancet close to each other and not oblique (Fig. 9). 

The female and male adults as in Figs. 16-17. 

Notes: The above diagnosis is based on the type of the species (in the Hun- 
garian Natural History Museum) and specimens examined by the author from 
China (in the collection of the Central South Forestry University) and Japan (in 
DEI, Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Miincheberg). All those specimens 
have the pronotum with a distinct yellow hind margin. However, the type speci- 
mens of Neosyrista japonica Benson, 1935, have the pronotum entirely black. 
The color of the posterior margin of pronotum may be variable. The male of this 
species 1s very variable in the color of the abdominal tergites 4-5, which may be 
entirely red or dominantly black, and posteriorly reddish or golden yellow. 

Specimens Examined: 8 females and 3 males, Zhejiang: Hangzhou, 1984. IV. 
25, leg. J. He; 1 male, Zhejiang: Longquan, Mt. Fengyang, 1982. VIII, leg. K. 
Zhu (Zhejiang University); 1 female and 1 specimen (abdomen missing, possi- 
bly a male), Japan, Nose-Hatsutani (Oosaka), 1972. VII. 5, leg. H. Kumamoto 
(DEI). Type examined (type is deposited in Hungarian Natural History Museum, 
a female specimen with collecting data and name labels handwritten by Mocsary. 
I had recorded the data of the type when I visit Budapest in the summer of 2005 
but lost them with my computer in Paris). 

Distribution: China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian); Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, 
Shikoku, and Kyushu after Takeuchi 1938). 


Syrista parreyssii (Spinola, 1843) 
(Figs. 12-14, 18-19) 


Cephus parreyssii Spinola, 1843, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, s. 2, 1: 116-117. 
Cephus orientalis Tischbein, 1852, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 13: 139. 

Cephus spectabilis Stein, 1876, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 37: 58-59. 

Macrocephus robustus Mocsary, 1883, Magyar. Ak. Termés Ertek 13(11): 9-10. 
Cephus parreyssi (Sic!) var. rufiventris Jakovlev, 1888, Horae Soc. Ent. Ross. 
22: 373. Primary homonym of Cephus rufiventris Cresson, 1880. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 457 


Diagnosis: Body length 15-21 mm. Body and legs black, abdominal seg- 
ments 2-4(5) and apex of antenna red, apex of each femur, tibiae and tarsi red or 
reddish brown, hind tarsus more or less infuscate; wings distinctly infuscate, 
pterostigma pale brown; third segment of labial palp broader than long (Fig. 12); 
antenna with 25-30 segments; area between antennal sockets low and evenly ele- 
vated, without a keel; head in dorsal view hardly narrowed behind eyes; abdo- 
men about 2 times as long as head and thorax together; anal cell in forewing 
without a cross vein; claw with inner tooth hardly as long as outer tooth in both 
sexes (Fig. 13); head and thorax dorsally distinctly punctured; apical half of 7th 
sternite in male depressed with posterior margin straight, not emarginated, 8th 
sternite distinctly emarginated at apex (Fig. 14). 

The female and male adults as in Figs. 18-19. 

Specimens Examined: 2 females and | male, USSR, Armenia, Arzakhan, 
1700m, 1977.VIL., leg. L. Zombori (Hungarian Museum of Natural History); 1 
male, Turkey, Nevsehir province, Urgiip, 1970. VI. 11, leg. J. Gusenleitner (Coll. 
Blank); 1 female, Turkey, Hakkari province, on the city limits of Hakkari, 1800 
m altitude, 1988. VII. 24, leg. C. Schmid-Egger (Coll. Blank); 1 female. Turkei, 
Konya, 20km W., 1978. VI. 12, leg. Max Schwarz (DEI); 2 males, Turkei, Loel, 
Sertavul, 1978. VI. 9-10, 1400m, leg. Max Schwarz (DEI); 1 male, [possibly 
Azebaijan], Caucasus, Araxes valley, leg. Leder & Reitter (DEI); 1 female 
(abdomen missing), Croatia, Dubrovnik (“Ragusa”), leg. Rudolph (DEI); 1 
female, without collecting data (DEI); 1 male, Armenien, 40km O Jerewan, 
1987. VII. 13, leg. Gechard 1200m, J. Oehlke (DEI). 

Distribution: West Palaearctic (Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, 
Croatia, Cyprus, Greek, Iran, Israel, Italia, Macedonia, Spanish, Turkey). 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


I thank Mr. M. D. Liston of DEI (Miincheberg, Germany) for review of this manuscript. Thanks 
also to Dr. L. Zombori (Budapest, Hungary), Dr. A. Taeger and Dr. S. Blank (Miincheberg, Germany) 
for their kindly help when I was in Europe to examine specimens deposited in their collections, and 
to Prof. S. Zhang (Hunan Province, China) for taking photos. The research was supported by the 
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30371166, 30571504), the Trans-century 
Training Programme Foundation for Talents, Education Ministry of China (2003), and the Special 
President Foundation of Central South Forestry University (2001-2005). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Abe, M. and D. R. Smith. 1991. The genus-group names of Symphyta (Hymenoptera) and their 
type species. Esakia 31: 1-115. 


Benson, R. B. 1935. On the genera of the Cephidae and the erection of a new family Syntexidae 
(Hymenoptera. Tenthredinidae). Annals and Magazine of National History, Series (10) 16: 535- 
Spt 


Benson, R. B. 1946. Classification of the Cephidae (Hymenoptera Symphyta). Transactions of the 
Royal Entomological Society of London 96: 89-108. 


458 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Benson, R. B. 1968. Hymenoptera from Turkey, Symphyta. Bulletin of the British Museum 
(Natural History) Entomology, London 22(4): 111-207. 


Ho, K. M. 1936. Studies on the rose borer, Neosyrista similis Mocsary (Hym.: Cephidae). Science 
Bulletin, Kyushu University 7: 185-208. 


Jakovlev, A. 1888. Quelques nouvelles espéces des mouches a scie de l'Empire Russe. Trudy 
Russkago Entomologitschenkago Obschtschestva v S. Peterburge, S. Peterburge 22: 368-375. 


Konow, F. W. 1896. Ueber Blattwespen, Tribus Cephini (Tenthredinarum Tribus). Wiener ento- 
mologische Zeitung, Wien 15(4-5): 150-179. 


Maa, T. C. 1949. Asynopsis of Chinese sawflies of the superfamily Cephoidea (Hymenoptera).The 
Chinese Journal of Zoology 3: 17-29. 


Maeda, T. 1938. Observation on the rose-stem sawfly, Neosyrista similis (Hym.: Cephidae). Kon- 
tya 12: 185-193; 13: 16-20. 

Matsumura, S. 1912. Thousand Insects of Japan, Supplement, Keiseisha 4. pp. 1-247. 

Mocsary, A. 1883. Hymenoptera nova europaea et exotica. Ertekezések termeszett, kérébél 13 (11): 
1-72. 

Mocsary, A. 1904. Siricidarum species quinque novae. Annales historico-naturales Musei Na- 
tionalis Hungarici, Budapest 2: 496-498. 

Muche, H. 1981. Die Cephidae der Erde. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 28: 239-295. 

Okutani, T. 1974. The Japanese Symphyta III. Insects and Nature 9(6): 9-12. 


Scheibelreiter, G. 1969. Observations on the biology and ecology of the rose-stem sawfly (Syrista 
parreysii Spinola) (Hym.: Cephidae) in Europe. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, 
Technical Bulletin, No. 12. pp. 105-114. Spinola, 1843. 


Stein, J. P. E. F. 1876. Einige neve dalmatinische, griechische und kleinasiatische Tenthredinoiden. 
Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin 37: 53-61. 


Taeger, A., S. M. Blank, and A. D. Liston. 2006. European Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) - 
A Species Checklist for the Countries. pp. 399-504. Jn, S. M. Blank, S. Schmidt, and A. Taeger 
(Editors). Recent Sawfly Research: Synthesis and Prospects. 704 pp., 16 pl. Goecke & Evers, 
Keltern. 


Takeuchi, K. 1938. A systematic study on the suborder Symphyta (Hymenoptera) of the Japanese 
Empire (J). Tenthredo 2(2): 173-229. 


Tischbein, P. F. L. 1852. Hymenopterologische Beitrage. Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin 13(4): 
103-108. 


Wei, M. C and H. Y. Nie. 1996. Studies of Chinese Cephidae V. The genus Sinicephus and its 
allies (Hymenoptera: Cephidae: Hartigiini). Journal of Central South Forestry University 16 (4): 
18-23. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 459 


THORACONAUPACTUS, A NEW BRAZILIAN GENUS OF 
BROAD NOSED WEEVIL 
(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE: ENTIMINAE) 
ASSOCIATED WITH LEUCAENA (FABACEAE)! 


M. Guadalupe del Rio’ and Analia A. Lanteri 


ABSTRACT: A new monotypic genus of Naupactini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Thoracon- 
aupactus del Rio and Lanteri is described based on the new species Thoraconaupactus vaninii del 
Rio and Lanteri (Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Itaji). Two different morphotypes are distinguished by 
characters of the vestiture: one from Itaji, with integument brown, smooth, and vestiture mostly 
setose; the other from Ibiraba with integument black, rugose and vestiture mostly squamose. 
Thoraconaupactus is similar to Naupactus Dejean and Teratopactus Heller in several characters, and 
shows some unique features such as the strongly transverse pronotum with a sub-basal tooth-like pro- 
jection on each side. Specimens were collected in association with a species of Leucaena (Fabaceae). 
The paper includes habitus photographs and line drawings of genitalia, mouthparts, and other exter- 
nal features of taxonomic value. 


KEY WORDS: Curculionidae, Naupactini, Thoraconaupactus vaninii, new genus, new species 


The tribe Naupactini (Curculionidae: Entiminae) consists of approximately 65 
genera (Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal, 1999) with over 500 species mainly distrib- 
uted in Central and South America. Most species of this weevil tribe have been 
classified in Naupactus Dejean, a genus currently under revision, which includes 
161 species (O’Brien and Wibmer, 1982; Wibmer and O’Brien, 1986) or 214 
according to Morrone (1999), who included all Pantomorus Schoenherr species 
from South America within Naupactus. The genus Naupactus is not only a key 
genus to understanding the phylogeny of the Naupactini but also a taxon that 
contains a great number of agricultural pest species, such as the “white-fringed 
beetle,” N. leucoloma Boheman and the “rose weevil,” N. cervinus Boheman 
(Scataglini et al., 2005). These species cause serious damage to legumes, citrus, 
ornamental plants, and several other cultures (Lanteri and Marvaldi, 1995; 
Lanteri et al., 2002). 

In the present contribution we describe a new monotypic genus of Naupactini 
close to Naupactus and Teratopactus Heller, the latter recently revised by del Rio 
et al. (2006). The new genus Thoraconaupactus is endemic to northeastern 
Brazil and its single species was collected on Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae). 


METHODS 
This study is based on specimens housed at the Museu de Zoologia da Uni- 
versidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil (MZSP). No other specimens have been seen 


' Received on November 8, 2006. Accepted on April 9, 2007. 


* Division Entomologia, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. E-mails: 
gdelrio@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar (MGR); alanteri@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar (AAL). 


Mailed on January 18, 2008 


460 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


in other entomological collections examined. One paratype specimen has been 
deposited at Museo de La Plata (MLPC). 

Dissections of female and male genitalia were made according to standard 
entomological techniques. Specimens were drawn using a camera lucida adapt- 
ed to a stereoscopic microscope. Measurements were taken with an ocular micro- 
meter. Abbreviations herein used are the following: WF—width of frons between 
anterior margin of eyes; WR—width of rostrum across apex; LR—length of ros- 
trum from anterior margin of eye to apex; WC—maximum width of club; LC— 
maximum length of club; WP—maximum width of pronotum; LP—maximum 
length of pronotum; WE—maximum width of elytra; LE—maximum length of 
elytra. The terminology used for the metatibial apex follows Thompson (1992). 
‘Outer bevel present’ is used instead of ‘corbel enclosed’ (Emden, 1944), and 
‘metatibial apex simple or bevel absent,’ instead of “corbel open.’ 

Type labels include the species name, the type status and the authors of the 
name. They are red and yellow for holotype and paratypes, respectively. The sex 
of each specimen is also indicated. 


SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY 
Thoraconaupactus new genus, del Rio and Lanteri 


Type species: Thoraconaupactus vaninii new species, del Rio and Lanteri. 
Herein designated by monotypy. 

Etymology: The generic name is a combination of the latin word thorax (re- 
ferring to the particular subtrapezoidal and tuberculate pronotum) and naupactus 
(alluding to its probable close relationship to Naupactus Dejean). 

Diagnosis: Thoraconaupactus 1s easily distinguished from other genera of 
Naupactini by the large body size (close to 20 mm) and the strongly transverse 
subtrapezoidal pronotum, having a pair of tooth-like projections directed out- 
wards near the base (Figs. 1-4). All tibiae bear a mucro and rows of denticles on 
the inner margins. Metatibial apex with outer bevel present and oblique with 
respect to the main tibial axis. The ovipositor has styli and rows of setae on each 
side of the distal half. 

Description: Large and robust (female 17-19.5 mm long; male 15-16 mm). 
Integument brown to black, mostly visible. Vestiture of dorsum mainly composed 
of scales forming a longitudinal white vitta along rostrum and pronotum and 
pairs of ocher or white vittae along elytra; venter and inner face of femora and 
tibiae mostly covered with very long setae. Rostrum (Figs. 5-6) about as long as, 
to slightly longer than wide at apex (LR/WR:1-1.27), lacking lateral carinae but 
with slightly elevated lateral borders; rostral groove widened at apex, exceeding 
hind margin of eyes; scrobes slightly curved downwards, ending below eyes; 
epistome slightly depressed, broad and densely squamose; gular angle obtuse. 
Frons somewhat depressed. Vertex slightly convex. Eyes (Figs. 5-6) moderately 
convex; preocular impression distinct. Mouthparts. Prementum (Fig. 8) subcor- 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 461 


date, external surface slightly concave, without setae; internal surface with a 
moderately developed median keel flanked by lateral depressions; palpi shorter 
than prementum and forming an obtuse angle with it. Maxillae (Fig. 9) with mala 
almost perpendicular to axis of palpus, having seven basal lacinial teeth and 
numerous setae; article 1 of palpi elongate, article 2 transverse and article 3 sub- 
cylindrical, apically papillate. Antennae (Fig. 10) very long; scape reaching hind 
margin of eye; funicular article 2 more than 2x as long as article 1; articles 3-5 
about 3x as long as wide; articles 6-7 about 2x as long as wide; club oval to 
slightly fusiform (LC/WC: 2.50-3.30). Pronotum (Figs. 1-4) subtrapezoidal, 
strongly transverse (WP/LP: 1.69-1.87); anterior margin strongly thickened; disc 
finely punctuate, elevated regarding the anterior and posterior margins, with var- 
ious transversal prominences, three pairs near midline (the posterior one crested) 
and two pairs near sides; flanks with a small hole placed on a distinct elevation 
and a strong tooth-like projection directed outwards, near base; posterior margin 
strongly constricted. Scute//um distinct, squamose. Elytra (Figs. 1-5) moderately 
elongate (LE/WE: 1.47-1.77); base slightly bisinuate; humeri largely developed; 
disc slightly convex, forming edges with sides at interval 7; striae distinct, with 
punctures medium-sized to large; intervals slightly convex; apical declivity 
slight, apex subacute. Metathoracic wings well developed. Legs. Front coxae 
slightly separated from each other; slightly closer to anterior than to posterior 
margin of pronotum; all tibiae with strong mucro and a row of six strong denti- 
cles on inner margin, intercalated with smaller denticles (Fig. 7); all denticles de- 
creasing in size from front to hind tibiae; metatibial apex with broad, setose outer 
bevel, oblique with respect to main tibial axis; apical comb very long, dorsal 
comb almost indistinct. Abdomen (Figs. 11-12). Ventrite 2 as long as 3+4; apex 
of ventrite 5 subacute in female and truncate in male; tergites strongly sclerotized. 

Female genitalia (Figs. 13-16). Sternite VIII (Fig. 14) subrhomboidal, with 
distal part shorter than proximal part, bearing minute short setae and apical tuft 
of long setae, base with pair of linear sclerotizations; apodeme about 3x as long 
as plate. Ovipositor (Fig. 13) slightly longer than abdomen, studded with micro- 
scopic oval scales and a row of long setae on each side of baculi, on distal part 
(Fig. 15); ventral baculi slightly divergent towards proximal end; hemisternites 
moderately sclerotized; styli present. Spermatheca (Fig. 16) subcylindrical with 
short conical nodulus, indistinct ramus and moderately long cornu. 

Male genitalia (Figs. 17-18). Aedeagus (median lobe plus apodemes) slightly 
longer than abdomen; median lobe scarcely curved and slightly longer than its 
apodemes (Fig. 17); apex somewhat expanded and with a distinct point (Fig. 18); 
endophallus folded and with surface studded with short, pointed spines on distal 
half, lacking endophallic armature. 

Sexual Dimorphism: Males (Figs. 3- 4) smaller than females (Figs. 1-2); 
rostrum slightly longer (LR/WR, female: 1-1.10; male: 1.15-1.27); pronotum 
less transverse (WP/LP, female: 1.76-1.87; male: 1.69-1.72); prominences of the 
pronotum more distinct; and elytra more slender and elongate than in females 
(LE/WE, female: 1.47-1.55; male: 1.70-1.77). 


462 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Figs 1-4. Dorsal habitus of Thoraconaupactus vaninii. 1 and 3 morphotype A, 1 holotype 


female, 3 paratype male; 2 and 4 morphotype B, 2 paratype female, 4 paratype male. 
Scales: 3 mm. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 463 


Figs 5-7. External morphology of Thoraconaupactus vaninii. 5 Habitus, lateral; 6 head 
and rostrum, frontal; 7 front tibia, external. Scales: 3 mm (habitus); 1 mm (rostrum and 
head, tibia). 


464 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


11 


12 


Figs 8-12. Mouthparts, antenna, and abdomens of Thoraconaupactus vaninii. 8 premen- 
tun, external; 9 left maxilla; 10 left antenna; 11 abdomen, female; 12 abdomen, male. 
Scales: 0.5 mm (prementum); 1 mm (maxilla, antenna); 2 mm (abdomens). 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 465 


Figs 13-18. Genitalia of Thoraconaupactus vaninii. 13 ovipositor, lateral, with sperma- 
theca attached to bursa copulatrix through spermathecal duct; 14 sternite VIII; 15 ovipos- 
itor, ventral, distal half; 16 spermatheca; 17-18 aedeagus, lateral and ventral. Scales: 0.5 
mm (spermatheca); 1 mm (sternite VIII, ovipositor, aedeagus). 


466 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Remarks: Thoraconaupactus is placed in the tribe Naupactini sensu Emden 
(1944). It is distinguished by a particular combination of characters and some 
special features not seen in other genera of Naupactini that justify the description 
of a new generic entity. The most diagnostic character of Thoraconaupactus is 
the strongly transverse subtrapezoidal pronotum, very constricted at the base, 
with tooth-like projections directed outwards on the posterior third of the sides, 
and with an elevated disc bearing several transverse prominences (the posterior 
ones crested). Other particular character of the new genus is the metatibial bevel 
oblique with respect to the main axis of the tibia, the very long apical comb of 
the metatibia, and the presence of a distinct elevation on each side of the prono- 
tum, bearing a small hole on top (function unknown). 

The most closely related genera of Thoraconaupactus are probably Naupactus 
Dejean and Jeratopactus Heller. The former is a highly diversified genus main- 
ly distributed in tropical and subtropical South America, and the latter includes 
seven species mainly distributed along the Chacoan and Parana subregions of the 
Neotropical region (del Rio et al., 2006). Thoraconaupactus shares several char- 
acters of generic value with the typical Naupactus (type species Naupactus rivu- 
losus Olivier) such as the shape of the rostrum, the long and slender antennae, 
the well developed humeri and metathoracic wings, the broad bevel of the metat- 
ibial apex, and the ovipositor bearing styli, with moderately sclerotized hemis- 
ternites (see Lanteri, 1981). The characters that relate Thoraconaupactus to 
Teratopactus are the separate front coxae and the presence of a row of denticles 
along the inner margin of the three pairs of tibiae, but 7eratopactus is distinct by 
the lack of metatibial outer bevels, the presence of humeral teeth, the reduction 
of metathoracic wings, and the ovipositor lacking styli and with strongly sclero- 
tized hemisternites prolonged in a nail-like process. Among all species of Terato- 
pactus, the most similar to Thoraconaupactus 1s the basal Teratopactus tubercu- 
latus Arrow, the only species with a primitive type of ovipositor (with styli and 
lacking hemisternites prolonged in a nail-like process) (del Rio et al., 2006). 

Moreover, the three genera share the presence of two rows of setae along the 
distal half of the ovipositor on each side of the ventral baculi that is a character 
not seen in any other genus of Naupactini. 

Geographical Distribution: Thoraconaupactus seems to be endemic to the 
state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Its distribution corresponds to the biogeo- 
graphic province of the Caatinga (American Indian language that means “open 
forest”), according to the schemes of Cabrera and Willink (1973) and Morrone 
(2006). This province of the Neotropical region is a dry savanna with scattered 
xerophyllous forests, bounded by the Brazilian Atlantic forest on the east side 
and the Cerrado on the west side. The former biogeographic province is a humid 
tropical forest and the latter is characterized by open xerophyllous forests with 
low trees, shrub and a stratum of herbs rich in Poaceae and Fabaceae, with 
gallery forests extended along the rivers. 

Host Plants: Fabaceae are one of the main hosts for most Naupactini species 
and the adults of Thoraconaupactus were collected on Leucaena sp., a mimosoid 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 467 


legume native to the Neotropical Region. Leucaena includes thirteen species that 
grow as trees and short shrubs, with high quality foliage attractive to herbivores 
(Zarate, 1994). Three of these species are recorded for Brazil, but only one, 
L. leucocephala, ranges into the state of Bahia, a fact that makes us suspect that 
it is probably the host plant of Thoraconaupactus. Leucaena leucocephala is 
widely distributed in tropical America, restricted to lowlands up to 1000 m and 
has been introduced as a multipurpose tree to several tropical countries (Shelton 
and Brewbaker, 1994). 


Thoraconaupactus vaninii new species, del Rio and Lanteri 


Etymology: The species is named after the outstanding weevil specialist Dr. 
Sergio Vanin (Museu de Sao Paulo, Brazil), who loaned us the material for this 
study. The gender of the name is masculine. 

Type Material: Holotype. Female, 19.5 mm long, “F.N.P. Itaji, BA. 
BRAZIL, 04/06/84, E. Cunha, s/ Leucaena, 2290” (MZSP). Genitalia dissected 
and placed in a vial with glycerine Allotype. Male, 16 mm long, same data as 
holotype (MZSP). Genitalia dissected and placed in a vial with glycerine. 
Paratypes. 1 female, same data as holotype (MLPC); 1 female and 1 male, 
Ibiraba, BA, Brazil, Rocha & Xavier col, 1-III-1996 (MZSP). 

Description: Holotype female (Fig. 1) large and robust (19.5 mm long). In- 
tegument dark brown, mostly visible. Dorsum with a white median stripe of 
dense oval scales, from apex of rostrum to base of pronotum; scutellum white; 
sides with a scarcely defined vittae from apex of rostrum to apex of elytra, pass- 
ing below eyes, extended along sides of pronotum and covering intervals 8-10 
(Fig. 5). Elytra with three pairs of ocher longitudinal vittae (Fig. 1), composed of 
suberect seta-like scales, covering depressed surfaces of stria 2, interval 4 and 
intervals 8-9. First and second vittae anteriorly connected by a transverse seg- 
ment extended from striae 2 to 5 (Fig. 1); third vitta partially overlapped with lat- 
eral white stripe (Fig. 5). Elytral apex with disperse erect fine black setae. Legs 
mostly setose; coxae and femora covered with setae and moderately dense oval 
scales; setae on anterior face of front coxae, inner face of femora (especially fore 
femora) and tibiae very long and dense. Venter covered with oval scales distrib- 
uted along head, sides of thoracic sterna and sides of abdomen, mixed with 
recumbent long setae, particularly dense along middle of ventrites. Other mor- 
phological features as those described for the genus. Morphometric ratios: ros- 
trum LR/WR: 1.05; WF/WR: 1.31; antennal club LC/WC: 2.5; pronotum WP/ 
LP: 1.87; elytra LE/WE: 1.55; LE/LP: 1.33. Allotype male. Smaller and more 
slender than female, 16 mm long. Morphometric ratios: rostrum LR/WR: 1.15; 
WE/WR: 1.12; antennal club (missing); pronotum WP/LP: 1.69; elytra LE/WE: 
Ms PEL P11: 

Variation: Within 7. vaninii we distinguish two morphotypes mainly based 
on characters of the vestiture, color pattern and morphometrics: A) Holotype, 
allotype and other specimen from Itaji (Figs. 1, 3, and 5). Integument brown and 


468 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


smooth. Elytral vittae well defined, composed of ocher suberect seta-like scales. 
Venter mostly setose; setae very long and dense; ventral scales almost restricted 
to head, sides of thoracic sterna and sides of abdomen. Pronotal prominences 
moderate. Elytra moderately elongate (LE/WE, female: 1.55, male: 1.77) 
B) Specimens from Ibiraba (Figs. 2 and 4). Integument black and slightly rugose. 
Elytral vittae not well defined, but interrupted, composed of whitish oval scales. 
Venter mostly squamose; setae long, moderately dense; scales covering most 
ventral surfaces from head to abdomen. Pronotal prominences strong. Elytra less 
elongate than in morphotype “A” (LE/WE, female: 1.47, male: 1.70). 

We consider that the differences between the morphotypes does not justify a 
species distinction but corresponds to intraspecific variation. The pattern des- 
cribed for 7! vaninii was also seen in other species of Naupactini, such as Nau- 
pactus leucoloma Boheman, Atrichonotus taeniatulus (Berg) and Teratopactus 
nodicollis (Boheman) (Lanteri and O’ Brien, 1990; Lanteri and Marvaldi, 1995; 
del Rio et al., 2006), all of which have two different morphotypes in some of 
their populations, distinguished mainly by characters of the vestiture and mor- 
phometrics. The localities where morphotypes were collected correspond to 
areas 600 km distant, with slightly different climate and vegetation conditions. 
Morphotype “A” comes from Itaji (14° 10' S, 40° 00' W), 210 km NW of Sal- 
vador and 110 km from the Atlantic coast, at 600 m above sea level. This local- 
ity is on the boundary with the Brazilian Atlantic forest, which is a humid envi- 
ronment (tropical forest, 100 km wide, extended from the state of Recife in the 
north to Rio Grande do Sul in the south). Morphotype “B” comes from Ibiraba 
(10° 45'S, 42° 48' W), 530 km NW of Salvador and the Atlantic coast, at 400 m 
above sea level. This location is more distant from the coast, closer to the 
Cerrado biogeographic province, and drier than the locality of morphotype “A” 
(although it is near the banks of the San Francisco River). It is possible that the 
infraspecific variation herein described for 7! vaninii is associated with the geo- 
graphic distribution. This hypothesis should be tested with the study of larger 
samples of specimens from different localities. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We wish to express our appreciation to Sergio Vanin (Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao 
Paulo) who loaned us the specimens for study and to Sara Montemayor for her help with the photo- 
graphs that illustrate this paper. We also would like to thank Juan José Morrone, Sergio Vanin, 
Adriana Marvaldi and an anonimous referee for the critical reading of this manuscript, and the 
“Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas” (CONICET), Argentina, for its con- 
tinuous financial support. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A. and C. H. C. Lyal. 1999. A world catalogue of families and genera of 
Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera). Entomopraxis S. C. P. Spain. 315 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 469 


Cabrera, A. L. and A. Willink. 1973. Biogeografia de América Latina. Monografia 13, Serie de 
Biologia. Organizacion de Estados Americanos (OEA). Washington, District of Columbia, 
USA, 122 pp. 


del Rio, M. G., A. A. Lanteri, and J. C. Guedes. 2006. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis 
of Teratopactus Heller (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Invertebrate Systematics 20: 585-602. 


Emden, F. I. van. 1944. A key to the genera of Brachyderinae of the world. Annals and Magazine 
of Natural History 11: 503-532, 559-586. 


Lanteri, A. A. 1981. Estudio comparativo de las estructuras genitales en la tribu Naupactini. I. Los 
caracteres a nivel genérico de Naupactus Schoenherr, Teratopactus Heller y Trichonaupactus 
Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomoldogica Argentina 40(1-4): 
273-278. 


Lanteri, A. A. and A. E. Marvaldi. 1995. Graphognathus Buchanan, a new synonym of Naupactus 
Dejean, and systematics of the N. /eucoloma species group (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The 
Coleopterists Bulletin 49(3): 206-228. 


Lanteri, A. A. and C. W. O’Brien. 1990. Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Atricho- 
notus Buchanan (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Transaction of the American Entomological 
Society 116(3): 697-725. 


Lanteri, A. A., J. C. Guedes, and R. P. Parra. 2002. Weevils injurious for roots of citrus in Sao 
Paulo state, Brazil. Neotropical Entomology 31(4): 561-569. 


Morrone, J. J. 1999. The species of Entiminae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ranged in America 
south of the United States. Anales del Instituto de Biologia UNAM, Serie Zoologia 70(2): 99-168. 


Morrone, J. J. 2006. Biogeographic areas and transition zones of Latin America and the Caribbean 
Islands based on, panbiogeographic and cladistic analyses of the entomofauna. Annual Review 
Entomology 51: 467-494. 


O’Brien, C. W. and G. J. Wibmer. 1982. Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu 
lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). 
Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 34: 1-382 


Scataglini, M. A., A. A. Lanteri, and V. A. Confalonieri. 2005. Phylogeny of the Pantomorus- 
Naupactus complex based on morphological and molecular data (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). 
Cladistics 21: 131-142. 


Shelton, H. M. and J. L. Brewbaker. 1994. Leucaena leucocephala the most widely used forage 
tree legume. /n, Forage trees as legumes in tropical agriculture. Edited by R. C. Gutteridge and 
H. M. Shelton. CAB International. Wallingford, England, U.K. pp. 15-29. 


Thompson, R. T. 1992. Observations on the morphology and classification of weevils (Coleoptera, 
Curculionoidea) with a key to major groups. Journal of Natural History 26: 835-891. 


Wibmer, G. J. and C. W. O’Brien. 1986. Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu 
lato) of South America (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Memoirs of the American Entomological 
Institute 39: 1-563. 


Zarate, S. P. 1994. Revision del género Leucaena Benth. de México. Anales del Instituto de Bio- 
logia. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México (UNAM), Serie Botanica 65(2): 83-162. 


470 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


FIRST RECORD OF PHORETIC COPULATION IN 
DISSOMPHALUS XANTHOPUS ASHMEAD 
(HYMENOPTERA: BETHYLIDAE)' 


Juan M. Vargas’ 


ABSTRACT: A new record of phoretic copulation is reported for a pair of specimens of Dissom- 
Dhalus xanthopus Ashmead, taken joined using Malaise trap in Lexington, Kentucky U.S.A. 


KEY WORDS: Dissomphalus, phoretic copulation, Hymenoptera, Bethylidae, U.S.A. 


Dissomphalus Ashmead, 1893 (Bethylidae: Pristocerinae), was described 
based on some male specimens possessing two pubescent tubercles on the sec- 
ond metasomal tergite (Evans 1954). These tergal processes seem to be an orna- 
mented opening of a gland on the surface of this tergite (Evans 1979). Taxonomy 
of Dissomphalus is strongly based on males (Azevedo 1999b), however the 
females are also highly modified in comparison with males with different species 
being very similar and hardly separable (Azevedo 1999b). Females are very rare 
in collections, and association with males is virtually impossible unless couples 
are taken in copula (Azevedo 2003). 

The copula is important also because the males can carry the females about 
during copulation as predicted by Evans (1962), who suggests the phoretic 
behavior based on two specimens of D. barberi mounted on the same pin and 
without certified genital union between them, from Maine with the following . 
data: 1 male, 1 female, on same pin, August 24, 1947, “flying 6 P.M.” 
(A. E. Broer) [USNM]. This is until now the nearest sign of the phoretic copula- 
tion in Dissomphalus xanthopus. 

The first records of pairs of Dissomphalus taken in copula are the specimens 
sampled by Mr. Fritz Plaumann. These specimens were described by Evans 
(1966) as D. connubialis, with material containing 14 pairs, all from Nova 
Teutonia, Santa Catarina, Brazil, various dates Oct-March, 1962-65 (F. Plau- 
mann) [MCZ, USNM]. This phenomenon has been recorded again with certain- 
ty for this genus by (Azevedo 1999 a, b), through D. mirabilis, D. bisserratus, 
and D. bifurcatus. 

Dissomphalus xanthopus is the type species of the genus. It has widespread 
distribution throughout the United States and Mexico (Evans 1978) and the com- 
monest species of the genus in USA collections. The species has been recorded 
for Kentucky just one time before by Evans (1962), one of these specimens were 
later further analyzed by Azevedo (1999a). The most recent new locality records 
in USA were Pennsylvania and Indiana by Azevedo (1999c). 


' Received on November 20, 2006. Accepted on May 20, 2007. 


* Laboratorio de sistematica y biologia comparada de insectos, Prof. Carlos Sarmiento, Instituto de 
Ciencias Naturales. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, A. A. 7495 Bogota, Colombia. E-mail: 
jmvargasr@unal.edu.co 


Mailed on January 18, 2008 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 471 


Figure 1. A. Detail of the male head, the arrow shows the clypeal shape in dorsal view, 
B. Dorsal pits of the male second tergite of the gaster, C. D xanthopus pair in copula, 
D. Male fore wings, E. Posterodorsal view of the female head, F. Lateral view of female in 
copula, showing the fairly distinct pedicel (arrow). 


472 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


This species can be recognized by the rather broad and flat-topped median 
elevation of the clypeus (Fig. 1A). The pits on the second metasomal tergite are 
characteristic although rather variable in size (Fig. 1B). The females show con- 
siderable variation in head shape, and Evans (1962) believes that the female 
which he described and figured in 1954 as the allotype of D. barberi 1s actually 
D. xanthopus. Evans (1954) comments that D. barberi Evans is closely allied to 
D. xanthopus, but the male differs in characters of the clypeus, propodeum, sec- 
ond tergite and genitalia, the female is also very similar to that of D. xanthopus, 
differing only in head shape and in the complete lack of sculpturing on the front. 

The capture of a male and female in copula (Fig. 1C) is important evidence 
for conspecificity (Gordh 1990) especially in the pristocerine genera because of 
the profound sexual dimorphism. Gordh (1990) found the first Australian record 
of the genus Apenesia in phoretic copulation, he added that the aedeagal clasp 
would give the female control over the timing of release, presumably mediated 
by stimuli from an appropriate habitat or host, and that phoretic copulation pos- 
sibly evolved once in the subfamily Pristocerinae occurring early in the devel- 
opment of the group of genera which subscribe to it. This paper helps to clarify 
the sex association between male and female through a short description of them. 


METHODS 

Abbreviations used in the text are as follow: LH, length of head at middle, 
measured in frontal view, from the vertex crest to the median apical margin of 
the clypeus; OOL, ocello-ocular line, measured in latero-dorsal view, the short- 
est distance from the eye top to the posterior ocellus; VOL, vertex-ocular line, 
measured in lateral view, the distance from the eye top to vertex crest; WF, width 
of frons, measured in frontal view, its minimum width, usually about the bottom 
of the eyes; HE, height of eye, measured in lateral view, across its maximum 
height (length); WH, largest width of head, measured in frontal view, its max1- 
mum width including the eyes; WOT, width of the ocellar triangle, measured in 
frontal view, the maximum width, including the ocelli. The nomenclature for the 
sculpture follows Eady (1968). Terminology follows Evans (1964). 

Collection Data: USA. KENTUCKY: Franklin Co., Cove Springs Park. 38° 
13.178'N 84° 51.325'W. MT 1: Floodplain [HI#246]. 7-14.vii.2005. (Lindsay & 
Edelen.) Malaise trap. K. Seltman. The material is deposited in UK YC. 


RESULTS 

This pair is showing a position consistent with the female-above-male copu- 
latory stance, very common in the other bethylids taken before in copula (Fig. 3). 
The characters discussed here do not include the genitalia due to the scarcity of 
pairs “in copula.” Furthermore the separation could be unsuccessful as the union 
may be very firm like in Apenesia nitida (Evans 1969). 

The main characters of these specimens are: Male: Length 2.88 mm. LH 1.17 
x WH; WF 1.84 x WH; WF 1.74 x HE; OOL 1.10 x WOT; VOL 3.47 x HE; 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 473 


propodeal disc 1.2 x as long as wide. Costal vein not extending beyond the stig- 
ma (Fig. 1D). Female: Length 1.65 mm. nearly half the length of male. LH 0.69 
x WH; distance eye - mandible 0.084 mm. The female’s head position is an 
obstacle to take the mandible length measure. Body color nearly pale yellowish 
brown; body sparsely covered with high pale yellowish hairs. Eyes dark; front 
shining, with very fine reticulate coriaceus sculpturing visible under high mag- 
nification; punctures widely separated; sides of head slightly convex. Posterior 
margin of head, in frontal view, slightly concave (Fig. 1E). Dorsum of thorax and 
propodeum somewhat shining, with reticulate sculpturing like that of head. 
Propodeum with small spiracles, directed laterad and carinae along dorsum sides 
fairly well developed, gaster with pedicel fairly distinct (Fig. 1F). 

The characters related here support the inference of Evans 1978 about the dif- 
ferences between the females of the two species (barberi and xanthopus), now 1s 
possible to be categorical about the identity of each species. The key made by 
Evans (1978) is the very fair tool to the identification of females in the USA. 


DISCUSSION 

This is the first ttme D. xanthopus Asmead has been found in phoretic copu- 
lation. This behavior has been recorded for the genus Apenesia from both South 
America and Australia, for Pristocera from Rumania, The Far East and Hungary 
(Gordh 1990), and for Dissomphalus from Brazil (Evans 1966, Azevedo 1999 a, 
b). Since Evans (1954), who considered that the female is not easily associated 
with the male, this is the first opportunity to confirm the characters of the female 
for this species. The features agree with the abridged description on page 296 of 
the same paper. Several ratios are given here in order to update the description. 
This is the first record of this behavior for Dissomphalus in North America and 
for the species D. xanthopus in the World. 

The only Dissomphalus species with phoretic copulation recorded are D. con- 
nubialis (Evans 1966) designated after as synonymy by Azevedo (1999a) of 
D. brasiliensis Kieffer 1910, D. mirabilis (Evans 1966), D. bisserratus and 
D. bifurcatus (Azevedo 1999b), seemingly D. barberi (Evans 1978) and now 
D. xanthopus. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


To Michel Sharkey (University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY) for the loan of the specimens and 
for making this study possible through his National Science Foundation Grant no. DEB 0205982, to 
Paul Freytag (University of Kentucky) for his hospitality in Lexington, KY, and his revision of the 
text, to Celso Oliveira Azevedo (UFES) for his specialized opinions about the species, and to my 
friends and colleagues Carlos Sarmiento (ICN) and Edgard Palacio for their valuable comments. 


474 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


LITERATURE CITED 


Azevedo, C.O. 1999a. Additional notes on systematic of Neotropical Dissomphalus Ashmead (Hy- 
menoptera, Bethylidae). Revista brasileira de Zoologia 16 (4): 921-949. 


Azevedo, C. O. 1999b. Revision of the Neotropical Dissomphalus Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera, 
Bethylidae) with median tergal processes. Arquivos de Zoologia 35 (4): 301-394. 


Azevedo, C. O. 1999c. On Neartic Dissomphalus (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), with the description 
of two new species from Florida. Iheringia, Série Zoologia (Porto Alegre, Brazil) 87: 49-56. 


Azevedo, C. O. 2003. Synopsis of the Neotropical Dissomphalus (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Zoo- 
taxa 338: 1-74. 


Gordh, G. 1990. Apenesia evansi sp.n. (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Australia with comments 
on phoretic copulation in bethylids. Journal of Australian Entomological Society 29: 167-170. 


Eady, R. D. 1968. Some illustrations of microsculpture in the Hymenoptera. Proceedings of the 
Royal entomological Society of London (A) 43 (4-6): 66—72. 


Evans, H. E. 1954. The North American Species of Dissomphalus (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Pro- 
ceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 56(6): 288-309. 


Evans, H. E. 1962. Further studies on the genus Dissomphalus in the United States, Mexico, and 
the Greater Antilles. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 64: 65-78. 


Evans, H. E. 1964. A synopsis of the American Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Bulletin of 
the Museum of Comparative Zoology 130: 1—222. 


Evans, H. E. 1966. Further studies on Neotropical Pristocerinae (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Acta 
Hymenopterologica 2(3): 99-117. 


Evans, H. E. 1969. Phoretic copuiation in Hymenoptera. Entomological News 80: 113-124. 


Evans, H. E. 1978. The Bethylidae of America North of Mexico. Memoires of the American 
Entomological Institute 27: 1-332. 


Evans, H. E. 1979. The genus Dissomphalus in Northwestern South America (Hymenoptera: 
Bethylidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 81(2): 276-284. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 475 


MORPHOLOGY OF THE SPERMATHECA OF SEVERAL 
SPECIES OF DYSMACHUS (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE) FROM 
TURKEY: A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE 
STUDY, SECOND PART' 


Mahmut Erbey,’ Selami Candan,’ and Abdullah Hasbenli? 


ABSTRACT: The spermathecae of four species of the asilid genus Dysmachus (D. cephalenus, 
D. obtusus, D. safranboluticus, and D. tricuspis) were studied with both light and scanning electron 
microscopy (SEM). There are three spermathecae the species examined. The spermatheca consists of 
receptaculum seminis (reservoir), ductus receptaculum (spermathecal ducts), ejection apparatus, 
apodemes of furca and furca. Receptaculum seminis of D. cephalenus, D. obtusus, D. safranboluti- 
cus and D. tricuspis have a swollen structure at the base but it extends apically like a duct. Sperm is 
kept in receptaculum seminis. In all species, the spermathecal ducts are covered by chitin layer. 
Spermathecal ducts are not connected with a common duct, but open separately to the bursa copula- 
trix. The ejection apparatus controls the passage of spermatozoa. The ejection apparatus are covered 
by strong muscles that regulate its opening and closing. Furca in D. cephalenus and D. tricuspis 
divided, with a triangular apodeme, lateral arms broad; Y-shaped in D. obtusus and D. safran- 
boluticus. 


KEY WORDS: spermatheca, Dysmachus, Asilidae, Diptera, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 


The spermatheca is an accessory female reproductive organ that occurs in all 
orders of insects except for Protura and Collembola (Matsuda, 1976). It is a 
complex organ and it varies greatly in shape and histology between insect groups 
(Pendergrast, 1957). The spermatheca plays a significant role in sperm storage, 
copulation, fertilization, and oviposition, among others (Gschwenthner and Tad- 
ler, 2000). 

In general, insect spermatozoa are transfered during copulation and stored by 
the female in the spermatheca where they remain viable until they are used to fer- 
tilize eggs (Davey, 1965). The period of storage ranges in different insects, from 
hours to months, and in exceptional cases such as the honey bee, sperm may be 
stored in the spermatheca for years. 

In insects, the spermatheca has different structures depending on the insect 
group (Lay et al., 1999). The spermatheca opens to the vagina through sper- 
mathecal ducts (Dallai et al., 1993). The spermatheca usually consists of a recep- 
taculum seminis (receptacle) and a spermathecal duct (ductus receptaculum), 
which is covered by muscle fibers. While the receptacle stores and nourishes the 
spermatozoa, the spermathecal duct transports spermatozoa in opposite direc- 
tions, first to the receptacle at mating and then to the vagina at fertilization. The 
structural organization of the spermatheca reflects these two functions (Dallai et 


‘Received on December 19, 2006. Accepted on April 15, 2007. 


? Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences Department of Biology, Kirsehir, Turkey. E-mail: 
(ME) merbey@gazi.edu.tr. 


*Gazi University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences Department of Biology, 06500, Ankara, Turkey. 
E-mails: (SC) scandan@gazi.edu.tr and (AH) hasbenli@gazi.edu.tr, respectively. 


Mailed on January 18, 2008 


476 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


al., 1993). The ejection apparatus is generally located at the middle of the sper- 
mathecal ducts, and it controls the passage of spermatozoa by contractions of 
muscle fibers (Theodor, 1976; Rodriguez, 1994; Pabalan et al., 1996; Yuval et al., 
1996; Bloch Qazi et al., 1998; Gschwentner and Tadler, 2000; Fritz et al., 2002). 

In most species of Asilidae, the spermatheca consists of the following parts: 
reservoir; spermathecal duct, which may be short or very long, it may show dif- 
ferentiations in its various parts; a funnel-shaped valve which opens into a dif- 
ferentiated part of the duct (= the furca); and two accessory glands (Theodor, 
1976). 

The literature contains little information on the spermathecae of the Asilidae 
although it has been extensively studied by light microscopy. The spermathecae 
of Laphria flava have been described by Reichardt (1929). Osley (1946), Artigas 
and Papavero (1988a, b), Artigas et al. (1988), and Artigas and Papavero (1991) 
described with egg as well as the spermathecae of several American species of 
asilids and gave information on the glands and musculature but did not describe 
other structures in more detail. 

Sixteen species of Dysmachus are known from Turkey (Hasbenli and Geller- 
Grimm, 1999; Geller-Grimm, 2006). The structure of the spermatheca in four 
species of Dysmachus (D. fuscipennis, D. picipes, D. praemorsus, and D. tran- 
scaucasicus) from Turkey was examined by Candan and Erbey (2006). Also 
Hasbenli et al. (2006) described a new species (Leptogaster suleymani) from 
Turkey and described the with egg as well as the spermathecal structure. In this 
study, the spermatheca structure of four additional species of Dysmachus has 
been examined in detail by light and SEM microscopes for the first time. 


METHODS 


In this study, specimens of Dysmachus cephalenus, D. obtusus, D. Safranbo- 
luticus, and D. tricuspis were obtained from dried museum material (Zoological 
Museum of Gazi University). To prepare the spermatheca, abdomens were first 
soaked in the 10% KOH (potassium hydroxide) for about 24 hours at 30°C to 
soften by hydrolysis the surrounding tissues. Then, the tissues were removed 
manually and the spermatheca were exposed and cleaned by fine dissection. Six 
cleaned spermatheca of each species were placed in glycerine. Observations and 
measurement were made using steromicroscope (Olympus SZX12) at a magnifi- 
cation of 40x. 

For examination in the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the samples 
were fixed with 2.5 % glutaraldehyde in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) for 2 
hours. Thereafter, they were washed with same buffer (pH 7.2) for 10 min., and 
then gradually dehydrated in an increasingly concentrated ethanol series (10 min 
each in 50-100%). Spermathecae were cleaned, dried, and mounted using a dou- 
ble-sided sticky tape on SEM stubs, coated with gold in a Polaron SC 502 Sputter 
Coater, and examined with a JOEL JSM 5600 Scanning Electron microscope at 
accelerating voltage of 20 kV. Spermathecal nomenclature follows Theodor 
(1976). 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 477 


wt 
Wi Mth li 


Wi \ aM 
wi i Ky 
ST aon \ 
AWN 
NS 
yy 


he 


ot 


Reservior 


(Receptacuhun serurus) 


\ jon Wh \ 


em AH ny gooey “tthe to 
ae LEAN i nal ak EE oe Mrs 
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uae 
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Ductus receptacubim 


atti 
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Ejection apparatus 
Apodeme 


Bursa copulatnix 


Fig.1. Spermatheca in Dysmachus (D. cephalenus) Scale bar: 0.5 mm. 


SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY 


Dysmachus cephalenus Loew, 1871 
(Figs. 2 a- d) 


The receptacle is very wide at the base and extends cylindirically towards the 
anterior. In anterior, spines are towards the receptacle (Fig. 2a). The length of 
receptaculum is 1.7 mm; its diameter, 0.3mm. Posteriorly, the receptacle 1s con- 
nected to spermathecal duct. The surface of the receptacle is covered by layer of 
chitin. The spermathecal ducts do not connect, instead they open separately into 
bursa copulatrix. The ducts are covered by chitin in a curly structure (Fig. 2b). 
The length of ducts between receptacle and ejection apparatus is 0.65 mm; its 
diameter, 0.03mm. The ejection apparatus is located at the middle of spermathe- 
cal duct. The ejection apparatus is a wider, swollen structure than the spermath- 
ecal duct (Figs. 2a, c). The spermathecal ducts are connecting to the anterior 
furca (Fig. 2d). The length of the ducts between the ejection apparatus and furca 
is 1.15mm; its diameter is 0.02mm. The length of furca is 1.55 mm; its diameter 


478 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


0.28mm. In the posterior portion of the furca, the lateral signs are clearly evident. 
The bursa copulatrix extends anteriorly. The spermathecal ducts open to between 
the extension of bursa copulatrix and the apodeme (Fig. 2d). The furca is strong- 
ly chitinized and divided, bearing a triangular apodeme; the lateral arms are 
broad. Apodeme is chitinized and triangular shaped. The length of apodeme is 
0.8mm. The portion of the apodeme that is connected to the furca is wide while 
the rest is thin (Fig. 2d). 


Dysmachus obtusus Becker, 1923 
(Figs. 3 a- d) 


The receptacle is very wide at the base and extends cylindrically. In the ante- 
rior, spines are towards receptacle (Fig. 3a). The length of receptaculum is 
0.85mm; its diameter, 0. 14 mm. The surface of receptacle is covered by layer of 
chitin. The spermathecal ducts are not connected but separate from the bursa 
copulatrix. The ducts are covered by chitin in curly structure. Groove-like struc- 
tures are present on the surface of ducts, extending parallel to the longitudinal 
axis of duct (Fig. 3b). The length of duct between receptacle and ejection appa- 
ratus is 0.3mm; its diameter, 0.02mm. The ejection apparatus is wider, more 
swollen than the spermathecal duct. The ejection apparatus is nearer the recepta- 
cle than to the furca (Figs. 3a, c). The length of the ejection apparatus is 0.05mm; 
its diameter 0.03mm. The ejection apparatus is strongly chitinized and has over- 
lapping layers of chitin (Fig. 3c). The length of duct between ejection apparatus 
and furca is 1.3mm; its diameter 0.01mm. The furca is strongly chitinized. The 
length of furca is 1.15mm; its diameter 0.3mm. The furca are wide anteriorly, 
narrow posteriorly and V shaped (Figs. 3a, d). The portion of apodeme that is 
connected to the furca is narrow and the rest of apodeme is wide. The apodeme 
is strongly chitinized and triangular shaped (Fig. 3d). The length of the apodeme 
is 0.45mm. 


Dysmachus safranboluticus Hasbenli and Geller-Grimm, 1999 
(Figs. 4 a- d) 


The receptacle 1s a little wide but it becomes narrow anteriorly. Anteriorly, the 
Spines point toward the receptacle (Fig. 4a). The length of receptaculum is 
1.1mm; its diameter 0.14mm. The surface of the receptacle is covered by a layer 
of chitin. The length of the spermathecal duct between the receptacle and the 
ejection apparatus is 0.3mm, its diameter 0.0Smm. The ducts are covered by 
chitin forming a curly structure (Fig. 4b). The ejection apparatus is wider and 
more swollen than the spermathecal duct (Figs. 4a, c). The length of ejection 
apparatus is 0.05mm, its diameter 0.03mm. The ejection apparatus is strongly 
chitinized with overlapping layers of chitin. (Fig. 4c). The length of duct between 
the ejection apparatus and the furca is 1.5mm, its diameter 0.01mm. The furca is 
strongly chitinized (Fig. 4a). The length of furca is 1.4mm, its diameter 0.5mm. 
It 1s wide anteriorly, narrow posteriorly and V shaped. The portion of the 
apodeme connected to the furca is narrow and other part of apodeme is wide 
(Figs. 4a, d). The apodeme is strongly chitinized and triangular-shaped (Fig. 4d). 
The length of apodeme is 0.46mm. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 479 


“SSS 20-m 6600 KIRIKKALE MiS@ 1806. S680 KI IKKALE 


Figure 2 a-d. Light and SEM micrographs of spermatheca of D. cephalenus 
a. Spermatheca general view (Light microscope, scala bar: 0.5mm). 
b. Spermathecal ducts. c. Ejection apparatus. d. Apodeme and anterior of furca. 


5] wa caso 
Figure 3 a-d. Light and SEM micrographs of spermatheca of D. obtusus. 
a. Spermatheca general view (Light microscope, scala bar: 0.5mm). 
b. Spermathecal ducts. c. Ejection apparatus. d. Apodeme and anterior of furca. 


480 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


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Figures 4 a-d. Light and SEM micrographs of spermatheca of D. safranboluticus. a. 
Spermatheca general view (Light microscope, scala bar: 0.5mm). b. Spermathecal 
ducts. c. Ejection apparatus. d. Apodeme and anterior of furca. 


Dysmachus tricuspis (Loew, 1848) 
(Figs. 5 a-d) 


The receptacle is very wide at the base and extends cylindrically anteriorly. 
Anteriorly, the spines point towards the receptacle (Fig. 5a). The length of recep- 
taculum is 2.4mm; its diameter 0.3 mm. Posteriorly, the receptacle is connected 
to the spermathecal duct. The surface of receptacle is covered by a layer of chitin. 
The spermathecal ducts connect separately to the bursa copulatrix. The surround- 
ings of ducts are covered by chitin in curly structure (Fig. 5b). The length of duct 
between the receptacle and ejection apparatus is 0.65mm; its diameter 0.05mm. 
The ejection apparatus is located at the middle of spermathecal duct. The ejec- 
tion apparatus is wider and more swollen than the spermathecal duct (Figs. 5a, 
c). The length of ejection apparatus is 0.16mm; its diameter 0.08mm. The sper- 
mathecal ducts are connected to the anterior of furca. The length of duct between 
the ejection apparatus and furca is 0.8mm; its diameter 0.02mm. The furca is 
strongly chitinized and divided, and the lateral arms are broad (Fig. 5d). The 
length of furca is 2.4mm; its diameter 0.62mm. The apodeme is chitinized and 
triangular-shaped. The length of apodeme [0.4mm] is short and wide (Fig. 5d). 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 481 


DISCUSSION 

Spermathecae are ectodermal glands opening into the anterior tract of the 
common oviduct of female insects. It plays a significant role in many functions 
such as sperm storage, copulation, fertilization and ovipozition (Gschwantner 
and Tadler, 2000). In the vast majority of insects, spermatozoa are transferred to 
the genital area of female during copulation. Thereafter, spermatozoa are stored 
in the spermatheca where they remain until they are used for fertilization (Davey 
and Webster, 1967; Villavaso, 1975). 

In insects, accessory glands of the spermatheca produce secretions that flow 
into the lumen of the spermathecal duct or to the receptacle, contributing to the 
protection of the spermatozoa (Villavaso, 1975; Dallai, 1975). Fertilization 
occurs on the apical part of the bursa copulatrix. The eggs are inseminated by 
spermatozoa and fertilized eggs are oviposited. 

All insects, except the orders Protura and Collembola, have spermatheca 
(Matsuda, 1976). Some groups of Diptera have one (e.g. Drosophilidae), two 
(e.g. Tephritidae, a few members of the Asilidae and Muscidae) or three sper- 
mathecae (e.g. some of Muscidae, most members of Asilidae and Bombylidae) 
(Couri 2004; Theodor 1976, 1983, Hasbenli et al., 2006). Three spermatheca are 
common in flies. Theodor states “There are three spermathecae in all the Asilidae 
examined exept Proctacanthus, Eccritosia, and Myaptex,” in which there are 


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Figures 5 a-d. Light and SEM micrographs of spermatheca of D. tricuspis. a. Spermatheca 
general view (Light microscope, scala bar: 0.5 mm). b. Spermathecal ducts. c. Ejection 
apparatus. d. Apodeme and anterior of furca. 


482 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


only two. In this study, we observed that the examined species of Dysmachus 
have three sparmatheca (Figs. 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a). All three spermathecae are usually 
of the same form, but the median spermatheca is of slightly different form in 
some species (Polyphonies). The only exeptions so far found are Leptogaster and 
Euscelidae in which the median spermatheca is markedly different from the lat- 
eral spermatheca in some species (Thedor, 1976; Hasbenli et al., 2006). 

In most examined Dysmachus species, the spermatheca is basally swollen but 
apically is extended and narrowed, like a duct (Figs. 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a). According 
to Theodor (1976), there are two different types of receptacle-resorvoir in 
Dysmachus, one type is a cylindrical or tubular; the second type is very wide. In 
this study, examined species of Dysmachus (D. cephalenus, D. obtusus, 
D. safranboluticus and D. tricuspis) have wide types. In all species, the structure 
of receptacle seems to be similar throughout, but the length of receptacles varies 
between species (Figs. 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a). Candan and Erbey (2006) stated that there 
are two different types of receptacles in some Dysmachus species. Cylindrical, as 
in D. fuscipennis and rather wide as in D. praemorsus, D. picipes, and D. tran- 
SCQUCASICUS. 

In different insect groups, the surface of the receptacle and of the spermathe- 
cal duct is covered by a layer of chitin, especially in Ceratitis capitata and Dacus 
oleae (Tehpritidae: Diptera), Locusta migratoria (Acrididae: Orthoptera), and 
Aedes aegypti (Culicidae: Diptera) (Clements and Potter, 1967; Dallai et al., 
1993; Lay et al., 1999). In Dysmachus, we determined that the surface of the 
receptacle and of the spermathecal ducts is also covered by a curly chitin struc- 
ture. However, the character of the surface is different among species (Figs. 2b, 
3b, 4b, 5b). The ejection apparatus differs in the four investigated species. In 
D. obtusus and D. safranboluticus, it is strongly chitinized or there are overlap- 
ping layers of chitin (Fig. 3c, 4c). Chitin is accumulated in middle part of ejec- 
tion apparatus, but in D. cephalenus and D. tricuspis, the ejection apparatus is 
located at the middle of the spermathecal duct. The ejection apparatus is very 
wide and more swollen than the spermathecal duct (Figs. 2a, 5a). 

In this study, we observed that the spermathecal duct is connected to the ante- 
rior portion of the furca. The bursa copulatrix occurs in the anterior portion of the 
furca. Spermathecal ducts are not connected with a common duct but open sep- 
arately to the bursa copulatrix. In all species, spermathecal duct connections to 
bursa copulatrix are different from each other (Figs. 2d, 3d, 4d, 5d). In 
D. obtusus and D. safranboluticus spermathacal ducts are similar structurally 
(Figs. 3b, 4b). 

Theodor (1976) noted that the furca has apodeme in some group of Diptera, 
but he does not provide information on the functional significance of apodeme. 
Members of the Laphriinae and the Dasypogoninae (Asilidae) have a short and 
wide apodeme but members of Asilinae have a long apical apodeme (Theodor, 
1976). In all species, we observed that apodeme of furca has a different structure 
(Figs. 2d, 3d, 4d, 5d). 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 483 


In D. cephalenus and D. tricuspis, the apodeme is wide basally, but apically it 
is narrow and triangular. A swollen pillow-like structure is present at the base of 
the apodeme. This structure probably supports the spermathecal ducts (Figs. 2d, 
5d). In D. obtusus and D. safranboluticus, the apodeme is narrow basally and tri- 
angular (Figs. 3d, 4d). 

The furca is a modified sternite 9. It consists of a ‘frame’ with a membrane 
between the lateral arms in which the ducts, or the common duct, opens. It varies 
widely in form. It is more or less U or V shaped in the Laphriinae and Dasypogo- 
ninae; it consists of only lateral arms connected by a membrane in Leptogaster 
and Dioctia. The furca of the Asilinae differs markedly. It consists of a usually 
long, slender frame, with a distal apodeme of varying form and length and a pos- 
terior median sclerite between the posterior ends of the lateral arms (Thedor 
1976). In this study, the furca of D. cephalenus and D. tricuspis is divided and 
the lateral arms are broad (Figs. 2a, 5a), but it is Y shaped in D. obtusus and 
D. safranboluticus (Figs. 3a, 4a). 

The structure of the spermathecae has important systematic characters in some 
groups of insect. It has been used successfully in the systematics of fleas, and 
may be useful to elucidate taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships among 
asilids. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


We are indebted to G.U. Research Foundation for partially supporting this Project and Kirikkale 
University Research Center (KIRIKKALE) for providing SEM facilities. We also thank Associate 
Professor Dr. Abdullah Hasbenli for identifying species of Dysmachus cephalenus, D. obtusus, 
D. safranboluticus, and D. tricuspis. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Adler, S. and O. Thedor. 1926. On the minutus Group of the Genus Phlebotomus in Palastine. 
Bulletin of Entomological Research. 16: 399-405. 


Artigas, J. N. and N. Papavero. 1988a. The American genera of Asilidae (Diptera): Keys for iden- 
tification with an atlas of female spermatecae and other morphological details. I. Key to the sub- 
families and subfamily Leptogastrinae. Gayana. Zoologia 52 (1-2): 95-114. 


Artigas, J. N. and N. Papavero. 1988b. The American genera of Asilidae (Diptera): Keys for iden- 
tification with an atlas of female spermathecae and other morphological details. II. Key to the 
genera of Dasypogoninae Macquart, with descriptions of new genera and species and new syn- 
onymies. Gayana. Zoologia. 52 (3-4): 199-260. 


Artigas, J. N., N. Papavero, and N. P. Pimentel. (1988): The American genera of Asilidae 
(Diptera): Keys for identification with an atlas of female spermathecae and other morphological 
details. IV. Key to the genera of Laphriinae Macquart (except tribe Atomosiini Hermann) with the 
description of three new. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. Serie Zoologia 4(2): 
211-256. 


Artigas, J. N. and N. Papavero. (1991): The American genera of Asilidae (Diptera): Keys for iden- 
tification with an atlas of female spermathecae and other morphological details. VII.1. Subfamily 
Stenopogoninae Hull. A preliminary classification into tribes. Gayana. Zoologia. 55(2): 139-144. 


484 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Bloch Qazi, M. C., J. R. Aprille, and S. M. Lewis. 1998. Female role in sperm storage in the red 
flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 120, 641-647. 


Candan, S. and M. Erbey. 2006. Structure of spermathecae in four species of Dysmachus (Asili- 
dae: Diptera) From Turkey: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study. Entomological News, 117 
(3): 332-343. 


Couri, M. S. 2004. Quitinized structures of the spermatheca of five Muscidae species (Insecta, 
Diptera). Revista Brasileria de Zoologia 21(2): 273-276. 


Clements, A. N. and S. A. Potter. 1967. The fine structure of the spermatheca and their ducts in the 
mosquito Aedes aegypti. Journal of Insect Physiology 13: 1825-1836. 


Davey, K. G. 1965. Reproduction in the Insecta. W.H. Freeman and Co. San Fransisco, California, 
U.S.A. 96 pp. 


Davey, K. G. and G. F. Webster. 1967. The structure and secretion of the spermatheca of Rhodnius 
prolixus Stal: A histochemical study. Canadian Journal of Zoology 45: 653-657. 


Dallai, R. 1975. Fine structure of spermatheca of Apis mellifera. Journal of Insect Physiology 21: 
89-109. 


Dallai, R. D., D. Marchini, and G. Del Bene. 1993. The ultrastructure of the spermatheca in 
Ceratitis capitata Wied. and Dacus oleae Gmel. (Diptera: Tephritidae). Redia 76: 147-167. 


Fritz, A. H. and F. R. Turner. 2002. A light and electron microscopical study of spermatheca and 
ventral receptacle of Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae) and implications in female 
influence of sperm storage. Arthropod Structure and Development 30: 293-313. 


Geller-Grimm, F. 2005. http://www.geller-grimm.de/catalog/species.htm (December 10, 2006). 


Gschwentner, R. and A. Tadler. 2000. Functional anatomy of the spermatheca and its duct in the 
seed bug Lygaeus simulans (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae). European Journal of Entomology 97: 
305-312. 


Hasbenli, A. and F. Geller-Grimm. 1999. Two new species of Dysmachus Loew, 1860 (Asilidae: 
Diptera) from Turkey. Journal of the Entomological Research Society 1 (1): 13-19. 


Hasbenli, A., S. Candan, and N. Alpay. 2006. A new species of Leptogaster Meigen (Diptera, 
Asilidae) from Turkey with egg and spermatheca structure. Zootaxa 1267: 49-57. 


Lay, M., D. Zissler, and R. Hartmann. 1999. Ultrastructural and functional aspects of the sper- 
matheca of the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche and Fair- 
maire) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 28 
(4): 349-361. 

Matsuda, R. 1976. Morphology and Evolution of the Insect Abdomen. Pergamon Press. New York, 
U.S.A. 534 pp. 


Owsley, W. B. 1946. The comparative morphology of internal structures of the Asilidae (Diptera). 
Annals of the Entomological Society of America 39: 33-68. 


Pabalan, N., K. G. Davey, and L. Packer. 1996. Comparative morphology of spermathecae in 
solitary and primitively eusocial bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 
802-808. 


Pendergrast, J. G. 1957. Studies on the reproductive organs of the Heteroptera with a considera- 
tion of their bearing on classification. Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 109: 1-63. 


Reichardt H. 1929. Untersuchungen tber den genitalapparat der Asiliden. Zeitschrift fiir wis- 
senschaftliche Zoologie 135: 257-301. 


Rodriguez, V. 1994. Function of the spermathecal muscle in Chelymorpha alternans Boheman 
(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Physiological Entomology 19: 198-202. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 485 


Thedor, O. 1965. On the classification of American Phlebotominae. Journal of Medical Ento- 
mology. 2: 171-197. 


Theodor, O. 1976. On the structure of the spermathecae and aedeagus in the Asilidae and their 
importance in the systematics of the family. Israel Academy of Sciences & Humanities. 
Jerusalem, Israel. 175 pp. 


Theodor, O. 1983. The genitalia of Bombyliidae. Israel Academy of Sciences & Humanities. 
Jerusalem, Israel. 275 pp. 


Villavaso, E. J. 1975. The role of the spermathecal gland of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis. 
Journal of Insect Physiology 21: 1457-1462. 


Yuval, B., S. Blay, and R. Kaspi. 1996. Sperm transfer and storage in the Mediterranean fruit fly 
(Diptera: Tephritidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 89: 486-492. 


ERRATA 


The recently published paper, entitled “New state record of the 
mayfly Baetisca laurentina ...” by Tarter et al. [2007 Entomologi- 
cal News 118(4), pp. 407-416] was published with several mis- 
takes in the correspondence between the figures and the legends. 
Herein, these mistakes are corrected. 


Figure 1. County distribution records of Baetisca berneri in West 
Virginia. 

Figure 2. County distribution records of Baetisca carolina in West 
Virginia. 


Figure 3. County distribution records of Baetisca gibbera in West 
Virginia. 


Figure 4. County distribution records of Baetisca lacustris in 
West Virginia. 


Figure 5. County distribution records of Baetisca laurentina in 
West Virginia. 


Figure 6. County distribution records of Baetisca rubescens in 
West Virginia. Figure 6 was printed twice. 


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Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 487 


FIRST SPECIES OF PLEUROCERINELLA FROM THE 
NEW WORLD (DIPTERA: CONOPIDAE), WITH THE 
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES' 


Sidney Camras’ 


ABSTRACT: A new species of Pleurocerinella, P. neotropica, from Bolivia is described. It is closest 
to P. dioctriaeformis known from Indomalaysia and Africa. 


KEY WORDS: Diptera, Conopidae, Plewrocerinella, new species, Bolivia 


This is the first species of the genus known from the Western Hemisphere. 
Pleurocerinella was previously known from eastern Asia, Indonesia, and Africa, 
with five described species. Pleurocerinella belongs to a group of genera having a 
very long first flagellomere two to four times as long as the relatively short pedi- 
cel. These genera, known as the Microconops-group, are all from Australia. A paper 
of the Old World species of Pleurocerinella is planned. 


Pleurocerinella neotropica, NEW SPECIES 
(Fig. 1) 


Head. Vertex short, dark brownish. Ocellar tubercle black, with three ocelli. 
Frons black, smooth. Face, parafacial, and gena yellow. Ground color of face gray, 
covered with yellow-whitish pollen. Antenna black. Scape and pedicel subequal, 
first flagellomere three times as long as pedicel. Stylus black, two segmented. 
Proximal segment of stylus black, its process short; apical segment partly yellow- 
ish, elongated and sharply pointed. Proboscis black, about 1.75 times as long as 
head length. Occiput black. 

Thorax black, scutellum slightly brownish. Pleural stripe yellowish white polli- 
nose as are the coxae. Legs black. Tibiae yellowish and white pollinose basally. 
Tarsi somewhat brownish. Pulvillae yellow; claws yellow, black apically. Wings 
hyaline with a gray stripe filling cell r,,, (submarginal). Remainder of wing hya- 
line. Halteres yellow. 

Abdomen black, partly with black sheen. Tergites with some white pollinose 
posterior margins, becoming wider and more distinct laterally on second and third 
tergites. Theca long and narrow, as long as height of its tergite. 

Length: 6 mm. 

Type Data: Holotype 9. Bolivia: Cochabomba 26.1.1976 L.E. Pena (Canadian 
National Collection). Paratype 9. Same data. (CNC) To be retained in the Field 
Museum Collection. Very similar to the holotype. Length: 5 mm. See comment 
about the face under “Remarks.” 

Remarks. This species is closest to Pleurocerinella dioctriaeformis Brunetti 
(p. 368-9) but has a long proboscis rather than the usual short proboscis as long as 
the head. The long narrow wing stripe will distinguish P. neotropica from all the 


‘Received on February 5, 2007. Accepted on May 8, 2007. 


> Associate, Division of Insects, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605- 
246 U.S.A. E-mail: rshuman@fieldmuseum.org 


Mailed on January 18, 2008 


488 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Figure 1. Pleurocerinella neotropica. Holotype. 


other species of the genus. I believe that this wing pattern is unique. The genus and 
its tribe are immediately distinguished from all the other new world species of 
Conopinae by the long first flagellomere being three times as long as the short 
pedicel. This species is easily distinguished from all of the other Conopidae in the 
New World by the very long first antennomere and very short pedicel. The wing 
pattern is also very distinctive. 

The narrow face compared to a wide frons in many of the specimens at hand 
from the Old World, was at first thought to be species significant. Later I realized 
that the narrow face was due to contraction and drying. The holotype of the new 
species has the face fully inflated, but in the paratype it is contracted on one side 
and normal on the other. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


Rebekah Shuman and James Boone of the Division of Insects at the Field Museum (Chicago, 
Illinois) assisted in the preparation of this work. F. C. Thompson (Department of Entomology, Sys- 
tematic Entomology Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC) reviewed the 
manuscript and made some valuable suggestions and corrections. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Smith, K. G. V. 1960. A new species of Pleurocerinella Brunetti (Diptera, Conopidae) from South 
Africa. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 96: 43-44. 


Brunetti, E. 1923. Fauna of British India. Conopidae 3: 340-383. 


Camras, S. 2000. New Information on Afrotropical Conopidae. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 
136: 219-233. 


Krober, O. 1939. Beitrage zur Kenntinis der Conopiden — 1. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 
(11) 4: 362-395. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 489 


A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ALGERIAN AQUATIC 
COLEOPTERA (HELOPHORIDAE) FAUNA, WITH TWO 
NEW RECORDS, AND A DISCUSSION ON TOTAL 
AEDEAGOPHORE LENGTH OF 
HELOPHORUS AQUATICUS (LINNAEUS, 1758)! 


U. Incekara,” H. Ibncherif,’ and S. Bouzid* 


ABSTRACT: Distributional and systematic notes on northeastern Algerian Helophoridae species are 
given. Two newly recorded species [Helophorus (sensu stricto) aquaticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and 
Helophorus (R.) lapponicus Thomson, 1853] are described, and their distribution in Algeria and 
worldwide is presented. The total aedeagophore length of H. aquaticus may reach 1.0-1.1 mm. 


KEY WORDS: Coleoptera, Helophoridae, new records, distribution, systematics, Algeria 


Although Helophorus aquaticus and H. lapponicus are frequently collected 
cosmopolitan coleopterans, there is no record of them from Algeria. In Algeria, 
H. aquaticus is generally widespread in highlands but all samples treated here 
were collected in lowland to moderate highlands of northeastern Algeria (maxi- 
mum 523.34 m above sea level). 


METHODS 
Specimens of aquatic Coleoptera were collected in various parts of North- 
eastern Algeria (Fig. 1) in different surveys in 2005. The beetles were killed 
using ethyl acetate or in 96% ethanol. Aedeagophores of the beetles, cleaned 
with brushes, were dissected under a stereo microscope and left in 10% KOH 
solution for 1-2h at room temperature. Photographs were taken using an SMZ- 
1500 Nikon type 104 microscope. 


SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY 
Helophorus (sensu stricto) aquaticus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Body 5.9 mm long; females are always larger than males (arithmetic average 
of 20 specimens, 10 males, 10 females; two males are 6.1 mm). Head bronze to 
black. “Y” groove large and deep. Antennae brown. Maxillary palpi dark brown 
and terminal segment asymmetrical. Colouration of pronotum as head, lateral 
margins narrowed posteriorly. Elytra brown to dark brown. Scutellum small and 
oval. Sutural A-mark easily visible. Legs thick and long. Last segments of tarsi 
and claws are black; other parts of legs are brown to dark brown. Last abdomi- 


‘Received on January 24, 2007. Accepted on June 13, 2007. 


* Atatiirk University, Science and Arts Faculty, Department of Biology, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey. 
E-mail: incekara@atauni.edu.tr, incekaraumit@gmail.com. 


* Annaba University, Department of Biology, BP 12, 23000, Annaba, Algeria. E-mail: ibnchayet@ 
yahoo. fr. 


* Annaba University, Department of Biochemistry, BP 12, 23000, Annaba, Algeria. E-mails: sbouzid 
@gmail.com, sbouzid@univ-annaba.org. 


Mailed on January 18, 2008 


490 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


nal sternite rather descriptive (Fig. 4). Aedeagophore 1.0 mm long (two of them 
are 1.1 mm, arithmetic average of 10 specimens) (Fig. 2). 
_ 2 ......_ _WMediterraneansea ~~ 


Souk Ahras__ 
z = Z 


Figures 1-4. 1. Map of research area in northeastern Algeria. 2. Helophorus aquaticus, aedeagophore. 
3. H. lapponicus, aedeagophore. 4. H. aquaticus, last abdominal sternite (scale bar on aedeagophore of 
H. aquaticus represents 0.2 mm for H. aquaticus; 0.1 mm for H. lapponicus). 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 491 


Distribution in the World: Austria, Belgium, “Caucasus,” Czechoslovakia, 
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Latvia, 
Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, 
and Ukraine (Angus, 1992, Hansen, 1999; Lobl and Smetana, 2004). 

Material Examined: Ain Damous, 19.V.2005, 2 O&O’, 1 9. N 36° 25.350'E 
007° 51.367' (523.34 m a.s.l.); Bir Lalalcha, 18.V.2005, 2 00’, 3 99. N 36° 
25.223' E 007° 50.536' (436.78 m a.s.l.); Ain Chef, 18.V.2005, 11 00’, 3 99, 
23.VII.2005, 4 &0’", 8 99. N 36° 25.028' E 007° 50.826' (491.34 ma.s.l.); Med- 
jen Djenen H'mouda, 19.V.2005, 14 Oo’, 12 99. N 36° 25.607' E 007° 51.360' 
(396.24 maz.s.l.); Bir Bentaryaga, 19.V.2005, 3 0&0", 5 99. N 36° 25.427' E 007° 
50.652' (414.53 maz.s.l.); Bir Slaymates, 19.V.2005, 4 oG® N 36° 25.188' E 007° 
50.752' (476.10 m a.s.1.). 


Helophorus (Rhopalhelophorus) lapponicus Thomson, 1853 

Body 2.65 mm long (range 2.5-2.7) females are always larger than males 
(arithmetic average of 10 specimens, 5 males, 5 females). Head pitchy with 
bronze reflections (sometimes with green reflections). Clypeus rather raised 
medially, “Y” groove distinct, its stem expanded posteriorly. Maxillary palpi yel- 
lowish, only darker at the extreme top. Antennae brown, club slightly darker. 
Pronotum evenly arched, granulate and coloration as head. There is a narrow yel- 
lowish band at the anterior margin of pronotum. Pronotal grooves narrow and 
shallow. Elytra brown, parallel sided, anterior sides curved. Under face black. 
Legs long, yellowish to brown. Tarsi have well-developed long swimming-hairs. 
Aedeagophore 0.5 mm long (arithmetic average of 5 specimens, Fig. 3). 

Distribution in the world: Belarus, Denmark, Finland, Georgia, Iran, Israel, 
Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Russia, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey (Angus, 1992; Han- 
sen, 1999; Incekara et al., 2004; Lobl and Smetana, 2004). 

Material Examined: Bir Bentaryaga, 19.V.2005, 7 &O’", 3 QQ. N 36° 25.427! 
E 007° 50.652' (414.53 m a.s.l.); El Medjen, 09. VII.2005, 5 00’, 4 QQ. N 36° 
25.535' E 007° 50.693' (412.09 m a.s.l.); Bir Lalalcha, 18.V.2005, 2 CO, 1 Q. 
N 36> 25.2232 E. 007° 50.536) (436.78.m.a.s.l.). 


DISCUSSION 

According to Angus (1992), some H. aquaticus from southeastern Europe and 
adjacent territories, occasionally have an aedeagophore up to 1.0 mm long, 
instead of the typical size range of 0.75-0.92 mm. Angus (1988, 1992) has point- 
ed out that these differences in aedeagophore size represent local size variants, 
not a new species. Our study supports that statement. For instance, we have also 
recorded such samples (aedeagophore up to 1.0 mm long) from various parts of 
Turkey (Incekara et al., 2004). In Algeria, most specimens have an aedeagophore 
1.0 mm long. Furthermore, two of them have aedeagophores 1.1 mm long. These 
results show that large aedeagophores are common in H. aquaticus. No relation- 
ship has been found between beetle length and aedeagophore length for this 


492 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


group of beetles. We suspect that aedeagophore shape is more functionally 
important than its length for this group of beetles. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Angus, R. B. 1988. Notes on the Helophorus (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) occuring in Turkey, Iran 
and neighbouring territories. Revue suisse de Zoologie 95 (1): 209-248. 


Angus, R. B. 1992. Stisswasserfauna von Mitteleuropa (Insecta: Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Helo- 
phorinae). Gustav Fischer Verlag. Jena, Germany. 144 pp. 


Hansen, M. 1999. World Cataloque of Insects. Hydrophiloidea (Coleoptera). Apollo Books. Vol- 
ume 2. Stenstrup, Denmark. 416 pp. 


Incekara, U., A. Mart, and O. Erman. 2004. Distribution of Turkish Helophorus Fabricius, 1775 
(Coleoptera, Helophoridae) I. Subgenus Rhopalhelophorus, with two new records. Gazi Entomo- 
logical Research Society 6 (2): 51-62. 


Lobl, I. and A. Smetana (Editors). 2004. Catalogue of Palearctic Coleoptera. Volume 2. Hydro- 
philoidea-Staphylinoidea. Apollo Books. Copenhagen, Denmark. 942 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 493 


A NEW SPECIES OF OTIORHYNCHUS GERMAR, 1822 
(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE: ENTIMINAE) 
FROM ANATOLIA, TURKEY' 


Bekir Keskin’ and I. Ethem Cevik’? 


ABSTRACT: A new species of Otiorhynchus is described from western Turkey. Otiorhynchus 
(Pliadonus) lilligi sp. n., is easily distinguishable from O. (Pliadonus) frater Styerlyn, 1861 by the 
existence of a sharp tooth on the mesofemora of the former. 


KEY WORDS: Orfiorhynchus, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Turkey, new species 


The genus Otiorhynchus Germar, 1822 is one of the most speciose groups of 
Coleopterous weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) with a mostly Palearctic dis- 
tribution (Magnano, 1998). In recent years, following the work of Magnano 
(1998), the taxonomy of the genus Otiorhynchus has undergone several impor- 
tant changes: the status of previously recognized species groups have been reor- 
ganized and defined as subgenera. Currently, the subgenus Pliadonus (Reitter, 
1912) is a controversial group of Otiorhynchus on its systematic. Pliadonus 
which was previously defined as a species group in the subgenus Journieria 
(sensu Reitter) by Reitter (1912) is considered as the synonym of the Tournieria 
(Magnano, 1998, Alonzo-Zarazaga, 1999). Based on morphological data, 
Davidian and Savitsky (2005) also defined this species group as a subgenus. On 
the other hand, cluster analysis of Bray Curtis similarity indices and their dis- 
tinction discriminant analysis of data from 43 morphological characters of 24 
Western Anatolian species belonging to 16 genera of Otiorhynchus indicate that 
Pliadonus should be defined as subgenus (Keskin, 2005). 

Only one species, Otiorhynchus frater (Stierlin, 1861), belonging to the sub- 
genus Pliadonus lives in West Anatolia (Reitter 1913, Lona 1936). The geo- 
graphical distribution of O. frater includes the area comprised by eastern Bul- 
garia to northwestern Turkey (Angelov 1976). The southernmost border known 
for this species is Uludag (Lodos et al., 1978). Other species of Turkish 
Pliadonus live in the Alpine and sub-Alpine zones of northeastern Anatolia and 
the Caucasus (Reitter 1913, Davidian and Savitsky 2005). 

Here, a new species of Otiorhynchus, subgenus Pliadonus is described from 
Bozdg, a 2500 m high mountain of Western Anatolia with many endemic species. 
Most of the species belonging to tribus Otiorhynchini living in Bozdag at only 
above 1100 mare either endemic /O. (Cryphiphorus) dubitabilis Fairmaire, 1866 
and Neotournieria lodosianus (Magnano, 1977)] or subendemic /O. (Podoro- 
pelmus) kaltakkirani Voss, 1936 and O. (Tecutinus) latifrons Stierlin, 1893]. 
Apart from these species, the widely distributed species O. (Melasemnus) ovali- 


‘Received on March 14, 2007. Accepted on May 21, 2007. 


* Department of Biology, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey. E-mails: (BK) bekir.keskin@ege. 
edu.tr, (IEC) ethem.cevik@ege.edu.tr. 


Mailed on January 18, 2008 


494 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


pennis Boheman in Schonherr, 1843 and O. (Choilisanus) balcanicus Boheman 
in Schonherr, 1843 are also found in Bozdag. Therefore, together with its loca- 
tion in Western Anatolia as refugia for many animal groups during the last gla- 
cial maximum (Demirsoy 1996), Bozdag is currently, one of the important areas 
of endemism in Western Anatolia. 


Otiorhynchus (Pliadonus) lilligi sp. n. 
Figures 1 (A-H) 


Material Examined. Holotype: Male, ZDEU Ent. 2006/502, 21.V.2006, 
Bozdag -Izmir, leg. S. Anlas, 1537 m, 38°20'28"N-28°06'49"E (Fig. 1, A). Para- 
types: 1 Female, 2003/426, 17.VIII.2003, Bozdag-Izmir, B. Keskin, 1537 m, 
38°20'28"N-28°06'49"E; 1 Male, ZDEU Ent. 2006/503, 17.XI.2006, Bozdag - 
Izmir, H. Kog, 1537 m, 38°20'28"N - 28°06'49"E. The specimens were collected 
under stones. 

Diagnosis. The new species is included in the species group Pliadonus, one 
of the species groups arranged by Reitter (1912), because it has a large triangu- 
lar tooth on the profemur and a flat protibial inner edge. It resembles O. (Plia- 
donus) frater Stierlin, 1861 distributed in the Marmara Region of Turkey, partic- 
ularly in elevated regions. Otiorhynchus (Pliadonus) lilligi sp. n. can be distin- 
guished easily from O. (Pliadonus) frater by the presence of a larger tooth on the 
mesofemur and by the morphology of the female genitalia [Fig. 1 (D, E, and F)]. 
Otiorhynchus (Pliadonus) lilligi sp. n. is dioecious species and the male genitalia 
illustrated in Fig. 1 (G and Hy). 

Description. Body dark brown, extremities light brown. Head finely punc- 
tured, stronger punctures on rostrum and frons. Length of rostrum not more than 
its width and with an apical U-shaped wide median depression. Rostrum as long 
as width of pterigia. Dorsal and lateral carinae lengthening till, to the front of 
eyes. Eyes protruding outward and placed dorsolaterally. In dorsal view, eyes 
small and spherical and in lateral view, eyes egg-shaped (Fig. 1, B). 

Antenna with a long and thin structure. First segment of funicle longer than 
second segment. Third and all the subsequent segments at least twice longer than 
width. Clava long, thin and oval. Length of pronotum as much as its width. 
Widest area placed on hind of the center. Upper part with thin granules and very 
small hollows on them [Fig. 1 (C)]. Elytra short and oval shaped and quite wide. 
Punctures strong on elytral lines. Elytral lines little deep on the middle part, but 
quite deep at the sides; 3 or 4 rows of yellow hairs placed between intervals with 
very thin granules. A big and triangular tooth on profemur. So, width of this area 
at least twice more than the width of distal edge of profemur. Tooth on each 
mesofemur; however, these teeth much smaller than the previous one. No gran- 
ules on the inner edge of protibia, in other words, flat. 

Etymology. This new species has been attributed to Dr. Martin Lillig, Ger- 
man coleopterologist who has been carrying out investigations on the species of 
the family Tenebrionidae. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 495 


Figures 1. A. Otiorhynchus (Pliadonus) lilligi sp. n., (Male) (Holotype), B. Head plate, 
C. Pronotum, D. Spiculum ventrale of O. (Pliadonus) frater Styerlyn, 1861, E. Spiculum 
ventrale, F. Spermatheca of Otiorhynchus (Pliadonus) lilligi sp. n., G. Dorsal view of 
male genitalia, H. Lateral view of male genitalia (bars 1 mm). 


496 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


We thank Dr. Mehmet K. Atatiir for helpful comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript. This 
research was supported partially by Ege University Research Fund (2001 FEN 048). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A. and C. H. C. Lyal. 1999. A wold catalogue of families and genera of cur- 
culionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) (Excepting Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Entomopraxis. SCP 
Edition. Barcelona, Spain. 315 pp. 


Angelov, P. 1976. Fauna Bulgarica (5) Coleoptera, Curculionidae I Part (Apioninae, Otiorhyn- 
chinae). Aedibus Academiae Scientiarum Bulgaricae. Sofia, Bulgaria. 355 pp. 


Davidian, G. E. and V. Yu. Savitsky. 2005. To the knowledge of weevils of the genus Otiorhyn- 
chus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from the Caucasus and adjacent territories. Russian 
Entomological Journal, 14 (4): 283-328. 


Demirsoy, A. 1996. Zoogeography (Turkey and General). -Meteksan Yayinlary, Ankara-Turkey. 
630 pp. (In Turkish). 


Keskin, B. 2005. Systematic researches on the genus Otiorhynchus Germar, 1822 (Coleoptera: 
Curculionidae) in Izmir. Ph.D. Dissertation, Ege University-Izmir. 206 pp. (In Turkish). 


Lodos, N., F. Onder, E. Pehlivan, and R. Atalay. 1978. Studies on the harmful insect fauna of 
Marmara and Aegean regions. -Ankara Zirai Miicadele Merkez Atelye ve Ikmal Miidtrlugt Ofset 
Bask: Tesisleri. 301 pp. (In Turkish). 


Lona, C. 1936. Curculionidae, Otiorrhynchinae I. Jn; S. Schenkling (Ed), Coleopterorum Cato- 
logus auspiciis et auxilio W. Junk, Pars 148. s’Gravenhage, Netherlands, 226 pp. 


Magnano, L. 1998. Notes on the Otiorhynchus Germar, 1824 complex (Coleoptera: Curculioni- 
dae), pp. 51-80. In, E. Colonelli, S. Louw, and G. Osella (Editors) Taxonomy, ecology and distri- 
bution of Curculionidae (Coleoptera: Polyphaga). Proceedings of a Symposium (28 August, 
1996, Florence, Italy) XX. International Congress of Entomology. Atti del Museo Regionale di 
Scienze Naturali. Torino, Italy. 294 pp. 


Reitter, E. 1912. Ubersicht der Untergattungen und der Arten-gruppen des genus Otiorhynchus 
Germ. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 31 (II): 46-67. 


Reitter, E. 1913. Bestimmungstabellen der Otiorhynchus-Arten mit gezéhnten Schenkeln aus der 
palaearktischen Fauna. Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brinn 52: 129-251. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 497 


TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS CORNUTRYPETA HAN 
AND WANG (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) 
FROM CHINA’ 


Xiaolin Chen’ and Xingjian Wang* 


ABSTRACT: Two new tephritid species, Cornutrypeta hunanica sp. nov. and Cornutrypeta gansunica sp. 
nov. from China are described and illustrated. A revised key to all the Cornutrypeta species 1s provided. 


KEY WORDS: Diptera, Tephritidae, Cornutrypeta, new species, China 


The genus Cornutrypeta was erected by Han and Wang (1993) for the type 
species, 7rypeta superciliata Frey, 1935 from Finland. Recently, Han (1996) added 
another species, Cornutrypeta taiwanensis Han. The only biological data available 
for the genus relates to the larvae of Cornutrypeta spinifrons (Shroeder) from Europe 
which has been reported to mine the leaves of Solidago vergaurea and Aster sp. 
(Asteraceae) (White, 1988). 

In this work, two additional new species, C. hunania and C. gansunica from China 
are described. So far, eleven species are known from the Palaearctic and Oriental 
Regions, eight of which occur in China. A revised key to all the species is provided. 

Terminology and abbreviations concerning gross morphology generally follows 
White el al. (1999), McAlpine (1981), Han et al. (1993), and Han (1996). The abbre- 
viations for type-specimen depositories used in this paper are as follows: IZCAS, 
Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 


SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY 
Cornutrypeta Han and Wang, 1993 


Cornutrypeta Han and Wang, 1993: 169. Type species: 7rypeta superciliata Frey, 
1935, by original designation. 

Diagnosis. Cornutrypeta is a sexually dimorphic genus for which diagnosis is 
only available for male specimens, the females being almost impossible to separate 
from the closely related genus 7rypeta Meigen. Males differ from the other Oriental 
and Palaearctic Trypetine genera by the following combination of characters: (1) 3- 
5 frontal setae with at least 2 anterior frontal setae greatly enlarged, the remaining 
setae normal in shape; (2) frons enlarged to accommodate the extensive elaboration 
of the anterior frontal setae; (3) glans with median granulate sclerite large, apicodor- 
sal rod usually present (Han et al., 1993). 


‘Received on December 28, 2006. Accepted on May 20, 2007. 


* Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, P.R.China. 
E-mail: Xlchen@ioz.ac.cn 
* Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, P.R.China. 
E-mail: Wangxj@ioz.ac.cn 
Mailed on January 18, 2008 


498 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


A key to the species of Cornutrypeta Han and Wang 
. Scutum largely danke pirowwanie es *. C8850. RA ee 2 
Scutum almost entirely yellowish brown to orange browN................:ccceseeeees 3 
2. Wing with small brown spot from middle of cell r2+3 to costa......... eee 
ssa tana snsladtnnoanetadddenesse: teen ee meee ROMRe ORE Nene C. yushunia Han and Wang 


— 


Wing, MyithOubeS UIE MOpee ee 8. a eecnde 2: sonncee <ntnereiene meee ee C. nigritata (Wang) 
3) -Mediotersite dark: iron tects. ltl. eee eee cee 4 
Mediofereite yellow DiOwit ....<.0.......00.cccsicoreasedusonnen cseeusasérnetcuteol@adeee eee 8 
4. Head with 3 frontal setae in both sexes ..............:::eeeee C. superciliata (Frey) 
Head ‘with 425 iromtal’setae mm male’. '...1..1.......2.08.ce1tesencneetoneest de, uace ee 5 
5. Head with 4 frontal setae in male; antennae dark brown......C. taiwanensis Han 
Head with 5 frontal setae in male; antennae yellow brown. .................00008 6 
6. Wing with discal band not extending to cell dm ........ eee eeeeeeseeteeeeesteeeeees df 
Wing with discal band extending to cell dm.............. C. spinifrons (Schroeder) 


7. Wing with the subapical brown band incomplete, broken between r +3 and 
midway across f4+5 (Fig. 3); scutum subshiny with large pre-sutural square 
black spot in middle of anterior margin, dimension of the cleft in its posterior 
margin deeply (Fig. 2); abdomen yellow brown............... C. gansunica sp. nov. 
Wing with the subapical brown band almost complete (Fig. 9); scutum sub- 
shiny with pre-sutural quadrate black spot in middle of anterior margin, dimen- 
sion of the cleft in its posterior margin shallowly (Fig. 8); abdomen dark brown 
cass bel IO ell ee: berenton oly ltr ocs rc dueaciss acter aga iekee ape C. hunanica sp. nov. 

8. Postpronotal lobe and upper 2/3 of anepisternum ivory white; 4 of 5 frontal 
Selde immMaleShedtly, CMlAatGSd! «a. cecer......-00cneeenessee C. nigrifemur Han and Wang 
Postpronotal lobe and anepisternum mostly yellowish brown to orange-brown; 
male with less than 4 enlarged fromtal Setae ...........2.cesserssscse--sesesss ree 9 

9. Scutum anteriorly with large quadrate black spot...C. melanonotum (Brunetti) 
SCUMIMAWATHOUT SUCH SMOL 4 su.) saccaceciessdnaee onisonede odvsiaclensen oneneSeeeepese: tee Eee 10 

10. Fifth tarsomere dark brown; head with single orbital setae ...............ccccseeeeeees 
Pe ee Nee eae aa Cai NC Mae cie ds aN a’ C. omeishana Han and Wang 
Fifth tarsomere yellow brown to orange brown; head with two orbital setae.... 


Pea tis ace cece Re ces thc Ra cd diol ase sacs ine CNAs on Ca eee oe 11 
11. Wing with small brown spot around the middle of vein CuA; head with 3 pairs 
Gi MONA Ste rece mi oatcen ate rcccnettae banvosecece soc C. gigantocornuta Han and Wang 


Wing without such a spot; head with 4 pairs of frontal setae in male ............... 
SN Sr a ie recite cat Nee ake sais i's as Gus or halen oe Gade nee Cadet ne eae C. triceratops (Bezz1i) 


Cornutrypeta gansunica, NEW SPECIES 
(Figs. 1-6) 


Description. Male: Length of body 6.5 mm, of wing 6.2 mm. Head yellow, 
higher than long, with frontal-head ratio 0.51, eye ratio 0.57, genal-eye ratio 0.20. 
Frons distinctly wider than eye, concave medially and elevated laterally. Face con- 
cave, slightly protuberant at ventral margin. All setae black; 5 frontal and | orbitals; 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 499 


4 


Figs. 1-6. Cornutrypeta gansunica sp. nov. |. Head (lateral view). 2. Thorax (dorsal view). 
3. Wing. 4. Epandrium (posterior view). 5. Epandrium and proctiger (lateral view). 6. 
Glans (lateral view). 


frontal setae greatly enlarged, Ist-3rd frontal setae longer than frons, apically point- 
ed; 4th-Sth frontal setae smaller, 0.60-0.66 times as long as anterior setae (Fig. 1). 
Ocellars rudimentary; genal, vertical and postocellars well developed. Occiput 
slightly convex. Antennae yellow brown, shorter than face; Ist flagellomere dor- 
soapically rounded; arista pubescent. 

Thorax yellow-brown in ground color, with black setae; 2 anepisternals and 2 
scutellars; 1 dorsocentral seta, aligned posterior to postsutural supra-alars; 1 pres- 
cutellar acrostichal setae. Scutum subshiny with large black pre-sutural square 
bifurcate spot in middle of anterior margin, dimension of the cleft in its posterior 
margin deeply (Fig. 2). Scutellum almost bare, yellow brown, slightly convex with 
basal setae 2.0 times as long as scutellum. Mediotergite dark brown. 

Legs entirely yellow-brown; femur swollen; fore femur with row of posteroven- 
tral black setae; mid tibia with black apical spine. 

Wing with the subapical brown band incomplete, broken between r+ 3 and mid- 
way across 1445; discal brown band extends from stigma to crossvein R-M; basal 
brown band extending from base of R+ 3 to apex of cell bcu; cell sc about half as 
long as cell c; lobe of cell bcu short; crossvein R-M slightly proximal to middle of 
cell dm; vein Ry+5 ratio 2.1, vein M ratio 1.1 (Fig. 3). 


500 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Abdomen 1.5 times as long as wide; shiny, yellow brown ground color with dark 
brown setulae; tergite 3-5 each with vague dark-brown lateral marks. Lateral 
surstylus with both anterior and posterior corners angulated, truncate apically in 
lateral view; medial surstylus with subapical and apical prensisetae approximated, 
and subapical prensiseta smaller than the apical prensiseta (Figs. 4, 5); aedeagal 
apodeme wide, fan shaped; glans with median granulate sclerite; dorsal sclerite 
with pattern of closely approximated, narrowly oblong cells (Fig. 6). 

Female: Unknown. 

Etymology. This species is named after the type locality. 

Types. Holotype male, China: Shatanlinchang, Zhouqu, Gansu Province, 14 
July 1999, collected by Yao Jian IZCAS). 

Biology. Unknown. 

Distribution. China (Gansu). 

Remarks. This species is similar to C. taiwanensis Han in the wing pattern, but 
differing by having 5 frontal setae in male and yellow brown antennae. It is also 
similar to C. hunanica sp. nov. in the Ist-3rd frontal setae being large and apically 
pointed, the 4th-5th frontal setae much smaller than the anterior three setae, scutum 
with pre-sutural square black spot in middle of anterior margin, but differing by the 
wing with subapical brown band incomplete, broken between r2+3 and midway 
across 1445, and scutum with deep cleft in posterior margin of pre-sutural black 
spot. 


Cornutrypeta hunanica, NEW SPECIES 
(Figs. 7-12) 


Description. Male: Length of body 5.1 mm, of wing 6.6 mm. Head yellow, 
higher than long, with frontal-head ratio 0.50, eye ratio 0.64, genal-eye ratio 0.26. 
Frons distinctly wider than eye, concave medially and elevated laterally. Face con- 
cave, slightly protuberant at ventral margin. All setae black; 5 frontal and 1 orbitals; 
frontal setae greatly enlarged, Ist-3rd frontal setae large, 1.75 times as long as 
frons, apically pointed; 4th-5th frontal setae much smaller, about 0.5-0.6 times as 
long as anterior setae (Fig. 7). Ocellars absent; genal, vertical and postocellars well 
developed. Occiput slightly convex. Antenna yellow brown, shorter than face; Ist 
flagellomere dorsoapically rounded; arista pubescent. 

Thorax yellow-brown in ground color, with black setae; 2 anepisternals and 2 
scutellars; 1 dorsocentral seta, aligned posterior to postsutural supra-alars; 1 pres- 
cutellar acrostichal setae. Scutum subshiny with pre-sutural quadrate bifurcate 
black spot in middle of anterior margin, dimension of the cleft in its posterior mar- 
gin shallowly (Fig. 8). Scutellum almost bare, yellow brown, slightly convex with 
basal setae 2.0 times as long as scutellum. Mediotergite dark brown. 

Legs entirely yellow-brown; femur strongly swollen; fore femur with 5-6 pos- 
teroventral black setae; mid tibia with black apical spine. 

Wing with large dark brown mark occupying the entire apex; subapical brown 
band almost complete; discal brown band extends from stigma to crossvein R-M; 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 501 


10 11 12 


Figs. 7-12 Cornutrypeta hunanica sp. nov. 7. Head (lateral view). 8. Thorax (dorsal view). 
9. Wing. 10. Epandrium (posterior view). 11. Epandrium and proctiger (lateral view). 12. 
Glans (lateral view). 


basal brown band extending from base of R2+ 3 to apex of cell bcu; cell sc about 
half as long as cell c; lobe of cell bcu short; crossvein R-M slightly beyond middle 
of cell dm; vein Ry+5 ratio 2.2, vein M ratio 0.8 (Fig. 9). 

Abdomen 1.4 times as long as wide; shiny, entirely dark brown. Lateral sursty- 
lus with both anterior and posterior corners angulated, truncate apically in lateral 
view; medial surstylus with subapical and apical prensisetae approximated, and 
subapical prensiseta smaller than the apical prensiseta (Figs. 10, 11); aedeagal 
apodeme wide, fan shaped; glans with median granulate sclerite; dorsal and apical 
sclerite with pattern of closely approximated, narrowly oblong cells (Fig. 12). 

Female: Unknown. 

Etymology. This species is named after the type locality. 

Types. Holotype male, China: Zhangjiajie, Hunan Province, 10 October 1985, 
collected by Fa-sheng Li (IZCAS). 


502 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Biology. Unknown. 

Distribution. China (Hunan). 

Remarks. This species is similar to C. gansunica sp. nov. 1n Ist-3rd frontal 
setae large and apically pointed, 4th-5th frontal setae much smaller than anterior 
setae, scutum with a black spot in the middle of anterior margin, but differing by 
wing with subapical brown band almost complete; scutum with dimension of the 
cleft in its posterior margin of pre-sutural black spot shallowly and abdomen dark 
brown. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We thank Dr. Amnon Freidberg (Tel-Aviv University, Israel) and Dr. Ho-Yeon Han (Yonsei 
University, Korea) for critically reviewing the manuscript. The first author is grateful to Dr. Ho- Yeon 
Han for presenting us with literature of C. taiwanensis Han and checking the specimen of this 
species. All anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated by authors. The project is supported by 
National Science Fund for Fostering Talents in Basic Research (Special subjects in animal taxono- 
my, NSFC-J0630964/J0109) and the Natural Science Foundation of China (30770267). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Han, H. Y., X. J. Wang, and K. C. Kim. 1993. Revision of Cornutrypeta Han and Wang, a new 
tephritid genus proposed for Oriental and Palaearctic species (Diptera: Tephritidae). Entomo- 
logica Scandinavica 24: 167-184. 


Han, H. Y. 1996. A new Cornutrypeta species from Taiwan with notes on its phylogenetic rela- 
tionships (Diptera: Tephritidae). Insecta Koreana 13: 113-119. 


McAlpine, F. J. 1981. Morphology and terminology. Adults 2. /n, J. F. McAlpine, B. V. Peterson, 
G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth, and D. M. Wood (Editors). Manual of the Nearctic 
Diptera. Volume 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27: 9-63. 


White, I. M. 1988. Tephritid flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Handbooks for the identification of 
British insects 10(5a), Dorset Press, London, England, United Kingdom. 134 pp. 


White, I. M., D. H. Headrick, A. L. Norrbom, and L. E. Carroll. 1999. Glossary, pp. 881-924. 
In, Fruit flies (Tephritidae): phylogeny and evolution of behavior. M. Aluja and A. L. Norrbom 
(Editors). CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A. [16] + 944 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 503 


THE GENUS TRICHONTA WINNERTZ 
(DIPTERA: MYCETOPHILIDAE) IN CHINA, 
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES' 


Wu Hong,’ Yiping Wang,’ and Huachao Xu‘ 


ABSTRACT: The species of the genus 7richonta Winnertz (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) from China 
are revised. Six species are recognized, including two species new to science: T. aberransida sp. nov. 
and T. rostriforma sp. nov. A key to species of the genus is provided. 


KEY WORDS: Mycetophilidae, Trichonta, new species, China 


The genus 7richonta Winnertz, 1863 belongs to the subfamily Mycetophili- 
nae, family Mycetophilidae. For the identification of the genus see Vockeroth 
(1981), and the genus can be identified by the combination of the following char- 
acters: Antenna with 14 flagellomeres. Palpi with 4 segments. Pronotum and 
proepimeron only partially separated, each usually with 2 strong seta and sever- 
al weaker ones. Mesanepisternum hexagonal, 0-4 seta along anterodorsal and 3- 
7 along posterodorsal border, usually 1-4 additional seta immediately cephalad 
of posterodorsal row. Mesokatepisternum and mesepimeron bare. Laterotergite 
with numerous long seta. Metepisternum with 0-5 short or long seta. Hind coxa 
with 0, 1-2 posterobasal, or a row of strong posterior seta. Tibial bristles small 
and weak, at most a little longer than tibial diameter. Fore tibia with 1 apical spur. 
Middle and hind tibia each with 2 apical spurs; middle tibia with 4-5 longitudi- 
nal rows of seta; hind tibia with usually strong anterior and dorsal seta along 
entire length, shorter posterior setae along distal half at least. Vein C only slight- 
ly extending beyond apex of vein Rs. Vein Sc ending free or in vein R. Posterior 
fork usually based occasionally even with or slightly distal of vein m-stalk. Vein 
CuA petiole with or without setae. Branches of veins M and CuA usually setose 
except basely a weak to strong. Male abdomen with tergites 1-6 broad and ter- 
gites 7 - 8 very short. Female abdomen with tergites 1-7 broad, of various shapes. 
Cerci 2-segmented. 

Little is known for the biology of the species of Trichonta, but some of the lar- 
vae develop in bark encrusting fungi (Jakovlev, 1994). 

At present, there are 69 species described from Palaearctic area and 45 species 
from Nearctic area (Chandler, 2005; Hackman et al., 1988; Zaitzev, 2003). Out- 
side the Holarctic region, there are five, two and one species known from Orient- 
al, Australasian and African region, respectively (Bechev, 2000). There are four 
Chinese species known to date (Yang and Wu, 1996). 


‘Received on December 6, 2006. Accepted on May 16, 2007. 


* Institute of Insect Science, College of Forest and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Forest University, Lin’an 
311300 China. E-mail: wh931908@sohu.com 


‘Institute of Insect Science, College of Forest and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Forest University, Lin’an 
311300 China. E-mail: wyp@zjfc.edu.cn 


‘Institute of Insect Science, College of Forest and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Forest University, Lin’an 
311300 China. E-mail: xhcinsect@zjfc.edu.cn 


Mailed on January 18, 2008 


504 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


In the paper, all Chinese species of Trichonta are reported and diagnosed, 
including two species new to science, and a key to species is provided. 


METHODS 

For the morphological terminology used in this paper see Vockeroth (1981) 
and Seli (1997). The voucher and type specimens are deposited in the Zhejiang 
Forest University, Lin’an (ZJFU), China. All descriptions and measurements 
were made under a Leica MZ 12.5 microscope, and figures made under a Leica 
MZ APO microscope with the help of Leica Image 1000 system. 

Part of the material we studied had been mounted on slides by authors. Other 
specimens were collected using a Malaise trap or sweep net, and were preserved 
in 75% ethanol. They were treated in 10% KOH, dehydrated through an ethanol 
from 75% to 95%, and then mounted on microscope slides using Euparal after 
treatment in clove oil based on total 63 specimens from China. 


SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY 
Key to Chinese species of the genus 7richonta Winnertz 
I Wine with apical third tumose .../....040 20s. 2 ee eee 2 


= Winte clear, without mrankiines' 5. gi eeecencciosecese iat vscccedeeneececsccete tee 3 


2. Base of posterior fork at middle of vein Rs; cerci moderately long; dorsal 


branch of gonostylus scutate (Figs. 9-11)... T. fuliginosa Wu et Yang 

- Base of posterior fork before vein Rs; cerci extremely slender; dorsal branch 
of gonostylus extremely slender (Figs. 12-14).......... T: orientalia Wu et Yang 

3. Legs at least with basal ventral of middle and hind femora and hind coax 
[DROW Se ote ae eee Me ner baeeceteotccaaraad ecb tase Aeisans escneoru teen een eee 4 

- Legs without distinet brown markings ......4..........200-<sdss.000e sete. Meee 5 


4. Base of posterior fork beyond vein Rs; middle tibia with 4 lines of bristles; 
ventral branch of gonostylus subquadrate (Figs. 1-3) .........ccccceeecessseeeeeessteeees 
ali Ere ab oy ea a aki tae Eran Senne a ne an, (Ph T. aberransida sp. nov. 


Base of posterior fork before vein Rs; middle tibia with 3 lines of bristles; 
ventral branch of gonostylus rostriform apically (Figs. 15-17).........ceeeeeeee 
stain std decdaied Onsteeteabanesedin cde eee MLA OOS IEE ce eS T: rostriforma sp. nov. 


5. Base of posterior fork before vein Rs; dorsal branch of gonostylus slender, 
with 2 basal branches and with 3 long setae apically (Figs. 7-8)...........::c00 
ret Aa ea th ie i age a a A 7. chinensis Yang et Wu 


- Base of posterior fork beyond vein Rs; dorsal branch of gonostylus broad and 
short, covered with broad long setae apically (Figs. 4-6)............cccscceeeseeeeees 
Sed a HetieE bea Ra Ra ab cava dc dgRRCA' ain AVRO Ee UROL C REED MERE BU an eE T. aureola Wu et Zheng 


505 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 


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Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 507 


Trichonta aberransida NEW SPECIES 
(Figs. 1-3) 


Diagnosis: Frontal tubercle with | distinct, dark setae; mesoscutum blackish 
brown, somewhat lighter at humeral areas; scutellum with 6 long setae; lat- 
erotergite and mediotergite with numerous small and some larger setae; hind 
tibia with 11d, 9a, 8p; gonostylus slender apically, with 1 apical dark setae, dis- 
tinctly longer than the other; ventral branch of gonostylus subquadrate. 

Description: Male. Body length 3.5 mm; wing length 3.8 mm; palpi and 
mouthpart brown; posterior part of head blackish brown; antennae dark brown, 
with scape, pedicel and base of the first flagellomere yellow. Length of flagellum 
1.95 mm or 1.8 times as long as mesonotum; frontal tubercle with | distinct, dark 
setae, frons weak in front of ocelli; face 1.65 times as long as wide. 

Thorax: length of mesonotum 1.05 mm; pronotum brown, with a few dark 
setae; mesoscutum blackish brown, somewhat lighter at humeral areas; mesane- 
pisternum dark brown, with 4 long setae in the upper part; mesokatepisternum 
dark brown; scutellum blackish brown, with 6 long setae; laterotergite and 
mediotergite dark brown, with numerous small and some larger setae. Wings: 
wing length 3.3 mm, clear yellowish brown; vein Sc ending free; base of poste- 
rior fork beyond vein Rs; vein CuA bare; halter yellow. Legs: yellow brownish, 
but hind coxa brown, and base of middle and hind femora with ventral brown 
markings; middle tibia with 3d, 4a, 6p-v, 10p; hind tibia with 11d, 9a, 8p. 

Abdomen: sternites I-[V brown, sternites V-VI dark brown. The male termi- 
nalia blackish brown. Gonostylus slender apically, with 1 apical dark setae, dis- 
tinctly longer than the other; ventral branch of gonostylus subquadrate. Para- 
meres with a short row of membraneous setae apically. Aedeagus robust, slight- 
ly protruding beyond tip of parameres. Tergite 9 elongated. 

Distribution. South of China (Zhejiang). 

Female: unknown. 

Holotype male, Zhejiang: Anji, Longwang mountain, 1996. V. 13, Wu Hong, 
No. 960096. 

Etymology: The specific name refers to the type character of ventral branch 
of gonostylus. 

Remarks: This species is similar to 7’ aberrans Lundstrom, 1911, but can be 
separated from the latter by base of posterior fork beyond vein Rs; middle tibia 
with 4 lines of bristles; the male terminalia with tergite [IX medium sized; ven- 
tral branch of gonostylus subquadrate, with some setae apically. 


Trichonta aureola Wu et Zheng, 1995 
(Figs. 4-6) 
Trichonta aureola Wu et Zheng, 1995: Insects and Macrofungi of Gutianshan, 
Zhejiang: 198. Type locality: China, Zhejiang (Gutianshan). 


Material Examined: 10, Zhejiang, Kaihua, Gutianshan, 500m (29° 16' N, 
118° 06' E), 1992-10-28, Wu Hong, No. 931694(H). 


508 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Male. Head: palpi and mouthpart yellow; posterior part of head dark brown. 
Antennae brownish. Thorax: pronotum yellow; mesoscutum dark brown, with 
humeral angles yellow, and 2 yellow longitudinal stripes; mesanepisternum 
brown, with 4 long setae in the upper part; scutellum brown, with 4 long setae; 
rest of thorax brown. Wings: wing length 2.9mm; clear yellow brownish; vein Sc 
ending free; base of posterior fork beyond vein Rs; vein CuA bare; halter yellow. 
Legs: yellow; base of hind coxa with 1 strong seta at posterior side; middle tibia 
with 2d, 5a, 6p-d, 4p; hind tibia with 5-7d, lla, 6p. Abdomen: tergites brown, 
with posterior margins and anterior angles yellow; sternites yellow; the male ter- 
minalia brown. 

Distribution: South of China (Zhejiang). 

Remarks: This species is allied to 7. chinensis Yang et Wu, but can be distin- 
guished from the latter by the characters: Base of posterior fork beyond vein Rs; 
dorsal branch of gonostylus broad and short, covered with broad long setae api- 
cally (Figs. 4-6). 


Trichonta chinensis Yang et Wu, 1996 
(Figs. 7-8) 


Trichonta chinensis Yang et Wu, 1996: Reserch Resour. Xinglong nat. Reser. 
Gansu: 284. Type locality: China, Gansu (Xinglongshan). 


Material Examined: 10°, Gansu, Yuzhong, Xinglongshan, 2000m (34°25'N, 
105°43'E), 1980-08-20, Yang Chi-kun, No. 880495. 

Male. Head: palpi and mouthpart yellow; posterior part of head brown; anten- 
na yellowish brown. Thorax: pronotum brownish yellow; mesoscutum brown, 
with yellow humeral markings and 3 brownish narrow longitudinal stripes; 
mesanepisternum brown, with 4 long setae in the upper part; mesokatepisternum 
brown to blackish brown; scutellum brown, with 7-9 long setae; laterotergite and 
mediotergite brown. Wings: wing length 3.5mm; clear yellowish; vein Sc ending 
R; base of posterior fork before vein Rs; vein CuA bare; halter yellowish. Legs: 
brownish yellow. Abdomen: tergites brown, with tergites 1, 5 darker and tergites 
2, 3 lighter, posterior and lateral margins yellow; sternites 1, 5, 6 brownish, ster- 
nites 2-4 yellow; the male terminalia brown. 

Distribution: North of China (Gansu). 

Remarks: This species is similar to Trichonta aureola Wu et Zheng, but can 
be separated by the characters: base of posterior fork before vein Rs; dorsal 
branch of gonostylus slender, with 2 basal branches and 3 long setae apically 
(Figs. 7-8) 


Trichonta fuliginosa Wu et Yang, 1992 
(Figs. 9-11) 


Trichonta fuliginosa Wu et Yang, 1992: J. Zhejiang For. Coll. 9:426. Type local- 
ity: China, Zhejiang (Moganshan). 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 509 


Material Examined: 10°19, Zhejiang, Moganshan (30°37'N, 119°51'E), 
1992-04-18, Wu Hong, No. 920060(H), 920059(A). 

Male. Head: palpi and mouthpart brown; posterior part of head brown to dark 
brown; antennae brownish to brown, with scape, pedicel and the first flagellum 
yellowish. Thorax: pronotum yellow; mesoscutum dark brown, with yellow 
humeral markings; mesanepisternum brown, with 7-8 long setae in the upper 
part; mesokatepisternum brown; scutellum dark brown, with 6 long setae; 
latrotergite and mediotergite brown. Legs: yellowish, but middle coxa, fore and 
middle tarsi brown, hind coxa dark brown, apical parts of hind femur and tibia 
brown. Wings: wing length 3.8mm; clear yellowish, with apical 1/3 fumose vein 
Sc ending free; base of posterior fork at middle of vein Rs; vein CuA bare; hal- 
ter yellowish. Abdomen: tergites brown to dark brown, with lateral margins of 
tergites 2-5 yellow; sternites brown; the male terminalia blackish brown. 

Female. wing length 3.6mm; coloration and characters the same as in the male, 
but anterior margins of sternites 3-6 yellowish; the female terminalia yellow. 

Distribution: South of China (Zhejiang). 

Remarks: This species is similar to 7’ orientalia Wu et Yang, but differs from 
the latter by the characters: base of posterior fork at middle of vein Rs; cerci 
moderately long and dorsal branch of gonostylus scutate (Figs. 9-11). 


Trichonta orientalia Wu et Yang, 1995 
(Figs. 12-14) 


Trichonta orientalia Wu et Yang, 1995: Insects and Macrofungi of Gutian moun- 
tain, Zhejiang: 199. Type locality: China, Zhejiang (Gutian mountain). 


Material Examined: 10°, Zhejiang, Kaihua, Gutianshan, 500m (29°16'N, 
118°06'E), 1992-10-28, Deng Yifei, No. 930333(H). 

Male. Head: palpi and mouth part yellow; posterior part of head dark brown; 
antenna brownish, with scape, pedicel, the first and base of the second flagellums 
yellow. Thorax: pronotum yellow; mesoscutum dark brown, with humeral angles 
yellow; mesanepisternum brown, with 4 long setae in the upper part; mesanepi- 
sternum brown; scutellum dark brown, with 6 long setae; laterotergite and 
mediotergite brown, covered setae. Wings: wing length 2.9mm; clear yellowish 
brown, but apical 1/3 fumose; vein Sc ending R; base of posterior fork before 
vein Rs; vein CuA bare; halter yellowish. Legs: yellow, but base of middle femur, 
base and apical parts of hind femur and tibia brown; middle tibia with 3d, 2a, 6p- 
d, 4p; hind tibia with 8d, 9a, 9p. Abdomen: tergites brown, with lateral margins 
of tergites 2-3 as well as anterior margins of tergites 3-4 yellow; sternites 1-4 yel- 
low, sternites 5-6 brown; the male terminalia blackish brown. 

Distribution: South of China (Zhejiang). 

Remarks: This species is closely similar to Trichonta fuliginosa Wu et Yang, 
but differs from the latter by the characters: base of posterior fork before vein Rs; 
cerci extremely slender and dorsal branch of gonostylus extremely slender (Figs. 
12-14). 


510 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Trichonta rostriforma NEW SPECIES 
(Figs. 15-17) 


Diagnosis: frontal tubercle with 2 distinct, dark setae; mesoscutum blackish 
brown, hardly lighter at humeral areas; scutellum with 6 long setae; scutellum 
dark brown, with 5 long setae; laterotergite and mediotergite bright brown, with 
several small and some larger setae; hind tibia with 5d, 6a, 7p; gonostylus strong 
apically, without apical dark setae, only evenly equal long setae; ventral branch 
of gonostylus rostriform apically. 

Description: Male. Body length 3.4 mm; wing length 3.65 mm; palpi and 
mouth part dark brown; posterior part of head blackish brown; antenna brown, 
with scape, pedicel and the first flagellum yellow brown; length of flagellum 
1.80 mm or 1.65 times as long as mesonotum; frontal tubercle with 2 weak, dark 
setae, frons weak in front of ocelli; face 1.60 times as long as wide. 

Thorax: length of mesonotum 0.95 mm; pronotum brownish yellow, with 
humeral angles yellow and a few dark setae; mesoscutum black brown, hardly 
lighter at humeral areas; mesanepisternum brown, with 6 long setae in the upper 
part; mesokatepisternum brown; scutellum dark brown, with 5 long setae; lat- 
erotergite and mediotergite bright brown, with several small and some larger 
setae. Wings: wing length 3.4-3.5 mm, clear yellow brownish; vein Sc ending in 
vein R; base of posterior fork before vein Rs; vein CuA bare; halter yellow. Legs: 
yellowish brown, but middle and hind coxae brown, base of middle and hind 
femora with ventral brown markings; middle tibia with 4d, 3a, 5p; hind tibia with 
5d, 6a, 7p. 

Abdomen: tergites 1-4 brown, with sides of tergites 2-3 yellow brown; tergites 
5-6 dark brown; sternites 1-2 brownish, sternites 3-6 brown; the male terminalia 
blackish brown; gonostylus strong apically, without apical dark setae, only even- 
ly equal long setae; ventral branch of gonostylus rostriform apically; parameres 
with a long row of membraneous setae apically; aedeagus strongly robust, dis- 
tinctly protruding beyond tip of parameres; tergite 9 elongated. 

Distribution: South of China (Zhejiang and Hubei). 

Female: Unknown. 

Holotype male, Zhejiang: Anji, Longwangshan (30°23'N, 119°24'E), 1996- 
05-13, Wu Hong, No. 960102. Paratypes (20°C): 10°, Zhejiang, Zhoushan 
(30°01'N, 122°06'E), 1991-04-19, Wu Hong, No. 910105; 10°, Hubei, Wudang- 
shan (32°23'N, 110°56'E), 1000m, 1984-06-01, Yang Chi-kun, No. 880547. 

Etymology: The specific name refers to the type character of ventral branch 
of gonostylus. 

Remarks: This species is similar to 7. beata Gagne, 1981, but can be sepa- 
rated from the latter by the male terminalia with tergite LX medium sized; gono- 
stylus strong apically, without apical dark setae, only evenly equal long setae; 
ventral branch of gonostylus rostriform apically; parameres with a long row of 
membraneous setae apically; aedeagus strongly robust, distinctly protruding 
beyond tip of parameres. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 511 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


We wish to thank Mr. Mingshui Zhao and Ms. Shuzhen Yang of the Tianmushan National Nature 
Reserve (Lin’an), Mr Zhiyong Wu of Longwangshan (Nature Reserve, Anji) for the gift of speci- 
mens. We are also grateful to the following experts for providing valuable literature and/or other 
information: Mr. P. Chandler of the West Research Laboratory, Maidenhead (now retired); Dr. G. 
E.E. Soli of the Zoological Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo; Dr. B. Okland of the Norwegian 
Forest Research Institute, Hogskolevien; Dr. I. Zaitzev of the A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology 
and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow; and Dr. R. J. Gagne of the Systematic Ento- 
mology Laboratory, Science and Education Administration, Washington. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bechey, D. 2000. World distribution of the genera of fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea, excluding 
Sciaridae). Studia Dipterologica 7(2): 543-552. 


Chandler, P. J. 2005. Fauna Europaea: Mycetophilidae. Jn, H. de Jong (Editor). Fauna Europaea: 
Diptera, Nematocera. Fauna Europaea. Version 1. 2. Available from: http://www. faunaeur.org 


Gagne, R. J. 1981. A monograph of Trichonta with a model for the distribution of Holarctic 
Mycetophilidae (Diptera). Technical Bulletin U.S. Department of Agriculture 1638: 1-64. 


Hackman, W., P. Lastovka, L. Matile, and R. Vaisanen. 1988. Family Mycetophilidae: 220-327. 
In, A. Sods and L. Papp (Editors). Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 3. Akade’miai 
kiad’o, Budapest, Romania. 332 pp. 


Jakovlev, E. B. 1994. Palaearctic Diptera associated with fungi and myxomycetes. Petrozavodsk, 
Russia, 127 pp. [In Russian, with English summary. | 


Soli, G. E. E. 1997. The adult morphology of Mycetophilidae (s.s.), with a tentative phylogeny of 
the family (Diptera, Sciaroidea). Entomologicas Scandinavica, Supplement 50: 1-49. 


Rindal, E. and G. E. E. Soli. 2006. Phylogeny of the subfamily Mycetophilinae (Diptera: Myceto- 
philidae). Zootaxa 1302: 43-59. 


Soli, G. E. E., R. J. Vockeroth, and L. Matile. 2000. A. 4. Families of Sciaroidea. Pp. 49-92. Jn, 
L. Papp and B. Darvas. (Editors). Contribution to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Appendix. 
Budapest, Romania. 604 pp. 


Vockeroth, J. R. 1981. Mycetophilidae. Pp. 223-253. In, Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Research 
Branch Agriculture Canada, Volume 1. Monograph, 27. Ottawa, Ontario. 


Winnertz, J. 1863. Beitrag zu einer Monographie der Pilzmucken. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch— 
Botanischen Gesellschaftin Wien 13: 637-964. 


Wu, H. and C. Yang. 1992. The mycetophilids of Mt. Mogan with descriptions of 10 new species 
(Diptera: Mycetophiloidea). Journal Zhejiang Forestry College 9: 424-438. [In Chinese with 
English summary. | 


Wu, H., C. Yang, and R. Cheng. 1995. Diptera: Keroplatidae and Mycetophilidae. Pp. 191-204. 
In, Insects and macrofungi of Gutianshan, Zhejiang. Zhejiang Science and Technology 
Publishing House. [In Chinese with English summary. ] 


Yang, C. and H. Wu. 1996. Three new species of mycetophilids from Xinglong Mountain, Gansu 
Province (Diptera, Mycetophilidae). Pp. 283-288. Jn, Investigation on the background of re- 
sources in Xinglong Mountain Natural Reserve, Gansu. Gansu Nationality Publishing House. 
[In Chinese with English summary. ] 


Zaitzev, A. I. 2003. Fungus gnats (Diptera, Sciaroidea) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent regions. 
Part II. An International Journal of Dipterological Research 14 (2-4): 77-386. 


512 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


A NEW SPECIES OF PACHYOTOMA BAGNALL, 
1949 (COLLEMBOLA: ISOTOMIDAE) FROM CHINA’ 


Yufeng Ding,’ Guofu Gao,’ and Shiping Bai’ 


ABSTRACT: Pachyotoma emeiensisis sp. nov. characters is described from Sichuan Province, P. R. 
China. It differs from the 15 known species of the genus Pachyotoma in presence of both secondary 
granulation and endoskeletal reticulation on the body and 3 distinct teeth on mucro. Remarks on the 
taxonomical status of genera Pachyotoma and Bonetrura are provided. 


KEY WORDS: Collembola, Isotomidae, Pachyotoma, endoskeletal reticulation, new species 


The genus Pachyotoma consists of isotomids with secondary granulations on 
the integument, a well-developed furcula and a mucro separated from the dens. 
Densis straight, cylindrical or gradually narrowed, not crenulated, with granulat- 
ed surface on the posterior side. Macrochaetae are not differentiated and all 
species have numerous sensilla on the body tergites except for Pachyotoma ther- 
maquatica Potapov, 2005. 

In the course of a study of collembolan communities made in Guangxi Pro- 
vince, one isotomid that falls in the genus Pachyotoma Bagnall, 1949 was dis- 
covered and it is new to science. Species of the genus had never been reported 
from China until Potapov (2005) moved P. dabeiensis Tamura and Zhao 2000 
from the genus Bonetrura Christiansen and Bellinger, 1980 into Pachyotoma 
Bagnall, 1949. 


METHODS 
The specimens were cleared in Nesbitt’s fluid and mounted in Hoyer’s solu- 
tion. Fixed slides were heat dried under lamp lights for 5—6 days. 


Pachyotoma emeiensis, Ding, sp. nov. 
Figs. 1-14 


Type Data. Holotype: female, China: Sichuan Province: Emei City, 6-VIII- 
2006, collection number 1001. Paratypes: 7 females and 1 male, and about 100 
specimens in alcohol, same data as holotype. All specimens were collected at the 
peak of Mount Emei. Type specimens are deposited in the School of Life 
Science, Nanjing Agricultural University. 


‘Received on October 30, 2006. Accepted on May 13, 2007. 


> School of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China. Emails: 
jessyding@hotmail.com, gfgao@njau.edu.cn, bsp1226@sina.com. Yufeng Ding is the correspond- 
ing author. 


Mailed on January 18, 2008 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 Byi183 


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Figures 1-8. Pachyotoma emeiensis, sp. nov. 1. PAO and eyes; 2. maxillary outer lobe; 
3. head (part), front view; 4. groups of proximal, basomedial and postlabial chaetae; 5. 
Ant. 1-3 (only sensillae and basal microsensillae shown); 6. sensillae, microsensillae and 
common chaetae on Th. IJ; 7. sensillae and common chaetae on Abd. IV; 8. general dis- 
tribution of sensillar elements on body. 


514 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


~wes 


wou 
~ew 7 


eS, 
yw 


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13 


Figures 9-14. Pachyotoma emeiensis, sp. nov. 9. tibiotarsus and claw of hind leg; 10. 
ventral tube; 11. retinaculum; 12. chaetotaxy of subcoxa furcalis, (right side); 13. furcu- 
la (lateral view); 14. cuticle of Th. II (part). 


Abbreviations. AO, antennal organ of third antennal segment; PAO, postan- 
tennal organ; Abd. I-VI, abdominal segments I — VI; Ant. 1, 2, 3, 4 - antennal 
segments; 1, 2, 3, 4, VT, ventral tube; al, anteriolateral furcal subcoxa; am, ante- 
riomedial furcal subcoxa; p, posterior furcal subcoxa; bms, basal microsensillum 
on antennal segments; ms — microsensillum; p-row, posterior row of tergal 
chaetae; s, sensillum. 


Description. Maximum body length 1.3 mm. 
Color. Heavily darkish black including appendages. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 515 


Integument. With inner reticulation and large secondary granulation all over 
the tergites; secondary granulation also present on appendages but inner reticu- 
lation absent there. 

Head. Ommatidia 8+8, G and H slightly smaller or subequal to the other six. 
PAO oval, without distinct constriction nor inner denticles, almost as long as 
nearest ommatidia and basal width of Ant. 1, and with 2 guard chaetae along its 
outer margin (Fig. 1). Maxillary palp simple, maxillary outer lobe with 4 sublo- 
bial hairs (Fig. 2). Labral formula 4/5, 5, 4. Clypeus with about 25 chaetae, those 
in the 3 transversal rows closer to labrum stronger than the rest (Fig. 3). Labium 
with 3+3 proximal cheatae and 4+4 basomedian chaetae. Ventral side of head 
with 4+4 chaetae along linea ventralis (Fig. 4). Ant. 1 with 2 bms, dorsal and 
ventral, and 2 ventral s; Ant. 2 with 2 bms and 1 latero-distal s; Ant. 3 with 5 dis- 
tal s (2 inner, 2 outer and | lateral) and without bms; inner sensilla of AO are 
elongate, of almost the same size as outer sensilla, just slightly shorter than 
common chaetae on Ant. 3 (Fig. 5). Numerous sensilla present on Ant. 4, sub- 
apical organelle small. 

Body Chaetotaxy. Macrochaetae (Mac) generally not differentiated, only 
distally on Abd. VI with 1+1 macrochaetae. Length of the two macrochaetae 
twice that of longer common chaetae and almost equal to that of mucro. Most of 
body sensilla slightly shorter than common chaetae except those on Abd. IV. 
Sensilla on Abd. IV curved more than those on other body segments and rela- 
tively longer than common chaetae on the same segment (Figs. 6 and 7). Tergites 
of Th. If — Abd. V covered with numerous sensilla along p-row and on medial 
and lateral parts. Sensilla and common cheatae along p-rows of the segments 
mostly alternately arranged. Sensillar and microsensillar formulae respectively 
as 25-28, 29-33/ 17-20, 28-31, 24—29, 51-57, 26—29(s) and 1, 1/1, 1, 1, 1 (ms). 
Axial setae (common setae along median line on each side) of Th. II-Abd. II: 
10-11, 8—10/6—7, 6-7, 6—7 (Fig. 8). Th. III with 45-48 chaetae in p-row. Thorax 
without ventral chaetae. 

Appendages. Upper and lower subcoxa of leg 1, 2, 3 with 0, 2, 2 and 1, 5, 6 
chaetae respectively. Unguis of normal size and shape, with inner tooth. 
Tibiotarsi of all legs with numerous additional chaetae (Fig. 9). Tenent hairs thin 
and pointed. Ventral tube with 8+8 latero-distal and 8—10 posterior chaetae (Fig. 
10). Retinaculum with 4+4 teeth on rami and | chaetae on ventral side of corpus 
(Fig. 11). Anterior part of furcal subcoxa divided into two groups, anteriolateral 
with 10—11 chaetae and anteriomedial with 30-34 chaetae, posterior furcal sub- 
coxa with 11-15 chaetae (Fig. 12). Anterior side of manubrium smooth and with 
no chaetae present, posterior side granulated and with 30-40 chaetae. Medial 
part of manubrium thickening bispinose. Dens with 4 anterior chaetae, | distal 
and 3 basomedial. Posterior side of dens with clear secondary granulation and 
12-13 chaetae, with 8—9 chaetae in basal part and 4 in distal part. Mucro strong, 
with | apical tooth, 2 symmetrical subapical teeth and 2 lamella. Each subapical 
tooth connected with base of mucro by one lamella. Mucro with a hook-shaped 
apex (Fig. 13). Ratio of manubrium: dens: mucro as 3.3—3.5: 2.7—3.0: 1. 


516 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Ecological Remarks. Found under rocks in a mixed forest comprising of 
Musa, bamboo and broad-leaf trees. 
Etymology. The new species is named after the type locality. 


DISCUSSION 

There were no reports of the genus Pachyotoma in China before Potapov et al. 
(2005) moved P. dabeiensis, which was described from southwest China, from 
Bonetrura into Pachyotoma. Potapovy made the change because Bonetrura 
Christiansen and Bellinger, 1980 was established mostly on missing chaetae 
located on the anterior side of dens (P. dabeiensis does have these chaetae). We 
agree with this placement and wish to supplement it. 

According to the original description of Bonetrura boneti its pronotum is well- 
developed. This remarkable character is found that the same occurs in our spec- 
imens collected from Yellow Mountain, Anhui Province, China. Also, all these 
specimens should be placed in the genus Bonetrura for possessing secondary 
granulation and a well-developed dens lacking chaetae on its anterior side. 
Likewise, they also possess a well-developed and elongate pronotum, which is 
equal to or longer than the mesonotum. However, Tamura and Zhao did not men- 
tion this in their description of P. dabeiensis and according to the original figure, 
the pronotum of the species is reduced. 

The presence of both endoskeletal reticulation and secondary granulation 1s 
shown in the descriptions for Jestella siva and J. armata, but not found in the 
described species of Pachyotoma. Mucro shape of the new species is distinct 
from all other species of Pachyotoma. These two characters clearly define 
P. emeiensis sp. nov. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Christiansen, K. A. and P. F. Bellinger. 1998. The Collembola of North America north of the Rio 
Grande, a taxonomic analysis, II. Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa, U.S.A. Pp. 462-463 


Potapov, M. 2001. Synopses on Palaearctic Collembola. Volume 3. Staatliches Museum fiir Natur- 
kunde. Gorlitz, Gorlitz, Germany. Pp. 365-375. 

Potapov, M. B., L. E. Lobkova, and J. E. Shrubovych. 2005. New and little known Palaearctic 
Pachyotominae (Collembola: Isotomidae). Russian Entomological Journal 14(1): 75-82. 


Tamura H. and L.-J. Zhao. 2000. A new species of the genus Bonetrura from Yunnan, Southwest 
China (Collembola: Isotomidae). Contributions from the Biological Laboratory Kyoto Univer- 
sity. 29: 95-97. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 Bl iii 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


NEW ADDITIONS TO THE INVENTORY OF COLORADO 
MAYFLIES (EPHEMEROPTERA) AND CADDISFLIES 
(TRICHOPTERA)! 


L. W. Myers’ and R. E. Younghanz’ 


There are currently 102 species of mayflies (McCafferty et al., 1993, Durfee 
and Kondratieff 1994, Durfee and Kondratieff 1997) and 198 species of caddis- 
flies (Herrmann et al., 1986, Ruiter 1990, Ruiter 1999) known from Colorado. In 
this paper, we report one new species record of mayfly Stenacron interpuncta- 
tum (Say) and one new species record of caddisfly Brachycentrus numerosus 
(Say) for the state. Both species were collected from the North Fork Republican 
River in Wray, Colorado, near the Kansas border. These collections extend the 
range westward for these two common, primarily eastern North American spec- 
ies (McCafferty and Huff 1978, Flint 1984). Stenacron interpunctatum is known 
to occur throughout Nebraska and Kansas (McCafferty et al., 2001). Likewise, 
B. numerosus is known from the central Nebraska counties of Brown and 
Thomas (unpublished data, C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Colo- 
rado State University), as well as from southwestern Kansas (Hamilton et al., 
1983). These recent collections provide further evidence of the western dispersal 
of numerous aquatic insects via the Missouri River tributaries of eastern 
Colorado (Kondratieff and Ward 1987, Evans 1988, Zuellig et al., 2006). Further 
study is needed to determine where the two species occur in other suitable habi- 
tats of eastern Colorado in the South Platte and Arkansas River basins. The pres- 
ence of both S. interpunctatum and B. numerosus in southwestern Kansas sug- 
gests their possible occurrence in the Arkansas River basin near the Kansas- 
Colorado border. 

Selected Material Examined: Stenacron interpunctatum, Yuma Co., North 
Fork Republican River, Hatchery Bridge Recreation Area 0.5 miles East of Wray, 
N 40° 4.738', W 102° 14.840', 5 November 2005, L. Myers and R. Younghanz, 4 
larvae. Brachycentrus numerosus, Yuma Co., North Fork Republican River, 
Hatchery Bridge Recreation Area 0.5 miles East of Wray, N 40° 4.738', W 102° 
14.840', 5 November 2005, L. Myers and R. Younghanz, 4 larvae; Yuma Co., 
North Fork Republican River, Park in Wray, Colorado, N 40° 4.800', W 102° 
13.159", 9 January 2005, B. Kondratieff, R. Younghanz and L. Myers, 4 males, 2 
females (reared). Yuma Co., North Fork Republican River, Hatchery Bridge 
Recreation Area 0.5 miles East of Wray, N 40° 4.738', W 102° 14.840', 9 January 


‘Received on November 11, 2006. Accepted on May 7, 2007. 


* Colorado State University, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado 
State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A. E-mails: (LWM) myersl@lamar.Colostate.edu, 
(REY) ryounghanz@msn.com. 


Mailed on January 18, 2008 


518 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


2005, B. Kondratieff, R. Younghanz and L. Myers, 3 males (reared). All materi- 
al is deposited in the C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Colorado 
State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We thank Dave Ruiter, Centennial, Colorado, for confirming the identification of B. numerosus 
and Dr. Boris C. Kondratieff, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, 
Colorado State University for review of this manuscript and assistance collecting material. Also we 
would like to thank Dr. Robert E. Zuellig of the USGS Fort Collins, Colorado, for review of this 
manuscript. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Durfee, R. S. and B. C. Kondratieff. 1994. New additions to the inventory of Colorado mayflies 
(Ephemeroptera). Entomological News 105: 222-227. 


Durfee, R. S. and B. C. Kondratieff. 1997. Description of the adults of Labiobaetis apache (Ephe- 
meroptera: Baetidae) with additions and corrections to the inventory of Colorado mayflies. 
Entomological News 108: 97-101. 


Evans, M. A. 1988. Checklist of the Odonata of Colorado. Great Basin Naturalist 48: 96-101. 


Flint, O. S. Jr. 1984. The genus Brachycentrus in North America, with a proposed phylogeny of the 
genera of Brachycentridae (Trichoptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 398. 58 pp. 


Hamilton, S. W., G. A. Schuster, and M. B. Dubois. 1983. Checklist of the Trichoptera of Kansas. 
Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 86: 10-23. 


Herrmann, S. J., D. E. Ruiter, and J. D. Unzicker. 1986. Distribution and records of Colorado 
Trichoptera. The Southwestern Naturalist 31: 421-457. 


Kondratieff, B. C. and J. V. Ward. 1987. Taeniopteryx burksi (Plecoptera: Taeniopterygidae) in 
Colorado, with notes on aquatic insects of plains streams. Entomological News 98: 13-16. 


McCafferty, W. P. and B. L. Huff. 1978. The life cycle of the mayfly Stenacron interpunctatum 
(Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae). The Great Lakes Entomologist. 11: 209-216 


McCafferty, W. P., R. S. Durfee, and B. C. Kondratieff. 1993. Colorado mayflies (Ephemerop- 
tera): an annotated inventory. The Southwestern Naturalist 38: 252-274. 


McCafferty, W. P., T. H. Klubertanz, R. P. Randolph, A. V. Provonsha, H. R. Lawson, and B. C. 
Kondratieff. 2001. Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of the Great Plains, I: Nebraska. Transactions of 
the American Entomological Society 127: 5-29. 


Ruiter, D. E. 1990. A new species of Neotrichia (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from Colorado with 
additions and corrections to the distribution and records of Colorado Trichoptera. Entomological 
News 101: 88-92. 


Ruiter, D. E. 1999. A new species and new synonym in the genus Psychoronia (Limnephilidae), 
with significant records for caddisflies (Trichoptera) from western North America. Great Basin 
Naturalist 59: 160-168. 


Zuellig, R. E., B. C. Kondratieff, and R. W. Hood. 2006. Studies on stoneflies (Plecoptera) of 
Colorado with eastern faunal affinities, including a new state record of the midwestern salmonfly, 
Pteronarcys pictetii Hagen (Plecoptera: Pteronarcyiidae). Proceedings of the Entomological 
Society of Washington 108: 335-340. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 519 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


TELENOMUS (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE), 
EGG PARASITOID OF CALIGO BRASILIENSIS 
(C. FELDER, 1862) (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) 
IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL’ 


Cecilia B. Margaria,’ Hélcio R. Gil-Santana,’ Oton Meira Marques,‘ and Marta S. Loiacono’ 


Caligo brasiliensis (C. Felder, 1862) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Morphinae: 
Brassolini) (Casagrande, 2004), is a common butterfly in southern Brazil. The 
larvae feed on leaves of Musa argentea L., Musa sapientum L., Musa parasidi- 
aca L. (Musaceae), Hedychium coronarium Koen. (Zingiberaceae) and Euterpe 
edulis Mart. (Palmae) according to Silva (1907), Silva et al. (1968) and 
D’ Abrera (1987). 

Caligo spp. larvae, sometimes, are even abundant enough to be considered as 
a pest on banana plantations (Hogue, 1993) but rarely reaching economic impor- 
tance (Fancelli et al., 1998). Nevertheless, Malo and Willis (1961) suggested that 
Caligo eurilochus (Cramer, 1775), a very close species of C. brasiliensis, in the 
absence of effective natural biological control, could easily become a serious 
banana pest. 

Information about egg parasitoids of Caligo spp. 1s scanty. In banana planta- 
tions particularly, the attack of the trichogrammatid species related to Xenufens 
ruskini Girault, 1915 is recorded for C. eurilochus in Ecuador (Malo and Willis, 
1961); Xenufens ruskini for Caligo memnon (C. Felder et R. Felder, 1867). In 
Honduras and Colombia the attack of the encyrtid Ooencyrtus caligo Noyes is 
the record for Caligo illioneus (Cramer, 1775) eggs (Noyes, 1985) and Ooen- 
cyrtus sp. in eggs collected in Costa Rica (Harrison, 1963). There is no record 
about Caligo brasiliensis egg parasitoids in literature. 

Johnson (1984) established eleven host-specific groups of Jelenomus Haliday: 
T: tabanivorus from Diptera, T. californicus, T: arzamae, and T. dalmanni species 
group complex from Lepidoptera, 7’ floridanus, T: crassiclava, T: podisi, T: phy- 
matae, T: laricis, T. nigricoxalis from Hemiptera, and T. longicornis with host 
unknown. From Brazil, several species of Telenomus californicus species group 
(Johnson, 1984) were recorded as endoparasitoids of lepidopteran eggs 
(Loiacono and Margaria, 2002). 


"Received on February 20, 2007. Accepted on May 20, 2007. 


* Division Entomologia, Museo de La Plata, Paseo Del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, 
Argentina. E-mails: (CBM) cmargaria@fenym.unlp.edu.ar, (MSL) loiacono@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar. 


* Laboratorio de Diptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21045-900 Rio 
de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. E-mail: helciogil@uol.com.br. 


*Departamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciéncias Agrarias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal da 
Bahia. 44380-000 Cruz das Almas - BA, Brasil. E-mail: oton@ufba.br. 


Mailed on January 18, 2008 


520 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


The vast majority of species of Jelenomus are solitary egg parasitoids, i.e., one 
parasite develops per host egg. However, a few gregarious species attack large- 
sized host eggs of different insect orders, e.g., TZ. monilicornis Ashmead, 1894, 
T: dendrolimi Matsumura, 1925 and 7: fariai Costa Lima, 1928. In these cases 
usually five to ten wasps complete development within an egg (Johnson, 1984). 


METHODS 


Caligo brasiliensis egg clusters (Figure 1) were collected on leaves of Musa 
argentea by the second author in Cabo Frio (22° 51'S - 42° 03' W), State of Rio 
de Janeiro in August and September 2005 and maintained in laboratory condi- 
tions. 


Figures 1-2. 1. Caligo brasiliensis egg cluster after the emergence of adults wasps. 2. The 
wasps in a sectioned Caligo brasiliensis egg before their emergence. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 521 


The lepidopteran species was identified based on D’Abrera (1987) and is 
deposited at “Cole¢ao Entomologica do Museu Nacional da Universidade Fed- 
eral do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ).” 

The Scelionidae species that emerged from Caligo brasiliensis was identified 
following Johnson (1984) and the voucher specimens are deposited at Colecdo 
Entomoldgica do Museu Nacional da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 
(MNRJ, Brazil) and Division Entomologia of the Museo de La Plata (MLP, 
Argentina). 


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 


Two clusters of host eggs were attacked by Zelenomus: 235 adults emerged 
from an eleven-egg butterfly cluster (1. VIII.2005) and 190 specimens from a ten- 
egg cluster (5.1X.2005) (Figure 1, see previous page), showing gregarious be- 
havior with more than twenty parasitoid adults emerging per egg (Figure 2, see 
previous page). 

The specimens reared belong to the Zelenomus californicus species group as 
defined by Johnson (1984), and are closed to Telenomus solitus Johnson, 1983, 
differing principally on the basis of genitalia structure. Telenomus solitus has 
been reared from an unidentified noctuid egg and also it was cultured in labora- 
tory from Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Guatemala 
(Johnson, 1983). This record confirms the Lepidoptera host-specific of T. cali- 
fornicus species group. This is the first record of Caligo brasiliensis egg para- 
sitoid species. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


We thank Olaf H.H. Mielke by information about the taxonomy of C. brasiliensis and financial 
support from the Secretaria de Ciencia y Técnica de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Consejo 
Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (Argentina). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Casagrande, M. M. 2004. Jn, Lamas, G. (Editor). Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. 
Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera SA. Association of Tropical Lepidoptera/Scientific publishers, 
Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. pp. 201-205. 


D’Abrera, B. 1987. Butterflies of the Neotropical Region. Part III Brassolidae, Acraeidae, Nym- 
phalidae (partim). Hill House. Victoria, Melbourne. 139 pp. 


Fancelli, M., A. Lindemberg, and M. Mesquita. 1998. Pragas da bananeira. Jn, Pragas de fruteiras 
tropicais de importancia agroindustrial. (Sobrinho, Cardoso & Freire). Embrapa SPI. Brasilia, 
Brasil. pp. 41-51. 


Harrison, J. O. 1963. The natural enemies of some banana insect pests in Costa Rica. Journal of 
Economic Entomology 56(3): 282-285. 


Hogue, C. L. 1993. Latin American insects and entomology. University of California Press. Los 
Angeles, California, U.S.A. 536 pp. 


522. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Johnson, N. F. 1983. Description of Zelenomus solitus n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), a noctu- 
id egg parasitoid. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 85: 226-228. 


Johnson, N. F. 1984. Systematic of Nearctic 7elenomus. Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey 6: 
1-113. 


Loiacono, M. S. and C. B. Margaria. 2002. Ceraphronoidea, Platygastroidea and Proctotrupoidea 
from Brazil (Hymenoptera). Neotropical Entomology 31(4): 551-560. 


Malo, F. and E. R. Willis. 1961. Life history and biological control of Caligo eurilochus, a pest of 
banana. Journal of Economic Entomology 54(3): 530-536. 


Noyes, J. S. 1985. A review of the Neotropical species of Ooencyrtus Ashmead, 1900 (Hy- 
menoptera: Encyrtidae). Journal of the Natural History 19: 533- 554. 


Silva, B. R. 1907. Contribuigao para a historia natural dos lepidopteros do Brasil. Imprensa 
Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. 179 pp. 


Silva, A. G. A., C. R. Goncalves, D. M. Galvao, A. J. L. Goncalves, J. Gomes, M. N. Silva, and 
L. Simoni. 1968. Quarto catalogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil — seus parasitas 
e predadores. Ministério da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro. Parte II, 1° Tomo. 622 pp. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 323 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


CONFIRMATION DATA FOR THREE SPECIES OF 
MAYFLIES IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, U.S.A. 
(EPHEMEROPTERA: EPHEMERELLIDAE, 
EPHEMERIDAE, HEPTAGENIIDAE)' 


W. P. McCafferty’ and M. D. Meyer’ 


Eaton (1885) reported Cinygma integrum Eaton (Heptageniidae) from 
‘Washington Territory” and Mount Hood, Oregon. No collection data were given 
by Eaton, and there have been no additional reports from the state of Washington. 
Spieth (1941) listed Washington (as Washington Territory) among states and 
provinces from where he had seen specimens of Hexagenia limbata limbata 
(Serville) [now H. limbata] (Ephemeridae). No other data were given by Spieth, 
and there have been no additional reports from the state of Washington. Landa et 
al. (1982) noted Caudatella edmundsi Allen (Ephemerellidae) from Washington 
but provided no other data. There have been no other reports from the state of 
Washington. 

From our study of numerous collections (see below), we are able to confirm 
each of the three species mentioned above with Washington State collection data, 
as per required for establishing valid species ranges (McCafferty 2000) as fol- 
lows: 

Caudatella edmundsi (all larvae): Chelan Co, Wenatchee R, 10-VII-2003 
(United States Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR); Okanogan Co, 
North Fork Toats Coulee Cr, 7-[X-1995 (WDE: Washington Dept Ecology, 
Olympia, WA); Spokane Co, Deadman Cr, Deadman Rd, 7-VII-1962 (PERC: 
Purdue Entomological Research Collection, West Lafayette, IN); Whatcom Co, 
Thompson Cr, 16-IX-1996 (WDE). 

Hexagenia limbata: adults, Benton Co, Snake R, 20-VII-1996 (RN: Robert 
Newell-Flathead Lake Biological Station Collection, Polson, MT); adults, 
Chelan Co, Lake Chelan, 6-VI-1964 (PERC); adults, Columbia Co, Touchet R, 
15-VIII-1999 (RN); larvae, Spokane Co, Spokane, 1940 (Illinois Natural History 
Survey, Champaign, IL). 

Cinygma integrum (all larvae): Asotin Co, Fields Spring St Prk, 22-[V-1972 
(WSU: Washington State University, Pullman, WA); Challam Co, Indian Cr, 
Lake Aldwell, 18-VI-2001 (PERC); Lewis Co, Ohanapecosh, Mt Rainier Natl 
Prk, 16-V-2001 (C. P. Gillette Museum, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 


‘Submitted January 5, 2007. Accepted April 26, 2007. 


*Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 U.S.A. E-mail: 
mecaffer@purdue.edu. 


> Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Science, Christopher Newport University, | 
University Place, Newport, Virginia 23606 U.S.A. E-mail: michael.meyer@cnu.edu. 


Mailed on January 18, 2008 


524 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


CO); Okanogan Co, 8 Mile Cr, Winthrop, 24-VI-1936 (WSU); Pierce Co, West 
End Rd, Mt Rainier Natl Prk, 12-VHJ-1977 (WSU); San Juan Co, Deadman Cr, 
San Juan Island, 19-V-1978 (Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham 
Young University, Provo, UT); Yakima Co, Rimrock Lake, 12-VI-1973 (WSU). 

Possible confusion regarding one other “Washington” species with no state of 
Washington data involves Procloeon vicinum (Hagen) (Baetidae). This species 
was described from “Washington” by Hagen (1861) (as Cloe vincina). That 
record, however, is referable to Washington (District of Columbia) as indicated 
by Edmunds (1962). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Eaton, A. E. 1883-88. A revisional monograph of recent Ephemeridae or mayflies. Transactions of 
the Linnaean Society of London, 2nd Series Zoology 3: 1-352. 


Edmunds, G. F. 1962. The type localities of the Ephemeroptera of North America north of Mexico. 
University of Utah Biological Series 12. 39 pp. 


Hagen, H. 1861. Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America, with a list of the South American 
species. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 1861. 347 pp. 


Landa, V., T. Soldan, and G. F. Edmunds. 1982. Comparative anatomy of larvae of the family 
Ephemerellidae (Ephemeroptera). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 79: 241-253. 


McCafferty, W. P. 2000. Reporting species record data. Entomological News 111: 311-312. 


Spieth, H. T. 1941. Taxonomic studies of the Ephemeroptera. The genus Hexagenia. The American 
Midland Naturalist 26: 233-281. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 525 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


NOTES ON THE SYNONYMY OF THE CENTIPEDE 
OTOSTIGMUS ETHONYX CHAMBERLIN, 
1955 (SCOLOPENDROMORPHA: SCOLOPENDRIDAE: 
OTOSTIGMINAE) FROM PERU' 


Amazonas Chagas-Junior’ 


The subfamily Otostigminae in the Neotropical Region is represented by two 
genera: Otostigmus Porat, 1876 and Rhysida Wood, 1862. Otostigmus is divided 
into two subgenera: Otostigmus and Parotostigmus Pocock, 1896. Only Parotostig- 
mus occurs in the Neotropics.There are also six species of Parotostigmus in West 
and Central Africa. Parotostigmus is one of the most diverse subgenera of scolo- 
pendromorphs from Neotropics, with 56 species and 14 subspecies (Minelli, 2006). 
Eight species, five endemic, and one subspecies have been recorded from Peru. 
Half of the species have been described by Chamberlin (1914, 1944, 1955, 1957). 
Chamberlin (1955) described three species of Otostigmus: O. ethonyx, O. leior, and 
O. volcanus, all of them without illustration. The last two species cited by Cham- 
berlin (1955) were by the original description assigned to the subgenus Parotostig- 
mus, however O. ethonyx was not. The characters given in the brief description of 
O. ethonyx such as prefemur of the ultimate leg with spines and the coxopleuron 
with a conical process are characteristics of the species of the subgenus Otostigmus 
that occurs only in the Old World. Kraus (1957) investigated the Myriapoda fauna 
from Peru and kept Chamberlin’s arrangement, listing four species of Otostigmus, 
three of them were placed in the subgenus Parotostigmus, while O. ethonyx was 
classified under Ofostigmus. Apparently, Kraus did not collect any other specimen 
of O. ethonyx or analyzed the holotype described by Chamberlin (1955). Because 
of this, he followed Chamberlin (1955) but pointed out that the occurrence in Peru 
of a species of the Old World subgenus Otostigmus was remarkable and that the 
species was inadequately described. Bucherl (1974) was the first author who listed 
O. ethonyx under the subgenus Parotostigmus; however he did not give any expla- 
nation about this alternative arrangement. Therefore the status of O. ethonyx needs 
to be reassessed. For this project, the holotype of O. ethonyx has been borrowed 
and analyzed. Four characters mentioned by Chamberlin (1955) such as ultimate 
legs incrassate, tergites from the first to twentieth with two complete paramedian 
sutures, claws of the legs as long as the second tarsal and tarsi of the legs without 
spines are characteristics of the genus Cormocephalus Newport, 1844. Of the char- 
acters cited above, legs without spines are present in only Otostigmus (P.) limbat- 
us Meinert, 1886. Moreover, no species of Parotostigmus has paramedian sutures 
on the first tergite and claw longer than the second tarsus. The spiracles in Otostig- 


‘Received on April 11, 2007. Accepted on May 20, 2007. 


* Departamento de Invertebrados, Museu Nacional/UFRJ. Quinta da Boa Vista, s/nimero, Sao Crist6- 
vao, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. CEP-20940-040. Brasil. E-mail: rhoda@terra.com.br or amazonaschagas 
@gmail.com. 


Mailed on January 18, 2008 


526 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


minae do not have flaps and in Cormocephalus they are divided into three flaps, the 
diagnostic feature of Scolopendrinae. The holotype of O. ethonyx was compared 
with the holotype of C. andinus. The former presents nine relevant characters that 
match those in the latter: antenna with 17 antennomeres, first seven or eight anten- 
nomeres glabrous, cephalic plate with two longitudinal sutures diverging anterior- 
ly, tooth plates 3+3, complete paramedian sutures present from Ist to 20th tergites, 
ultimate tergite with complete longitudinal suture, complete paramedian sutures 
present from 2nd to 20th sternites, coxopleuron with a short process and two api- 
cal spines, prefemora of the ultimate leg with two apical dorsolateral spines, two 
lateral spines, two median spines and four ventral spines and from the medial por- 
tion of the dorsal face of the prefemora, femora and tibia with a longitudinal 
depression, like a sulcus. Therefore, I conclude that the holotype of O. ethonyx 
actually corresponds to a juvenile of Cormocephalus andinus (Kraepelin, 1903). 
Cormocephalus andinus is the most common of the six species of Cormocephalus 
recorded from Peru. The comparison of the two types was necessary because there 
is another species of Cormocephalus — Cormocephalus mundus Chamberlin, 1955 
— in Abancay, type locality of O. ethonyx. 

The results presented here support the following conclusions: 1) O. ethonyx is a 
junior subjective synonym of C. andinus and 2) there are no known representatives 
of the subgenus Ofostigmus in the Neotropics, corroborating the hypothesis of 
Kraus (1957). 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I am grateful to Charles Griswold of the California Academy of Sciences for the loan of the holo- 
type of O. ethonyx for this study and to Hieronymus Dastych for the facilities during my visit to the 
Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg, Germany, for the study of the holotype of 
C. andinus. 1 thank Adriano Brilhante Kury and several anonymous reviewers for the helpful sugges- 
tions and criticisms of the manuscript. This research was supported in part by scholarships from 
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) and Fundacao Carlos Chagas 
Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ). Several anonymous reviewers 
offered helpful comments to an earlier version of this manuscript. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Biicherl, W. 1974. Die Scolopendromorpha der neotropichen region. Symposia of the Zoological 
Society of London 32: 99-133. 


Chamberlin, R. V. 1914. The Stanford expedition to Brazil, 1911, John C. Branner, Director. The 
Chilopoda of Brazil. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 58(3): 151-221. 


Chamberlin, R. V. 1944. Chilopods in the collections of Field Museum of Natural History. Field 
Museum of Natural History — Zoology 28: 175-216. 


Chamberlin, R. V. 1955. The Chilopoda of the Lund University and California Academy of Sciences 
Expedition. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift 2, 51(5): 3-61 


Chamberlin, R. V. 1957. Scolopendrid chilopods of the Northern Andes region taken on the Cali- 
fornia Academy South America Expedition of 1954-1955. The Great Basin Naturalist 17(1-2): 30- 
41. 


Kraus, O. 1957. Myriapoden aus Peru, VI: Chilopoden. Senckenbergiana Biologica 38: 359-404. 


Minelli, A. 2006. Chilobase. A world catalogue of centipedes (Chilopoda) for the web. Available on- 
line at: http://chilobase.bio.unip. it. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 mPa 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


THE USE BY RED IMPORTED FIRE ANTS, SOLENOPSIS 
INVICTA (HYMENOPGEFA: FORMICIDAE), OF 
POTAMOGETON NODOSUS (POTAMOGETONACEAE) 
LEAVES AS PLATFORMS INTO THE LITTORAL ZONE 
IN TEXAS, U.S.A.’ 


Richard J. W. Patrock? 


It has become increasingly clear that waterways facilitate the invasion process 
for many species, including terrestrial species, such as ants (Walker 2006). The 
underlying reason may be directly related to transportation, as in the case of the 
red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren whose colonies can spread by 
rafting on moving water (Banks et al., 1981). In other instances, periodic flood- 
ing along riparian courses often creates disturbance regimes, which promote 
invasions (Ellis et al., 2001). Additional habitat considerations include elevated 
soil moisture (Holway et al., 2002) and high productivity associated with ripari- 
an ecosystems (Kennedy 1998, Paetzold et al., 2006). These conditions are like- 
ly to promote high colony growth rates and an associated higher propagule pres- 
sure, furthering the invasion process. Ants that are predisposed to be around 
water are more likely to be able to take opportunistic advantage of waterways for 
their dispersal (Suarez et al., 2005). 

Many Solenopsis species, especially the most widely distributed species, com- 
monly forage around water (Wilson 1986). The black imported fire ant, for 
instance, has been found preying on tubeworms exposed during low tides (Palo- 
mo et al., 2003), while S. invicta is considered a threat to wildlife in wetland 
habitats (Freed and Neitman 1988). The latter study noted that the fire ants were 
able to extend their reach into the pond by utilizing unspecified vegetation as a 
walkway but gave no additional details. This note offers further information as 
to the use by fire ants of floating vegetation as natural roads. 

In June of 2002, I first observed S. invicta workers crossing long leaf pond- 
weed, Potamotegon nodusus leaves lying on the water surface of a manmade 
lake in Lee County, TX (N30.14, W96.88). Potamotegon nodosus 1s a fast-grow- 
ing aquatic plant that forms extensive platforms of networked leaves on the water 
surface of the littoral zone. In the situation observed, these platforms were grow- 
ing in an emergent area of the lake with seasonal inundation. I was able to 
observe the ants closely out over the water because of the presence of a 15m long 
raised pier that paralleled the pondweed. Many of my observations were made 
using a Sony PCV DCR-TRV9. 


‘Received on November 7, 2006. Accepted on May 20, 2007. 


* Brackenridge Field Laboratory and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 
Austin, Texas 78712 U.S.A. and Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones, Universidad Nacional de 
Quilmes, B1876BXD, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail: patrock@mail.utexas.edu. 


Mailed on January 18, 2008 


528 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Foraging fire ants set up observable trails over the leaves that extended ca. 8 
meters from the edge of the lake. No other ants were observed on the leaves, nor 
on the edge of the lake at this vicinity during 22 visits to the field site. I was 
unable to record any instances of prey capture by the ants, despite the panoram- 
ic view and the abundance of various insects and other invertebrates on or near 
the leaf surfaces. In only a few cases were ants seen running in tandem, and the 
multi-directional paths seen for all the ants at any given time suggested that I was 
observing only scouting. 

The surface temperatures of the leaves measured using a MiniTemp MT4 
Portable IR thermometer was almost identical to that of the water surface, as well 
as being significantly cooler and much less variable than the soil surface tem- 
peratures registered at midday (ca. 5-25°C less depending on the level of shade 
and moisture). On two separate days (15 July and 12 August 2003), I followed 
the activity of the fire ants on the pondweed, as well as at bait transects in an 
adjacent meadow. The transects consisted of 10 hotdog baits, spaced at 10m 
intervals, set out in the late morning until the late afternoon, before and after sur- 
face soil temperatures reached 30°C and at least 40°C, respectively. As expected, 
recruitment was temperature limited with no ants moving to the baits when sur- 
face temperatures were above 45°C. There was a corresponding reduction and 
negation in fire ant movements on the pondweed at these times, as well, despite 
the much cooler surface temperatures (25-27°C). These observations suggested 
that a temperature constraint existed somewhere on the path to the pondweed or 
there was a general termination of foraging by the colony(ies) according to ambi- 
ent soil conditions. Foraging on the pondweed therefore did not appear to allow 
for an expansion of the temporal window of activity for the fire ants. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


The inspiration for this note came from Fernando Pessoa: “Navegar € preciso; viver nao é pre- 
ciso”. Many thanks go to the owners and managers of the Delta P for allowing our laboratory access 
to the property. I am grateful to Jerry Cook who read an early draft of the manuscript. Support came 
through the Lee and Ramona Bass Foundation, the Robert J. Kleberg and Helen C. Kleberg Founda- 
tion and the State of Texas Fire Ant Research and Management Project (FARMAAC) to Lawrence E. 
Gilbert at the University of Texas at Austin. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Banks, W. A., C. S. Lofgren, D. P. Jouvenaz, C. E. Stringer, P. M. Bishop, D. F. Williams, D. P. 
Wojcik, and B. M. Glancey. 1981. Techniques for collecting, rearing, and handling imported 
fire ants. USDA, SEA, AATS-S-21, 9 pp. 


Ellis, L. M., C. S. Crawford, and J. Molles, and C. Manuel. 2001. Influence of annual flooding 
on terrestrial arthropod assemblages of a Rio Grande riparian forest. Regulated Rivers: Research 
& Management 17: 1-20. 


Freed, P. S., and K. Neitman. 1988. Notes on predation on the endangered Houston toad, Bufo 
houstonensis. Texas Journal of Science 40: 454-456. 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 529 


Holway, D. A., A. V. Suarez, and T. J. Case. 2002. Role of abiotic factors in governing suscepti- 
bility to invasion: A test with Argentine ants. Ecology 83: 1610-1619. 


Kennedy, T. A. 1998. Patterns of an invasion by Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) in a riparian 
corridor and its effects on ant diversity. American Midland Naturalist 140: 343-350. 


Paetzold, A., J. Bernet, F. and K. Tockner. 2006. Consumer-specific responses to riverine subsidy 
pulses in a riparian arthropod assemblage. Freshwater Biology 51: 1103-1115. 


Palomo, G., P. Martinetto, C. Perez, and O. Iribarne. 2003. Ant predation on intertidal poly- 
chaetes in a SW Atlantic estuary. Marine Ecology Progress Series 253: 165-173. 


Suarez, A. V., D. A. Holway, and P. S. Ward. 2005. The role of opportunity in the unintentional 
introduction of non-native ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 102: 
17032-17035. 


Walker, K. L. 2006. Impact of the Little Fire Ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, on Native Forest Ants 
in Gabon. Biotropica 38: 666-673. 


Wilson, E. O. 1986. The defining traits of fire ants and leaf-cutting ants, pp. 1-9. Jn C. S. Lofgren 
and R. K. Vander Meer (Editors). Fire ants and leaf-cutting ants. Biology and management. 
Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A. 435 pp. 


ERRATA 


The recently published paper, entitled ““Redescription of the pupa of 
Paryphoconus oliveirai Lane (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Brazil” 
by Ronderos et al. (2007) was published with several mistakes, herein 
corrected: 


Page 363: lines 11 and 12 — where it reads “dorsal tubercles (d) 
(Figs. 7, 9): 1-i1i,v with long, thin seta, iv pore, setae of ili,v slightly 
longer than setae of 1-11” — it should read “dorsal tubercles (d) (Figs. 7, 
9): 1-1v, with long, thin seta, v,vi pore, setae of 111,1v slightly longer than 
setae of 1-11; 


Page 363: lines 24-27 — where it reads “four dorsal posteromar- 
ginal tubercles (dpm): 1,11,1v with long, stout, subequal setae, 111 pore; 
three lateral posteromarginal tubercles (Ipm): 1,11 with long, stout setae, 
sharing stout triangular base, iii with long, stout seta” — it should read 
“four dorsal posteromarginal tubercles (dpm): i,i11,1v with long, stout, 
subequal setae, ii pore; three lateral posteromarginal tubercles (lpm): 


stout seta”; 


Page 363: line 29 — where it reads “except Ipm 1,11” — it should 


530 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


RANATRA QUADRIDENTATA STAL 
(HETEROPTERA: NEPIDAE) FROM LOUISIANA, U.S.A., 
A NEW STATE RECORD! 


Ethan Bright’ and Robert W. Sites’ 


The family Nepidae in the United States and Canada was last reviewed by 
Sites and Polhemus (1994), who gave a diagnosis of Ranatra quadridentata Stal. 
This species ranges from southwestern California towards eastern Texas, and 
south through Mexico to Nicaragua. The combination of 1) a long, penultimate 
antennal segment, 2) a strongly developed profemoral distal tooth followed by a 
unique deep notch, and 3) a raised, arcuate, digitate metaxyphus distinguishes 
this species from other species of Ranatra known to occur in the United States. 

Examining specimens from samples collected many years before their sorting 
and processing can often lead to interesting surprises. One specimen of R. 
quadridentata was identified in 2003 by EB and confirmed by RWS, from a 
batch of samples collected on September 12, 1940, from Louisiana, in Lincoln 
Parish, by Reeve Bailey and Max Davis, of the University of Michigan Museum 
of Zoology (UMMZ) Fish Division. This location represents an eastward exten- 
sion of over three hundred kilometers from its known range (Sites and Polhemus 
1994), and a new state record. From Dr. Bailey’s field notes and personal com- 
munication, the collection site (approximate lat-long: 32.519°N, 92.455°W) was 
located in an overflow pool of Bayou Chaudrant, 5 miles west of Calhoun, along 
US-80 at Tremont. The site was described as a turbid, stagnant overflow pool, 
about 18m in diameter and less than 1 m depth, with bare mud flat shores. 
Specimens were collected with a 10-foot seine, preserved on site in 10% forma- 
lin and later transferred to 70% EtOH. The specimen is deposited at the UMMZ- 
Insect Division and preserved in 80% EtOH. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Sites, R. W. and J. T. Polhemus. 1994. Nepidae (Hemiptera) of the United States and Canada. 
Annals of the Entomological Society of America 87(1):27-42. 


‘Received on March 3, 2007. Accepted on May 16, 2007. 


> University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Insect Division, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1079, 
U.S.A. E-mail: ethanbr@umich.edu. 


*Enns Entomology Museum, Department of Entomology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mis- 
souri 65211, U.S.A. E-mail: sitesr@umce.edu. 


Mailed on January 18, 2008 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 531 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


A LONG JOURNEY: OBSERVATIONS ON THE 
STEEL-BLUE CRICKET HUNTER CHLORION 
AERARIUM PATTON (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE)' 


G. K. Lechner’ 


According to Bohart and Menke (1963), the Steel-Blue Cricket Hunter, 
Chlorion aerarium Patton, ranges throughout the United States into southern 
Canada and to the Mexican state of Puebla. Reports on this large (25 mm — Peck- 
ham and Kurczewski, 1978) metallic colored bluish-violet wasp appear scattered 
in the literature going back to the late 19th century. Most references are some- 
what limited in scope. The Peckhams (1898, 1900) observed C. aerarium (as 
C. coeruleum) carrying a cricket (Gryllus abbreviatus). Williams and Hungerford 
(1912), Rau and Rau (1918), Krombein (1953, 1959), Evans (1974), O’Brien 
(1989), and Lechner (2006) also report observations of C. aerarium interactions 
with prey. Bohart and Menke (1976) synopsized the published reports up to that 
time. The most comprehensive paper I am aware of discussing C. aerarium is 
Peckham and Kurczewski (1978), where they detail the nesting behavior and 
prey transport. As an addition to the knowledge of Chlorion aerarium interac- 
tions with its prey, I offer the following intriguing encounter from the summer of 
2005. 

Just prior to noon on 21 July 2005, I observed a female C. aerarium fly in and 
land on the curb of the concrete driveway of a single-family dwelling at 3624 
Virginia Street, Sioux City, lowa, U.S.A. Her landing point was six paces west 
of the free-standing garage at this residence. Upon approach, I saw that this wasp 
was carrying a cricket, and I dropped an insect sweep net over her. Unfazed she 
continued to walk around carrying her cricket. By manipulating the net, I in- 
duced her to climb into the net with her prey. Seeking a more convenient place 
to examine my capture, I took the wasp into the garage, and using the trunk lid 
of the car as a work surface, I introduced a jar into the net and caught the wasp 
in it. By this time, however, she had dropped her cricket which landed venter 
upward on the trunk lid. The cricket remained motionless. It was a black field 
cricket (Gryllus) intact except for a missing right rear tibia. 

In an effort to see if the wasp would reclaim her prize, I inverted the capture 
jar over the cricket and dumped the wasp out. She immediately investigated the 
cricket. Faster than my eye could follow, the female C. aerarium flipped the 
cricket so that it was now dorsum upward and head-to-head with her as she strad- 
dled it and began carrying it with short hopping flights across the trunk lid and 


‘Received on February 20, 2007. Accepted on April 3, 2007. 
* 3624 Virginia Street, Sioux City, lowa 51104, U.S.A. E-mail: lechnerg wceqma@yahoo.com. 
Mailed on January 18, 2008 


532 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


then down to the concrete floor of the garage. This is at variance with O’Brien 
(1989) who reported prey transport by C. aerarium in the venter upward posi- 
tion. Peckham and Kurczewski (1978), however, report prey transport as dorsum 
upward. 

Upon landing on the garage floor, the wasp gave up her grip on the cricket 
briefly, then restraddled it and began walking westward. Although the garage 
door for the car was fully open, the wasp chose to leave the garage through the 
adjacent foot traffic door. After exiting, and instead of continuing west toward 
her original landing site, the wasp turned northward and then eastward walking 
onto the concrete patio which abuts the garage along its entire north side. She 
released the cricket again briefly. The she continued walking eastward, flew for- 
ward a short distance, landed, and continued walking until she arrived at the 
northeast corner of the garage. As she walked, she flicked her wings almost con- 
stantly. 

At this location, she paused on one of the pieces of broken concrete that form 
a perimeter border around the small garden on the east side of the garage. I 
approached her very closely at this time, and she was persuaded to move. Instead 
of walking through the garden, she climbed while still carrying her prey to the 
top surface of a nearly horizontal enclosed metal rain spout that runs near the 
foundation along the east side of the garage. The wasp continued southward 
along the top surface of the spout until reaching the southeast corner. Here the 
rain spout turns upward and runs vertically to the rain gutter along the south 
eave. The wasp began climbing this spout; but after only a few steps, she dropped 
to the ground into a bed of tansy (Janacetum vulgare). Because the tansy had 
been thinned out recently, I could see the wasp as she walked westward staying 
near to the garage foundation. She even once set the cricket down and appeared 
to malaxate her victim briefly in the area anterior to the pronotum before pick- 
ing it up again and resuming her walk. 

After reaching the southwest corner, the wasp walked onto the top of the 
driveway curb, briskly continuing west until she arrived at the approximate loca- 
tion where I originally captured her. Here, she seemed to recognize that she was 
near her destination, but she hesitated and walked back and forth a bit, even 
entering the Sedum adjacent to the driveway curb a couple times before re- 
emerging. This Sedum provides protective ground cover at the top of a concrete 
slab retaining wall which bears some of the load of the driveway. I have written 
of this wall in a previous note on C. aerarium (Lechner 2006). She retreated east- 
ward and entered the Sedum again. This was apparently the spot she wanted for 
she did not come back out of the Sedum, and I discontinued observation. Peck- 
ham and Kurczewski (1978) reported that C. aerarium nests in burrows con- 
structed by Sphecius speciosus; and although these hunters of cicadas are fre- 
quent nesters in the retaining wall, and have been for several years, I can neither 
confirm nor rule out that the C. aerarium that is the subject of this report was 
using an S. speciosus burrow. Following the wasp’s path into the Sedum was not 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 5)3/5) 


deemed prudent since excavating here might compromise the structural integrity 
of the wall and lead to collapse of the driveway. 

This entire episode lasted five to seven minutes, and because the garage is of 
fairly standard dimensions, by traversing the long way around, this persistent 
wasp undertook an expedition at least three times the length of the direct route 
she could have taken to her burrow and more than 800 times her entire length. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bohart, R.M. and A. S. Menke. 1963. A reclassification of the Sphecinae with a revision of the 
Nearctic species of the tribes Sceliphronini and Sphecini (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). University 
of California Publications: Entomology 30:91-192. 


Bohart, R. M. and A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World: A Generic Revision. Univer- 
sity of California Press. Berkeley, California, U.S.A. 695 pp. 


Evans, H. E. 1974. Digger wasps as colonizers of new habitats (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). New 
York Entomological Society 82:259-267. 


Krombein, K. V. 1953. Biological and taxonomic observations on the wasps in a coastal area of 
North Carolina (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Wasmann Journal of Biology 10:257-341. 


Krombein, K. V. 1959. Biological notes on some ground nesting wasps at Kill Devil Hills, North 
Carolina, 1958, and additions to the faunal list. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of 
Washington 61:193-199. 


Lechner, G. K. 2006. An observational note on the Steel-Blue Cricket Hunter, Chlorion aerarium 
Patton (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) from Iowa, U.S.A. Entomological News 117:242. 


O’Brien, M. F 1989. Distribution and biology of the Sphecine wasps of Michigan (Hymenoptera: 
Sphecidae: Sphecinae). Great Lakes Entomologist 22:199-217. 


Peckham, D. J. and F. E. Kurezeski. 1978. Nesting behavior of Chlorion aerarium. Annals of 
the Entomological Society of America 71:758-761. 


Peckham, G. W. and E. G. Peckham. 1898. On the instincts and habits of the solitary wasp. 
Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. Scientific Series No. 1. Bulletin No. 2. 245 
Pp. 

Peckham, G. W. and E. G. Peckham. 1900. Additional observations on the instincts and habits of 
the solitary wasps. Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society 1:85-93. 


Rau, P. and N. Rau. 1918. Wasp Studies Afield. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New 
Jersey, U.S.A. 372 pp. 


Williams, F. X. and H. B. Hungerford. 1912. Biological notes on some Kansas Hymenoptera. 
Entomological News 23:241-260. 


534 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


SCIENTIFIC NOTE 


AGATHIS MONTANA SHESTAKOV (HYMENOPTERA: 
BRACONIDAE), A NEW PARASITOID OF PANDEMIS CERASANA 
HUBNER (LEPIDPOTERA: TORTRICIDAE) 

IN TURKEY! 


Coskun Guclw and Hikmet Ozbek’ 


The genus Agathis Latreille is well documented in West Palaearctic region (Simbolotti 
and van Achterberg, 1999), in Central Asia, Eastern Europe (Tobias, 1986; Nixon, 1986; 
Simbolotti and van Achterberg, 1999), and in Turkey (Nixon, 1986; Zettel and Beyarslan, 
1992; Cetin and Beyarslan, 2000; Guclu and Ozbek, 2002). The members of Agathis are 
koinobiont endoparasitoids of the larvae of some lepidopteran families, especially Gele- 
chiidae, Coleophoridae, Noctuidae, Tineidae, Oecophoridae, Heliodinidae, Pyraustidae, 
Cochylidae, Momphidae, Epermeniidae Incurvariidae and Tortricidae (Tobias 1976, 1986; 
Simbolotti and van Achterberg, 1999). Some species of Agathis are very significant as bio- 
logical control agents of economically important insects (Raske and Schooley, 1979). 
Agathis females prefer to lay their eggs in concealed hosts like larvae of Pandemis spp. 
Agathis montana Shestakov is reported for the first time as a parasitoid of Pandemis 
cerasana Hubner (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in Turkey. It frequently causes economic dam- 
age to flowers, fruitlets or fruits of some pome fruits directly (Labanowski 1979). There is 
no information on the hosts of A. montana in the present literature. The host, Pyrausta 
aurata Scopoli (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), given by Tobias (1986), for this species is proba- 
bly based on misidentifications (Simbolotti and van Achterberg, 1999). 

Material Examined: Turkey, Erzurum, Askale, 1900 m 11.VI.2004, 4 females, 2 males 
(leg. C. Guclu). 


LITERATURE CITED 
Cetin, O. and A. Beyarslan. 2000. The Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) fauna of the Marmara 
Region. Turkish Journal of Zoology 25: 257-268. 


Guclu, C. and H. Ozbek. 2002. The subfamily Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Erzurum Province. 
Journal Entomological Research Society 4: 7-19. 


Labanowski, G. S. 1979. The damage caused by leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to apple trees. Fruit 
Science. Representative 6 (2): 77-91. 


Nixon, G. E. J. 1986. A revision of the European Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Bulletin British 
Museum (Natural History) Entomology 52 (3): 183-242. 


Raske, A. G. and. H. O. Schooley. 1979. Parasites of Coleophora laricella larvae in Newfoundland 
(Lepidoptera Coleophoridae). Entomophaga 24: 57-63. 


Simbolotti, G. and C. van Achterberg. 1999. Revision of the West Palearctic species of the genus Agathis 
Latreille (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden. 325: 1-167. 


Tobias, V. I. 1976. Braconidae of the Caucasus. Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR. 110: 1-286. 


Tobias, V. I. 1986. Agathidinae. /n, Opredelitel nasekomych Evropeiskoi tchasti SSSR. Perepontchatokrylye 
[Key to insects of the USSR European part. Hymenoptera]. 3 (4): 276-291. 


Zettel, H. and A. Beyarslan. 1992. Uber Agathidinae aus der Tiirkei (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Ento- 
mofauna. 13: 121-132. 


‘Received on November 29, 2006. Accepted on April 27, 2007. 


> Ataturk University, Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey. E-mails: 
cguclu@atauni.edu.tr, hozbek@atauni.edu.tr 


Mailed on January 18, 2008 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 585 


INDEX — VOLUME 118(1-5) 2007 


PRO DEVELO RSE Ae Score nwaruneancoverarentedscnveent toes 350 
PRAT COLI oc eceeccucerenice terete ROR 173 
FIRE poche Be che ac ceck ect cseliacetlnia ware iumnverbectuiens 77 
PETA NASW cet cores tucedt nanetacer evens ehstis 207,317, 366 
IER ck eet tmcer ouvir teense te oe a 325 
PLE KMOWICU SIIEMES wcoecnnciecnerecsseiiorenseenterdiocs 540 
Pedcasophore length cccccccccssccesicenceesetn teens 489 
PREP edRAS ANUS Rak awe AA 263 
PHRPEES MOUND: <oe.cinccs AMOR 534 
PMCID CRUACU CNS Se cicscscucesieeweceieenabine leat can 161 
EVDELO Ue a ee eeees eres 161 
PAUIKCMS I AtLC SM i Ronee scevenseocewsoovesetteoceosoeetenees 402 
PGRN tC Ls TIRE BEE oc etscceccwnruvevesinie Mantel Makes 87 
PAGEAG MONTE 85.5. Sc ctesbast dese cabelacesssaslharctes 2635-330 
Je LST C2722 co re ee eee Bleed 319 
PME CTA NIMC ccc octane essiouen encins RIA ot 431 
Aleiodes pilosus SpeCi€S QTOUP.........::::ceeceeeee 11 
Pel BL OCU) ih oe acer enna lee none 2 433 
Aleurolobus exceptionalis .........cccccccccereeeee 433 
PERCH EOUIGAG Ip oecccat ec eckewnrrees encrnudnternn ts 433 
PSII Rees Deedee reuse cmarruverrarvertntzertunne MRR 489 
PTR EN ten oe corre wesc cnvc ano hie daee eda ee 90 
PSM MISSA Cee REE NS ce Bee Ee Si: 
Au byOMiMma AUDitaiu . ceccsecetscetegecsGee ile cdsn: Wi. 
Amphelictogon subterraneus bahamensis ...... 323 
PREETI ox cecerseessreneweeueraenivetakeprizeweniavedvee dd 357 
An introduction to biological evolution 
MESGOKBREVIOW)) coccceosctecmtereceixct ee I .. 148 
PeTA HOT eM EULA CY. cexsixacevevtcewsertaeedlartccors 143, 493 
Andrade-Narvaez, Fernando J......................... LG 
POA O PANS OULISE << Sectrerse#Tstssckaaadeactoccesvese eeetoast 90 
DCD Ug eC ee ae Se 13 
Anonymous (Book Review) ..........::cccsceeeee 148 
SAG [ONIN AN ey ae a. Searwvrcieeworvevoveencitel Geen eae 325 
SERRE REARS RRM BLES osc vescre te ncoenn SARS 219 
Pate COLO PtEIar ...csccwes.ceseseecs ee 489 
MUKA AA alka cee ves ck Sten edcloenie eaves Sates ee 428 
/:NTETIS SR oh See eee ee eee aS 1 161, 428 
2 PLYTE 9) PEL | eRe 428 
Pee ACITEIA CANE Ae: OT TNE ne hacen Sarcerese Bee 325,307 
PREKAN SAS SGAMOR ctcecececctccanceeueces AE 241, 292 
POA MT ecco. csr A ceeerece te Mie EA, SEE 211 
PSSA AG a heeA ecusercisectes ei aAneiasantevetioas ae 241, 475 
ianS STO SOT 1 ieee ae a i. ea 259 
2S TE EL Gs 259, 371 
ASE CLITS A LIANE D2 NA TY OS IOI 149 
pais ANSKANGES: Cece cccceceeviewvosvsise ens WT 
BE NSROTEDYNGCNA - seeicnevesrctxinscierct nce xe 49, 168 
POET AGES WWicm nS heeesrroisttnbateseinolt Sees 4] 
POPS TANS ecto ecveicanteeh eetreanneavanierced wheat ate 173 
DCTS CB x ernrenowmnicovenncnsieatiners eet tee A 407 
BECISCA NAUTENMUING |. cccoscoecerocc A 407 
EA ESI ANS PTE ets ote rcen ec AN 407 
Beale WISIN tO scseccwee wees dee en eR ORS 2 
Bailey MiCieye efx nenwnnnrwncic Re 407 
ANE ANAS BAER sees ourovtccteinnontooene MO EO 323 
[ae AG OSs. ox crete ew ateriersncs BAL oe 315 
BashessJetiiey Ka aie once: RBM. 241 
[EGrrge em 2 00) Ss eS ie FPS 279 


Bariaks Wino Slawisiestek orescence AR 143 


Bantlett:. Charles: Re-d.c.sscsme thee ee eee 49 
Bayram Abdullah si... ccsiscsccmmencnweeeeen 161 
Beulah. cosccseereweseveiesiereto eee 470 
Biopeopraphical analyses. «....:...csesevess. ees 263 
JE GEO Ey) ON, a Ae eae meee renee eee Tags 127 
OHV OR ereececscecereneioeveec 487 
Bofe2Sanchez.\ Maria Dy cuscicccceveeveeva een ON. 
BOUZARS See ee Seid ith 489 
Bozedadatsland, Turkey «ccs. 263 
GAC OMIM de Rete e wecieresstcesvereesen cee 11, 534 
Brailovshkey A aniy i.e. cc-sceeesseeveenes csi ek 173 
Bieta ewes ecsteeeeveciessions 211, 361, 459, 519 
BP be Binal ot com wrneets AA A 530 
Broad moscdiweeviltyik cee kn OR 459 
PSUS LSS ee hes, ae hacceee eres eieiterceeve 31 
Gaddis GIS Pe Pe eeceeetesc cet er sctvevasrsvavsnnns MOO S17 
Caenocholax fenyesi WAlOffi ........0cccccccccccreeees PAS. 
Cae WoanZ ieee x cen cuticoawernnierisiavn eeu 417 
G@alintonni aU RSaA Se et 41, 109 
COUZOIDRASIICHSIS + cectemeortestaecbccsuevessien bitten st 519 
CATOSONIG SAI ERS Honest omscneret escent va 203 
Cambrass SiGRe yc extent erect Ao 487 
Dara Ae ood cbchtccceeensees 199, 319, 402 
Can DUlateS aves wesc peeewcerrsncmncceweense ee 303 
Cantdan Sean eevee eee MU 475 
Cannes; RODERA oe tered hein 199 
Canto dharay Sylvia Ber Aincacncn ences iis 2V7 
Capea Mieka Aas ececccens ot OR 2d! 77 
Cava Didae srr ctee cde ee D 203 
CancascomDatane Silveita...crcisrse te 361 
CasttosDolores*delGs csccecccc MRM. 8252377 
CAV SAGE cecneccccevenueeencenssthane OI 292 
CAVE GHOKCIS neerocecemnnieivirerncin 292 
Gayman iSlan dS ice tecsccernecornece eee 213 
CXS TIO CLES ws eee eee eee ee 3153525 
We Pia etectere ree Giratina 450 
Ceratopolonidac cee haverecees eR BA 361 
CEPANIT EUS AS CIQIUS \\iccexssooveceswerteeescess MR ee 241 
CEA O DIS Rises eciececrcet Mavis 292 
Corie hei A nccercneercmcviiee ORE. wt 493 
ChakicenD wap hile... see cenvessereres LN 407 
(Ch) TGC (0 ee wn, Sea ene ee 335 
Chasas-Junior., AmaZonas............ccccccccccceeeees 525 
(GHECKAIS Hae ah ee aatewcecstseeses MO 24] 
Ghelodesmudact eee haw eee 323 
CINE (CVNICE oe te conan ete een 11 
(Che mateal ial y Ses. rcwsecdeccvecseexevosnesvers tee 229 
hie WU =SHeNn Oe hie. cst eieieteesteaeene 296 
CS i eT oes pos ae a rn 68, 149, 168, 184, 296 

366, 397, 417, 450, 497, 503, 512 
Ghironomidae saa. See eee IDTE2I3 
SROTAGD CCFO as cw cwsevvenaroe eee SO 531 
@hrscmske, Marearet A. iene. BE 313 
Ghinysomelidae ih. teecccnccneeene eee DSOSSHIL 
Chey SOpidae Ari scrcenne cern 90 
Gicadelliddeti, Ses. 154, 223, 385 
Cieadellttiag rte dcsmnennannrin AR 223, 385 
Cicchinio, Anmand0sicxcrcn IO AO SM) 
Cieindela trangbebarica: <csswcisweese kd 109 
Cicindehdac’.22A2Rei.ctteceweevesstienien: RUS 109 


536 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Cifti, Mustafa‘Cemial) :. 26430". 28 eee 143 
CUUUO: Spa. as secnsecottess Hace senave soe eee ee 273 
Coccinellidas) 7 452.%.....22 5 eee oe 402 
COCCOMG ES ccc ucae. cise spares. sitet eee ee oe 68 
Cold stenothermic (22.2 ee 127 
Coleoptera 2 1, F395 2037.25 95 35743 te 
402, 459, 493 

Collcmbola. 7 akc ee 512 
COLOMBIA sic os cccosmecesseecer se Cee eee 223 
Colorado, US.As ccc eee eee ee 529 
Color variation | 52a. tee eee eee 1 
Coniiemation datas... eet. eee 523 
Coniopteryoidac seers ee ee 303 
COMO pt Ae Ae A arc ass ares, ee 487 
WONSERVAttOMStaUiS see cn, octane ceeceee an -deaasear ee 109 
COploceriac. perc wae eee. Sea eees eee cera 207 
@oreidac eee Ph eas LBs 227i 
(CORSA Se rE ia. acess is 
CORCUS TOTO UNGTUS. semen. Aisa t eats ae 227 
WOME CUS Pe MUN eects. coce = nesses cesnncescre- See 335 
COGHUIB PCa gas eisai ee 497 
WO StARUC Arete etarorcet natok as08s eae 213 
Cra ROMG Aer Fe are cencevsnnns's-raractaca niche eee 417 
Crave aquelym MM, 2.00 ntsc cnc ee 313 
CICK IS eee «. e e Sadeciies scans ee 292 
(CHE) 1010) (6 2c ee ee ep ee oe tensa 315 
Ci LOU A aan ans sees cence rect asunesns BORE tee 315 
GTO es iene nennncesccncessaa-cen toot ee Bm7 
(CUSED ned eS neces een ER REECE scr pao codtBecocdacach PIS) 
CupuleMagana, Fabio C..1.22...2eceeo eet 28 
QR GUITO UNCUT 2. a. so2ceeece catches cake 87 
@ugculiontdae’ .....2..5:..12..zeseeee. 87, 357, 459, 493 
Cyparinin Palau: | .i.0cs<1.2 eee ee 1 
CVG Wem erMInaQle: ..:. saxcccesccccnscheras ssencseenge ee 1 
CY POTTUT NV IDQUIL osirscnkccsnn cd atep csasenes RE OE 1 
Wanisman Warik: ,......0s0c0cecetissceneceeeeeeeeeeae 161 
Wewtamuby, Marta ATCC... -5.cccssee<.s.5acc-< See 377 
Welawane. sl) SeAw & ics kik wnteeccasks anaes oe 4] 
Delmanva Peninsula, ..:2.:....ccchenzmeeeee eee 4] 
NEA CLO AC is sec ccsses ss chiin seus pee 49, 168 
Delkao. Wit Guadalupe. o..ce en eee ee 459 
DDN ANY, 2 cnpnosccesendoceuneetec cee em 428 
IDES TCE Os aor) d-ess-s.snceseee one eee 217 
IDE Ce he NEN aeh ee soo 2e.f snccsn ae -ate ee eee ee 235 
DDT AUT ODES ike onc cnnssancecct ae eee, eee ee 433 
NDT OSIGIING AN soi nisin ane cceasecpuszracecererege eee 292. 
DDE O SISOS ooo aconcnsyessnenahercr sone snveoe ee eee 292 
DBRS CUNO 20 vs sce wads seared ine ocean ne ccee Ree 312 
Wiplopodah a, ha wsrceisrvtic:..c4. eee LOD 213 
DIPESEA, cancc..0%s 83, 127, 143, 149, 179, 193, 217, 
235, 241, 273, 283, 351, 361, 475, 487, 

497, 503 

DisSOMPRGIUS KONTNOPUS. ...0.00::n0s.nceetorreeseteness 470 
VUES RMU oo en a tosses seta naaee aad 311, 489 
DONECROGETUS: DISDINOSUS ..d ssssecsanu.bea-acateoeeanes 279 
DCO MAAS vz cxncnssnsivnpes siasncense-teeeseneeene 149 
Wonmitcan REABDIIG GE... 22.00 .<0sk-och athens 385 
PYOSOPHUG MeIGHO LAST ...-011.:00s00s00vcdzurrnncbane 235 
LD Frfo fe) 3) i NNS 1c ee eee ee RR ee 58 235 
DOSY, AD ICUMIAT a. -csx0n-> cesaeaRe ee cee 433 
Dutak: Wiles Se osc Meenas ais 227 


SIG CIIUS cts caas Ah ci an iaisnnen sete <aay BARI 475 


Bast Mediterranean) €.2147.8 .....2..:c0:2-. ee Sit 
ELCHLON MEXICQRUM iczc.oceccveennesnesaest 211 
Beton ..2.3.4.%.4.8) 21452 211 
Becolopical remarks. 2 p2.s.-cae-ree eee 259, 303 
OS. csoncdaseeleatrtnaatesee dees teak eee 325 
Ego parasitoid! £322..222.4.02........ = 519 
Electron MIChOSCOPY .ccecsccces-eea-se oe 227 
mpididae......:.s:sssc-:rs-nceanreonce 143 
BMCVWAS oan nsenccscnceesneesescee ee: eee 68, 335 
EBmdoparasitOid ......2.....:5e.<<00-- 1] 
Endoskeletal reticulation .....:.....-c-seeeeeee 512 
Engel, Michael S!\.2.42:..0:0...0 105 
Btn AS 4.2 dion cee ot Bis Bacxsceeste eee 459, 493 
Bphemerclltdae ....csasessnies-anc-naeh eee ee 523 
Bphemeridae «...).....:...-.-4.00s2 523 
EPHEMELOpPlcha) =. see eee 311, 407g51 739523 
Bplet:. J. Aivcncopessazscdineross ice 273 
Brbey,, Mahmut... <cccsc000:-2-.4.ceaeee eee 475 
BAA oo coe navcnanoroten ere eee ee 335, 485, 529 
Huides: 2... kuna lhe ee 49 
Eurema: hecabe in:.c00. ee ee 134 
BUNOPC oo osc cncs2heedeaensanconcurescesers coke ee 336 
PADACEAC. ft. cocsnehenarestonencrasaescnenceceeetne se eee 459 
Papaceae iis )..Aiet te oe 871 
Famuly-group Names... ..2.<<ss..---ch. << 105 
Fan, Xiao-ling .........:2.-...-.-2 a 296 
Bat DOdy «..ceccuneeenses. asst eee 235 
AWA) < idscsntsnae> -antetenetetcceeeses cone ee 263 
Female, «:.ssiviinedasienae eee DSS) 
Fent, Metall ciicciec.nacs.0n000000e..0 336 
FRG. £022 sacacesnensesaéeccessosesnecees: 20 eee eae 3h 
First localities: \..1.2.:.1..420%es4...23 eee 213 
Binstececord .5.7...4524..08 127, 213, 31393159470 
Boot, BA .ccc.csescscencnesncccoseasessesee se eee eee 193 
Bormicidae .;..;....-+.-.:0 2 eee DOS 27; 
Fortier, Joseph: Cx ..c.s105.c0ensscenuen eee eee 1] 
ROSSI 5 n.sccnonssssscacpeacs-nacnaccsneen aie eee 105 
Fowler; Harold 'G, iviisccsecs.. cea 209 
Franjevie, Datnyjam «.....:...:..s-ca-c.cce-e--ee eee 235 
neyéace (Paul le nee 154, 223.385 
Fi, Yule-Giiai .............0:0cconccscnenseoonee 68 
FB OPOIIE A ccsc5sdcc eye: Peers ee 49, 168 
Fulgoromorpha: «;.. Scstc..c1-scusss et 49 
Functional morpholoey ..........2-2:.-<ds14eeeee 161 
Butane) (spider .....<c...c--sncpos-0onenssounecee ene 161 
Galerucinae ........-.c.sss--..psoseese-0e soe 259 
GAO, GUOLUW «occ isscccscceesoossssecsessveseweteee eee 512 
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ....... Dah 
Gastropoda ..cs.cn:scsnsennsannectenvs kee 193 
GEMUSHD. .. saccinscnsssnnonine<nnenspeesssasc> dlr 350 
Geometridae ...2...ccasssnecanseeseseanes 1] 
Georgia, US Are iceeeceiesccntece ene 203 
Gil=Santana. Héleto: Re &...j..d2-6-20:0.nceeeee 519 
Glomeridesmida ...;..,..:..,.c-».an--sskes eee 199 
GOK AUT cassesseericeceanceeereseeeece eee 259.37 
Gokceada Island; Turkey ..................0eeeeeeeeene 263 
Gomez, JaiiMne: .. 2. {-ciccssnoncieecpcastnes eee 219, 
GOMPHOCEMNAE -onccsenessossnnspenspsenenneaaceoee ee 317 
GONZALEZ AIDA ceciccicicsnnonnravncscskamsnisckeneee eee 325 
Green ACE WINGS. .......1.2»:000s.s0ens<oseee eee 90 
GGG cin consnansndvnninpensssscnene>snas< se eee 139 
Gianexd, CHMA oes neniccininonscrnes 83 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 581 


SSNS GOSS 1) oe eS FEE a tags 534 
Rens Kea TN IER CIN ZAT ce eon ccodeseensckencn cee ARM hoe wh Sil 
OUEST ae) 0 © pee ee per Ana ei Oh 235 
RRR ATNOT OMMOU II oct ens sc dis aamcdnnnnedoutendcona nee 134 
UTE SE EY Ratan ree ect eee 154 
MRRP ANILINE Ce doce clans acca sicteeuroncen s Reve Rou oct 154 
ARNE A oe ae MEER 377 
Meer MA Al OMANI G oh scl oose ence nace ceannnceencwae as eee eee 31 
al GIA 9 cs dseid osc a aase oetiec wee IE 385 
EACEERCS AMIRG DOC IINES ec FER FS cocsseh caus sasus dees BRR 109 
ELE AOTC CET) eee se ee 90 
Mashenkt, Abdullah .............----.----+- 143, 179, 475 
NaN ec ge eco RU RA 87 
152 OVA OVE (G21 aap oe 489 
PACIOPMOFUS AQUALICUS...... 20. SAI OE 489 
Hemiptera ........ 49, 154, 168, 173, 223, 385, 433 
JE LES DE INC a ee ne rot me 523 
=| DSR ECTI (GEO eae see ee PE cate 296 
ELEN ONG C1 eee 2 263 
|= [ENTS Ojo) Kel ne eee oe 173.227. 33868580 
50 SDE EE en non AS 385 
PISO CO GIN soc, BANSNL. ARTA DRO te 184 
J EQVID 0011) 1 See ee ace 49, 68 
LISP et cairns seen nmc inns SRR SO 503 
Hoplopleura aitkeni group ..........:esceeeeeeeeeeeee 325 
a pinnlounGag ..o.05...... ee 325 
RS MUAMIVUS ARE 2... ccsonctcnstowsnss Mee Reese a 207 
EI DSC a eee eee ener FF USS. 
EE CERO LD EN Gr ene te eee ROEM ere 68 
PUIG AA AT ASTUUS ID vc cessencssnnssversnecvsnsceeersctes2tit qi 
LER OTC near 5c a. Ree ee 83 
PAPAKOCHACHIS Hy ArOCHACrIS ee Re 77 
FA VARO PUI AS 2... wn ocece-Tas aes ate ct nsw 313 
Hymenoptera ..... 11.168,,.1395 3215355, 417, 450: 

470, 519, 527, 531, 534 
UST ASCII 55 nas «ou scwonnena ct SR ee 402 
PAGACKASDIS. DYUNNESCENS. 2.0ea00scaraccentceeses siete: 402 
MRR eM MI AN ODN os atest taco aGocenn eens eee oe 41, 217 
2c Grey | (ee mM RE asa 489 
RN TiS ie te io cecnnto sano ceapeaaecone COI 433 
HISEGL CONS CIV AMON osscneaccecen ss 109 
HMGASD SCM AG WaTIA ON, oc. 2 cacsacaee sheer ste wht 433 
ITO GN CEOs SDC CIES 5 5050 sconnonnno-snucvocontes MELEE q8 
WIS eT coe occ asccc ese sviznmececenec Me ERE NE al7 
ONE GEIR UIST AS na Mm 82a a oe SpA 
UROBOUIA ClCOANS, |. Loess cninnnnenecesnonses eee eae 139 
MONIES tee cee sce oes cuiat enh bea sevice tees MO 41, 105 
MESGa CONTE eee oot Anion S.A 512 
ir AIS a EE ooo nics BERET 127 
AN ies NS ees 2 Sree cctseinn SRL 127 
SN LAE CMIU ba Fontes acest a ROE 313 
RNS LE oe ee ce Seve isch LE 
ERD AN 8 ec SE en BS ee tons oss OEE 134 
apeshyilt,, Georse O., io iceneccctesivecsac css: SR 33815) 
jujay Province; Argentinaie... keen ke Sa 
MELE TELA DS a ee ene ene ee S FLT Peo 134 
SOIT PTT am Ig 211 her nnene Se LE tere 8 235 
KGCTIGSILY ISIE o-c-sc2,... Se Sel. bee ee O27 
PEN cacti cs SR 184 
Kathirithamby, Jeyaraney .................ccccceeeees 279 
Kaynas,,SUncin, YCMISCY;, ..<...:0...eee eee eae Sil 
DNAs tpecmenesrraemera yl) 90175 deawis, ot rane an 217 


INentuckaysWaSuAs, ccccccciciccacs ncn Oe 407 
RES RUTIRMES OK cook cocci cen Seccctecwcaensgesacoiwtods eee 493 
| Se RS SIN sen eee 11, 184, 325, 377, 417 
Kaine Sasa WTR eCY. .ccac.3-k eet 4] 
| CPCLE ETP NS Fe isos ARR OE WO ag 81 
| SITS LENG CB Ye nse en yc a 109 
ISG, ELLE ©) Ve) 1 ag ae ee 433 
ROMER AHI GM aE OISH Co) noceeccnsxehsvsvescwooues eee Ces 81 
Kovace vice Goran ..c...{530.89. 6 ANNs LE 235 
Reoyanciebanattin ...<20. SeeRe: ae Oe 90 
coven avert OY 1101 Be | oi 90 
LETS STEN RUE ey eee 8 ee OB 105 
IDE LOFA TTP REIY ETRE COB ee a OL Wa 
FACS MINS MUNA eae cnessoactanccorniues BUS e ee IS 303 
UL BICTNOVETTINCTC ANS AG ee ce ee 397 
Laminatopina orientalis gen et sp. nov........... 168 
MPa SMS ee essen perac were thee abt. ck REM 193 
ME ara Stee NANA Ngo cece crctcniva vance cesnnas se Reseeeeet 459 
WPAN AC dacarine Ma pee tse esos Sacer: oad UNOK «FBI 321 
eat atalh pana ice ee nerete deni. EE. . REST 325 
ME ARSTS a NOLAN b- teseeeacsosscccscossorcn See ee 241 
CAMINO PPELS ces n-ne eee eaters 154, 385 
JRSAVES AS PhatLOTMAS c. ceecee-<nnconanc eeseeeecUaessoeeSe 527 
LRG Fare ee SP) ore a ee OE. eek Ese B23 
IBECtOby PS GESTSMALLOM ooo eeec nce eccecencencten secon s8e 283 
WOE TSR CUIN Coe oR Scie caste SE AS QU 
| LASVOKETIS DNTIVG See RRR oy Oe SR ee Re none RMU enter. 81 
LLC TTT N AE TE ee soe EE A hoe re 127 
Bent. klermanmi(@ bit any) .caccc-cxnens Ractere ce hue 107 
HS Oey PAAMUI Uy onsen ens cacte wesact uc aconcseands ae 199 
Eepidoptera.....<..-...: 134, 263, 296, 397, 519, 534 
Me PtOplle Dida je. es cee ceseecnne = WCE ee 311 
WEMCMENA (PH ADACEAE) mcnoxcosccexsacectese-nosnus SLANE 459 
I AMT ed UPN oe acto occas sncocssee caw se BER 397 
DB TE HIN geste sc ose es nscowsecwoneccone= SAR RS. 417 
I UTED GIN Og ee ee ad dace eT, A, 417 
NCTM UT OS CRIN Stee 3 ce oeok sce once deckan « Ce 279 
LL TET Saco AO a3 AO ok nN EP Ee 417 
PUROT AZ ONG 1 2a csoce neo ce Sieeckancktnis SARE OE: 527 
HG TU © MUTT NAM Oo oor cor ersseccarenonteonenen ARCS 184 
BROCK TAS OME, ose ue hces Serene ndin se 431 
MMOPACOMO WiATC AL Oe etek oleae dos as sses so. cds eee 519 
EON MANOS GISPETS ALOR es. ccne cece ceeecneneesesscont 273 
HOMASIANA. WORS APS..5. Mo cch sect toxtccs 1s SEN 431, 530 
EZ OMU PTO CUI CI ONG 022 on bos Rete ten oe coden ste oke eestek 2A, 
Inizomyia olmeca OlMCCON 28... i..icteseatatienn PNA 
Lutzomyia (Leishmania) mexicana ..........1:++++ NT 
Dn ATO LE asso csissesesseeresvevoue ee Shee SEER 357 
Majka, Christopher Gy. ..<....0:.320..2 eee 73, 402 
DLE) SOS EE PE ere 2595 279-347 
AVA AMAAA MM AM oe onc tccc coc eanscccnsegewaeacucseueee 325.801 
ANNA NIATN UNS acetic sow oxnincncseviies Tomcineeconcacenee Meee 3VZ5) 
RVI TAANES ES GAZAL sos: cae oocva0sceuesosea te eee 361 
MIEN IS CRY OMG cee nocncncsnetninsdisesutestctenuee eee 366 
Niarcondes: Carlos Brisola: .........ceet eee 351 
Marsan wCeciltaw Bs, cic5...-..0scb sis. copeucee sae cee SY) 
NATO WEZ,, DW AM 5p ic Sense seine Me Seeeeee eee ee 1 
Marquez, sOtom Moira, .2:.....0...02sd-s< 8 ete 5) 1) 
Wiany lam, MUS Aso aconc nascent eth eso e RE ee 4] 
IMarzitali. ania ciate. c.s.oce SE ERS 127 
MASE OUST IIMMLOA Gc tees hc oeedece Sarateoorensas 105 


538 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


Miata IN ata eens ssisthnennonairccisletereesae aaaaeeee 325 
IVR alll TES ¥ ceed ncexthcn or tceohceencareaecees ce 407, 517, 523 
Mic @ altienty AW ARN Lec 5 4. conscnvesckeepeoreecatens 3323 
Mc@orquodale; DavidJs..... 22s eee 402 
Me Donald VAWAMETOW cs counceccoonannnn. coast see 402 
Mie Raciilidaes, ccssss-ouckeanneaeena eee eee eee 18 
NA CECCE| (00) (2) (7 ene eno PRE ar Clr ctocl 431 
MACTA DV CUS. sapiiorziscopistinsnnnedionivacooat Shoei st eee nee 68 
MetaphycuSs PardasdisSsetiae .........ccsccceeeeeeseeeens 68 
Metathoracic’scent lands 2.2... sere eee DOF 
WIG XIC OI Res scticstesenseansnce Ee Me SPT, 2) 
Meyer IEDs eae scccccnncnceneeeniaind sons See a23 
Mie nie an WBS IAS. scsicciccosesacire the SON eee 313 
MYCKOA OMY GIGQIUS. vier ocostcniaeneace eee 283 
TVA clr, AE. 0c cnciscadenensnaeee eee eee 39 
Mitochondrial DNA sequencing .............0 4] 
Miromtianals WSe As vcncteseasiomnsisoansseccaiaeeeeee 139 
MOnph@lo Sy, ...2s:reccenicceectescoscdes enue eee 227, 475 
MIG TIPO ATOMIC hon cccnacnssisvesocmaelocnceseuemenses amen 209 
Mitgliskuulbay Japan. e..nctceqsnncenc-eese eee eee ae 134 
MAN. Coto ptt Gare aicsoihe.ncecsucnesa sates eae eee ee tee 503 
Wily Ses IW a scasssiesmnoitesisuensacveteneetevey exer eee eee 517 
Miyiime ¢ ola cid ae’: aacanccsctaanecseaceeeee ee meee eee 279) 
Miymmlele omtidae 1)... sacnecteteeceaccessoeete eee 303 
NARITA, hace d caiacnadoutioneucacs see een ne ee 134 
NUP aC UlMiits sosaiionsscebaliatnusuohcraaceenerece ee eee 459 
NC ORGAFIGG wosciescarsceneenenenorcobtearcee cee eee 385 
INGOROPILCS iescantenncass:seeeeesneuncas Aimee ene eee 283 
INC OLOUINICTIG. weer coats. ee Ee Bai 
Ne pidaSmnca eee ree denananceeacs ee ee 530 
TINGS RUE Pe ee a, BPN cet oonish weemaca sae eee 139 
Nesting belawi@Gj.-c-cces-ce-seceees eee ee 139 
INGUROP RETA ie Bees cieiectctvenn ch ORONO te woods 90, 303 
INGwaa elit On Sees kssiacocccenclapresieecene 209, 517 
NG wr iG ont MNO seit ccaneecenatiaaceneetancusnteneeeee tes 11 
Ne wacom ne COrG ve ceesatcapecrsentorenecen eee 407 
ING ycclaitate, Se Ws AE ccicesaecicicrt a A RE 149 
New sSemus :.tise-cestecess- 173, 184, 366, 385, 459 
INGiy shes typ aint (oes icin siscaccuamnog nena eeteme eee 207 
ING MAINE acs ecasncisliculesieonnsitenineneeeeeneee ve meeeeernes 433 
INGWpabAaSItOld): .soe cee scene ese aan eae 534 
New record ....... 13 IO} IS. 2633308) Sigs 8G; 


402, 417, 431, 433, 489 

New species .. 11, 68, 81, 83, 143, 149, 154, 173, 
179; W84. 223, 296, 325,357, 366, 3715377, 

385, 397, 417, 433, 450, 459, 487, 493, 497, 


503,512 
INGwi Stale MEG OnG  scccte-crcetsscatenc neue 407, 530 
ING ww SUD SPECIES, ,cvsuvescasstehesstet eee ee 109 
TNS WW SiON VAIS 1241.2 ce cee eden eterte ne eaeueree ete 283 
Wew Wioeldlio.: cutek eaten ete ene 49, 212, 487 
NPV VLG ssuci yavanden ta ncoetun cer eeeosnieaer ase arene 49 
Nemiene lature: sciictinctlethenicccscuvensare eee ee: 35] 
DNC TILIA S co ss ss casos cxneee ence oops eae eee eee 263 
Momma. Aitoshit. ..../s:.00 Aa eee eee 107 
TIA IME 5, ocedecsnassesasianoavan saat emer eae e aan 134 
Wont Ae reat ISLAMGS ...2..0:1.c.0ssdauesrneenet sere 263 
Wort AIMETICE! vole etc sennc.t. sua Eres 
MorthGarolinag, U.S.A . cscamvensventeceuaeetinales 81 
Waonthwestenn Turkey: .......0..<.ssessence Peeenetcnremense 90 
ILS ON csi ce vicut gure vnsennenabelad eee en 241 


Niymaphalidae 2.32).5-.stecoesepsc noe ee 519 
ONeill) Kevin My. s.cctnuscnedeaparesseee ee eee 139 
OzNeilly Rusth: P.sacacccrchavensorececnsct ee 139 
OCCONTUS. S22 Bain cnsrs.nebnnonedcnuncs dee 139 
@GECURTENCE ..... ccennccten cee cee nee ee 315, 319 
Okyarty Zulia | sisesseavadnconenseanedenoncesensateee ae 263 
OBZ FSH ee deonsnenesectbannervneeeee eee Sig) 7) 
OPFOR ONIS..2x2 ccssscraacacnnisotinustemenusdesa eeeeee eee 241 
Ortho sta phy ...0j.c0ecesncacnnscaeerscereeasecen eee Sill 
Onthoptenay occ cecree sence 184, 207, 292, 317, 366 
ODIO YNChUS | 5. een sone 493 
OLOStISMIINMAC secon conendnnenene eee ee 525 
OLOSTISIMUS CHNONYX cnca-mncewosvaceeneseee ee 525 
ORY COLA) 65d biessnnenaceneaeebnesrcoaiteeeana eee 179 
OXVCErA GUAGIINEGIE vines. 79 
Ozbek,-Hikme: ..5.)...064ccidi ken eee 534 
Pacheco,, Richard, C.. iesjsssa0cpncesneeeeeeee eee Ti 
PACH Y OOM 2 iis swnsanenacinsinetancisustance tee ee Sl 
POTN ONGIG..cscrcenonvnccancdasnensnatetneeae et eee 223 
PARANA 4. 5. La cats ots eateeneuineosttey neeaoneadsateeee eee D8 
PGRAAEMIS\CEPASANG  cpncscesnccecerccesenneeee eee 534 
Pantanal surround plateau, Brazil .................. ZA 
PaGraGryplOpS IMEXPECIUS. .centace-ncoree-eee eee S15 
ParadOxOSOmMatid ae ...ccccsnncev-useceeeee eee 2S 
Parahadria uit ee eee eee 385 
Paraleptophiebia PGCKI -ca.-se.cs0ce ee 311 
PGYVASQISSELIG NIGTE <sniousecncnacaesdoe 68 
PARASI . 2..-.anisee sneincnseedieiborncnntea knee enn 325 
PLAST SIM 0 c0..cdnersonenedancamasianceeed eee eae 325 
ParasitOid \.. .2.nscrcomomaneiasoncerieaeneese eee eee 68 
PGrochlus, Kieffer ccccsnacusmencsnnnnareeseie eae 127 
Paryphoconus oliveirat 23 ae 361 
Patrock; Raichard.J.... W.. .ccossss.nc.eeeet eee 527 
POR: a hecsht hi  eeaee 217 
Peltoperlidae”. 01.0..0 aac 81 
Peng, Zheng-QiaMg nccescceersomrccncseeey ee 68 
POEntatomO dea .nc...ncaensconsneieeeee eee ee ee 336 
Perth 08k LA de wonstsune tine ooo eee 525 
PRANCKOPLCMMAS 1S hicscecesneson-enevee teen 184 
PEN OLO SY veis.b doi:scocamensncecmvateneseeaeeesee eee ee 90 
Pher Delia t0fleX ox cvesiiencoonenon ee eee 193 
Philips, To Keith, ....cncsnss 73 
PhleboOtomnid) Mkosieienacmicneinneanonce ee ae 351 
Philebotomaimae elticntst aosccsnc coe eee SSI 
PHOretic COPULATION, (nc. snce-ine<uccencceee eee ee 470 
PHIRCIVOPOIOS sorisisinvcnconcnenscnunccee eee Sy 
Piithirapteta. cutsiksctctemtemmeeneoteoeeee eee S25NSim 
Pieridae si.ckii Aaa 134 
Pins DV ULIA LOTESIS: fvssnnemnioncenenhceeaneensee eee 31 
Plait architecture ..sensicuntnsstecnaccceunet nee 31 
Planthopper: .cinccincsresrcnesnenmencecensseoereee eee 49 
PLSCOPHSL A. dissehceneccerwessaeonewcesrssuaaree bee ene eae 81 
Plhewurocerinella, niitheuiuncakuntatnsssa nee ee 487 
POdominm ae 5.4.x -eentinnasnrennetensho el eee eee Lem 
Polana (Polanana) sana species group .......... 154 
Belly esi aint oe Belen pseeeeeeneree 213,3099323 
Poly desmidae: ...ccceveneromcscsscc eee ene 319 
Polymerase chain reaction. ...........cse eee 27 
Polytene ChromlosOMes: -cencnscnehereonec eee 235 
Postembryonicidevelopmentian.c...escmeeeme 235 
POLtAMOPEtONACEAC. <.oscs susie eee 527 


Potamogeton nodosus (Potamogetonaceae).... 527 


Volume 118, Number 5, November and December 2007 539 


Bred alcOusimid SEM. EARN 361 
pine her GO eh eH ch eee AN hos Sanh sn ccoae tan PR 193 
| PETE Mec oe ere ee eer Ce 1395321 
[FIRE BIRECCUOTG HRB ee eee re rae or ee 321 
Primary type CepOSitory. .....0.-......sceccssedienete ones B35 
[EYE CTRDLEDIT ah oR eee geen are Nar ny 4] 
FESPA El ee ese cece Sao oc ca ec ccieseeagane GLEE 350 
LP (POUT ENED) eet pes Seo ae ac gn ea 292 
ESVEROUICAS (ae Pete eoxseereeeie ee ee DAN Ti BIS | 
PSLMOGES MASHIARCISIS. soccsa.0.:ccsssseosckasetaasonen 371 
PUEMEUES IS CX PUD CLOLUS So. .cincss Susan cesdnandte dee eaeate sides 73 
PU CICONNI COR seat 28. aS eA. a, 273 
BURP cl thee sc ceed. aes avn vixsacne Meomemetns ms 361 
LTTE BYBTO yA 01 es IVF Regen eta tee ene SPR sneer 168 
ROTTS IN ea ws we sans cen ven atic Se tas 235 
CO IRE TSNS ON oe OO oe 371 
AMONG Os SAMGY) <c..c5...<.-cesncegscesc-ssteetengeaee- es 407 
PRAROLEG QUOGVIGCNIGIG <.....:..s0.e.nccesnsestbesoee tons 530 
LTETES 01 STEN 1S) Dee ae ee 0 al 241 
AMS CXUEMSTOM oeceo2e oie. facet secede ees 211, 402 
IREYRE) TOMSTEXS STR sea ee ee core 109 
Rebollar-Vellez, Eduardo A.) «...¢20s0..ccscts Weekes 217 
Recently published books ...................+.- 108, 278 
SEEOURUS Soke ee i eee 323 
INGHESCRIPMOM sss. 2-< 2252.00 cuasaesssarenns 283, 361, 433 
EN GEUM POMC TITS SANS) 5. ..n..sarceccens ceonesaneencene se- S27) 
PEN td rea DYNA a oa ee scan senec one oceetecennssc 366 
URCTICTIILCTINES JLAVIDES. ...c<..cccctccerasceesecseseeeeseesss 4] 
WRETICHILECHINES VIFSIMICUS ©. ...0500 ose onte test tess e tiene 41 
‘RBGTAMALOCEFUS VIGLOTUS ....:.0250.0eccceseece 8 coe. 317 
Rhamphomyia (SENSU StritO) ....cecccesceeeeeeereees 143 
api oplonidae et sescee socks heetion ghee a «ec 292 
1 SJ OTIC US) 010 FT a os a 4] 
EEL DO EO Rela cachn Ue S e eee 11 
RET SPT AR ee a See 241 
FEAL SENT CA rei aap etin se 2 nc 2, 5 eee S255 977 
VOUCRIS 224.29 Aree ee ee ee ee See. 325 
TSEEEG HITE et Nath SPER IM i ee ai Sk. 11 
Romero. sVianiano WW? 2...8.5.08. 8 eee. B25 
Ronderosy Manas ...2Niinb tae 361, 529 
IROSSarOMBTUNO?. 2 ie ee 7 
Rosak \Gotdatia. '.2.:..4 Pe Re ee ee 23 

SEP OCS 01 eae eens tiem. cs ae BANG 
BUTTS AST caches A an van dh eae eee Noa akc 4] 
BS ate) CHUM IAL CY seco ands rae cok wand eae 109 
AME ARSPAMAICR Arcs cians (ae ee ree 161 
SLES Eee esa soso See eens ee ern al Baul 
Santiago-Blay, Jorge A.... 108, 278, 350, 534, 540 
SGRIG CATIA Stele tee ds es bear 235 
Sanihany | Slams. os od eo ea etaees FE 87 
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ... 161, 475 
SUEGICLINCONTT TS eres cs a ane ene eee One ee a 1 
Scatarie Island, Nova Scotia ...........ccccccseeee 402 
SCClpiIGaG® . Prisms. 3. ee eats cake 519 
“SJGLENELE (PET (RE Ree 227 
Seharerviichelie T. 2a) eli frie oes a 218 
SUES TAN ZING fae Re a, Ea erie 193 
S/G.0 b0) 2) 00086 (0. ier See ne ed 525 
Scolopendromonphiart ...42.ee. S115;1525 
SLES AROUCLECE Ce eae se coos ee er ee a 402 
ESC VLOM OTS Went eta so 0sn ed halls 319 
Saunt le~cneesvennemsenvrmsinicenentetertesrctestess 21S 


Seas Omalestanisre we eis LHS I ee 203 
Sentai @simiaint eee ss Jeera thot: wetland. ne 357 
SSORG GIS CesT ATOM) ase se siick soececass coat glace eee 87 
Sewer @simany nce... ie pal: hang 428 
SS Fe tit AS © tao cing vee wuss css SORES 73 
Shelley, Rowland M. ..... 1995 213, 35, 3195323 
SUTDINGIANS eeielee a. Ariel Sa neiei ees Ad RONAN Soe era 431 
NS LIDS LON (TAA SARs eet PAG eS ee PL PES 431 
SHUES) RRODORE VW aeettere eset tices sc racneten se ake 530 
Slay Chnisiyed jee Ses Se WA 292 
SlayeNitcheelinsye wee ere. Bee eh 29D, 
Soldier ipronmotallywadihhyes.csn-.. eee eee 4] 
SOLE OP SUS TAVICLO elt naan oinr et Mectea ine Oe iacestnacke 527, 
South AwinencGa yA eee pee eee: 154, 325, 377 
South i(Georota, WES Age. Are eee ie Boece 203 
Souther Amatolias, Munkey Ge: ...2--6--c.ce.s0-<asece- 143 
Southern Brazil. occ. ee keer ele a9 
Southega MSI CON ecco os eee 2M 
Spatiotemporal distribution ...............cccceeeeees 90 
SPECIES IVErsiby: =. Mintel eee cece Sil 
Spenmatheeae ai: es. Sees. Ve ee eae 475 
Spheeidac Stes ners nse). Thee ood 1IB9.B2 Ss 
SY OGLE ease ae EE eee se cae 161 
Sime GUS tavON Re, oss. se, sn <2. ce sdeneneescmemet ohn se 361 
SUEY DL ON VAUTTBGENS ase pone Oe Ee ec ee 1 
Statement of ownership, management, and 
GING UM ALTO Meters esac eects ae 350 
Stcelabine Cricket MUMten \. cite. <.c-cscecesteceface canes 531 
Siephensonm-sotevien IW. wens. s ete eee 292 
Stich amie olinpe. ee. eee re ee 207, 307 
Stiditaimn, Whomas 2s. Ae 207. S17 
Sitatiomiyjidace sane aa. eden eee teat 179 
NSLS OST Y0) (EV anes Soc Ss ae cae Cae ae ere 279 
NCniculatonyrateay acti ceo tee cess tosteck sas tetee ess 184 
SNC PLAT CT Re ee eee 279 
PSU SEAS US ee a ec Pa 350 
Subtenraneanwienmites + 4.42.8 80. Fe... Geos n..nces 4] 
SHC CESS Ol Meee eee rete cee een ee 3 
SAGES aie it he Mn ae 3 ON ee athe RO 83 
SY VLGKOP OND Se eee ec oa Re A ee ee Ea 283 
SS iy NO a WaT, es ene ae Score eee tates es OLS, 325) 
GUST RM Bs WORM sachs os hectaten cuits 450 
SSVI Reeeeeer ee ON Bet eR at raat enti cota BRE A wd 283 
SWSUGIIAUICS: sere a res etcncccr ca eec dont 11, 351, 489 
SAE LOO UNA ET ECS] [a We 
PSVZAEINE TS) Se dee/ 2 Uda aia eee San 4] 
Tachytes chrysopyga ODSCUTUS ........:1:cc1erees 321 
TRAVA WEIR JD YON a1 (clit © My pela 407, 485 
axonomic study rey sii). Re 397 
Sia Reo MOAN eee tess hata See ance e nan cece ete aes eu aul 
Ra yl @m Ste viemnapet ss cha, - eects seve veka toes 279 
VAIO TOU DIS Oe. eo eee, eR eee ee ene 519 
BETES SC Oa SHAG seas e creccccscctsseeeneeee neon 209 
Tephritidae tak * 5. £90).3..ae eee eee Ss 497 
BIG RITA eee ce eet ot as ctilel en ncissce cee ee 105 
ARC BUNS OMICS. 25 e0h- 22 ase. tsas cane cde seaeade dees eaeetsere 184 
Tetracnemoided COIMbIENSIS ........c100cccereeceeees 325) 
WSxasnWeSsAr cc. te 207, Si Talos O27: 
ihe Grenadines vie. ..2 Ree. Se eee 213 
Mhompson,F: Christian... 2... eveeseeeee ces 283 
TPOFACONGUDACIUS VANINIL Zocccct A secceseseochadnen 459 


diger beetle wectevcserncrenevtamvnernsenteeraesates 109 


540 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 


POWACO) a. Foner scnsct acne eee DNS 
Topeny Adyvini yee ee ee 428 
VORMICIGAC. cc ncesnescsecen eect eee 397, 534 
Mownsend= Sheetal wes. .ccee eee eee 402 
WRAP HMES US take araee sa scatecat nnauencecacttecee etre cee 139 
TFECHONIG Wick. Bok restos mes ie ee 503 
WiichOptetraueeee te te ens nn seer 3133507 
‘Tuncer, Cetal i scnahiissascserecccecee ate eee 87 
Mugele, AMeia ee seccscescsse tees ot ee 292 
Wake yercescs-s 31, 87, 90, 143, 161, 179, 227, 259, 

263, 303, 336, 357, 371, 475, 493, 534 
Wurkish-Iwaces vssehstinees Hem eee 336 
TURES ca vagecaesidecveteac seeds ods etass ade ee eee 273 
United States of America (U.S.A.) ......... 41, 109, 


1395203; 207, 2095 241, 2922 318 eo lye 
321, 407, 431, 470, 523, 530 


Wstunen\ TMEsayccrticcciserne ee 179 
Valenzuclay Jorge Be iceccccs, eee 2719 
Vareass duane Mb cocci. cee ee eee 223, 470 
WECLOES assess 286 costs adedecislecee Sos eee eee 292 
Venlomiapparatus® =. (:..:¢:ccacccaeteetesee eee 161 
Viroinias UPS As ac eee 41, 209 
Wane-sMicngmipt 2 2:..002).. ere mene neers 149 
Wane. Manesco. eee 296 
Wane Xango planet ::iiccc tices: eee ee 497 
Waa MUNDUS St ecette ce eeee cae eeetee eee een eee 397 
Weamnere Vapi iocettsi.0c2o).c Soe ee eee 503 


Washington, U.S:A....cen ee 523 
Wet, Metcail . :....0..dc.cscesseessaeatete ee 450 
West Vireimia, U.S.A. tence 407 
Western North America’ .......4-2..00 eee 311 
White; Ken. J. 20.s.cckc eee 199 
Wihitefly ..........0220-.e 433 
WONDACHIG .scsieccecsaes hvsitgers eee 134 
World... 2..2 351 
Xanthogaleruca subcoerulescens .........0cc000000+ 239 
Xu, Huachao’.2cik eee 503 
Yang, Ding sce ito 83, 149 
Yigit, Nasife. 2st ils Geseceei oot 161 
Young, Orrey P. 2.2558 ee 203 
Younghanz, R. Es kas ee S17 
Yunnan, Chitia)..\.... cancion 366 
LQADVODS :sseccessiasecseiadiate co ee 241 
Zara, Fernando J. ...0..éscsc::.d0sssc:2+. ee 211 
Zeng, LAMP f.ssscessdersestaetseasstt eee 296 
Zhang, Ya-lin sickle 168 
Zhang, Yan-ZWOw \.2122.ss-.csi-ccescese eee 68 
ZOMIdAC: i.) Aleta ees csecee ee 1s 
ZLonitoides GrbOveus 0... ee 193 
Zoogeographical remarks... eee eee 428 
ZOO graphetus + iscat ee ee 296 


Jorge A. Santiago-Blay 
Editor, Entomological News 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TO POST-SUBMISSION 
REVIEWERS WHO HAVE CONTRIBUTED TOWARDS 
THE COMPLETION OF ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 
VOLUMES 114 TO THE PRESENT 


During the time I have served as editor of Entomological News [Volumes 


114 (2003) to the present], over 600 post-submission reviewers from all 


continents, except Antarctica, have generously donated their time and 


expertise. Herein I wholeheartedly and gratefully acknowledge all who 


have contributed towards the completion of these volumes, to pre-submis- 


sion reviewers (not listed), and to reviewers who prefer to remain anony- 


mous for help maintaining and increasing the scientific quality standards of 


Entomological News. 


Jorge A. Santiago-Blay 


Ee 


Agreement. By submitting a paper for publication, authors tacitly agree to not submit in parallel the same 
manuscript to another journal. For published papers, authors agree to accept responsibility for all page, illustra- 
tion, and requested reprint or .pdf charges. Rejected manuscripts will be discarded. 

Scientific Notes and Book Reviews. These are much shorter contributions, typically not exceeding one 
(Book Review) or two (Scientific Notes) printed pages. The main difference between these types of contribu- 
tions and longer papers is that scientific notes and book reviews lack an abstract and most of the main headings, 
except for the acknowledgments and the literature cited sections. 

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Upon return of reviews, authors will be asked to modify their papers to accommodate suggestions of the review- 
ers and the Editor as well as to conform to requirements of Entomological News. If authors do not modify their 
papers, they should specifically address, on a point by point basis; why they are not doing that. 

Page Proofs. The printer will send page proofs to the Editor and then the proofs will be sent to the corre- 
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SCIENTIFIC NOTES 


517 New additions to the inventory of Colorado mayflies 
(Ephemeroptera) and caddisflies (Trichoptera) 
L. W. Myers and R. E. Younghanz 


519 — Telenomus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), egg parasitoid of 
Caligo brasiliensis (C. Felder, 1862) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) 
in southern Brazil Cecilia B. Margaria, Hélcio R. Gil-Santana, 
Oton Meira Marques, and Marta S. Loiacono 


523 Confirmation data for three species of mayflies in the state of 
Washington, U.S.A. (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae, Ephemeridae, 
Heptageniidae) W. P McCafferty and M. D. Meyer 


525 Notes on the synonymy of the centipede Otostigmus ethonyx 
Chamberlin, 1955 (Scolopendromorha: Scolopendridae: 
Otostigminae) from Peru Amazonas Chagas-Junior 


527 The use by Red Imported Fire Ants, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenop- 
tera: Formicidae), of Potomageton nodosus (Potamogetonaceae) 

leaves as platforms into the littoral zone in Texas, U.S.A. 
Richard J. W. Patrock 


530 — Ranatra quadridentata Stal (Heteroptera: Nepidae) from Louisiana, 
U.S.A., a new state record Ethan Bright and Robert W. Sites 


531 A long journey: observations on the Steel-Blue Cricket Hunter, 
Chlorion aerarium Pattaon (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) 
G. K. Lechner 


534  Agathis montana Shestakov (Hymnoptera: Braconidae), a 
new parasitoid of Pandemis cerasana Hubner (Lepidoptera: 
Tortricidae) in Turkey Coskun Guclu and Hikmet Ozbek 


AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY BUSINESS 
535 Index to Volume 118 (1-5) 2007 Jorge A. Santiago-Blay 


540 Acknowledgments to reviewers who contributed towards the 
completion of Entomological News (volume 118), to reviewers 
overlooked in previous volumes, and to other volunteers 

Jorge A. Santiago-Blay 


THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


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