ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOLUME LXVIII, 1957
PHILIP P. CALVERT, EDITOR EMERITUS
R. G. SCHMIEDER, EDITOR
EDITORIAL STAFF
J. A. G. REHN M. E. PHILLIPS
E. F. J. MARX H. J. GRANT, JR.
PUBLISHED BY
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1957
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
JANUARY 1957
Vol. LXVIII
No. 1
CONTENTS
Stallings and Turner Four new species of Megathymus
1
Dvorak A character useful in separating Cafius seminitens Horn
and Cafius canescens Makl 17
Muesebeck New World Apanteles parasitic on Diatraea 19
Review
Beitrage zur Systematik der Larven der Itonididae
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOL. LXVIII JANUARY, 1957 No. 1
Four New Species of Megathymus (Lepidoptera,
Rhopalocera, Megathymidae)
By DON B. STALLINGS and J. R. TURNER
Megathymus alliae, new species
FEMALE : Upper surface of primaries. Dull black with the
base overscaled with dull yellow-brown. Spots 1 (cell spot),
2, 3, 4 (subapical spots), 5, 6 (submarginal spots), 7, 8 and 9
(discal band) bright yellow-brown. Spot 7, 9 mm. wide ; spot
8, 8 mm. wide; spot 9, 7 mm. wide. The dull yellow-brown
overscaling extends about halfway in the costal area, and about
three-fourths the way towards the outer angle. Veins narrowly
edged with dull black. Fringes dull yellow-brown with vein
tips smoky.
Upper surface of secondaries. Dull black, basal third cov-
ered with dull yellow brown hairs, with further dull yellow
brown overscaling in the anal area. The discal band is com-
posed of 5 bright yellow-brown spots, separated by narrow dull
black lines along the veins. The discal band is about the same
width as the dull black marginal area. Fringes dull yellow-
brown with vein tips faintly smoky.
Under surface of primaries. Dull black with the apex heavily
overscaled with dull yellow-brown. All the spots reappear with
spots 2, 3, and 4 lighter in color.
Under surface of secondaries. Dull black heavily overscaled
with dull yellow-brown. The discal band appears only as a
series (reduced in size) of lighter spots in the overscaling.
There are two faint spots below the costal area.
(1)
JAN - 8 1957
2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1957
Abdomen : Dull yellow-brown above, dull gray-brown below.
Thorax : Dull yellow-brown above, beneath dull white. Palpi :
Dull white. Antennae : Base of club white, remainder of an-
tennae black above, lighter beneath, showing white at joints.
Expanse of fore wing from 30 to 36 mm. ; average 35 mm.
Wing measurements of holotype : forewing, apex to base 36
mm., apex to outer angle 21 mm., outer angle to base 26 mm. ;
hindwing, base to end of vein Cu x 25 mm.
MALE : Upper surface of primaries. Dull black with the base
narrowly overscaled with dull yellow-brown. Spots 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 bright yellow-brown. All spots greatly reduced
in size compared with the female. All spots except 2, 3, and 4
separated from each other by more than the width of the veins.
Fringes checkered dull yellow-brown and dull black.
Upper surface of secondaries. Dull black, basal half covered
with dull yellow-brown hairs, extending outward in the anal
area. The bright yellow-brown discal band is again greatly
reduced in size, compared with the female. The spots of the
discal band are separated by well denned dull black along the
veins. Fringes checkered dull yellow-brown and dull black.
Under surface of primaries. Same as the female.
Under surface of secondaries. Same as the female, except
that the lighter spots are only faintly discernible.
Abdomen, thorax, palpi and antennae : Same as female except
palpi and underside of thorax are dull gray-brown.
Expanse of forewing from 28 to 32 mm. ; average 30 mm.
Wing measurements of allotype : Forewing, apex to base 30
mm., apex to outer angle 18 mm., outer angle to base 22 mm. ;
hindwing, base to end of vein Ci^ 20 mm.
Described from 62 specimens (35 males and 27 females) col-
lected 15 miles west of Cameron, Ariz., along the canyon of
the Little Colorado River, elevation 5000 ft. All ex-larvae or
ex-pupae emerging from Aug. 25 to Oct. 5, during 1953, 1954
and 1955. Collected by Dr. and Mrs. R. C. Turner, Dee, Jack,
Don, and Viola Stallings.
Holotype, female, Sept. 23, 1955, 15 miles west of Cameron,
ARIZONA, el. 5000 ft. (Turner) ; allotype, male, Sept. 17, 1954,
15 miles west of Cameron, Ariz., el. 5000 ft. (Turner) are in
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Br
PLATE I, Megathymus alliae
Top row : Holotype, upper side to left ; under side to right.
2nd row : Allotype, upper side to left ; under side to right.
3rd row : Left : $ genitalia ; center : <? valva ; right : c? uncus.
4 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1957
the collection of the authors. Paratypes of both sexes will be
placed in the following collections : H. A. Freeman, C. L.
Remington, U. S. Nat. Museum, American Mus. of Nat. His-
tory, Los Angeles County Museum.
Food plant : Agave utahensis Engelmann.
It will be interesting to learn whether M. alliae uses Agave
kaibabensis McKelvey (a closely allied species of Agave utahen-
sis which occurs on the north rim of Grand Canyon) as a food
plant.
The females select medium sized plants for oviposition. The
trap door, which is paper white, is nearly always (we have seen
one exception) on the under side of the leaf.
It is rather difficult to select the nearest relative of M. alliae
from which to distinguish it, for M. alliae does not fit in with
any of the now known groups of species of Megathymus. M.
alliae is the largest known species in the U. S. A. that feeds on
the Agave. We will distinguish it from M. baueri Stallings &
Turner as the two species are similar in some respects and occur
rather close to each other.
First, M. alliae is distinguished from M. baueri by its huge
size. The ground-color of the upper surface of M. alliae is
dull black while in M. baueri it is deep black. The under sur-
face of M. alliae has much heavier overscaling and this over-
scaling has much more yellow in it than does M. baueri. In the
female the deep black ground color of M. baueri on its upper
surface is much more extensive than in M. alliae.
The valva of the genitalia of the male M. alliae is characterized
by having the projection at the apex uniformly narrow. In
M. baueri and allied species this projection is tapered. In M.
alliae the uncus seen in lateral view abruptly turns down at
its apex while in M. baueri and related species the apex curves
down, evenly. In the female of M. alliae the center portion of
the genital plate is built more complex than M. baueri and
allied species.
This species is named in honor of the mother-in-law and
mother of the authors, Mrs. R. C. (Allie) Turner, who has
aided materially in our work on the genus Megathymus and
who collected the first pupa of this new species.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 5
The next three species to be described all belong to the
Megathymus neumoegeni Edwards complex. We will first
describe all three, then consider them together with M. neu-
mocycni and with M. chisosensis and M. nicalpinei recently
described by H. A. Freeman, both of which belong to this group.
Megathymus judithae, new species
FEMALE : Upper surface of primaries. Light orange with a
black border along the outer edge of the wing approximately
4 mm. wide. Spots 1 (cell spot), 2, 3, 4 (subapical spots), 5, 6
(submarginal spots), 7, 8, and 9 (discal band) are all fused
together with the light orange in the basal area. There is an
irregular black spot between the cell and subapical area. There
is a black line of color in the costal area towards the base.
About equidistant between the base of the wing and the outer
angle there is an irregular square black spot (actually two spots
fused together) that is 4 mm. wide. Above this fused spot is
a small black spot 1.5 mm. wide. Fringes yellow with vein
tips black.
Upper surface of secondaries. Light orange with marginal
black border. There is a band of black, heavily overscaled with
light orange inward from the discal area. This band becomes
weaker in color and narrower as it approaches the anal area.
Fringes yellow with vein tips black.
Under surface of primaries. Dull brown-black with apex
overscaled with white giving it a gray appearance. Spots 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 appear on this surface as spots. All spots
light orange in color except spots 2, 3, and 4 which are white.
Under surface of secondaries. Dull brown-black overscaled
with white giving a gray appearance. At the base of the wing
there are a few white hairs mixed with light orange hairs. In
the anal area there are a few light orange scales mixed with
the white scales. The discal band is indicated by heavier white
overscaling. There is a round white spot in the costal area with
a smaller white spot below it.
Abdomen, orange above, gray- white beneath. Thorax, yellow-
gray above, white beneath. Palpi, dull white. Antennae, white
ringed with black, base of antennae white, remainder black.
6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [ fan., 1957
MALE: Upper surface of primaries. Black with the base
overscaled with light orange. Spots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9
light orange, spot 9 narrower than spots 7 and 8. Fringes
yellow with vein tips black.
Upper surface of secondaries. Light orange with a marginal
black border. All very similar to female. Fringes yellow with
vein tips black.
Under surface of primaries. Dull black with apex overscaled
with white. Spots reappear as above, except that spots 2, 3,
and 4 are white.
Under surface of secondaries. Similar to female with discal
band not so well denned.
Abdomen, thorax, palpi, and antennae same as female.
Expanse of forewing of female varies from 25 to 32 mm. ;
average 30 mm. Wing measurements of holotype : Forewing,
apex to base 32 mm., apex to outer angle 18 mm., outer angle
to base 22 mm. ; hindwing, base to end of vein Cu x 22 mm.
Expanse of forewing of male varies from 26 to 29 mm. ;
average 28 mm. Wing measurements of allotype : Forewing,
apex to base 28 mm., apex to outer angle 16 mm., outer angle
to base 20 mm. ; hindwing, base to end of vein Cn l 20 mm.
Described from 24 males and 23 females collected in the
Hueco Mts., near Hueco, Texas, elevation 5300 feet. All ex-
larvae or ex-pupae emerging from Sept. 10 to Sept. 30 during
1953 and 1954. Collected by Dr. and Mrs. R. C. Turner, Judith,
Gayle, Beulah and J. R. Turner, Dee, Jack, Viola and Don B.
Stallings.
Holotype, female, Sept. 21, 1953, Hueco Mts., Hueco, TEXAS,
el. 5300 ft. (Turner) ; allotype, male, Sept. 20, 1954, Hueco
Mts., Hueco, Texas, el. 5300 ft. (Stallings & Turner) are in
the collection of the authors. Paratypes of both sexes will be
placed in the following collections : H. A. Freeman, C. L.
Remington, U. S. Nat. Museum, American Mus. of Nat.
History.
Food plant : Agave parryi Engelmann. It is well to note
here that the name Agave parryi is applied loosely. Agave
parryi in the Hueco Mts. of Texas is not the same thing as
Agave parryi in the Guadeloupe Mts. of Texas and N. Mex.
PLATE II, Megathymus judithac
Top row : Holotype, upper side to left ; under side to right.
2nd row: Allotype, upper side to left; under side to right.
3rd row: Left: $ genitalia; center: <? valva; right: <$ uncu.;.
8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1957
This species is named in honor of Judith Turner, the daughter
of J. R. Turner, who was present when the species was dis-
covered and helped collect the type series.
The females select medium sized plants for oviposition. The
trap door which is medium brown in color is usually on the
upper side of the leaf. The length of the pupal case is 3.3 times
the diameter of the case.
Megathymus carlsbadensis, new species
FEMALE : Upper surface of primaries. Bright yellow-orange
with a black border along the outer edge of the wing, approxi-
mately 5 mm. wide. Spots 1 (cell spot), 2, 3, 4 (subapical
spots), 5, 6 (submarginal spots), 7, 8, and 9 (discal band) are
all fused together with the bright yellow orange in the basal
area. There is an irregular black spot between the cell and sub-
apical area. There is a thick black line of color in the costal
area towards the base. About equidistant between the base of
the wing and the outer angle there is an irregular black spot
(actually two spots fused together). The bottom half of this
fused spot is 4 mm. wide, the top half 5 mm. wide. Above
this fused spot there is a small triangular spot (with the apex
of the triangle pointed towards the base of the wing) that is
2.5 mm. wide. Fringes checkered yellow and black.
Upper surface of secondaries. Bright yellow-orange with
marginal black border. There is a band of black overscaled
with bright yellow-orange inward from the discal area. Fringes
checkered yellow and black.
Under surface of primaries. Brown-black with apex over-
scaled with white giving it a gray appearance. Spots 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 appear on this surface as spots, slightly lighter
in color than the upper surface, except spots 2, 3, and 4 which
are white, and spots 5 and 6 which are pale yellow-orange.
Under surface of secondaries. Brown black overscaled with
white giving a gray appearance. At the base of the wing there
are a few white hairs, sometimes with a few yellow hairs mixed
in. In the anal area there is a strip with little white overscaling
but usually has a few light orange scales. The discal band is
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
faintly indicated by slightly more white overscaling. There is
a distinct round white spot in the costal area with a smaller
(and fainter) white spot below it.
Abdomen, bright yellow-orange above, gray-white beneath.
Thorax orange-gray above, gray white beneath. Palpi, gray-
white. Antennae, white ringed with black, base of antennae
white, remainder black.
MALE : Upper surface of primaries. Black with the base
overscaled with reddish orange. Spots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and
9 reddish orange. Spots 7, 8, and 9 all about the same size
(3 mm.). Fringes yellow with vein tips black.
Upper surface of secondaries. Reddish orange with a mar-
ginal black border. All very similar to the female. Fringes
checkered yellow and black.
Under surface of primaries. Brown-black with apex over-
scaled with white. Spots reappear as above, except that spots
2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are white.
Under surface of secondaries. Similar to female.
Abdomen, thorax, palpi, and antennae same as female except
for reddish orange color of abdomen and thorax above.
Expanse of fore wing of female varies from 26 to 31 mm.;
average 30 mm. Wing measurements of holotype, forewing,
apex to base 30 mm., apex to outer angle 18 mm., outer angle
to base 22 mm. ; hindwing, base to end of vein Cu x 22.5 mm.
Expanse of forewing of male varies from 25 to 29 mm. ;
average 27 mm. Wing measurements of allotype, forewing,
apex to base 26 mm., apex to outer angle 15 mm., outer angle to
base 19 mm. ; hindwing, base to end of vein Cv^ 19 mm.
Described from 37 males and 25 females collected in the
Guadeloupe Mts., Carlsbad Cavern National Park, New Mexico
and immediately south around Nickle, TEXAS, in the Guade-
loupe Mts., elevation from 4300 ft. to 5700 ft. All ex-larvae
or ex-pupae emerging from Sept. 14 to Oct. 1st, during 1953
and 1954. Collected by Dr. and Mrs. R. C. Turner, Judith,
Gayle, Beulah and J. R. Turner, Dee, Jack, Viola and Don B.
Stallings.
Holotype, female, Sept. 21, 1953, Gaudeloupe Mts., Carlsbad
Cavern National Park, NEW MEXICO, on the mesa at head of
10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1957
Yucca Canyon, el. 5470 ft. (Turner) ; allotype, male, Sept. 21,
1953, same data and collector, are in the collection of the au-
thors. Paratypes of both sexes will be placed in the following
collections: H. A. Freeman, C. L. Remington, U. S. National
Museum, American Mus. of Nat. History.
Food plant : Agave parryi Engelmann. There are three spe-
cies of Agave plants in the Guadeloupe Mts. : A. parryi, A. lechu-
guilla Torrey and what we believe to be A. chisosensis Mueller
(Mrs. Stallings and some other members of the family feel that
the last named may in fact be a hybrid between the first two
named).
In this area Agave lechuguilla always produced Megathymus
mariae and nothing else. In the area around Nickle, Texas
(Parker Ranch) we found A. parryi and A. chisosensis in about
equal numbers, and in this area Megathymus carlsbadensis laid
eggs on both species of plants in about equal numbers. In
August of 1954 we made a rather careful survey of the situa-
tion. At that time nearly 80% of the A. parryi plants that had
had eggs of M. Carlsbadensis laid on them, still had live larvae
in the leaves (these were plants that showed that the larvae
had hatched from the egg and entered the leaves). On the
other hand only 20% of the A. chisosensis plants at that time
(which had had larvae hatch and enter the leaves) had live
larvae. We were successful in securing 6 butterflies from A.
chisosensis, but these were not included in the type series of
M. carlsbadensis. The first specimen that hatched from A.
chisosensis (a female) was distinctly different from M. carlsba-
densis; the other five specimens appear identical to M. carls-
badensis. H. A. Freeman and C. L. Remington, who have both
examined the above mentioned female, are of the opinion that
this female may be a distinct species. More specimens will have
to be secured before a final determination can be made. In the
meantime, we are inclined to consider the five other specimens
that we secured from A. chisosensis as belonging to M. carls-
badensis, although we do not consider A. chisosensis the normal
food plant. Population pressure could explain the use of this
plant as food.
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
11
PLATE III, Mi-i/athyiims carlsbadensis
Top row : Holotype, upper side to left ; under side to right.
2nd row: Allotype, upper side to left; under side to right.
3rd row: Left: $ genitalia ; center: c? valva; right: cT uncus.
12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1957
The females select medium sized plants on which to lay eggs.
The trap door, which is amber in color, is usually on the upper
side of the leaf. The length of the pupal case is 3.6 times the
diameter of the case.
Megathymus florenceae, new species
FEMALE: Upper surface of primaries. Bright orange with
a dull black border along the outer edge of the wing, approxi-
mately 4 mm. wide. Spots 1 (cell spot), 2, 3, 4 (subapical
spots), 5, 6 (submarginal spots), 7, 8, and 9 (discal band) are
all fused together with the bright orange in the basal area.
There is an irregular black spot between the cell and subapical
area. There is a thin black line of color (sometimes absent) in
the costal area towards the base. About equidistant between the
base of the wing and the outer angle there is an irregular black
spot (actually two spots fused together). The bottom half of
the fused spot is 3 mm. wide, the top half 4 mm. wide. Fringes
checkered yellow and dull black.
Upper surface of secondaries. Bright orange with marginal
black border. There is a band of dull black overscaled with
bright orange inward from the discal area. Fringes checkered
yellow and dull black.
Under surface of primaries. Dull black with apex overscaled
with white giving it a gray appearance. Spots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, and 9 appear on this surface as spots. All spots bright
orange, except spots 2, 3, and 4 which are white.
Under surface of secondaries. Dull black sparsely overscaled
with white giving a dark gray appearance. At the base of the
wing there are a few white hairs mixed with light orange hairs.
In the anal area there are less white scales, with some light
orange scales mixed with them. The discal band is indicated by
heavier white overscaling. There is a round white spot in
the costal area.
Abdomen, bright orange above, gray-white beneath. Thorax,
orange-gray above, gray-white beneath. Palpi, dull white. An-
tennae, white, ringed with black, base of antennae white, re-
mainder black.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 13
MALE : Upper surface of primaries. Dull black with the base
overscaled with bright orange. Spots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9
bright orange. Spot 8 (5 mm.) wider than spots 7 and 9.
Inward from spot 8 there is a black spot with a small bright
orange spot inward from this black spot. Fringes yellow with
vein tips black.
Upper surface of secondaries. Bright orange with a marginal
black border, all very similar to the female. Fringes checkered
yellow and black.
Undersurface of primaries. Dull black with apex overscaled
with white. Spots reappear as above except that spots 2, 3,
and 4 are white.
Undersurface of secondaries. Similar to female.
Abdomen, thorax, palpi and antennae same as female.
Expanse of forewing of female varies from 26 to 31 mm.;
average 30 mm. Wing measurements of holotype, forewing,
apex to base 30 mm., apex to outer angle 19 mm., outer angle
to base 21 mm. ; hindwing, base to end of vein Cu t 21 mm.
Expanse of forewing of male varies from 24 to 29 mm. ; aver-
age 28 mm. Wing measurements of allotype, forewing, apex
to base 28 mm., apex to outer angle 16.5 mm., outer angle to
base 20 mm. ; hindwing, base to end of vein Cu t 20 mm.
Described from 16 males and 31 females collected in the
Davis Mountains near Ft. Davis, Texas, el. 6200 ft. All ex-
larvae or ex-pupae emerging from Sept. 17th and Oct. 5th,
1954. Collected by Dr. and Mrs. R. C. Turner, Dee, Jack,
Viola and Don B. Stallings.
Holotype, female, Sept. 23rd, 1954, Davis Mts., Ft. Davis,
TEXAS, el. 6200 ft. (Stallings & Turner) ; allotype, male, Sept.
17th, 1954, Davis Mts., Ft. Davis, Texas, el. 6200 ft. (Stallings
& Turner) are in the collection of the authors. Paratvpcs of
both sex will be placed in the following collections : H. A. Free-
man, C. L. Remington, U. S. National Museum, American Mus.
of Nat. History, Los Angeles County Museum.
Food plant : We have not been able to satisfy ourselves as to
the species of plant in the Davis Mts. at this elevation (6200
ft.). It appears to be between //. parryi and A. scabra Lam-
Dyck.
14 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1957
This species is named in honor of Miss Florence Draper, who
gave the first named author, a great deal of encouragement,
when a small boy, to continue his work in the field of the
Lepidoptera.
For a number of years both H. A. Freeman and our group have
known that a species of Megathymus occurred in the Davis Mts.
None of us had been able to find the larvae. In 1954 Freeman
was supposed to join us in a joint effort to work out the prob-
lem, but at the last minute was unable to join us. Plants of
all sizes were plentiful in the area that we hunted (this species
of Agave grows considerably bigger than A. parryi), but the
first day that we hunted we found only one larva in a medium
sized plant and it was parasitized. The second day as we con-
tinued to hunt without a sign of a larva Jack Stallings sug-
gested that we check some of the tiny juvenile plants that are
so small that they do not reach the height of the short grass in
the area. Improbable as this seemed we started checking the
tiny plants. The larvae were there. All of the type series were
collected from these tiny plants. This distinct difference in the
size of the food plant selected by the female upon which to ovi-
posit is, in our opinion, a significant difference between this
species and other species of this species group which use much
larger (and older) plants on which to lay eggs. Later this same
year, while on Mingus Mt. in Arizona hunting for larvae of
M. neumoegeni, we found that M. neumoegeni uses the tiny
juvenile plant for the food plant.
The trap door, which is amber in color, is usually on the
upper side of the leaf. The length of the pupa case is 4.35
times the diameter of the case, and this difference in propor-
tions from the two previously described species we also con-
sider significant.
We are well aware that in describing allopatric species such
as these that it may be that we are dealing with subspecies of
one polytypic species. If we were separating these species on
morphological characters alone we would be more inclined to
treat them as subspecies. Another difficulty with treating them
as subspecies is that with six distinct forms before us no cline
PLATE IV, Megathymus florcnccae
Top row : Holotype, upper side to left ; under side to right.
2nd row : Allotype, upper side to left ; under side to right.
3rd row: Left: $ genitalia; center: <? valva; right: <$ uncus
15
16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1957
seems to appear. Freeman has already described two species
(chisosensis and mcalpinei} in this group and has examined the
type series of the three here described and agrees with us that
all are species.
While all six species appear somewhat alike it is rather sim-
ple to separate them by constant differences. One of the key
differences in the females is the black spots on the upper surface
of the forewing located between the base of the wing and the
outer angle, usually two or three spots, one above the other.
If the spot is about round we call it a dot and if elongated a
dash, if one of the spots is absent we call that a blank. Listing
the spots from the bottom to the top of the wing, we then have :
neumoegeni: dash-dash-dot
chisosensis : dot-dash-dot
mcalpinei: dot-dash-dot
judithae : dash-dash-dot
carlsbadensis: dash-dash-dot
florenceae: dash-dash-blank
This key separates florenceae into a group by itself, cliisosensis
and mcalpinei into a second group and judithae, carlsbadensis
and neumoegeni into a third group. Neurnoegcni (in both
sexes) separates from all the others by its slightly smaller size
and the darker ground color (less white overscaling) of the
undersurfaces of both wings. Judithae (in both sexes) sep-
arates from the others by its lighter orange color. Cliisosensis
(in both sexes) separates from the others by the extreme amount
of black on the upper surfaces of both wings. The "dot" on the
female neumoegeni is much smaller than on either judithae or
carlsbadensis.
In the males of the six species (except chisosensis) on the
upper surface of the forewings there is a large irregular black
spot near the base of the wings. This spot is roundish in neu-
moegeni, judithae and carlsbadensis, and is rectangular (longer
with the body, than wide) in florenceae and mcalpinei. In
florenceae the bright orange spot inward from spot 8 always
separates it from mcalpinei.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 17
All six species are found in isolated desert mountains ; the
habitat, however, differs. Neumoegeni, chisosensis and floren-
ceae are found in open woods while carlsbadensis, judithac and
nicalpinei, particularly the first two, are found in open country.
The last three named lay eggs on medium to large plants ;
neumoegeni and florenceae lay their eggs on tiny juvenile plants.
From the few larvae and pupae collected it appears that chiso-
sensis lays its eggs on medium to large plants.
The genitalia of the six species are different ; however, the
female genitalia seem to break into two groups : nicalpinei,
carlsbadensis and florenceae in one group and neumoegeni,
judithae and chisosensis in the other. The male genitalia break
into three groups : neumoegeni and judithae; florenceae and
nicalpinei; chisosensis and carlsbadensis.
A Character Useful in Separating Cafius (sg. Bryo-
nomus Csy.) seminitens Horn and canescens
Makl. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)
By RUDOLF DVORAK, Praha, Czechoslovakia
Cafius (Bryonomus) seminitens Horn and C. (B.) canescens
Makl. are two very closely related species, both of which may
occur at the same time in the same localities in California. To
distinguish these two species from each other may often be very
difficult, and mistakes in identification have often been made.
In using existing keys and works of authors one is often at a
loss to separate these two species in a large series of specimens
due mainly to the individual variability of the shagreen on the
shining spots of the head and thorax.
Thanks to Mr. R. Q. Bliss of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia and to Mr. R. L. Gillogly of California
I received a large number of specimens of both species, and con-
sequently was able to discover that the male copulatory organs
constitute an excellent differentiating feature. Sketches of these
parts of both species are presented herewith.
18
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
[Jan., 1957
C. (B.) seminitens has the end of the aedeagus well rounded,
the paramere stouter and a little shorter. In lateral view, the
top also appears rounded. C. (B.} canescens, on the contrary,
has an aedeagus with the top prolonged and pointed, and the
paramere narrower. The lateral view shows a more swollen
convex outline at the end of the outer side.
FIG. 1. Cafius (Bryonoinus) seminitens Horn. Aedeagus.
FIG. 2. The same, lateral view.
FIG. 3. Cafius (Bryonomus) canescens Makl. Aedeagus.
FIG. 4. The same, lateral view.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 19
New World Apanteles Parasitic on Diatraea.
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
By C. F. W. MUESEBECK, United States National Museum
The seven species of Apanteles treated here, of which three
were previously described, develop in larvae of species of Diatraea
that live in the stems of certain grasses. One of them, .ranthopns
(Ashmead), is a solitary parasite ; all the rest are gregarious and
their cocoons, when formed, are tightly packed in the host
burrows.
The following key will distinguish the seven forms.
1. Propodeum with a broad, sharply margined areola, and
with distinct costulae that set off large apical, lateral
areas. A solitary parasite xanthopus (Ashmead)
Propodeum without an areola or with a very narrow one
that is usually poorly defined, and with no suggestion
of costulae. All gregarious parasites 2
2. Mesoscutum impunctate impunctatus Muesebeck
Mesoscutum distinctly punctate, at least anteriorly 3
3. Plate of first tergite narrowing conspicuously from mid-
dle to apex ; tegulae pale 4
Plate of first tergite parallel-sided from middle to apex ;
tegulae black or blackish 5
4. Hind femora black ; length about 3 mm. ; female an-
tennae nearly as long as the body ; ovipositor sheath
longer than hind tarsus minator, new species
Hind femora yellow : length about 2 mm. ; female an-
tennae much shorter than the body; ovipositor sheath
not longer than hind femur sisaniae, new species
5. Anterior and middle femora entirely yellow : hind femora
piceous apically abditus, new species
Anterior femora in part, and middle and hind femora
entirely, black 6
6. Plate of first tergite about twice as long as broad ; second
flagellar segment of female antenna as long as first
and twice as long as wide; ovipositor sheath longer
than hind femur diatraeae Muesebeck
Plate of first tergite three times as long as broad ; second
flagellar segment of female antenna shorter than first
and not nearly twice as long as wide ; ovipositor sheath
shorter than hind femur deplanatus, new species
20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1957
Apanteles xanthopus (Ashmead)
Urogaster xanthopus Ashmead, 1900. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon-
don 1900, Pt. 2: 288. $.
The type is from the island of St. Vincent. Numerous addi-
tional specimens in the U. S. National Museum are labeled as
having been reared from Diatraca saccharalis (F.) in Argen-
tina, Uruguay and Brazil. Jaynes, 1933 (U. S. Dept. Agr.
Tech. Bull. 363: 21), points out that the cocoons occur singly
in the smaller tunnels of the host, indicating that only one para-
site develops in a host larva, and suggesting further that the
Apanteles attacks the very small borers "shortly after they enter
the stalk, or possibly even before they actually enter it."
This differs strikingly from all the other American species
parasitic on Diatraea in its strongly sculptured and areolate
propodeum. The thorax is not noticeably depressed ; the female
antennae are fully as long as the body ; the mesoscutum is
closely, finely punctate, confluently so anteriorly; the plate of
the first tergite is nearly parallel-sided and about twice as long
as broad at apex, and the ovipositor sheath is at least as long as
the hind femur but decidedly shorter than the hind tibia. The
legs, including all coxae, are yellow.
Apanteles impunctatus Muesebeck
Apanteles impunctatus Muesebeck, 1933. Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash. 35 : 194. J 1 $.
This species is known only from the type series of 18 speci-
mens which were reared from a single larva of Diatraea saccha-
ralis (F.) in Louisiana.
Apanteles minator, new species
This is conspicuously the largest of the known American gre-
garious species of Apanteles that parasitize Diatraea larvae. It
differs further in its less strongly depressed thorax, and in its
longer ovipositor sheath which is longer than the hind tarsus.
Female. Length 3 mm. Head not broader than thorax;
face only slightly convex, smooth and shining ; frons polished ;
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 21
temple with weak, setigerous punctures, somewhat receding ;
antenna nearly as long as the body, flagellar segments 1 to 8
at least twice as long as broad, the first not longer than the
second.
Thorax a little broader than high ; mesoscutum rather closely
punctate, especially anteriorly, impunctate and polished at pos-
terior border ; disc of scutellum flat, polished, impunctate ; pol-
ished area on lateral face of scutellum triangular and extending
almost to base ; propodeum indefinitely sculptured along lateral
margins and down the middle, with an indication of a narrow,
elongate areola ; meso- and metapleuron impunctate, polished ;
hind coxa polished ; inner spur of hind tibia much less than half
as long as metatarsus ; radius tending outward, very slightly
longer than intercubitus ; stigma and metacarpus subequal in
length.
Abdomen with plate of first tergite narrower at apex than at
base, more than twice as long as broad at apex, the apical half
finely longitudinally rugulose and with a shallow, longitudinal
median impression ; plate of second tergite smooth and polished,
slightly broader at base than long, defined laterally by strongly
oblique grooves that diverge caudad, its posterior margin arcu-
ate ; ovipositor sheath slightly curved downward at apex, a
little longer than hind tarsus.
Black ; antennae, labrum and mandibles brownish black ;
tegulae transparent whitish ; wings hyaline, stigma and veins
hyaline except stigmal margin, radius, intercubitus and stub of
last abscissa of cubitus, which are pale brown ; anterior and
middle legs brown, their coxae blackish; hind legs with coxae
black, trochanters brown, femora piceous, tibiae light brown on
basal two-thirds and blackish on apical third, and tarsi brownish
black.
Male. Like the female except for the normal sexual dif-
ferences and in having the antennae longer than the body and
the legs more extensively darkened.
Type. U. S. National Museum No. 63285.
Type-locality. Misiones, ARGENTINA.
Described from five females and three males reared from
Diatraea angnstclla Dyar by 11. L. Parker.
22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1957
Apanteles zizaniae, new species
Distinguished from all the other gregarious species consid-
ered here, except impunctatus, by its entirely yellowish legs, and
from impunctatus by its distinctly punctate mesoscutum.
Female. Length about 2 mm. Face strongly convex, only
about one-third as long as broad, weekly punctate and sub-
opaque ; frons smooth and polished, more than twice as long as
face ; level of upper eye margins far below anterior ocellus ;
antenna much shorter than the body, first flagellar segment
longer than second, second twice as long as broad, flagellar seg-
ments 10 to 15 not distinctly longer than broad.
Thorax strongly depressed ; mesoscutum distinctly punctate,
the punctures weaker posteriorly ; disc of scutellum flat, smooth
and polished ; propodeum nearly horizontal, mat, finely rugu-
lose, and with a poorly defined median longitudinal area ; first
abscissa of radius and intercubitus subequal in length, meeting
in a very weak angle ; hind coxa smooth and shining ; hind
femur about three times as long as its greatest width; inner
calcarium of hind tibia hardly half as long as metatarsus.
Abdomen with plate of first tergite parallel-sided on basal
half, narrowing gradually from middle to apex, about three
times as long as broad at apex, finely rugose, its flexible mar-
gins broad ; plate of second tergite smooth and polished, strongly
transverse, defined laterally at base by short, widely divergent
grooves, less than half as long as broad at base and only one-
fourth as long as the third tergite ; suture separating second
and third tergites very weak, sometimes not distinct ; ovipositor
sheath hardly as long as hind femur.
Head and thorax black ; abdomen dark brown, with plate of
first tergite black ; antennae brown, yellowish basally ; all legs
yellowish ; wings hyaline, stigma brown.
Male. Essentially like the female but with the antennae as
long as the body, more slender than in the female and paler
in color.
Type. U. S. National Museum No. 63286.
Type-locality. Anacostia Island, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Described from 16 females and 1 male reared by C. E. Cham-
bliss from Diatraea sp. in wild rice from the type locality, and 3
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 23
specimens of each sex reared from a larva of Diatraea sp. in
wild rice, at Wilmington, Delaware, by H. L. Dozier.
Apanteles abditus, new species
In habitus very similar to diatraeae Muesebeck, but distin-
guished especially by the much narrower sclerotized plate of the
first tergite which is more than three times as long as its median
width, by its somewhat shorter antennae and paler legs, and by
having the first abscissa of the radius usually shorter than the
intercubitus.
Female. Length about 2 mm. Head broader than thorax;
face much broader than long, convex, smooth and shining ; f rons
and vertex smooth and shining, impunctate ; temple not receding
but less than half as wide as eye ; antenna shorter than body,
first flagellar segment conspicuously the longest, flagellar seg-
ments 10 to 15 as broad as long.
Thorax strongly depressed ; mesoscutum shining, sparsely
punctate on anterior two-thirds, impunctate and polished poste-
riorly ; disc of scutellum flat, impunctate, polished ; propodeum
only slightly declivous, finely rugulose, with a poorly defined,
narrow, median longitudinal area and without costulae; meso-
pleuron polished, impunctate ; posterior femur rather stout ; in-
ner calcarium of hind tibia less than half as long as metatarsus ;
first abscissa of radius usually distinctly shorter than inter-
cubitus and joining the latter in a distinct angle.
Abdomen about as long as thorax ; sclerotized plate of first
tergite more than three times as long as its greatest width, nearly
parallel-sided, weakly sculptured on caudal half ; second tergite
with two short, oblique furrows delimiting the central plate
basally ; suturiform articulation not evident ; abdomen beyond
first tergite polished ; ovipositor sheath about as long as hind
femur.
Black; antennal flagellum yellowish brown toward base; palpi
pale yellow ; all coxae black ; remainder of legs yellowish ex-
cept hind femora which are more or less piceous, and hind tibiae
apically and hind tarsi which are dusky ; tegulae and wing bases
blackish ; wings subhyaline, stigma pale yellow, transparent ;
veins pale.
24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1957
Male. Essentially like the female but with the antennae
slender and longer than the body, all the flagellar segments
being at least twice as long as broad.
Type. U. S. National Museum No. 63287.
Type-locality. Itaquaquecetuba, BRAZIL.
Described from 20 females and 1 male reared by H. L. Parker
from a Diatraea larva in a grass belonging to the genus Panicum.
Apanteles deplanatus, new species
Most similar to abditus, described above, but with the poste-
rior legs largely black, the stigma brown rather than hyaline as
in abditus, and the propodeum smooth and shining each side of
the median area.
Female. Length about 2 mm. Face twice as broad as high,
convex, shining, weakly punctate ; antennae longer than head
and thorax combined but shorter than the body; first flagellar
segment distinctly longer than second, which is less than twice
as long as broad ; last ten segments of flagellum as broad as long.
Thorax strongly depressed, flattened above ; mesoscutum
shining, with numerous though distinctly separated punctures
except posteriorly where it is smooth and polished ; disc of scu-
tellum flat, polished and impunctate ; propodeum nearly hori-
zontal, only very slightly and gradually declivous caudad, with
a weak suggestion of a median longitudinal area, the space
between this and the large spiracle on each side smooth and
polished, the posterior lateral angles a little rugulose ; first
abscissa of radius and intercubitus subequal and meeting in a
distinct angle ; hind coxa smooth and polished ; hind femur only
slightly more than twice as long as broad ; hind tibia conspicu-
ously thickened apically, its inner calcarium nearly or quite half
as long as metatarsus.
Abdomen with plate of first tergite more than three times as
long as broad, very weakly sculptured ; second tergite less than
half as long as third, its central plate barely as long as broad at
base, defined laterally by sharp, posteriorly divergent grooves,
smooth and polished ; the following tergites smooth and pol-
ished ; ovipositor sheath shorter than hind femur.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 25
Black; antennae brownish basally; anterior femora apically,
anterior and middle tibiae and their tarsi yellowish brown ; hind
tibiae brown basally; wings hyaline, stigma brown.
Type. U. S. National Museum No. 63288.
Type-locality. MEXICO.
Described from 12 female specimens reared from a larva of
Diatraea sp. in sugarcane from an unknown locality in Mexico,
intercepted at Laredo, Texas, March 2, 1949, by inspectors of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Apanteles diatraeae Muesebeck
Apanteles diatraeae Muesebeck, 1921. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
58:491,520. ^ $.
The type series is from Cuba but I have seen numerous speci-
mens from other islands of the West Indies, and also from
various localities in Central and South America, as well as one
series from Arizona. The recorded hosts are Diatraea saccha-
ralis (F.), D. lineolata (Walk.), and Zcadiatraea grandiosella
(Dyar).
Professor Bradley Honored by the Tenth Congress
One of the actions taken by the recent Tenth International
Congress held at Montreal was the election of DR. J. CHESTER
BRADLEY as an Honorary Life Member of the congresses. Dr.
Bradley also continues as a member of the Permanent Com-
mittee of the entomological congresses. DR. O. A. JOHANNSEN
is the only other American Honorary Life Member, having
been elected at the Stockholm congress in 1950. Both Pro-
fessors Bradley and Johannsen have long been members of the
American Entomological Society and contributors of scientific
papers to ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.
26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1957
Review
BEITRAGE ZUR SYSTEMATIK DER LARVEN DER ITONIDIDAE
(= CECIDOMYIIDAE, DIPTERA). Teil 1: Porricondylinae und
Itonidinae Mitteleuropas, by Edwin Mohn. Zoologica, Band
38, Lieferung 1, Heft 105, Lieferung 1 and 2, pp. 1-247, 30
plates. 1955.
In spite of the fact that there is an abundance of gall midges
in Europe, and many are of economic importance, very few
entomologists have turned their attention to a taxonomic study
of the larvae of these insects. Dr. Mohn is presenting for the
first time a comprehensive treatise on the larvae for the entire
family Itonididae. Part 1 is a very admirable study of the sub-
families Porricondylinae and Itonidinae, which comprise the
vast majority of the family. (It should be mentioned that at
the Copenhagen Congress, the International Committee on Zoo-
logical Nomenclature ruled that a family name may be based
on a genus placed in synonymy. Hence the Meigen 1800 names
do not invalidate the better known family names in the Diptera,
and Cecidomyiidae must replace the rather recent change to
Itonididae. Similarly the Porricondylinae must revert to the
Epidoseinae. However, the usage employed by Dr. Mohn is
employed in this review.)
Following a section describing the taxonomic features ex-
hibited by the larvae, there is a brief section on their biology
and ecology. The section on general taxonomy is a valuable
contribution on comparative morphology as related to phylo-
genetic relationships. On a basis of personal study, Dr. Mohn
has been able to characterize 129 genera, while 15 other genera
are included on a basis of published descriptions. Only 31
genera that are known to occur in central Europe remain
unknown.
Keys are presented to the subfamilies and genera. It is par-
ticularly noteworthy that this is the first time that keys have
been prepared for the identification of the larvae of porricon-
dyline, asphondyliine, oligotrophine, and lasiopterine midges.
Although certain anatomical features of cecidomyiid larvae
were first noted rather early in the eighteenth century, it was
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 27
not until late in the nineteenth century that any attempt was
made to present a diagnostic description. Shortly thereafter,
J. J. Kieffer began to pioneer larval systematics, and in 1913
he presented keys to many of the lestremiine and cecidomyiine
genera.
Dr. Mohn has provided the first comprehensive work on gall
midge larvae since that by Kieffer. It is generally accepted that
Kieffer maintained no collection, but Dr. Mohn was fortunate
in having access to the valuable material of Riibsaamen. He
was also able to study larval specimens from the extensive col-
lection of Dr. H. F. Barnes and enlisted the aid of other
cecidologists.
The higher classification of gall midges until rather recently
has consisted of three subfamilies, in one of which a few tribes
were recognized. Enderlein (1936) recognized four subfami-
lies and a very large number of tribes, his work, of course, being
based on adult morphology ; but his classification, for the most
part, has not been accepted. Limited contributions toward a
suprageneric classification have more recently been made by
F. W. Edwards; and M. J. D. White has made proposals based
on cytological studies.
This is the first attempt to further our knowledge of the
phylogenetic relationships of the gall midges on a basis of mor-
phological studies of the larvae. Dr. Mohn recognizes the four
subfamilies of Enderlein. Furthermore, he recognizes within
the Itonidinae the four supertribes of Enderlein. However,
larval relationships are found to be strongly divergent to Ender-
lein's opinions concerning tribes and subtribes. Rather than
use formal names that might lead to confusion, Dr. Mohn has
merely recognized a large number of generic groups to show
immediate relationships.
Thus, in this excellent monograph, a new tool has been used
to clarify phylogenetic relationships within the Itonididae, keys
have been presented to facilitate identification of the larvae of
most of the middle European genera, and a diagnosis is given
of each genus and many species. It is hoped that there will be
no delay in Dr. Mohn's treatment of larval forms representing
the rest of the family. A. EARL PRITCHARD
NOTICE: The December 1956 issue of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS \vas mailed
at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., on December 1, 1956.
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The NEW and the OLD join forces
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A TEXTBOOK of ENTOMOLOGY
By HERBERT H. ROSS, University of Illinois.
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This second edition covers the recent advances in
our knowledge of insect physiology, insect evolution,
and insect biogeography and paleo-ecology. The au-
thor has almost entirely rewritten the chapters on
Arthropoda and their allies, the material on geological
history, and many sections on physiology. The new
version includes enlarged and reworked keys to orders
of insects. Entire new sections on aquatic insects and
many new drawings have been added as well. In addi-
tion, much of the author's coverage of the ecological
aspects of the subject has been changed in the light of
current ideas.
THE OLD
This text will continue to provide students with a
broad introduction to the basic fields of entomology-
including morphology, physiology, taxonomy and ecol-
ogy. The author also continues to stress the integra-
tion of entomology with the general concepts of biology.
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251 pages of text, 19 pages of tables, 7 maps,
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THE NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF THE
'SUBGENUS AESCHNA' SENSU SELYSII 1883
(Odonata)
By Philip P. Calvert
This paper presents an account of the Neotropical species referred
by de Selys in 1883 to his subgenus Aeschna and of some species un-
known to him. His subgenus is here divided into three genera,
Aeschna, Coryphacschna, and Castoraeschna, Aeshna in its turn be-
ing subdivided into the subgenera Aeschna, Hesperaeschna, Rhio-
naeschna, Schizuraeschna, Mannaraeschna and Neureclipa. These
five subgenera include 2, 15, 1, 3, 4 and 5 species and subspecies
respectively. Coryphaeschna embraces 9 species and subspecies,
Castoraeschna 5. Larvae of 2 species of Hesperaeschna, 1 species of
Schizuraeschna, 1 species of Neureclipa and 6 species of Cory-
phaeschna are described and figured. Generalities are discussed under
the headings : Relationships of the Neotropical Aeshnas to the North
American fossils; Relations of the South American Aeshnas to the
Palaearctic and Australian species ; The geological age and geographi-
cal distribution of the ancestors of the Odonata and of the Mammalia ;
Relations of the Neotropical Aeshnas to each other; The seasonal
distribution of the Neotropical species of Aeshna. Forty plates in
black and white illustrate the structural and colorational features of
the adults, seven those of the larvae. Nineteen tables show the varia-
tions in size and in venation of the adults. Six maps show the geo-
graphic distribution of all the species concerned. There is an alpha-
betical index of species, subgenera, genera, authors quoted, and topics.
Price $10.00 postpaid
THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA 3, PA.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
FEBRUARY 1957
Vol. LXVIII No. 2
CONTENTS
Phillips -How much do you pay for your fun ? 29
Judd Diptera collected from bird's nests 32
Blickle and Conklin Distribution of Dermacentor 34
Sublette Immature stages of Polypedilum obtusum 37
Nomenclature notice 40
Brown Early entomological collectors in Colorado 41
Lewis Distribution of the bat flea, Nycteridopsylla 48
Schmieder Hermann Weber ( 1899-1956) 49
Review A morphological study of a relic dragonfly Epiophlebia
superstes Selys 53
Books Received 55
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEIS
VOL. LXVIII FEBRUARY, 1957 No. 2
How Much do You Pay for Your Fun?
By MAURICE E. PHILLIPS
This may seem a light subject for the News, but a very serious
matter is involved. Pure scientific research, so-called, has al-
ways been considered by its devotees as an inviolable field-
akin to a man's religion. It is the fiber of which our journals
are made.
Of those who contribute papers to such periodicals a ques-
tion might be asked : why did you become an entomologist, a
botanist, an ichthyologist? That you are definitely character-
ized in moving pictures and on television as something of a
freak, and as a harmless screw-ball by the public at large must
mildly fret you at times. But I now ask this question and in-
vite you to join me in seeking an answer.
For our present purposes it will do you no good unless you
seriously indulge for a time in a little introspection ; forget the
standard answers and get down to brass tacks why did you?
There must be good reasons, worth-while compensations.
There are several fairly obvious possible replies to the ques-
tion we have asked. Could the answer lie in the field of our
personal economics do we expect to get rich at it? This seems
hardly likely. The number of pure research scientists who
amass a fortune by their endeavours is small indeed. They usu-
ally make an adequate living, but I know many who draw a
smaller wage than a first-class union plasterer. The average
young research scientist just starting his career, has spent seven
or eight expensive years of his time and effort in college he is
an intelligent young man or he would not be where he is today.
(29)
FEB 3 8 1957
30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1957
With his natural talents and the same amount of time spent in
business training, he could go places in the business world.
Money, therefore, seems hardly the answer.
Could it be that there are involved here various aspects of
nobility and self-sacrifice? Are we throwing our considerable
talents into the pot for the uplift of mankind for sweet char-
ity's sake? In many years' association with universities and
research institutions, I have known hundreds of research scien-
tists. On the whole they are as fine a group of people as you
can find anywhere. They don't beat their wives, they love their
children, they go to the polls, and they come as near living by
the Golden Rule as any segment of society you are apt to exam-
ine. But I have never observed in them any very obvious force
driving toward humanitarian uplift. They know, of course, that
a project on which they are working, and which may have no
apparent practical value, may some day turn out to have one,
but it would be gambling their time to assume it and they are
not a race of gamblers.
What do we have left then ? It may be heresy even to think
it, but the most apparent answers are : fun and glory. These
may seem cynical answers, but they are human ; they may sug-
gest clay feet, but who can cast stones at clay feet? There can
be no question but the research scientist looks with high ap-
proval at his name on papers with more approval yet if it is
oh many papers. I do not condemn this ; I have felt the tug
myself. The number of his readers will not be large his works
are not best sellers, but the approval of his fellow scientists is
one of life's sweetest treasures.
But the big pay-off for the research scientist is fitn he really
has it. Many of the world's greatest have no hobbies but their
work. They live and breathe it; they eat with it; they take it
home in brief cases, satchels and bags ; when not doing it they
talk about it most of their waking time. They would be very
unhappy and neurotic if their fathers had insisted they be me-
chanics. Some have never learned how to dance, it is a waste
of time to go to the movies ; anyway they are having too good
a time with their research it is their recreation, their amuse-
ment. If you have never been one you will never know the
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 31
pull of the unknown, the lift from finding out, and adding to
the "sum-total of human knowledge." If you arc one of these
lucky people, how much are you paying for your fun? The
budget experts concede that it is just and proper to expend at
least 5% of your income for amusement and recreation.
It is unquestionable that a tradition has grown up that after
a scientist has devoted his skills to doing a piece of research, it
is his just due that it be published at no cost to him. This,
even though a mass of such published work may immeasurably
increase his scientific stature and, to a considerable extent his
salary.
Entomological News is one of the many journals, which as
the organ of an independent society, is feeling the pinch in the
matter of imposing no amusement tax on its authors. An anal-
ysis of the 1956 volume, exclusive of the December issue, reveals
that of the general papers on taxonomy, ecology, morphology,
life histories, etc., eight were by members of the Society, and
contained a total of approximately 29 pages. Forty papers by
36 authors with a total of 166 pages are by authors who are
not members, and who consequently contributed nothing except
the minor cost of engraving to the operation and maintenance
of the Nc^vs. That is, the strictly scientific material was made
up of approximately 15% member papers, and 85% non-mem-
ber. Who paid the bill? It has largely been paid over the
years by resident members, in time and work, and in financial
contributions to permanent funds. The drudgery of editorial
work has been donated ; the building up of what permanent funds
there are has been a long, slow arduous task, but with increasing
costs these are not now enough.
If your name has appeared often as an author over a period
of years, the Society may have put up some thousands of dollars
for you. If authors paid one-fourth of the cost of printing their
papers, the News would again be in the black. It is as simple as
that. How much are you paying for your fun?
Any donation you might care to make toward the expenses
of publishing the News will be gratefully received. It should
32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1957
be addressed to the AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 1900
Race St., Philadelphia 3, Pa. You may designate its use for
either the permanent funds or for the relief of the present
shortage.
Have you joined the Society?
Diptera (Calliphoridae, Heleidae and Chloropidae)
Collected from Birds' Nests at London, Ontario
By W. W. JUDD, Department of Zoology, University of Western
Ontario, London, Ontario
In an earlier communication (Judcl, 1954) a report was pre-
sented on insects collected and reared from nests of birds in the
vicinity of London, Ontario during 1951-1953. These studies
were continued in 1955 and among the insects collected were
several flies which were kindly identified by two taxonomists of
the United States National Museum, C. W. Sabrosky (Calli-
phoridae and Chloropidae) and W. W. Wirth (Heleidae).
Calliphoridae
Many blowfly larvae were collected from nests when these
nests were examined on the day that the last of the young birds
left each nest. The larvae were put into jars with part of the
fabric and debris from the nest ; and as the adult flies emerged
they were pinned and the dates of their emergence were re-
corded.
Protocalliphora sp. (sialia S. and D.?) :
All the blowflies reared were identified as Protocalliphora,
probably sialia S. and D., but Mr. Sabrosky pointed out (in lit.)
that they represent a complex of species still requiring revision.
The larvae were taken from three nests of robins (Turdus mi-
cjratorhis) and one of a brown thrasher (To.vostoina rufiuii).
1. Robin This nest, in the crotch of a Manitoba maple, con-
Ixviii | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 33
tainecl four young birds on May 16. One bird was gone on May
18 and two others departed on May 20, leaving the fourth bird
dead in the nest. The nest yielded 54 larvae. Twenty-seven
flies were reared : 3 June 3 ; 1 5 June 4 ; 7 June 5 ; 2 June
6.
2. Robin This nest, in a bush of twin honeysuckle, contained
two eggs on May 12, three on May 13 and four on May 14.
There were four young birds on May 27 and they left the nest on
June 6, when 40 larvae were collected. Only three flies
emerged : June 20.
3. Robin This nest, in a grape vine twining through an
apple tree, contained one egg on May 30, and two eggs on June
7. Two young birds were present on June 14 and they de-
parted on June 23, when 8 larvae were found in the fabric of
the nest. Seven flies emerged on July 4.
4. Brown Thrasher This nest, in a bush of twin honey
suckle, contained one egg on May 11, two on May 12, three on
May 13, four on May 14 and five on May 17. Four eggs
hatched on May 27 and the fifth on a later date, and the five
young birds left the nest on June 7, when 4 larvae were found in
it. Three flies emerged on June 21 and a fourth on June 22.
The 41 flies are retained in the U.S.N.M. Protocalliphora
sp. (near sialia S. and D.) was reared at London in 1952 from
nests of the red-winged blackbird (Judd, 1954).
Heleidae
Culicoides travisi Vargas :
A nest of a catbird (Dinnetclla carolinensis) , in a barberry
bush, contained three catbird eggs and one cowbird egg on May
30. The cowbird egg was missing on June 7. The last of the
young catbirds left the nest on June 23, when a female C. twist
was found in the fabric of the nest. The specimen is retained in
the U.S.N.M. Flies of the genus Culicoides have previously
been reported in nests of crows in Montana ( Jellison and Philip,
1933) and in the nest of a catbird at London (Judd, 1954). In
the latter case the flies were engorged with blood.
34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1957
Chloropidae
Oscinella luteiceps Sabrosky :
A nest of a catbird, in a bush of black-berried elder, was com-
plete on May 23. Four eggs were laid in it successively on May
27, 28, 29 and 30. Two birds hatched on June 11, a third on
June 12 and the fourth on June 13. All four birds left the nest
on June 23, when one fly, O. luteiceps, was found in it. The
specimen is deposited in the collection of the Department of
Zoology, University of Western Ontario. One of the paratypes
from which this species was described was collected at London
(Sabrosky, 1940).
REFERENCES
JELLISON, W. L, and C. B. PHILIP. 1933. Can. Ent. 65: 26-31.
JUDD, W. W. 1954. Can. Field-Nat. 68 : 122-123.
SABROSKY, C. W. 1940. Can. Ent. 72 : 214-230.
Distribution of Dermacentor variabilis (Say), the
American Dog Tick, in New Hampshire
By R. L. BLICKLE and J. G. CONKLIN l
The published records for the distribution of Dermacentor
variabilis (Say) for New Hampshire as are follows: Bishopp
and Smith (1936), Bishopp and Smith (1938), Bishopp and
Tremblay (1945), and Smith ct al (1946) for the central and
southwestern part of the state, all based on collections of the
Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine made in 1936.
Bequaert (1947) published a record for Ossipee, a town in the
east central part of the state.
Recent collecting and a study of the records in the collection
of the University of New Hampshire show D. variabilis to be
well established in at least nine towns. There are additional
records for ten other towns. However, the data is such that,
1 Published as Scientific Contribution No. 189 of the New Hampshire
Agricultural Experiment Station.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 35
for the present, these are considered to be stray collections rather
than established foci.
The following areas are considered to have established foci
of tick infestations. These records are in addition to the ones
published by the above authors. Central area : Moultonboro
(April 8 to June 20, with tick drag) (18 July, 1949, on fox,
D. L. Collins coll.) ; Sandwich (April 19 to May 20, on dogs) ;
Tuftonboro (May 25, with tick drag) ; Wolfeboro (May, on
man) ; New Durham (May to July, on man) ; Center Harbor
(18 July 1949, with tick drag, D. L. Collins coll.) ; Ossipee
(May 30, on man); southern and southeastern area: Dover
(May and June, on dogs) ; Amherst (July, with tick drag).
Four towns from which ticks have been recorded, namely,
Conway, Eaton, Freedom, and Barnstead, probably have estab-
lished infestations since they border the central area. The six
towns from which ticks have been recorded but are not con-
sidered to have established foci are Concord, Dublin, Jaffrey,
Laconia, Lancaster, and Sutton.
The main area of infestation is in the central and east central
part of the state. This area is bounded by Lake Winnipesaukee
on the west and extends eastwartlly into Maine. In the past
twenty years, from 1936 to 1956, the infested area has increased
from approximately 100 square miles to an area of at least 400
square miles. Throughout this area the ticks are confined to
the grassy areas, or to the low vegetation and pine woods adja-
cent to the grassy area. If the infested area in Maine is in-
cluded the total infested area would be approximately 1000
square miles and would extend to Lake Sebago.
The infestation is quite heavy in some parts, notably along
Shannon Brook and along parts of the lake shore in the towns
of Moultonboro and Tuftonboro. In May 1952 the above areas
showed a population of one tick per square yard when a tick
drag was used for sampling. However, most of the samples
taken in other localities showed a considerably smaller popu-
lation.
How and when the infestation in Moultonboro and Tufton-
boro started is rather obscure. The local inhabitants claim.
36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1957
probably through prejudice, that a certain individual brought
the ticks in when he pastured sheep on the land. This so-called
introduction of ticks occurred approximately thirty years ago.
It may be that the increase of ticks coincided with the introduc-
tion of sheep and the residents associated the two occurrences.
Smith et al. (1946) state, "A small area of infestation occurs
around Lake Winnipesaukee, N. H., with indications that in
certain localities it has persisted there for at least several dec-
ades. In other localities the infestation is apparently recent,
and may have been caused by the transportation of infested
dogs by vacationists."
The infestation in the town of Amherst is of recent origin,
and was started, presumably, by the introduction of ticks on
dogs. This infestation is confined to two or three farms. A
family living in this area traveled, frequently, between Cape
Cod, Mass., and the farm in question. The family dogs were
carried back and forth on these occasions. There is no history
of ticks previous to the family's moving into the area, and since
the infestation is limited to this and adjoining properties, it
seems safe to assume that the infestation was started in this
manner.
LITERATURE CITED
BEQUAERT, J. 1947. Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc. 42: 141.
BISHOPP, F. C. and C. N. SMITH. 1936. Insect Pest Survey Bull. U. S.
Dept. Agr. 16 (10) : 534.
- and C. N. SMITH. 1938. U. S. Dept. Agr. Circ. 478, 26 pp.
- and H. L. Tremblay. 1945. J. Parasit. 31 : 1-54.
SMITH, C. N., M. M. COLE, and H. K. GOUCK. 1946. U. S. Dept. Agr.
Tech. Bull. 905, 74 pp.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 37
The Immature Stages and Female of Polypedilum
(Polypedilum) obtusum Townes (Tendi-
pedidae: Diptera)
By JAMES E. SUBLETTE, Northwestern State College,
Natchitoches, Louisiana
Several adult male and female midges were reared from ma-
ture larvae collected in Little Bayou Pierre, a small, clear,
sandstone-rubble bottomed stream of the Kasatchie Wold in
West-Central Louisiana. The adult males agreed with Townes'
(1945) description in all respects except size. Measurement
of seven specimens gave: mean wing length, 1.73 mm.; stand-
ard deviation, .55 mm.; range, 1.6-2.1 mm.; mean leg ratio,
1.68; range, 1.37-1.93; the antennal ratio, 1.95 (mean of two
specimens only). Townes lists these measurements for this
species as: wing, 2.2 mm. long; leg ratio, 1.75; and antennal
ratio, 2.0. Although a size difference exists, P. obtusum has
such distinctive male genitalia that there can be no doubt as to
the identity of these specimens. Eight females having the same
identical immature stages as the males of P. obtusum were
reared from the same material and undoubtably belong to that
species.
Female. Coloration and general body features same as male
except that abdomen of female has a definite light green color
instead of a very faint green color. Mean wing length, 1.8 mm. ;
standard deviation, .34 mm.; range, 1. 4-2 .4 mm.; mean leg
ratio, 1.83; range, 1.67-1.96.
Larva. Total length (mean of two mature specimens), 5.4
mm. ; head length, .45 mm. Color, pale yellowish-green ; head
capsule, very lightly colored with only tips of mandibles, la-
bial plate and ventral part of occipital area darkened. Labial
plate (Figure 1) very closely resembles that of P. conviction
(Walker) as illustrated by Johannsen (Plate V, Figure 76,
1937). Paralabial plates (Figure 1), finely pointed at both
ends, with about 28-30 coarse striae. Posterior margin of para-
labial plate very strongly arched, apparently more so than other
38 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1957
described species of this genus. Antennal ratio, 56:20:5:6:5.
Antennae slightly longer than mandibles and have a mean ratio
of 21 :22. Antennal blade reaches tip of fifth segment or very
slightly exceeds it (Figure 3). Mandibles (Figure 2) are
blackened at tips with usual preapical comb and compound
brush ; accessory tooth of mandible reaches tip of first free
tooth ; basal tooth fused with distal end of the mesial shelf of
mandible. Epipharyngeal comb has 13 teeth arranged in three
groups, a central group bearing 3 teeth and two lateral groups
with 5 teeth each. Lateral to epipharyngeal comb are about
6 long slender blades ; posterior ventral surface of labrum bears
broad median pectinate blade which is rounded on free border ;
anteriorly, two pairs of socketed pectinate blades, most anterior
pair being smaller ; lateral, inferior surface of labrum with 5
heavy curved pectinate bristles on each side. Premandibles
with tips bifid and darkened. Maxillary palpus inconspicuous,
3 segmented ; basal segment slightly longer than remaining two ;
basal segment bears about 5 blades at apex. The rather small
rounded eye spots (diameter about one third the length of the
mandible) are contiguous. Anterior prolegs are composed of
two dense tufts of long slender claws ; posterior prolegs are
short and terminate in a group of pale hooked claws. Each pre-
anal papilla bears 8 bristles ; on anterior surface is a bristle.
Two anal gills, about half as long as prolegs, each constricted
and tapering beyond middle ; anterior to gills are two strong
bristles.
Pupa. Total length (mean of two specimens), 4.4 mm.;
respiratory organs not clearly discernible on mounted slides.
Second abdominal tergite with anterior, inconspicuous band of
erect denticles, posterior margin with up to 30 dorsally turned
black hooks ; segments 3-6 with distinct anterior and posterior
bands of suberect, barbed denticles, the anterior and posterior
bands being broadly joined along the mid-dorsal line by a broad,
fenestrated band of the same denticles. Segments 7 and 8 with
a greatly reduced anterior band only. Lateral margin of seg-
ment 5 and 6 with 3 lateral bristles; segment 7 with 4 bristles,
the anterior 2 broadly separated from the posterior 2 ; eighth
IxviiiJ
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
39
segment also with 4 bristles, most anterior one being scarcely
beyond middle (Figure 4). Posterior lateral spur of segment 8
as in Figure 4 ; basal denticles, frequently obscured. Swim fin
with 60-70 bristles.
Polypedilum (Polypedilum) obtusnm Townes
FIG. 1. Labial and paralabial plates of larva.
FIG. 2. Mandible of larva (preapical brush omitted).
FIG. 3. Antenna of larva.
FIG. 4. Posterior lateral corner of segment eight of the pupa show-
ing spur and lateral fringe.
Polypedilum obtusnm very closely resembles the description
of P. convictum in all of its life stages. As I have not had the
opportunity of studying immature stages of P. convictum I am
not certain that the larvae of the two can be separated unless
size and the greatly arched posterior margin of the paralabial
40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1957
plate are diagnostic. The pupae can be separated on the basis
of two characters : tergal armature and features of the posterior-
lateral spur of segment 8. The females do not appear to have
any diagnostic features which will separate them from other
members of the convictum group.
The occurrence of Polypcdiluni obtusum in Louisiana repre-
sents a new state record and a considerable extension of range
as the species has been previously reported only from New York
and Michigan (Townes, 1945).
The illustrations were prepared by microprojection. I grate-
fully acknowledge the assistance of my wife, Mary Smith
Sublette, in the preparation of those illustrations.
LITERATURE CITED
JOHANNSEN, O. A. 1937. Aquatic Diptera. Part IV. Chironomidae :
Subfamily Chironominae. Cornell Univ. Agric. Experiment Sta.
Memoir 210 : 1-56.
TOWNES, H. K., JR. 1945. The Nearctic species of Tendipedini [Dip-
tera, Tendipedidae (= Chironomidae)]. Amer. Midland Nat. 34(1) :
1-206.
Nomenclature Notice
All comments relating to the following should be marked with
the Commission's File Number, and sent to Francis Hemming,
28 Park Village East, Regent's Park, London N. W. 1, England.
Pieridae Duponchel, 1832, validation of family-group name
(Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera). File: Z.N. (S.) 289.
For details see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. Vol. 12, Part 11.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 41
Two Early Entomological Collectors in Colorado
By F. M. BRONVN, Fountain Valley School, Colorado Springs
While engaged upon a search for the source of W. H. Ed-
wards' Kansan co-type of Coenonytnpha ochracea I have un-
earthed information that may be of assistance to others who are
interested in material collected during 1858-1863 in what is
now the state of Colorado. First let me review some of the
history of the area. During the period under consideration the
region around Denver and Colorado Springs, Colorado, was
first a part of Kansas Territory and then part of Colorado
Territory. During the time it was part of Kansas Territory
the western boundary of that Territory was the Continental
Divide. When the Colorado Territory was established in Feb-
ruary 1861 the western boundary of Kansas was moved east-
ward to about the 102nd meridian.
In 1859 there was considerable effort on the part of the
residents of Kansas living west of Denver in the mining camps
to establish there the Territory of Jefferson. To the south, in
the Pikes Peak region, later to center on Colorado Springs, the
residents wanted the new territory to be called Colorado. In
the end the Coloradans won but from 1859 to 1861 the advo-
cates of the Territory of Jefferson were militant and used
that name.
The first entomologist to visit the region was Thomas Say
who accompanied Major Stephan H. Long to the Rocky Moun-
tains in 1819-1820. His collections were stolen by a pair of
packers on the return journey. The next generally accepted
collector in the region is James Ridings of Philadelphia who
visited the Denver region in 1864, a few years after Colorado
became a territory. In 1866, Tryon Reakirt compiled the first
list of Colorado butterflies upon the strength of Riding's collec-
tion and those in the hands of members of the Entomological
Society of Philadelphia and in the Society cabinet.
A careful study of Reakirt's paper and of several earlier ones
by William II. Edwards and others yields plenty of evidence
that there were earlier collectors in the region than Ridings.
42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS | Feb., 1957
Two of these earlier Collectors, Winslow J. Howard and Wil-
liam S. Wood, Jr., were early members of the Entomological
Society of Philadelphia. There is a suggestion that there was
at least one other, but as yet I have no inkling who he was.
WILLIAM S. WOOD, JR.
According to Ewan (1950, p. 340), Wood was a member of
the expedition led by Lieutenant F. T. Bryan, U. S. A., to scout
a wagon road from Fort Riley, Kansas, to the Great Salt Lake
over Bridger's Pass in 1856 and 1857. James Cooper, the
ornithologist, was surgeon for this party. Hume (1942, p. 41)
in his account of Cooper states that the party disbanded upon
reaching the Rocky Mountains without fulfilling its mission.
There are three primary sources of information about the
naturalists and collectors who accompanied the military expedi-
tions of this era : The published reports of the War Depart-
ment ; those of the Smithsonian Institution ; and, Prof. Spencer
Fullerton Baird's fabulous correspondence files in the Smith-
sonian Institution. In the Annual Report of the Smithsonian
Institution for 1856 (Baird, 1857, p. 64) is this entry: "Lieu-
tenant F. T. Bryan, U. S. A., Six boxes, one keg containing
alcoholic specimens, birds, mammals, and skeletons, from United
States wagon-road to Bridger's Pass." There is no reference
to insects collected. In the Report for the next year (Baird,
1858, p. 50) I found: "Lieutenant F. T. Bryan, U. S. A., Three
boxes of zoological specimens collected by William S. Wood on
the wagon-road expedition from Fort Riley to Bridger's Pass."
On the following page acknowledgment is made of Cooper's
material collected from Fort Laramie back to Independence,
Missouri.
The earliest extant correspondence between Wood and Baird
is a letter dated February 19, 1857. This is No. 221 in Baird's
letter-press book for 1857. It reads :
"February 19, '57
"My dear Mr. Wood
"The wagon route you saw announced is not under charge
of the War Dept. but under that of the Department of the
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 43
Interior. Lt. Bryan will not have charge of it. As soon as
an opportunity presents itself however, I will try to find you
a good place on one or other of the exploring parties. We
shall know about them in about three weeks.
"I have deposited your eagle in the Mechanics Institute fair
here, in your name, for competition as a specimen of taxidermy.
"Wm. S. Wood
"Phila."
'Yours truly
ss/ Spencer F. Baird
In a letter dated April 24, 1857, Baird offered Wood a post
with Lt. Bryan. One dated July 12, 1857, and addressed to
Wood at Fort Kearney, N. T. (Nebraska Territory), is ample
evidence that Wood was on the 1857 field party but most likely
not with the party in 1856. There is no evidence that Wood
penetrated the area now included in Colorado while on the 1857
Bridger's Pass Wagon Road Expedition. His collections for
that year in all probability were made along the Platte River
in Nebraska, in eastern Wyoming, and around Fort Laramie.
In March 1859 there was an extended correspondence be-
tween Baird and Wood about the Landeges wagon road party
bound for the Great Salt Lake and about Lt. Mullen's wagon
road party exploring the route between Walla Walla, Wash-
ington, and Fort Benton, Montana. At this time Wood was
living on Oak Street at the corner of Rose Street in West Phila-
delphia. Wood had been idle for some months and was anxious
to get into the field on a collecting expedition. A letter from
Wood dated March 28, 1859, told Baird that arrangements had
been made to go west on a collecting trip for another group.
Baird was so irate about this that he struck Wood from the
rolls of field collectors for the Smithsonian and there is no
further correspondence between the two.
The 1859 collecting trip to the west may well have been
undertaken for the Entomological Society of Philadelphia.
Both Charles J. Wood and William S. Wood are listed by
Cresson (1909, p. 51) as "Organization Members" of the So-
ciety. They attended the meeting held on March 1, 1859, and
44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1957
it was shortly after this that William Wood wrote to Baird
telling him that he could not accept Baird's proposal since he
had accepted a $60.00 advance to go west for another group.
Where did Wood go in 1859? Edwards in his description
of C alias Alexandra (1863, p. 15) states: "From Pikes Peak;
in the Society's collections ; 6 males, 1 female. The second
female is from the collection of Mr. George Newman and was
taken among the Rocky Mountains, some years ago, by Mr.
Wood." There are other similar citations that link "Mr.
Wood" and "Rocky Mountains." There is no doubt in my
mind that "Mr. Wood" is William S. Wood, Jr. In 1859 there
was only one place that a person from the East not attached
to a government party could use as a base for operations in
the Rocky Mountains. That was the vicinity of Denver. There
were several flourishing mining camps in the mountains con-
nected with Denver City on the plains by wagon roads and good
horseback trails. The settlement of Colorado City in the
shadow of Pikes Peak was just forming and the chances that
Wood visited it and not Denver are very slight. Bird speci-
mens collected by Wood tie him to the Clear Creek area west
of Denver. Travel was slow except to the mining camps west
of Denver. With limited time and virgin territory, I am sure
that Wood confined his travels to the region delimited by
Denver, Golden, Empire and Central City in Colorado. All
of his insect specimens were labelled "Rocky Mountains."
I have been unsuccessful in finding biographical material
about Wood. He was the son of an Englishman, William S.
Wood, who had leanings toward natural history. Mr. Wood,
Sr., may have been a taxidermist. I know that he sent bird
skins to the Smithsonian Institution (Baird, letter June 26,
1858). William, Jr., in addition to being a member of Lt.
Bryan's expedition, was a member of the Naval Expedition to
New Grenada, Colombia, under Lt. Muhler in 1857-1858. On
this trip he was accompanied by his brother Charles. Another
brother, Christopher, accompanied the Naval expedition to the
Rio Plata in southern South America in 1858. I have no in-
formation about William, Jr., between 1859 and 1878 when he
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 45
was listed as a taxidermist in Wilmington, Delaware, first at
903 Market Street and later at 402 East llth Street. He drops
out of sight again after 1884 (Hindes, letter June 14, 1956).
Frank Morton Jones, the dean of Delaware naturalists, was
unable to give me any information to add to what I had.
WINSLOW J. HOWARD
It will be noted in Edwards' description of alexandra cited
and in part quoted above is the locality "Pikes Peak." There
are many specimens in the collections of the Entomological So-
ciety of Philadelphia that bear this label. I had been misled
by Reakirt's article about Colorado butterflies and by references
by Edwards in "Butterflies of North America" into thinking
that Ridings was responsible for these captures. Since there
are a number of citations of the locality in the literature before
Ridings set out on his trip someone else must have collected
the specimens.
I have found that some of these "Pike's Peak" specimens are
credited to "Howard." The solution of the question of who
"Howard" was is found in an article on Hymenoptera by
Cresson (1863, p. 73) where in stating the type locality of
Masaris vespoides he wrote : "Hab. Pike's Peak. Collected by
Mr. Winslow J. Howard." The history of the American Ento-
mological Society written by Cresson (1909) for its fiftieth
anniversary includes among the members "Howard, W. I., Cen-
tral City, Colo., March 10, 1862." As far as I know this makes
Howard the earliest resident entomologist in Colorado.
Who was Howard? Ewan (1950, p. 235) notes very briefly
that he sent some specimens of plants from Montana to Asa
Gray at Harvard University in 1866. Dr. C. E. Kobuski
(letter, April 13, 1956) could find no mention of Howard in
the archives of the Gray Herbarium. In the literature of
entomology there are scattered references to specimens collected
by Howard outside of Colorado. These almost invariably place
him in Prescott, Arizona, during the 1870s. Inquiries in Pres-
cott drew a blank. Howard's constant association with mining
camps led me to suspect that he was a mining engineer or at
46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS | Feb., 1957
least associated with that industry. He was, but in a most
indirect way. Looking for information about him I ran into
more blind alleys than I care to mention. At last in the West-
ern History section of the Denver Public Library I struck
pay-dirt.
While scanning the earliest newspapers printed in Colorado
for mention of Howard's name I found in The Western Moun-
taineer for July 19, 1860, this article :
"Watches and Jewelry We solicit your special attention to
the advertisement of W. J. Howard, Esq., which appears in this
issue. Mr. Howard was formerly in the leading establishment
in his line on the continent that of Messers Tiffany & Co.,
New York City and we are able to assure our readers from
personal knowledge that any work entrusted to him will be
skillfully and properly done. He has a rare collection of the
natural curiosities of the Rocky Mountains, which will be found
very entertaining to those interested in natural science. Give
Mr. Howard a call, and if you have any interesting specimens
of the mineral wealth of the country, take them with you."
Although the newspaper quoted was published in Golden
City, J. T. (Jefferson Territory), Howard's business was lo-
cated on the east corner of Larimer and F Streets in Denver
City. As late as December 20, 1860, Howard's advertisements
appeared in The Western Mountaineer. We know that Howard
gave Central City as his residence when he applied for member-
ship in the Entomological Society of Philadelphia (later the
American Entomological Society) in March 1862. Probably
he moved there during the summer of 1861. In Central City
he established Howard and Colony, manufacturing jewelers.
The advertisements for this concern appear as late as January
4, 1865, in the daily Rocky Mountain Nezvs, the first news-
paper published in Denver and still active.
Apparently Howard moved back East late in 1865. The
February 27, 1866, issue of the Rocky Mountain News carried
a note from a returning Coloradan that Howard was living in
Brooklyn, New York, and had married. Howard returned to
the West that autumn. The Rocky Mountain Nczvs for Oc-
tober 15, 1866, noted his arrival on the H. O. M. & Ex. Co.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 47
stage from the East and that he registered at the Pacific House
in Denver on the 14th. On the next page is this note: "W. J.
Howard . . . collector of botanical, mineral and entomological
specimens, called on us today. He arrived from the East by
the last coach and goes on to Montana tomorrow." There my
knowledge of Howard stops. I am anxious to get further infor-
mation about the movements of both Wood and Howard in the
West.
REFERENCES
BAIRD, S. F. 1857. In Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, for 1856.
-. 1858. The same for 1857.
. Letters to William S. Wood in the archives of the Smithsonian
Institution dated: Feb. 19, 1857; Apr. 24, 1857; July 12, 1857; Oct.
4, 1857; Dec. 18, 1857; June 2, 1858; Oct. 22, 1858; June 26, 1858
(Wood, Sr.) ; Mch. 24, 1859; Mch. 27, 1859 (two letters).
CRESSON, E. T. 1863. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 2.
. 1909. A History of the American Entomological Society, Phila-
delphia, 1859-1909. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 60 pp.
The Daily Rocky Mountain News, 1865, January 4.
, 1866, February 27 and October 15.
EDWARDS, W. H. 1861. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 1, p. 163, original
description of Coenonympha ochracea.
-. 1863. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 2.
EWAN, J. 1950. Rocky Mountain Naturalists. University of Denver
Press. Denver, Colo.
HINDES, R. Letter to FMB dated June 14, 1956, about records relating
to William S. Wood in the Historical Society of Delaware.
HUME, E. E. 1942. Ornithologists of the United States Army Medical
Corps. Johns Hopkins Press. Baltimore, Maryland.
KORBUSKI, C. E. Letter to FMB dated April 13, 1956, stating that there
is no trace of Winslow Howard at the Gray Herbarium of Harvard
University.
REAKIRT, T. 1866. "Coloradoan Butterflies." Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila.
6: 122-151.
The Western Mountaineer. 1860. July 19 et seq.
WOOD, W. S. Letters to Spencer Fullerton Baird in the Archives of
the Smithsonian Institution dated: Jan. 15, 1859; Mch. 21, 1859;
Mch. 25, 1859 (from Wood, Sr.) ; Mch. 28, 1859.
48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1957
Known Distribution of a Bat Flea, Nycteridopsylla
chapini Jordan (Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae)
By ROBERT E. LEWIS, Department of Entomology,
University of Illinois
The brown bat flea, Nycteridopsylla chapini Jordan, is now
known from several widely distributed areas of the United
States east of the Great Plains. Originally it was described
from Glen Echo, Maryland, by Jordan (1929). The type speci-
mens were taken from the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus
(Beau.), and were collected by R. C. Shannon in 1916. Vernon
Bailey collected N. chapini from the Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis
Miller and Allen, taken at Colossal Cave, Kentucky. M. W.
Sanderson took N. chapini from the type host from a cave in
Benton County, Arkansas. Lane (1953) noted the collection
of a single female from the type host in Hocking County, Ohio,
in 1951. The latest record is that of one male and four females
collected by R. F. Myers from a male of the type host collected
in Pulaski County, Missouri, in 1955.
This determination was confirmed by Dr. G. P. Holland,
Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada, and one male and one female were deposited
with him. Of the other three, two are housed in the collection
of the Illinois Natural History Survey, and the remaining one
is in the collection of the Department of Entomology, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
Miller and Kellogg (1955) list the distribution of Eptesicus
fuscus fiiscus (Beau.) as: "Eastern North America, west ap-
proximately to longitude 102W., from Quebec, Ontario and
Manitoba south to northern Florida and Nuevo Leon, Mexico."
If one considers the other eight subspecies of Eptesicus fuscus
as well as the additional four species of the genus which occur
in North and Central America, it seems reasonable to assume
that further collections will extend the known range of this flea
to the west. It is doubtless a much more common species than
its presence in collections would indicate (Holland, 1956).
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 49
REFERENCES
Fox, I. 1940. Fleas of eastern United States. Iowa State College
Press, Ames, Iowa, p. 107.
HOLLAND, G. P. 1949. The Siphonaptera of Canada. Dominion of
Canada, Department of Agriculture, Publ. 817, Tech. Bull. No. 70,
p. 179.
. 1956. Personal communication.
HOPKINS, G. H. E. 1952. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 42: 364.
JORDAN, K. 1929. Novit. zool. 35 : 39.
LANE, J. E. 1953. Ohio J. Sci. 53: 178.
MILLER, G. S. and KELLOGG, R. 1955. List of the North American
recent mammals. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 205 : 1-954.
SANDERSON, M. W. 1941. J. Kans. Ent. Soc. 14: 60.
Hermann Weber (1899-1956)
Professor Dr. Hermann Weber, a Corresponding Member of
the American Entomological Society, died November 18, 1956,
at Tubingen, Germany, a few days before his 57th birthday.
Although without doubt one of the really important entomologists
of the present century he was hardly known personally in this
country. Dr. Weber apparently never visited America, al-
though he did correspond with a number of American morpholo-
gists. From Dr. A. Glenn Richards, Entomological News
learned of Weber's death, and from Dr. R. E. Snodgrass we
were able to learn of his serious illness for the past year or more.
Dr. O. A. Johannsen was able to tell us of a brief but pleasant
visit at Weber's home in Danzig many years ago, and of their
discussion of certain morphological problems.
From an examination of Kurschner's Gelehrten Kalender for
1954 we learned that Weber was born in Bretten, Baden, No-
vember 27, 1899, and that before coming to Tubingen in 1950 to
become Professor and Director of the Zoologisches Institut of
the University of Tubingen, he had taught at Bonn, Danzig,
Freiburg, Miinster, Wien. and Strasbourg. He was awarded
the Fabricius Medal by the Deutsche entomologische Gesell-
schaft, was an Honorary Member of the Royal Entomological
Society of London, and of the Osterreichsche Akademie der
Wissenschaften.
50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1957
However meager our information regarding Weber as a
person, we know a great deal of him as a scientist. He is per-
haps best known as the author of the "Lehrbuch der Ento-
mologie," (1933), generally considered the finest textbook of
entomology ever written, despite the fact that the author was
only 33 years old when it appeared. Quoting from Dr. Snod-
grass' review, in Ent. News 44 : 166-168 : "The book is not
only predominantly morphological in the sense that it deals
largely with structure and the homologies of structural parts,
but it is morphological from the viewpoint that anatomical form
is an adaptation to function. In other words, the morphology
of insects becomes a part of the biology of insects, as it properly
should be. ... The subject of insect morphology, as demon-
strated by Dr. Weber's book, has now reached a stage in which
it may rightly assert its ability to render the fundamental serv-
ices that should be expected of it to the other branches of en-
tomological science, particularly, in taxonomy and insect re-
lationships, physiology, and ecology." And, we may add, this
same approach to morphological studies is characteristic of
Weber's other writings, that the structures are expressive of
the life of the insect and necessarily tied to function and to
ecology.
Another textbook, "Grundriss der Insektenkunde," appeared
in 1938 and was intended as an introduction to entomology.
The second edition and third edition were much enlarged, es-
pecially in areas in which research had progressed rapidly in
recent years. This was desirable because the "Lehrbuch" of
1933 had been long out of print, and the work on a proposed
revision still incomplete. The third edition (Gustav Fischer
Verlag, Stuttgart, 1952) is noteworthy for the clear and concise
accounts it gives of the recent work in the field of experimental
embryology (Seidel, Bock, Krause), of the many studies on
insect hormones, and of the work of Henke, Stossberg, Suffer!,
etc., on development of butterfly scales and wing pattern, and
of many other matters otherwise available only in lengthy
original papers.
Of great value also are Weber's review articles that appeared
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 51
in Fortschritte der Zoologie, in 1939 and 1942 (Vols. 4 and 9).
In the latter he provides critical reviews of recent works deal-
ing with the morphology, histology, and development of all
articulates. In the first 31 pages he gives a complete and very
clear discussion of the theories of head segmentation and comes
to a series of conclusions as regards possibilities, but finds more
information is necessary to provide a theory applicable to an-
nelids as well as arthropods. In the same way, the thorax and
abdomen are covered, and the histology and functioning of the
various internal systems and organs.
Another large general work is the "Biologic der Hemipteren"
(1930), regarding which we may again cite Dr. Snodgrass
(Ent. News 41 : 275-276) : [It] ". . . is without question one
of the best publications of recent times in biological entomology.
Within it the writer brings together not only a review of all that
has heretofore been written on the life and structure of the
Hemiptera, but also the results of his own extensive and minute
studies of the complex hemipterous mechanisms that for a
century have baffled the skill of insect anatomists."
A glance through the Zoological Record for the years 1923 to
1953, shows that Weber also published a large number of re-
search papers making up an additional 1500 odd pages in Zool.
Jahrb. (Anat.), in Zeitschr. Morph. Okol. Tiere, in Zeitschr.
vergl. Physiol., in Zool. Anz., and in other journals. These
researches deal with the morphology of the head and thorax in
various groups, as a contribution to general morphology, and
with detailed investigations on the anatomy, particularly of the
mouth parts, on the physiology of sucking, and on the sensory
physiology of a number of homopterous species and the Anoplura.
Noteworthy is the important place Weber always assigned to
ecological considerations. In his "Grundriss," the chapter on
ecology occupies about one-fifth of the text. And finally, al-
though essentially a morphologist, he also gave serious thought
to fundamental theoretical aspects of systematics as exemplified
in his article on "Grenzen in der Biologic," in Vol. 5 of Studium
Generale. Here is a discussion on the possibilities of drawing
definite boundaries in the course of our research and thinking.
52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1957
After much philosophical argument he concludes, e.g., that
systematics cannot exist by itself, but that ecological, population,
behavior, genetic, and especially population-genetic studies must
go hand in hand with it if we are to discover the reasons for the
existence or non-existence of boundaries between populations.
Also, the animal and its environment must be considered as a
unit, and the variability of the environment compared with the
variability of the animal. If one does not thus arrive at precise
definitions and limits, one nevertheless has a truer picture of
reality. In the study of colonies, social groups, societies, mixed
populations, and biomes the defining of boundaries is even more
difficult. As a result, physicists and professional philosophers
may conclude that biology is an inexact science. Weber's point
of view was that where sharp boundaries exist we do well to
define them, but where they do not, where transitions are fluid
or series continuous, precise delimitation w r ould really make
biology inexact, would not present a true picture.
In sum, Hermann Weber contributed a great deal towards our
present knowledge of the morphology and functional anatomy of
insects, particularly of the Hemiptera and Anoplura. He was
also thoroughly conversant with most other aspects of ento-
mological science so that by means of his text-books, and hih
monographic reviews on morphology, histology, and develop-
ment he earned the gratitude of teachers and investigators over
the world by providing them with such reliable accounts of the
present state of knowledge. His untimely death is truly a great
loss to entomology.
R. G. SCHMIEDER.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 53
Review
A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF A RELIC DRAGONFLY EPIO-
PHLEBIA SUPERSTES SELYS. By Syoziro Asahina. The Japan
Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 1954. iv +153
pp., 71 pi. [Maruzen Co. Nihonbashi, Tokyo, $5 (U. S.) ]
Epiophlebia superstes, a species somewhat zygopteroid and
anisopteroid but essentially unique, is the subject of a painstaking
morphological analysis by Syoziro Asahina. Dr. Asahina, along
with his colleagues, has given us over the past years considerable
information on the ecology and life history of this interesting
Japanese species which is attaining thereby the status of one of
the most completely known Odonata. Turning his attention
now to more critical matters the author introduces evidence from
comparative anatomy to facilitate settling the long-standing
problem of the affinity of Epiophlebia to the recent two great
suborders. He also succeeds in another aim of his study,
namely, "to bring forward some rather neglected problems of
Odonata structure in the light of recent progress on insect
morphology."
The gomphine Davidius nanus Selys and the calopterygine
Mnais strigata Selys are anatomically compared from the view-
point of homology to both larval and imaginal Epiophlebia su-
perstes with special reference to sclerites, muscles and several
internal organs. Comparisons with other Odonata and with
generalized insects (according to the interpretations of Ferris
and Snodgrass) add to the significance of this study and to the
weight of evidence in favor of the author's conclusions. This
detailed comparative anatomy occupies over three-quarters of
the text and is supplemented by more than 200 figures.
Into his review of the chronology of opinion on the systematic
position of Epiophlebia the author adeptly dovetails the progress
in understanding of odonate phylogeny. He relates that Selys
placed Epiophlebia in the Zygoptera ; Needham and Tillyard did
likewise in their earlier studies but Needham later shifted the
genus to the Anisoptera whereas Tillyard subsequently placed
it in Handlirsch's Anisozygoptera, the suborder which flourished
during the Mesozoic era; Schmidt and Fraser also hold to
54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1957
Anisozygoptera placement. Because of the identical nature of
the discoidal cells in both pairs of wings. Carpenter is of the
opinion that a new suborder is probably necessary to accomodate
this relic species. Although seeming to be in considerable sym-
pathy with Carpenter's viewpoint, Asahina is of the opinion that
the Anisozygoptera affinities of Epiophlcbia are quite close based
on wing venation characters alone. He goes only so far as to
separate the Epiophlebiidae from the remaining fossil families
of Tillyard and Eraser's Heterophleboidea by proposing a new
superfamily, Epiophleboidea ; he considers it advisable to limit
the fossil Anisozygoptera to the Liassic forms represented by
the Heterophleboidea and he suggests that the only known
Tertiary Anisozygoptera, Sieblosiidae of Oligocene times, might
be a true Zygoptera.
Evolutionary tendencies of certain morphological features,
particularly the wings, are discussed with regard to the three
suborders. Asahina significantly concludes that the super-
family Epiophleboidea [was] "established from a narrow-
winged ancestor before the families of Heterophleboidea ap-
peared and advanced along its own evolutionary passage toward
the direction of Anisoptery ... it has arrived, in the present
day, at a state where the body structure, especially the larval
shape, has attained nearly to a complete Anisopteric stage."
Dr. Asahina's lucid style has occasional refreshing oriental
phraseology ; the comparative morphological approach appears
to be fundamentally sound in the choice of materials ; his conclu-
sions are not so far-reaching as one might have anticipated but
are nevertheless well documented. The arrangement of the
figures is sometimes awkward since they do not always read
from top to bottom or from left to right and there are one or two
omissions of figure references on the plates ; although not of the
usual high oriental standard the figures are wholly sufficient
for the author's purpose.
This is a most notable and significant contribution to the
literature on Odonata and to a broader-based understanding
of phylogenetic relationship within this group. EDWARD J.
KORMONDY
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 55
Books Received
COTT, H. E. Systematics of the Suborder Tubulifera (Thy-
sanoptera) in California. University of California Publications
in Entomology. Vol. 13, pp. 210, pis. \-A, 1956. Price : $3.50.
MENDES, E. A revision of the genus Megarthroglossus Jor-
dan and Rothschild 1915 ( Siphonaptera : Hystoichopsyllidae).
Ibidem, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 159-192, 14 figs., 1956. Price $.85.
MELLAN, I. and E. Dictionary of poisons. Pp.150. Philo-
sophical Library, N. Y. Price $4.75.
MILLER, N. C. E. The biology of the Heteroptera. Pp. x
+ 162, 4 pis. and 64 text-figs. Leonard Hill Books Ltd., 9
Eden St., London N.W.I, 1956. Price : 30 s. net.
Ross, H. H. Evolution and classification of the mountain
caddisflies. Pp. vi + 312; 370 figs., 45 charts. University of
Illinois Press, Urnana, 111.
Ross, H. H. A textbook of entomology. 2nd ed. Pp. x
+ 519, 402 figs. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1956. Price:
$7.75.
SKAIFE, S. H. Dwellers in darkness. An introduction to
the study of Termites. Pp. x + 134 ; 40 figs., 14 plates. Long-
mans Green and Co., London, New York, Toronto, 1955.
Price : 30 s. net.
EXCHANGES
This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for
advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices
not exceeding three lines free to subscribers.
These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow;
the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, only when neces-
sary those at the top (being longest in) are discontinued.
Conopidae of the World wanted. Will pay 10^ to $1.00 for pinned
and labelled specimens. S. Camras, 4407 N. Milwaukee Ave., Chicago
30, Illinois.
Anisoptera Nearctic sp. wanted for exchange, espec. Ophiog., Arigom.,
Aeschna, Neurocor., Somatoc., Cordulia, Dorocor., Leucor. R. D. Cuyler,
Dept. of Entomology, N. C. State College, Raleign, N. C.
Bembicini and Stizini (Hym., Sphec.) of New World wanted for revis.
study. Will return upon request or at end of project. James E. Gillaspy,
Dept. of Zoology, Univ. Texas, Austin 12, Texas.
Agapema galbina. Will exchange cocoons of this moth for nature
books. E. Frizzell, Route 4, Box 96, San Benito, Texas.
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THE NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF THE
'SUBGENUS AESCHNA' SENSU SELYSII 1883
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This paper presents an account of the Neotropical species referred
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THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA 3, PA.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
MARCH 1057
Vol. LXVIII No. 3
CONTENTS
Richards and Kolderie Oncopeltus eggs and mother's age 57
Ananthakrishnan Bamboosiella n. gen. (tubilifera) 65
Judd Insects from the pond snail 69
Dreisbach A new species of Arachnoproctonus 72
Evans Notes on a Stictia new to the United States 76
Frost More about Membracidae at lights 77
Notes and News in Entomology 79
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MEMOIRS OF THE AMERICAN
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
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251 pages of text, 19 pages of tables, 7 maps,
47 plates, 3 pages of contents and index
THE NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF THE
'SUBGENUS AESCHNA' SENSU SELYSII 1883
(Odonata)
By Philip P. Calvert
This paper presents an account of the Neotropical species referred
by de Selys in 1883 to his subgenus Aeschna and of some species un-
known to him. His subgenus is here divided into three genera,
Aeschna, Coryphaeschna, and Castoraeschna, Aeshna in its turn be-
ing subdivided into the subgenera Aeschna, Hesperaeschna, Rhio-
nacschna, Schisuracschna, M armor aeschna and Neureclipa. These
five subgenera include 2, 15, 1, 3, 4 and 5 species and subspecies
respectively. Coryphaeschna embraces 9 species and subspecies,
Castoraeschna 5. Larvae of 2 species of Hesperaeschna, 1 species of
Schisuraeschna, 1 species of Neureclipa and 6 species of Cory-
phaeschna are described and figured. Generalities are discussed under
the headings : Relationships of the Neotropical Aeshnas to the North
American fossils; Relations of the South American Aeshnas to the
Palaearctic and Australian species ; The geological age and geographi-
cal distribution of the ancestors of the Odonata and of the Mammalia ;
Relations of the Neotropical Aeshnas to each other; The seasonal
distribution of the Neotropical species of Aeshna. Forty plates in
black and white illustrate the structural and colorational features of
the adults, seven those of the larvae. Nineteen tables show the varia-
tions in size and in venation of the adults. Six maps show the geo-
graphic distribution of all the species concerned. There is an alpha-
betical index of species, subgenera, genera, authors quoted, and topics.
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THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA 3, PA.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOL. LXVIII MARCH, 1957 No. 3
Variation in Weight, Developmental Rate, and
Hatchability of Oncopeltus Eggs as a
Function of the Mother's Age l
By A. GLENN RICHARDS and MARJORIE O. KOLDERIE,
Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology,
University of Minnesota
It is well known that egg production of various insects may
be greatly affected by environmental conditions and the past
history of the mother. But it is commonly assumed that eggs
laid by females raised and kept under standard conditions will
be the same irrespective of the age of the female. We uncon-
sciously assumed this in experiments with the milkweed bug,
Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), until it became evident that such
was not strictly true. To be sure, a considerable literature on
the influence of parental age has accumulated for some groups
of organisms (see Strong, 1954) but only recently has the phe-
nomenon been measured in insects (Durrant, 1955 ; Sang, 1956).
The manner in which many insect species are cultured in the
laboratory leads to the production of distinct broods rather than
a population containing all stages of the life cycle. Commonly,
then, there occur periods when the stage desired is not avail-
able. As soon as the desired stage becomes available it is used.
Proceeding in this manner we encountered unexpected trouble.
The number of hours required for incubation at various tem-
peratures had previously been satisfactorily taken from the data
1 Paper No. 3697, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural
Experiment Station, St. Paul 1, Minnesota.
Acknowledgment is due to the National Science Foundation for a grant
supporting this research project.
(57)
58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1957
of Lin et al. (1954). The data given by Lin et al. were ob-
tained from eggs collected during the peak of egg laying periods,
i.e., when the females were two-three weeks post emergnce.
We have now found that the data of Lin et al. are valid for eggs
laid during that period but are not valid for eggs laid early or
late in the fecund stage. Partly to learn how precisely we
needed to control the mother's age in the sense of restricting egg
collection to what portion of the fecund period, and partly be-
cause we needed weight and time data from a fairly large num-
ber of egg lots for another purpose (Richards, 1957), a syste-
matic study was made of certain variables. This was repeated
once ; the general conclusions were the same in the two tests
and both times fitted with discrepancies previously encountered
in time of hatching. Only the more extensive set of data will
be presented.
For the tests, five dozen teneral adults of Oncopeltus were
segregated from the stock cultures. The number of each sex
was not determined but presumably there were about half males
and half females. This group was held under the same environ-
mental conditions as they had grown under, i.e., 25 C. and
60-75% R.H. Eggs will be dropped promiscuously in the
culture if nothing is present that the female prefers. If small
rolls of gauze or other open-mesh cloth are added, egg laying
is stimulated and the eggs are laid in batches inside the roll
of cloth by insertion of the ovipositor therein. The cloth rolls
also provide a convenient method for obtaining eggs of known
age since one has only to remove the roll of gauze after the
desired interval and open it to extract the eggs. The eggs were
counted and sorted into weighing bottles using a small soft
brush. When the group was laying most actively, 400-600
eggs were used in each lot, but commonly fewer were available,
and at the beginning and end of the egg laying period only a
few dozen were available for each lot. The eggs were then
incubated at 75% R.H. and usually 17 or 25 C. Subse-
quently, determinations were made of per cent hatching, average
weights of the newly hatched larvae, and viability of the young
bugs under standard favorable conditions.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 59
Adult Onco pel 'tits at 25 C. begin mating 4-6 days after reach-
ing the adult stage, and start laying eggs on the 5th to 8th day.
At first only a few eggs are laid perhaps only certain females
begin this early. Thus, for data presented in fig. 1, no eggs
were obtained on the 5th day, only 78 on the 6th day, 289 on
the 7th day, but more than 1,500 on the 10th day. Egg produc-
tion then reached a peak at about 20 days and remained almost
at the same high level until about 40 days; then it fell off and
became somewhat erratic. Very late in the test (> 50 days),
when only the most long-lived were still alive, egg production
again dropped to a few dozen but the single venerable female
which lived for 72 days laid 10 eggs shortly before dying.
As far as longevity of the adult is concerned, we have reason
to believe that this group lived unusually long. In general, our
segregated groups seem to have died sooner but we usually dis-
card groups as soon as significant numbers are seen to have
died. In one repeat test on longevity, all the females were dead
after 41-44 days but some males lived to > 50 days. Also,
less complete data suggest that the peak egg production period
is not constant from one generation to another. In the gen-
eration plotted in fig. 1, peak production occurred 18-20 days
after ecdysis but in other generations it has been sooner (as
low as 10-12 days). But, however long the groups live and
whenever the peaks occur, egg production and egg weight are
low the first few days of egg laying and fall off to low again
near the end of life.
As shown in fig. 1, the first several batches of eggs are rela-
tively light. In this test, the first group had an average weight
of only 225 micrograms. Average weights then increased to a
maximum of 280 micrograms in the period when maximum
numbers of eggs were being produced. This is an increase of
about 25^o. Subsequent average egg weights then dropped
but not constantly or with regularity in the period of 25-55
days of age. Terminal egg lots had very much lower weights
(about 25% lower than the first lot and 409c lower than the
maximum value). Averaging all the values together one ob-
tains an over-all average of 255.0 3.6 micrograms. A pre-
60 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1957
vious test that involved six lots collected at 8-22 days of female
adult life gave somewhat lower values ranging 226-240 and
averaging 234 micrograms. It will bear repeating that the
range of 160-280 micrograms is a range of averages; the range
of individual egg weights must be greater than this and may be
very much greater. Even average values from the two halves
of a single large batch of eggs may vary by several per cent
(note 33 day group).
Freshly hatched larvae of course weigh less than the eggs
from which they develop. But, surprisingly, at below about
20 C. there is a greater effect of temperature in slowing devel-
opment than in slowing energy expenditure (Richards, 1957).
One of the results of this is that whereas larvae from eggs incu-
bated at 25 C. average 224.8 3.2 micrograms, those from
eggs incubated at 17 average 203.2 2.7 /*g., and those from
eggs incubated at 15 C. average only 190.0 /*. Comparing
values from matched eggs lots, the wet weight losses following
incubation are 33 micrograms at 25, 53 /xg. at 17, and 83 /xg.
at 15. Compared to the 20-30 C. range, then, there is 1.6 X
as much loss at 17, and 2.5 X as much loss at 15. As already
pointed out elsewhere (Richards, 1957), the weight of eggs is
not only correlated with their hatchability but seems to be one
of the factors involved in successful hatching. In other words,
lighter eggs have less stored food reserves. And since an egg
contains only a finite amount of food and cannot get more, it
follows that lighter eggs are less likely to give larvae that hatch
successfully. It also follows that the variable hatching per-
centages obtained at and near threshold temperatures may be
no more than an expression of the variation in egg weights in
different batches of eggs. In fact, we have data showing that
only the heaviest eggs can hatch at the threshold temperature
of 15 C.
Incidentally, one can calculate the approximate amount of
energy required for embryonic development from the weight
losses. Extractions show that almost all of the dry weight loss
at an incubation temperature of 25 C. is fat ; the water content
remains constant at 68-707^- From this and well-known aver-
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
61
age caloric values, one can calculate that only about a tenth of
a gram calorie is required to complete the development through
hatching for an Oncopeltus egg at 25 C. This is only enough
energy to raise the temperature of one drop of water 2 C. or
about 4 F. !
Living
280
Age of Female in Days
FIG. 1. Average weights of Oncopeltus fasciatus as a function of time
after molting to the adult instar. Top curves give weights of freshly laid
eggs ; egg lots shown as solid circles incubated at 25 C. to give larvae
plotted as open circles ; egg lots shown as crosses incubated at 17 to give
larvae plotted as crosses. A single value for larvae from eggs incubated
at 15 shown at day 28. Most of the points represent averages from lots
of 200-500 eggs but fewer eggs were available for the first two and the
last five points.
The egg weight value at 53 days must have been erroneously recorded
to judge from the weight of the larvae obtained; a calculated probable
value is plotted and joined in by the broken line. The last points of each
larval curve are queried because of low hatching percentage in these lots.
Hatchability of the eggs shows differences somewhat parallel-
ing the weight differences (fig. 2). At 25 C., hatching rises
from an initial value of 80% to the 92-96% range, and falls
precipitously for eggs from old females. The differences are
even greater at 17 where hatchability rises from 38% to nearly
90% (or even higher if rupture of the egg shell is taken as the
criterion of hatching). Similar results were obtained in an
earlier set of determinations.
62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS | March, 1957
Similarly, the rate of development is slower for eggs from the
first and last parts of the fecund period (fig. 4). This quanti-
tative difference implies a qualitative difference in the eggs that
can hardly be just a matter of weight and amount of stored
reserves. What the difference is remains to be determined but
clearly early and late eggs develop more slowly. [In Drosoph-
ila inclanogaster, Sang (1956) reports that the opposite is true,
i.e., the early and late eggs are about 10% faster than those of
the peak middle period.]
There is, however, no clear cut difference in the viability of
larvae that hatch until very late in the egg laying period (fig. 3).
Larvae from eggs incubated at 25 C. are much more likely to
grow to maturity when placed at optimum conditions than are
ones that were incubated at 17. Possible reasons for this are
being discussed elsewhere (Richards, 1957).
The dips in the center of the curves in fig. 3 require some
explanation. Near the end of the experiment M. Q. K. went
away on vacation leaving these growing larvae to the tender
ministrations of A. G. R. Her departure came when the larvae
from 25 incubations of eggs from 38-day females and larvae
from 17 incubations of eggs from 24-day females were grow-
ing. The precipitous drop in the 25 curve was due to known
drowning of the 40-, 42- and 45-day lots, but the drop in the 17
curve was correlated with infrequent cleaning and renewal of
seeds rather than accidental mortality. Then, M. Q. K. re-
turned to tend the final few groups, and survival of 17 lots
returned to what it had been.
This otherwise unfortunate episode does suggest an explana-
tion of a previous discrepancy. Hodson and Al Rawy (1956)
have reported that Oncopeltus larvae from eggs incubated at
25 grow satisfactorily whereas ones from eggs incubated at
17 all die. M. O. K. had not been able to reproduce Al Rawy's
results but A. G. R. did ! Omitting the facetious language, eggs
incubated at 17 give weak larvae only a minority of which
survive under the best care, all of which die under care which
will suffice for larvae from eggs incubated at 25. [While the
point was not proven, it seems that the lethal effect is due to
Ixviii j
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
63
the development of mold on the milkweed seeds. Even at 75%
R.H. which is rather low for mold growth, seeds must be
changed and containers cleaned every 2-3 days for survival of
larvae from eggs incubated at 17 C]
Fig. 2
10
30 30 40 50
Age of Female in Days
60
FIG. 2. Hatching percentages for Oncopcltus eggs incubated at 25 C.
(solid circles) and 17 (open circles). Open circles connected by a solid
line represent complete hatching ; open circles connected by a broken line
include those larvae that developed and broke the egg shell but did not
emerge completely therefrom.
FIG. 3. Survival percentages for larvae reared at 25 C. and 75% R.H.
from eggs incubated at 25 (solid circles) and 17 (open circles). The
fall of the 25 curve to zero for the 40-45 day period was due to acci-
dental deaths. See text for discussion.
FIG. 4. Days required for incubation and hatching at 17 C.
In conclusion, eggs are laid by Oncopcltus females from about
one week after adult emergence until death. But very early and
very late in the fecund period fewer eggs are laid, and these
weigh less, take longer to develop, and give lower hatching
percentages. These differences are mostly in the 10-20^ range
64 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1957
but in extreme cases may be much greater. It follows that
minimum variation within a single collection will be obtained
by using eggs from females of a known standard age (and in
practice greatest constancy is obtained with Oncopcltus at the
peak egg production period ) . Conversely, maximum variability
will be obtained from cultures or populations containing indi-
viduals of extreme ages plus ones in the peak production period.
However, as Durrant (1955) points out, quantitative values
vary from one generation to the next, and less variability may
be encountered in summing data from different generations if
a selected sampling procedure is used instead of restricting data
to the progeny of mothers of a particular age.
All the data presented in the present paper deal with constant
temperatures in incubator cabinets. This is satisfactory for
showing physiological differences but we have reason to know
that Oncopcltus has considerably narrower tolerance range un-
der constant temperature conditions than under varying tem-
peratures whose weighted average equals the constant tempera-
ture. But this is another story on which we are still working.
LITERATURE CITED
DURRANT, A. 1955. Effect of time of embryo formation on quantitative
characters in Drosophila. Nature, 175 : 560-561.
HODSON, A. C. and M. A. AL RAWY. 1956. Temperature in relation to
developmental thresholds of insects. Proc. Xth Int. Congress
Entomol. (in press).
LIN, S., A. C. HODSON and A. G. RICHARDS. 1954. An analysis of
threshold temperatures for the development of Oncopeltus and
Tribolium eggs. Physiol. Zool., 27: 287-311.
RICHARDS, A. G. 1957. Cumulative effects of optimum and suboptimum
temperatures on insect development. Symp. Soc. Gen. Physiol. (in
press).
SANG, J. H. 1956. The quantitative nutritional requirements of Dro-
sophila tnclanogastcr. J. Exp. Biol., 33 : 45-72.
STRONG, L. C., editor. 1954. Parental age and characteristics of the
offspring. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 57: 451-614.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 65
Bamboosiella nov. gen. (Phlaeothripidae, Tubuli-
fera) from India
By T. N. ANANTHAKRISHNAN, Lecturer in Zoology,
Loyola College, Madras (S. India)
Genus BAMBOOSIELLA nov.
Antenna 8-segmented, slender as in Liothrips; joint 3 emar-
ginated within, 8 slightly narrowed at base, but not constricted,
joint 1 narrowed towards apex; sense-cones rather long and
fine, though on 3 and 4 not setiform. Head elongate, slightly
narrowed towards base, widest across eyes, cheeks with a few
weak spines especially in posterior third, as in Hoplandrothrips.
Mouth-cone short, rounded, maxillary stylets confined to mouth-
cone, very short, fine. Eyes large, oval ; anterior ocellus on a
slight elevation but not surpassing interantennal projection.
Postocular setae long, knobbed, longer in the male. Prothorax
much broader than head, heavy in the male, with black internal
middle ridge. Bristles long, all knobbed, inner anteromarginals
vestigial ; epimerals single. Pterothorax tapering from the mid-
dle towards apex.
Legs slender, but forefemora of female distinctly, of male
strongly enlarged, foretibiae unarmed, foretarsi of both sexes
with tooth, stouter in the male. Wings narrowed towards mid-
dle, but from middle to apex little widened, with up to 7 double-
fringe cilia. Tube short, conical, anal setae long, longer than
tube, dark.
Bristle 2 of segment IX of male stouter, much shorter than
bristle 1, though only spine-like. Bristles on IX (female) long,
pointed nearly as long as tube.
Genotype Bamboosiella bicoloripes sp. nov.
Dr. Priesner, who has kindly examined the specimens, informs
me that this genus has very close resemblance to Adraneothrips
Hood and Hoplandrothrips Hood. Adraneothrips differs from
this genus in the smaller eyes, shorter prothorax, forefemora not
or scarcely enlarged and cheeks unarmed. Hoplandrothrips has
66 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1957
long, closely approximated maxillary stylets (very short in
Bamboosiella) and forefemora of male with one or two apical
teeth. Similarly the genera Apelaunothrips Karny, Phyllado-
thrips Priesner and Mesothrips Zimmerman, also show affinities,
though much less than Adrancothrips and Hoplandrotlirips.
Apelaunothrips has similar coloration, but differs in the band-
shaped maxillary stylets, short cephalic production, thin fore-
legs, unarmed tarsi and reticulate ocellar region. Phyllado-
thrips on the other hand has short head, no double fringe, fore-
tarsi of female and cheeks unarmed; Mesothrips also has head
constricted at base, but antennae are thicker, joint 3 shorter
and strongly conical, more strongly sclerotised in general.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Priesner of
Egypt for kindly examining the specimens and for his invaluable
advice and suggestions.
Bamboosiella bicoloripes gen. et sp. nov.
Macropterous female: Total body length * 1.862 mm. Abdo-
men bicolorous, segments I-VI almost yellow, VII-X blackish
brown like head and thorax. Antennals 1, 2, 7 and 8 dark, the
remainder pale yellow. All legs wholly yellow, coxae dark-
ened; patches of red pigment scattered all over the brownish
areas, except those of antennal region. Eyes dark, ocelli with
dark red pigment. Wings hyaline, wing fringes brown.
Head elongate, 238 ^ long from front margin of eyes, 196 ^
wide across eyes, slightly narrowed at base (182 ft) ; cheeks with
a few weak spines, the posterior-most one, the longest. Mouth-
cone short, rounded, 84 ^ long, 70 ^ wide at apex, reaching the
middle of the prosternum. Eyes large, oval, 98 ^ long, 56 ^
wide, occupying 0.4 time the head length ; interocular space
70 p wide. Ocelli well developed, anterior ocellus placed far
forward, but not surpassing interantennal projection ; posterior
ocelli placed just above the middle region of eyes. Postocular
setae 64 ^ long, knobbed, placed 29 /A from cheeks and 26 //, from
lower margin of eyes. Antenna 8-jointed, slender, nearly twice
as long as head ; joint I narrowed at apex ; joint III emarginated
* Posterior abdominal segments little telescoped.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
67
within ; joint VIII narrowed slightly at base, but not constricted.
Antennal joint III and IV each, with an outer and inner sense
cone, rather long and fine, not setijorm; joints V and VI each,
with only an outer sense cone, slightly shorter than those on
III and IV. Measurements of joints: Length(width) in p.:
38(38 at base, 35 at middle, 32 at apex) ; 51(26 at middle) ;
77(26); 83(26); 70(26); 58(26); 45(22); 32(13).
Q
Bainboosiclla bicoloripes gen. et sp. nov.
A. Head and prothorax of male.
B. Head and prothorax of female.
a. Antennal joints 3 and 4.
b. Antennal joints 5-8.
Prothorax 168 /* long at middle, shorter than head, being 0.7
time as long; much broader than head, 168 /A wide at anterior
margin and 350 //, at base including coxae. Prothoracic bristles
long, anteroangulars moderately so, knobbed ; inner anteromar-
ginals vestigial ; anteroangulars 32 /A long ; micllaterals 35 p. ;
epimerals 58 /A; coxals 43 p.. Pterothorax tapering from mid-
dle towards apex, 350 p. long and 378 /A wide at middle.
Legs slender but forefemora distinctly enlarged, 98 tt wide at
middle ; forefemora and tibiae unarmed, foretarsus with a dis-
tinct tooth.
Forewings 812 p, long, narrowed at middle, but, from middle
68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1957
to apex, little widened, with 7 fringe cilia; basal wing bristles
strong and well developed, measuring 38, 48 and 64 p long, re-
spectively, knobbed.
Abdomen narrower than pterothorax, widest across IV and
V segments ; wing retaining bristles well developed, 2 pairs in
each of the segments II-VI. Bristle 2 of segment IX, 147 /A
long, pointed, nearly as long as tube ; tube short, about 0.65
time head length, 63 //, wide at base, and 35 //, wide at apex.
Anal setae 182 p. long, longer than tube, dark.
Measurements in //. (unless otherwise specified}: Total body
length, 1.862 mm.; head, length 238; width across eyes 182;
prothorax, length at middle, 168; width at anterior margin,
224; width at posterior margin, inclusive of coxae, 350; ptero-
thorax, length 154; anal setae, length 182.
Habitat : Holotype on bamboo sheaths, 12-4-1954, Coim-
batore, T.N.A. Colls. No. 256.
Male (Macropterous) : General coloration and characters as
in the female, but for the following : Postoculars longer, 67 ^t ;
prothorax on one side in the allotype, with an abnormal addi-
tional epimeral bristle, while the normal condition for the genus
is only one. Prothorax heavier than in female, with black in-
ternal middle ridge. Prothoracic bristles well developed ; an-
teroangulars 32 p. ; epimerals 57 ; coxals 42 ju, long.
Forefemora strongly enlarged, 112 p, wide at middle, fore-
femora and tibiae unarmed, foretarsus with a stout tooth.
Abdomen widest at base, gradually tapering towards apex.
Segments VII-IX 203, 168 and 98 ^ wide, respectively. Bris-
tle 2 of IX segment stouter and shorter than B.I ; B.I and B.2,
141 and 160 ^ long, respectively. Tube shorter than head, half
as wide at apex, as at base.
Measurements in ^: Total body length 1.918 mm. Head,
length 217; width across eyes 154; eye, length 91; prothorax
length at middle 182; width at anterior margin, 182; width at
posterior margin inclusive of coxae, 308 ; pterothorax, length
308, width at middle, 322; tube length 140; width at base 49,
at tip 28 ; anal setae, length 196.
Habitat: 2 males on bamboo sheath. 12^41954. Coim-
batore, T.N.A. Colls. No. 256.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 69
Insects Reared and Collected from the Pond Snail,
Lymnaea palustris Miill., at London, Ontario
By W. W. JUDD, Department of Zoology, University of
Western Ontario, London, Ontario
In London, Ontario there is a small cat-tail marsh located at
the south-east corner of Adelaide and Cheapside Streets, well
within the built-up area of the city. On May 20, 1955 the
marsh was dried up to the extent that there was no standing
water in it and only damp mud formed its floor. On that day
a large population of the pond snail, Lymnaea palustris Miill.,
was found on the mud. Most of the snails were crowded into
the damper, shaded hollows while some were generally scattered
over the mud. None of the snails were moving and each snail
was withdrawn into the upper portions of the spiral of its shell
so that no parts of the body could be seen. By cracking open
the shells it was found that some of the snails were alive, while
others were dead with the body flaccid and in various stages of
decay. The living snails were found to be harbouring no para-
sites or predators, but several of the dead snails contained wrig-
gling maggots. During the next two weeks collections of the
snails were made in the marsh and insects were collected or
reared from them, as related in the following account. All
specimens are deposited in the collections of the Department of
Zoology, University of Western Ontario except a few retained
in the United States National Museum (U.S.N.M.), as noted.
COLLECTIONS
1. May 20 One dipterous larva, collected from a snail,
pupated and from the puparium there emerged on June 7 four
wasps, Aphaereta auripes (Prov.) (Braconidae).
2. May 25 One beetle, Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say)
(Nitidulidae) was found in a shell.
3. May 27 Two Glischrochilus quadrisignatus were found
among shells in a hollow in the mud. Two rove-beetles, Ale-
70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1957
ochara sp. and Philonthus sp., were found moving actively
about in two shells. One wasp, Aphaereta auripes, was col-
lected as it emerged from the mouth of a shell.
4. June 1 Six rove-beetles of the subfamily Omaliinae
(Omalium? sp.) were collected from shells.
5. June 2 Eighty-five intact shells were collected and placed
in two jars and adult insects emerging from them were col-
lected and the dates of their emergence were recorded, as fol-
lows : June 11 1 Athyroglossa? sp. (Ephydridae) ; June 12
1 Athyroglossa? sp., 2 Sarcophaga sinuata Mg. (Sarcophagi-
dae) ; June 13 1 Sarcophaga melampyga Aid., 1 Sarcophaga
sp. ; June 17 1 Pherbellia justifies (Macq.) (Sciomyzidae), 1
Pherbellia nana (Fall.), 1 Phygadeuonl sp. (Ichneumonidae),
10 Aphaereta auripes (Prov.) ; June 18 1 Pherbellia justifies
(Macq.) ; July 3 1 Muscina stabulans (Fall.) (Anthomyiidae),
1 Chlacnius sericeus Forst. (Carabidae) ; Aug. 5 1 Muscina
stabulans (Fall.).
DISCUSSION OF COLLECTIONS
Coleoptera
The ground beetle, Chlacnius sericeus Forst., was in its
teneral condition when it appeared, so it must have emerged
from a pupa formed in the snail shell. This species is recorded
by Blatchley (1910) as being "common about the margins of
ponds, lakes and streams." Carabid beetles are known to be
predaceous upon snails (Boettger, 1934, 1935, Ingram, 1946
and SchaefTer, 1931). The most prevalent beetles in the col-
lections were the staphylinid beetles of the genera Ale ochara,
Omalium?, and Philonthus. When the shells were picked up
these beetles emerged rapidly from the mouth of the shell and
attempted to escape to cover. The three Glischrochilus quad-
risignatus were found in or by the shells. Parsons (1943)
records that this species breeds in fleshy fungi and that other
nitidulid beetles breed in carrion and are predaceous on insects.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 71
Hymenoptera
Muesebeck et al. (1951) list several species of calyptrate flies
as hosts of Aphaereta auripes. The wasps that appeared on
June 7 emerged from a puparium and those that emerged on
June 17 were doubtless parasites of puparia in the shells col-
lected on June 2. The 15 specimens are deposited in the
U.S.N.M. Muesebeck ct al. (1951) record that wasps of the
genus Phygadeuon are parasites of muscoid flies. It is likely
that the ichneumonid wasp that emerged on June 17 was a
parasite on one of the flies predaceous on the snails.
Diptera
Two ephydrid flies, Athyroglossat sp., were the first flies to
emerge from the snails collected on June 2. The two specimens
are deposited in the U.S.N.M. One specimen of the non-biting
stable-fly, Muscina stabulans, emerged on July 3 and the second
was found in the jar on August 5 when the collection of shells
was discarded. At least two species of Sarcophaga (melampyga
and sinuata) were reared from the snails. Berg (1953) re-
ports that flies of the families Ephydridae, Anthomyiidae and
Sarcophagidae have been reared from snails. Of the three
specimens of Pherbellia that emerged from snails, one of P.
juscipes is deposited in the U.S.N.M. Berg (1953) records
that flies in several genera of Sciomyzidae are predators of snails
but does not include P. nana or P. fuscipes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Dr. H. van cler Schalie, Curator of Mollusks, Museum of
Zoology, University of Michigan, kindly identified the snails
as Lymnaea palustris Mull. Identifications of insects in sev-
eral families were made by the following taxonomists of the
United States National Museum: L. L. Buchanan (Carabi-
dae), L. M. Walkley (Nitidulidae), C. F. W. Muesebeck (Bra-
conidae), R. E. Warner (Ichneumonidae), W. \Y. \Yirth
(Ephydridae), C. W. Sabrosky (Anthomyiidae, Sarcophagi-
72 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1957
dae, Sciomyzidae). Dr. C. H. Seevers, Roosevelt University,
Chicago, identified the Staphylinidae.
REFERENCES
BERG, C. O. 1953. Jour. Parasitol. 39, 630-636.
BLATCHLEY, W. S. 1910. Coleoptera or beetles known to occur in In-
diana. Nature Publ. Co., Indianapolis.
BOETTGER, C. R. 1934. Natur und Volk (Frankfurt-am-Main) 64: 380-
381.
-. 1935. S.B. Ges. naturf. Fr. (Berlin) (1935) : 93-102.
INGRAM, W. M. 1946. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 45 : 34-36.
MUESEBECK, C. F. W., K. V. KROMBEIN, H. K. TOWNES et al. 1951.
U. S. Dept. Agric., Monogr. No. 2.
PARSONS, C. T. 1943. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. 92: 121-
278.
SCHAEFFER, P. E. 1931. Ohio Jour. Sci. 21 : 406-415.
A New Species in the Genus Arachnoproctonus
(Hymenoptera: Psammocharidae) with
Photomicrographs of the Genitalia
and Subgenital Plate
By R. R. DREISBACH, Midland, Michigan
Until the writer's description of Arachnoproctonus occiden-
talis (ref.), the species A. relativus (Fox) was the only species
known in this genus which had hair bands on the abdominal
ventral segments in the male, very similar to those in the genus
Anopolius. In working on a lot from the American Museum,
another specimen with hair bands on the fourth and fifth ven-
trites turned up which had a distinctly different subgenital plate
than either of the other two, and also with other differences.
This is described below as a new species.
Arachnoproctonus variegatus n. sp.
Holotype male : Completely black, except for the apex of the
mandibles which are reddish, rather long black hair on the
vertex, shorter and thinner on clypeus, pronotum, sides of thorax
and propodeum ; heavy hair brushes on the ventral parts of the
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 73
fourth and fifth abdominal sternites, these bands over whole
length of segments, and hair of same length on each ; when seen
from the side, nearest of posterior ocelli just barely visible and
the front below anterior ocellus barely raised above the eyes,
clypeus almost flat but slightly bowed in the middle, practically
no posterior orbits ; when seen from the front, the vertex slop-
ing slightly above the eyes with a slight mound, which contains
the ocelli, the head width almost equal to the length (0.88) ;
interocular distance equal to 0.63 X transfacial distance at great-
est eye width ; vertex width equal to the interocular at the
clypeus; clypeus twice as wide as its length; posterior ocelli
slightly greater distance apart than their distance to the eyes
(16:12) ; ratios of the first four and last two joints of the an-
tennae are as 25:8:20:25:19:19. Thus it is seen that the first
and fourth joints are slightly longer than the third ; the third,
fourth, fifth and sixth joints with ventral surface flattened
slightly; the pronotum rises in a smooth curve from the neck
to the dorsal surface, posterior edge slightly triangular and
curved ; propodeum with short upright hair on dorsal border
and covered with whitish, very short, almost appressed hairs on
posterior edge, this is the only silvery hair on the body ; the
third intercubital vein slopes backward, is slightly wavy but
almost straight ; the first intercubital vein is strongly arched
inward, that is convex ; second cell is longer on the cubitus than
on the marginal vein; second and third cubital veins are only
about 3 X their width apart on the marginal vein ; the length
of the two cells on the cubitus almost equal ; basal vein inter-
stitial with the transverse in the forewings, and in the rear
wings the cubitus and the discoidal are also interstitial ; the
wings are very dark colored, more so at the apex ; the abdomen
increases in width slightly from the base to the middle of the
second tergite and then decreases to apex of abdomen ; the first
tergite on the apical half covered with fairly long hair ; legs are
fairly well spined as is usual with the genus ; ratios of the joints
of the posterior legs starting with the femur are as 90 : 1 1 5 : 90 :
45:27:22:28. The longer spur of the posterior legs is equal to
0.7 the length of its metatarsal joint.
74
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
[March, 1957
Genitalia similar to rclativus but with the hair tufts on vol-
sellae with the hair shorter and with knobs at tip of hairs not
quite as large, and with fewer long hairs at base of volsellae;
subgenital plate with basal two-thirds of plate almost parallel-
sided (slightly tapering toward apex) with sides at middle of
this part sinuous ; apical third of plate suddenly narrowed and
slightly tapering to broad fairly long haired apex; length of
head and thorax 6.0 mm ; abdomen same length ; forewing 8.6
mm long; rear wing 7.3 mm long; genitalia length 1.32 mm,
width 0.86 mm, subgenital plate 1.66 mm long, 0.73 mm wide.
Holotype male: N. Mexico only data (Am. Mus.).
Ar achno pro clonus varicgalus n. sp.
Genitalia and subgenital plate X 45
Key for Separating the Three Species with Ventral Hair Bands
1. Hair bands on fourth and fifth ventral segments; genitalia
with a very large hair tuft of long hair, bent at right angles
near tip and clubbed at tip, near apical part of volsellae
but with apex bare of hair ; wing heavily infuscated, poste-
rior femora compressed 2
Lxviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 75
1. No hair bands on ventral segments, nor with the long heavy
tufts of hair on volsellae Remaining species of Genus
2. Hair band on fourth ventral not prominent, of much shorter
hair and less well haired than the fifth, which is long haired
and prominent ; third antennal joint shorter than both the
first and fourth, only % as long as fourth, twice as long as
wide ; interocular distance 0.58 as long as transfacial at the
widest point ; subgenital plate slightly ovate-shaped but
with apex broad across tip, widest about mid-length taper-
ing to each end ; parapenial lobes narrow and shorter than
aedeagus. Over the whole of U. S rclativns (Fox)
2. Hair band on fourth ventral with as long hair as the one on
fifth; third antennal joint as long as or longer than either
first or fourth, 1.04 and 1.26 as long respectively; inter-
ocular distance 0.50 and 0.63 times as long as transfacial ;
subgenital plates either parallel sided or much reduced in
width on apical third 3
3. Hair band over whole length of fourth and fifth ventrals, not
so dense as next ; subgenital plate parallel sided ; parapenial
lobes very wide at least twice as wide as the preceding and
the following and longer than the aedeagus ; volsellae with
hair on hair tuft not as long nor with tips as bent as in
relativus, tips blunt and with longer bare surface, while
tips of the other two are more acute ; third antennal joint
1 1 / times as long as fourth and 1 .65 times as long as wide ;
interocular distance 0.50 times as long as transfacial ; head
0.94 times as long as wide. California
occidcntalis Dreisbach
3. Hair band on fourth and fifth ventrals only over % or less
length of the segments (posterior %) ; subgenital plate
with basal % almost parallel but sinuous and with the
apical V:i suddenly reduced to a broad tip ; parapenial lobes
about like relativus; volsellae with tuft of hair shorter and
tips not bent so much ; third antennal joint about as long
as first almost 3 times as long as second and slightly longer
than fourth, 2.3 times as long as wide ; interocular distance
0.63 times transfacial ; length head 0.88 times as long as
wide. New Mexico varicyatus n. sp.
REFERENCE
DREISBACH, R. R. 1954. Am. Mid. Nat., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 437-442.
76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1957
Notes on a Stictia New to the United States
(Hymenoptera : Sphecidae: Bembicini)
By HOWARD E. EVANS, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
The genus Stictia includes some of our largest and most
showy digger wasps. Only one species, the common "horse
guard," S. Carolina (Fabr.), is truly a member of the Nearctic
fauna. One other species, the Neotropical 5". signata (L.) has
been taken in southern Florida and in southern California. It
is now possible to add a third species, 6". vivida (Handl.), to
the list of species known to occur in the United States. Hand-
lirsch (1890, Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat. Kl. Sitzber., 99:
25-26) described this species from one female from "Mexico"
and another female without locality data. Parker (1929, U. S.
Nat. Mus. Proc., v. 75, art. 5, p. 35) recorded seven females
from Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, Mexico. These are the only pub-
lished records on this species, and the male has remained
unknown.
From June 22 to June 28, 1956, Eric G. Matthews and myself
collected insects in Cameron Co., Texas. Most of our time was
spent along the shores of Laguna Madre about five miles west
of Port Isabel. In this locality a great many Hymenoptera
were taken on the flowers of black mangrove, Avicennia nitida
Jacq., including four male Stictia vivida. We also discovered
two female vivida nesting on the beach at Boca Chica, several
miles south and east of Port Isabel. The nests were situated
in rolling but fairly hard-packed sand well back from, but facing,
the Gulf shore. The nests were of simple structure, with a
burrow 60-68 cm long leading to a cell about 2 X 5 cm in size.
Both nests contained fairly large larvae plus a few horseflies,
Tabanus texanus Hine [det. L. L. Pechumanj. The females
carried the flies in the usual manner of Bembicini and always
closed the nest upon leaving.
Thus Stictia vivida appears to be well established in extreme
southern Texas. I also collected the species on June 19, 1951,
at Tecolutla, Vera Cruz, Mexico. In this locality nine females
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 77
were taken in sand dunes immediately behind the beach. These
new records, along with Parker's record from coastal Tamau-
lipas, indicate that the species ranges along the Gulf shore for
at least 400 miles. I have collected Stictia at several inland
localities in Mexico, but have never taken vivid a away from
the sea beach.
Since the male has not previously been described, a few notes
on its recognition may be in order. In both Handlirsch's and
Parker's papers, the males key directly to dives (Handl.), a
common inland Mexican species. They bear a close resemblance
to dives, but differ in the following characters : labrum narrowly
bordered with black, but with little or no black medially ; yellow
on the scutellum narrowly interrupted medially ; penultimate
sternite with moderately dense, short, suberect setae and with
the specialized median elevation located at the extrem base and
not conspicuous. The male vivida closely resembles the female
in color pattern, differing chiefly in having less yellow on the
mesopleura, in having the apical abdominal tergite marked with
yellow, and in having the legs much more extensively marked
with yellow.
More About Membracidae at Lights
By S. W. FROST, Pennsylvania State University
In 1955 l the writer reported large numbers of Membracidae
taken at lights and noted that previously most entomologists
considered they were not strongly attracted to light. During
1956, a trap operated in Centre County, Pennsylvania, attracted
even larger numbers of these insects. This trap was equipped
with a 60-watt tungsten filament lamp and was placed in a
dense oak woodlot. Several nights during July unprecedented
numbers of Membracidae were caught. Collections on the
!Ent. News, 66(3) : 63-64, 1955.
78
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
[March, 1957
nights of July 1 and 6 were selected for analysis. The insects
were caught in a quart jar, containing kerosene, at the bottom
of the trap. The Membracidae were separated from the other
insects, dried and weighed. Immediately a sample was taken
and the species of treehoppers determined as follows.
Membracidae taken at one light trap July 1, 1956,
Centre County, Pa.
Species
Males
5-gram
Females
sample
Estimation for
total catch
54.5 grams
Cyrtolobus vau Say
424
4621.6
Cyrtolobus pallidifrontis Emns
2
1
32.7
Atymna querci Fitch
34
370.6
Ophiderma flavicephala Coding
115
1253.5
Smilia camelus Fab.
1
10.9
Total
575
2
6289.3
Membracidae taken at one light trap July 6, 1956,
Centre County, Pa.
Species
Males
2 -gram
Females
sample
Estimation for
total catch
20 grams
Cyrtolobus vau Say
395
3
3980
Cyrtolobus fenestratus Fitch
25
250
Atymna querci Fitch
18
1
190
Ophiderma flavicephala Coding
4
40
Total
442
4
4460
It is more evident than previously published that Membraci-
dae, especially those of the Genera Atymna, Cyrtolobus and
Ophiderma, are attracted in large numbers when lights are close
to the infestations. It is also evident that the males respond
more freely than the females.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 79
Notes and News in Entomology
Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will
be acknowledged when used.
Pacific Science Congress. The Ninth Pacific Science Con-
gress will be held at Bangkok, Thailand, 18 Nov. to 9 Dec.,
1957 (including post-sessional tours). Plans for the entomol-
ogy section include sessions on problems in Pacific entomology ;
zoogeography of Pacific insects ; fauna and ecology of Thailand
(with Zoology) ; use of insecticides, their merits and hazards,
and insects of medical importance (both with Public Health
section) ; biological control of insects and weeds; insect pests
of rice ; coconut pests ; ecology and control of the giant African
snail ; and quarantine. Also, participation in UNESCO sym-
posium on climate, vegetation and land utilization in the humid
tropics, and participation, with zoology and botany, in sympo-
sium on bibliographic problems in the Pacific. For the latter,
the undersigned would like to receive information regarding
bibliographies in preparation, or in existence, which include
Pacific insects or relate to Pacific entomology, or suggestions
for needs in this line.
It is hoped that as many entomologists as possible may try
to get to the Congress, and that papers on the above, or addi-
tional subjects, may be submitted. Correspondence may be
addressed to the undersigned, chairman of the Standing Com-
mittee on Pacific Entomology, at Bishop Museum, Honolulu 17.
-J. L. GRESSITT
Fire at the Budapest Museum. During the revolution in
Hungary in late 1956 part of the Hungarian National Museum
in Budapest was burned. According to Mrs. J. J. H. Szent-
Ivany who was working at the museum at the time, the Acarina,
Orthoptera, neuropteroid and Diptera (except acalyptrates) col-
lections were entirely destroyed (including a few thousand Dip-
tera types), and the very important Horvath collection of Het-
eroptera was partly destroyed, but the Coleoptera and Lepidop-
tera collections remained safe, with only slight damage. Mrs.
80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1957
Szent-Ivany escaped to Vienna with her daughter near the end
of the year, and both are joining Dr. Szent-Ivany in New
Guinea. J. L. GRESSITT
New Book on Tropical American Butterflies. The Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History is about to publish "BUTTER-
FLIES OF THE AMERICAN TROPICS The Genus Anaea (Lepi-
doptera Nymphalidae) a study of the species heretofore
included in the genera Anaea, Caoenophlebia, Hypna, Poly-
grapha, Protogonius, Sidcronc, and Zaretis" by William
Phillips Comstock.
From advance specimen pages sent out it is evident that this
will be a large and beautiful volume. The page size, trimmed,
is 9% x 13 inches, and there will be xvi + 276 pages and 30
full-page color plates. Dr. A. B. Klotz has spoken very highly
of the scientific value of this work and also points out that . . .
"because of its superb beauty of illustration and excellence of
design, [it] is destined to have the strongest appeal to biblio-
philes the world over, as well as to everyone genuinely inter-
ested in natural history. I am afraid that we in the United
States have lagged behind in the production of such books.
This one, happily combining great intrinsic scientific worth
with illustrative artistry of the highest calibre, will do much
to redeem us."
Because of the great costs of the 30 color plates it is necessary
for the American Museum to obtain in advance an indication
of the demand for such a book, as well as for a series of such
books on butterflies and on other groups that is under consid-
eration. The pre-publication price is $20.00 per copy. After
publication the price will be $25.00. Orders should be sent to:
The American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West
at 79th Street, New York 24, N. Y. If British sterling is more
convenient, send orders direct to the printer, W. S. Cowell,
Ltd., Butter Market, Ipswich, Suffolk, England.
Summer Grants at Oklahoma. The National Science Foun-
dation has provided funds for a number of grants-in-aid for
students and investigators during the summer session at the
University's Biological Station, Lake Texoma. Both post- and
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 81
pre-doctoral grants are available, from $200, $350, to $500 each.
Applications should be sent before April 10 to Carl D. Riggs,
Director, University of Oklahoma Biological Station, Norman,
Okla.
Reviews
Ross, HERBERT H. 1956. Evolution and Classification of the
Mountain Caddisflies. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
vi + 213 pp. Price: $6.00.
Though this volume treats, in detail, only the families Philo-
potamidae, Rhyacophilidae and Glossosomatidae, it is in reality
far broader in its scope than the title would indicate.
In the introduction Dr. Ross treats of such concepts as "liv-
ing fossils," "primitive, generalized and specialized" and "dis-
persal." These concepts, basic to any discussion of phylogeny,
are briefly and lucidly denned. This is followed by an excellent
discussion of the evolution and origin of the caddisflies as a
whole. The main part of the book consists of a detailed treat-
ment of each of the above mentioned families. For each family
the evolution and dispersal of the genera and species is given
followed by a systematic treatment of the family with keys to
genera and species.
The last major section is concerned with the dispersal in
geologic time of the above three families. This is a difficult
and, to a large extent, speculative subject involving as it does
the superimposition of the aforementioned evolutionary and dis-
persal data upon the geologic and ecologic history of the earth.
This task is very ably handled here and this section could serve
as a model for this type of study. The volume is well worth
reading by any student of systematics and evolution, regardless
of his particular field of study. SELWYN S. ROBACK.
SYSTEMATICS OF THE SUBORDER TUBULIFERA (THYSANOP-
TERA) IN CALIFORNIA. By H. Edwin Cott. University of
California Publications in Entomology, Vol. 13. (University
82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1957
of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.) 216 pp., 4 pis.
1956. Price: $3. 50.
This is the first analytical work of size on a thrips fauna to
appear in America since Hinds' monograph in 1902. Although
limited to California, which is relatively depauperate in repre-
sentatives of Tubulifera as compared to the eastern and tropical
regions of North America, Cott's work is of wide significance
because it summarizes the taxonomic criteria and methods com-
monly used in the study of the suborder. Furthermore, because
intergrading species between Haplothrips and Leptothrips and
between Liothrips and Rhynchothrips flourish in California,
Cott is able to bring meaningful attention to the problem of
delimiting these extensively distributed genera.
In all, Cott treats 29 genera and 60 species, of which 12 of
the species are new. His classification is a conservative one
following closely the system proposed in 1927 by Priesner.
Each genus is redefined and is discussed with particular refer-
ence to affinities and taxonomic status. The species are de-
scribed in detail and type localities, hosts, distribution, and
material studied are given. The keys appear to be workable.
Of general interest to entomologists is Cott's break with
tradition in referring to the immature stages of thrips as nymphs
and pseudopupae rather than as larvae and pupae. His argu-
ment for this nomenclature is that it is in keeping with the
nomenclature used for other insects having paurometabolous
development.
This careful study provides the specialist with much new
information on a heretofore little known fauna and, of equal
importance, it provides interested entomologists with the first
modern American guide to a portion of the Tubulifera. LEWIS
J. STANNARD, JR., Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana.
A TEXTBOOK OF ENTOMOLOGY by Herbert H. Ross. Second
edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, Chapman & Hall,
Ltd., London. 1956. Pp. xi + 519. Price: $7.50.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 83
The first edition of this textbook was reviewed in ENTOMO-
LOGICAL NEWS for May, 1949 (Vol. 60: 139). This second
edition maintains all the virtues described in that review, and
we may affirm in 1957 that this is still the only American text-
book that will provide the student with an introduction to the
science of entomology as it exists to-day. Covering, as it does,
so wide a field in only 500-odd pages, it necessarily concerns
itself with fundamentals to the exclusion of minor detail. Each
chapter, whether it deals with the history of the subject, ex-
ternal or internal anatomy, physiology, life cycles, the orders
of insects, geological history, ecology, or control, is very skill-
fully written so as to present the basic facts concisely, and in
simple language. In spite of treating the subject from such
a broad standpoint, the study of the insect orders is by no means
slighted. Under each order there are keys to the principal fami-
lies with line drawings illustrating all the characters used in
these keys, and there are the customary habitus pictures of rep-
resentative forms, and descriptive text.
The entire book has been re-set in a different style of type
and with more pleasing headings. A great improvement in
general appearance has also resulted from re-drawing and mak-
ing new engravings of most of the numerous anatomical illus-
trations. The convenience of having each anatomical part
labelled directly with its name instead of with a symbol will
also be appreciated. R. G. SCHMIEDER.
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
APRIL 1957
Vol. LXVIII No. 4
CONTENTS
Alexander James Speed Rogers, 1891-1955 85
Woolley Redescription of Ewing's Oribatid mites, I 89
Nomenclature notice 96
Bradley A new species of Brazilian Campsomeris 97
Reinhard New American muscoid Diptera 99
A new film Ill
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
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ILLUSTRATIONS. Authors will be charged as follows: For text-
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JAMES SPEED ROGERS
1891-1955
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOL. LXVIII APRIL, 1957 No. 4
James Speed Rogers, 1891-1955
With the passing of Doctor James Speed Rogers, at the rela-
tively early age of 63, the world has lost the leading student of
the biology and ecology of the Tipulidae, largest family in the
order Diptera (over 11,000 species). Dr. Roger's longtime
associate, Dr. Theodore H. Hubbell, present Director of the
Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan, has pre-
pared a detailed account of his life and work. 1 In the brief
space available I am able to note only a few points of general
and personal interest in the career of this outstanding worker
and dear personal friend.
Dr. Rogers, affectionately known to his close friends by his
middle name of "Speed," was born in Dayton, Indiana, Novem-
ber 4, 1891, son of the Reverend Mr. Henry Martyn Rogers
and Alma Goodloe (Smith) Rogers. He died suddenly and
unexpectedly of a heart ailment at Ann Arbor, Michigan, on
May 17, 1955. Following his high school days, he briefly
attended Hanover College, Hanover, Indiana, later going to the
University of Michigan from whence he received successively
the degrees of A.B. (1915), A.M. (1916), and Ph.D. (1930).
From 1919 to 1922 he was on the staff of Grinnell College,
Grinnell, Iowa, which he left to become Professor of Biology at
the University of Florida, from 1922 to 1946. In 1946 he was
called to his Alma Mater to become Professor of Zoology and
Director of the Museum of Zoology, a position that he held to
the moment of his decease. On April 18, 1918, he was married
to Miss Irene Russell, whom he had known in his college days,
1 HUBBELL, THEODORE H., James Speed Rogers, 1891-1955. Report of
the Director, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 1954-1955,
pp. 8-19, portrait; 1956.
(85)
APR
86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1957
and who survives him, together with his two children, Dr.
James Speed Rogers and Mrs. Irene Russell Howard. At the
time of his passing he was a member of several of the leading
entomological societies.
Although his studies on the biology of crane-flies occupied
virtually all of his research time, he prepared, with Drs. Hubbell
and Byers, one of the outstanding university texts, "Man and
the Biological World." 2 His published papers on the Tipulidae,
18 in number, have been listed in the Bibliography prepared by
Dr. Hubbell. To this record one further article that had been
omitted inadvertently, should be added. 3 While all of the
papers that he wrote on the biology and ecology of the Tipulidae
are important, three are so outstanding that they must always
rank as models in their treatment of the subjects. 4
At the time of his passing, Dr. Rogers had some further
papers in various stages of preparation, one of which (on
Lipsothrix sylvia} was completed by his student, Dr. George
W. Byers. Others are sufficiently advanced that they may be
reviewed and eventually published. However, as is so often the
case with outstanding workers who are overwhelmed with other
duties, the great mass of his observations remains unpublished,
and very many, perhaps the great majority, of his numerous
observations passed with him. There remain, however, care-
fully prepared field notes, voluminous records, and an unparal-
leled collection of the immature stages in the family, which will
provide the basis for future work on the subject.
2 ROGERS, J. S., with T. H. HUBBELL and C. F. BYERS. Man and the
Biological World. Ed. 1, pp. x-607, 180 figs.; 1942. Revised Ed. 2:
xiv-690, 375 figs.; 1952. McGraw Publishing Co. A Spanish trans-
lation by R. Muratorio was published in Buenos Aires in 1946.
3 ROGERS, J. S. Descriptions of the immature stages of some New
Zealand crane-flies: Part 1. Trans. New Zealand Inst. 58: 301-309,
14 figs.; 1927.
4 ROGERS, J. S. The summer crane-fly fauna of the Cumberland plateau
in Tennessee. Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan 215: 1-60,
5 pis. ; 1930. The ecological distribution of the crane-flies of northern
Florida. Ecol. Mon. 3, No. 1 : 1-74. 25 figs. ; 1933. The crane-flies
(Tipulidae) of the George Reserve, Michican. Misc. Publ., Univ. Michi-
gan 53: 1-128, 8 pis., 1 map; 1942.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 87
Additional to his great work on the immature stages of crane-
flies, Dr. Rogers later in his career became intensely interested
in problems of subspeciation, clinal distribution, and comparable
aspects, and in his attempts to solve some of the problems that
are found here, built up a vast collection of the adult flies in this
group. He once told me that he wished he could secure 10,000
specimens of every species. Dr. Hubbell estimates that the col-
lection may include 100,000 pinned specimens of the adult flies,
with between 400,000 and 1,000,000 still in papers, accompanied
by more than 7,000 microscope slides showing the critical struc-
tures needed in classification, particularly the wings and male
genitalia. The vast bulk of this unparalleled collection is from
the United States and Canada and many, if not the greatest
proportion thereof, were collected by him while on his various
field excursions. A fuller account of this outstanding work is
included in Dr. Hubbell's paper.
Very early in our careers, Speed and I were attracted to one
another through our mutual interest in the crane-flies, and it
was soon decided that he would devote his principal energies
to the biology and ecology, while I hoped to give more and more
of my time to a taxonomic study of the group. To further this
arrangement, I at once turned over to Speed my extensive col-
lections of the immature stages of crane-flies that had formed the
basis of my report "The crane-flies of New York, II, Biology
and Phylogeny." Even at that early period, Speed once wrote
that "he hoped that some day the two of us might perhaps live
sufficiently long to make this group the best known of all the
families of the Diptera."
Because of our wide geographical separation, we had very
few opportunities to meet or to enjoy joint field trips. Two
outstanding meetings may be mentioned. In June 1921 we
enjoyed a two- weeks' collecting trip across southern Indiana,
beginning at Hanover, the family home, continuing westward
across the southern counties to New Harmony on the Wabash
River. This trip was rich with happy experiences for both of
us. It was at New Harmony that we had the good fortune to
locate many hitherto unknown data concerning Thomas Say,
88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1957
which were later used by Weiss and Ziegler in their classic
account of the subject. 5 In July 1928, prior to the meetings of
the Fourth International Congress of Entomology at Ithaca,
N. Y., the late Dr. Fred W. Edwards of London, England, with
Mrs. Edwards, visited us at Amherst for one week, and Speed
came from Gainesville, Florida, for the occasion. Most enjoy-
able and profitable field excursions during the days, and happy
evenings spent around a table pinning and papering the col-
lected materials, provided all of us with unforgettable memories.
During that time a vast range of subjects relating to the Tipu-
lidae came under review, adding to a better understanding and
appreciation for all of us.
Speed Rogers developed various students of crane-fly biology
and ecology, both at Florida and later at Michigan. The more
outstanding of such students include Drs. R. E. Bellamy, George
W. Byers, Dennis Hynes, and Benjamin Foote. It is expected
and believed that these students will carry the Roger's tradition,
as it concerns the Tipulidae, far into the future. To persons
such as myself, who have been privileged to a long association
with Speed Rogers, a simple expression of appreciation and
thanks seems quite inadequate. It is certain that the lives of
all of us were vastly enriched by this association and by the
priceless friendship of a great and kindly man.
The accompanying portrait of Dr. Rogers was taken by Dr.
George W. Byers, in the Museum of Zoology at Ann Arbor,
within a few days of his death.
CHARLES P. ALEXANDER
5 WEISS, HARRY B. and GRACE M. ZIEGLER. Thomas Say, early Ameri-
can Naturalist, pp. xiv-260, 27 illustrations; 1931. (Reference, p. 231.)
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 89
Redescriptions of Ewing's Oribatid Mites, I Fam-
ilies Zetorchestidae, Hermanniellidae (Acarina:
Oribatei) *
By TYLER A. WOOLLEY, Department of Zoology, Colorado
A. & M. College, Fort Collins, Colorado
Two summers ago the writer received a series of pencil draw-
ings of Ewing's type oribatids from Dr. E. W. Baker, Curator
of Acarina at the U. S. National Museum. Dr. Baker sug-
gested that the recipient finish the drawings and redescribe the
mites for publication. Following this suggestion the redescrip-
tions were begun.
Originally the author planned to incorporate these drawings
and redescriptions in reviews or revisions of the various families
involved. This was done in a few minor instances. Subse-
quently, however, the writer became convinced that such delay
would defer the publication of these drawings for too long a
time ; that early publication of the redescriptions and drawings
would be an asset to anyone whose research might require exact
knowledge of Ewing's species.
The writer, therefore, proposes to submit a series of articles
on Ewing's type oribatids for publication. The redescriptions
and discussions of these forms will be presented in a somewhat
cursory fashion, without attempts to do much more than iden-
tify and illustrate the mites. It may be possible later to incor-
porate these data into more effective arrangements, such as
reviews or revisions of families or genera.
The author has attempted to utilize the same general sequence
of description as employed by Ewing. Some statements of the
latter are incorporated in the redescriptions in more modern
terms by the use of current acarological terminology. Discrep-
ancies or minor variations in the descriptions are indicated by
parenthetical means.
It should be noted that while the current article is first in
the numerical designation of the series, several redescriptions
1 Research supported by a grant-in-aid from the National Science
Foundation.
90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1957
preceded this writing (Woolley & Higgins, 1955; Woolley,
1955; Woolley, 1956).
The writer expresses his sincere appreciation to Dr. E. W.
Baker for the drawings of Ewing's type oribatids, recognition
of which is made by initials on the finished plates.
FAMILY ZETORCHESTIDAE MICHAEL, 1898
According to Baker and Wharton (1952) the principal char-
acteristic of the family Zetorchestidae is the pronounced devel-
opment of the fourth pair of legs, which enables these mites to
jump. Grandjean (1951) cites this feature and other details
in his descriptions of the family and its genera Zctorchestes,
Saxicolestes, Diorchestes, Belorchestes and Litholcstes.
The two species known by Ewing were Zctorchestes micro-
nychus Berlese, 1888 and Zetorchestes equestris Berlese, 1908.
Ewing (1909b) cites the collection of a specimen of the former
species by C. R. Crosby at Columbia, Missouri, but no date is
indicated. Dr. Baker's drawing is of the latter species, which
was collected by C. R. Crosby in trash at Columbia, Missouri.
Its description follows.
Zetorchestes equestris Berlese, 1908. (Figs. 1, 2)
Color black ; rostrum blunt ; rostral hairs stout, simple, curved
at tips, inserted in short peduncles. Lamellae roughened plates
at sides of propodosoma, divided by a suture mid-way between
insertion of lamellar hair and base of pseudostigmata. Lamellar
hairs long, simple, incurved, extended beyond anterior tip of
rostrum, twice as long as rostral hairs, narrower. Surface of
propodosoma with small knobs. Interlamellar hairs fine, de-
curved, inserted half their lengths from medial edges of lamellae
at level of pseudostigmata, about four times their lengths apart.
A glandular area posterior and medial to insertions of inter-
lamellar hairs. Pseudostigmata large, cup-like, contiguous with
posterior width of lamellae. Pseudostigmatic organ clavate,
about twice as long as interlamellar hairs, setose at tips.
Hysterosoma almost circular in outline (specimen broken on
right side), with a prominent posterior tubercle. Seven pairs
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
91
of prominent, simple bristles on dorsum (Fig. 1). Two pairs of
glandular fissures, one pair antero-laterad of c:2 bristles (an-
tero-lateral corner) ; second pair posterior and laterad of large
tubercle at distal end of hysterosoma.
FIG. 1. Zetorchestcs equestris Berlese, 1908, from the dorsal aspect.
Specimen broken on right side by pressure of coverslip.
FIG. 2. Zctorchestes equestris Berlese, 1908, from the ventral aspect.
Venter with a prominent camerostome ; chelicerae stout.
Pedunculate insertions of lamellar hairs visible antero-laterad
of camerostome.
Surface of ventral plate covered with small knobs. Genital
opening nearly circular, close to anal opening and about three-
fourths as long as latter. Anal opening broadly triangular ; anal
plates agape in specimen due to pressure of coverslip. A single
pair of adanal setae posterior to anal opening.
Apodemata I curved posteriorly adjacent to camerostome at
level of base of chelicerae. Tibia of leg I an expanded triangle,
with long tactile bristle (Fig. 2). Tarsi of leg I ending in a
single claw, setal arrangement incompletely shown in Fig. 2.
Apodemata II and III extended mediad, parallel and close to
each other; insertions of legs II and III close together. Distal
92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1957
parts of legs II and III incompletely illustrated in original draw-
ings. Insertions of legs IV at level of middle of genital aper-
ture. Leg IV modified for jumping; coxa with triangular cap;
trochanter greatly curved ; genu short, between stout femur and
distally expanded tibia ; tarsus attenuated, ending in a single
claw.
Length 400 /*, width 300 ^.
DISCUSSION. Ewing (1909) indicates both Zetorchestes mi-
cronychus and Z. equestris as having been collected in trash by
C. R. Crosby at Columbia, Missouri. Berlese's original descrip-
tion of Z. equestris (1908) is rather terse and without an ac-
companying figure. He cites the location as Columbia, which
Grandjean (1951) indicates to be in Canada.
FAMILY HERMANNIELLIDAE GRANDJEAN, 1934
The distinctive characteristic of this family is a projected
lateral peduncle on each side of the opisthosoma. This peduncle
constitutes the opening of an oil gland duct.
Four varieties of the genus Hermanniella Berlese, 1908, are
listed by Ewing (1918), two of which are redescribed below as
separate species.
Hermanniella robusta Ewing, 1918. (Figs. 3, 4)
Rostrum depressed, rostral hairs not visible. Dorsum of
propodosoma with two prominent humps on anterior face, sur-
face pitted ; an elevated shelf anterior to pseudostigmata ; a
median trough near hysterosoma, between pseudostigmata. In-
terlamellar hairs erect, barbed, inserted between pseudostigmata
on each side of median trough. Pseudostigmata prominent cups
(Figs. 3, 3 A) ; pseudostigmatic organs erect, with barbed tips.
Hysterosoma oval in outline (specimen slightly tilted), with
pitted surface ; with nine pairs of stout, erect hairs, all hairs of
equal size. Glandular tubercle as in Fig. 3.
Chelicerae stout, beneath propodosomal prominences (as seen
in tilted specimen). Apodemata broad plates in anterior part
of venter, apparently flattened. Setal insertions as shown in
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 93
Fig. 4. Genital aperture nearly circular, genital plates oval,
with four pairs of setal insertions visible; g:2 remote from
medial margin of plates, other insertions approximating medial
margin of plates. Anal aperture separated slightly from genital
opening, broadly oval; anal plates somewhat triangular, with
two pairs of simple setae near median margin of plates. Two
adanal setal insertions laterad of anal aperture.
Insertions of legs I and II in conical sheaths ; coxae of legs
III and IV expanded distal to insertions.
Length 800 /x, hysterosoma 642 /A; width (tilted position)
470 ^
H. E. Ewing collected a single specimen from Mary's Peak,
Oregon.
Hermanniella occidentalis Ewing, 1918. (Figs. 5, 6)
Propodosoma broadly triangular, dorsum pitted. Rostrum
bluntly pointed, rostral hairs short, incurved. Lamellar hairs
erect, stiff, directed forward, inserted half their lengths from
and almost directly behind rostral hairs. Posterior part of
propodosoma elevated and rounded between pseudostigmata.
Interlamellar hairs nearly twice as long as lamellar hairs, erect,
slightly outcurved, inserted laterad of rounded summit of propo-
dosoma, closer to pseudostigmata than to median line. Pseudo-
stigmata depressed cups, rims of cups continuous with surface
of propodosoma. Pseudostigmatic organ clavate, setose at tip,
with darkened center (Fig. 5A).
Hysterosoma broadly oval, dorsum pitted, with nine pairs of
strong, erect setae ; median posterior pair of dorsal setae heavier
than others. Lateral oil gland ducts pedunculate, extended from
lateral surface between legs III and IV, about mid- way between
anterior and posterior margins (Fig. 5).
Camerostome triangular, two setae posterior to chelicerae.
Apodemata and setal insertions as shown in Fig. 6. Genital
opening nearly circular, slightly oval ; aperture medial, between
legs IV ; genital plates with straight medial margins, rounded
lateral edges, each plate with five setal insertions along medial
margin, subequally spaced. Anal opening about twice as large
94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1957
as genital aperture ; anal plates with straight medial margins,
rounded lateral sides ; each plate with two long setae inserted
remote from medial margin. Three pairs of adanal setae, two
pairs near antero-lateral margin of anal aperture (Fig. 6) ; a
pair adjacent to posterior margin of anal aperture.
Legs I and II with triangular coxae; coxae of legs III and
IV expanded; setation of legs as in Fig. 5.
Length 666 p, hysterosoma 500 ^ ; width 400 p. at tubercles.
Dr. Ewing collected two specimens under a rotting log on
the top of Mary's Peak, Oregon.
DISCUSSION. The original description of Hcrmanniella punc-
tiilata Berlese, 1908, consists of five words that describe the
minute pits in the dorsal integument. The description is fol-
lowed by the measurements (540/x long, 380^ wide) and a
statement that the species is smaller than H. granulata (650 ^
long, 450 /A wide). Van der Hammen (1952) points out that
the sculpturing of the hysterosoma varies and that some of
Berlese's measurements are contradictory.
Ewing (1918) indicates that H. punctulata var. robusta dif-
fers from Berlese's type in size, but his variety also shows other
differences than those indicated for the European species. The
writer is convinced that both of the varieties which Ewing de-
scribes are separate species. H. robusta Ewing, 1918, differs
from H. punctulata Berlese, 1908, in the prominent knobs and
dorsal median trough on the propodosoma (Fig. 3). There is
an additional distinction in the integumental reticulations, which
vary in both European and American species.
Hcrmanniella accident alis Ewing, 1918, is considered a sepa-
rate species because of the rounded, relatively inornate propodo-
soma, which lacks knobs and a median groove ; the sunken
FIG. 3. Hermanniella robusta Ewing, 1918, from the dorso-lateral as-
pect. A. pseudostigmata and pseudostigmatic organ (after Ewing 1918).
FIG. 4. Hermanniella robusta Ewing, 1918, from ventro-lateral aspect.
Legs partially shown.
FIG. 5. Hermanniella occidental Ewing, 1918, from the dorsal aspect,
showing legs. A. pseudostigmatic organ (after Ewing, 1918) ; B. en-
larged drawing of depressions of hysterosomal integument.
FIG. 6. Hermanniella occidcntalis Ewing, 1918, from the ventral aspect,
most of legs omitted.
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
95
96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1957
pseudostigmata, differences in pseudostigmatic organs ; the pos-
terior pair of stout hysterosomal bristles ; and the difference in
setation of the genital covers.
Possibly Hermanniella subnigra (Ewing), 1909, should be
considered as a separate species inasmuch as Ewing's descrip-
tions and illustrations indicate it is in this genus instead of
Hermannia (Nic.). The writer does not have a drawing or
specimen of this species for comparison, however, and therefore
defers exact placement.
LITERATURE CITED
BAKER, E. W. and G. W. WHARTON. 1952. An Introduction to Acarol-
ogy. Macmillan Co., N. Y.
BERLESE, A. 1908. Redia V: 1-15.
EWING, H. E. 1909a. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 17(3) : 116-136.
-. 1909b. Ent. News 20 : 373-376.
-. 1918. Ent. News 29(3) : 81-90.
GRANDJEAN, F. 1951. Mem. Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Nat. 4(1) : 1-50.
VAN DER HAMMEN, L. 1952. Zool. Verhandl. No. 17, 139 pp.
WOOLLEY, T. A. and H. G. HIGGINS. 1955. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci.
10(4) : 45-60.
WOOLLEY, T. A. 1955. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 57(5) : 219-222.
. 1956. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 58(5) : 287-291.
Nomenclature Notice
All comments relating to the following should be marked with
the Commission's File Number, and sent to Francis Hemming,
28 Park Village East, Regent's Park, London N.W.I, England.
Bithys and Chrysophanus Hiibner, 1818 (generic names of
neotropical Theclids), svippression of (Order Lepidoptera)
(File No.: Z.N. (S.) 802).
Cephalomutilla Andre, (1908), designation of type species
for, in harmony with accustomed usage (Order Hymen-
optera) (File No.: Z.N. (S.) 902).
For details see: Bull. Zool. Nomencl. Vol. 13, Part 1.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 97
A New Brazilean Species of Campsomeris
(Hymenoptera: Scoliidae)
By J. CHESTER BRADLEY
Campsomeris tenebrica, n. sp.
$. Color entirely black, including all vestiture, except whitish
puberulence on sides of scutellum and of metanotum, and on the
propodeum. Wings black with strong violaceous reflection.
Clypeus convex, wrinkled, its basal margin and depressed
sides coarsely punctate and bristly; a narrow impunctate strip
below each antenna; area frontalis and spatium frontale not
separated, the former with a small median smooth tubercle, the
latter with a larger median tubercle, densely punctate and
bristly, the bristles extending into the sinus ocularis but not to
its apex; lamina frontalis prominent; fissura frontalis distinct;
front polished with a few small punctures; ocellar furrow dis-
tinct, curved, a weakly indicated furrow extending caudad from
behind each of its ends. Vertex, including occipital surface,
impunctate and polished, except for a group of fine punctures
at corners of the eyes ; temples polished, impunctate, except for
a line of small punctures bordering the eyes; upper surface of
scape punctate.
Dorsal surface of pronotum and the scapulae finely and densely
punctate, scapulae becoming much more coarsely and less densely
punctate posteriorly ; mesonotum impunctate and polished, ex-
cept for small, sparse punctures on the parapsides and a strip
within the parapsidal furrows ; median anterior groove distinct ;
scutellum and metanotum impunctate, polished, the lateral pieces
finely punctate and puberulent ; mesopleura with a distinct ridge
which is strongly punctate on its anterior slope, and the lower
part of the lower plate on its posterior slope, its upper plate
punctate and hairy except on the lower border, the tubercle
pronounced. Metapleura impunctate, polished, but with a little
appressed pubescence.
Area horizontalis medialis broad and very short, with neither
carina nor tubercle at apex, entirely impunctate and polished;
98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1957
areae horizontales laterales each with a transverse strip of small
punctures and apical puberulence ; area posterioris impunctate,
smooth, but with some whitish puberulence ; areae laterales
punctate along their upper and posterior borders.
Terga polished; sternum 3(2) rounded at base; lateral teeth
of hypopygium small but distinct.
Longer hind tibial spur spatulate, its proportion to the length
of the metatarsus as 8:11.
Length 29 mm., of forewing 23 mm.
Types. BRAZIL: Espiritu Santo, 2 55 (Friihstorfer holo-
type, Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard Univ. and paratype 1, Cornell
Univ.) ; Bahia, 1 5 (Friihstorfer paratype 2, Mus. Comp.
Zoology, Harvard Univ.) ; Para, 1 $ (C. F. Baker paratype 3,
Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard Univ.), 1 5, 6, 11 '99 (A. Ducke
paratype 4, Cornell Univ.) ; Minas geraes, 1 5> 1897 (Friih-
storfer paratype 5, Hungarian Nat. Mus.) ; Rio Grande, 1 5
(paratype 6 Brit. Mus.) ; "Brazil," 1 5 (Friihstorfer para-
type 7, Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard Univ.).
The holotype and paratype one are entirely black.
Paratypes 5 and 7 have a minute yellow fleck in the center of
the metanotum.
Paratype 2 has a larger fleck in the same location.
Paratype 4 has a transverse yellow spot in the center of the
metanotum and a minute fleck on the scutellum.
Paratype 6 has a similar spot on the metanotum, and a trans-
verse, interrupted spot, very small, on the scutellum.
Paratype 3 has a transverse yellow spot on the pronotum,
and a round yellow spot on the scutellum.
This is a rare species.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 99
New American Muscoid Diptera * (Sarcophagidae,
Tachinidae)
By H. J. REINHARD, College Station, Texas
The new forms herein described were received for study from
several sources as mentioned below and also include some mate-
rial from my collection. Types of new species based upon the
latter are retained and the remainder are returned to the Snow
Collection, University of Kansas and to the U. S. National
Museum.
Phytodes inconismus, n. sp.
Similar to P. hirculus (genotype) but readily distinguished
by the shining black pollenless abdomen and the wholly black
antennae.
Male. Head thinly grayish to brown pollinose on black
background ; broad cheek groove red, this color extending up-
wards on inner part of parafacial to base of antennae; front
strongly produced forward in profile and at vertex 0.38 of head
width; frontal bristles stopping at antennal base; ocellars pro-
clinate; verticals and orbitals two pairs; antennae unusually
small, about one-fourth as long as face, apical segments sub-
equal ; arista short, micro pubescent ; subbulbous near base ;
parafacial with a row of bristles extending obliquely downward
from inner upper extremity to near lower level of eye and with
scattered black hairs outside of latter ; cheek equal or exceeding
eye height ; narrow epistoma produced downward and receding ;
proboscis short; palpus blackish, short and stoutish.
Thorax and scutellum black, notum with thin subopaque
greenish gray pollen, vittae not denned ; three post dorsocentral
and three sternopleural bristles; prescutellars differentiated;
postnotal slope bare ; scutellum with three lateral and a small
or hairlike apical pair, discals barely differentiated. Wing with
a light uniform tawny tinge ; first vein bare third setulose almost
to small cross vein ; first posterior cell closed, petiole reaching
1 Contribution No. 2590, from the Department of Entomology, Texas
Agricultural Experiment Station.
100 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1957
costa a little before wing tip and a trifle shorter than last section
of fourth vein ; hind cross vein about midway, last section of
fifth vein less than one-half length of preceding section; costal
spine long ; calypters rather small and narrow. Legs black,
weakly bristled ; claws and pulvilli shorter than apical segment.
Abdomen long ovate, hairs on upper surface appressed; one
or two median marginal bristles on second segment and a mar-
ginal row on each of last two ; sternites exposed ; hypopygium
black, retracted, forceps thin and slightly bowed in profile, rather
broad at base, tapered distally with prongs separated on apical
fourth; lobes of fifth sternite small and retracted.
Female. Head and thorax more densely pollinose, palpus
usually paler, last three abdominal segments often subpollinose
on basal margin ; otherwise as in male.
Length, 5.5-7 mm.
Holotype male and allotype female, del Maiz, San Luis
Potosi, MEX., 4700 ft., Aug. 22-23, 1954, Univ. Kans. Mex.
Expedition in the Snow Collection, LIniv. of Kansas ; Paratypes,
6 males and 4 females, same data as type and 2 males, "Valles,
Mex., Aug. 9, 1930."
BAROMYIA n. gen.
A minute fly with cephalic characters approaching those of
Procatharosia and wing venation similar to Gynmopliania but
differing from both in having a longer, more slender, subtubular
abdomen.
Female head wider than high, frontal profile equal to facial,
antennal axis at or slightly above eye middle and barely longer
than vibrissal which is close to ventral margin of head ; clypeus
deeply depressed widened downward, short epistoma full width
and gently bowed forward from clypeal plane ; faciale almost
vertical with one or two bristly hairs on lower extremity ;
vibrissae long, decussate, on oral margin ; frontals short, rather
weak, in a single row extending two bristles beneath antennal
base ; two proclinate and one reclinate orbital and two vertical
pairs ; proclinate ocellars small but distinct ; antenna reaching
nearly to epistoma, third segment widened from base to broadly
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 101
rounded apex and hardly one-half longer than second, first seg-
ment very short ; arista a little longer than antenna, thickened
near base thence slender and micro pubescent to tip, basal seg-
ments short; bare parafacial narrow above middle becoming
linear below ; eye bare, not quite reaching vibrissal level ; pro-
boscis short, labella fleshy ; palpus rather short, spatulate ; cheek
about one-sixth eye height. Thoracic chaetotaxy poorly devel-
oped, only the middle supraalar, hindmost postalar and the
single lateral scutellar approach macrochaetal size ; prescutellars
and outer presutural differentiated; dorsocentral 2, 3 (barely
larger than surrounding hairs) ; humeral 3-A; sternopleural 2;
hypopleural row distinct, pteropleural absent; postscutellum
very prominent ; propleuron bare ; postnotal slope setose along
attached edge of calypter. Legs stoutish, weakly bristled; fore
tarsus longer than corresponding tibia; claws and pulvilli
shorter than apical tarsal segment. Wing extending about to
tip of abdomen ; third vein with two minute hairs near base ;
fourth vein only slightly curved beyond middle or without a
defined cubitulus and reaching costa a trifle beyond extreme
wing tip leaving first posterior cell open ; costa broken near
apex of subcostal vein, spine absent ; calypters well developed.
Abdomen widest on basal third thence tapering to a narrow
truncate tip; anal segment much shorter than preceding ones
and all segments destitute of macrochaetae ; sternites covered.
Genotype. Baromyia mitis, n. sp.
Baromyia mitis, n. sp.
Female. Front uniformly broad from antennal base to ver-
tex, latter 0.37 of head width; frontalia red, widened before
ocelli and extending on either side of triangle to vertex; para-
frontal gray to subplumbeous, with only a few minute hairs
anteriorly which extend to or beneath lowermost frontal, antenna
reddish to arista thence black to apex ; arista reddish on thick-
ened base, black beyond ; parafacial and cheek gray pollinose,
latter sparsely black setose; palpus brownish to almost black.
Thorax brownish in ground color, notum lightly dusted with
opaque gray pollen, not vittate, pleura subshining; scutellum
concolorous with notum; halteres pale yellow, rather short and
102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1957
strongly enlarged at tip. Legs black, femora moderately thick-
ened ; tarsi beset above with a vestiture of suberect short black
hairs, basal segment short. Wing clear with a slight yellowish
tinge apparent anteriorly ; veins yellow including costa which
bears somewhat longer and denser spinules before break tlian
beyond ; calypters more or less infuscated with margin and
sometimes middle area of both lobes a little paler.
Abdomen brownish black in ground color with narrow hind
edge of last three segments pallid and upper surface of each (in
well preserved specimens) showing thin gray pollen at sides
and forming a pollinose median vitta when viewed in a flat
rare angle ; anal cerci forceps like ; genitalia retracted.
Length, 1.75-2 mm.
Holotype female, Kerrville, TEXAS, June 16, 1953 (L. J.
Bottimer) in the U. S. National Museum. Paratypes, 3 females,
same data as type.
Parepalpus labeosus, n. sp.
Much darker in general aspect than P. flavidits Coq. (ger
type), from which it differs further in having a red abdomen,
marked with a distinct but interrupted black median vitta;
wings and calypters distinctly infuscated, etc.
Male. Head densely yellow pollinose, parafrontal darker,
clothed with longish black hairs outside and inside main frontal
row, which is doubled anteriorly with about three bristles be-
neath antennal base ; vertex 0.32 of head width ; verticals two
pairs, inner decussate ; ocellars absent ; frontalia red, narrower
than parafrontal ; antenna yellow to base of third segment,
latter black about one-third longer than second and strongly
convex on front edge ; arista black, thickened on basal two-
fifths, middle segment moderately elongated ; parafacial fully
one-half clypeal width, sparsely clothed with intermixed pale
and black hairs ; faciale flattened with three or four bristles
next to vibrissae ; latter well above the nasutely produced epi-
stoma ; cheek slightly over three-fifths eye height, beset with
long pale hairs ; proboscis a little over head height ; palpus
papilliform, bearing several black setae of unequal length ; eye
bare ; back of head clothed with pale yellowish pile.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 103
Thorax black with moderately dense greenish gray pollen,
mesonotum marked with four narrow dark vittae, outer one
interrupted at suture and stopping well before base of scutellum ;
latter wholly reddish and lightly sprinkled with white pollen.
Oaetotaxy: acrostichal 3, 3; dorsocentral 3, 3; intraalar 3;
supraalar 3 ; presutural 2 ; posthumeral 2 ; humeral 46 ; post-
alar 3 ; sternopleural 3 ; pteropleural 2 (as large as sterno-
pleural) ; scutellum with 2 lateral, 1 decussate apical, 1 pre-
apical and 6-8 discal pairs, besides numerous erect bristly hairs
on basal half ; prosternum and postnotal slope bare ; propleuron
black setose. Legs yellow, rather long and slender, well bris-
tled ; yellow black-tipped claws subequal to length of last tarsal
segment. Wing uniformly fuscous throughout ; first posterior
cell open well before wing tip; hind cross vein oblique, joining
fourth much nearer to cubitulus than small cross vein ; costal
spine vestigial ; epaulet red, subepaulet pale yellowish ; calypter
reddish brown.
Abdomen short ovate, wider than thorax and practically
^ollenless on upper surface which bears a vestiture of erect fine
black hairs ; one pair of median marginals and discals on second
segment, a complete marginal row and one pair of discals on
third ; anal segment with several irregular rows of discal on
apical half above besides a row of weaker marginals ; hypo-
pygium small and retracted ; forceps broader than long, fused
nearly to tips which are separated by a small V-shaped excision,
hind surface convex and beset with longish wavy black hairs;
accessory process yellowish on broad basal part, much narrowed
or fingerlike distally ; fifth sternite black, lobes hardly divergent
along median excision, clothed with fine black hairs ; sternites
two to four well exposed beset with black hairs and bristles.
Female. Similar to male except for sexual differences ; geni-
talia retracted within anal orifice, terminating in a fleshy or soft-
textured bunt tip.
Length, 9.5-10 mm.
Holotype male, Cuernavaca, MEX., 3-22-34 (S. E. Jones).
Allotype female, "West Slope Cortez Pass, Mex., 9000', 7-13-
54, Univ. Kans. Mex. Expedition." Paralyses, 2 males and 1
female, same data as allotype, two collected by R. R. Dreisbach
104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1957
and 1 male, "Cuernavaca, Mor. Mex., 7100', 7-15-54, Univ.
Kans. Mex. Expedition."
Plagiomima euethes, n. sp.
Pollen on abdomen disposed in evident crossbands as in alter-
nata Aid., from which it differs most obviously in the conforma-
tion of the genital forceps.
Male. Front at vertex 0.45 of head width and only slightly
wider at antennal base ; head pollen subsilvery with a yellowish
or slightly golden cast on parafrontal ; latter with scattered black
setae which continue downward on parafacial ; vibrissae on oral
margin with only three or four hairs on ridge next above ; two
pairs of large verticals, proclinate orbitals and preverticals ;
ocellars divaricate, proclinate; two frontal bristles beneath an-
tennal base ; cheek bare about one-third eye height ; proximal
antennal segments red, third wholly black, stout, a trifle over
twice length of second ; arista bare, short, thickened nearly to
tip, second segment about twice longer than wide ; haustellum
slender, nearly two-thirds head height, labella small ; palpus
yellow, slender to tip ; occiput cinereous, rather thinly clothed
with short pale hairs.
Thorax and scutellum black gray pollinose, notum marked
with four vittae before suture and five behind. Chaetotaxy:
acrostichal 3, 3 ; dorsocentral 3, 3 ; intraalar 3 ; supraalar 3 ;
precutural 2; postalar 3 (intermediate one very stout) ; sterno-
pleural 3; pteropleural vestigial; scutellum with 3 lateral (hind-
most weak and middle one reaching to base of third abdominal
segment), 1 preapical and 1 much larger decussate apical be-
sides 1 discal pair behind middle with erect bristly hairs in
front of latter ; prosternum, propleuron and postnotal slope bare.
Legs black, mid tibia with a row of unequal-sized bristles on
outer front side ; front tibia with two median posterolateral
bristles ; claws and pulvilli short. Wing gray hyaline ; first,
third and fifth veins setose ; hind cross vein oblique and strongly
retracted with last section of fifth vein subequal to preceding;
cubitulus with a long stump plus fold ; costal spine vestigial ;
calypters opaque white.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 105
Abdomen with gray pollen on last three segments in broad
basal bands leaving apical third or more of each shining black;
one pair of median marginals on second segment and a marginal
row on third ; anal segment with a submarginal and marginal
row ; no discals ; hypopygium black, largely retracted in repose ;
forceps fused, black base subglobose behind thence flattened into
a thin reddish bladelike structure which is thin and broadly
bowed in profile ; sternites covered.
Female. Antennae a little more slender than in male ; geni-
talia retracted not adapted for piercing.
Length, 6.5-8 mm.
Holotype male and allotype female, Sedona, ARIZONA, Sep-
tember 13-16, 1955 (G. D. Butler). Paratypes: 1 pair, same
data as type and 1 male, Flagstaff, Arizona, September 12-16,
1955 (G. D. Butler).
Plagiomima faceta, n. sp.
Aside from its larger build, this species differs from the pre-
ceding one mainly as follows :
Male. Head pollen wholly grayish yellow on pale back-
ground ; vertex 0.47 of head width ; red frontalia diverging
upwards and much wider than parafrontal above middle; third
antennal segment nearly three times longer than second ; ocellars
divaricate ; three proclinate orbitals but middle one weak ; para-
facial subequal clypeal width, beset with short inconspicuous
pale and black setae ; cheek two-fifths eye height ; haustellum
slender, about three-fifth head height. Thoracic chaetotaxy as
in preceding species ; postnotal slope setose, propleuron bare.
Wing pale yellowish costobasally ; first and third veins setulose,
fifth bare ; costal spine subequal to small cross vein. Abdomen
with gray pollen extending nearly to hind margin on inter-
mediate segments but stopping at apical third of last leaving
apex shining black; fused genital forceps strongly compressed
and bladelike straight from base to tip on ventral edge as viewed
from side with hind apical margin bowed obliquely forward to
a blunt reddish tip; accessory process as wide as forceps but a
trifle longer, with apex more broadly rounded and hind margin
106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1957
sulcate ; fifth sternite with a broad median excision, lobes black
with longish fine black hairs along inner margin.
Female. Anal segment of abdomen strongly deflexed and
without any macrochaetae, polished black on apical half above;
genitalia retracted, terminating in a compressed blunt-tipped
larvipositor ; otherwise similar to male.
Length, male 12 mm; female 10.5 mm.
Holotype male and allotype female, Plainview, TEXAS, 9-
25-48 (F. A. Cowan).
The species belongs in Siphoplagiopsis (type similis Town-
send), if the latter, based chiefly upon female characters, is
accepted as valid.
Phorocera pellecta, n. sp.
Close to P. indivisa A & W, but the abdomen is more exten-
sively pollinose ; the male front is wider and there are decisive
differences in the genitalia.
Male. Head bright silvery pollinose becoming opaque on
paraf rental ; vertex 0.35 of head width; inner verticals and
two preverticals stout and reclinate ; ocellars long, proclinate,
frontal rows widely divergent beneath antennal base and de-
scending to level of arista; latter black, bare, long and slender,
with short proximal segments ; antenna black, third segment
rather broad and over three times length of second ; facialia
strongly bristled to upper third or more ; vibrissae on oral
margin ; eye pilose ; cheek a little over one-fifth eye height ;
palpus yellow ; proboscis short ; occiput cinereous, pale-haired.
Thorax and scutellum black, with moderately heavy gray pol-
len marked with 45 changeable vittae on notum ; chaetotaxy
as in indivisa. Legs black ; fore tibia with one stout postero-
lateral and mid tibia with two anterodorsal bristles ; claws and
pulvilli subequal to length of last tarsal segment. Wing gray
hyaline ; first posterior cell open well before wing tip ; cubitulus
subrectangular, without a distinct stump or fold ; third vein
with 3 to 6 setulae near base ; costal spine small ; calypters white.
Abdomen black with changeable subsilvery pollen on basal
half or more of last three segments above ; one pair of median
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 107
marginal bristles on first and second segments ; a marginal row
on third and fourth besides a discal row on latter, which is also
beset with erect bristly hairs on most of upper surface ; hypo-
pygium black, smallish and retracted with tip of anal segment ;
forceps with a deep groove behind which is densely clothed with
a vestiture of pale or whitish hairs. In the undescribed male
of indivisa the forceps compared with the present species, are
broadly expanded basally, flattened behind and thickly clothed
with soft short black hairs.
Female. Front at vertex 0.36 of head width gradually di-
verging forward into facial angle ; two pairs of proclinate or-
bitals ; outer verticals differentiated ; abdomen with heavier
pollen and anal segment more narrowed apically than in male ;
claws and pulvilli shorter than last tarsal segment.
Length, 6.5-8 mm.
Holotype male and allotype female, Brown's Cn. Baboquivari
Mts. ARIZ., August 19, 1955 (F. G. Werner & G. D. Butler).
Paratypes, 7 females, "Catalina Mts., Ariz. Htchk. Hwy. Mi. 1,
August 22, 1955, G. D. Butler & F. G. Werner."
Phorocera stolida, n. sp.
Traces to P. coccyx (equals P. heros Schiner Masicera
longiuscida Walker) in Aldrich and Webber's key (Proc.
U.S.N.M., 63, 1924: 46, 52), from which it differs chiefly in
genital features as listed below.
Male. Vertex 0.27 of head width, front equibroad on upper
half thence widening gradually into facial angle ; parafrontal
yellow pollinose, uniformly clothed with fine black hairs ; frontals
in a single row, three or four bristles beneath antennal base, two
uppermost reclinate and but little shorter than inner vertical ;
proclinate ocellars strong, usually more or less parallel and
reaching beyond mid front ; frontalia reddish black, narrower
than parafrontal ; black antenna as long as face, third segment
unusually compressed and widened, nearly five times longer
than second, which barely equals one and one-half times length
of first segment ; bare arista black, uncommonly long, thickened
on proximal fourth thence flattened and slender to tip, basal
108 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1957
segments short ; clypeus and faciale cinereous, latter with strong
infraclinate bristles ascending above level of lowest frontals ;
vibrissae on oral margin ; bare yellowish parafacial becoming
grayish below ; proboscis short, haustellum subequal length of
spatulate yellow palpus ; cheek gray pollinose, clothed with fine
black hairs, about one-sixth eye height; eye large and thickly
long pilose ; occiput with a heavy vestiture of yellowish white
pile.
Thorax black scutellum with a reddish tinge in ground color,
gray pollinose ; notum with four narrow dark vittae before
suture and five behind. Chaetotaxy : acrostichal 3, 3 ; dorso-
central 3, 4 ; intraalar 3 ; supraalar 4 ; humeral 5-6 ; post-
humeral 3 ; presutural 2 ; postalar 2 ; intrapostalar strong ;
sternopleural 3; pteropleural 2 (smaller than hindmost sterno-
pleural) ; scutellum with 3 lateral, 1 wide-spaced appressed
discal and 1 strong usually decussate apical pair directed back-
ward. Legs long but not very slender; mid tibia with two
strong bristles before middle on outer front side ; fore claws
and pulvilli subequal combined length of last three tarsal seg-
ments. Wing gray hyaline ; third vein setulose one-fourth to
halfway to small cross vein ; cubitulus rectangular without stump
or fold ; first posterior cell open well before wing tip ; costal
spine vestigial ; calypters translucent white.
Abdomen well tapered towards tip, black with ground color
at sides sometimes showing a reddish tinge, last three segments
with gray pollen which becomes thinner beyond middle on each
and in some views interrupted by a vague dark median vitta ;
one pair of median marginal bristles on first two segments and
a marginal row on last two, besides a submarginal row with
numerous shorter discals and erect bristly hairs in front of
latter on anal segment ; hypopygium blackish, rather small and
retracted ; fused forceps rather thick in profile and in rear view
equibroad to middle thence tapered to a sharp beaklike tip,
deeply excavated behind with surface of latter bearing dense
yellow hairs, which are replaced on either side near base by a
fasicle of longer black hairs directed obliquely forward and ter-
minate in pale wavy tips ; fifth sternite with a broad and deep
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 109
median excision, lobes black, large and prominent. Female
unknown.
Length, 12-14 mm.
Holotype, Amherst, OHIO, August 28, 1930 (H. J. Reinhard).
Paratypes, 2 males, same data as type and 1 male, Blood Mt,
Ga., September 20, 1945 (P. W. Fattig) in the U. S. National
Museum.
Phorocera noera, n. sp.
Smaller in build than stolida, differing chiefly in the structure
of the male genitalia as noted below. Other minor differences
may be listed as follows :
Male Only. Length 10 mm. Head pollen bright silvery be-
coming somewhat brassy on parafrontals ; third antennal seg-
ment nearly equibroad from base to tip and four times longer
than second; five narrow notal vittae; median one well defined
to base of scutellum ; mid tibia with one strong median antero-
dorsal bristle; fore pulvilli subequal to combined length of last
two tarsal segments ; abdomen with moderately heavy gray pol-
len above on basal three-fifths of segments two and three and
on basal half of last, remainder of each subshiny black; hypo-
pygium well exposed in repose, second segment reddish; fused
forceps strikingly slender from base to acute apex, hind surface
grooved with a low but sharp median carina extending out-
wardly from base about halfway to tip ; lateral margin of forceps
sparsely clothed with black hairs and base behind more thickly
so; fifth sternite deeply incised, lobes widely exposed, bearing
some longish black hairs on inner basal margin.
Holotype: Male, "Cuernavaca, MEXICO, August 6, 1942."
This specimen has been in my collection for some time await-
ing additional material. The species is included here since it
is closely allied to the preceding form.
Euceromasia floridensis, n. sp.
Readily distinguished from E. solata by the wholly reddish
legs and abdomen and the presence of defined patches of dense
110 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1957
appressed hairs on venter of third abdominal segment in the
male.
Male. Front well narrowed above middle, at vertex 0.22 of
head width ; frontalia deep red, narrower than parafrontal ;
frontals reclinate above mid front, three bristles beneath an-
tennal base ; proclinate ocellars weak or hairlike ; verticals
(inner) erect, as large as upper frontals; head pollen gray on
dark background ; parafrontal sparsely setose outside frontal
row ; bare parafacial moderately narrowed downward ; vibrissae
large, on oral margin, with bristly hairs on ridge above extend-
ing up on about basal third ; antennal segments one and two
pale reddish yellow, third black, rather slender but less than
twice length of second ; arista brownish, micro pubescent, thick-
ened on about proximal fourth thence tapered and very slender
to tip, both basal segments short ; cheek about one-fifth eye
height, clothed with black hairs and several bristles near middle,
eye bare, rather large and descending to vibrissal level ; pro-
boscis short, stoutish, labellum large and fleshy ; palpus pale
reddish yellow, slightly flattened and beset with short stubby
black hairs before apex ; occiput flat, grayish pollinose, with a
vestiture of rather short sparse pale hairs.
Thorax and scutellum black, gray pollinose, humeri pleura
and apex of scutellum with a reddish tinge in ground color ;
notum marked with four narrow black vittae, outer pair inter-
rupted at suture and inner ones stopping shortly behind ; acro-
stichal 3, 3 ; dorsocentral 3, 4 ; intraalar 3 ; supraalar 3 ; humeral
3 ; posthumeral 2 ; presutural 2 ; postalar 2 ; intrapostalar well
developed; sternopleural 3 (almost in horizontal row); ptero-
pleural 1 (shorter than hindmost sternopleural) ; scutellum with
3 lateral, 1 cliscal and 1 weak non-decussate suberect apical pair ;
postnotal slope bare. Mid tibia with one good-size bristle on
outer front side beyond middle ; hind tibia subciliate or with a
row of rather widely spaced uneven bristles on outer posterior
edge ; claws and pulvilli equal to or exceeding length of last
tarsal segment. Wing hyaline with a faint yellowish tinge
except on hind margin ; veins including costa yellow, third with
two to four hairs near base ; cubitulus broadly rounded, without
stump or fold ; first posterior cell open shortly before wing tip ;
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 111
calypters tawny, semitransparent ; epaulet and subepaulet
reddish.
Abdomen conical, somewhat thickened in profile, last three
segments gray pollinose above but thinly so behind middle on
two and three; one pair median marginal on basal segments,
one median and four or more lateral discals besides a marginal
row on third; anal segment with two or more irregular discal,
one submarginal and a marginal row ; anal orifice narrow and
slitlike ; sternites covered.
Female. Front at vertex 0.28 of head width, diverging rather
strongly downward into facial angle ; two proclinate orbitals ;
outer verticals vestigial ; calypters whitish tinged with yellow ;
claws and pulvilli shorter than apical tarsal segment ; one discal
and one marginal row of bristles on fourth abdominal segment ;
genitalia retracted, not adapted for piercing.
Length, 5.75-7 mm.
Holotype male and allotype female, "Seabreeze, FLA., Host:
Trichostiba parvula," in the U. S. National Museum. Para-
types, 1 male and 2 females, same data as type ; 1 female, Or-
mond Beach, Florida, 6-5-55 Cat. No. P-248b, ex : T. parvula,
and 1 female, "College Station, Texas, July 1916."
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THE NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF THE
'SUBGENUS AESCHNA' SENSU SELYSII 1883
(Odonata)
By Philip P. Calvert
This paper presents an account of the Neotropical species referred
by de Selys in 1883 to his subgenus Aeschna and of some species un-
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Price $10.00 postpaid
THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA 3, PA.
"V
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
MAY 1957
Vol. LXVIII No. 5
CONTENTS
Woolley Redescriptions of Ewing's Oribatid mites, II 113
Pechuman A Tabanus from the United States 118
Sinha Oenocytes of Oryzaephilus mercator 119
Selander A new Mexican Eupompha (Col.) 123
Chamberlin A new Henicopid chilopod 126
Morse and Blickle List of New Hampshire Trichoptera 127
Notes and News in Entomology 131
Dancing bees at the equator, and nocturnal dances. Zoogeog-
raphy of Pacific insects. Budapest Museum
Reviews 135
The Neotropical species of the "Subgenus Aeschna," sensu
Selysii 1883 (Odonata). The biology of the Heteroptera
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOL. LXVIII MAY, 1957 No. 5
Redescriptions of Ewing's Oribatid Mites, II
Family Carabodidae (Acarina: Oribatei) l
By TYLER A. WOOLLEY, Department of Zoology, Colorado
A. & M. College, Fort Collins, Colorado
This article is the second in a series of redescriptions sug-
gested by Dr. E. W. Baker, Curator of Acarina at the U. S.
National Museum. Two of Ewing's type oribatids are de-
lineated below.
FAMILY CARABODIDAE WILLMANN, 1931
Two of the diagnostic features of this family usually comprise
broad lamellae and highly sculptured integument. According
to Willmann (1931), and Baker and Wharton (1952) femora
I and II in these mites exhibit thin stalks and swollen distal
ends, also. Many of these mites, in addition, possess a cero-
tegument, which covers the body and sometimes the legs in such
thickness that details of the propodosoma and hysterosoma are
obscured.
Carabodes flavus (Ewing), 1918, nov. comb. (Figs. 1, 2)
Cotype : Ccpheits flavus Ewing, 1918, p. 86.
Description: Propodosoma nearly rectangular, about a fourth
as long as hysterosoma; surface highly sculptured and rough-
ened due to presence of cerotegument. Rostrum obscured by
cerotegument of broad lamellae, which extend along the lateral
length of propodosoma and are broadly joined medially at an-
1 Research supported by a grant-in-aid from the National Science
Foundation.
(113)
114 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1957
terior end to form a hood-like structure above the rostrum.
Lamellar hairs not visible. No translamella. Interlamellar
hairs not observed. Pseudostigmata cup-like, with deep bowl,
inserted at latero-posterior aspect of propodosoma in angle
formed by projecting shoulders of hysterosoma. Pseudostig-
matic organs clavate with a short, bent pedicel ; projected pos-
tero-laterad, finely setose at tips. Tectopedia I anterior to
level of pseudostigmata, closely appressed to propodosoma.
Hysterosoma broadly oval in outline, with roughened surface
and slightly scalloped lateral and posterior margins, dorsal cover
hexagonally reticulate. The roughened surface evidently a
cerotegument, which stands above the actual body surface and
obscures some details of the understructure. Beneath this cover
the integument is pitted with even, round pits. The only hys-
terosomal setae visible in the type specimen are four, short,
simple bristles at posterior margin of hysterosoma (Fig. 1).
Camerostome oval in outline, with two simple bristles poste-
rior to chelicerae. Apodemata II, III and IV darkly sclerotized
transverse bars, IV angled slightly posteriorly from anterior
edge of genital aperture. Genital opening subcircular in out-
line, slightly smaller than anal opening; each genital cover with
four setal insertions on medial edge ; g : 1 and g : 2 subequally
spaced from each other; g:3 and g:4 farther apart. Anal aper-
ture trapezoidal in outline, anal covers open slightly in type
specimen : each anal cover with two setae ; a : 1 near middle of
medial edge, a:2 close to medio-posterior corner of cover.
Legs as in Figs. 1 and 2. Leg IV does not extend to poste-
rior margin of hysterosoma. Legs tridactyle, all tarsal claws
subequal in length.
Length 785 /*, hysterosoma 556 /A ; width 486 p.
Ewing (1918) indicates that the specimens were collected
from the top of Mary's Peak, Oregon and from Corvallis, Ore-
gon, in both instances beneath logs. He mentions that the type
is one of the specimens from Corvallis collections and differs
slightly from the examples from Mary's Peak.
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
115
FIG. 1. Carabodcs flavus (Ewing), 1918, from the dorsal aspect; legs
shown.
FIG. 2. Carabodes flavus (Ewing), 1918, from the ventral aspect; legs
shown.
FIG. 3. Ccphcus sub nig er (Ewing), 1917, from the dorsal aspect; legs
omitted.
FIG. 4. Ccphcus subnigcr (Ewing), 1917, from the ventral aspect; legs
omitted.
116 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1957
Cepheus subniger (Ewing), 1917, nov. comb. (Figs. 3, 4)
Cotype : Tegeocranus subniger Ewing, 1917, p. 163.
Description: Dark brown, almost black. Propodosoma and
hysterosoma covered with secretion or cerotegument which ob-
scures details beneath. Rostrum slightly visible between distal
ends of lamellae ; rostral hairs not visible. Lamellae very large,
covering lateral aspects of propodosoma from pseudostigmata
to base of rostrum ; about as wide as length of pseudostigmatic
organ and apparently covered with secretion. Lamellar and in-
terlamellar hairs not visible ; no translamella. Pseudostigmata
cornuate, extended mediad about half the width of a single
lamella ; rim margin apparently continuous with margin of la-
mella. Pseudostigmatic organ clavate, slightly recurved, with
pectinate head and about as long as width of lamellae at level
of pseudostigmata. Tectopedia I extended forward from level
of pseudostigmata half the length of lamella, sclerotized dorso-
medial margins.
Hysterosoma broader than long, broadly rounded behind ;
with a few minute hairs dorsally, according to Ewing. A
pteromorph-like band of secretion between base of leg IV and
proximal end of lamellae, extended in a shoulder expansion,
with undulating margins and reticulate surfaces.
Camerostome attenuated anteriorly, with two ventral setae.
Setal insertions of ventral plate as in Fig. 4. Apodemata II
long and narrow, medial ends approximated near mid-line.
Genital opening between apodemata III and IV, about three-
fourths as large as anal aperture, two-thirds the length of geni-
tal covers anterior to anal opening; genital covers nearly rec-
tangular, wider at level of g:2, with five setal insertions visible
on medial margin of each cover; g:l, g:2, g:3 and g:4 sub-
equally spaced on medial margin of each cover; g:5 more
widely separated from g:4 and close to medio-posterior corner
of cover. Anal aperture trapezoidal, narrowed anteriorly. No
anal setae visible. Three pairs of adanal setae, insertions as in
Fig. 4.
Legs large; anterior pair extending beyond tip of rostrum
nearly full length of tarsi ; tibiae of anterior legs without ante-
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 117
rior tubercles ; legs IV extending beyond posterior margin of
hysterosoma; all tarsi with a single, stout, curved claw.
Length 771 /x (to tip of rostrum), hysterosoma 412 /*.; width
542 p..
Ewing (1917) indicates that this species was collected under
pieces of old board at Ames, Iowa.
Discussion: The generic designation of Carabodcs flauus
(Ewing) is as exact as is presently possible because of the
cerotegument, which prevents description of other details. This
species is much larger than known species of Carabodes, but
possesses three tarsal claws and four pairs of genital setae,
which are distinctive for the genus. The notations on the co-
type slide in the writer's possession designate this specimen as
"Cephcus javus, n. sp." The "1" is missing in the specific name.
Collection data on this same slide indicate : "Top of Mt. Chinti-
mini, Or., Sept. 12, '12; by myself. Under rotting log. Bal.
H. E. Ewing."
The specific position of Cephens sitbniger (Ewing) is as exact
as is possible at present because the cerotegument obscures other
details. The species corresponds in size to other representatives
of the genus. Its generic placement is based on size, presence
of single tarsal claws and five pairs of genital setae. Baker and
Wharton (1952) synonymize Tegeocranus Nic., 1855, the genus
in which Ewing originally described this species, with Cepheus
Koch, 1836. This synonymy substantiates the writer's conclu-
sion. The author does not have access to the cotype specimen
of this species, the description of which was executed from Dr.
Baker's pencil drawings in consolidation with Ewing's original
description.
Both of the above species differ from known representatives
of their respective genera in their possession of heavy cero-
tegument.
LITERATURE CITED
BAKER, E. W. and G. W. WHARTON. 1952. An Introduction to Acarol-
ogy. Macmillan Company, N. Y.
EWING, H. E. 1917. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 37: 149-172.
-. 1918. Ent. News 24: 81-90.
WILLMANX, K. 1931. Tierwelt Deutschlands 22: 79-200.
118 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1957
A Tabanus not Previously Known from the
United States (Diptera: Tabanidae)
By L. L. PECHUMAN, Lockport, New York
Occasional female Tabanus of the line ola-vit tiger group from
south Florida and the Keys show characters which have made
it impossible to place them as any of the forms of this group
known from continental United States. Most workers have
placed them with a question as an anomalous form of Tabanus
lineola scutellaris Walker. Specific placement in this group is
more difficult with females than with males and until recently
no associated males had been collected.
A series of both sexes collected at Cape Sable, Florida, as
prey of the wasp BembLv cinerca (Handl.) by Prof. H. E.
Evans of Cornell University seems to have established the iden-
tity of this form. The hairy, enlarged upper facets of the eye
of the male places them as Tabanus vittiger Thomson. In Fair-
child's (1942) revision of the group, the south Florida speci-
mens key out to subspecies caymanicus Fairchild. A series of
both sexes of caymanicus from the type locality, the Cayman
Islands, loaned by Prof. Joseph Bequaert of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, compare closely with the Florida
specimens.
It is the writer's belief, however, that caymanicus is the same
as Tabanus bellardii described by Szilady (1926) from Cuba.
Szilady's description and figures match the specimens on hand
in every detail.
The Cape Sable specimens were collected on 24 March 1954.
Females of Tabanus vittiger bellardii seen from other Florida
localities include : Homestead, March, 1953 ; Key West, 8 July
1952 ; Big Pine Key, 25 July 1947.
REFERENCES CITED
FAIRCHILD, G. B. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 35 (2) : 153-182. 1942.
SZILADY, Z. Biol. Hungarica, 1, fasc. 7: 1-31. 1926.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 119
A Study of Oenocytes in Oryzaephilus mercator
(Fauvel). (Coleoptera, Cucujidae) with
Phase Microscopy 1
By R. N. SINK A, 2 Department of Zoology, McGill University,
Montreal, Canada
Oenocytes are large cells associated with the fat body, and
occurring exclusively in insects (Richards, in Roeder, 1953).
Unlike fat cells oenocytes are ectodermal in origin and are well
denned (Wigglesworth, 1953). In the present paper the loca-
tion, arrangement, and histology of the oenocytes of imagines of
Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel) are given. A description of
this nature seems to be important because of our complete lack
of knowledge of the specialized tissues in the hemocoel of spe-
cies of the coleopteran family Cucujidae.
The insects studied were reared in oats under controlled con-
ditions of temperature and humidity (30 C and 75% R.H.).
The imagines were approximately two weeks old and were
taken from an inbred culture maintained for the last three years
by Dr. J. Stanley at the Department of Zoology, McGill Uni-
versity. They were fixed in Mukerji's fluid (Mukerji, 1937).
Serial sections of the entire body of the insect, four to eight ^
in thickness, were made in transverse and longitudinal planes
(Sinha, 1953). Unstained sections were cleared in cedarwood
oil and mounted in permount.
Phase microscopy has been used in different fields of biology
(Richards, 1956), but its use in insect histology, especially in
the study of fixed materials, is rather new. The author has
found the following advantages in the use of phase microscopy.
Unstained sections of fixed materials are as good as, or, in some
respects, better than stained sections for the study of the mor-
phology of cells. Greater detail in fine structures is often
observed in an unstained section studied with phase microscopy
than in a stained section with ordinary microscopy. This con-
1 This work was supported by a grant from the National Research
Council of Canada.
- Postdoctoral Research Fellow, National Research Council of Canada.
120
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
[May, 1957
elusion was reached by comparing a large number of unstained
sections of the same species of insect with sections stained with
Mallory's triple stain, and with Delafield's hematoxylin and
eosin respectively. The elimination of a lengthy and compli-
cated staining process enables one to avoid certain artifacts, and
to examine a large number of slides in a reasonably short time.
Of course, staining is important in the study of physiological
and biochemical aspects of specific cells. Phase microscopy
(Zeiss Winkel) with oil immersion was used with success in
the study of the oenocytes described below. The drawing was
made with the aid of a camera lucida.
Fat cell
Epidermis
Cuticle
Oenocyte I
FIG. 1. A longitudinal section through the body wall, in the middle of the
abdomen (elytra excluded), of an adult Oryzaephilus mcrcalor.
The oenocytes in 0. mercator are distinct cells found along the
dorsal side of the abdomen and not extending caudad beyond
the penultimate segment. In some areas they are more aggre-
gated than in others, and usually they are separated from the
FIG. 2. A longitudinal section through the dorsum of the posterior
part of the abdomen (elytra excluded).
FIG. 3. A transverse section through the anterior part of the abdomen
showing the alimentary canal, ventral nerve cord and the binucleate
oenocyte in natural position.
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
121
Nerve ganglion
SECTIONS OF ADULT ORYZAEPHILUS MERCATOR
122 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1957
thin layer of epidermis by one or more layers of the fat body.
In some cases a few scattered oenocytes have been observed
lying against the dorso-lateral wall of the gut, especially in the
region of the proventriculus (Fig. 3).
The oenocytes lie close together, often with adjacent walls.
The individual cells are usually elliptical, 20 to 45 ju. long by 7
to 11 ^ wide, and have a distinct cell wall. The cytoplasm is
granular throughout and there is usually a single nucleus, al-
though in some cells two or three nuclei have been observed
(Fig. 3). The size of the nucleus varies, and it may be either
rounded (Fig. 3) or elliptical (Fig. 2) in outline. Although
studied in fixed materials these oenocytes lack the spindle
shaped clefts or the radiating canals observed in other species
of beetles (Wiggles worth, 1953).
The author is grateful to Dr. H. R. Scott, Professor of His-
tology, McGill University for giving helpful suggestions and to
Mr. J. W. Pollock, Department of Zoology, McGill University,
Montreal, Canada, for taking the photomicrographs used in this
paper.
REFERENCES
MUKERJI, D. 1937. A note on section cutting of insects. Current Sci-
ence, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 6: 16-17.
RICHARDS, O. W. 1956. Phase microscopy 1954-56. Science 124(3226) :
810-814.
ROEDER, K. D. 1953. Insect Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York.
SINHA, R. N. 1953. Sectioning of insects with sclerotized cuticle.
Stain Technology 28(5) : 249-253.
WIGGLESWORTH, V. B. 1953. The Principles of Insect Physiology.
Methuen & Co. Ltd., London.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 123
A New Mexican Eupompha (Coleoptera, Meloidae)
By RICHARD B. SELANDER, Illinois Natural History
Survey, Urbana
The only species of Eupompha LeConte ( Calospasta Le-
Conte) previously known to occur in southern Mexico is sulci-
frons (Champion), which has been recorded from two localities
in the Rio Balsas region of Guerrero (see Selander, 1954, Jour.
Kansas Ent. Soc. 27: 84). It is consequently of some interest
that among the material collected by the Hoogstraal Mexican
Biological Expeditions of 1940 and 1941 there are representa-
tives of a new species of Eupompha from Michoacan.
Eupompha (Eupompha) terminalis, new species
Orange. Apex of mandibles, eyes, scutellum, apical fifth of
elytra, and under surface black. Under surface with a greenish
luster. Antennae (except basal three to five segments) and
coxae infuscate ; pronotum is one specimen with a median and
two lateral infuscate marks at apex. Wings colorless except
for brown apical area. Pubescence pale throughout. Length :
12-14 mm.
Vertex and upper frontal area smooth, shiny, sparsely micro-
punctate, moderately, coarsely, sparsely punctate, clothed with
short pubescence ; under side of head more finely, densely punc-
tate, clothed with longer pubescence. Antennae filiform, moder-
ately compressed ; segments not at all globular. Pronotum
elongate, one-fourth to nearly two-fifths longer than wide ; disk
regular, impressed anteriorly and on midline at base ; surface
and pubescence of disk as on vertex, with longer pubescence on
deflexed sides. Scutellum impunctate, glabrous. Elytra finely,
confusedly scabro-punctate ; pubescence evenly, densely dis-
tributed, semi-erect, moderately long, as long and as conspicu-
ous as that on under surface of abdomen. Outer hind tibial
spur greatly thickened, obliquely truncate, acute or subacute at
apex ; inner spur like outer but more acute, shorter, only about
half as wide. Tarsal claws as in Fig. 9. Under surface densely
punctate and pubescent; pubescence longer on thorax than on
abdomen. First segment of all tarsi clothed with regular cloth-
124 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1957
ing setae beneath, lacking the more erect, sericeous pubescence
which on other segments constitutes the tarsal pads.
Male : Antennae extending five segments beyond occiput,
weakly tapered to apex. Front of head (Figs. 1,3) with a very
broad, very deep, impunctate, glabrous channel extending from
epistomal suture to near center of vertex (not attaining occi-
put) ; a well-marked sulcus on midline at bottom of channel
between eyes; frontal area from top of eyes to epistomal suture
greatly swollen on each side of channel to form a pair of large
callosities which are strongly undercut by channel ; top of callosi-
ties very finely punctate, sparsely clothed with a few minute
setae. First four segments of fore tarsi greatly thickened ;
dorsal side swollen, subimpunctate, glabrous, not sulcate. Sixth
abdominal sternum moderately deeply, obtusely emarginate.
Genitalia as in Figs. 5-6.
Female : Antennae extending three segments beyond occiput,
not tapered. Front of head deeply impressed along midline
from epistomal suture to near center of vertex ; midline itself
clearly indicated at bottom of this impression. Sixth abdominal
sternum shallowly, triangularly notched at apex.
Type Material: Holotype male from Apatzingun, 1200 ft.,
Michoacan, August 13, 1941, [H.] Hoogstraal. Allotypc fe-
male, same data but August 21, 1941. Paratypes: one female,
same data but August 18, 1941 ; one male, one female, same
locality, semi-desert scrub, August 5, 1940, [H.] Hoogstraal and
[K.] Knight. Holotype and allotype in the U. S. National
Museum.
This species is readily distinguishable from all other species
of Eupompha on the basis of color. It is in all respects most
similar to sulcijrons. In structural characters sulcifrons differs
from tcrminalis mainly as follows : frontal channel of male lack-
ing sulcus at bottom, not undercutting frontal callosities (Figs.
2, 4) ; frontal impression of female wider, more evenly rounded
in cross-section ; eyes larger, more prominent ; elytral pubescence
distinctly shorter and sparser ; first four segments of male fore
tarsi proportionately wider; male genitalia (Figs. 7-8) with
gonocoxal (basal) piece proportionately narrower, gonostyli
separated for less than half their length, and ventral hooks of
aedeagus more apical in position.
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
125
FIGS. 1, 3. Eupompha terminalis, frontal and dorsal views of male
head. FIGS. 2, 4. E. sulcifrons, same. FIGS. 5-6. E. terminalis, ven-
tral view of male gonoforceps and lateral view of aedeagus. FIGS. 7-8.
E. sulcifrons, same. FIG. 9. E. terminalis, tarsal claw (middle leg).
The morphological distinctness of terminalis and sulcifrons
notwithstanding, the possibility that these two forms are races
of a single species cannot be overlooked. So far as known, both
are confined to the hot, arid valley system of the Rio Balsas.
The few distributional data available suggest allopatry, snlci-
jrons presumably ranging along the valley of the Rio Balsas
proper and being replaced by terminalis in the valley of the
Rio Tepalcatepec, a tributary of the Rio Balsas. In all proba-
bility the ranges of the two forms are in contact, in which case
it will be possible to determine their true taxonomic status
through further field work.
For a description of the physiography and vegetation of the
Apatzingan area see Leavenworth (1946, Amer. Midland Nat.
36: 137-206, illus.).
126 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1957
A New Henicopid Chilopod from Peru
By RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN, University of Utah
The types of the henicopid herein described were collected by
E. R. Ross and E. I. Schlinger in the course of the California
Academy of Sciences expedition to the northern Andes areas
of South America in 1954-55. These types are deposited in the
California Academy. Records are also given for a previously
known species of the same genus.
ORDER LITHOBIIDA
Family Henicopidae
Lamyctes cerronus new species
Reddish brown or somewhat chestnut. Length, 6 mm.
A species agreeing with L. rcctns in lacking any definite ecto-
dont on the prosternum, although a slight obtuse prominence
may show in the place usually occupied by the ectodont when
present in related species. The median sinus separating the
dental series of the prosternum is wide as in rcctns, but in
cerronus there is an acute incision at the middle of the sinus not
present in the other species. Prosternal teeth 2-2. Cf. the
accompanying figure.
Prosternum of Lamyctes cerronus n. sp.
Whereas in rectus tibial spines are present on leg 13, in the
present form these are present only on the first twelve pairs of
legs. In rectus the anal legs have the tibia ecjual in length to
the first tarsal joint, but in cerronus it is longer than that joint
in about the ratio 5:4.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 127
Locality. Peru : 5 mi. NE of Cerro de Pasco, the holotype
taken Dec. 29, 1954; 48 mi. S. of Carhuamayo, Dec. 30, 1954,
one specimen; and 16 mi. NW of Chamay, Loma Lachay, Sept.
11, 1954.
Lamyctes anderis Chamberlin
Localities. Peru: 27 mi. E of Carhuamayo, Sept. 11, 1954,
one ; Carhuamayo, Dec. 20, 1954, one ; 48 km. E of Carhuamayo,
Dec. 30, 1954, two; 16 mi. NW of Chamay, Loma Lachay,
Sept. 11, 1954, one. Ecuador: 17 mi. S of Cayamba, Pichincha,
Feb. 16, 1955, one.
Additions and Corrections to the List of New
Hampshire Trichoptera
By W. J. MORSE and R. L. BLICKLE l
Since the list of New Hampshire Trichoptera was published
forty-one species, new to the state, have been collected. These,
along with certain corrections to be made in the 1953 list, are
as follows :
RHYACOPHILIDAE
Rhyacophila Pictet
vibox Milne, Winchester (WJM), June 28.
PSYCHOMYIIDAE
Polycentropus Curtis
carolinensis Banks, Lee, Plymouth (It), July 7-Aug. 6;
clinei (Milne), Lee, Jaffrey (It), July 8-24; elarus Ross, Lee
(It), Aug. 3; page 70, delete the following locality records for
maculatus Banks, Lee, Plymouth, July 15-Aug. 6; melanae
(Ross), Durham, Lee, Plymouth (It), June 21-July 31; pici-
cornis Steph., Durham, Lee, Jaffrey, Plymouth (It), June 18-
1 Published with the permission of the Director as Scientific Contribu-
tion No. 204 of the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station.
128 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1957
July 24; weedi Blickle & Morse, Bow, Lee (It), June 15-
Aug. 5.
HYDROPSYCHIDAE
Cheumatopsyche Wallengren
pinaca Ross, Plymouth (It), July 29.
HYDROPTILIDAE
The known distribution of certain species of Hydroptilidae is
greatly increased by the following data. The pattern is in two
forms, one extending southward and roughly paralleling the
Appalachian Mountains and the other extending westward
across the northern states. Several species known only from
Florida, Georgia and New Hampshire and two species recorded
from British Columbia and New Hampshire accentuates the
lack of Trichoptera collecting, especially in the Hydroptilidae.
Ochrotrichia Mosley
Page 72, shawnee (Ross), delete, this was a misdetermina-
tion ; denningi Blickle & Morse, Plymouth (It), June 9-July 16.
Oxyethira Eaton
abacatica Denning, Bow, Durham (It), June 25-Oct. 5, also
recorded from Georgia; aeola Ross, New Durham (It), Sept.
12, also recorded from British Columbia ; coercens Morton, Lee
(It), Aug. 28, also known from Illinois, Indiana, New York
and Oklahoma ; michiganensis Mosely, Bow, Durham, Hopkin-
ton, Jaffrey, Plymouth (It), June 16-Oct. 5, known also from
New York, Michigan and British Columbia ; obtatus Denning,
Bow, Durham, Lee (It), June 22-Oct. 5, also recorded from
Minnesota; rivicola Blickle & Morse, Bow, Durham, Lee, Ply-
mouth (It), June 15-Sept. 22; sida Blickle & Morse, Bow, Lee,
Durham (It), June 21-Sept. 22; verna Ross, Bow, Durham,
Plymouth (It), June 25-Aug. 24, ranges from New Brunswick
to Louisiana.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 129
Orthotrichia Eaton
instabilis Denning, Durham, Lee (It), June 16-Aug. 21,
known previously from Florida.
Hydroptila Dalman
amoena Ross, several female specimens are on hand which
appear to be this species. The records in the 1953 list should
be referred to the following species ; ampoda Ross, Durham,
Lee, Plymouth (It), June 4-Sept. 22, see note under H. amoena
Ross; armata Ross, Durham (It), June 20-July 28, previously
recorded from the middlewest ; consimilis Morton, Plymouth
(It), June 11, a very widely distributed species now recorded
from the state; lonchera Blickle & Morse, Durham, Lee (It),
Aug. 10-25 ; metoeca Blickle & Morse, Durham, Lee (It), June
14-Sept. 4; novicola Blickle & Morse, Durham, Plymouth
(It), June 30-July 8; quinola Ross, Bow, Durham, Lee (It),
June 24-Sept. 25, previously recorded from Ontario ; rernita
Blickle & Morse, Durham, Lee (It), July 24-Sept. 22; rossi
Blickle & Morse, Bow (It), Aug. 5; salmo Ross, Bow, Lee,
Plymouth (It), Aug. 5-13, an interesting extension of range
since this species is known from Wisconsin ; spinata Blickle &
Morse, Durham, Lee, Plymouth (It), June 30- Aug. 25 ; strepha
Ross, Plymouth (It), June 30, previously known from Pennsyl-
vania; valhalla Denning, Bow, Durham, Lee (It), June 24
Aug. 16, previously known from Michigan and Minnesota ;
wyomia Denning, Colebrook (WJM & RLE), Durham, Lee
(It), June 21-July 28, another "middlewestern" species now
recorded from the state; virgata Ross, Lee (It), Winchester
(WJM), June 28-Aug. 28, other records from Arkansas, Illi-
nois and Oklahoma; xoncla Ross, Bow (It), Aug. 13.
Neotrichia Morton
okopa Ross, Durham, Plymouth (It), Aug. 7-25, known
previously from Illinois, Ohio, Oklahoma and Pennsylvania.
130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1957
Mayatrichia Mosely
ayama Mosely, Durham (It), July 16, this widespread spe-
cies is recorded east of the Appalachian Mountains for the
first time.
PHRYANEIDAE
Agrypnia Curtis
improba (Hagen), Plymouth (It), June 19.
Eubasilissa Martynov
Page 73, paradalis, change to pardalis (Walker).
LlMNEPHILIDAE
Limnephilus Leach
Page 98, curtis, change to curtus (Banks).
sublunatus Prov., Lee (It), July 24.
Pycnopsyche Banks
Page 98, antica (Walker), a synonym of scabripennis
(Rambur).
divergens (Walker), New Durham (Merrymeeting Lake)
(JGC), Sept. 13.
Page 99, Neophylas, change to Neophylax.
LEPTOCERIDAE
Athripsodes Billberg
annulicornis (Steph.), Colebrook (RLB & WJM), Durham
(It), Pittsburg (RLB), June 15-22.
BRACHYCENTRIDAE
Micrasema McLachlan
rusticum (Hagen), Durham (It), June 21-July 11.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 131
LITERATURE CITED
MORSE, W. J. and R. L. BLICKLE. 1953. A check list of the Trichoptera
(Caddis Flies) of New Hampshire. Ent. News LXIV (3) (4) :
68-73, 97-102.
Notes and News in Entomology
Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will
be acknowledged when used.
Dancing Bees at the Equator and Nocturnal Dances. To
those of our readers who have been following the amazing dis-
coveries on communication in honey bees by Professor KARL
VON FRISCH 1 and his students, the latest experiments of Dr.
MARTIN LINDAUER - will be of great interest.
In a number of publications, from 1946 to the present, von
Frisch has revealed the dominant role that the sun plays in the
orientation of bees, and that the shortcomings of the sun as a
compass the fact that it is at times obscured by clouds and that
it is constantly changing its position in the sky the bees know
how to circumvent. For bees living in the latitudes between the
tropics of Cancer and Capricorn there is still another problem,
for here there are the times, twice a year, when the sun passes
through the zenith and is then useless as a means of orientation.
In Peradeniya, on Ceylon, as the sun approached the zenith,
dances continued throughout the day up until April 2, when the
sun at noon came to within 2^ of the zenith. On these days
bees normally discontinued their flights between 11.40 and 12.30.
When nevertheless induced to fly during the noon hour, the
dances between 11.55 and 12.20 were disoriented. This shows
that when the sun's position makes it useless as a compass, the
bees are without any means for giving information on direction ;
1 Brief articles on these appeared in Ent. News : 66 : 263, and earlier.
See also the book by VON FRISCH : The dancing bees. Harcourt. Brace
& Co., N. Y., 1955, $4.00.
- LINDAUER, M. 1957. Sonnenorientierung der Bienen unter der Aqua-
torsonne und zur Nachtzeit. (Dedicated by Dr. Lindauer to his professor,
K. von Friscli on the occasion of his 70th birthday, Nov. 20, 1956.) Die
Naturwissenschaften 44 : 1-6.
132 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1957
they may, however, continue to visit the food, orienting their
flights by means of the landscape.
There are also other observations cited that help to determine
exactly how close the sun may be to the zenith while the bees
are still able to measure its azimuth accurately. Disoriented
dances occurred only on the six days before and after the sun's
passage through the zenith. Also, the dates were recorded when
the change of dance direction around noon would be from the
counterclockwise to clockwise, due to the sun passing now to the
south instead of north of the zenith. All evidence indicates that
the sun's azimuth is clearly observable by bees even when the
sun is only 2| from the zenith.
The facetted eyes of the bee thus represent a remarkably
efficient apparatus for astronomical measurements. In this con-
nection, it is noted that observations published years ago show
that the angle of divergence of the ommatidia in the dorsal re-
gion of honey bee's eyes is likewise 2\ \
Nocturnal Dances. Several years ago, while observing dances
on the surface of swarms, Lindauer had found bees dancing at
night, and that these dances were correctly oriented according to
the (nocturnal) position of the sun at the time of the dance.
In the present paper he describes the training of bees to two
different stations. One and the same group of bees was trained
to frequent a place east of the hive one hour before sunset, and
a place west of the hive one hour after sunrise. When these
bees now dance during the night, which place will their dances
refer to? Perhaps to the place last visited, the afternoon sta-
tion? Actual records taken throughout the night showed that
the nocturnal dances before midnight refer to the afternoon
station, those after midnight to the morning station, while close
to midnight the dances are disoriented. This behavior is indeed
a remarkable exhibition of memory and association.
The problem of how the bees obtain their sure knowledge of
the sun's position during every hour of the day and night called
for further investigation. Is it congenital or do they learn it on
their daily flights?
In one experiment, a hive was flown overnight from Ceylon,
on this day 5 35' south of the sun's path, to a locality near
Bombay 5 35' north of the sun's path. It was found that now
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 133
the bees confused their directions corresponding to the altered
position of the sun in the sky. It was, moreover, also found
that after several weeks the bees become adjusted to the new
position of the sun.
The fact that bees must acquire their knowledge of the sun's
path by direct repeated observations, even in their native lati-
tude, was also demonstrated. For this purpose, bees eclosed
in an incubator and combined into a colony that was kept in a
cellar with artificial illumination for four weeks were used.
This hive was brought out and opened one day at noon, and
that afternoon trained to a feeding place. The next morning
these bees were unable to find the feeding place and were com-
pletely disoriented. After a week in the open, a similar experi-
ment showed that most bees were able to locate the next morn-
ing a place they had been trained to the evening before, but
there was still some uncertainty.
Finally, Lindauer found that a thorough familiarity with a
part of the sun's diurnal path suffices to permit a bee to derive
the complete path of the sun inclusive of the nocturnal portion.
A second colony, likewise of bees eclosed and kept in the dark,
was brought outdoors daily at noon and permitted to fly freely
only during the afternoons. After 35 days of this, the hive was
transferred to a new locality, opened at noon, and during the
afternoon trained to a feed place. That night the hive was
transferred to still another locality and now opened at 8 A.M.
Although this was the first time these bees had ever been out in
the forenoon, the majority of bees flew in the correct direction
to seek their food. If they can thus calculate the position of
the sun during the morning, a time when they had never before
seen it, there is no reason they should not be able to calculate
its position during the night also. It is true the nocturnal
dancers do not take into account the small irregularities in the
rate of angular movement of the azimuth. In our latitudes the
azimuth curves (azimuth plotted against time) are small, but
near the equator they become very steep, and it remains to be
determined how accurately nocturnal dancers in the tropics re-
late their movements to the sun's position. R. G. SCHMIEDER.
Zoogeography of Pacific Insects, the project bearing this
title (see Ent. News 67: 79, March, 1956) has been enlarged.
134 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1957
Mr. WILLIAM W. BRANDT has been employed jointly by the
Bishop Museum and the Administration of the Territory of
Papua and New Guinea, and has started last October with work
on Normandy I. and Woodlark I. Next he will go to the
Owen Stanley Mts. Lepidoptera collected will go to Canberra;
other insects to the Bishop Museum, with duplicates to Port
Moresby. The plans for 1957 also include: J. L. GRESSITT to
New Hebrides, E. Solomons, N. New Guinea, N. Borneo and
Thailand; C. W. SABROSKY (Bishop Museum with cooperation
of U.S.D.A. and Office of Naval Research) to Palau, Yap, and
Guam, in April through June ; D. E. HARDY to New Guinea, by
the Museum ; and E. G. MUNROE to New Guinea, with Canada
Dept. of Agriculture cooperating.
Of the "Insects of Micronesia," 16 issues have already ap-
peared, two more are about to appear, and others are in press.
Budapest Museum. A recent letter from Dr. ZOLTAN
KASZAB of the Hungarian National Museum carries additional
depressing news of the disastrous damage in October and No-
vember. The Paleontology and Mineralogy sections suffered
great destruction. Among the zoological exhibitions lost was
the African Diorama, 25 meters long and modern in workman-
ship. More serious losses, scientifically regarded, are : 30,000
herps, 10,000 fishes, 40,000 birds, 30,000 eggs, 500,000 molluscs,
and mammalian bones, including the African material of Kitten-
berger. The insect collections were also damaged, especially
the Diptera, of which 250,000 specimens (including 1,000
types), 1,500 volumes and 6,000 separates were burned.
Dr. Kaszab writes that the Museum Annals will probably be
published this year as usual but includes in his letter the follow-
ing (free translation) :
"The replacement of the destroyed collections and renewal of
scientific work in the museum surpasses our own resources and
will be possible only through the sympathetic help of foreign
institutes and foundations, zoological and entomological socie-
ties. We ask of anyone who is able, help us ! I also ask you
to make the contents of my letter widely known. The zoologists
at the museum are all alive and working strenuously to salvage
everything worth saving."- H. F. STROHECKER, University of
Miami.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 135
Reviews
THE NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF THE "SUBGENUS AESCHNA"
SENSU SELYSII 1883 (Odonata). Memoirs of the American
Entomological Society, Number 15 (Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia). By Philip P. Calvert, Professor Emeri-
tus of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania, and Editor Emeri-
tus of the Entomological News.
For many years odonatologists have been aware of the need
of an adequate revision of the many species of Aeshna (sensu
lato) of South and Central America. For some years past,
however, it has been well known that Dr. Calvert was working
on this project and now this gap in our knowledge of dragonflies
has been filled.
Dr. Calvert's report is an imposing document of 251 pages
of text, 614 figures arranged on 47 plates, 19 tables of venational
and other measurements and 7 maps showing both geographical
and altitudinal distribution of all the species and subspecies
treated in the study.
Thirty-eight species comprise the neotropical members of the
three genera recognized, but forty are actually considered, since
two species of Hespcraeschna, a typically neotropical subgenus
of Aeschna, are unknown south of Baja California, Mexico, one
of these being the type species, Aeshna (//.) calif ornica Calvert.
The main body of the study is divided into seven parts, the
first and by far the largest part dealing with the adult dragon-
flies, the second with the larvae, while the remaining parts are
brief dissertations on the following topics: III Relationships
of the Neotropical Aeshnas to the North American fossils ; IV
Relations of the South American Aeshnas to Palearctic and
Australian species ; V The Geological Age and Geographical
Distribution of the Ancestors of the Odonata and Mammalia;
VI Relations of the Neotropical Aeshnas to each other ; and
VII The Seasonal Distribution of the Neotropical Species of
Aeshna.
In the introductory pages of Section I a full account is given
of the historical events leading to the fixation of the generotype
of Aeshna Fab. as A. grandis L. by Cowley in 1934. This is
followed by an all-inclusive key to genera, subgenera, species and
136 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1957
subspecies. Being of the descriptive kind, a number of charac-
ters are used, not only venational and genitalic but also many
others from various regions of the body, including color pattern.
Such a key may be more time-consuming than the usual shorter
kind but is far more reliable. Immediately following the key a
number of abdominal details are described, these having been
used as taxonomic characters for the first time in the present
work.
No pains have been spared to make this study as complete and
accurate as possible. In the descriptive part the treatment of
each species includes an apparently complete list of references in
chronological order, numbered consecutively, and detailed state-
ments as to sources of material and distribution of species and
subspecies, not only geographical but also altitudinal and sea-
sonal. Under the caption "Ecology" are various field notes,
often copied as exactly as possible from the collector's label, this
being usually necessary since adequate accounts of the habits or
haunts are rarely available in published form. Finally, under
"discussion" are considered the numerous problems, chiefly tax-
onomic, which inevitably arise in a work of this kind, particu-
larly in the case of little-known species.
A total of 40 species of the "subgenus Aeschna" sensu Selysii
1883 are treated in this work. These include some more re-
cently described species belonging to the same "subgenus" and,
as already stated, two that are not actually Neotropical in
distribution.
As now classified, these 40 species belong to three genera,
Aeshna, Coryphaeschna and Castoraeschna. Coryphaeschna
was separated from Aeshna in 1903 by E. B. Williamson, the
generotype being A. ing ens Rambur and other species of Aeshna
were transferred to the new genus by various workers, including
Calvert. Six species are now referred to Coryphaeschna, all
inhabiting the Neotropical Region, although C. ingens pene-
trates North America as far as North Carolina.
The only new genus that appears in the present study is
Castoraeschna, although it should be noted that Dr. Calvert
published preliminary diagnoses of this new genus and his new
subgenera of Aeshna in 1952 (Ent. News, 63). Five species
belong to Castoraeschna and all but one of them had been placed
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 137
in Coryphaeschna by Ris or Kimmins, including the generotype
Aeshna castor Brauer.
The remaining species are placed in the genus Aeshna, but
this genus, as represented in the Neotropical Region, is now sub-
divided into six nominal subgenera, namely, Aeshna, Hesper-
aeschna Cockerell, Rhionaeschna Foerster, Schizuraeschna Cal-
vert, Marmaraeschna Calvert, and Neureclipa Navas. Only
two species are referred to the typical northern subgenus Aeshna
and these are both too little known to give much assurance that
they actually belong to this subgenus. Rhionaeschna, repre-
sented by a single species not seen by Calvert is doubtfully dis-
tinct from Hesperaeschna, the dominant neotropical subgenus.
This leaves thus four well defined and well established subgenera
of Aeshna in the region considered.
The largest and most widely distributed of these subgenera is
Hesperaeschna, whose 14 species together have an unbroken
range from Terra del Fuego (A. variegata} to southern British
Columbia {A. calif arnica}, a latitudinal range of 102 degrees.
None of the other subgenera or even genera approach Hesper-
aeschna in latitudinal range. Coryphaeschna comes second with
66 degrees, and likewise entering North American (North
Carolina), while the third is the subgenus Schisuraeschna (60),
which ranges even farther north than Hesperaeschna (A. multi-
color to southern British Columbia), although the southward
extension of its range is only to Panama or possibly Venezuela
(A. jalapensis). There are only four species each of the sub-
genera Marmaraeschna and Neureclipa, and three of Schisur-
aeschna, so that the total number of species of Aeshna, includ-
ing two in the subgenus Aeshna and one of Rhionaeschna is 28.
The 7 species of Coryphaeschna and 5 of Castoraeschna make
the total number of species described 40.
Comparatively little larval material was available for Dr.
Calvert's study but that little has been most carefully investi-
gated. The key to the larvae is modified from the keys of
Wright and Peterson (1944, Ohio Jl. Sci. : 151-161) and Need-
ham and Westfall (1955, Manual N. Amer. Drgfls. : 253-255).
Although the larva of Coryphaeschna ingens, the generotype of
this genus, is strikingly unlike the typical Aeshna larva, the dif-
ference between larvae of these two genera may be very slight.
138 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1957
Castoraeschna is still unknown in the larval state and, as far as
any of the genera are concerned, larvae of less than a dozen
species and subspecies are known with certainty. This is, how-
ever, as many as could be expected in a group whose larvae
have not yet been systematically collected or reared.
Dr. Calvert's study is profusely illustrated, partly from photo-
graphs, partly from line drawings, but the great majority of the
figures are from pencil drawings, reproduced in halftone. These
drawings are most carefully and accurately executed, but the
lack of contrast of pencil drawings is increased in the reproduc-
tion, so that they appear somewhat dull and flat. Nevertheless,
the figures perform their main function, accurately representing
the parts which they illustrate.
The final impression left on the mind of the reviewer after a
careful scrutiny of this work is that of an extremely exact and
detailed study in which nothing has been done hastily and no
opinion expressed on any problem without due consideration of
every one of its angles.
Besides being a work that every serious odonatologist will
desire to possess, this monograph will doubtless be wanted for
entomological libraries everywhere, particularly those in Cen-
tral and South America. EDMUND M. WALKER.
THE BIOLOGY OF THE HETEROPTERA; by N. C. E. Miller.
Pp. 162, 64 figs. Leonard Hill Ltd. 9 Eden Street, London
N.W. 1. 30 s.
This small book by Professor Miller will be of considerable
value to the general entomologist and the specialist in Heterop-
tera as it contains numerous fine illustrations of adult and imma-
ture stages of many species of the suborder. For almost the
first time, all of the heteropterous families are brought together
and discussed in a single volume and the author as a result of
his extensive work in the tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere has
been able to avoid the over-emphasis upon Holarctic species so
evident in most general works. A useful list of family and sub-
family names and their synonyms is included. Particularly
valuable is the extensive section on the Reduvoidea of which
group Dr. Miller is one of the great authorities.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 139
From specialists in the group have come expressions of regret
on account of many errors and omissions, and the poor balance
of the work. For example, 101 of the some 152 pages of text
are devoted to discussions of the various families. The Redu-
voidea are treated in 40 pages, the Tingidae receive three-
fourths of one page, the Coreidae four pages, the Lygaeidae
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ily of Heteroptera) are treated in two and one-half pages.
Any book of this type must, of course, be highly selective, but
in view of some of the very limited references included it is sur-
prising to find no mention of such important biological papers
as Bailey's on the Tingidae, Esselbaugh's on Pentatomidae,
Blatchley's "Heteroptera of E. N. America," Renter's classic
work on the Heteroptera of Palearctic Conifers and a great
many others.
Much important biological information is lacking. To take
two examples, maternal care in Heteroptera is very casually
discussed without reference to the important papers on the sub-
ject by Bequaert, Frost & Haber and Kirkaldy among others
and there is no consideration of the important Mullerian and
Batesian mimicry phenomena exhibited by some members of
the suborder.
Statements of the geographic distribution of the various fami-
lies is unfortunately most misleading. The Isometopidae are
said to be Palearctic and Oriental, the Berytidae Ethiopian and
Indo-Australian, the Aradidae Palearctic and Nearctic, and the
Salclidae Nearctic and Palearctic.
Economic workers will certainly object to the omission or
summary treatment of such destructive species as Antestia linea-
ticollis, Anasa tristis, Blissus leucopterus, Nysius ericae and
Nysius vinitor among others.
The book appears to be valuable for students of the Redu-
voidea and for general workers in providing an overall view of
the groups of Heteroptera and for its excellent illustrations. It
must, however, be used with great caution and by no means
represents a definitive work upon the biology of the Heteroptera.
R. G. S.
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THE NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF THE
'SUBGENUS AESCHNA' SENSU SELYSII 1883
(Odonata)
By Philip P. Calvert
This paper presents an account of the Neotropical species referred
by de Selys in 1883 to his subgenus Aeschna and of some species un-
known to him. His subgenus is here divided into three genera,
Aeschna, Coryphaeschna, and Castoraeschna, Aeshna in its turn be-
ing subdivided into the subgenera Aeschna, Hesperaeschna, Rhio-
naeschna, Schizuraeschna, Marmaraeschna and Neureclipa. These
five subgenera include 2, 15, 1, 3, 4 and 5 species and subspecies
respectively. Coryphaeschna embraces 9 species and subspecies,
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Schizuraeschna, 1 species of Neureclipa and 6 species of Cory-
phaeschna are described and figured. Generalities are discussed under
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American fossils ; Relations of the South American Aeshnas to the
Palaearctic and Australian species ; The geological age and geographi-
cal distribution of the ancestors of the Odonata and of the Mammalia ;
Relations of the Neotropical Aeshnas to each other; The seasonal
distribution of the Neotropical species of Aeshna. Forty plates in
black and white illustrate the structural and colorational features of
the adults, seven those of the larvae. Nineteen tables show the varia-
tions in size and in venation of the adults. Six maps show the geo-
graphic distribution of all the species concerned. There is an alpha-
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Price $10.00 postpaid
THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA 3, PA.
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>v S
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
,H Xi: 1957
Vol. LXVIII No. 6
CONTENTS
Michener Biology of a parasitic bee 141
Laboratory Training Courses 146
Woolley Redescriptions of Ewing's Oribatid mites, III 147
Nomenclature Notice 156
Buscemi Endochironomus overwintering cocoons 157
Linsley New longicorn beetles from Texas 159
Ignoffo Records of mammal-lice associations 162
Balduf Weight of puparia of Rhagoletis basiola 163
Brown Distribution and variation of Formica dakotensis 165
Change of policy on separates 167
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOL. LXVIII JUNE, 1957 No. 6
Notes on the Biology of a Parasitic Bee, Isepeolus
viperinus (Hymenoptera, Anthophorinae) x
By CHARLES D. MICHENER -
The purpose of this paper is to present information on the
biology of the South American parasitic bee, Isepeolus viperinus
(Holmberg). The observations are fragmentary but, in view
of the interesting structural and behavioral parallelisms that
occur among various parasitic bees, it seems worth publishing
them, especially since very little has been known previously of
the biology of any Protepeolini.
The so-called parasitic bees that inhabit nests of solitary bee
hosts are inquilines after the manner of cuckoos. They lay their
eggs in the cells of the host ; each larva destroys the egg or
young larva in a cell of the host, then eats the food stored by
the host. When a parasite locates a host nest, she revisits it
from time to time in order to lay an egg in each cell, or at least
in more than one cell. Even though the parasites occur in
1 Contribution number 958 from the Department of Entomology, Uni-
versity of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.
2 The field work for this study was possible thanks to a John Simon
Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship and aid kindly made available by the
Campanha Nacional de Aperfeigoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior,
Rio de Janeiro ; the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas, Rio de Janeiro ;
and the Rockefeller Foundation, New York. In particular, thanks are
due to Father J. S. Moure for the use of facilities of the Secgao de
Zoologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Universidade do Parana, Curitiba,
Parana, Brazil, and for identification of the bees concerned. Early com-
pletion of the manuscript and figures was made possible by a grant from
the National Science Foundation.
(141)
JUN.20 mi
142 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS IJutie, 1957
different families, they exhibit a remarkable series of paral-
lelisms. Some of those relating to adult morphology have been
treated by Grutte (1935), Michener (1944), and others. A
most remarkable parallelism concerns the first stage larva, which
in various parasites is equipped with an enormous head and
jaws which are used to destroy the egg or young larva of the
host. This modification occurs in such parasites as Coelioxys
(Megachilidae), Melecta, Oreopasites, Epeolus, Triepeolus, and
Noniada (Anthophorinae). It is possible that this character is
an indication of phylogenetic relationship of the last three, but
must have arisen independently in Coelioxys and Melecta, and
probably in Oreopasites. Another parasitic bee, Stelis, how-
ever, has nearly normal first stage larvae. It is interesting to
find that Isepeolus has a large head and jaws in this stage, just
as do its parasitic relatives in the Anthophorinae.
The genus Isepeolus has been recorded as a parasite of Col-
letes previously (Claude- Joseph, 1926; Ruiz, 1942, 1944, under
the name Epeolus luctuosus Spinola), but information on imma-
ture stages has been limited to notes on the mature larva by
Claude-Joseph.
The observations here recorded concern its parasitism of
Colletes kerri Moure. The ethology of this species has been
discussed elsewhere (Michener and Lange, 1957).
Among 25 occupied cells of C. kerri collected from nests in
an earth bank at Araucaria, Parana, Brazil, on January 13,
1956, 6 were occupied by cocoons of Isepeolus, the others by
pupae of the Colletes. The Isepeolus cocoons are 11 to 12 mm.
long, 6 mm. wide, strong, firm, made of coarse brown fibers
sometimes as much as .02 mm. in diameter, criss-crossed, fused
at points of crossing. These form an outer layer separable with
difficulty from a second layer of finer fibers partially imbedded
in an amorphous membrane. This layer is easily separable from
a third which is similar to the second. The fourth and inner-
most layer, separable with difficulty from the third, is very thin,
almost without fibers or with only very fine pale ones, and is
thus mostly amorphous material. It is very smooth and shining
on the inner surface except near the anterior end where it is more
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 143
fibrous, less smooth, and with some open interspaces among the
fibers. The thickness of the whole cocoon wall is about .28 mm.
The outside of the cocoon is fairly uniformly covered with a
layer of fecal matter and perhaps unused pollen. This layer is
.1 to .2 mm. thick, and blackish; separate fecal pellets cannot
be recognized.
At the time that these cocoons were collected one adult was
already chewing its way out through one end of its cocoon.
Others were still pupae, but all had emerged by January 25.
Other observations on the relations between Isepeolus viperi-
nus and its host were made in a series of banks near Curitiba,
Parana, Brazil, which are termed for our purposes the Bangui
roadside banks. They are described in detail by Michener,
Lange, Bigarella, and Salamuni (1958). On February 26, a
female Isepeolus viperinus was seen to enter a known nest of
Colletes kerri. The nest was left undisturbed, but on March 4
it was excavated. It contained two cells, both of which were
occupied by young Isepeolus larvae. The latter were straight
(unlike the curled Colletes larvae) and floated at the surface of
the semiliquid provisions. They had killed the Colletes larvae,
but the remains of the latter were uneaten in the mass of pro-
visions ; apparently Isepeolus larvae do not eat those of their
host.
A young Isepeolus larva is shown in fig. 1, with a young
Colletes larva drawn to the same scale in fig. 2. The two draw-
ings were traced from a photograph of living larvae removed
from the cells. The young larva of Isepeolus is remarkable for
being nearly straight, the body with thick projecting lateral
folds, especially posteriorly, which disappear in larvae of the
same stage which have fed and are more distended. The body
is remarkable among Anthophorinae for having a few hairs,
especially in the anterior half. The large, depressed, heavily
sclerotized head is also rather hairy. Sclerotization extends
back as a spreading shield over the anterior part of the pro-
thorax, especially ventrally, as shown in figs. 3 and 4, where
membranous areas are stippled. The pointed labrum, relatively
long antennae, absence of palpi, and the large sickle-shaped
144 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1957
mandibles are noteworthy features. However, the fusion of
the labium, maxillae and hypopharynx to form an undivided
ventral plate which is completely fused with the head capsule
and has the salivary opening exposed on its ventral surface is
a most remarkable modification of the pattern seen in related
nonparasitic Anthophorinae (e.g., Anthophora, see Michener,
1953). A deep midapical emargination in this plate is sur-
rounded by downflexed margins (fig. 5). The posterior ten-
torial pits are reduced to a pair of inconspicuous depressions,
from which exceedingly slender tentorial rods extend ante-
riorly ; no tentorial bridge was seen, nor were anterior tentorial
pits located.
The head is so differently modified from that of Oreopasites
(Rozen, 1954), another parasitic anthophorine whose young
larval head has been studied with some care, that it may be that
the head enlargement and sclerotization in Oreopasites and
Iscpeolus larvae have been independent. In Oreopasites the
labrum is deeply bifid, the antennae and palpi are small but
recognizable and the maxillary and labial area is separated from
the rest of the head. These are primitive features which agree
with bee larvae in general. Hence it is reasonable to state that
the primary larvae of Oreopasites are less specialized than
those of Isepeolus. Unfortunately, those of other parasitic
Anthophorinae have not been described in sufficient detail to
permit comparison.
One might imagine that larvae so modified could only kill
the egg or larva of the host and could not feed on the stored
food. This is not the case, for one small larva, presumably first
stage, had the body distended with pollen.
Finally, it should be noted that a prepupa of Isepeolus viperi-
nus was found in a cocoon in the nest of an unknown species of
Colic tes (not kern) near Restinga Seca, 20 km. east of Pal-
meira, Parana, Brazil, on January 27, 1956. This prepupa
pupated in mid-February and emerged in the laboratory in early
March. Apparently this individual belonged to a population not
synchronized with Colletcs kerri but rather with its own host.
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
145
FIG. 1. Young (probably first stage) larva of Isopeolits viperiwus
(Holmberg), dorsal view.
FIG. 2. Side view of larva of the same age of the host, Colleges kerri
Moure.
FIGS. 3-5. Lateral, dorsal and ventral views of head of young larva
of Isopeolus viperiwus (Holmberg).
Morphologically it agreed with specimens reared from nests of
C. kerri.
As the pupa of Isepeolus has not been described, the following
notes may be useful : No pubescence ; no spines on coxae or
elsewhere ; a pair of tubercles on vertex near ocelli ; a pair of
large tubercles behind middle of mesoscutum. This pupa, as
can be seen from the study of bee pupae by Michener (1954),
has fewer spines and projections than any other bee pupa known.
Perhaps this is because the adult is largely devoid of long hairs ;
in the paper mentioned above it is suggested that pupal spines
serve principally to provide space for the development of the
long hairs characteristic of most nonparasitic bees.
146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1957
LITERATURE CITED
CLAUDE-JOSEPH, F. 1926. Recherches biologiques sur les Hymenopteres
du Chili (Melliferes), Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. [Paris], (10)9: 113-
268.
GRUTTE, E. 1939. Zur Abstammung der Kuckucksbienen (Hymenopt.
Apid.), Arch. Naturgesch. (new ser.), 4: 449-534.
MICHENER, C. D. 1944. Comparative external morphology, phylogeny,
and a classification of the bees, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 82 :
151-326.
1953. Comparative morphological and systematic studies of bee
larvae with a key to the families of Hymenopterous larvae, Univ.
Kansas Sci. Bull., 35: 987-1102.
1954. Observations on the pupae of bees, Pan-Pac. Ent., 30: 63-70.
MICHENER, C. D. and R. B. LANGE. 1957. Observations on the biology
of some Brazilian colletid bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea), Jour.
Kansas Ent. Soc. (in press).
MICHENER, C. D., R. B. LANGE, J. J. BIGARELLA, and R. SALAMUNI.
1958. Factors influencing the distribution of bees' nests in earth
banks, Ecology (in press).
ROZEN, J. G. 1954. Morphological description of the larva of Oreopa-
sites vanduzeei Cockerell, Pan-Pac. Ent., 30 : 203-207.
Ruiz P., F. 1942. Notas biologicas de algunos generos de abejas soli-
tarias de Chile, Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal [Ministerio de Agri-
cultura, Santiago], 2(1) : 8-16.
1944. Apidologia Chilena, segunda parte, Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat.,
46 and 47: 200-231.
Laboratory Training Courses
A schedule of the Laboratory Refresher Training Courses
that will be given by the Laboratory Branch of the Communica-
ble Disease Center during the period September 9, 1957 to
March 28, 1958 has been issued. About twenty different
courses on laboratory diagnoses of the various viral, bacterial,
rikettsial, fungous, protozoan, and other parasitic diseases of
man and animals are included. Each course runs from one to
four weeks at designated periods ; a few are repeated. For
detailed information, and for application forms write to the
Laboratory Training Services, Communicable Disease Center,
U. S. Public Health Service, P.O. Box 185, Chamblee, Georgia.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 147
Redescriptions of Ewing's Oribatid Mites, III
Family Eremaeidae (Acarina: Oribatei) '
By TYLER A. WOOLLEY, Department of Zoology, Colorado
A. & M. College, Fort Collins, Colorado
This paper delineates several redescriptions of oribatid mites,
the original accounts of which were made by the late Dr. Henry
E. Ewing. The article is a sequential part of a series pro-
posed by Dr. E. W. Baker of the U. S. National Museum.
The writer follows Ewing's descriptions as far as possible, but
uses modern acarological terms.
FAMILY EREMAEIDAE WILLMANN, 1931
According to Willmann (1931) this family of aptyctimous
mites is characterized by the lack of pteromorphae, legs shorter
than the body and leaf-like or ridge-like lamellae. Legs III
and IV are usually inserted at the lateral margins of the
hysterosoma.
The first three species redescribed below are representatives
of the genus Lucoppia Berlese, 1908, in which the narrow,
ridge-like lamellae converge, the pseudostigmatic organ is capi-
tate, with a globe on a short, thin stalk. The last species dis-
cussed in this paper is in the genus Eremaeus Koch, 1836,
which is characterized by reduced, parallel lamellae, short tarsi
with three claws and apodemata IV fused into a sclerotized band
which surrounds the genital aperture.
Lucoppia magnipilosa (Ewing), 1909. (Figs. 1, 2)
Type: Damacus magnipilosus Ewing, 1909, p. 130.
Description: Olive brown in color, integument rough, with
small, raised kernels. Propodosoma triangular (specimen tilted
on slide), rostrum rounded anteriorly; rostral hairs simple,
incurved at tips, inserted half their lengths posterior to rostral
tip. Lamellae not noticeable except as slight ridge on right
1 Research supported by a grant-in-aid from the National Science
Foundation.
148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1957
side. Lamellar hairs a third longer than rostral hairs, erect
and inserted two-thirds their lengths directly posterior to rostral
hairs. Interlamellar hairs simple, about same size as lamellar
hairs, erect, inserted between pseudostigmata. Pseudostigmata
cylindrical, low, slightly raised above surface of propodosoma,
cornuate beneath. Pseudostigmatic organs small, erect, with
narrow, short peduncle and globose head. Tectopedia I lateral,
between levels of pseudostigmata and lamellar hairs.
Hysterosoma oval, wider anteriorly in tilted specimen, longer
than broad. Dorsum with eleven pairs of long, fine, simple
setae. Each seta finely serrate as shown in fig. 1. Two poste-
rior median pairs of setae shorter than others. Ewing's de-
scription states : "At the posterior margin of the abdomen are
situated two pairs of short, stout, fusiform bristles, character-
istic of this species ; the upper two are about twice as long as the
lower two, and both pairs are inclined away from the median
plane." In the specimen from which this description is con-
structed these dorsal hairs are fine and not stout. There are,
however, two short, fusiform adanal hairs on the venter, which
Ewing may have viewed from above, but none of the setae on
the dorsum is stout.
Camerostome oval as seen in tilted specimen, with two simple
bristles posterior to chelicerae. Other bristles as shown in
fig. 2. Ventral plate shield shaped, anterior margin of shield
formed by curved apodemata IV. Genital opening oval, nearly
three times its length from anal aperture, anterior margin con-
tiguous with curved front margin of ventral plate adjacent to
apodemata IV. Each genital plate longer than broad and with
five simple setae inserted closer to lateral margin than to
medial (fig. 2); g:l inserted on anterior margin of genital
plate; g:5 inserted in middle of posterior edge; g:2, g:3, g:4
and g : 5 equidistant from each other, a slightly wider separation
between g : 3 and g : 4. Anal aperture nearly square ; anal
plates nearly three times as large as genital plates, longer than
broad, with two anal setae; a:l inserted laterally on plate, a: 2
shorter and closer to median and posterior margin of plate
(fig. 2).
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 149
According to Ewing the anterior pair of legs are as long as
entire body, the leg segments less swollen than in other species.
He describes all legs with stout, curved, pectinate hairs and leg
IV as the longest of the legs.
Length 725 /j., hysterosoma 528 /A ; width 428 /j..
Discussion: The original description by Ewing (1909a) is
slightly different in some respects from the current redescrip-
tion. The specimen described above is not the type, but bears
the same identification as the type. According to Ewing the
type species was collected by J. D. Hood at Urbana, Illinois,
under the bark of soft maple. The specimen described above
is one collected by C. R. Crosby at Columbia, Missouri, and
mounted June 19, 1908.
Lucoppia curviseta (Ewing), 1909. (Figs. 3, 4)
Type : Notaspis curviseta Ewing, 1909, p. 105.
Description: Dark reddish brown, integument thick and hard.
Propodosoma narrowly triangular, about one third as long as
body, expanded laterally in outline by projection of tectopedia I
and II. Rostrum rounded; rostral hairs simple, erect, about
half as long as lamellar hairs, inserted three-fourths their lengths
from tip of rostrum at lateral margins. Lamellae narrow, con-
vergent bands or ridges on surface of propodosoma, extended
from base of pseudostigmata to level of anterior margin of
tectopedia I, expanded distally for insertion of lamellar hairs.
Lamellar hairs about as long as propodosoma, finely serrate
(Ewing states: "pectinate"), directed forward. No trans-
lamella. Interlamellar hairs about three-fourths as long as
lamellar hairs, simple, erect, but curved outward and upward,
inserted near lamellae, antero-mediad of pseudostigmata. Pseu-
dostigmata small, circular pits, slightly larger in diameter than
width of lamella. Pseudostigmatic organ short, directed antero-
laterad, with straight, narrow pedicel, a spherical head at level
of tectopedia II. Tectopedia I and II as shown in fig. 3.
Hysterosoma subglobose, slightly broader in front, anterior
margin indented laterally to form a small scallop around inser-
tion of first pair of setae directly behind tectopedia II ; first
150 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1957
pair of setae straight, directed laterad ; dorsmn with thirteen
pairs of simple, curved setae (Ewing says: "pectinate"). Four
pairs of areae porosae, one pair posterior to shoulder of
hysterosoma, three pairs postero-lateral in position (fig. 3).
A glandular fissure postero-laterad of fourth pair of hystero-
somal bristles.
Camerostome subtriangular, two setate immediately posterior
to chelicerae. Other setae as in fig. 4. Apodemata I and II
long, narrow, directed mediad; apodemata III and IV short,
curved, extended mediad a fourth the distance to genital open-
ing. Anterior margin of genital aperture contiguous with apo-
demata II, opening nearly square in outline, about three times
its length anterior to anal aperture. Each genital plate rectangu-
lar, with straight, medial margin, rounded lateral corners ; four
short, fine genital setae on each plate; g:l and g:2 anterior,
g:3 and g:4 posterior (fig. 4). Anal aperture nearly three times
as large as genital opening, somewhat polygonal in outline.
Anal covers with two fine, curved hairs inserted closer to
medial margin than to lateral. Two pairs of stout, fusiform,
adanal setae, one at postero-lateral corner of anal aperture,
second pair posterior to aperture near posterior margin of ven-
tral plate, projected posteriorly beyond margin of hysterosoma.
Legs subequal, posterior pair not extended beyond hind
margin of hysterosoma.
Length 766 /A, hysterosoma 566 /*. ; width 533 /A.
Ewing (1909b) states that several specimens of this species
were collected at Arcola and Homer, Illinois.
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
FIG. 1. Lucoppia magnipilosa (Ewing), 1909, from dorso-lateral as-
pect ; A. pseudostigmatic organ (after Ewing 1909) ; legs omitted.
FIG. 2. Lucoppia magnipilosa (Ewing), 1909, from ventral aspect;
legs omitted.
FIG. 3. Lucoppia curviseta (Ewing), 1909, from dorsal aspect; legs
omitted.
FIG. 4. Lucoppia curviseta (Ewing), 1909, from ventral aspect; legs
omitted.
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
151
3
4-
FIGS. 1-4.
152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1957
Lucoppia boletorum Ewing, 1913, p. 120. (Figs. 5, 6)
Description: Light yellowish brown. Propodosoma longer
than broad, rostrum blunt. Rostral hairs inserted in slight
prominences a third their lengths from rostral tip. Lamellae
less than half the length of propodosoma, low sclerotized ridges
apparently extending to pseudostigmata, but interrupted by
insertion of interlamellar hairs. Lamellar hairs pectinate,
curved ; inserted in low crescentic pits at anterior end of lamellae,
reaching nearly to insertion of rostral hairs. Interlamellar hairs
pectinate, divergent, a third longer than lamellar hairs, inserted
in slightly curved, medial projections of lamellae, closer to
pseudostigmata than to lamellar hairs. No translamella. Pseu-
dostigmata cup-like ; pseudostigmatic organs short, with narrow
pedicel and subglobose, simple head.
Hysterosoma somewhat oval (except for broken dor sum on
right side), surface irregular, but not pitted; dorsum with eleven
pairs of slightly pectinate, curved setae (fig. 5). Areae porosae
as shown in fig. 5.
Venter misshapen due to breakage of specimen. Apodemata
I curved around base of camerostome ; apodemata II directed
medio-posteriorly from between tectopedia I and II. Apode-
mata III nearly horizontal at level anterior to genital aperture,
not extended to margin of latter. Genital opening about two
and one-half times its length from anal aperture, rounded;
genital covers with straight medial margins, rounded laterally ;
genital setae not visible, a single setal insertion in postero-
lateral corner of left cover. Anal opening about twice the size
of genital opening, each anal cover with a single visible seta.
An adanal seta adjacent to postero-lateral ir^argins of anal aper-
ture.
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
FIG. 5. Lucoppia boletorum Ewing, 1913, from dorsal aspect, hystero-
soma broken on right side ; legs partially shown.
FIG. 6. Lucoppia boletorum Ewing, 1913, from ventral aspects ; legs
emitted.
FIG. 7. Ercmaeus brevitarsus (Ewing), 1917, from dorsal aspects;
legs omitted.
FIG. 8. Ercmaeus brevitarsus (Ewing), 1917, from ventral aspect;
legs omitted.
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
153
7
FIGS. 5-8.
154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1957
Length 614 /A, hysterosoma 470 /A.
Ewing (1913) states that this species was collected by J. E.
Guthrie at Jordan, Minnesota.
Discussion: According to Ewing (1913) this species is simi-
lar to L. pilosus (Banks), but he differentiates L. boletorum on
the basis of an almost circular hysterosoma and shorter lamellar
hairs. The fact that the specimen of the latter species is broken
makes exact comparisons difficult.
Eremaeus brevitarsus (Ewing), 1917, nov. comb. (Figs.
7,8)
Cotype : Damaeus brevitarsus Ewing, 1917, p. 164.
Description: Propodosoma large, bluntly triangular in out-
line, narrower than hysterosoma and about two thirds as long,
with small tubercles on lateral and posterior surfaces (fig. 7).
Rostrum broad and blunt, rostral hairs inserted in slight notches
at lateral edges of propodosoma approximately half their lengths
from anterior tip. Lamellae small, elongated, triangular promi-
nences, about as long as rostral hairs, located on dorsal surface
of propodosoma, with anterior cusp that projects above surface
of propodosoma. Lamellar hairs short, about one-fourth as
long as lamellae, each inserted in tip of anterior lamellar cusp
and slightly decurved. Translamellae reduced to small medial
projections on inner edges of lamellae. Interlamellar hairs
stouter than lamellar hairs, but about same length, pectinate,
inserted antero-mediad of pseudostigmata. Pseudostigmata cir-
cular and pit-like, as wide as half the length of interlamellar
hair, nearly three times their diameters from anterior margin of
hysterosoma. Pseudostigmatic organ elongate, club-like and
pectinate, extending almost directly laterad from pseudostigmata.
Tectopedia I prominent, posterior to level of lamellar hairs,
but directly laterad of lamellae. Tectopedia II a prominent,
notched lateral tubercle at postero-lateral angle of propodosoma
between legs II and III.
Hysterosoma longer than broad, swollen and slightly oval in
outline, truncate anteriorly, anterior margin apparently flat-
tened behind propodosoma, shoulder regions sclerotized ; nine
pairs of fine, dorsal setae; integument smooth (fig. 7).
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 155
Posterior margin of camerostome angular ; setal insertions at
level of tectopedia I and medial. Apodemata II and III trans-
verse bars, each ending in curved, sclerotized coxal insertions ;
apodemata IV coalesced with sclerotized margin of genital
aperture. Two pairs of setal insertions anterior to genital
aperture on each side of sclerotized bar between apodemata III
and IV 7 , a single setal insertion mediad of coxal insertion IV.
Genital aperture oval in outline, surrounded by sclerotized ring
formed by apodemata IV ; each genital cover subrectangular,
with six genital setae in a row near medial edge of cover. Anal
opening trapezoidal, each cover somewhat triangular, opened
slightly in cotype specimen (fig. 8), with two setae; two pairs
of adanal setae, fine, simple, subequal in length.
Ewing (1917) describes the legs of this species as follows:
"Legs . . . with short, globose tarsi ; femora swollen but not
globose though pedicellate at their bases. Anterior pair of
legs extending beyond the tip of the rostrum by about two
thirds their length; tarsi slightly shorter than the tibiae; tibiae
each with distal tubercle and long tactile hair which extends
beyond the tip of the tarsus. Tarsi of posterior legs strongly
globose scarcely two thirds as long as the tibiae ; tibiae not
globose, bearing each a very long tactile hair distally which
extends beyond the tips of the tarsi. Ungues of all tarsi
unequal."
Length 580 /x; width 300 p..
Ewing mentions that a single specimen was found by him
beneath an old piece of wood at Ames, Iowa.
Discussion: Two discrepancies exist between the Ewing's
original description and the cotype described above. Ewing
indicates the lamellar hairs as large, straight, simple bristles
which extend beyond the rostrum. The pencil drawing of the
cotype indicates these as short and decurved. Ewing's original
illustration shows four setae in the shoulder region ; the cotype
exhibits three. Minor differences in the lamellae also exist as
illustrated here and as drawn by Ewing.
This species resembles Ereinaeus foveolatus Hammer, 1952,
but differs in the shorter length of the interlamellar hairs, lack of
pits on the hysterosoma and the shorter, cusped lamellae.
156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1957
REFERENCES
BAKER, E. W. and G. W. WHARTON. 1952. An Introduction to Acarol-
ogy. Macmillan Company, N. Y.
EWING, H. E. 1909a. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 17: 116-136.
. 1909b. Univ. 111. Bui. 7(14) : 1-120.
. 1913. Bui. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 32: 93-121.
WILLMAN, K. 1931. Tierwelt Deutschlands 22 : 79-200.
Nomenclature Notice
All comments relating to the following should be marked with
the Commission's File Number, and sent to Francis Hemming,
28 Park Village East, Regent's Park, London N.W.I, England.
Dictyoploca Jordan, 1911, validation of (Order Lepidop-
tera) (File No. : Z.N.(S.) 1072).
Staphylinus Linnaeus, 1758, designation of Staphylinus ery-
thropterus (emend, of crytropterus) Linnaeus, 1758, as type
species of (Order Coleoptera) (File No.: Z.N.(S.) 242).
Anopheles Meigen, 1818, designation of type species for, in
harmony with accustomed usage (Order Diptera) (File
No.: Z.N.(S.) 1165).
picta Walckenaer, 1802 (Aranea), validation of, and of
Theridium (emend, of Theridion) Walckenaer, 1805, vali-
dation of (Class Arachnida) (File No.: Z.N.(S.) 1006).
For details see : Bull. Zool. Nomencl. Vol. 13, Double-Part 2/3.
Toxorhynchites Theobald, July 1901, validation if (Order
Diptera) (File No. : Z.N.(S.) 1166.
For details see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. Vol. 13, Part 4.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 157
First Record of Endochironomus subtendens
(Townes) Larval Overwintering Cocoons
from North America (Diptera:
Tendipedidae) *
By PHILIP A. BUSCEMI, Department of Biological Sciences,
University of Idaho
During the course of a year-round study of the bottom fauna
of Parvin Lake, Colorado (located in Larimer County at an
altitude of 8200 feet), an unusually large number of overwinter-
ing cocoons of Endochironomus subtendens 2 larvae were col-
lected from the plant detritus of Elodea canadensis in the inlet
bay. To date, they have been reported only four times from
certain European lakes: by Harnish (1922) from a pond of
the Silesian plain, by Aim (1922) from Yxtasjon in central
Sweden, by Decksbach (1933) from the Russian Pereslawskoje
Lake, and by Thienemann (1954) from some north German
lakes. This, then, is the first North American record for such
overwintering cocoons of Endochironomus.
Overwintering cocoon of Endochironomus subtendens, X 20
Cocoons were collected by the writer as early as October 20,
1952, but the great majority were taken between November 28,
1954 to May 8, 1955. Most of the cocoons were found at
depths of 0.3 to 3.0 m. They thus occurred over a slightly
1 Contribution No. 29, Limnology Laboratory, Dept. of Biology, Uni-
versity of Colorado.
2 Kindly identified by W. W. Wirth, U. S. National Museum.
158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1957
greater depth range than that reported by Thienemann, who
collected them only between 1.0 and 2.0 m. The maximum
concentration on the bottom of the inlet bay was recorded at
1.0 m. (4928 per sq. m.) on February 26, 1955. The cocoons
averaged 4.0 mm. long and 1.6 mm. wide (i.e., somewhat smaller
than those described by Thienemann). They are weakly con-
cave along the mid-line, and the ends are approximately semi-
circular in shape (fig.). The larvae are bent at 180 at the
mid-point of their length, and the head and caudal regions
occupy the same end of the cocoon.
A number of cocoons measuring only 1.4 mm. in length were
also collected in the samples, so that apparently all three larval
stages have the ability to build overwintering cocoons. The
cocoon is closed on all sides and is constructed of silk-like oral
secretions to which bits of inorganic detritus and diatoms
adhere. Their color is dark yellow to brown.
On the basis of near-bottom water temperature data, larvae
of E. subtendens start to build cocoons shortly after the mini-
mum daily water temperature falls to 10 and the mean daily
water temperature falls below 13. This latter temperature was
first recorded in the inlet bay on November 20, 1954. Eight
days later cocoons were found in the dredgings. Conversely,
the mean critical temperature for reactivation of the larvae in
the spring must lie between 5 and 9. Over 50 per cent of the
larvae had become active on April 22, 1955, when the mean
daily water temperature was 5.3, and over 70 per cent were
active by May 8, 1955, when the mean temperature had in-
creased to 9.3.
Representative specimens are in the collections of the United
States National Museum.
LITERATURE CITED
ALM, G. 1922. Meddel. Kungl. Lantbruks. 236: 1-186.
DECKSBACH, M. L. 1933. Archiv. fiir Hydrobiol. 25: 365-382.
HARNISH, O. 1922. Archiv. fiir Hydrobiol. 14: 89-96.
THIENEMANN, A. 1954. Die Binnengewasser 20: 1-834.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 159
New Longicorn Beetles from Texas (Coleoptera,
Cerambycidae)
By E. GORTON LINSLEY, University of California, Berkeley
The following species are described in order that the names
may be available in connection with another study.
Heterachthes texanus Linsley, new species
Male : Form slender, small ; integument uniformly dark brown,
surface subglabrous except for very long erect pale setae which
are longer than greatest width of femora; elytra without pale
markings. Head coarsely, irregularly punctate between eyes;
antennae very heavy, exceeding elytral apices by about three
segments, segments three to six greatly swollen, thicker than
scape, apically ciliate but not carinate, segments seven to eleven
filiform. Pronotum dull, coarsely, rugosely punctate, a little
more than one and one-half times as long as basal width ; pro-
sternum shining, subglabrous ; metasternum shining, glabrous
practically impunctate. Elytra dullish, with scattered coarse
punctures bearing very long setae ; apices separately rounded.
Legs moderate ; femora clavate, with scattered long erect setae.
Abdomen shining, subglabrous, almost impunctate. Length,
4.5 mm.
Holotype male (Calif. Acad. Sciences, Entom.), from the
Chizos Mts., Big Bend, TEXAS, July 5, 1942 (E. C. Van Dyke).
This is a small, obscure species, easily known by the uniform
dull coloration above, shining impunctate ventral surface, ex-
tremely heavy basal segments of the antennae and the very long
erect setae of the elytra and legs.
Crossidius inflaticollis Linsley, new species
Male : Form large, subparallel ; integument dull, red, antennae,
legs, scutellum, and sterna of meso- and metathorax black,
elytra with a broad parallel-sided anteriorly pointed bluish area,
humeri narrowly black. Head densely, coarsely punctate above ;
160 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1957
antennae eleven-segmented, exceeding elytral apices by about
three segments, basal segments sparsely ciliate internally, finely
punctate, eleventh segment elongate, vaguely appendiculate.
Pronotum large, a little narrower than elytra (11:12), less
than one and one-half times as broad as long (11:8), sides
tumid or very feebly subtuberculate, surface uneven, impressed
on each side of disk, coarsely, shallowly, densely and somewhat
confluently punctate, pubescence long, erect, moderately dense ;
prosternum finely densely punctate with coarser punctures
superimposed, densely clothed with long erect pale hairs, meso-
and metasterna finely, densely punctate. Elytra about two and
one-third times as long as basal width, sides subparallel, surface
thinly clothed with moderately long suberect hairs, closely and
rather coarsely punctate but the basal punctures distinctly
smaller than those of pronotum, becoming finer, denser apically ;
apices sinuate truncate, inner and outer angles distinct but not
produced. Legs finely punctate, thinly clothed with suberect
pale hairs. Abdomen very finely and densely punctate, clothed
with long, pale, suberect hairs. Length, 18.5 mm.
Holotype male (Calif. Acad. Sciences, Entom.), from Chinati
Mt., Presidio Co., TEXAS, October 29, 1928 (E. R. Tinkham).
This species superficially resembles those of the corallinus-
cruentus group but may be recognized at once by the large pro-
notum without a prominent lateral tubercle and the long pubes-
cence of the upper and lower surfaces. The blue area of the
elytra is unusually extensive for males in this genus.
Amannus atriplicis Linsley, new species
Male : Form robust ; integument black, elytra testaceous, basal
margin and suture black, median black vitta extending from
near apex to humerus ; pubescence dense, pale. Head rather
finely punctate at base, clothed with moderately long, appressed
hairs ; antennae twelve-segmented, exceeding elytral apices by
from two to three segments, third segment a little longer than
fourth, fourth segment subequal to fifth, segments five to eleven
successively slightly shorter, twelfth segment distinctly shorter
than eleventh, attenuate, segments three to seven carinate in-
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 161
ternally. Pronotum nearly one and one-third times as wide as
long, sides obtusely rounded or subtuberculate, surface mod-
erately coarsely, densely punctate, densely clothed with long
appressed hairs which obscure the surface sculpture; scutellum
densely clothed with long appressed hairs; pro-, meso-, and
metasterna densely clothed with long, appressed pubescence
which obscures the surface. Elytra about two and one-fourth
times as long as basal width, finely costate; surface rather
tate, clothed with suberect pale hairs which are a little longer
coarsely, densely, contiguously and somewhat confluently punc-
near base; apices rounded to suture, very slightly dehiscent.
Legs slender; femora clothed with long appressed pubescence.
Abdomen very densely clothed with long appressed hairs.
Length, 10.5 mm.
Female : Antennae not quite reaching to base of abdomen ;
abdomen with apical margins of sternites evident but not
broadly arcuately denuded. Length, 9-12 mm.
Holotype male, allotype female and two paratypes, male and
female (United States National Museum), from Presidio,
TEXAS, May 7, 1944, on Atriplex canescens (no. 44-12184),
collected by J. H. Russell.
This species is related to A. vittiger Le Conte, but is a little
larger and more robust with the elytra only about two and one-
fourth times as long as basal width, the pubescence of the pro-
notum appressed, rather than erect, and obscuring the surface,
and the abdomen of the female without broadly arcuate de-
nuded apical margins on the sternites. The elytra are margined
with black at the base and along the suture and the median black
vitta attains the humerus.
162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1957
New Records of Mammal-Lice Associations *
By CARLO M. IGNOFFO
Eight living lice collected from a freshly killed cottontail
rabbit, Sylvilagus audubonii (Baird), in the Great Salt Lake
Desert region south of the Cedar Mountains, Tooele County,
Utah, were identified as Haemodipsus setoni Ewing. Although
Ferris 2 mentions collecting this louse "from an undetermined
species of cottontail presumably a species of Sylvilagus . . .
from the state of Montana," this is believed to be the first
definite record of this association.
Other new records of lice parasitizing mammals from this
same area are :
Neohaematopinus laeviusculus (Grube)
Townsend ground squirrel, Citellus tozvnsendii (Bachman)
Neohaematopinus citellinus Ferris
Antelope ground squirrel, Citellus leucurus (Merriam)
Hopopleura hesperomydis (Osborn)
Pinyon mouse, Perotnyscus truei (Shufeldt)
Canyon mouse, Peromyscus crinitus (Merriam)
Hopopleura arboricola Kellogg and Ferris
Cliff chipmunk, Eutamias dor sails (Baird)
Least chipmunk, Eutamias minimus (Bachman)
Fahrenholzia reducta Ferris
Great Basin pocket mouse, Perognathus parvus (Peale)
Fahrenholzia pinnata Kellogg and Ferris
Ord kangaroo rat, Dipodomys ordii Woodhouse
Little pocket mouse, Perognathus longimembris (Coues)
1 This work was supported by U. S. Army Chemical Corps contract,
No. DA-18-064-CML-2639, with the University of Utah.
2 FERRIS, G. F. 1951. The Sucking Lice, Mem. Pacific Coast Ent.
Soc., 1: 179.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 163
The Weight of Puparia of Rhagoletis basiola
(O. S.)- (Trypetidae, Diptera)
By W. V. BALDUF, Urbana, Illinois
INTRODUCTION
In a previous investigation (in press), I found that the
puparia of this rose hip fly varied widely in length from 3.0 to
6.9 mm. and in ratio of length to diameter from 2.00:1.00 to
2.74:1.00. Thus, curiosity prompted me to inquire briefly also
into the nature of their variation in weight. The 222 individ-
uals involved here developed from larvae in the hips of Rosa
blanda and R. Carolina near Chetek, Wisconsin. Whereas the
hips were picked on September 5, 1950, pupariation of the
materials concerned here occurred at Urbana, Illinois, on Sep-
tember 17 to 22 and 26 to 28. The nine daily samples were
weighed each day and kept separated in shell vials stored out-
of-doors but sheltered from direct sun and rain.
RESULTS
The puparia were found to vary in two ways: (1) in their
initial weights taken at the time of pupariation, i.e., within 24
hours after the mature larvae emerged from the hips, and (2)
in the subsequent period of 35 to 40 days during which they
were subjected to "dry" and wet conditions, alternately.
Original Weights. The initial weight of the 222 puparia
totalled 3.310 grams, which gave an average value of .0149 gr.
per individual. The nine daily samples consisted of 9 to 33
puparia. The initial average weight per puparium for these
samples was as follows, in chronological order: .0179 (Sept.
17), .0166, .0155, .0159, .0133, .0145, .0167, .0141 and .0096
(Sept. 28). These data, in general, show a tendency of the
puparia to decrease gradually in weight from the beginning to
the end of the over-all period of pupariation, September 17 to
28. One condition that probably contributed to this decline was
the deterioration of the stored hips which formed the food of
the advanced larval instars from September 5 to 28. However,
164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1957
some hips remained in a well-preserved state, while others de-
teriorated to varying extents. These differences in the condi-
tion of the hips may well explain the chronological irregularity
of the observed decline in weight of the puparia.
Parasitism probably was another factor in the observed de-
cline. The hymenopterous endoparasites, Halticoptera rosae
Burks, Opius baldufi Mues. and 0. rosicola Mues. attacked this
fly significantly in several years at Chetek. However, the
present purparia were not dissected to learn the rate of inci-
dence of the parasites, nor the manner in which they affected
the weights of the hosts.
Weights and Humidity. Because some puparia of all but
two of the nine samples died in the course of the weighings, and
because such fatalities probably prejudice the results of the
tests, I am presenting here only the data for the two whole
samples. Yet, the excluded samples have some informational
value since they reflect the same general type of variations as
the included two, namely, ( 1 ) a decided increase in weight with
exposure to water, and (2) a marked decrease in weight under
"dry" conditions.
The two samples for which I have complete records involve
56 puparia. On the days of pupariation, they were placed on
cotton in normally dry atmosphere and weighed daily until they
ceased to lose weight. During this period of 17 to 20 days,
their combined initial or original weight .9404 gr., fell off to
.6990 gr., which represents a decline of 25.67 per cent.
Next, the dry puparia were transferred at once to a water-
saturated wad of cotton in a vial. At the end of seven days,
their weight had levelled off and had increased from .6990 gr.
to .8248, i.e., 15.26 per cent. However, they still were 12.29 per
cent short of their initial weight of .9404 gr.
Now the puparia were again kept on air-dry cotton until the
daily records showed their weight had again become constant.
This condition had developed on the twelfth day, when they
weighed .6903 gr. This figure represents a loss of 16.31 per
cent from the previous saturated weight of .8248 gr., and of
26.60 per cent from the initial weight of .9404 gr.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 165
DEDUCTIONS
The observed pattern of changes suggests the following
deductions :
First, the living puparia have the capacity to vary sharply
in weight, the increases noted here being due to the absorption
of environmental water, and the decreases to the evaporation of
body fluids through the cuticla.
Second, the fact that the weight achieved at the termination
of the seven-day wet period fell short, by 12.29 per cent of the
initial weight, indicates the puparia tend to lose some of their
capacity to regain by absorption. However, since mortality in
puparia is not readily detected, it is possible that some of this
loss of ability to regain all the previously lost weight was
apparent, not real.
Third, a change in color, texture and specific gravity accom-
panies the variations in weight that arise from alternate wetting
and drying. When newly pupariated, the puparia were nor-
mally dark ocherous and rubbery, tough; when they reached
the extreme of dryness imposed in the treatment, they had
turned pale stramineous, rigid and fragile. The darker flexible
condition is restored with wetting. Dry puparia float lightly on
water; wet ones float deeply.
Fourth, these variations in color, texture and weight, or spe-
cific gravity, are extrinsic and inconstant, hence have only nega-
tive taxonornic significance for segregation of species in the
puparial stage.
Distribution and Variation of the Ant Formica
dakotensis Emery
By W. L. BROWN, JR., Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Harvard University
Our understanding of Formica dakotensis Emery has been
advanced considerably by Creighton (1950, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool. 104: 480, 484-486) who cites data and references I need
not repeat here. The easternmost record for dakotensis, doubted
166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1957
by Creighton, was based on a mixed series from Digby, Nova
Scotia (J. Russell leg., MCZ), consisting of eight workers
mounted on two pins. By coincidence, the top two workers on
each pin happened to be F. subnuda Emery, the bottom two on
each pin, F. dakotensis. Evidently Creighton saw these top
workers only, and assumed that the pins had been misplaced in
a group of the wrong species ; at my first glance, I also made
the assumption that the series was homogeneous subnuda, and
it was only after an intensive study of subnuda was begun that
I found that instead it was a mixture of these two superficially
similar species. There seems to be no reason any longer to
doubt that both species occur as far east as Nova Scotia, espe-
cially in view of the considerable range extensions that are
reported next below for F. dakotensis.
Variation in dakotensis includes a "race montigena," said to
differ by having erect hairs on petiolar margin and gula. A
series from Bluff Prairie, London, Ohio (C. H. Kennedy leg.),
has from 3-5 erect hairs on the dorsal petiolar border ; the Nova
Scotia specimens have 1-5 per border.
A long series from Fairbanks, Alaska (W. Briggs leg.), is
like the eastern lots in lacking gular hairs entirely, and generally
has fewer on the petiolar border, often lacking hairs here com-
pletely. The samples with both gular and petiolar hairs erect
are found in the Colorado Rockies, Idaho, Montana, Alberta
Rockies and British Columbia, but there is as much variation
in series from Alberta and Montana as in the rest of the distri-
bution combined ; some series from this region are extreme
"typical" dakotensis, others are extreme montigena, and still
others are intergradient and/or mixtures of the extremes.
Since the distributional patterns of the gular hairs and the
petiolar hairs are strongly discordant, it is obvious that they
cannot be used together to define geographical races. Consid-
ered alone, the gular hairs are characteristic in Colorado, but
are less so farther north. The evidence for intergradation in
this character alone is not quite good enough to rule out the
possibility that montigena is a Rocky Mountain sibling that
meets the east-west range of dakotensis in Montana and Alberta.
The few females available do not provide very good support for
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 167
this hypothesis, although the considerable variation they show
may fall into line when better material comes into evidence.
Everything considered, it seems likely at this time that monti-
gena should pass into the synonymy of dakotensis; at least, the
burden of proof should fall on those who wish to maintain mon-
tigena as an independent taxon.
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THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA 3, PA.
V
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
JULY 1957
Vol. LXVIII No. 7
CONTENTS
Allen A Japanese weevil in the Philadelphia area 169
Review General and Applied Entomology 174
Rehn Removal of certain Decticinae to Listroscelinae 175
Woolley Redescriptions of Ewing's Oribatid mites, IV 177
Ross New oak-inhabiting Erythroneura 183
Nomenclature Notice 190
Krombein Synonomy of two North American Chrysis 191
Judd Chalcidoid wasps from bullet galls 193
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOL. LXVIII JULY, 1957 No. 7
A Japanese Weevil Abundant in the Philadelphia
Area
By H. W. ALLEN * -
The Japanese weevil, Pscudocneorhinus bifasciatus Roelofs,
appears to be increasing in numbers near Philadelphia. In 1956
it was one of the most abundant defoliating insects in this area,
and despite its inconspicuous nature an increasing number of
homeowners are becoming aware of its work.
Although injury to cultivated plants was first reported from
Connecticut in 1924 (Britton), the earliest record of the weevil's
occurrence in the United States is from specimens collected in
1914 in Philadelphia but not identified until years later (Bu-
chanan 1946). Infestations of this insect in several heavily
populated areas of the Eastern States are discussed by Smith
(1955). According to Buchanan (1946), it occurred in Lans-
downe, Pa., in 1940 and in Germantown in 1944. The author
found it present in damaging numbers at Moorestown, N. J.,
in 1946 and again in 1948 (Allen 1948).
This weevil is distinctly polyphagous, and many host plants
have been listed, but little has been published on its life history
and habits. Buchanan dissected 55 specimens from Moorestown
and found that only females were present. Smith (1955) noted
that the beetles have fused wing covers and cannot fly, and that
they deposit their eggs in partially eaten, curled leaves. He
found that weevils infesting plants can be killed by application
of dusts containing 5% of heptachlor or 2.5% of aldrin.
1 Entomology Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, U.S.D.A.
2 E. L. Flasket assisted in the observations.
(169)
JUt 8 1955
170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS IJ u ty> 1957
Observations by the author on food plants of the adult weevils
are reported below. In the Philadelphia area privet hedges are
commonly heavily infested and defoliated. Other plants that
may be severely defoliated include azalea, perennial phlox, fire-
thorn, and occasionally abelia, Japanese barberry, rose, climbing
honeysuckle, Japanese quince, shrubby althea, forsythia, redbud,
coralberry, hazelnut, flowering dogwood, chrysanthemum, and
the sprouts or young plants of oak, sycamore, flowering crab,
and walnut. Several large-leafed ornamentals not often de-
foliated, such as rhododendron, mountain laurel, English ivy,
and lilac, are conspicuously disfigured by the feeding of the
weevils. Feeding has been observed also on Spirca vanhonttei,
Euonymous radicans, coral bell, perennial veronica, geranium,
germander, wild sweet-william, and several common weeds in-
cluding wild aster, lamb's-quarters, Pcrsicarea, and northern
bugleweed.
In 1956 a few adults were found on June 9. Thereafter they
were observed frequently throughout the season until after the
first heavy frosts. The peak of abundance was in late July,
but beetles were still plentiful in late September, and feeding
continued throughout that period. Early in August one side of
a section of moderately infested privet hedge about 3 feet high
was jarred over a 90-inch length of sheeting and 70 beetles were
knocked down. On September 26, 170 beetles were collected in
a few minutes from about 60 feet of azalea and privet, but on
October 12 only one could be found on the same shrubs. In an
indoor cage at room temperatures nearly all these beetles were
alive and vigorous on October 25.
Although samples of soil from beneath heavily infested bushes
and around the roots and crowns of adjacent weeds and grasses
were examined several times between June and October, no
larvae or pupae were found. Egg pods were found first on
September 21, but may have been present earlier, since well-
developed ovarian eggs were found in 2 of 20 females on August
2, and 14 of 20 on August 23. Among beetles collected on
September 26 maximum oviposition occurred from September
28 to October 9. There seems to be no diapause in the egg
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 171
stage. By October 22 nearly all the eggs deposited from Sep-
tember 27 to 30 and kept at room temperatures had hatched.
October hatching also occurred among eggs kept in an outdoor
insectary. In late October one newly hatched larva was found
in the soil beneath heavily infested privet. However, eggs de-
posited early in the month and bedded in dead leaves in the
shade had not hatched by October 22. It appears that this
insect starts hibernation in the egg stage, and also as small
larvae in the soil.
The adult (Fig. 1 ) is a robust, brownish-gray weevil, 4.5 to
7 mm. long, with two broad, transverse black bands across the
elytra. The snout is broad and only slightly longer than wide.
Adults are sluggish and unable to fly ; hence their dissemination
must be chiefly by transport. Of 42 dissected during July and
August none had membranous wings and all were females. No
males have yet been found.
The adults are usually found in shaded areas. They frequent
the foliage and twigs of host plants and the ground beneath them.
They are present on foliage both day and night, and on both
fair and rainy days. They may remain quiescent for long pe-
riods in the angle between leaf petioles and the stem of a twig,
where they resemble axillary buds. They feed at the edge of
the leaf, cutting out small sinuses and sometimes giving it a
ragged, coarsely serrate appearance. Feeding continues from
June to October, and may cause nearly complete defoliation by
late summer. The beetles have a tendency to form clusters, and
bunches of 3 to 20 may be seen on heavily infested plants. De-
foliation is always progressively less from the ground level
upward, and heavy feeding is not often found more than 6 feet
from the ground. When there are many beetles feeding on a
bush, the leaves below them are usually spotted with black,
adhesive, more or less cylindrical fragments of excrement.
When infested shrubs are slightly jarred, most of the beetles
drop to the ground, and some will drop when the shadow of a
hand passes quickly before them. Beetles that have dropped to
the ground are inactive for a minute or two, when they may be
rolled about like small pellets of earth, but they soon regain
activity and crawl away.
172 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [J u ty> 1957
When the egg is first laid it is white, with a thin, translucent,
flexible, unsculptured shell. It is about 1.1 mm. long by 0.35
mm. wide, and slightly enlarged at the posterior end. As the
embryo develops, the egg becomes creamy yellow, and the light-
brown mandibles of the larva are visible through the shell.
The eggs are usually deposited in inconspicuous folds at the
margins of dead leaves or leaf fragments, but some have been
found over the midrib near the petiole, and a few eggs have been
found on green leaves. The free edge of the fold is sealed to
the basal portion of the leaf fragment, enclosing the eggs like
seeds in a pod. There may be one to eight eggs in a fold. In
the natural habitat a few egg pods were found in the dead mar-
gins of leaves on azalea and lilac bushes. Several more were
found in scattered leaf fragments under a privet hedge nearly
free of trashy mulch, and others were located by diligent search
in the copious leafy trash under infested rose and azalea. Caged
beetles deposited eggs more freely in leaf fragments on the
ground than in leaves or leaf fragments attached to the twigs
in the feeding area, and this condition is probably true in the
natural habitat. Of a total of 168 egg clusters deposited by
caged beetles, 72% were found in the leafy debris on the ground.
Newly hatched larvae are creamy yellow with light-brown
heads. They are footless, with long, sparse pubescence. On
hatching they crawl from the egg pods, drop to the ground,
crawl an inch or less over the surface, enter some depression,
and quickly burrow into the soil. In a cage at room tempera-
ture several young larvae that were more than twice the size
of the eggs were found in moist soil containing pieces of lilac
roots. There seems to be little doubt that the larval stage de-
velops in the soil under or close to the plant where the egg pods
were deposited.
Moderate to heavy feeding on ornamentals by P. bifasciatus
adults was observed in 1956 in Mt. Holly, Burlington, Moores-
town, Maple Shade, Merchantville, Haddonfield, Palmyra,
Riverton, Runnemede, Woodbury, Paulsboro, Williamstown,
and Hammonton, N. J. ; Langhorne, Bustleton, Germantown,
Chestnut Hill, Whitemarsh, Conshohocken, and Phoenixville,
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
173
FIG. 1. A cluster of Psendocneorhimts bifasciatus adults on a twig
of privet.
174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Juty* 1957
Pa. These towns enclose an urban area of about 900 square
miles. Infestation is apparent chiefly in built-up residential
sections, particularly where there are well-shaded gardens bor-
dered by shrubs and perennial plantings or by hedges. This
area includes almost completely urban Philadelphia and Cam-
den, and scores of towns, villages, and residential developments
where the weevil thrives. It also includes more sparsely popu-
lated countryside where weevils are absent or not easily found.
In nearly all the towns listed above, more than half the privet
hedges were found to be moderately to heavily infested. In
Moorestown, N. J., interspersed among the many infested prop-
erties were gardens in which no beetles could be found. There
were even hedges with practically no evidence of weevil injury
directly across the street from heavily infested hedges.
REFERENCES
ALLEN, H. W. 1948. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 450.
BRITTON, W. E. 1924. Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 256: 313-314.
BUCHANAN, L. L. 1946. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 41 : 143.
SMITH, F. F. 1955. Jour. Econ. Ent. 48 : 628-629.
Review
GENERAL AND APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY. By V. A. Little; A.
and M. College of Texas. Pp. vii + 543 ; 323 figs. Harper and
Brothers, 1957, New York 16, N. Y. Price : $7.00.
Most students take but one course in entomology. If this has
to be one in applied entomology, we have here a book that will
serve well as a text. It includes 35 pages of anatomy and physi-
ology, and about that many on the principles of control ; the rest
is chiefly classification and biology. Each order has keys to
principal families, and under each family one or more species is
taken up in detail. When a family contains economic insects it
is these that are chosen, and all the commoner pests receive ade-
quate attention, each under its proper order and family.
In some applied texts, one studies in succession the pests of
corn, cotton, etc., etc. ; one never, for example, takes up aphids
as aphids, since they are scattered about in the book under their
host plants, and juxtaposed to entirely unrelated insects, which
seems, somehow, a curious way to study entomology. Is this
(Continued on p. 192}
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 175
On the Removal of Certain New World Genera
from the Decticinae to the Listroscelinae
(Orthoptera; Tettigoniidae)
By JAMES A. G. REHN, Curator of Insects, Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
In 1900 the present author described a very unusual species
of tettigoniid from the hot Rio Balsas valley of Guerrero, Mex-
ico, as a new species (impcrfectus) of the genus Capnobotes, 1
which latter was then and has since been consistently referred
to the subfamily Decticinae. The other species of Capnobotes
were then, and are yet, considered to be limited to the south-
western United States, but they undoubtedly also occur in arid
northwestern Mexico. In 1901, after study of material of true
Capnobotes not previously available, the author erected the new
genus Ncobarrettia for the species Capnobotes imperfectus, 2
dedicating it to the collector of the original material, Otis W.
Barrett. In 1907, my friend and colleague, Mr. A. N. Caudell,
in a revision of the North American Decticinae, established the
genus Relmia, 3 assigning to it two new species, R. victoriae,
from Victoria, Guerrero, Mexico, and R. spinosa, from Texas.
We now know victoriac from a relatively broad range of locali-
ties extending northward as far as Kansas, and spinosa con-
versely extending down into eastern Mexico. Two species have
been added subsequently to Rchnia R. cerberus Rehn and
Hebard, from western Texas, and R. sinaloae Rehn and Hebard,
from Sinaloa, Mexico. 4
For some years past I have had the impression that both
Neobarrettia and Rchnia were misplaced in the Decticinae, but
only recently has it been possible for me to make the needed
series of comparisons to prove or disprove this belief. It is now
possible to say definitely that both genera do not belong to the
Decticinae, but are instead members of the Listroscelinae, an
1 Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., XXVII, p. 89.
2 Entom. News, XII, p. 16.
3 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, pp. 288, 305.
4 Trans Amer. Entom. Soc., XLVI, pp. 234-244, (1920).
176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [J u ly> 1957
otherwise chiefly pan-tropical subfamily very well developed in
South America.
The evidence for this conclusion has been drawn from the
following structural features of the two genera, which fully agree
with what we find in other representative genera of the Listro-
scelinae, and accordingly disagree with typical members of the
Decticinae : ( 1 ) the very narrow, strongly and lamellately com-
pressed fastigium; (2) the general structural pattern of the
pronotum ; (3) the strongly developed and paired spiniform
processes on the prosternum, mesosternum and metasternum,
not just on one or the other element, but on all; (4) the dis-
tinctly tuberculate or subspiniform process found on the internal
surface of the coxae, particularly of the median and caudal
limbs; (5) the well spined character of both of the ventral
margins of the cephalic and median femora, and the relatively
marked development of the spines on the ventral margins of the
corresponding tibiae ; and (6) the relative expansion and de-
planation of the ventral surfaces of the cephalic and median
femora, the latter a condition strongly developed in Listroscelis
and other members of the subfamily.
The criteria used in the past for the separation of the sub-
families of the Tettigoniidae have frequently been the presence
or absence of certain limb spines, which, increasingly, we know
are of less diagnostic value than long supposed. For instance,
the presence of a disto-dorsal spine on the external (caudal)
margin of the cephalic tibiae often has been given much weight.
In twenty-nine specimens of Ncobarrcttia imperjecta I find this
spine present in twenty-eight, but in one individual curiously
it is absent from the external margin but has shifted to the other-
wise unspined internal (cephalic) margin. In fourteen indi-
viduals of Rehnia sinaloac this spine is present on both cephalic
tibiae in all but one, in which it is present on one limb and
absent from the other. In sixty specimens of Rehnia victoriae
this spine is present on both cephalic tibiae. Absence can be a
matter of early injury, hence have a teratological background.
Thus it is increasingly desirable that morphological features of
more fundamental character be found and utilized to define
generic or suprageneric categories.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 177
It is quite evident that Rehnia and Neobarrettia are closer to
some of the Neotropical genera of the Listroscelinae with which
they have been compared, such as Arachnoscclis, than they are
to the more divergent lines represented in tropical America by
Phlugis, and in the Old World tropics and subtropics by
Xiphidiopsis.
The removal of Neobarrettia and Rehnia from the Decticinae
to the Listroscelinae is here made only after a comparative study
of all the North American genera of the former subfamily and
a considerable number of the extra-limital ones. Except where
the Sonoran element penetrates into northern Mexico I know
of no unquestioned decticines from the whole of America south
of the United States. The present investigation carries the
Listroscelinae definitely into North America as usually defined
politically. I believe Neobarrettia and Rehnia represent a rela-
tively early invasion of our territory from a more southern
center of the subfamily, and that they have developed individu-
ally in their respective areas of arid or semi-arid conditions.
The Rio Balsas valley, the home of Neobarrettia, is regarded by
meteorologists as the hottest area of Central America.
Redescriptions of Ewing's Oribatid Mites, IV
Family Achipteriidae (= Notaspididae)
(Acarina: Oribatei) 1
By TYLER A. WOOLLEY, Department of Zoology, Colorado
A. & M. College, Fort Collins, Colorado
This article is another in the series which deals with rede-
scriptions of Ewing's type species of oribatid mites. Pencil
drawings were prepared by Dr. E. W. Baker of the U. S.
National Museum and made available to the writer. Acknowl-
edgment of the drawings is indicated by the initials on the
finished plates. Ewing's original descriptions are followed as
closely as possible, but modern acarological terms are substituted
where necessary. The article is presented in somewhat cursory
1 Research supported by a grant-in-aid from the National Science
Foundation.
178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1957
fashion since it is the intention of the writer to incorporate
details later in a review or revision of the family.
FAMILY ACHIPTERIIDAE VAN DEN HAMMEN, 1952
(= NOTASPIDIDAE OUDEMANS, 1900)
The anteriorly projecting cusps on the pteromorphae and the
broad, medially-fused lamellae are the principal characteristics
of this family of pterogasterine mites.
Both Grandjean (1936) and van der Hammen (1952) con-
clude that the name Notaspis is improperly used in this family
since the generic designation as originally indicated by Hermann
(1804) is applicable to eleven different mites. Accordings to
the former authors the genus Achipteria Berlese, 1885, more
properly designates the type genus in this family, and is char-
acterized by slit-like pores on the dorsum of the hysterosoma.
This paper deals principally with two species in the genus
Achipteria which were described by Ewing (1918) from collec-
tions in Oregon. In other publications (1909, 1910) he dis-
cusses several species of Notaspis. In this paper the writer
proposes changes in the generic designations of these species
and discusses their taxonomic relationships.
Achipteria oregonensis Ewing, 1918. (Figs. 1, 2)
Description: Cotype broken on left side of hysterosoma. Dark
brown. Lamellae broad at base, completely obscuring rostrum
and other aspects of propodosoma ; each lamella with incurved
antero-lateral margin and blunt tip, sclerotized medial margins
from insertions of lamellar hairs to base of lamellae ; a narrow
U-shaped cleft between anterior half of sclerotized medial mar-
gins of lamellae, cleft extending from insertions of lamellar hairs
half the distance to hysterosoma. Lamellar hairs about as long
as widest width of lamellae, extended from insertions beyond
anterior tip of lamellae, minutely pectinate and curved laterally
at tips. Translamella a brief sclerotized bar at posterior margin
of U-shaped cleft between lamellae. Interlamellar hairs barbed
along entire length, about as long as lamellae, inserted close to
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 179
mesal edge of lamellae near anterior margin of hysterosoma,
incurved at tips. Pseudostigmata deep, cup-like, in notch
formed by latero-posterior margin of lamellae and curved medial
bases of pteromorphae. Pseudostigmatic organs three-fourths
as long as cusp of pteromorph, somewhat fusiform, with minute
spines, projected forward between lamellae and pteromorphae.
Surface of hysterosoma smooth (broken on left side in cotype
specimen), broadly oval in outline with angular shoulders and
rounded posterior margin. Each pteromorph with an anterior
cusp; cusp projecting forward, outward and downward at distal
tip, about two-thirds as long as lamella, not reaching level of
anterior margin of propodosoma. A single, simple dorsal bristle
directly posterior to inner proximal margin of pteromorphal
cusp, inserted its length posterior to hysterosomal margin ; an-
other simple bristle near latero-posterior margin of pteromorph.
Other bristles and glandular fissures as shown in Fig. 1.
Camerostome broadly oval. Ventral plate distorted and
broken in cotype specimen. Setae of ventral plate and apode-
mata as seen in Fig. 2. Genital opening nearly square, about
two-thirds as large as anal opening; genital covers with 7 pairs
of setae ; g : 1 and g : 2 inserted in anterior margin of each cover ;
g:3, g:4, g:5, g:6 inserted in a longitudinal row in middle of
cover ; g : 7 inserted mediad of this row and near posterior mar-
gin of cover. Anal aperture about twice as large as genital
opening, each anal cover trapezoidal in outline and with two
setae. Insertions of anal and adanal setae as in Fig. 2.
Legs described by Ewing (1918) as long and heterodactyle.
Length 771 //,, hysterosoma 614 /x; width 530 /A.
Several specimens were collected by H. E. Ewing from the
ground beneath an old piece of wood at Corvallis, Oregon.
Achipteria borealis Ewing, 1918, nov. comb. (Figs. 3, 4)
Type : Achipteria oregonensis var. borealis Ewing, 1918, p. 84.
Description: Lamellae broad at base, tapered to a sharp point
anteriorly, a deep V-shaped cleft between anterior tips and
extending nearly half the distance to base of lamellae ; medial
180 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1957
margins sclerotized from insertions of lamellar hairs posteriorly,
where lamellae are separated slightly anterior to hysterosomal
margin. Lamellar hairs simple, stouter than interlamellar hairs,
projected slightly beyond anterior points of lamellae, inserted
their lengths from anterior ends of lamellae in frontal tip of
sclerotized medial margin. Interlamellar hairs nearly as long as
lamellae, fine, simple, inserted in meso-posterior margin of
lamellae, distal tips curved inward. Pseudostigmata cornuate
beneath surface of hysterosoma at base of lamellae. Pseudostig-
matic organs not seen.
Hysterosoma smooth, broadly oval ; pteromorphae extended
nearly two-thirds the length of lateral margin ; anterior cusps
nearly straight, projected forward about half the length of
lamellae. Six pairs of setal insertions and two pairs of glandular
fissures as shown in Fig. 3.
Details of ventral aspect obscured by dark color of specimen
except for those shown in Fig. 4. Tectopedia I similar to the
same structure in A. oregonensis , but ribbed on lateral margins.
Genital and anal apertures as figured; genital and anal setae
not visible.
Length 571 /*, hysterosoma 470 /A; width 356 /t.
Ewing (1918) collected a single specimen of this species
under a rotting log at the top of Mary's Peak, Oregon.
Discussion: Ewing's original description (1918) of Achipteria,
oregonensis is accompanied by a single text-figure of the right
pteromorphal cusp of one of the cotypes from Corvallis, Oregon.
As originally described A. borealis differs in size and shape of
the pteromorphal cusp. Further differences are noted, however,
in the sclerotization of the lamellae and pteromorphae; in the
lengths of lamellar and interlamellar hairs, which are stout and
pectinate in A. oregonensis and simple in A. borealis; in the
relative size of the two species, A. borealis is the smaller of the
two. Ewing (1918) used the pteromorphal cusp to distinguish
his described variety from the species. These other marked
differences, however, are sufficient to justify the elevation of
the variety to specific rank, in the opinion of the writer.
Both A, oregonensis and A. borealis differ from the known
European species and from the Canadian species, A. nivalis
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
181
FIG. 1. Achipteria oregonensis Ewing, 1918, from the dorsal aspect.
Left side of hysterosoma crushed.
FIG. 2. Achiptcria oregonensis Ewing, 1918, from the ventral aspect.
Left side of ventral plate broken.
FIG. 3. Achipteria borcalis Ewing, 1918, from the dorsal aspect.
FIG. 4. Achipteria borcalis Ewing, 1918, from the ventral aspect.
Details obscured because of darkened specimen.
FIG. 5. Notaspis tcxana Ewing, 1909, part of propodosoma.
FIG. 6. A leg of Notaspis tcxana Ewing, 1909.
182 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1957
Hammer, 1952, in size and arrangement of lamellae, lamellar
and interlamellar hairs.
Ewing (1909) describes other species of Notaspis which
should be discussed. All cotypes of one of these, Notaspis tex-
ana Ewing, 1909, are smashed. The writer has drawn part of
the propodosoma and the leg of one of these cotypes (Figs. 5, 6).
The lamellae, pseudostigmata and interlamellar hairs indicate
that this species is definitely not Notaspis nor Achipteria. It
probably belongs in the genus Zygoribatula, but the condition
of the specimens makes final determination impossible.
Notaspis brevirostris Ewing, 1910, and Notaspis depilis
Ewing, 1909, also are species of indeterminate position. Neither
appears to belong to Achipteria. The former is illustrated by a
photograph which is not detailed enough to allow critical diag-
nosis. Analysis of the verbal description, in which there is no
mention of pteromorphae, indicates that it is definitely not a
species of Achipteria. The lamellae are short with free cusps,
also in contradistinction to the large plates typical of Achipteria.
Furthermore, the genital and anal apertures are nearly con-
tiguous, a condition which is not characteristic of this genus.
Notaspis depilis is much more characteristic of the genus Zygori-
batula. In the opinion of the writer, these facts constitute suf-
ficient justification to infer taxonomic misplacement of these
two species. Their exact designation cannot be determined,
however, until all of the specimens can be examined and com-
pared with known species.
LITERATURE CITED
BAKER, E. W. and G. W. WHARTON. 1952. An Introduction to Acarol-
ogy. Macmillan Company, New York.
EWING, H. E. 1909. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 17: 116-136.
-. 1910. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 19: 113-121.
-. 1918. ENT. NEWS 29(3) : 81-89.
GRANDJEAN, F. 1936. Ann. Ent. Soc. France 105: 1-110.
HAMMEN, VAN DER, L. 1952. Zool. Verhandl. 17: 1-139.
WILLMANN, C. 1931. Tierwelt Deutschlands 22 : 79-200.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 183
New Oak-Inhabiting Species of Erythroneura from
Illinois (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae)
By HERBERT H. Ross, Illinois Natural History
Survey, Urbana
Among the oak-inhabiting species of Erythroneura found in
Illinois, those with a rigid restriction to shingle oak (Quercus
imbricaria} and the black oaks (Quercus nigra group) are prov-
ing to have been the least understood. This situation is due to
the relatively infrequent occasions when the collector encounters
large populations of Erythroneura on these hosts. By good
fortune, in the last two years we have found a few groves of
these oaks having moderate to large leafhopper populations.
On the basis of the large numbers of individuals thus available
for study, it is now apparent that certain observed structural
differences, previously suspected of being only variations of one
or two species, in reality demark distinctive species segregates.
It is these species which are described in this paper.
ERYTHRONEURA LENTA complex
In Erythroneura lenta and its immediate allies the body
markings are scattered red bars and dots on a pale background,
typical for the great majority of species in the maculata group;
the style has either no posterior point or a minute one; the
aedeagus is simple, deeper than thick ; and the pygofer hooks are
slender and either nearly straight, curved, or only moderately
sinuate. To this complex belong lenta Beamer, longa Knull,
patris Ross and DeLong, and several other species, some of
them apparently undescribed.
Erythroneura marilandicae new species
Most closely related to longa, this species may be distinguished
by the shorter, tapering shaft of the aedeagus and the more
curved dorsal aspect of the pygofer hooks. In longa the latter
are almost straight.
184 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1957
Color and general structure as in typically spotted members
of the lento, complex. Male genitalia as in Fig. 1. Pygofer
hook slender, extending considerably beyond pygofer 5 the latter
aspect slightly curved ventrad, the dorsal aspect bowed, the two
hooks converging toward apex. Style without posterior point
(as in Fig. 3). Aedeagus with curved internal apodeme;
phalicata short, straight, and slightly tapering, lateral aspect
only moderately deep, ventral aspect narrow.
Holotype <$. Meredosia, ILLINOIS, Sept. 8, 1954, on Quercus
marilandica, Ross and Stannard. Paratypes. All from Illinois ;
same data as holotype, 9J 1 ; Forest City, Sept. 11, 1953, on
Q. marilandica, Stannard and Ross, 1 J 1 ; same, but Sept. 8,
1954, 4c?; n. of Marion, Sept. 21, 1950, on Q. velutina, Ross
and Evers, 1 <?; Rocky Branch Cr., Oliver, Apr. 22, 1949, Ross
and Stannard, 2J 1 ; Starved Rock St. Pk., Sept. 7, 1951, on
Juglans cinerea, Mills and Ross, 1 J 1 ; W. Vienna, Jn. 5, 1951,
on Ulmus alata, Ross and Richards, 1 <$.
Erythroneura econa new species
Based on general proportions of aedeagus and pygofer hooks,
this species also is most closely related to longa, but differs in
that the pygofer hooks diverge at apex and have an apparent
twist to the apical portion, Fig. 2A, B, resulting in the apical
half being abruptly narrowed in dorsal view.
Color and general structure as for typically spotted members
of lenta complex. Male genitalia as in Fig. 2. Pygofer process
extending just beyond apex of pygofer; in lateral view the base
is narrow and the apical half is slightly wider (in some speci-
mens this enlargement is not seen until the abdomen is rotated
a few degrees from a strictly lateral position) ; in dorsal view
the base is relatively thick and the apical half is abruptly thinner.
Style without posterior point. Aedeagus with short, straight
internal apodeme ; shaft slender, moderately long, and almost
straight.
Holotype <$. Neoga, ILLINOIS, Sept. 2, 1955, on Quercus
ivnbricaria, Ross and Stannard. Paratypes. Newton, 111., Sept.
12, 1956, on Q. imbricaria, Ross and Selander, 8 ^.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 185
Erythroneura metopia new species
The ventrally-curved pygofer hook indicates a close relation-
ship between this species and patris, from which metopia can be
diagnosed by the angulate rather than gently curved pygofer
hook and the very short aedeagal shaft.
Color and general structure typical for the lenta complex.
Male genitalia as in Fig. 3. Pygofer hook slender, extending to
end of pygofer and bent relatively sharply ventrad at midpoint ;
the two hooks, seen from dorsal view, converge slightly toward
apex. Style without posterior point. Aedeagus with short in-
ternal apodeme ; shaft unusually short for the complex, tapering
and both shallow and narrow.
Holotype rf. Shawneetown, ILLINOIS, July 14, 1948, on
Quercus imbricaria, Mills and Ross. Paratypes. All from
Illinois; same data as holotype, 3 J 1 , 5$; Danville, July 23,
1949, on Q. imbricaria and Q. velutina, DeLong and Ross, 2<$\
n. of Marion, Sept. 21, 1950, on Quercus sp., Ross and Evers,
3 J 1 ; Fairfield, June 12, 1934, DeLong and Ross, 1 <?; Newton,
Sept. 11-12, 1956, on Q. imbricaria, Ross and Selander, 15 J 1 .
Erythroneura alicia new species
On the basis of genitalic structures this species is closest to
longa and marilandicae, from both of which it differs in the
more sinuate pygofer hooks and sinuate aedeagal shaft. From
all members of the lenta complex alicia differs in possessing
three pink transverse bands across the dorsum, in position like
the darker bands of tnvittata.
Color pale with three transverse pink bands across the folded
tegmina, one at the base including also the scutellum, one across
the middle, and the third slightly before the apex. General
structure typical for complex. Male genitalia as in Fig. 4.
Pygofer hook slender and tapering, extending slightly beyond
apex of pygofer, moderately sinuate from either lateral or dorsal
view. Style without posterior point. Aedeagus with short
internal apodeme; shaft short, only moderately deep, its lateral
aspect definitely sinuate, its ventral aspect narrow.
186 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Juty. 1957
Holotype J\ Neoga, ILLINOIS, Sept. 2, 1955, on Q. imbri-
caria, Ross and Stannard. Paratypes. All from Illinois on
Q. imbricaria; same data as holotype, 2 J 1 , 7 $ ; nw. of Casey,
Sept. 8, 1955, Ross, 2 J\ 1 $ ; Dahlgren, Sept. 24, 1952, Ross
and Evers, 2 <\ Fairfield, June 12, 1934, DeLong and Ross;
Newton, Sept. 12, 1956, Ross and Selander, 2 J 1 , 1 5 ; Raymond,
Sept. 29, 1955, Ross, 1 <$.
ERYTHRONEURA TRIVITTATA complex
Two previously described species, confirmata McAtee and
trivittata Robinson, form a distinctive small complex in which
the style has both a posterior and anterior point, both slender
and pointed, Fig. 5E. In confirmata the dorsal aspect (with
wings folded) has an exquisite red saddle-like pattern, whereas
in trivittata the dorsal aspect has a light ground color crossed
by three nearly black transverse bands. Previously this banded
pattern was considered diagnostic for the species trivittata, but
we have discovered two additional species described below
possessing this pattern. Shingle oak is the host for all four
species of the complex.
Erythroneura amethica new species
This and the following species are close relatives of trivittata
Robinson, possessing in common with it three conspicuous trans-
verse red and black bands across the tegmina. E. amethica
differs from the other two banded species in the shape of the
pygofer hooks, which converge at the apex.
Male genitalia as in Fig. 5. Pygofer hook elongate, of nearly
uniform thickness to near curved apex ; dorsal aspect gently
sinuate. Style with sharp anterior point and sharp, narrow
posterior point. Aedeagus with base unusually large ; phalicata
nearly cylindrical, the apical half and most of the ventral margin
spiculate ; ventral aspect slightly irregular.
Holotype J\ Shawneetown, ILLINOIS, July 14, 1948, on
Quercus imbricaria, Mills and Ross. Paratypes. All from
Illinois on Q. imbricaria; Dixon Springs, April 21, 1935, T. H.
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
187
4B
FIGS. 1-4. Male gcnitalia of Erythroncura. A, B, pygofer hooks, lat-
eral and dorsal aspects ; C, D, aedeagus, lateral and ventral aspects ; E,
apical portion of style.
188 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1957
Frison, 1 5; Edgewood, June 5, 1955, Ross and Richards, 1 J 1 ;
Sesser, Aug. 5, 1954, Ross and Moore, 2 J*.
Erythroneura arpegia new species
Color and general structure as in the preceding species. Male
genitalia as in Fig. 6. Pygofer hook quite unlike that of trivit-
tata and amethica in that it is widened into a broad blade just
before the middle, and the dorsal aspect is sharply angled laterad
at the point of widening very much as in paluloides Ross. Style
exactly as in trivittata, the posterior point being only half as
long as in amethica. Aedeagus also very much as in trivittata,
the base of normal size and the phalicata nearly cylindrical, with
a scattering of short spicules.
Holotype <$. Adams County, ILLINOIS, north of Kinderhook,
Sept. 9, 1954, on Quercus imbricaria, Ross and Stannard.
Paratypes. All from Illinois on Q. imbricaria; same data as
holotype, 1 J 1 ; nw. of Casey, Sept. 8, 1955, H. H. Ross, 10 <?;
Danville, July 23, 1949, DeLong and Ross, 1 J 1 ; Neoga, Sept.
2, 1955, Ross and Stannard, 1 J 1 .
ERYTHRONEURA TUMIDA complex
The species tumida Knull is unusual in the maculata group
of Erythroneura in possessing a sickle-shaped style, much as in
Fig. 7E. Two closely related species are here described, bring-
ing to three the number of known species possessing this
character.
Erythroneura protuma new species
In structure of style and pygofer process this species resem-
bles tumida, but differs markedly in the tapering flanges of
the aedeagus.
Color pale with the usual pattern of red spots and bars found
in most species of the maculata group. General structure typical
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
FIGS. 5-8. Male genitalia of Erythroneura. A, B, pygofer hooks, lat-
eral and dorsal aspects ; C, D, aedeagus, lateral and ventral aspects ; E,
apical portion of style.
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
189
7A '/
PROTUMA
190 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1957
for genus. Male genitalia as in Fig. 7. Pygofer process short
and bladelike, almost straight, and not reaching apex of pygofer.
Style with posterior point long and curved over foot so that
the entire apex of the style is sickle shaped. Aedeagus with
large, triangular internal apodeme ; shaft arising from ventral
area of socket, upturned, massive, and having lateral flanges
which are moderately wide at the base and taper into the body
of the shaft a short distance from the apex; apical portion of
the shaft with a few small lateral teeth.
Holotype <$. Oregon, ILLINOIS, Sept. 27, 1956, on Quercus
bor calls, Ross and Stannard. Paratypes. Same data, 4 J 1 ;
same, but Sept. 15, 1955, on Quercus alba, 4 <.
Erythroneura mimica new species
This species resembles the preceding most closely but differs
from it in the chubby apex of the pygofer hooks and the dorsal
position of the aedeagal shaft on its socket.
Color and general structure as in the preceding species. Male
genitalia as in Fig. 8. Pygofer hook short, ending some dis-
tance before the apex of the pygofer, and connected at its base
with a strong surface thickening of the pygofer ; the apical por-
tion of the hook is slightly constricted just before the tip, and
the latter is blunt. Style sickle-like, with long, curved posterior
point. Aedeagus with small internal apodeme ; shaft arising
near dorsal part of socket, straight and tapering, its lateral
margins forming serrate flanges which taper gradually to the
tip of the shaft.
Holotype <$. Oregon, ILLINOIS, Sept. 15, 1955, on Quercus
borealis, Ross and Stannard. Paratypes. Same data, 2 J*.
Nomenclature Notice
All comments relating to the following should be marked with
the File Number, and sent in duplicate to Francis Hemming,
28 Park Village East, Regent's Park, London N.W.I, England.
Mansonia Blanchard, 1901, validation of (Order Diptera)
(File No. Z.N.(S.) 553).
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 191
The Synonymy of Two Species of North American
Chrysis, sens. str. (Hymenoptera,
Chrysididae)
By KARL V. KROMBEIN, Entomology Research Branch,
United States Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.
The synonymy proposed below is a result of a recent com-
parison of the types of several species of typical Chrysis de-
scribed by Viereck and by Rohwer with those described by
Aaron in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Chrysis (Chrysis) pattoni Aaron
Chr\sis Pattoni Aaron, 1885. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 12 : 235.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) decepta Rohwer, 1909. Psyche 16: 90.
NEW SYNONYMY.
The unique type of decepta, a female from Boulder, Colorado,
in the U. S. National Museum, is extremely similar to the
unique type of pattoni, a female from Colorado, differing in
only a few details of infraspecific importance. The type of
pattoni has the facial carina a little weaker and not so curved
downward in middle, head in frontal view but quite so strongly
arched above, and small area immediately basad of median
apical emargination of third tergum flatter.
Chrysis (Chrysis) propria Aaron
Chrysis propria Aaron, 1885. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 12: 238.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) kahli Viereck, 1906. Trans. Amer. Ent.
Soc. 32: 194. NEW SYNONYMY.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) pattonclla Viereck, 1906. Trans. Amer.
Ent. Soc. 32: 194. NEW SYNONYMY.
The unique male type of kahli from Kansas and of pattonclla
from Hamilton County, Kansas, both in the University of Kan-
sas collection, are very similar to each other in details of the
sculpture and vestiture. They differ in color, that of kahli being
blue, while that of pattonclla is green. Both agree very well in
192 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1957
all details of sculpture with the male lectotype (selected by
Cresson) of propria from Montana.
The type series of propria is a mixed one, and includes repre-
sentatives of at least two and possibly three species. Four of
the available paratypes are females, and two are males (the
original type series consisted of eight specimens).
One male and two females from Montana and one female
from Colorado are conspecific with the lectotype. A male from
California is perhaps different the facial carina is absent, the
head and thorax are not so closely punctate, and the apical teeth
of third tergum are shorter. The female from Arizona is cer-
tainly a distinct species it is the only member of the type series
having the pronotum longer than the head (shorter than the
head in the others ) , and the pronotal punctures are much larger
and the median pronotal groove extends almost to the posterior
margin.
I am indebted to G. W. Byers of the Department of Entomol-
ogy, University of Kansas, for making available the types of
typical Chrysis described by Viereck.
(Continued from p. 174)
method really so "practical?" Every farmer and grower knows
his pests, and his local store will provide the latest insecticide
with full instructions. It is when a new insect appears, or when
one has a plant not in the book, or one is confronted with some
other novel situation that one must draw on whatever general
knowledge and understanding of insects that one may have. This
fundamental (often called theoretical or impractical) knowledge
then turns out to be the truly useful, and can be applied to the
specific situation.
This book, with its truly entomological approach, is a valuable
addition to our list of applied text-books ; it represents a return
to the method of the renowned John B. Smith's "Economic En-
tomology" of a past generation. It is hoped that it will be fol-
lowed by other editions, or other applied texts, in which, in fair-
ness to the student, still more general entomology is set forth,
including, particularly, more of the general ecological side of
insect life. R. G. SCHMIEDER.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 193
Chalcidoid Wasps (Eulophidae, Eurytomidae)
Reared from the Bullet Gall Caused by
Disholcaspis mamma (Cresson)
(Cynipidae)
By W. W. JUDD, Department of Zoology, University of
Western Ontario, London, Ontario
On March 31, 1956, several galls were collected from twigs
on a sapling of Bur Oak, Quercus macrocarpa, in a copse of
hardwood trees on the north shore of Fanshawe Lake in London
Township, Middlesex County, Ontario. The galls were in three
clusters on the twigs with 11, 3 and 7 galls, respectively, in the
three clusters. They were identified with keys in Felt (1940)
as the Rough Bullet Gall caused by the cynipid wasp Dishol-
caspis mamma (Cresson). This species is included as a gall-
maker on Q. macrocarpa by Muesebeck et al. (1951). Most of
the galls were about 1.5 cm. in diameter, a few of them being
smaller than this. When the galls were dissected after the
rearing of insects from them had been completed it was found
that each gall consisted of a solid, woody exterior wall about
5 mm. thick and, within this, a separable central capsule with a
tough, thin wall. This capsule could be rolled out of the gall
intact and resembled a small, yellow pea 4 mm. in diameter.
The capsule from one of the galls, opened on the day of the
collection, contained 26 small, white hymenopterous larvae.
Only one gall showed an emergence hole, 1.5 mm. in diameter.
Each of the remaining 20 intact galls was placed in a cotton-
plugged vial of dimensions 60 mm. X 15 mm. and kept on a
rack in a laboratory. Each day the vials were examined for the
presence of emerged insects and these were pinned and labelled
or preserved in fluid. On January 31, 1957, the galls were split
open and insects remaining in them were removed. Of the 20
galls, 4 yielded adults of the wasp Eurytoma querci-globuli
(Fitch), 1 showed an emergence hole perhaps made by E.
querci-globuli, 9 yielded adult wasps, Tetrastichus phegus Burks,
3 contained molded contents in their capsules and 3 were small
194
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
[July, 1957
and undeveloped with aborted central capsules. The numbers
of wasps that emerged from or were found in the galls are
presented in Table 1. All specimens are deposited in the col-
lection of the Department of Zoology, University of Western
TABLE 1. Numbers of wasps reared and collected from the galls
Date
1956
Telrastichus phegus
Euryloma
querci-globuli
cf
9
Total
9
May 30
31
9
7
9
14
18
21
June 1
3
7
1
14
14
21
15
4
1
1
5
19
18
37
18
1
22
1
28
1
July 3
1957
1
Jan. 31
22
47
69
Total :
65
117
182
4
Ontario except 1 female E. querci-globuli and 3 male and 4
female T. phegus which are deposited in the United States
National Museum.
EULOPHIDAE
Tetrastichus phegus Burks
Nine of the galls yielded 65 male (367c) and 117 female
(64%) T. phegus. Many of these emerged from six of the
galls between May 30 and June 5 (Table 1) and the remainder
were found in three galls when they were dissected. The wasps
emerged from the galls through circular holes in the wall 0.7
mm. in diameter. In some galls all the wasps emerged from a
single hole in the gall and in other galls from two or three holes.
Those wasps which failed to emerge from three of the galls
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 195
were found dead in the central capsule of one gall and jammed
between the wall of the capsule and the solid exterior wall in
two galls. The distribution of sexes of the wasps from each of
the nine galls was as follows: (lljtf, 13??), (1 33, 14??),
(19 eta 18?$), (8^, 11??), (9c?<T, 12??), (6 cJtf, 14??),
(14??), (9J^, 13??), (2 &?, 8??). T. phegus is a wasp
described by Burks (1943) from specimens reared from cynipid
galls of the genera Disholcaspis and Heteroecus, including para-
types from D. mamma.
EURYTOMIDAE
Eurytoma querci-globuli (Fitch)
Four female E. querci-globuli emerged from four galls be-
tween June 18 and July 3 (Table 1), after T. phegus had ceased
emerging, and no gall yielded these two species. E. querci-
globuli emerged through a circular hole 1.5 mm. in diameter in
the wall of the gall. In addition one gall, examined on the day
of collection, showed an emergence hole of the same diameter.
E. querci-globuli is included by Muesebeck ct al. (1951) as a
parasite of galls of the genus Disholcaspis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Dr. B. D. Burks, United States National Museum, kindly
examined and identified the wasps, T. phegus and E. querci-
globuli, and specimens of the gall, D. mamma.
LITERATURE CITED
BURKS, B. D. 1943. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 93 : 505-608.
FELT, E. P. 1940. Plant galls and gall makers. Comstock Publ. Co.,
Ithaca.
MUESEBECK, C. F. W., K. V. KROMBEIN, H. K. TOWNES et al. 1951.
U. S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Monogr. No. 2.
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THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA 3, PA.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
OCTOBER 1957
Vol. LXVIII No. 8
CONTENTS
Mockford Psocoptera from Tikal, Guatemala 197
Porter A new subspecies of Megarhyssa atrata 206
Burks A new Profenusa (Hym. : Tenthr.) 207
\Yoolley Redescriptions of Ewing's Oribatid mites, IV 177
Sanderson Status of the tortoise beetle M. ormondensis 222
Nomenclature notice 223
Books received ... 223
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOL. LXVIII OCTOBER, 1957 No. 8
Some Psocoptera from Tikal, Guatemala
By EDWARD L. MOCKFORD, Illinois Natural History Survey,
Urbana, Illinois
The psocids discussed in this paper were collected at Tikal,
Department of Peten, Guatemala, in late winter and spring of
1956 by Dr. Irving J. Cantrall of the University of Michigan
Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor. The material consists of
seven specimens representing seven species, seven genera, and
four families. Five of the species are new and are described
below ; the other two may be new. To my knowledge, these
are the first published records of Guatemalan psocids. The
meagre information on psocids of Central America in general
suggests that a very rich fauna must exist in that region.
Two genera used in this paper have not previously appeared
in the New World literature. The genus Ghesquierella Badon-
nel is based on African material, but the similarities between
the Guatemalan species and the African genotype are sufficiently
striking to indicate a probable close relationship. The genus
Psoddus Pearman was erected to include all forms in the Psoci-
dae which cannot be placed in one of the existing genera. Until
the relationships of such forms become better understood, it
seems advisable to continue using Psoddus in this way rather
than to erect new genera.
FAMILY PTILONEURIDAE
Loneura splendida new species ($)
Diagnosis: Near L. brasilicnsis Roesler, differing in the fol-
lowing forewing characters: cell R 2 + 3 proportionally much
(197)
198 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1957
longer ; a premarginal band of connected spots from vein M 3
to R 4 + r , ; each spot centered on a vein. Clouded area below vein
Cu 1 much larger than in L. brasiliensis, extending below vein An.
Measurements: Total body length 2.97 mm.; forewing length
4.93 mm. ; hindwing length 3.24 mm. ; posterior tibia length
2.07 mm. ; posterior tarsus length T, 0.84 mm., T. 2 0.06 mm.,
T, 0.15 mm.
Morphology: Ocelli close together on a prominent ocellar
interval ; anterior ocellus smaller than posteriors. IO/D = 1.22,
PO/D = 0.78. Lacinia broad distally, with an apical toothed
area separated by a notch from a large preapical tooth. Maxil-
lary palpi long and slender ; terminal segment nearly as long as
the preceding two segments together. Middle and posterior
tarsi each with a single row of ctenidia, with the numbers per
segment as follows : middle tarsus T, 17, T 2 1, T 3 3 ; posterior
tarsus TJ 24, T 2 1, T 3 4. Wing venation and ciliation similar
to that of L. brasiliensis, the chief differences being in forewing,
where Rs from the point where it leaves r-m crossvein to the
point where it forks proportionally much shorter than in L.
brasiliensis, whereas radial fork proportionally much longer ;
vein M- branched in right wing, the anterior branch rebranching
in left wing. Subgenital plate with rounded posterior margin ;
pigmented area of subgenital plate in form of a broad U, ends
of which are curved outward. Gonapophyses (Fig. 7) : first
valvula slender, about three-quarters length of second valvula,
bearing a few tiny spines near apex ; second valvula with re-
curved apex, bearing numerous slender spines ; rudimentary
third valvula bearing only a few hairs. Interior genital plate
( Fig. 8 ) nearly as large as subgenital plate. Paraprocts bearing
many hairs and near their median margins numerous small,
slender spines. Epiproct bearing numerous hairs.
Color (in alcohol}: Compound eyes black. Body generally
straw colored, marked with deep brown distributed as follows :
entire clypeus and labium ; a band across vertex immediately
above ocelli, but dipping down to include ocellar interval ; large
blotches involving most of thoracic pleura and terga (some
blotches pale brown on terga ) ; all coxae and femora, except a
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 199
pale preapical band on each femur. Antennae straw colored
with a colorless apical band on each flagellar segment. \Yings
marked as indicated in the diagnosis and in Figs. 1 and 2.
Type locality: GUATEMALA: Department of Peten, Tikal.
April 5, 1956, at light, I. J. Cantrall collector. The type is in
my collection.
Triplocania spinosa new species (J 1 )
Diagnosis: Differs from the other neotropical species of its
genus in wing markings, possessing a premarginal band in the
forewing from vein M 3 to R 4 + r ,, in contrast to a marginal band
in T. inagnifica Roesler, T. refle.va Roesler, and T. margine-
picta Roesler, and no band in T. lucida Roesler and T. dolosa
Roesler. Curvature of veins in forewing most similar to that
of T. refle.va, but differing in the marked flexure of R 2 + 3 , M 2 ,
and M.j, and in the less marked flexure of the distal edge of the
areola postica.
Measurements: Total body length 2.32 mm. (abdomen con-
tracted) ; forewing length 4.44 mm. ; hindwing length 3.18 mm. ;
posterior tibia length 2.07 mm. ; posterior tarsus length T t
0.90 mm., T, 0.21 mm.
Morphology: Compound eyes very large and prominent,
IO/D = 0.93, PO/D = 1.00. Mouthparts typical of the Epi-
psocetae, as described for the preceding species. Middle and
posterior tarsi each with a single row of ctenidia, with their
numbers per segment as follows : middle tarsus T, 20, T., 3 :
posterior tarsus T 1 30, T, 4. Hypandrium (Fig. 3) with a
small, weakly sclerotized central lobe and a pair of well scler-
otized lateral lobes curving medially and bearing numerous
denticles. A complex set of phallic sclerotizations dorsal to
the parameres (Fig. 12).
Color (in alcohol) : Compound eyes and ocellar interval black.
Body generally straw colored, marked with various shades of
brown. Deep brown lines indicating some of the clypeal stria-
tions, but not attaining mid-line. Bands of deep brmvn around
antennal bases. Forewings marked as indicated in Fig. 4 and
in the diagnosis. Antennae mostly straw colored with deep
200 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1957
brown basal and preapical bands on each of the flagellar seg-
ments, except no basal band on i l} and a colorless apical band
on each flagellar segment.
Type locality: GUATEMALA: Department of Peten, Tikal.
February 14, 1956, at light, I. J. Cantrall collector. The type
is in my collection.
FAMILY EPIPSOCIDAE
Epipsocus petenensis new species (5)
Diagnosis: A species of the subgenus Epipsocus, near E. lati-
stignia Roesler and E. scrcnus Roesler, differing markedly from
either of these in the shape and color pattern of the pterostigma,
and in the much larger size of the dark spot associated with the
distal end of the anal vein in both fore- and hindwings.
Measurements: Total body length 2.64 mm. ; forewing length
3.51 mm. ; hindwing length 2.46 mm. ; posterior tibia length 1.59
mm.; posterior tarsus length T l 0.75 mm., T., 0.15 mm.
Morphology: IO/D =: 1.33, PO/D == 1.00. Mouthparts of
usual form for the Epipsocetae. Middle and posterior tarsi
each with a single row of ctenidia, the numbers per segment
as follows : middle tarsus T 5 22, T. 2 ; posterior tarsus
Tj 34, T 2 4. Pterostigma decidedly clavate ; venation otherwise
normal for the genus. Subgenital plate of usual form for the
genus. Gonapophyses as in Fig. 9 ; second valvula bearing
numerous tiny denticles on its inner edge.
Color (in alcohol): Compound eyes and ocellar interval black.
Body generally straw colored marked with brown. A brown
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
FIGS. 1-2. Lnncura sploidida n. sp. ?, 1. forewing, 2. hindwing.
FIGS. 3-5. Triplocania spinosa n. sp. J\ 3. hypandrium and phallic
sclerites, ventral aspect, 4. forewing, 5. hindwing.
FIG. 6. Ghesqnicrclla cantralli n. sp. c?, phallic frame.
FIGS. 7-8. Loncura splcndida n. sp. $, 7. gonapophyses, 8. interior
genital plate.
FIGS. 9-11. Epipsocus petenensis n. sp. $, 9. gonapophyses, 10. fore-
wing, 11. hindwing.
FIG. 12. Triplocania spinosa n. sp. c?, hypandrium and phallic sclerites,
dorsal aspect.
Ixviii |
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
201
12
202 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS | Oct., 1957
blotch around each antennal base, extending to ocellar interval.
Brown lines along upper clypeal striae. A pair of brown spots
postero-lateral to ocelli. Thoracic pleura and coxae mostly
brown. Femora brown basally, paling apically. Wings mostly
hyaline with brown markings as indicated in Figs. 10 and 11,
and in the diagnosis. Antennae colorless.
Type locality: GUATEMALA: Department of Peten, Tikal.
March 24, 1956, on laboratory table in camp, I. J. Cantrall col-
lector. The type is in my collection.
FAMILY MYOPSOCIDAE
Lichenomima sp.
A single female was taken at a light, February 8, 1956. Al-
though it may represent a new species, it is very similar in
wing markings and genitalia to L. sparsa (Hagen) and an
undescribed U. S. species.
FAMILY PSOCIDAE
Psocidus tikalus new species
Diagnosis: Probably belongs in subfamily Psocinae, but its
relationships otherwise unknown.
Measurements: Total body length 3.45 mm.; forewing length
4.29 mm.; hindwing length 3.18 mm.; posterior tibia length
1.86 mm.; posterior tarsus T, 0.60 mm., T 2 0.21 mm.
Morphology: Compound eyes very large; IO/D 1.06,
PO/D = 1 .00. Ocelli large, the ocellar interval decidedly prom-
inent. Antennae clothed in short hairs ; first flagellar segment
slightly thickened basally, gradually becoming narrower apically ;
the thickened portion bearing three discoid sensillae (flagellum
broken off in second segment on left side and after third on
right). All tarsi with a single row of ctenidia, the numbers per
segment as follows : anterior tarsus T t 15, T 2 0; middle tarsus
-T, 20, To 0; posterior tarsus T x 31, T 2 5. Wing venation
as in Figs. 20 and 21 ; forewing with tapering apex. Weak,
unpigmented section of vein R s restricted to base of R 4 + r ,. Fu-
Ixviiij
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
203
FIGS. 13-15. Ghesquierella cantralli n. sp. d 1 , 13. forewing, 14. hind-
wing, 15. hypandrium.
FIGS. 16-18. Psocidus tikalus, n. sp. d 1 , 16. hypandrium, 17. phallic
frame, 18. apex of paraproct.
FIG. 19. Ghesquierella cantralli n. sp. (?, apex of paraproct.
FIGS. 20-21. Psocidus tikalus n. sp. c?, 20. forewing, 21. hindwing.
204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1957
sion of R s and M in forewing very short. Pterostigma deep
and angular. Hypandrium (Fig. 16) nearly symmetrical, pro-
duced into three processes on each side, the processes and
central area denticulate. Phallic frame shaped as in Fig. 17,
apex denticulate. Each paraproct with a slender, pointed
process on its apex as in Fig. 18.
Color (in alcohol}: Compound eyes and ocellar interval black.
Body generally pale gray marked with brown as follows : stria-
tions on upper half of clypeus ; two transverse bands on vertex
between eyes (both passing through ocellar interval) ; pair of
spots on vertex postero-lateral to ocelli ; anterior portions of
alinota ; irregular blotches on pleural regions of thorax ; narrow
segmental rings on abdomen. Wings marked as in Figs. 20
and 21. Legs pale gray except for cloudy apical band on each
femur, and brown second tarsal segments on all legs. First
flagellar segment pale brown ; remainder dark brown (broken
off beyond third flagellar segment).
Type locality: GUATEMALA : Department of Peten, Tika!.
April 3, 1956, I. J. Cantrall collector. The type is in my
collection.
Ghesquierella cantralli new species
Diagnosis: Agrees with genotype, G. calcnsis Bad., in struc-
ture of the hypandrium, shape of forewing and of most of its
cells (notable exceptions being the narrower, bent cell R 2 + 3 and
narrower An in G. cantralli), presence of a mark below ptero-
stigma and another below that in cell R-, and pattern of dark-
bordered veins in forewing. Differs from the genotype in pos-
sessing a pair of spiny lateral areas on hypandrium, a fumose
basal portion of forewing, and in shape of the apex of the
phallic frame. In forewing, vein Sc joins radial stem in G.
cantralli but not in G. calcnsis.
Measurements: Total body length 3.36 mm. : forewing length
4.93 mm. ; hindwing length 3.60 mm. ; posterior tibia length 2.04
mm. ; posterior tarsus T, 0.57 mm., T, 0.24 mm.
Morphology: Compound eyes small; IO/D = 2.33, PO/D =
0.90. Ocellar interval not prominent. Anterior ocellus smaller
Ixviii | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 205
than posteriors. Antennae clothed in rather long, curved hairs.
First flagellar segment with two discoid sensillae near its base.
Antennae broken off, but probably much longer than forewing
as right antenna to basal part of f. t equals length of forewing.
Distribution of tarsal ctenidia : none on anterior tarsus ; middle
tarsus T, 15, T 2 4; posterior tarsus 1\ 23, T 2 5. Wing
venation (Figs. 13 and 14) much as in the genotype, differing
as indicated in the diagnosis. Hypandrium (Fig. 15) nearly
symmetrical, produced apically into a central lobe bordered on
each side by a row of spines, and a spiny lobe on each side.
Phallic frame as in Fig. 6, its apex shaped somewhat as in
Psococerastis. Paraprocts each with a large sensory area about
midway between base and apex, and a slightly curved apical
process (Fig. 19).
Color (in alcohol) : Compound eyes, inner rims of ocelli,
flagella, and distal two segments of maxillary palpi black. Body
generally orange. Legs straw colored basally, becoming nearly
black on tarsi. Forewings fumose basally, hyaline apically ex-
cept for dark borders of veins and two spots below pterostigma ;
pterostigma orange. Hindwings hyaline except for faintly
fumose anal cell.
Type locality: GUATEMALA: Department of Peten, Tikal.
February 14, 1956, I. J. Cantrall collector. The type is in
my collection.
Metylophorus sp.
A single male was taken April 6, 1956. It is very similar to
M. novaescotiae (Walker), a species common throughout East-
ern U. S. The only differences noted were the slightly smaller
body size and proportionally much larger size of the compound
eyes of the Guatemalan form. There may be differences in the
numbers of teeth on the hypandrial ridges, but the extent of
variation in these numbers in M. novaescotiae is not known.
These differences may prove to be clinal or subspecific when
additional material becomes available.
206 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1957
A New Subspecies of Megarhyssa atrata (Fabricius)
(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
By CHARLES C. PORTER
The subject insect was discovered as a result of a more or
less preliminary study of the Rhyssini in the collection of the
American Museum of Natural History. At the outset, there-
fore, I express my thanks to Miss Alice Gray and Dr. C. H.
Curran of that institution, the two of whom very kindly made
it possible for me to pursue these investigations, and to Dr.
H. K. Townes for his help in verifying my findings.
The subspecies may be recognized as follows :
Megarhyssa atrata lineata, new subspecies
Exactly similar to typical form in structure, size, and general
habitus. Distinguished by the following color characteristics :
A line on the upper margin of prothorax, similar line on its
lower front margin, pair of central vittae on mesonotum, scu-
tellum except extreme base, the postscutellum, spot below tegulae
of both anterior and posterior wings, thin lateral line on first
two sternites and their apices narrowly, yellow. General color
somewhat more brownish than in typical form, central lobe of
mesoscutum anteriorly especially so, forming a marked contrast
with the black lateral lobes. Wings perfectly hyaline, with no
trace of the deep infumation so characteristic of M. atrata atrata.
Color otherwise precisely as in typical form.
The type series consists of two females collected by Mrs. A. T.
Slosson at Franconia, New Hampshire. Types are deposited in
collection of American Museum of Natural History.
In conclusion, it would seem that this represents the extreme
northern development of M. atrata. In this conclusion Dr.
Townes fully concurs. Certainly there is nothing like it among
the many specimens I have examined from more southerly
localities.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 207
A New Profenusa from the California Plane Tree
(Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
By B. D. BURKS, Entomology Research Division, Agricultural
Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
In the fall of 1956 I received from Dr. L. R. Brown, of the
University of California at Los Angeles, specimens of a small
sawfly for identification. These had been reared by Mr. Clark
O. Eads at Santa Barbara and Santa Monica, California, from
leaf mines on the California plane tree, Plat anus racernosa, dur-
ing May and June of 1956. The information supplied with the
specimens was that they had developed from larvae which lived
in leaf mines superficially resembling those made by the graci-
lariid moth Lithocolletis jelinella (Heinrich) on the same tree.
Both the moth and the sawfly make blotch mines.
Study of these sawfly specimens showed that they repre-
sented an undescribed species of the genus Profenusa MacGil-
livray, as defined by Benson (1941, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc.
London, ser. B, 10: 85-90). This genus in the Nearctic region
contains the species alumna (MacGillivray), which mines Betula
leaves; canadensis (Marlatt), mining Crataegus leaves; inspi-
rata (MacGillivray), the host of which is unknown; and lucijex
(Ross), also of unknown host. The host likewise is unknown
for the closely related Setabara histrionic a (MacGillivray).
Profenusa platanae, new species
This species most closely resembles P. inspirata (MacGilliv-
ray) in being mostly black and in having the ovipositor sheaths
exserted. The two differ in that the sheaths in inspirata are
broad and short, while they are slender and long in platanae,
see Fig. 4. In inspirata (see Ross, 1936, Trans. 111. Acacl. Sci.
29: 264, Fig. 2) the lancet of the saw has the ventral margins
between the apical 4 lobes minutely serrulate, while these mar-
gins are smooth in platanae, Fig. 1 ; the lobes in inspirata have
extremely minute sub-denticles, but in platanae each lobe bears
4 relatively large teeth. P. platanae differs from Setahara his-
208 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS | Oct., 1957
trionica (MacGillivray) in having cell R, of the hind wing open
rather than closed; the two differ also in that histrionica does
not have the ovipositor sheaths exserted and has the hind tibia
almost completely brown. The hind tibia in platanac is almost
entirely yellow.
Female: Length, 4.0 mm. Head and body black; antenna
black, with narrow band at apex of pedicel yellow and apical
segment of flagellum very dark brown ; tegula mostly yellow,
a small dorso-basal area black ; wings hyaline with venation
brown ; apices of all femora, fore and middle tibiae, and all tarsi
yellow, coxae and basal area of each femur black, second tro-
chanter of each leg dark brown, hind tibia yellow with apex
shaded with dark brown.
Surface of head and body smooth, shining ; fronto-vertex and
temples of head densely clothed with fine, golden hair ; clypeus,
labrum, and normally exposed portions of mandibles clothed
with slightly sparser and longer golden hair ; pronotum laterally
setose, mesonotum glabrous, dorsal half of mesepisternum finely
setose, this sclerite ventrally glabrous ; all coxae apically setose,
trochanters densely setose, femora sparsely setose, tibiae and
tarsi very densely setose ; dorsum of abdomen glabrous, venter
very sparsely setose ; exserted ovipositor sheaths each with 6 to
8 rather long, slightly curved setae and a few short hairs, Fig. 4.
Head with genae acarinate laterally ; relative proportions of
parts of antenna : Scape 33, pedicel 25, first flagellar segment 50,
second 35, third 30, fourth 30, fifth 25, sixth 25, seventh 25;
pedicel twice as long as wide. Forewing with crossvein 2r
joining Rs basad of 3r-m, first abscissa of Rs wanting or very
faintly indicated, 2r-m very short ; vein M with portion between
Im-cu and 2r-m and just distad of 2r-m, and crossvein 2m-cu
minutely fractured, similar minutely fractured sectors in 2r and
3r-m ; vein 2A very weak near its apex, vein 3A straight, but
obsolescent. Hind wing with 1 1 or 12 hamuli, basal ones widely
spaced ; cell R, open ; anal cell present, vein 3 A represented by
a straight stub. Hind tarsus three-quarters as long as hind
tibia ; tarsal claw with a large basal lobe, Fig. 2. Lancet of
saw with 4 pointed teeth on lobes, Fig. 1.
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
209
Male: Length, 3.5 mm. Color as in female except that tegula
is mostly black, yellow only at apex and lateral margin ; pubes-
cence as in female. Relative proportions of parts of antenna:
Scape 30, pedicel 25, first flagellar segment 50, second 30, third
30, fourth 25, fifth 25, sixth 25, seventh 25. Legs and wings
as in female. Penis valve as in Fig. 3.
Projenusa platanae, n. sp. Fig. 1, saw; Fig. 2, tarsal claw; Fig. 3, penis
valve ; Fig. 4, ovipositor sheath.
Type locality: Santa Barbara, CALIFORNIA.
Types: U.S.N.M. No. 63460.
Described from 6 9 and 6 J 1 specimens, as follows : Holotype,
allotype, and 2 $ and 4 J 1 paratypes, Santa Barbara Calif., May
20, 1956, reared from Plataniis raccmosa, Clark O. Eads ; 3$
and 1 J 1 paratypes, Santa Monica, Calif., June 12, 1956, reared
from Plataniis racemosa, Clark O. Eads. All specimens de-
posited in the U. S. National Museum collection.
Mature larva: Thorax only slightly thicker than abdomen and
of the same width. Length 9.0 mm., width of head 1.1 mm..
210 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS | Oct., 1957
width of metathorax 1.9 mm., width of third abdominal segment
1.9 mm., width at anterior margin of ninth abdominal segment
1.25 mm., width at posterior margin of ninth segment 1.1 mm.
Head and legs very pale brown, mandibles brown, body cream
colored, dorsal and ventral thoracic shields wanting. Labrum
bearing 2 bristles near either lateral margin, a pair of sublateral,
arcuate rows of brown micro-denticles borne on lower, inner
face of labrum, and a row of smaller, more widely set micro-
bristles extending across outer ventral margin of labrum. Each
mandible bearing one bristle at base. Clypeus bearing one
bristle near either dorso-lateral angle. Antenna with 2 seg-
ments, basal one large and almost as broad as long, apical one
minute, papilliform. A row of 6 bristles extending across fronto-
vertex between the 2 ocellarae. Surface of body obscurely
shagreened, not spinulose ; spiracles slit-like, not winged ; tho-
racic legs 4-segmentecl ; prolegs present on abdominal segments
2 to 8, and very poorly developed, lacking spines or setae ; anal
larvapod wanting. Abdominal tergites 2 to 8 each with 2 well-
marked annulets, anterior annulet one-third as long as posterior
one ; posterior end of body blunt.
This is the larva that leaves the mine and drops to the ground
to pupate in an earthen cell.
Penultimate larval instar : Thorax wider and thicker than
abdomen. Length of body 7.5 mm., width of head 1.1 mm.,
width of metathorax 1.5 mm., width of third abdominal seg-
ment 1.4 mm., width at anterior margin of ninth abdominal
segment 1.25 mm.
This is presumably the last larval instar that feeds.
Mine: Begun as a serpentine mine, developing into a blotch
mine, the blotch mines commonly multiple and coalescent, in
the leaves of Platanus raccinosa. Excrement in young mines
concentrated in the center, in mature mines tending to form
bands near lateral margins.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 211
Redescriptions of Ewing's Oribatid Mites, V
Families Belbidae and Opiidae (Acarina:
Oribatei) l
By TYLER A. WOOLLEY, Department of Zoology, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
This paper is the fifth in a series which deals with redescrip-
tions of Ewing's type oribatid mites. The accompanying fig-
ures were completed from pencil drawings sent to the writer by
Dr. E. W. Baker of the U. S. National Museum. Acknowledge-
ment of these drawings is made by Dr. Baker's initials on the
finished plates. Ewing's original descriptions are followed as
closely as possible, but the writer incorporates modern acarologi-
cal terms where needed.
Both Grandjean (1936) and Strenske (1955) indicate fea-
tures which can be employed to differentiate the genera of the
Belbidae. The solenidions, or tactile hairs, constitute one of
these morphological features ; other characters also are men-
tioned by these authors. Many of these diagnostic features
were not known to Ewing. Most of his descriptions were ac-
companied by an illustration or two, but in many instances the
figures represented single diagnostic features such as a pseudo-
stigmatic organ, lamella, leg, etc. In many cases Ewing did not
illustrate the entire mite, which is the situation in some of the
belbids described by him.
The descriptions in this paper are as detailed as possible
with the information available from Ewing's figures and de-
scriptions and the drawings from Dr. Baker. The figures show
the whole body of the mite and the proximal segments of the
legs. Solenidions and other critical details are lacking in the
descriptions and figures because the writer does not have ac-
cess to the type specimens. It is impossible to be absolutely
certain of the generic designations of all of these mites, but the
writer has placed them as accurately as possible. He has used
Ewing's designations for some of them until such time as the
1 Research supported by a grant-in-aicl from the National Science
Foundation.
212 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1957
type specimens can be examined critically for solenidions and
other details. Despite the latter difficulties, these redescriptions
should be of value because the fragmentary accounts and il-
lustrations of these mites have been embellished in this paper.
FAMILY BELBIDAE WILLMANN, 1931
These apterogasterine mites are distinguished by legs which
are longer than the body and frequently consist of bead-like seg-
ments. Legs III and IV are usually inserted in the lateral
margins of the body and the dorsal surface of the hysterosoma
is not reflected ventrally. In some instances the cast nymphal
skins are carried on the dorsum of the hysterosoma.
Genus HETERODAMAEUS, n. g. (Figs. 1, 2)
Description: Sclerotized sculpturing on dorsum of propo-
dosoma between and anterior to the pseudostigmata ; a transverse
suture on dorsum of propodosoma at level of insertions of rostral
hairs ; pseudostigmatic organs large, clavate, setose ; dorsum of
hysterosoma with four posterior setae in a transverse row ad-
jacent to posterior margin of hysterosoma; surfaces of propodo-
soma, hysterosoma and legs with many small tubercules ; a large
spine projecting laterad from the rim of camerostome to the
edge of tectopedia I anterior to level of coxae I.
Heterodamaeus magnisetosus (Ewing), 1909. (Figs. 1, 2)
Cotype : Damacus magnisetosus Ewing, 1909, p. 129.
Description: Chestnut brown; propodosoma about two-thirds
as long as hysterosoma and about three-fourths as wide, some-
what triangular in shape, surface pebbled with many small
tubercles. A transverse, sclerotized ridge and suture between
insertions of rostral hairs. Rostrum blunt, depressed ; rostral
hairs inserted in lateral margins of sclerotized transverse ridge
which runs between them, about as long as transverse ridge,
stout and pectinate, curved medially until they nearly meet an-
terior to tip of rostrum. Lateral margins of propodosoma ex-
panded in prominent tectopedia of legs I and II ; tectopedia I
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 213
larger and directed anteriorly. Lamellae absent. Lamellar
hairs fine, simple, inserted about half their lengths anterior to
pseudostigmata and directly laterad of antestigmatic bar. In-
terlamellar hairs not visible, but insertions of these hairs are
mediad and anterior of pseudostigmata. Three sclerotized bars
or ridges on dorsum of propodosoma anterior to pseudostigmata
(fig. 1 ) . Anterior bar curved posteriorly at lateral ends, curved
apex at level of tectopedia I in mid-dorsal area of propodosoma.
A posterior bar behind and forming an eye-like loop (fig. 1).
Two antestigmatic bars which extend between insertions of
lamellar and interlamellar hairs and end at antero-lateral mar-
gins of pseudostigmata (fig. 1). Pseudostigmata large pits
with sclerotized rims at posterior end of antestigmatic bar,
mediad of level of tectopedia II, cup projected above surface of
propodosoma. Pseudostigmatic organs about as long as leg
II, clavate, the head nearly as wide as opening of pseudostig-
matic cup and about one-third as long as entire organ, setose
(Ewing says: "pectinate"), with a long, thin pedicel, slightly
curved, but extended laterally.
Hysterosoma globose, surface pebbled like propodosoma, evi-
dently covered with an exudate, lateral margins bent ventrally
slightly ; four pairs of visible setae in a transverse row near
medio-posterior margin; a pair of glandular fissures (?) in
mid-lateral surfaces of dorsum (fig. 1).
Ventral margins of propodosoma with a prominent lateral
spine anterior to leg I, extending from lateral rim of camero-
stome to margin of tectopedia I. Ventral plate circular in out-
line, about as broad as long, broken on right side in cotype speci-
men. A single pair of setal insertions visible anterior to genital
opening (fig. 2). Genital aperture subrectangular, at level of
leg IV. Genital covers as wide as anal covers, but half as long;
genital setae not visible. Anal aperture nearly twice as long
as genital opening, separated from genital aperture by half the
width of a genital cover. Anal covers slightly opened in cotype
specimen ; no visible anal setae.
All legs with pebbled, tuberculate surface. Ewing (1909)
states : "First pair of legs as long as the body ; second pair about
214 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1957
three fourths as long as the first pair ; third pair equal to the
first, and the last pair of legs the longest of all. Tarsus of leg I
shorter than the tihia. The tibia of leg I is peculiar in this spe-
cies in that it possesses a large process or tubercle at its dorsal
distal aspect from which arises a large, long, tactile hair. Un-
gues tridactyle, situated on very long and slender tarsal pedicels ;
dactyles unequal."
Length 560 /A, hysterosoma 360 /x; width 330/t.
Specimens of this species were collected in moss by C. A. Hart
at Pulaski, Illinois and by H. E. Ewing at Arcola, Illinois.
Discussion: Ewing (1909) considers this species remarkable
because of the large pseudostigmatic organs, the tibial projection
on leg I, and the shorter length of the second pair of legs. The
writer contends that the sclerotized ridges on the propodosoma,
the large pseudostigmatic organs, the ventral spines lateral to
the camerostome and the four dorsal posterior setae are valid
evidences for the generic designation of this species.
Damaeus michaeli Ewing, 1909, p. 129. (Figs. 3, 4)
Description: Chestnut brown; propodosoma broadly triangu-
lar in outline, insertions of legs I and II making posterior two-
thirds broader than anterior end. Rostrum with a sclerotized
margin, somewhat square in outline ; rostral hairs curved, stout,
inserted in antero-lateral corners of sclerotized margin. Lamel-
lae absent, lamellar hairs inserted twice the width of insertions
posterior to rostral hairs ; lamellar hairs stout, curved, nearly
as long as width of rostrum. Interlamellar hairs inserted be-
tween pseudostigmatic organs, directed anteriorly. Pseudo-
stigmata funnel-shaped, placed mediad of space between legs I
and II in lateral margin of propodosoma, with a sclerotized rim.
Pseudostigmatic organs flagelliform and barbed (Ewing says:
"pectinate"), directed laterad and upward. Tectopedia III
with stout spines projecting somewhat anteriorly near margin
of propodosoma. Spinae adnatae stout, slightly decurved at
tips, arising at level of leg III, projected anteriorly from beneath
anterior edge of hysterosoma (fig. 3).
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 215
Hysterosoma globular, about twice as long as propodosoma,
lateral edges curved ventrally, surface brittle, almost smooth,
with eight pairs of curved, stout, pectinate bristles in two medio-
lateral rows on dorsum (fig. 3).
Camerostome pyramidal with two fine, short bristles near
chelicerae. Venter of propodosoma with sclerotized margins,
four pairs of bristles lateral and posterior to camerostome (fig.
4), posterior margin of propodosoma with two short, blunt
spines which project posteriorly and evidently fit into small
recesses in venter of hysterosoma. Genital opening subglobose
in outline, about as long as anal aperture, but slightly wider ;
genital covers rectangular, each cover with six genital setae in
a row closer to medial edge than to lateral ; g : 1 close to anterior
margin of cover; g : 2-g : 6 equally spaced posteriorly. Two
pairs of adgenital setae as in fig. 4. Anal opening slightly nar-
rower than genital aperture, oval in outline, covers narrower
than genital covers ; each cover with two pairs of anal setae ; a: 1
closer to anterior margin of anal cover than a : 2 is to the pos-
terior margin (fig. 4). Two pairs of adanal setae near pos-
tero-lateral curve of anal aperture. Two pairs of fine, simple
setae on decurved surface of dorsal plate, each pair postero-
laterad of adanal setae, but with more widely separated inser-
tions.
Ewing (1909) states: "Legs stout; femora with narrow
peduncle and large clavate head ; each segment bears several
stout, curved, pectinate bristles. Portions of cast skin generally
carried on the dorsum of the abdomen."
Length 495 /x, hysterosoma 380 p. ; width 320 /x.
Many specimens of this species were collected by H. E.
Ewing in moss and under bark of logs at Homer, Illinois.
Damaeus globifer Ewing, 1913, p. 120. (Figs. 5, 6)
Description: Chestnut brown. Propodosoma about two-
thirds as long as hysterosoma, broadly triangular. Rostrum
blunt, cone-like ; rostral hairs inserted about a third their
lengths posterior to rostral tip on lateral edges, incurved so that
tips nearly meet. Lamellae wanting. Lamellar hairs inserted
216 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1957
about a third their lengths posterior and medial to rostral hairs ;
a sclerotized, raised lateral prominence between rostral and
lamellar hairs (fig. 5). Sclerotization of insertions of legs I
prominent, visible at lateral margins of propodosoma. Inter-
lamellar hairs inserted medial to pseudostigmata, long, filiform,
broken at tips in type specimen. Pseudostigmata prominent,
funnel-shaped, between expanded insertions of legs I and II and
on slightly raised prominence lateral to insertions of interlamellar
hairs. Pseudostigmatic organ long, stout, slightly pectinate.
Spinae adnatae stout, curved laterad at tips, inserted about twice
their lengths posterior to pseudostigmata. (Ewing (1913)
states that these spine-like spurs curve inward, but his illustra-
tion in the same article shows them curved outward in the fash-
ion indicated in fig. 5.)
Hysterosoma spherical, smooth, with nine pairs of stout,
curved, simple setae on dorso-lateral aspects, their raised in-
sertions arranged in an elongated oval on the dorsum ; tips of
some bristles broken in type specimen.
Camerostome trapezoidal, a pair of setae posterior to chelic-
erae and medial to tectopedia I. Apodemata II narrow, de-
curved bars, medial portion indistinctly projected medio-pos-
teriorly beneath integument. Three simple setae inserted in a
diagonal line on each side from level of tectopedia II to level of
lateral spine between legs II and III (fig. 6). A large curved,
lateral spine at junction of propodosoma and hysterosoma be-
tween legs II and III; a small lateral spine projects anteriorly
close to base of the large lateral spine. A long lateral spine be-
tween legs III and IV. A simple decurved bristle anterior to
coxa IV ; other ventral setae as shown in fig. 6. Genital open-
ing rectangular, directly between legs IV, each corner rounded,
entire aperture ringed with a sclerotized margin; each genital
cover with six setae in a row down middle of cover ; g : 1 in-
serted close to anterior margin of cover ; g : 2, g : 3, g : 4 equi-
distant from each other ; g : 5 closer to g : 6 than to g : 4 ; all
genital setae simple and decurved ; a diagonal sclerotized bar in
each genital cover and transecting insertion of g:2 (fig. 6).
Anal aperture nearly twice the width of peripheral genital band
Ixviii |
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
217
FIG. 1. Dorsal view of Hctcrodamacus magnisetosus (Ewing). Hys-
terosoma broken on right side.
FIG. 2. Ventral view of Hctcrodamacus magnisetosus (Ewing).
FIG. 3. Dorsal view of Damaens tnicltacli Ewing.
FIG. 4. Ventral view of Dtniwctis micliacli Ewing.
218 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1957
from genital aperture, oval in outline ; anal covers opened
slightly, each with two simple bristles in medial aspects of
cover. Adanal setae as seen in fig. 6.
Ewing's descriptions of the legs is as follows : "All segments
of the legs with a swollen portion ; second pair of legs subequal
to the others. Femora of legs with a thin proximal part ; distally
suddenly enlarged. Anterior pair of legs about as long as the
whole body. Distal end of tibia of leg I without a large tubercle
bearing a tactile hair. Femur of leg IV with a very long, tac-
tile bristle at its distal end."
Length 711|u,, hysterosoma 500 /^; width 500 /t.
The type specimen was collected by J. E. Guthrie on decaying
mushrooms at Jordan, Minnesota.
Discussion: Ewing indicates that this species is similar to
D. sufflexus Mich., but the hairs on the dorsum of the hystero-
soma are "about twice as long as those of sufflexus" With the
current use of solendidions and minute details for differentiation
of genera and species, better comparisons cannot be made with-
out study of the type specimens of these belbid mites.
FAMILY OPIIDAE GRANDJEAN, 1953
The opiid mites constitute the smallest of the Oribatei. Their
coloration is usually light yellowish brown, their legs are like
those of most eremaeids, but their body size seems to separate
them rather easily from the latter and from other Oribatei.
Ewing (1917) used Damaeus as the generic designation of one
of his mites, which would place it in the family Belbidae. Its
propodosomal configurations and its size, however, indicate that
it belongs in the Family Opiidae as designated by Grand jean
(1953).
Oppia minuta (Ewing), 1917. (Figs. 7, 8)
Type: Damacits minutus Ewing, 1917, p. 164.
Description: Minute; light yellowish brown, shiny. Propo-
dosoma bluntly pointed anteriorly, with nearly parallel sides,
broadest immediately anterior to pseudostigmata, a raised dorsal
Ixviii |
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
219
FIG. 5. Dorsal view of Damacus ylobifcr Evving.
FIG. 6. Ventral view of Damaeus globifer Ewing.
FIG. 7. Dorsal view of Oppia minitta (Ewing).
FIG. 8. Ventral view of Oppia minuta (Ewing).
220 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1957
platform circumscribed by a narrow lateral ridge which extends
from pseudostigmata almost to anterior tip of rosturum.
Rostrum blunt, rostral hairs short, pilose, strongly curved.
Dorsum of propodosoma smooth except for shallow depressions ;
upper surfaces of tectopedia I and II with small raised tubercles
(fig. 7). Lamellae thin lines mediae! of pseudostigmata, an-
terior tips remote from lamellar hairs ; lamellar hairs simple,
about their lengths apart, inserted on dorsum of propodosoma
about twice their lengths from anterior end. Interlamellar
hairs absent. Dorsum of propodosoma with three large de-
pressions on either side of raised platform posterior and lateral
to lamellar hairs ; three pairs of smaller depressions on dorsum
between pseudostigmata, arranged in a linear fashion (fig. 7).
Pseudostigmata wide cups in postero-lateral margins of propodo-
soma. with heavily sclerotized rims ; pseudostigmatic organs
clavo-lanceolate, pectinate, almost straight, extended laterally,
with a long, narrow pedicel.
Hysterosoma oval in outline, about two-thirds as broad as
long, bluntly pointed posteriorly, smooth and rounded dorsally,
with seven pairs of long, curved simple setae ; left side of speci-
men broken.
Camerostome rounded with two long ventral setae in posterior
third. Apodemata I and II heavily sclerotized, curved ; apodem-
ata III straight bars; apodemata IV curved posteriorly, form-
ing an arch anterior to genital covers ; a pair of setal insertions
near top of arch; ventral plate broken on right side (fig. 8).
Genital opening rectangular, situated at level of leg IV, anterior
border partially circumscribed by arch of apodemata IV. Geni-
tal covers rectangular, about twice as long as broad ; each cover
with four genital setae ; g : 1 and g : 2 inserted in middle of an-
terior half of cover ; g : 3, g : 4 inserted near postero-lateral
corner of cover, g:4 closer to posterior margin than g: 3 (fig.
8). A pair of setal insertions posterior to genital opening,
separated the length of one genital cover. Anal aperture twice
as large as genital aperture, rectangular ; anal covers slightly
broader posteriorly than anteriorly, each cover with two setae ;
a : 1 near lateral margin of cover and a third the length of a single
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 221
cover from anterior end ; a : 2 inserted in medio-posterior corner
of each cover.
Ewing (1917) states that the "legs (are) prominent, but
short for the genus ; anterior pair extending beyond the tip of
the rostrum by over one-half their length, tarsi longer than tibiae,
tibiae each with a long tactile hair at its tip above, which extends
beyond the tip of the tarsi. Coxae of third pair of legs sub-
spherical in shape, each with a small tubercle on its anterior as-
pect and a single strongly curved, singly pectinate bristle.
Posterior legs extending beyond the tip of the (hysterosoma)
by the full length of their tarsi. Most of the segments of the
legs are moderately swollen toward one end, and pedicellate at
the other end."
Length 293 //,, hysterosoma 207 p ; width 153 p..
This species was collected in Illinois, but the locality and the
collector are unknown. Dr. Ewing had a single specimen "of
this very minute and rare species."
Discussion: It seems obvious from the comparisons of this
species with drawings and descriptions of genera in Belbidae
that the species described above does not belong in any of the
belbid genera. Its size and other features of the body conform
to the characters of the genus Oppia, for which Grand jean
(1953) designated the family Opiidae. The configurations on
the propodosoma are unlike those of any others the writer has
seen in the literature and he therefore considers this to be a valid
species in the genus Oppia.
REFERENCES
BAKER, E. W., and G. W. WHARTON. 1952. An Introduction to
Acarology. Macmillan Company, N. Y.
EWING, H. E. 1909. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 17 : 116-136.
-. 1913. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 32: 93-121.
-. 1917. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 37: 149-172.
GRANDJEAN, F. 1936. Ann. Ent. Soc. France 105: 27-110.
. 1953. Bull. Soc. Zool. France 78: 421-446.
STRENSKE, K. 1955. Microfaune du sol de 1'Eqe Greenland, Volume 1,
Arachnides. Expedition Polaires Franchises. Hermann et Cie.,
Paris.
222 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS I Oct., 1957
The Status of the Tortoise Beetle Metriona
ormondensis Blatchley
By MILTON W. SANDERSON, Illinois Natural History
Survey, Urbana
In 1920 Blatchley (Can. Ent. 52: 71) described Metriona
ormondensis on the basis of two specimens taken on wild morn-
ing-glory (possibly Ipomoea) at Ormond, Florida, April 13,
1913. He mentioned that Barber (1916, Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash. 18: 125) had called attention to a larger, more de-
pressed and more highly colored Florida specimen in the
Schaeffer collection which Barber regarded as a local race of
Metriona purpurata Boh. but which Blatchley thought repre-
sented his new species. Schaeffer (1925, Jour. N. Y. Ent.
Soc. 33 : 233 ) stated that ormondensis possibly was only a
variety of purpurata. Thus the question of the status of ormon-
u . nsis has remained for more than 30 years.
Through the courtesy of the Department of Entomology at
Purdue University, I have been permitted to examine the two
Blatchley specimens of ormondensis, and I am therefore able
to offer some information to support its specific status. Sander-
son and King (1951, Jour. Kans. Ent. Soc. 24(4) : 125-128)
noted the value of the structure of the tarsal claws for sex and
species recognition in some species of Metriona. Blatchley did
not mention the claws of ormondensis nor did he indicate the
sex of his specimens but examination of the types has disclosed
that the type female and the paratype male differ with respect
to claws, and that these differ from both sexes of pnrpnrata.
The anterior claws of both sexes of ormondensis each has an
inner marginal basal angulation or tooth (hereafter referred to
as tooth) ; one posterior claw is toothed, the other untoothed :
both middle claws of the male of ormondensis are untoothed ;
and in the female one claw only is toothed. The female of pur-
purata has all claws toothed except for one untoothed middle
claw. These differences for both sexes of the two species are
expressed in the following key :
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 223
Metriona onnondcnsis and purpurata
1. Each tarsal claw with a broad basal angulation or tooth on
inner margin ; female purpurata Boh.
At least one claw of middle tarsus untoothed 2
2. Both middle tarsal claws untoothed ; male
onnondcnsis Blatch.
Only one middle claw untoothed 3
3. Only one posterior claw untoothed ; female
ormondensis Blatch.
Both posterior claws toothed; male purpurata Boh.
In addition to the foregoing differences, the dorsum of ormon-
densis is duller, and the beetle averages a little larger than
purpurata.
Nomenclature Notice
All comments relating to the following should be marked with
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28 Park Village East, Regent's Park, London N.W.I, England.
Oeobia Hubner, 1825, and its emendation Oebia, suppression
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in connection with names published in works written in Latin
(Z.N.(S) 1223).
Books Received
BAILEY, S. F. The thrips of California. Part 1, Suborder
Terebrantia. Bull, of the California Insect Survey. Vol. 4,
No. 5, pp. 143-220. Univ. of Cal. Press, 1957. Price: $1.50.
BOH ART, R. M. and E. I. SCHLINGER. California wasps of
the genus Oxybelus (Hym. Sphecidae). Bull, of the California
Insect Survey. Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 103-134, 8 pis. Univ. of
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
NOVEMBER 1957
Vol. LXVIII No. 9
CONTENTS
Bechtel and Schlinger Ectemnius and their Ogcodes prey .... 225
LaRivers A new Ambrysus from Mexico 232
Whitaker Trichobius (Streblidae) in West Virginia 237
Brown and Wilson A new parasitic Monomorium, and status
of the genus Epixenus 239
Nomenclature Notice 246
Roback New records of Plecia 247
Notes and News in Entomology
Meetings of the American Entomological Society 250
Publication of "Official Lists," and "Official Indexes" 251
Books Received 251
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOL. LXVIII NOVEMBER, 1957 No. 9
Biological Observations on Ectemnius with Partic-
ular Reference to their Ogcodes prey (Hymen-
optera: Sphecidae. Diptera: Acroceridae)
By ROBERT C. BECHTEL a and EVERT I. SCHLINGER 2
It is known that various species of crabronid wasps provision
their nests with adult flies. Accurate reports of these associa-
tions are not numerous, however, and there are apparently no
published records of specifically identified American crabronid
wasps associated with the dipterous family Acroceridae. For
this reason preliminary observations are presented which indi-
cate that there may be a frequent predator-prey relationship be-
tween certain species of the crabronid genus Ectemnius Dahl-
bom and the acrocerid genus Ogcodes Latreille. Future ob-
servations and research should uncover additional facts needed to
understand fully these relationships.
The first apparent record of crabronid wasps storing acrocerid
flies as food for their larvae \vas by Westwood (1840) who
stated that van Heyden and Audouin had observed that numer-
ous specimens of Ogcodes gibbosus (Linnaeus) were selected
as food for the progeny of a species of Crabro. Other authors
reporting similar relationships were: Tournier (1878), Sahl-
berg (1883), Gorham (1902), Enslin (1922), Marechal (1934),
Leclercq (1941, 1954), Bristowe (1948) and Sabrosky (1948).
Our knowledge of these relationships through 1954 was sum-
marized by Leclercq (1954: 318-319). We infer from this
that only crabronid wasps of the genus Ectemnius, subgenus
1 University of California, Davis.
- University of California, Riverside.
(225)
226 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1957
Hypocrabro Ashmead, are known to have this relationship with
the Acroceridae. Furthermore, all of the above records (ex-
cept Sabrosky (1948) which refers to a Nearctic species) per-
tain to a restricted association with the widespread Palearctic
crabronid, Ectemnius (Hypocrabro) rubicola (Dufour and Per-
ris), even though other species of this subgenus are found in the
same region.
Another important fact is that all of the recorded acrocerid
prey belong to the genus Ogcodes. These are 0. gibbosus (Lin-
naeus), marginatus (Meigen) ( pallipes Latr.), pallipes La-
treille and sonatns Erichson. As normal Ogcodes specimens
appear to be of a suitable size for use by these wasps, it is likely
that certain of the Holarctic genera Acrocera Meigen, Opsebius
Costa and Pterodontia Gray would be satisfactory also. In ad-
dition to size, abundance of the prey may be paramount in the
selection of Ogcodes, rather than any preferential selection of
flies. This is substantiated by the fact that species of fourteen
families of Diptera have been recorded as hosts for Hypocrabro.
On the other hand, we do not have adequate observations on the
biologies of the various crabronids and perhaps future work will
demonstrate that other genera and/or species provision their
nests with acrocerids.
To our knowledge only two published articles have reported
the use of acrocerid flies as hosts for Nearctic wasps, and only
one specified association with a crabronid. James (1938) re-
corded that a wasp (species unknown), collected at Boulder,
Colorado, February 28, 1933, by C. H. Hicks, stocked its nest
with specimens of Ogcodes albicinctus Cole. Some of these
specimens have been examined and are males of 0. cugonatus
Loew. The second report was made by Sabrosky (1948) who
recorded that ten male specimens of 0. pallidipennis Loew
(western subspecies) had been collected from a crabronid nest
at Oak Creek Canyon, Arizona, June 8, 1940. The collector,
G. E. Bohart, noted that "this species of wasp was not seen to
use any other species of fly." An examination of these speci-
mens showed them to be a new species of Ogcodes (species No.
1, Schlinger MS.).
IxviiiJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 227
Two other observations record Ogcodes species from wasp
nests, but as far as we have been able to determine the wasps
were probably spider-killing forms. Champlain and Knull
(1923) recorded adults of "Oncodes dispar (Macquart)" in a
wasp nest from a decaying log at Wildwood Park, Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania, in August. They stated that "The wasp ap-
parently caught the spiders that were infested by the larvae of
Oncodes, stored them in cells with her eggs, sealed the gallery
and departed. The Oncodes larvae consumed the spiders and
possibly the wasp larvae, then transformed and were unable to
get out. Remains of the spiders were present in the cells."
Cole (1919) reported that a specimen of 0. palidipennis Loew
had been bred from a nest of Sceliphron ccmcntarius collected
at Coulterville, Illinois.
As previously mentioned, no positive information other than
the verified record of Sabrosky (1948) has been published on
the association of crabronids and acrocerids in the Nearctic re-
gion. It was of interest, therefore, when several nests of
Ectemnius (Hypocrabro) spiniferus (Fox) were found to con-
tain specimens of Ogcodes eugonatus Loew. E. spiniferus is
confined to the western part of the Nearctic region and is com-
mon in California. For a more detailed distribution see Krom-
bein (1951: 1027) and Leclercq (1954: map 30).
In attempting to ascertain the association of crabronids with
this dipterous family, the excellent "Monographic . . . Cra-
broniens" of Leclercq (1954) was consulted. This work gave
only a single Palearctic species, E. (//.) rubicola, as utilizing
acrocerid flies. On the basis of various characters, we assumed
that E. spiniferus could be closely related to E. rubicola. This
assumption was verified by J. Leclercq (in litt., 1956) who
stated that "From a morphological point of view it is certain
that Ectemnius (Hypocrabro} spiniferus and E. (//.) rubicola
are closely allied. I should say however that the closest relative
of spiniferus in the Palearctic region is by all means lamigatus
(DE STEFANI)."
He also stated that there was little information on the habits
of laevigatus, and it probably provisioned its nests with aero-
228 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1957
cerids. Leclercq (in litt., 1956) also mentioned that if species
groups were erected in Hypocrabro, one such group would in-
clude laevigatus, rubicola, and spiniferus.
The prey species, 0. eugonatus (0. olbicinctus Cole, of
authors), is not common in California north of the Tehachapi
Mountains. We have examined specimens only from Turlock
(Stanislaus County) and Davis, Elkhorn Ferry, and Putah
Canyon (Yolo County) in northern California. This species
is distributed throughout North America where it ranges from
Canada to southern Mexico, but it appears to be most common
in the great plains and eastern United States. Furthermore,
eugonatus may be conspecific with the European 0. zonatus
Erichson. If this conspecificity should prove to be correct, it
would be of particular interest in that the close relationship of
rubicola and spiniferus would be further substantiated biologi-
cally.
The material upon which the following new biological data
presented in this paper are based was collected at Elkhorn
Ferry. Yolo County, California, February 12, 1956, by R. C.
Bechtel.
The linear nests of spiniferus were located in dead or injured
and dying twigs of blue elderberry, Sambucus coerulea Rafines-
que. The cells and their respective partitions of macerated el-
derberry pith were found at the inner end of the tunnels. These
tunnels varied in length from 19-36 mm. Details of the cell
contents are summarized in table 1.
The length of the cells varied greatly, ranging from 8-22
mm., whereas the diameter of the cells varied only from 5-7 mm.
The partitions exhibited a variation in length (4-7 mm.) similar
to that of the cells, but these lengths appeared to have no cor-
relation with the associated cells.
An examination of the cell contents indicated that they could
be divided into six groups as follows : Crabronids only ; cra-
bronid cocoons only; fly prey of crabronids (Hylemya, Ogcodcs
and Sphaerophoria} ; crabronid cocoons, fly prey of crabronids
and scavenger flies (Megaselia) ; parasite (Monodontomcrus]
or predator (Cymatodera) of crabronids and fly prey; and fly
prey and scavenger flies.
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
229
Certain cells, other than those which harbored a parasite or
predator, or from which no spinifents adults emerged, con-
tained cocoons in which dead crahronid larvae were found.
The Megaselia apparently did not cause the death of the larvae
since these flies did not occur in all of the cells. Also, there was
no evidence of cocoon penetration when they did occur. There-
fore, the cause of death was unknown.
Approximately one-half of the specimens of 0. eugonatus
were in good condition. The other half were partly or almost
entirely eaten. Some of them lacked the head or legs, while
others were more completely mutilated, with only part of the
TABLE 1. Cell Contents of Ectemnius (Hypocrabro)
spiniferus (Fox)
Twig
Cell
Ect.
Ogc.
Hyl.
Sph.
Man.
Cym.
Meg.
1
1
2
3
1 9
7 0*0*
10 rfd 1
1
1
2
1
2
3
1 <?
2 cf rf 1
2 <?<?
5
5
31
19
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 <?
1 d 1
1 c? 1
Coc.
Coc.
Coc.
4
1
2
3
4
5
Coc.
Coc.
Coc.
1 <?
5
2 rfrf
3 cfd 1
8 cfcf
1
4
6
5
5
1
2
1
Abbreviations :
Ect. Ectemnius (Hypocrabro} spiniferus (Fox).
Ogc. Ogcodes eugonatus Loew.
Hyl. Hylemya sp.
Sph. Sphaerophoria sp.
Man. Monodontomerus n. sp.
Cym. Cymatodera ovipennis LeConte.
Meg. Megaselia sp.
Coc. Cocoon.
230 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1957
abdomen and/or thorax and wings present. As a result, we
were not able to determine the sex of several specimens.
Individuals of the other fly prey, an anthomyiid (Hylemya,
det. C. W. Sabrosky) and a syrphid (Sphacrophoria, det. W. W.
Wirth), were in such poor condition that specific identification
was impossible. The numerous wings and body fragments in
the cells indicated that additional specimens of these genera had
been present, however.
A single specimen of a new species of the torymid genus
Monodontomerus (det. P. H. Timberlake) was reared from
one Ectemnius cocoon. Peck (1951:528-529) listed various
Hymenoptera as hosts for Monodontomerus, but no Crabronini
were included. Therefore, this appears to be a new host record
for the genus.
A clerid predator, a larva of Cyinatodcra ovipcnnis LeConte,
was found in one twig. This larva had chewed a hole in a
spiniferus cocoon, eaten approximately % of the crabronid
larva, and was later observed to consume the remainder of it.
There were indications also of two additional cells which the
predator presumably had destroyed.
Several of the cells contained larvae and pupae of a phorid,
Megaselia sp. (det. W. W. Wirth). Various authors have re-
ported a parasitic relationship of Megaselia species with insects
(Clausen, 1940: 385-386), but this species appeared to be a
scavenger. It is of interest that in the cells in which the cra-
bronid larvae failed to develop, the adult Ogcodcs specimens
were not used as food by the phorids, while the other host speci-
mens were almost entirely consumed. Also, some of the cells
in which this scavenger occurred had a blackened appearance
due to the presence of a fungus.
In addition to the above observations, two other instances of
a crabronid-acrocerid relationship have been noted. Four male
specimens of 0. citc/onatiis, collected at La Mesa, San Diego
County, California, January 22, 1953, by F. X. Williams, were
examined. A label on these specimens included the data "in
Crabro wasp nest." Williams (in litt., 1956) stated that his
notes read "La Mesa . . . also a nest of Crabro sp. with many
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 231
dead (last year's) acrocerid flies only, of one species in cells,
and Crabro cocoons ; . . . likewise in dead Salvia stems (Salvia
apiana Jepson)." He stated also that he used the name Crabro
in a general way, that the wasp could have been Ectemnius and
that only the better acrocerids were retained.
Also, we have studied four male and three female specimens
from Escragnoles Alpes, France, labeled "ex. Crabro nest."
This record was of interest since it was the first time that female
Ogcodes specimens have been found in a crabronid nest. Fe-
male Ogcodes seldom fly, but males make short, rapid flights
at frequent intervals and are more subject to capture by female
crabronids.
Another unverified association was found during the exami-
nation of twelve male specimens of a new species of Ogcodes
(species No. 2, Schlinger MS.). The specimens were collected
in San Bernardino County, California, elevation 6,000 ft., August
2, 1940, by J. A. Comstock. Labels on the specimens referred
to a museum note which read, "12 Hymenopterous cocoons in
the pith of Sambncus relutina. In one cell were the stored re-
mains of 15 little flies (Cyrtidae), of which, though mouldy, a
chloroform treatment made 12 available for mounting. All of
these wasps had stored the same fly, but in case the larval wasp
had matured, the flies were all consumed."
REFERENCES CITED
BRISTOWE, W. S. 1948. Proc. Linn. Soc. London, 160: 12-37, figs. 1-6.
CHAMPLAIN, A. B., and J. N. KNULL. 1923. Ent. News, 34: 211-215.
CLAUSEN, C. P. 1940. Entomophagous insects. McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., New York and London.
COLE, F. R. 1919. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 45: 1-79, pis. 1-25.
ENSLIN, E. 1922. Konowia, 1 : 1-15, figs. 1-7.
GORHAM, H. S. 1902. Ent. Monthly Mag., 38: 205-206.
JAMES, M. T. 1938. Jour. Kans. Ent. Soc., 11: 21-23.
KROMBEIN, K. V. 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. no. 2, pp.
1013-1029.
LECLERCQ, J. 1941. Bui. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg., 17(14) : 1-16.
1954. Monographic systematique, phylogenetique et zoogeographique
des Hymenopteres Crabroniens. 371 pp., 40 figs., 20 tables, 84
maps. Lejeunia, Liege.
232 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1957
MARECHAL, P. 1934. Lambillionea, 1934: 49-52.
PECK, O. 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. no. 2, pp. 410-594.
SABROSKY, C. W. 1948. Amer. Midland Nat, 39: 382^30, pis. 1-2.
SAHLBERG, J. R. 1883. Meddel. Soc. Fauna Flora Fenn., 9: 164.
TOURNIER, H. 1878. Compt. Rend. Soc. Ent. Belg., 21: XV-XVIII.
WESTWOOD, J. O. 1840. An introduction to the modern classification of
insects, v. 2. Longman ct al., London.
A New Ambrysus from Mexico (Hemiptera,
Naucoridae)
By IRA LA RIVERS, University of Nevada, Reno
Subfamily AMBRYSINAE Usinger, 1941
Genus Ambrysus Stal, 1862
Ambrysus drakei, sp. nov.
General appearance: A rather large, robust species with the
mottled coloration typical of Ambry si. Size 12.0-13.0 mm. long
and 7.5-9.0 mm. wide. Dorsum lighter over prothorax and
head, where the background color is light yellowish, darker
brownish over hemelytra ; embolia the only prominently light
area in the otherwise dark hemelytra ; scutellum with a faint
reddish caste. Venter light yellow, slightly darker on abdo-
men, legs whitish-yellow.
Head: Sparsely punctate, shiny, comparatively flat; vertex
only very faintly protuberant before eyes, forming an almost
smooth, nearly flat contour between leading angles of the eye.
Eyes essentially flush with general head surface ; outer and pos-
terior eye margins not forming a smooth, uninterrupted semi-
circle, but showing a slight angulation at their meeting points,
which is the anterior inception of the thin but prominent border
of the posterior eye margin. Labrum smoothly rounded, but its
outline, rather than being an even semicircle, suggests a point-
ing of the tip; ratio of length-to-width 23: :40 (58%), uniform
in color ; mouthparts similar to head in color, darkening toward
tip. Head ratios are :
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 233
(1) total length to width (including eyes) 43: :68 (63%)
(2) anterior distance between eyes to posterior distance 32: :
40 (80%)
(3) anterior distance between eyes to inner eye length 31 : :28
(90%)
(4) posterior distance between eyes to greatest length of head
posterior to this line 40: : 10 (25%)
Pronotutn: Moderately punctate, shiny; background color
light yellowish, bearing five prominent brownish areas within
the disc, composed of aggregations of brown spots in the manner
typical of Ambry si in general; posterior border rather broad,
separated from disc by thin black line; lateral edges smooth,
non-pilose, weakly curved, curvature more pronounced at hind
angle (postero-lateral angle) per cent of curvature (viewed
perpendicular to the frontal plane of section of the animal as
a unit) about 12% (av. 68: :8) ; venter light yellowish, promi-
nently pilose along posterior edge, particularly centrally, about
the keel and the procoxal cavities ; keel ridged anteriorly, flatly
sloping posteriorly beneath median union of propleura, the
slope smooth except for suggestion of transverse rugulosity
ratio of anterior keel ridge to total keel length (including poste-
rior sloping face) 45:: 70 (64%). Prosternum free from pro-
pleura, and disappearing caudad beneath the latter. Propleura
united along median line just posterior to prosternum. Pro-
notal ratios are :
( 1 ) width between anterior angles to width between posterior
angles 68:: 135 (50%)
(2) median length to greatest width 44: : 135 (33%)
(3) distance between anterior and posterior angles on same
side to perpendicular distance between anterior angle and
baseline of pronotum 65 : : 62
Scutellum: A pale reddish brown with light yellow area at
posterior angle and some lightening in color laterally ; ratio of
three sides, anterior and two laterals, 90: :68: :68.
234 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1957
Hemelytra: Background color nearly unicolorous brown-black,
with some light yellowing, most prominently on embolia ; rather
shiny, punctate, each puncture with a whitish spot ; embolium
well defined at its posterior edge, rather broad for the genus
(length-to- width 75: '.28 = 37%) emboliar crease very weak,
barely noticeable in anterior one-fifth embolium typically bi-
colored, light yellow in anterior two-thirds, reddish brown pos-
teriorly with rather pronounced contrast between the two areas.
Hemelytra rather markedly exposing lateral connexival spinose
margins posterior to embolia, and attaining abdominal tip.
Wings functional, as long as hemelytra, and possessing the usual
large, "costal" cell.
Venter: The prothoracic venter has been discussed above. All
connexival segments moderately spinose except Segment I, the
angles being acutely prolonged posteriorly ; Segment I angle is
right-angulate, not protruding laterad of general body outline,
and is non-spinose. Connexival Angles II-IV are the most
prominent, becoming progressively larger anterior-to-posterior ;
lateral connexival edges essentially smooth, non-serrate, even
with considerable magnification. Tip of female subgenital plate
quadrisinuate in terminal outline, the two inner sinuosities
grouped together as two low, rounded angles, the two outer
sinuosities sharp-angulate and not reaching as far caudad as
the median portion. Actually, this tip outline is a combination
of the characteristics of A. mexicanus (A. dilatus, A. hintoni)
and A. fuscus; the sinuation is indistinguishable from that of
A. fuse-its, and the left lateral asymmetry of A. mc.vicanns may
be quite evident (see illustration). The male genital process is
prominently developed, and greatly resembles that of a small
A. guttatipennis or a large A. mexicanus (see illustration).
Legs: Prolegs coxa and trochanter usual for the genus.
Femoral incrassation about average, ratio of length to greatest
median width 60:: 36 (60%); tibia average, combined tibia-
tarsus, when closed, just attaining adjacent (proximal) end of
femur.
Mesolegs coxa and trochanter usual ; femoral ratio of length
to greatest median width 60: : 11 (18%) length 2.6 mm. ; tibia
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 235
with usual spination for the subgenus Ambrysiis distal end
ventrally with two prominent transverse rows of spines set
across tibial width, the terminal row set solidly across apex,
the secondary or proximal row extending only about half way
across tibial width ratio of length to median width 55::8
(15%) length 2.5 mm.; tarsus long, narrow, whitish, 3-seg-
mented, the first segment very small and usually hidden by
terminal spines, third segment terminating in two prominent,
moderately curved claws.
DR AKEI
Ambrysus drakci, holotype female and allotype. The enclosing, top
outline represents the terminal configuration of the female subgenital plate
as seen in ventral view with caudum at top ; the slender, left-pointing
structure below this outline is the male genital process.
Metalegs coxa and trochanter usual ; femoral ratio of length
to median width 82:: 12 (15%) length 4.0 mm.; tibia essen-
tially an enlargement of mesotibia, although comparatively more
elongate ratio of length to median ventral width 93: :9 (10%)
length 4.6 mm. ; tarsus an enlargement of mesotarsus, and
more conspicuously armed beneath with large, sparse bristles.
Distribution: See types.
Type locality data: MEXICO Durango (Ditrango, 6(viii)50,
C. /. Drake & F. C. Hottes).
Location of types and etymology: Holotypic male, allotype
and several paratypes in the collection of Dr. C. J. Drake, Ames,
Iowa, to whom the species is dedicated ; paratypes in the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco ; and in the collec-
tion of the author, Reno, Nevada.
236 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1957
Comparative data: Ambrysus drakei is a member of the sig-
norcti group of the genus, and while it is an easily separable
species, presents the rather interesting appearance of being in-
termediate between two of the rather subtle and un-named, but
broadly recognizable, sections of the genus. The signorcti group
per se is one in which broadness of form, including emboliar
inflation, prominent maculation and quite often pronounced con-
nexival spination, is the rule ; whereas the closely related section
typified by A. mc.vicanus, is somewhat slimmer, more uniformly
colored and relatively or entirely spineless along the connexival
margins. In general ovality, noticeable color contrast and lateral
connexival spination, A. drakei is undeniably a typical part and
parcel of the signoreti group ; in its pronounced A. me.vicanus
type of female subgenital plate outline, it is rather aberrant and
closely linked to this latter group. Fortunately, at least with
present material, the species is not as confusing as the above
comparison may sound, and it readily segregates from its rela-
tives by the insertion of the following auxiliary couplet in the
published key to Mexican Ambrysi
27 (26). Lateral apical angles of female subgenital plate promi-
nent, sharp, even with median, low-rounded angles or
sinuosities ; median angles set close together, their width
across tips 40% or less of total width between lateral apical
angles ; male genital process either narrowing conspicuously
and pointedly toward tip, or weakly goosehead-shaped . . 27A
Lateral apical angles of female subgenital plate weak, al-
though even with median, low-rounded angles or sinuosi-
ties, which latter are hardly more than flattened curves
along mid-line of tip ; median angles wide, their width across
tips more than 50% of total width between lateral apical
angles ; male genital process not distinctive, weakly-to-
moderately curved and not shaped as above
signorcti-portheo
27 'A (27). Connexival angles non-spinose; smaller species,
8.5-9.5 mm. long; lateral apical angles of subgenital plate
long, comparatively narrow, sharp and spinosely produced,
the concavity between them and the median angles deep;
male genital process progressively narrowing to tip, inner
terminal corner enormously produced into a straight-edged
Ixviii | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 237
long process, somewhat like a greatly exaggerated, thin
foot juscus
- Connexival angles spinose; larger species, 12-13 mm.
long; lateral apical angles of subgenital plate shorter,
broader, although with rather sharp tips, the concavity be-
tween them and the median angles rather shallow; male
genital process not as above, but much like guttatipennis,
i.e., somewhat goosehead-shaped drakei
For those specimens of A. drakei which show a slight asym-
metry of the left side of the female subgenital plate such as oc-
curs conspicuously in A. mexicanus, the spinosity of the con-
nexival angles, size and increased inflation of the embolia (width
more than 35% of length) will readily separate them from A.
mexicanus (= emboliar width less than 35% of length).
REFERENCE
LA RIVERS, I. 1953. The Ambrysus of Mexico (Hemiptera, Naucori-
dae). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 35(11:10) : 1279-1349, illus.
Trichobius (Streblidae) in West Virginia (Dipt.)
By J. O. WHITAKER, JR., 34 East Street, Oneonta, N. Y.
On March 23 and 24, 1957, I found Streblid flies of the genus
Trichobius on the long-eared bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii
rafinesquii) in Pendleton County, West Virginia. There is
some disagreement as to the taxonomic standing of this para-
site. It is considered as Trichobius major, variety quadriseto-
sus, by Kessel (1925), as Trichobius quadrisetosus by Curran
(1935), and as Trichobius corynorhini by Jobling (1938), who
considers this and Kessel's variety, quadrisetosus, as synonyms.
In the key by Kessel, the only difference between corynorhini
and major is the dark line marking the transverse suture in
major. I am inclined to agree with Jobling, and would desig-
nate the West Virginia specimens as T. corynorhini, possibly
as subspecies quadrisetosus.
In the two caves of West Virginia in which I made my collec-
tions, Sinnit and Minor Rexrode, I found this fly to be very
238 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1957
common. There were from zero to six flies crawling on each
Corynorhinus, with an average of about three per bat. This
population was marked by very little variation in the taxonomi-
cally important characters, with the exception of the number of
eye facets. Thirty-seven specimens were examined, and the
following results were obtained.
a. The transverse suture of the mesonotum was marked by
the dark line in every case.
b. In 33 cases the median line of the mesonotum extended to
the transverse suture. In three it extended .8 of that distance,
and in one it extended .9 of that distance.
c. The number of scutellar bristles was four in every case.
d. The number of eye facets varied from 12 to 16, with an
average of 13.08, and a standard deviation of 1.10.
e. Pubescence was comparatively sparse in all.
f. The sex ratio seemed to be 1:1, with 18 females and 19
males.
In contrast to this, 16 specimens of Trichobius major, from
Fort Hood, Texas (Host: Myotis vclifcr), collected by H. E.
Evans and E. G. Matthews on July 1, 1956, were also examined.
According to Dr. Evans these flies were found on the walls of
the cave, near the bats. The results were as follows :
a. The transverse suture was dark in 12 of the 15, but light
in three. However, the other three were in teneral condition,
and I assumed that this line would darken on maturation.
b. The distance the median line extended to the transverse
suture on the mesonotum varied from .7 to 1.2, with a mean of
1.1, and a standard deviation of .16.
c. The number of bristles on the scutellum varied from 6 to
9, with an average of 7.75, and a standard deviation of .68.
d. The number of eye facets varied from 6 to 9, with a mean
of 7.81, and a standard deviation of .63.
e. Pubescence ranged from very sparse to very dense.
f. This sample contained 8 males and 8 females.
The Texas population is probably much closer to the center
of origin and has not been as long isolated from the rest of the
Trichobius group, thus has not had fixation of characters to
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 239
such an extent as the West Virginia group. I would like to
examine specimens from Kansas, where both species are known
to occur in the same caves, and even on the same individual bat
(Jobling, 1949). I would also like to know the extent of the
range of the nearctic Trichobiits (corynorhini and major} east
of Kansas, and whether it is continuous with the range of
Corynorhinus between Kansas and West Virginia.
REFERENCES
KESSEL, Q. C. 1925. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 33: 11-34.
CURRAN, C. H. 1935. Amer. Mus. Nov. 765.
JOBLING, B. 1936. Parasitology, 28: 355-380.
-. 1938. Parasitology, 30: 358-387.
. 1949. Parasitology, 39: 315-329.
A New Parasitic Ant of the Genus Monomorium
from Alabama, with a Consideration of the
Status of Genus Epixenus Emery
By W. L. BROWN, JR., and E. O. WILSON, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts
The specimen described below was found in a nest of Mono-
morium minimum (Buckley) at Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Al-
though we have only a single example, the characters are so
distinct that it is evident that we have here another aberrant
inquilinous species of the kind now becoming almost a common-
place discovery among the Myrmicinae. It has become the
custom to consider parasitic forms of this degree of differentia-
tion from the host species as "new" genera in almost every case
found, but we shall give reasons below to show that the desig-
nation of new generic names for myrmicine parasites has been
a greatly overworked practice, due for critical review.
Monomorium metoecus sp. nov.
Holotype ergatogyne : TL 3.0, HL 0.67, HW 0.54, pronotal
W 0.41, WL (alitrunk L) 0.88, petiolar W 0.35, postpetiolar
240 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1957
W 0.36, W first gastric tergite, somewhat collapsed and widened
0.93 mm. Cephalic index 81, scape index 93. W pronotum
0.41, W petiole 0.35 mm.
Head quadrate, without clypeus just about as long as broad;
sides nearly parallel (very slightly narrowed behind eyes),
feebly convex ; occipital margin transverse, straight in full-face
view ; occipital angles gently rounded. Clypeus convex behind,
the median lobe bicarinate, the carinae continued as two acute
teeth, each tooth longer than broad at base and inclined very
slightly mesad. Space between teeth semicircularly excised,
impressed. Compound eyes intermediate in size between those
of the worker and female of M. minimum, greatest diameter
0.12-0.13 mm. Antennal scapes slender, curved gently flexad,
gently incrassate toward tips; exposed length 0.50 mm.; when
laid straight back, apices surpassing the occipital border by
less than the apical scape width. Funiculus like that of M.
minimum, but a little more slender. Segment I long and slender,
II-VIII small, as broad as long, or broader; IX, X, and XI
forming a distinct club, IX and X subequal, both longer than
broad; XI (apical segment) longer than IX and X taken to-
gether. Mandibles with 4 teeth, increasing in size apicad.
Minute vestiges of ocelli present, but exceedingly indistinct, the
anterior one connected to clypeus by a feeble sulcus. The head
in all respects is intermediate between that of the worker and
the female of Monomorium minimum, except for the longer
clypeal teeth (reminiscent of those of M. viridum Brown) and
the slender antennae.
Form of alitrunk, petiole, postpetiole and base of gaster as
shown in fig. 1. Points of greatest interest are the higher and
more convex promesonotum and propodeum (as compared to
the M. minimum worker), the deep metanotal groove, and par-
ticularly the curiously hypertrophiecl nodes of petiole and post-
petiole. The postpetiole is produced on each side below as a
subacute conule, each conule bearing at its summit a spiracle.
Gaster broad and somewhat collapsed.
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
241
Integument smooth and shining, with scattered inconspicuous
piligerous punctures. Frontal lobes and extreme anterior cor-
ners of head longitudinally striate. Striate areas of alitrunk
indicated in the figures, as well as the reticulostriate parts of
the postpetiole. Center of mesonotum with a small, transversely
oval pit or puncture, the detailed structure of which cannot be
made out.
FIG. 1. Monomorium metoccus sp. nov., ergatogyne, holotype. A. Side
view, and B. dorsal view of alitrunk, petiole, postpetiole and base of gaster.
Drawing by Nancy Buffler.
Pilosity abundant, fine, whitish, erect, uneven in length and
widely distributed over head, scapes and body. Legs with
dilute pubescence of fine appressed hairs. Pilosity intermediate
in abundance and conspicuousness between that of the host spe-
cies workers and queens. Color dark reddish-brown, to the
242 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1957
naked eye appearing blackish ; legs, antennae and mandibles tan,
shading to yellowish on tarsi.
The holotype, a unique, was taken in a colony of Monomorium
minimum (Buckley) (sensu Creighton) nesting under the loose
bark of a living pine tree, just above the ground level, in dis-
turbed open pine woods called "Smith Woods," on the Univer-
sity of Alabama campus at Tuscaloosa, Alabama (E. O. Wilson
leg., No. M-178). In the bark of the same tree was found a
nest of Leptothorax bradleyi Wheeler. The host Monomorium
nest contained numerous workers, brood, and at least two nor-
mal dealate females of the minimum, the host species ; both
females are preserved with workers under the number M-178
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, which is also the
depository for the M. metoecus type.
With the exception of the very aberrant petiole and post-
petiolar structure, plus other minor details of sculpture, etc.,
M. metoecus is exactly intermediate in every detail between the
worker and female castes of M. minimum. In fact, if it were
not for the form of the nodes, the new species might well have
been taken for an ergatoid or pseudogyne of minimum; worker-
female intermediates are very commonly met with among the
species of Monomorium, with or without dealate queens, and in
quite a few species the ergatogyne is the only functional queen.
From these facts, it is clear that the ergatoid condition is in
itself no generic character.
This raises the question of the relationship of Monomorium
to Epixcnus Emery. Epixenus was originally based on an
ergatogyne found in the nest of Monomorium venustum Andre
in Palestine, and on a doubtful male from Crete, taken sepa-
rately (Emery, 1908). Forel (1910) added E. biroi, based on
an ergatogyne found with M. crcticum Emery, a member of
the salomonis complex (referred to salomonis as a subspecies
by Emery in 1922) from Crete. These ergatogynes differ from
Monomorium ergatogynes only in the form of the petiolar and
postpetiolar nodes, which are more than usually anteroposte-
riorly compressed, and therefore tend to be somewhat scale-like.
However, this characteristic shape of the nodes is more a matter
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 243
of degree than of absolute qualitative difference, and other
Monomorium females can be found that more or less approach
the condition of the Epixenus so far as the nodes are concerned.
M. metoecus, in fact, has the postpetiolar node more aberrant
in form than in any of the Epi.reniis species. From these facts
alone, it would seem that Epixenus is at best very doubtfully
distinct from Monomorium at genus, or even at subgenus, level.
Against this background, we can consider the recent contri-
butions by Bernard (1952, 1955) to the taxonomy of Epixenus.
Bernard first described E. guineensis from workers taken in
West Africa, and then, in his 1955 review of Epixenus, he de-
scribed E. algiricus from workers and females from each of a
series of colonies taken in Algeria. The figure of the female
does not show clearly whether wing stumps are present or
absent, though the alitrunk is very narrow and like those of
some ergatogynes of other species ; Bernard says only that the
females are "reines desailees" taken in the nests, and the situa-
tion seems to make it fairly certain that these females are not
just parasites in the nest of a host species represented by the
E. algiriciis workers (though the parasite hypothesis is not yet
entirely to be discarded until a larger number of nests can be
examined). Although Bernard emphasizes in his description
and figures (especially fig. Id) the scale-like structure of both
nodes, our comparison of two workers from the algiricus type
series with other workers of the genus Monomorium indicates
that algiricus is only very slightly more extreme in this char-
acter than are workers of some other species of Monomorium,
among which are M. hesperimn Emery and M. creticum Emery.
It seems to us that on the basis of worker characters alone, algi-
ricus, creticum and hesperimn could scarcely be put into differ-
ent species-groups, let alone genera! And it must be remem-
bered that E. biroi Forel was described from the nest of M.
creticum, which suggests that the relationship of these two
forms needs to be reexamined, keeping in mind the possibility
that biroi may be just an ergatoid form of creticum.
In discussing the biology of algiricus, Bernard makes clear
that this species usually nests independently of other ants, and
244 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1957
he believes that in the rest of the cases, it is associated only as
a kind of thief-ant with other ant species (other species of
Monomorium are supposed to follow lestobiotic habits, e.g.,
M. andrei fur Forel). This information eliminates the supposed
parasitic habits of Epixenus as a group character, even if such
habits were ever considered to define a genus in this case at a
time when the Epixenus workers were still unknown.
Consideration of the above details will, we think, show that
what has been considered to constitute a distinct genus, Epi-
xenus, is in fact nothing more than a heterogeneous collection
of a few species of Monomorium that tend to have the nodes
more strongly compressed than usual for the genus. Some of
these species (e.g., andrei} may represent workerless ergato-
gynous inquilines derived from their host species, while others,
such as algiricus, seem to be rather average species of Mono-
morium. The larval characters described for algiricus by Ber-
nard may be a little unusual for Monomorium, but we must
remember that only a triflng fraction of the Monomorium
species have been described in the larval state, and the other
Epixenus larvae also remain unknown. We offer below the
formal synonymy of Epixenus with Monomorium, and the new
combinations necessary after this change.
MONOMORIUM Mayr
Monomorium Mayr, 1855, Verh. zool.-bot. Ver. Wien, 5 : 452.
Type: Monomorium minutnm Mayr, monobasic.
Epixenus Emery, 1908, Deutsch. ent. Zeitschr., p. 556. Type :
Epixenus andrei Emery, by designation of Wheeler, 1911.
NEW SYNONOMY.
Monomorium advena nom. nov.
pro Epixenus andrei Emery, 1908, Deutsch. ent. Zeitschr., p.
557, fig. 5a-c, female, nee Monomorium andrei E. Saunders,
1890, Ent. Mon. Mag., 26 : 204, worker.
Monomorium biroi (Forel) comb. nov. (nom. praeocc.)
Epixenus biroi Forel, 1910, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 54: 21, female
(ergatogyne), nee Monomorium biroi Forel, 1907, Ann. Mus.
Nat. Hungar., 5 : 19, worker.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 245
We are deliberately entering this name in Monomorium, even
though it is preoccupied there, because we do not wish to pro-
pose a new name where the distinct possibility exists that the
E. biroi of Forel, 1910, is only the female caste of Monomorium
creticum Emery, with which it was found. The same applies
to the male originally described as Epixenus creticus by Emery
(see below).
Monomorium creticum (Emery) comb. nov. (nom. praeocc.)
Epixenus creticus Emery, 1908, Deutsch. ent. Zeitschr., p. 558,
male, fnec Monomorium Abcillei var. creticum Emery, 1895,
Mem. Accad. Sci. Bologna, (5) 5: 298, worker. As stated
above, it may well turn out that Epixenus creticus is the male
of Monomorium creticum Emery, 1895.
Monomorium guineense (Bernard) comb. nov.
Epixenus guineensis Bernard, 1953 (1952), Mem. Inst. Franc.
Afr. Noire, Dakar, 19 : 238, fig. lOf-i, worker.
This is an aberrant species, with unusual conformation of pro-
podeum and nodes, and very small in body size. Its relation-
ship to the other species of Monomorium requires further study.
Monomorium algiricum (Bernard) comb. nov.
Epixenus algiricus Bernard, 1955, Insectes Sociaux, 2 : 274,
worker, female.
We have made no study of the species of Monomorium in
order to exhaust the possibilities of synonymy between algiricum
and the numerous small forms of the genus occurring in North
Africa and southern Europe. However, a cursory check of the
Museum of Comparative Zoology collections revealed no ex-
actly similar species. M. hesperium and M. creticum Emery
(I) seem to be closely related.
In checking casually through some of the now rather large
number of parasitic myrmicine genera, most of which are
"satellites" of large genera such as Myrmica, Solcnopsis, Mono-
morium, Tetramorium, Crematogaster, and especially Lepto-
thorax, one is impressed by the flimsy nature of the characteri-
zations upon which the parasite names rest. In some cases,
such as Teletitomyrmex or Ancrgatcs, little doubt about generic
246 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1957
status can be entertained, but in many of the rest, it seems that
the known or presumed parasitic habits of the ants have been
given undue weight at the generic level. When rigorous taxo-
nomic investigation of these satellite genera is begun in earnest,
it seems likely that many of them will go the way of Epixenus.
REFERENCES
BERNARD, F. 1953 (1952). Mem. Inst. Franc. Afr. Noire, Dakar, 19:
238, fig. 10.
-. 1955. Insectes Sociaux, Paris, 2: 273-283.
EMERY, C. 1908. Deutsch. ent. Zeitschr., pp. 556-558.
. 1922. Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 174: 166-185.
FOREL, A. 1910. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 54: 6, 21-22.
Nomenclature Notice
All comments relating to the following should be marked with
the File Number, and sent in duplicate to Francis Hemming,
28 Park Village East, Regent's Park, London N.W.I, England.
padi Linnaeus, 1758 (Aphis}, validation of, for the European
bird cherry aphid (Hemiptera) (File : Z.N.(S) 1225).
anonyma Lewis, 1872 (Limenitis), suppression of (Lepi-
doptera) (File: Z.N.(S) 1180).
For the above, see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. Vol. 13, Pt. 8.
Pentila Westwood, [1851], validation of, and designation for,
and for Leptina Westwood, [1851], of type species, in
harmony with accustomed usage (Lepidoptera) (File:
Z.N.(S) 476).
Centris Fabricius, 1804, designation of type species for, in
harmony with accustomed usage; dimiata Fabricius, 1793
(Apis), validation of (Hymenoptera) (File: Z.N.(S)
770).
For the above see: Bull. Zool. Nomencl. Vol. 13, Pt. 9.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 247
New Records of Plecia (Diptera: Bibionidae)
By SELWYN S. ROBACK, Assistant Curator, Department of
Limnology, Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia
The specimens herein reported are all in the collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The specimen
of Plecia alacris Curran was taken by the author during the
course of the Catherwood Foundation Peruvian Amazon Ex-
pedition in 1955. The remaining material was already in the
Academy's collection. The author would like to acknowledge
gratefully the gift of a male paratype of P. alacris by Dr. C. H.
Curran of the American Museum of Natural History.
Plecia (Plecia) alacris Curran
Of this species, previously recorded from British Guiana and
Paraguay, a single male was taken by the author at Iquitos,
Peru, October 20, 1955. This specimen has been compared
with the paratype. The description of the species is rather
brief, and hence some additional descriptive material is herewith
presented.
The male antenna is nine segmented, fig. B, with segments
four eight as wide as long and about equal in length. The
maxillary palpus is four segmented with the segments in the
ratio of 1.4: 2.0: 2.1 : 3.3. The sternopleuron bears a patch of
blackish hairs above its middle. The femora are thickened
apically and the tibiae swollen in the basal half. The tarsal
segments of the foreleg are in the ratio 6.5 : 2.5 : 1.7 : 2.0. Vein
R 5 of the wing (fig. A) curves slightly upward to meet the
costa rather than curving down with it. The median process of
ninth sternum is distinctly truncate apically and is upcurved at
its apex (fig. C).
Plecia (Plecia) americana Hardy
A single male from Encero Vera Cruz, S. of Jalapa, Mexico,
July 17, 1932 (Hobart Smith). A single paratype is in the
248 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [NOV., 1957
Academy's collection (Philadelphia Academy of Science in
Hardy, 1940).
Plecia (Plecia) curvistylata Hardy
This species was described by Hardy (1942) from Cuerna-
vaca, Mexico. There is in the Academy's collection a series of
eight males and one female collected July 4, 1932 by Hobart
Smith from near Taxco, Guerrero, Mexico, which is close to the
type locality. Since the species was described on the basis of
only two males, there is offered here a brief description, and
figures of the genitalia (figs. D, E) of the female in the Acad-
emy's collection. The female genitalia, particularly the form of
the eight sternite, supports Hardy's placement of this species
with the collaris group (see fig. 135B in Hardy, 1945).
Female. 5.4 mm. long; antenna 10 segmented: flagellar seg-
ments 2-7 short and broad (1.66 X as wide as long) ; antennae,
palpi, thoracic pleurae, sternum, and abdomen dark brown;
mesonotum red-orange ; darkened anteriorly but not as distinctly
as in the male; wing 6.0 mm.; lightly infuscated ; stigmal area
not too clearly differentiated; R : . + 4 not as sharply curved as in
male ; halteres black, shaft brownish ; female genitalia, figs. D, E.
Plecia (Rhinoplecia) nearctica Hardy
A common species represented in the Academy's collection by
a series of 24 males and 22 females collected by Rehn, Pate, and
Rehn, September 4, 1937 between Beaumont, Texas and New
Iberia, Louisiana. There are also two paratypes from Hardy's
original series in the Academy's collection (listed as Philadelphia
Academy of Science in Hardy, 1940).
Plecia (Plecia) plagiata Wiedemann
One female from Juan Vinas, Costa Rica, 2,300 feet, July 22,
1909 (P. P. Calvert).
Plecia (Rhinoplecia) rostellata Loew
A series of six males originally determined as P. rostrata Bell,
by Cresson. These are from Alayuella, Rio Brasil, Costa Rica,
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
249
December 9, 1909 (P. P. Calvert). This is a considerable ex-
tension of the range of this species.
Plecia (Rhinoplecia) rufithorax concava Hardy
A single male from Piedras Negras, Peten, Guatemala, IV-
VI, 1936 (L. Satterthwaite, Jr.).
Plecia alacris Curran. Male. Figures A-C.
A. Anterior portion of wing. B. Antenna. C. Hypopygium, ventral
view.
Plecia curvistylata Hardy. Female. Figures D-E.
D. Genitalia, dorsal view. E. Eighth sternum.
LITERATURE
HARDY, D. ELMO. 1940. J. Kans. Ent. Soc. 13, No. 1 : 15-27.
. 1942. Can. Ent. 74: 105-116.
. 1945. U. Kans. Sci. Bull., 30, Part 2, No. 15: 367-547.
250 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1957
Notes and News in Entomology
Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will
be acknowledged when used.
Meetings of the American Entomological Society. Years
ago, the NEWS contained a section entitled "Doings of the Socie-
ties," which reported the minutes or other matters of interest
from this and other societies. Believing that even now there
may be some general interest in such things, it may be recorded
that at our meetings during the past year, in addition to the
minor reports and discussions by those in attendance, there was
always an invited speaker of prominence. For the nine meet-
ings, Sept. 1956 to June 1957, we enjoyed the following, each
an entomologist of highest competence in the particular field :
Dr. RANDALL LATTA, on insect problems in marketing agricul-
tural products ; Dr. SELWYN S. ROBACK, on phylogenetic as-
pects in Diptera; Dr. WALTER FLEMING, on an entomological
trip to South America; Mrs. MARGARET M. GARY, on effects of
geographic isolation on the evolution of the Sphingidae; Dr.
BAILY B. PEPPER, on teaching and research at Rutgers Univer-
sity; Mr. JOHN WILCOX, on the biology and control of ticks;
Dr. NEAL A. WEBER, on fungus cultures from ant's nests ; Mr.
O'DEAN L. KURTZ, on identification of fragments in cereals.
For the current year, the program includes, for September,
Dr. THOMAS E. SNYDER, on termite biology, control, trends ;
for October, probably Dr. GEORGE H. BRADLEY, on some phase
of the malaria, or the typhus problem in the U. S. ; for Novem-
ber, Dr. HUBERT FRINGS, on the sounds of insects ; for Decem-
ber, Dr. JOHN W. H. REHN, on pest control in the U. S. Navy;
for January, Dr. HARRY S. SMITH, on plant pest problems in
the northeast ; and for February, Mr. R. C. BROWN, on forest
insect research in the northeast.
The Society welcomes visitors. All with an interest in in-
sects are cordially invited to attend our meetings, especially ento-
mologists from other parts of the country who happen to be
passing through Philadelphia. The meetings are at 7.45 P.M.
at the Academy of Natural Sciences, s.w. corner of 19th and
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 251
Race Streets, on the fourth Thursday of each month from Sep-
tember through May, except in November and December when
they are on the third Thursday.
The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature an-
nounces the immediate publication in book-form of the first
instalment of each of the "Official Lists" of valid zoological
names and of the corresponding "Official Indexes" of rejected
and invalid names, together with the first instalments of the
"Official Lists" of works approved as available for zoological
nomenclature and of the "Official Index" of rejected and in-
valid works. The categories of names covered by these "Lists"
and "Indexes" range from specific names to ordinal names. The
total number of entries contained in the instalments now to be
published amounts to about five thousand. These entries have
been promulgated from time to time by the International Com-
mission on Zoological Nomenclature in individual "Opinions"
and "Directions" but owing to the large number of documents
so involved it has become increasingly difficult for specialists to
ascertain what names have so far been registered under this
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cation of the instalments now in the press, each of which will be
supplied both with a full alphabetical index and also with alpha-
betical indexes arranged by major groups.
All enquiries in regard to the above publications should be
addressed to the International Trust for Zoological Nomencla-
ture at its Publications Office (41 Queen's Gate, London
S.W.7.). FRANCIS HEMMING.
Books Received
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Mitteleuropas. Lieferung 7 and 8. These represent the first
two of the seven that will comprise Volume III (Rombycids
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each 32 pages and have a total of 7 colored plates. Price, DM
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57.
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ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
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THE NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF THE
'SUBGENUS AESCHNA' SENSU SELYSII 1883
(Odonata)
By Philip P. Calvert
This paper presents an account of the Neotropical species referred
by de Selys in 1883 to his subgenus Aeschna and of some species un-
known to him. His subgenus is here divided into three genera,
Aeschna, Coryphaeschna, and Castoraeschna, Aeshna in its turn be-
ing subdivided into the subgenera Aeschna, Hesperaeschna, Rhio-
naeschna, Schizuracschna, Marmaraeschna and Neureclipa. These
five subgenera include 2, 15, 1, 3, 4 and 5 species and subspecies
respectively. Coryphaeschna embraces 9 species and subspecies,
Castoraeschna 5. Larvae of 2 species of Hesperaeschna, 1 species of
Schizuraeschna, 1 species of Neureclipa and 6 species of Cory-
phaeschna are described and figured. Generalities are discussed under
the headings : Relationships of the Neotropical Aeshnas to the North
American fossils ; Relations of the South American Aeshnas to the
Palaearctic and Australian species ; The geological age and geographi-
cal distribution of the ancestors of the Odonata and of the Mammalia ;
Relations of the Neotropical Aeshnas to each other ; The seasonal
distribution of the Neotropical species of Aeshna. Forty plates in
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graphic distribution of all the species concerned. There is an alpha-
betical index of species, subgenera, genera, authors quoted, and topics.
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
DECEMBER 1957
Vol. LXVIII No. 10
CONTENTS
Stahnke A new species of scorpion 253
Arnaud Salmacia in the Hawaiian Islands 259
Judd Seasonal distribution of the black fly 263
Crabill Identity of Parorya valida Cook 265
Review : Die Larvalsystematik der Blattwespen 267
Indexes and title page to Volume LXVIII 269
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOL. LXVIII DECEMBER, 1957 No. 10
A New Species of Scorpion of the Vejovidae:
Paruroctonus x mesaensis
By HERBERT L. STAHNKE, Arizona State College,
Tempe, Arizona
Living specimens of Paruroctonus mesaensis have uniformly
very pale yellow cauda, appendages and carapace. The pre-
abdomen appears somewhat darker an effect, in the main, pro-
duced by the darkish internal organs showing through the more
or less translucent, dorsal exoskeleton. Because of this yellow-
ish color and the rather long, slender body, the layman has often
mistaken this scorpion for Centruroides sculpturatus Ewing, the
Southwests' lethal scorpion. It is obvious that the fancied re-
semblance is superficial since they belong to different families
C. sculpturatus to the Buthidae, P. mesaensis to the Vejovidae.
In addition to this, the sting of C. sculpturatus has proven lethal
to children in good health up to the age 16 years, while the most
severe reaction observed from P. mesaensis has been rather
pronounced, non-ecchymotic but very painful swelling at the
site of the sting.
HOLOTYPE. An adult female, A.S. No. 693.6, secured March
13, 1947, under a small slab of broken concrete in the city clump
northwest of Mesa, Arizona. Soil sandy, as in other areas from
which this species has been taken. Holotype collected by Floyd
Parrat and I. F. Nichols.
1 Werner offered Paruroctonus, in Klasscu u. Ordmoigen dcs Ticr-
reichs 8(2) : 283, Jan. 1934 for N. N. Uroctonoides Hoffmann, Andes
del Institute de Biologica 2(4) : 405, 1931 nee Chamberlin, Mus. Sci. Bull.
Brooklyn 3(2) : 35-44, 1920. Mello-Leitao in Ann. Acad. Bras. Sci. Rio
6(2) : 75-82, June 30, 1934, offered Hoffmanniellus. Werner offer ac-
cepted because of prior date.
(253)
nrn - A
254 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1957
DESCRIPTION OF HOLOTYPE: Carapace. Uniform light yel-
low with crescent of dark pigment on median periphery of each
eye. Some living specimens with entire median ocular tubercle
permeated by black pigment ; others with diffuse area of brown
pigment in the interocular triangle. Condition of holotype seems
most common. Interocular triangle sparsely covered with coarse
granules which become larger and more abundant posteriad.
Lateral eyes three, which form approximately an angle of 120
degrees. Median ocular tubercle prominent. Median groove
begins as a broad depression on extreme anterior border, ex-
tends as a shallow groove over ocular tubercle and ends as nar-
row pit-like furrow and then bifurcates at right angles into two
shallower depressions on most posteriad margin.
Preabdomen: All segments covered with fine granulations.
Segments 1 and 2 with few large granules scattered on extreme
posterior and lateral margins. Large granules scattered over
posterior half of segments 3 through 6. Large granules of seg-
ment 7 primarily on ridges of four lateral keels. Intercarinal
spaces with scattered large granules. Median keel as only in-
distinct vestige on segments 1 and 2, becoming larger on other
segments as it travels posteriad but never becoming a prominent
structure and extending across only posterior half of each seg-
ment with exception of 7th where its greatest prominence is at
midway point. Large, lateral granules of last segment denticu-
late and located on lateral edge of shelf-like lateral protrusion.
Ventral abdominal surface free of large granules except for ex-
treme marginal, denticulate granules and large granules forming
two lateral keels on 7th segment. Second pair of lateral keels
represented distad by a few granules. Intercarinal spaces of 7th
segment with very few large and small granules. Ventral sur-
face of other segments appears very finely punctate rather than
smooth and shiny. Stigma narrow-elongate. Sternum sides
sub-parallel ; with very deep median furrow in posterior half ;
anterior third with large granules. Genital operculum partially
divided into two separate halves. Pectines with more than 16
subcircular, vaulted middle-lamellae ; fulcra moderate sized,
teeth: 23/23. Some with 21 pectinal teeth. Most proximal
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 255
tooth a distance equal to 9 teeth from point of attachment of
pecten. Densely covered with short bristles on entire ventral
surface except teeth.
Postabdomen: Very slender. All caudal segments longer
than wide. Segment IV shorter than carapace: ratio 1.10.
Segments I-IV ventrally quite hirsute with moderately long
bristles.
Dorsal keels: Coarsely granular on segments I, II, and III ;
sub-denticulate granules on IV. Large rounded granules on
segment V.
Superior lateral keels: Like dorsal keels but incomplete on
segment V. Present on 0.4 of proximal end of segment and
represented by moderate sized granules.
Median lateral keels: Coarsely granular on segment I ; repre-
sented by 4 or 5 large granules at distal end of segment II, and
by 3 large granules at distal end of segment III; lacking on
segments IV and V.
Inferior lateral keels: Coarsely granular on segment I ; prom-
inent on segment II but not distinctly granular ; granules definite
on segment III and large well developed granules on segments
IV and V.
Median ventral keels: Not prominent and without granules
on segment I ; distinct but smooth on II and III ; with large
granules on IV and on V represented by one distinct keel with
large granules.
Intercarinal spaces: Few large granules on dorsal and dorso-
lateral regions of segment I through III, lacking on segment IV
and sparsely represented on inferior surface of segment V.
Tclson: Elongated, tear-drop in shape and smooth with few
large bristles. Two large bristles located ventrally at base of
aculeus. Lighter in color than other segments. Aculeus
slightly more than % length of telson.
Chelicera: With (fig. 1)5 more or less truncated, uniform-
sized teeth on inferior border of movable finger. These teeth
vary in number from 2 to 5, sometimes several may be united
to form a single very wide tooth. Two reddish, tubercle-like
protuberances on inferior border of fixed finger. Some with .1
such protuberances, which are sometimes denticulate.
256 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS | Dec., 1957
Pcdipalps: Chela: Hand broader than thick. All dorsal keels
well developed and covered with moderately large granules.
Lateral keels with more and larger granules. Inferior and
median surface with many large granules. Cutting edges of
both moveable and fixed fingers moderately scalloped with
ridges of one fitting into valleys of other. Cutting edge of both
fingers with six clusters of supernumerary teeth linearly ar-
ranged with large tooth separating each of the six clusters.
Each large tooth flanked medially by large tooth except (on the
movable finger) distad where there are two large flanking
teeth (seven in all). Fixed finger has only five flanking large
teeth plus one large flanking terminal tooth. Distance between
median large teeth and lateral teeth increases progressively
distad. A large bristle immediately posterior to each flanking
large tooth except the two most distal ones.
Brachiinn: With distinct and granular anterior and posterior
inferior margins. 13-14 trichobothria on posterior surface.
Humerus: With only anterior inferior margin distinct and
granular. Inferior surface has proximally a cluster of 8-11
moderately large granules.
Walking legs: Long tarsal claw 7 s ; well developed unguicular
spine ; exterior and interior pedal spurs. Single row of bristles
on ventral median ridge of tarsus with two larger bristles at
distal end of row forming a V and a cluster of small bristles at
proximal end of row. A row of very long, stout bristles on ex-
terior margin of protarsus and tibia of first three pair of legs.
ALLOTYPE. An adult male, A.S. No. 361.26, collected Sep-
tember 14, 1939 under board in city dump northwest of Mesa,
Arizona, by H. L. Stahnke.
DESCRIPTION OF ALLOTYPE. Carapace : Color same as female.
Many large granules in interocular triangle. Greater concentra-
tion of large granules posteriad. Few scattered large granules
laterally. Many fine granules throughout. Lateral eyes, ocu-
lar tubercle, median groove and keels same as female.
Preabdomcn: Granulations same as female. Median and
four lateral keels somewhat more pronounced than in female.
Intercarinal spaces, lateral large granules and ventral surface
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 257
like that of female except for intercarinal spaces on 7th which
have numerous small and large granules. Sternum like that of
female. Genital papillae well developed and protrude some dis-
tance from edge of genital operculum which is divided. Pectines
with more than 20 subcircular, vaulted middle lamellae. Teeth :
32/32. Some with 39 pectinal teeth. Most proximal tooth a
distance of about 6 teeth from point of attachment of pectines.
FIG. 1. Chelicera of Paruroctonus mesacnsis n. sp. [C. Templeton, del.]
Postabdoincn: General shape like female. All segments
longer in proportion to width. Segment IV longer than cara-
pace: ratio 0.85. Segments I, II, and III with keels like those
of female and intercarinal spaces densely covered with fine
granules and few isolated granules except on inferior surface.
Segments IV and V keels same as on female with intercarinal
spaces densely covered with fine granules. Telson similar to
that of female.
Pedipalps: Chela : Hand not quite as broad as on female.
Cutting edge of fixed and movable finger denticulated as in fe-
male but scallops are deeper, especially at proximal end. Keels
258
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
[Dec., 1957
Paruroctonus mesaensis
Table of Measurements in mm., and Ratios
Females
Males
Holotype
Paratypes
Allotype
Paratypes
No. 693.6
No. 1248
No. 1154
No. 361.26
No. 1177
No. 57-323
Total length
60.68
60.86
59.79
63.40
60.56
64.64
Carapace length
7.56
8.12
7.42
6.86
7.00
7.14
Carapace width
6.58
7.56
6.86
6.23
6.44
6.72
Mesosoma
15.35
12.70
13.35
13.00
11.70
14.80
Metasoma
37.77
40.04
39.02
43.54
41.86
42.70
*Ratios :
CL/TL
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.12
0.11
CL/MtL
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.16
0.17
0.17
MtL/TL
0.62
0.66
0.65
0.69
0.69
0.66
PW/PT
1.33
1.27
1.30
1.24
1.25
1.32
CL/IVL
1.10
1.14
1.06
.85
.90
.88
CL/VL
0.87
0.88
0.83
0.68
0.72
0.73
IL/IW
1.21
1.24
1.27
1.42
1.38
1.37
Pecten teeth
23/23
24/25
23/23
32/32
32/32
38/39
* Abbreviations :
CL = carapace length
TL = = Total length
MtL = Metasoma length
VL Length caudal segment V
IL = Length caudal segment I
IVV = Width caudal segment I
IVL = Length caudal segment IV
PW = width of hand of chela
PT = thickness of hand of chela
Para-
types
Sex
Date
Collected
Locality
Collector
1248
1154
1177
57-233
female
female
male
male
8/27/52
8/22/51
11/15/51
4/30/57
Tempe, Ariz.
Tempe, Airz.
Tempe, Ariz.
Borrego Springs,
California
Kenneth Ziegler
Klonda Bowers
H. L. Stahnke
Jim Elliott
and granulations on dorsal surface more pronounced than on
female. Intercarinal spaces densely covered with fine granules.
Brachium and humerus same as female except that large gran-
ules in medial area of posterior surface lacking. Brachium
stouter than in female,
those of female.
Chelicera and walking legs similar to
IxviiiJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 259
P. mesaensis differs principally from P. gracilior (Hoffman)
as follows : - P. mesaensis is uniformly light yellow whereas P.
gracilior has a crescent-shaped spot in interocular triangle simi-
lar to Hadrurus hirsutus. Also, the dorsal plates of the ab-
domen show widespread dark spots on both sides of the middle
line, which give a blackish tint to the plates. Pectinal teeth of
P. mesaensis 32/32 ; P. gracilior, 26/28. The fourth caudal
segment of the male P. mesaensis is considerably longer than
carapace, while in P. gracilior this segment is a little shorter than
carapace.
On P. mesaensis the teeth on the ventral surface of the mov-
able finger truncated and uniform in size ; P. gracilior has a large
basal truncated tooth and 4 smaller teeth. Caudal keels more
coarsely granular in general on P. mesaensis than on P. gracilior.
The Occurrence of Salmacia longipulvilli in the
Hawaiian Islands (Diptera: Larvaevoridae)
By PAUL H. ARNAUD, JR., Entomology Research Division, Agri-
cultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C. 1
The parasitic fly Salmacia longipulvilli (Tothill) has not been
recorded in the Hawaiian entomological literature, although it
appears to be an immigrant species from America. It was
present in the Hawaiian Islands as early as 1929. Since Sal-
macia longipulvilli is similar in size to Chaetogaedia monticola
(Bigot), the former has apparently been confused with monti-
cola and remained undetected in collections.
These two species may be separated on a readily visible struc-
tural character of the head : S. longipulvilli has the facial ridges
bare (except for several bristles immediately above and in as-
- Hoffman described only the male of the species.
1 1 should like to thank J. L. Gressitt, H. J. Reinhard, C. W. Sabrosky,
G. E. Shewell, Alan Stone, and P. W. Weber for their aid and sug-
gestions in this study.
260 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1957
sociation with the vibrissae) ; while C. monticola has the facial
ridges bristled on more than the lower half. 5". longipulvilli also
possesses an orange-yellow abdomen with black base and apex
and a median, occasionally broken, black longitudinal stripe on
the dorsum of the abdomen. Females of longipulvilli tend to
have more black on the abdomen than the males, having a
broader median black stripe and more of the fourth, as well as
the fifth, tergites black above. C. monticola in contrast has a
grayish abdomen, with only slight traces of orange-yellow on the
sides, and with the fifth tergite mostly orange-yellow. Figures
1 to 5 illustrate the head, wing, and terminalia of the male of
Salmacia longipulvilli.
An annotated bibliography, Hawaiian distributional data, and
host data on Salmacia longipulvilli follow :
Salmacia longipulvilli (Tothill) 1924
1924. Gonia longipulvilli, Tothill, Canadian Ent, 56(8) :198,
(9) : 211, 212. [p. 198, key, male; p. 211, original descrip-
tion, holotype male from Royal Oak, British Columbia and
12 male paratypes from Alberta, British Columbia, North
Dakota, Idaho, California, Arizona, Mexico; p. 212, sum-
mary of distribution, also Colorado.]
1928. Gonia longipulvilli, West, in: Leonard, Cornell Univ.,
Agric. Exper. Sta., Mem. 101: 818. [Distribution: Ithaca,
New York, Ap[ril]. This is probably a misidentification.]
1933. Gonia longipulvilli, Rowe, Ent. News, 44(5) : 126.
[Distribution: Olympia, Washington.]
1940. Gonia longipulvilli, Morrison, Canadian Jour. Res., Sec.
D, 18 : 342, 354, figs. 15, 15a, 15b. [p. 342, key, male ; p. 354,
description of male terminalia; host Agrotis orthogonia in
Saskatchewan.]
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
Salmacia longipulvilli (Tothill). Male.
1. Head, lateral view. 2. Head, front view. 3. Right wing. 4. Termi-
nalia, lateral view. 5. Terminalia, posterior view. Drawings by Mr.
Kei Daishoji.
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
261
FIGS. 1-5.
262 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [ Dec., 1957
(1943) 1944. Gonia longipulvilli, Brooks, Canadian Ent., 75
(12): 228, 229, 230. [p. 228, referred to capitata group,
which is characterized and stated to be "late summer species."]
Type depository : Type No. 789, Canadian National Collection,
Ottawa.
Hawaiian Distribution
The 47 specimens that I have examined have originated from
the following localities :
Maui: 1 d\ Waiakoa, 3,000 feet. VIII-1941, at light (E. M.
Cooke, Jr.) ; 2^, 1 $, Waiakoa, 3,000 feet, VIII-1941 (C. M.
Cooke, Jr.) ; 1 ?, Kula Pipe Line, 19-111-1932, 4,500-5,000 feet
(O. Bryant) ; [in collection of Bernice P. Bishop Museum] ;
West slope Polipuli, 2,300, 2-III-47. Hawaii No. 2782 ( K. L.
Maehler) [collection U. S. N. M.].
Hawaii: 2$$, Upper Hamakua Ditch Trail, "10-2-1929" (O.
H. Swezey); 2^, 2 $$, Humuula, 30-VII-35 (E. H. Bryan,
Jr.) ; 1 <$, Humuula, 3-VIII-35, Sophora (R. L. Usinger) ; 3 $?
and 1 J 1 , Keanakolu, Kaula Gulch, 29-X-1952. 7,000 feet (C. P.
Hoyt) ; [in collection of Bernice P. Bishop Museum] ; IS rfrf,
12 55, Waimea, 22-VI-49, collected at flowers Focniculuni vul-
gare L. (P. W. Weber) [in collections of the University of
Hawaii, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, U. S. National Museum,
Canadian National Collection, H. J. Reinhard, and the author].
Additional specimens are to be found in the Bernice P.
Bishop Museum and, probably, in other collections in the Ha-
waiian Islands.
Host Data
Morrison (1940) has reported A gro tis orthogonia (Morrison)
(family Phalaenidae) as a host of longipulvilli in Saskatchewan.
In the collection of the United States National Museum there
are now eight specimens labelled as paratypes [No. 28,300] of
longipulvilli [Tothill stated there were six]. An interesting
feature of five of these specimens, which originated from Tempe,
Arizona, "10-8-17" (H. L. Dozier), is that they bear the labels
as having been "Reared from Fcltia onuc.ra," an important fact
which was omitted by Tothill in reporting on the type series.
The name Feltia subterranea (Fabricius) (family Phalaenidae)
is the revised name for Fcltia annc.ro, according to Dr. E. L.
Todd.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 263
LITERATURE CITED
BROOKS, A. R. (1943) 1944. Canadian Ent., 75(12): 219-236, figs.
1-13. [Date of publication: January 17, 1944.]
MORRISON, F. O. 1940. Canadian Jour. Res., Sec. D, 18: 336-362, figs.
1-22.
ROWE, J. A. 1933. Ent. News, 44(5) : 122-126, fig.
TOTHILL, J. D. 1924. Canadian Ent., 56: (8) : 196-200; (9) : 206-212.
WEST, L. S. in: LEONARD, M. D. 1928. A list of the insects of New
York. Cornell Univ., Agric. Expt. Sta., Mem. 101: 1-1121.
[Family Tachinidae, pp. 807-821.]
Studies of the Byron Bog in Southwestern Ontario.
IV. Seasonal Distribution of the Black Fly,
Simulium vittatum Zett. (Diptera:
Simuliidae)
By W. W. JUDD, Department of Zoology, University of Western
Ontario, London, Ontario
In the description of the Byron Bog (Judd, 1957) it was
pointed out that one method of collecting insects in the bog was
to make a circular sweep with an insect net, held at arm's length,
through the tops of the bushes in the Chamaedaphnetum calycu-
latae association. The net used was one with a rim twelve inches
in diameter and the radius of the circle over which the sweep was
made was six feet. A single sweep was made each day from
May 15 to November 15 in 1956 and all the insects collected each
day were sorted and counted. Among the insects so collected
were black flies which were all identified as Simulium (Nco-
simuliitm) vittatum Zetterstedt by Dr. D. M. Davies, McMaster
University, Hamilton, Ontario. Three males and five females
*/ *
are deposited in the collections of McMaster University and all
other specimens are deposited in the collection of the Department
of Zoology, University of Western Ontario.
While the flies were in flight they were a considerable nui-
sance to anyone collecting in the bog, for they flew against the
face, crawled into one's ears and nose and scuttled along the
264 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1957
crevices between the skin and clothing. At no time were they
found to bite. Several authors who have investigated this spe-
cies have concluded that 5\ vittatwm does not bite humans at all
or does so only occasionally (Davies, 1950; Davies and Peterson,
1956; Hocking and Pickering, 1954; Hocking and Richards,
1953; Twinn, 1936; Twinn et al., 1948).
J
JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT.
Seasonal distribution of males and females of Simulium vittatum Zett.
During the period June 29 to September 10 seventy-five flies,
7 3$ (9%) and 68$$ (91%), were collected by sweeping, the
maximum number caught on one day being 7 on July 27 (fig. 1 ) .
Males were caught between July 26 and August 16. The pre-
ponderance of females is in accord with the findings of Davies
(1952) and Twinn et al. (1948) who captured more females
than males in sweep collections, although a sex ratio of 1 : 1 was
found by Davies (1950) for flies emerging into a cage set on a
creek bed. Davies (1952), in reporting on a study of 6". vitta-
tum in Algonquin Park, records that few specimens were ob-
tained by netting, with only a single male captured by that
method. The period during which the flies were caught in the
Byron Bog (June 29-September 10) is well within the period
during which this species was found in flight and ovipositing
(April to October) at Hamilton, Ontario, some ninety miles
eastward from the Byron Bog (Davies and Peterson, 1956).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This project was supported by funds from the Government of
Ontario granted through the Ontario Research Foundation.
The collections were made and the data assembled while the
writer held a Summer Research Associateship from the National
Research Council of Canada during 1956.
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 265
REFERENCES
DAVIES, D. M. 1950. Trans. Roy. Can. Inst, 28: 121-159.
. 1952. Can. Jour. Zool., 30: 287-321.
DAVIES, D. M., and B. V. PETERSON. 1956. Can Jour. Zool., 34: 615-655.
HOCKING, B., and L. R. PICKERING. 1954. Can. Jour. Zool., 32: 99-119.
HOCKING, B., and W. R. RICHARDS. 1953. Bull. Ent. Res., 43 : 237-257.
JUDD, W. W. 1957. Can. Ent., 89 : 235-238.
TWINN, C. R. 1936. Can. Jour. Res., 14 (D) : 97-150.
TWINN, C. R., B. HOCKING, W. C. McDuFFiE and H. F. CROSS. 1948.
Can. Jour. Res., 26 (D) : 334-357.
A Note on the Identity of Parorya valida Cook
(Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha : Oryidae)
By R. E. CRABILL, Jr., Division of Insects, United States
National Museum
Of the major geophilomorph families, Oryidae seems the most
poorly represented in America north of Mexico. Indeed, only
the ubiquitous Orphnaeus brevilabiatus (Newport) has posi-
tively been reported within the United States, where it very
likely was introduced with cargo from the tropics. Neither
brevilabiatus nor any other oryid is known to be established
here, which stands in striking contrast to the situation in the
American tropics where a number of endemic genera and species
occur.
For this reason Cook's discovery in 1896 of an endemic new
genus, Parorya, from Texas or Louisiana seems of extraordinary
interest. Unfortunately his new form was inadequately de-
scribed in an obscure publication x and consequently has gone un-
noticed by nearly everyone for well over half a century. Al-
though the Count von Attems cited Parorya in his roster of oryid
genera in 1926, - he was unable to include it in his accompanying
key to genera. In addition, the generic and trivial names are
conspicuously absent in his celebrated 1929 world monograph
iBrandtia, fasc. VII, p. 33, (1896).
2 KUKENTHAL u. KRUMBACH, Handbuch d. Zoologie, IV, p. 354, (1926).
266 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS | Dec., 1957
of the order. 3 Thus he was aware of the existence of the name
in the literature, but, confronted only with the vague and frag-
mentary original diagnosis, he could not place Cook's centipede
with confidence within the oryid system.
Undiscovered for many years, the female holotype (U.S.N.M.
Type Number 2363) recently was located in the myriapod col-
lection of the United States National Museum. It is a specimen
of the common western Mediterranean Orya barbarica (Ger-
vais). 4
All we know of this specimen's collection is that Schufelt cap-
tured it either in Texas or Louisiana, where it must have been
introduced with produce from the Mediterranean, a possibility of
which Cook made no mention.
Cook was well aware of its obvious similarity to the conspicu-
ous and well-known barbarica, for his description is almost en-
tirely concerned with postulated generic differences between the
two. (In 1896 barbarica was the only known member of
Orya.} He reported that in his specimen the apical article of
the "genital palp," i.e., of the gonopod, is small but distinct,
whereas that of Orya is rudimentary. Actually, Cook's speci-
men is practically identical in this feature with North African
specimens of barbarica. He described the spiracles of valida as
being much longer and narrower than those of barbarica, but I
have found the proportions of the former to fall within the range
of variability of the latter. His attempt to distinguish between
the two on the basis of stigmopleurite shape is invalid for the
same reason ; the stigmopleurites of valida closely resemble those
of older, rather than of young, barbarica specimens.
On the basis of the original description, perhaps his most com-
pelling argument rests upon the relative size of the two species'
pregenital sternites/' He found that this sternite in barbarica
is pronounced, and described it as rudimentary in valida. Ac-
3 Das Tierreich, Lief. 52, (1929).
4 Since valida, 1896 = barbarica, 1835, and each is the genotype of its
genus by monotypy, Parorya Cook, 1896, is an objective junior synonym
of Orya Meinert, 1870.
5 Attems', rather than Verhoeff's or Broelemann's, terminology is used.
See Attems, 1929, p. 26, fig. 35, label vpg.
IxviiiJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 267
tually, the two plates are identical. Cook's specimen had simply
contracted in alcohol, telescoping its rear somites and thereby
largely concealing the pregenital sternite beneath the preceding
ultimate pedal sternite.
Although Cook had not dissected the mouthparts, he sur-
mised them to be the same in both forms : they are. In sum-
mary, I am entirely unable to prove Cook correct and the pres-
ent disposition of valida incorrect. Including the complexities
of the pleural sclerites, no apparent detail presents any convinc-
ing basis for considering valida as anything but an introduced,
typical specimen of Orya barbarica.
Finally, it is worth mentioning that this seems to be the only
report of the presence of this gigantic North African species in
the United States.
Review
DIE LARVALSYSTEMATIK DER BLATTWESPEN (Tenthredinoidea
und Megalodontoidea) by Herbert Lorenz and Manfred Kraus.
Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten, Nr. 1. PP.
vi + 339; figs., 435. Akaclemie Verlag, Berlin, 1957. Price:
paper bd., DM 38.
Compared with the first attempt at a larval classification of
the sawflies (Yuasa, in 111. Biol. Monogr., 1922), this is a more
extensive work. It refers most often to Benson's classification
of imagines, but for the Nematinae, and for comparisons, both
Yuasa and Enslin are considered. There are pages on collect-
ing and rearing, on biology, morphology, and coloration. The
main part gives keys to the categories from superfamilies down
to species, provides diagnoses and biological notes on 236
European species, and supplies a list of food plants. Recent
classifications such as Benson's are largely confirmed, except for
some genera in the Nematinae, and the tribes in certain sub-
families. Where difficulties exist, larval studies often suggest
solutions ; thus, the Dolerinae should remain a separate subfamily.
Such works as this are much needed, for although fine work
has been done on some, notably the aquatic, larvae, it is appalling
to think of how much remains to be done by the increasingly
scarce systematists. R. G. SCHMIEDER.
EXCHANGES
This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for
advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices
not exceeding three lines free to subscribers.
These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow;
the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, only when neces-
sary those at the top (being longest in) are discontinued.
Conopidae of the World wanted. Will pay IW to $1.00 for pinned
and labelled specimens. S. Camras, 4407 N. Milwaukee Ave., Chicago
30, Illinois.
Anisoptera Nearctic sp. wanted for exchange, espec. Ophiog., Arigom.,
Aeschna, Neurocor., Somatoc., Cordulia, Dorocor., Leucor. R. D. Cuyler,
Dept. of Entomology, N. C. State College, Raleign, N. C.
Bembicini and Stizini (Hym., Sphec.) of New World wanted for revis.
study. Will return upon request or at end of project. James E. Gillaspy,
Dept. of Zoology, Univ. Texas, Austin 12, Texas.
Agapema galbina. Will exchange cocoons of this moth for nature
books. E. Frizzell, Route 4, Box 96, San Bcnito, Texas.
Tenebrionidae of the World wanted, in exchange for insects of Argen-
tina and neighboring countries. Horacio J. Molinari, Av. Lib. Gral. San
Martin 55, Acassuso (Buenos Aires), Rep. Argentina.
Butterflies. Wish to exchange specimens for Japanese species. Please
write to Ichiro Nakamura (Boy, age 16), 26 Aza-Nishiyama Obayashi
Takarazuka-shi, Hyogo-Ken, Japan.
Phasmidae of nearctic area desired alive. Purchase or trade, drawing
on large stock of major orders, worldwide. Dominick J. Pirone, Dept.
Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
Melanotus (Elateridae). Revising Nearctic species; desire to see all
available specimens. Will return at end of study. L. W. Quate, Depart-
ment of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr.
INDEX TO VOLUME LXVIII
(* Indicates new genera, names, etc.)
ALLEN., H. W. A Japanese weevil abundant in the Phil-
adelphia area 169
ALEXANDER, C. P. James Speed Rogers, 1891-1955 85
ANANTHAKRISHNAN, T. N. Bamboosiella nov. gen.
(Phlaeothripidae, Tubulifera) from India 65
ARNAUD, P. H. The occurrence of Salmacia longipuvilli
in the Hawaiian Islands (Diptera: Larvaevoridae) .... 259
BALDUF, W. F. The weight of puparia of Rhagoletis basiola
(O. S.) (Trypetidae : Diptera) 163
BECHTEL, R. C. and E. I. SCHLINGER. Biological observa-
tions on Ectemnius with particular reference to their
Ogcodes prey (Hymenoptera : Sphecidae. Diptera:
Acroceridae) 225
BLICKLE, R. L. and J. G. CONKLIN. Distribution of
Dermacentor variabilis (Say), the American dog tick,
in New Hampshire 34
(See also under Morse)
BRADLEY, J. C. A new Brazilean species of Campsomeris
(Hymenoptera : Scoliidae) 97
BROWN, F. M. Two early entomological collectors in
Colorado 41
BROWN, W. L., JR. Distribution and variation of the ant
Formica dakotensis Emery 165
BROWN, W. L., JR. and E. O. WILSON. A new parasitic
ant of the genus Monomorium from Alabama, with a
consideration of the status of genus Epixenus Emery . . 239
BURKS, B. D. A new Profenusa from the California
plane tree (Hymenoptera : Tenthredinidae) 207
BUSCEMI, P. A. First record of Endochironomus sub-
tendens (Townes) larval overwintering cocoons from
North America (Diptera, Tendipedidae) 157
CHAMBERLIN, R. V. A new henicopid chilopod from Peru 126
(269)
270 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1957
CONKLIN, J. G. (See under Blickle, R. L.)
CRABILL, R. E., JR. A note on the identity of Parorya
valida Cook (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha : Oryidae) .. 265
DREISBACH, R. R. A new species in the genus Arachno-
proctonus (Hymenoptera : Psammocharidae) with photo-
micrographs of the genitalia and subgenital plate 72
DVORAK, R. A character useful in separating Cafius (sg.
Bryonomus Csy.) seminitens Horn and canescens Makl.
(Coleoptera : Staphylinidae) 17
EVANS, H. E. Notes on Stictia new to the United States
(Hymenoptera : Sphecidae : Bembecini) 76
FROST, S. W. More about Membracidae at lights 77
GRESSITT, J. L. Pacific Science Congress 79
Fire at the Budapest Museum 79
HEMMING, F. Announcement: The International Trust
for Zoological Nomenclature 251
IGNOFFO, C. M. New records of mammal-lice associations 162
JUDD, W. W. Chalcidoid wasps (Eulophidae, Eury-
tomidae) reared from bullet gall caused by Disholcaspis
mamma (Cresson) (Cynipidae) 193
Diptera (Calliphoridae, Heleidae and Chloropidae) col-
lected from birds' nests at London, Ontario 32
Insects reared and collected from the pond snail, Lymnaea
palustris Mull., at London, Ontario 69
Studies of the Byron Bog in southwestern Ontario.
IV. Seasonal distribution of the black fly, Simulium
vittatum Zett. (Diptera : Simuliidae) 263
KOLDERIE, M. Q. (See under Richards, A. G.)
KORMONDY, E. J. Review : A morphological study of a
relic dragonfly Epiophlebia superstes Selys 53
KROMBEIN, K. V. The synonomy of two species of North
American Chrysis, sens. str. (Hymenoptera, Chrysisidae) 191
LA RIVERS, I. A new Ambry sus from Mexico (Hemip-
tera. Naucoridae) 232
LEWIS, R. E. Known distribution of a bat flea, Nycter-
idopsylla chapini Jordan ( Siphonaptera : Ischnopsyl-
lidae) ' 48
Ixviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 271
LINSLEY, E. G. New longicorn bettles from Texas (Co-
leoptera, Cerambycidae) 159
MICHENER, C. D. Notes on the biology of a parasitic bee,
Isepeolus viperinus (Hymenoptera, Anthophotinae) . . . 141
MOCKFORD, E. L. Some Psocoptera from Tikal, Guatemala 197
MORSE, W. J. and R. L. BLICKLE. Additions and Correc-
tions to the list of New Hampshire Trichoptera 127
MUESEBECK, C. F. W. New World Apanteles parasitic on
Diatraea (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) 19
PECHUMAN, L. L. A Tabanus not previously known from
the United States (Diptera : Tabanidae) 118
PHILLIPS, M. E. How much do you pay for your fun? . . 29
PORTER, C. C. A new subspecies of Megarhyssa atrata
(Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) 206
PRITCHARD, A. E. Review : Beitrage zur Systematik der
Itonididae (= Cecidomyidae, Diptera) 26
REHN, J. A. G. On the removal of certain New World
genera from the Decticinae to the Listroscelinae (Orthop-
tera : Tettigoniidae) 175
REIN HARD, H. J. New American muscoid Diptera (Sar-
cophagidae, Tachinidae) 99
RICHARDS, A. G. and M. Q. KOLDERIE. Variation in
weight, developmental rate, and hatchability of Oncopeltus
eggs as a function of the mother's age 57
ROBACK, S. S. New records of Plecia (Diptera : Bibionidae) 247
Review : Evolution and classification of the mountain
caddisflies 81
Ross, H. H. New oak-inhabiting species of Erythroneuna
from Illinois (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) 183
SANDERSON, M. W. The status of the tortoise bettle
Metriona ormondensis Blatchley 222
SCHLINGER, E. I. (See under Bechtel, R. C.)
SCHMIEDER, R. G. Hermann Weber (1899-1956) 49
Notes : New book on tropical American butterflies .... 80
Notes : Dancing bees at the equator and nocturnal dances 131
272 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1957
Review : A textbook of entomology 82
Review : Biology of the Heteroptera 138
Review : Die Larvalsystematik der Blattwespen 267
Review : General and applied entomology 174
SELANDER, R. B. A new Mexican Eupompha (Coleoptera,
Meloidae) 123
SINHA, R. N. A study of oenocytes in Oryzaephilus mer-
cator (Fovel) (Coleoptera, Cicujidiae) with phase
microscopy) 119
STAHNKE, H. L. A new species of scorpion of the
Vejovidae : Paruroctonus mesaensis 253
STALLINGS, D. B. and J. R. TURNER. Four new species of
Megathymus (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera, Megathymidae) 1
STANNARD, L. J. Review : Systematics of the Suborder
Tubulifera 81
STROHECKER, H. F. Budapest Museum 134
SUBLETTE, J. E. The immature stages and female of Poly-
pedilum (Polypedilum) obtusum Townes (Tendipedidae :
Diptera) 37
TURNER, J. R. (See under Stallings, D. B.)
WALKER, E. M. Review: The neotropical species of the
"Subgenus Aeschna" sensu Selyssi 1883 (Odonata) . . . 135
WHITAKER, J. O. Trichobius (Streblidae) in West Vir-
ginia (Dipt.) 237
WILSON, E. O. (See under Brown, W. L.)
WOOLLEY, T. A. Redescriptions of Ewing's Oribatid mites
(Acarina: Oribatei)
I. Families Zetorchestidae, Hermaniellidae 89
II. Family Carabodidae 113
III. Family Eremaeidae 147
IV. Family Archipteriidae 177
V. Families Belbidae and Opiidae 211
Ixviii]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
273
GENERAL SUBJECTS
Biology of Isepeolus 141
Books received 55, 223, 251
Budapest Museum fire ... 79, 134
Chalcids from bullet galls . . . 193
Colorado, early collectors in . . 41
Crabronids and their prey . . . 225
Dancing bees at the equator . . 131
Development of eggs of Onco-
peltus 57
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, finan-
cial needs 29
Grants at Oklahoma 80
Howard, Winslow J., collector 45
How much do you pay for
your fun ? 29
Japanese weevil in Philadelphia 169
Laboratory training courses . . 146
Meetings of Amer. Ent. Soc. 250
Nomenclature notice
40, 156, 190, 223, 246
Pacific Science Congress 79
Separates, Change of policy on 167
Snails, insects from 69
Wood, William S., collector . . 42
Zoogeography of Pacific in-
sects 133
OBITUARY NOTICES
Rogers, James Speed 85
Weber, Hermann 49
PERSONALS
Bradley, J. C 25
Brandt, W. W 134
Gressitt, J. L 134
Hardy, D. E 134
Johannsen, O. A 25
Kaszab, Z 134
Klotz, A. B 80
Munroe, E. G 134
Sabrosky, C. W 134
Szent-Ivany, J. J. H 79
REVIEWS
Books received 55, 223, 251
Calvert : The neotropical species
of the "Subgenus Aeschna"
sensu Selysii 1883 (Odo-
nata) 135
Cott : Systematics of the Sub-
order Tubulifera 81
Lindauer : Dancing bees at the
equator and nocturnal dances 131
Little : General and applied
entomology 174
Mohn : Beitrage zur Systematik
der Itonididae (=Cecido-
myidae, Diptera) 26
Natural enemies of insect pests
(film) Ill
Ross : Evolution and clas-
sification of the moun-
tain caddisflies 81
A textbook of entomology 82
GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION
Argentina : Hym 21
Arizona : Arach. 253 ; Dipt. 105,
107 ; Lep 2
Brazil : Hym 24, 97
California : Hym 209
District of Columbia : Hym. . . 22
Florida: Dipt Ill
Guatemala : Psocopt 197
Illinois : Homop 184-190
India : Thysanop 66
Mexico: Col. 123; Dipt. 100,
103. 104, 109; Hemip 235
New Mexico : Hym. 74 ; Lep. 9
Peru: Chilop 126
Texas: Col. 159; Dipt. 102,
106; Lep 6, 13
COLEOPTERA
Aleochara 69
Athryoglossa 70
274
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
[Dec., 1957
atriplicis* Amannus 160
bifasciatiis, Pseudocncorhinus . 169
Bryonomus 17
canescens, C 'a fins 18
inflaticollis* Crossidius 159
mercator, Orysaephllus, oeno-
cytes 119
Omaliinae 70
ormondcnsis, Metriona, key . . 223
ovipennis, Cymatodera 229
Philonthus 70
Pseudocneorhinus in Phila. area 174
purpurata, Metriona 223
quadrisignatus, Glischrochilus . 69
scminitcns, Cafins 17
sericeus, Chlaenius 70
terminalis,* Enpompha 123
texanus* Heterachthcs 159
DIPTERA
alacris, Plecia 247
americana, Plecia 247
Baromyia* 100
basiola, Rhagoletis, weights of
puparia 163
corynorhini, Trichobius 237
curwstylata, Plecia 248
Diptera from bird's nests 32
euethes* Plagiomima 104
eugonatus, Ogcodcs 225
faceta* Plagiomima 105
floridensis* Euceromasla .... 109
fuscipcs, Pherbcllia 70
Hylemya 228
inconismus, Phytodcs 99
Itonididae, review of book ... 26
labcosus* Parepalpus 102
longipuvilli, Sahnacia (ill.) in
Hawaii, host data and bib-
liography 259
luteiccps, Oscinella 34
Megaselia sp 228
melamypga, Sarcophaga 70
mitis* Baromyia * 101
nana, Pherbcllia 70
ncarctica, Plecia 248
noera* Phoroccra 109
obtusum, Polypcdilitm, stages
of " 37
pcllccta* Phoroccra 106
plagiata, Plecia 248
quadrisctosus, Trichobius .... 237
rostcllata, Plecia 248
rufithorax concava, Plecia . . . 249
siala, Protocalliphora 32
sinuata, Sarcophaga 70
Sphaerophoria sp 228
stabulans, Muscina 70
stolida* Phorocera 107
texanus, Tabamta 76
travisi, Culicoidcs 33
vittatwn, Sinnilium 263
I'ittiger, Tabanus 118
HEMIPTERA
drakei* Ambrysus 232
fasciatus, Oncopeltus 57
Oncopeltus, physiology of eggs 57
HOMOPTERA
alicia* Erythroncnra 185
amethica* Erythroneura 186
arpegia* Erythroneura 188
ccona* Erythroneura 184
lenta, Erythroneura 183
marilandicac * Erythroneura . . 183
Membracidae taken at lights . . 77
metopia* Erythroneura 185
mimica* Erythroneura 190
protuma* Erythroneura 188
triz'ittata, Erythroneura 186
tumida, Erythroneura 188
HYMENOPTERA
abditus* Apantelcs 23
advcna, Monomorium 244
IxviiiJ
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
275
alyiricum, Monomorium 245
auripcs, Aphacrcta 69
biroi, Monomorium 244
Carolina, Stictia 76
Chalcids from bullet galls . . . 193
Chrysis, new synonymy in ... 191
cincrca, Bembix 118
Crabronids, prey of 225
creticum, Monomorium 243
Dancing bees at equator 131
dakotensis, Formica 165
diatraeac, Apantelcs 25
deplanatus* Apantelcs
Epi.vcmis, status of 239
guincense, Monomorium .'.... 245
hcspcrium, Monomorium 243
impunctatus, Apantelcs 20
kerri, Colletes, biology 141
lincata* atrata, Mcgarhyssa .. 206
mamma, Disholcaspis, chalcids
from 193
mcllifica, Apis 131
met oe CMS* Monomorium 239
minator* Apantelcs 20
minimum, Monomorium 239
Monodontomcnts 228
pattoni, Chrysis 191
phcijus. Tctrastichus 193
Phygeduon 70
plantanac* Profenusa 207
propria, Chrysis 191
querci-globuli, Eurytoma 193
sif/nata, Stictia 76
spinijcrus, Ectcmnius, prey of .
Symphyta, classification of lar-
vae (book) 267
tencbrica* Campsomcris 97
variegatus* Arachnoproctonits 72
vipcrintis, Iscpcolus. biology .. 141
vipcrinus, Iscpcolus, immature
stages
vivida, Stictia 76
.\-anthopus, Apantelcs 20
zizaniac* Apantelcs 22
LEPIDOPTERA
alliae* Mcgathymus 1
carlsbadensis* Mcgathymus . . 8
florenceae* Mcgathymus 12
judithae* Megathymus 5
ODONATA
Aeschnidae, book on neotropical 135
supcrstcs, Epiophlebia, book on 53
ORTHOPTERA
Capnobotes 175
Decticinae, removal of genera
to Listroscelinae 175
Ncobarettia 175
Rhcnia 175
SMALLER ORDERS
Anoplura on mammals 162
arbicola, Ho pi o pleura (Ano-
plura) 162
bicoloripcs * Bamboosiella
(Anoplura) 65
cantralli* Ghcsquierella (Psoc-
optera) 204
chapini, Nyctcridopsylla (Si-
phonaptera) 48
citcllinus, N eohacmatopinus
(Anoplura) 162
hcspcro m V d is, Hoploplcura
(Anoplura) 162
laeviusculus, Neohaematopinus
(Anoplura) 162
Lichenomima sp. (Psocoptera) 202
Metylophonts sp. (Psocoptera) 205
pctcncnsis* Epipsocns (Psoc-
optera) 200
pinnata, Fahrcnhohia (Ano-
plura) 162
rcducta, Fahrcnholzia (Ano-
plura) 162
setoni, Hacmodipsus (Ano-
plura) M-'
276
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
[Dec., 1957
spinosa* Triplocania ( Psoc-
optera) 198
splendida* Loncura (Psocop-
tera) 197
tikalus* Psocldus (Psocoptera) 202
Trichoptera, book on 81
Trichoptera of New Hamp-
shire, list of 127
NON-HEXOPODA
SCORPIONIDA
mcsacnsis* Parnractonus .... 253
ACARINA
Archipteriidae
Belbidae
boletorum, Lucoppia
borealis, Archipteria
brevitarsits, Ereinaiis
Carabodidae
cnrviseta, Lucoppia
equestris, Zctorchcstcs
Eremaeidae
flai'us, Carabodcs
globifer, Dainacus
Hctcrodamacits
magnipilosa, Lucoppia
magnisctosus, Hctcrodamacits .
michaeli, Damaens 214
minnta, Oppia 218
occidentalis, Hermanniella ... 93
Opiidae 211, 218
orcgoncnsis, Archipteria 178
Oribatei, Redescriptions of
Ewing's 89, 113, 147, 211
robusta, Hermanniella 92
subniger, Ccphcus 116
subnigra, Hermanniella 96
variabilis, Dcnnaccntor 34
CHILOPODA
mesaensis? Parwactonus .... 253
ACARINA
andris, Lainyctcs 127
barbarica, Orya 265
cerronus* Lainyctcs 126
valid a, Parorya 2d5
NON-ARTHROPODA
Bat, Streblidae on 237
Bats, Siphonaptera on 48
Birds, Diptera from nests of 32
Lymnaca palitstris, insects from 69
Mammals (Rodents), lice of . 162
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MEMOIRS OF THE AMERICAN
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
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251 pages of text, 19 pages of tables, 7 maps,
47 plates, 3 pages of contents and index
THE NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF THE
'SUBGENUS AESCHNA' SENSU SELYSII 1883
(Odonata)
By Philip P. Calvert
This paper presents an account of the Neotropical species referred
by de Selys in 1883 to his subgenus Aeschna and of some species un-
known to him. His subgenus is here divided into three genera,
Aeschna, Coryphaeschna, and Castoraeschna, Aeshna in its turn be-
ing subdivided into the subgenera Aeschna, Hesperaeschna, Rhio-
naeschna, Schizuraeschna, Marmaraeschna and Neureclipa. These
five subgenera include 2, 15, 1, 3, 4 and 5 species and subspecies
respectively. Coryphaeschna embraces 9 species and subspecies,
Castoraeschna 5. Larvae of 2 species of Hesperaeschna, 1 species of
Schizuraeschna, 1 species of Neureclipa and 6 species of Cory-
phaeschna are described and figured. Generalities are discussed under
the headings : Relationships of the Neotropical Aeshnas to the North
American fossils ; Relations of the South American Aeshnas to the
Palaearctic and Australian species ; The geological age and geographi-
cal distribution of the ancestors of the Odonata and of the Mammalia ;
Relations of the Neotropical Aeshnas to each other; The seasonal
distribution of the Neotropical species of Aeshna. Forty plates in
black and white illustrate the structural and colorational features of
the adults, seven those of the larvae. Nineteen tables show the varia-
tions in size and in venation of the adults. Six maps show the geo-
graphic distribution of all the species concerned. There is an alpha-
betical index of species, subgenera, genera, authors quoted, and topics.
Price $10.00 postpaid
THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA 3, PA.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOLUME LXIX, 1958
PHILIP P. CALVERT, EDITOR EMERITUS
R. G. SCHMIEDER, EDITOR
EDITORIAL STAFF
J. A. G. REHN M. E. PHILLIPS
E. F. J. MARX H. J. GRANT, JR.
PUBLISHED BY
THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
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PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A.
1958
The numbers of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS for 1958 were mailed at the Pest
Office at Lancaster, Pa., as follows :
No. 1 January January 18, 1958
No. 2 February February 21, 1958
No. 3 March April 2, 1958
No. 4 April May 7, 1958
No. 5 May June 6, 1958
No. 6 June July 2, 1958
No. 7 July July 24, 1958
No. 8 October October 8, 1958
No. 9 November November 12, 1958
The date of mailing the December, 1958, number will be announced
on the last page of the issue for January, 1959.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
JANUARY
Vol. LXIX No. 1
CONTENTS
Clarke New Microlepidoptera from Japan 1
Emerson Lectotype for Goniodes minor 6
Weber Nomenclatural notes on Proatta and Atta 7
Chamberlin Records of Chilopods from Florida 13
Crabill Geophilus proximus, and key to congeners 15
Ehrlich Lepidoptera from tundra-taiga in Alaska 17
Lauck Notes on a new habitat for Nerthra 20
Medlar Parasitism of bees by Leucopsis affinis 21
Arnaud Cressonomyia new name for Plagiopsis 24
Williams 17-Year locust on Cape Cod 25
Notes and News in Entomology
Colloquium on Zoological Nomenclature 26
Velia's clock , 2f~
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOL. LXIX JANUARY, 1958 No. 1
A New Genus and Two New Species of Micro-
lepidoptera from Japan (Gelechiidae)
By J. F. GATES CLARKE, United States National Museum,
Washington 25, D. C.
The species described below were included in material sub-
mitted by Dr. S. Issiki, Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of
Agriculture, University of Osaka Prefecture, Sakai, Osaka,
Japan. The new species, Chelaria sapindivora, adds another to
the long list of Oriental species, and the new genus and species,
Paralida triannulata, augments the rapidly growing list of
Japanese microlepidoptera.
PARALIDA, new genus
Type of the genus: Paralida triannulata, new species.
Head smooth; antenna simple, slightly thicker in male than
in female, without pecten. Maxillary palpus short, not ap-
pressed to tongue. Labial palpus with very large, expanded
tuft divided roughly into three parts; third segment erect,
slightly roughened posteriorly with loose scales. Thorax
smooth. Forewing long, narrow, apex produced, termen
emarginate, 12 veins; Ib furcate; 2 and 3 remote, both arising
well before end of cell ; 4 from corner of cell ; 5 distant from 6 ;
7 and 8 out of the stalk of 6, 6 to apex; 9, 10, 11 about equidis-
tant, 1 1 from middle of cell. Hind wing without cubital pecten,
termen convex, 8 veins; 2 remote from 3, 3 from before angle
of cell ; 3 and 4 separate, 4 from angle ; 6 and 7 stalked ; cross-
vein between cell and vein 8 complete. Hind tibia heavily
clothed with long hairlike scales. Abdomen not spined.
(0
...
2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1958
Male genitalia: Symmetrical; harpe simple. Uncus and
gnathos well developed. Vinculum weak.
Female genitalia: Signum present. Ductus bursae mem-
branous.
In Meyrick's key (Genera Insectorum, 1925, fasc. 184)
Paralida runs to Chelaria. Meyrick's Chelaria, however, is
composite and needs refinement. The produced apex and the
absence of scale-tufts of the forewing of Paralida will distinguish
it from anything now included in Chelaria.
This genus is similar to the Formosan Phrixocrita Meyrick
but differs widely from it by the stalking of veins 6, 7, and 8
and the absence of scale-tufts of forewing ; also by the greatly
expanded tuft of the labial palpus. In addition, veins 2, 3, and
4 of the forewing of Paralida are widely separated.
Paralida triannulata, new species
Alar expanse, 22-24 mm.
Labial palpus buff; second segment with slight grayish suf-
fusion outwardly in basal half. Antenna buff with three, con-
spicuous black annuli near distal end. Head, thorax and fore-
wing buff shaded with olivaceous ; head and thorax with an in-
distinct, narrow, median fuscous line; between bases of veins
10 and 11 a distinct brown spot followed by a yellowish streak
in which are a few brownish scales at end of cell ; between veins
8 and 9 a slender fuscous streak ; cilia buff with some grayish
suffusion. Hind wing grayish-fuscous ; cilia buff with con-
siderable grayish-fuscous suffusion anally. Legs buff, shaded
with olivaceous ; distal tarsi fuscous.
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
FIGS. 1 to 4. Paralida triannulata, new species
1. Labial palpus 3a. Aedeagus
2. Venation of right wings 4. Ventral view of female genitalia
3. Lateral aspect of male genitalia with part of ductus bursae
with aedeagus removed. removed
FIGS. 5 to 6. Chelaria sapindivora, new species
5. Left harpe Sc. Aedeagus
Sa. Right harpe 6. Ventral view of female genitalia
5b. Lateral aspect of uncus with part of ductus bursae
removed
Ixix]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
FlGS. 1-6.
4 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1958
Male genitalia: See figures (Slide No. 10612, type). Harpe
greatly dilated distally. Gnathos a very strong hook, nearly
as long as tegumen. Uncus nearly as long as vinculum, dilated
distally ; aedeagus curved, pointed.
Female genitalia: See figure (Slide No. 10613, paratype).
Ostium elongate, oval. Signum a large thornlike process.
Type: U.S.N.M. No. 63586.
Type locality: Honsyu, Kinki, Ikeda (Em 16.ix.49) S.
Issiki.
Food plant: Melia azedarach var. japonica (G. Don) Makino.
(From larvae in longitudinal fold of leaves.)
Remarks: Described from the type male, one male and one
female paratypes all with same data. Paratype 9 in U.S.N.M.,
the paratype $ is in Dr. Issiki's collection.
I know of no other described gelechiid with which this strik-
ing species can be compared.
Chelaria sapindivora, new species
Alar expanse 13-17 mm.
Labial palpus sordid whitish ; second segment suffused
ocherous inwardly, tawny-olive outwardly with some cinereous
at apex ; third segment with four broad grayish-fuscous annuli,
separated only by narrow lines of the ground color. Antenna
grayish-fuscous annulated with dull tawny. Head, thorax
and ground color of forewing grayish-fuscous, the scales tipped
with cinereous ; thorax with a few scattered tawny-olive scales ;
extreme costa of forewing tawny-olive except where ground
color shows through ; on costa, five raised tawny-olive scale
tufts mixed with grayish-fuscous and cinereous ; of the five tufts,
that at basal fifth is large and conspicuous, that at middle mode-
rate, and outer three inconspicuous, scarcely discernable in some
specimens; near base of wing, in costal third, a small raised
scale-tuft similar to the others ; three tawny-olive blotches, one
at basal fifth, one at middle of wing, and another in apical third,
the latter with spot of ground color in center ; cilia grayish-
fuscous, tipped with cinereous. Hind wing fuscous, lighter
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 5
basally; cilia grayish-fuscous. Legs ocherous-white suffused
and annulated with fuscous. Abdomen fuscous with a longi-
tudinal, ocherous-white band ventrally.
Male gcnitalia: See figures (Slide No. 10614, type). The
left harpe is divided into three elements, the right into two.
At their bases the harpes are closely involved with elements of
the anellus, so much so that they appear as one structure.
Around the distal edge of the uncus is a row of sharp, short
setae.
Female genitalia: See figures (Slide No. 10615, paratype).
The large sclerotized area surrounding the ostium characterizes
this species. Inception of ductus seminalis slightly posterior
to bursa copulatrix.
Type: U.S.N.M. No. 63587.
Type locality: Honsyu, Kinki, Nisinomiya (Em. 16.vi.1949),
S. Issiki.
Food Plant: Sapindits mukurossi Gaertn. (tieing leaves).
Remarks: Described from the type male, one male and two
female paratypes as follows: Nara (J\ 18.vi.1956; 5> 19.vi.
1956) : 5, same data as type (14.vi.1949). One $ and one $
paratypes in U.S.N.M., and one <$ paratype in Dr. Issiki's
collection.
This species is very similar to C. paroctas Meyrick from
Ceylon, but differs by the large, unbroken dark area before
middle of forewing, the greater expanse of the tawny areas and
the darker hind wing. The uncus of paroctas is clothed with
numerous fine hair-like setae, while that of sapindivora has a
marginal row of short, stout setae. The female of paroctas is
not known, but the female of pctrinopis Meyrick, from Osaka,
Japan, appears to be closely related to sapindivora. The most
conspicuous differences are the slender, membranous ductus
bursae and broad, sclerotized area surrounding the ostium of
sapindivora compared to the stout, partly sclerotized ductus
bursae and narrowly sclerotized area surrounding the ostium
of petrinopis.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1958
Designation of a Lectotype of Goniodes minor
Piaget (Philopteridae : Mallophaga)
By K. C. EMERSON, Stillwater, Oklahoma
In 1880, Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 256, pi. 21, fig. 3) de-
scribed and illustrated Goniodes minor from specimens collected
from Columba tigrina = Strcptopelia chincnsis tigrina (Tem-
minck), Columba bit or quota = Strep top elia bitorquata (Tem-
minck) and pigeons domestiques = Columba livia "domestica."
The name is preoccupied by Goniocotes minor Piaget, 1880 (p.
241) = Goniodes minor (Piaget), 1880 (p. 241). Johnston
and Harrison, in 1912 (Proc. Royal Soc. Queensland, vol. 24,
p. 19), proposed Goniodes piageti as a nomcn novum for
Goniodes minor Piaget, 1880 (p. 256).
Specimens from each of the hosts mentioned by Piaget have
been examined. The forms are not conspecific, but all belong
to the present genus Coloceras Taschenberg, 1882. I hereby
designate as lectotype of Goniodes minor Piaget, 1880 (p. 256),
the male specimen on slide no. 987 of Piaget's syntypes in the
British Museum (NH). The lectotype and two female syn-
types on this slide have the collection data "Columba tigrina."
This form is the larger of the two species of Coloceras normally
found on Streptopelia chincnsis tigrina (Temminck). The fe-
male syntypes agree with the description and illustration of
Coloceras chincnsc (Kellogg and Chapman), 1902 (J. N. Y.
Ent. Soc., vol. 10, p. 160, pi. 13, fig. 5) ; and in all probability
is a synonym of that species.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 7
Nomenclatural Notes on Proatta and Atta (Hym. :
Formicidae)
By NEAL A. WEBER, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore,
Pennsylvania
As a result of studies * in the three chief European collections
of fungus-growing ants 2 synonymies and other changes are
clearly indicated. Most of the several hundred forms in the
literature were described by Emery, Forel and Santschi and
their collections are in excellent condition.
Field work and laboratory studies of living colonies have
provided information on variability within a species that was
not available when descriptions were first published. It has
become clear that much variation even within a nest series is
normal and that many species have a considerable range within
the Neotropical Region.
PROATTA Forel
1912. Proatta, Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. 20: 768
Proatta butteli Forel
1912. Proatta butteli Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. 20: 769
The types remaining in the Forel collection and two pins in
the Santschi collection were examined. All were from Singa-
pore and collected by v. Buttel. One of two types in the Forel
collection carried the additional information "Soengi Bandan,
26. iv. 1912, v. Buttel No. 403."
While it is true that Proatta buttelli is strikingly like an attine,
this is taken here to be an example of convergence in worker
1 Supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
2 Those of Forel in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in Geneva, Switzer-
land, in charge of Dr. Ch. Ferriere ; of Santschi in the Naturhistorisches
Museum, Basel, Switzerland, in charge of Dr. Fred Keiser ; and of
Emery in the Museo Civico Di Storia Naturale, Genoa, Italy, in charge
of Dr. Delfa Guiglia. Their cordial reception of the author is appreci-
ated.
8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1958
morphology and not necessarily an indication of phylogenetic
relationships. The spinosity is especially like that of Myco-
cepurus, and another and unrelated ant with comparable spin-
osity is Orectognathus antcnnatus of New Zealand. Proatta
butteli differs markedly from attines in having the clypetis pro-
duced as an angular lobe, which is impressed in the middle and
with lateral carinae, and in having a single, large median spine
on the basal surface of the epinotum anterior to the usual epi-
notal spines. The antenna of the worker is 12-segmented and
the anterior tarsi are not dilated.
There is no evidence that Proatta is a fungus-grower and it is
not considered here to be a member of the Attini. At the present
time this tribe is known only to be New World in distribution.
ATTA (Fabricius), Mayr emend.
1804. Atta (part.), Fabricius, Syst. Piez. p. 421
1865. Atta (excl. Acromyrmex} , Mayr, Novara Riese, For-
mic., p. 18, 78
1942. Atta, (subg. Archaeatta}, Gonqalves, Soc. Brasil de
Agron. Bol. 5 : 342
1942. Atta (subg. Neoatta), Gonqalves, Soc. Brasil de Agron.
Bol. 5 : 346. New Synonymy.
1950. Atta (subg. Palaeatta), Borgmeier, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo
Cruz 48 : 244. New Synonymy.
1950. Atta (subg. Epiatta), Borgmeier, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo
Cruz 48 : 244. New Synonymy.
The most conspicuous and economically important fungus-
growing ants are those belonging to the genus Atta. The taxo-
nomic studies by Gongalves (1942) and Borgmeier (1950) and
the biological studies by Autuori and others in recent years have
aided considerably in our understanding of this genus. An
examination of certain types in the European collections makes
it possible here to fix the identity of several forms. The studies
of Gonc.alves and Borgmeier must be consulted for the
genus itself. In as homogeneous a group of species as Atta
contains, the present author is reluctant to use subgenera.
When one considers the tribe as a whole, Atta forms the most
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 9
compact group of species and the similarities are overwhelmingly
more significant than the differences.
Examination of the three European collections confirmed the
general South and North American views on the identity of the
two Linnean species, cephalotes and sexdens. Both appeared to
have been described from Guiana (probably Surinam) speci-
mens. The ecological distribution of the two in British and
Venezuelan Guiana has been described (Weber, 1946, 1947).
The typical cephalotes has been considered to occur here and in
Trinidad. The soldier is large and conspicuously shiny on the
occiput. Media and minor workers are shiny and a concolorous
pale ferruginous. The typical sexdens is absent from Trinidad
but Panama specimens appear identical to the Guiana specimens,
a range markedly greater than indicated on Eidmann's maps
(1935, 1937).
Atta cephalotes ssp. isthmicola Weber
1941. Atta cephalotes subsp. isthmicola Weber, Rev. de Ent.
12: 127
While this form may be a synonym, the Emery, Forel and
Santschi collections do not contain any types that are clearly the
same. The most striking characters are the bicolored and shiny
integument of the worker, the thorax being a distinctly darker
ferruginous than the head and gaster. Dead as well as living
ants show this clearly and parts of colonies maintained in the
laboratory for many months on several occasions do not change
in this respect.
The distribution of isthmicola includes the Cerro Campana
some 50 miles southwest of Panama City, Panama, an area
visited through the courtesy of Graham B. Fairchild and Carl
M. Johnson. Above 2,000 feet in forested areas the ants build
large nests in the clay soil. Males and females were secured
by Dr. Fairchild and Ratibor Hartmann in May, 1957. The
1938 type colony on Barro Colorado Island disappeared before
1954 and the site is occupied by the very different Atta colombica
tonsipcs.
10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1958
Atta cephalotes ssp. lutea Forel
1893. Atta lutea Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 37 : 587
The type series in the Forel collection consisted of 15 pins,
two being designated as types, the remainder as cotypes. All
were collected by Jeffreys in Barbados. There is no maxima
worker or soldier but workers of various sizes smaller than the
maxima. All are uniformly pale brownish yellow and finely
punctate on the head. A pin of three workers (media to
maxima) in the American Museum of Natural History and one
secured by the author through exchange with Dr. Ferriere are
of this type series. They have the same characters as above.
Contrary to the allocations of this as a separate species by
more recent workers, it appears to be no more than a subspecies
of cephalotes. It would seem to be a mutant developed from
cephalotes on the pale coral sand of this small island. Perhaps
it was introduced as typical cephalotes by way of the abundant
shipping between Barbados and Trinidad and Demerara sev-
eral centures ago. I collected typical cephalotes in all parts of
Trinidad and do not believe that lutea occurs there.
Atta cephalotes ssp. opaca Forel
1904. Atta cephalotes var. opaca Forel, Rev. Suisse Zool. 12 :
31.
A single pin in the Forel collection, marked "Typus," is of a
soldier from St. Antonio, Colombia, collected by Forel. The
anterior lateral pronotal spines are reduced to mere humps and
the anterior median ocellus is bipartite. It agrees perfectly
with the specimens I took at Rio Force (Lat. 6 40' N., Long.
75 10' W., 3,400 ft.) Colombia in 1938, representatives of
which were determined as opaca by Gonqalves (1942, p. 345).
He gives the range of the subspecies as Colombia, Bolivia and
Brasil. Borgmeier (1950, p. 258) adds Peru.
Dr. Ferriere during my visit translated the original descrip-
tion as follows, commenting that the language was not entirely
clear :
"var. opaca n. var. The rear of the head is dull, and the
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 11
tufts of hair on the vertex are more dense and reclinate. Al-
though strongly visible, this variety is insignificant and incon-
stant. I have collected it beside the typical form at St. Antonio,
in Colombia."
If the last statement indicates the actual situation, opaca may
be a form originating not through geographical isolation but in
situ through mutation. An alternative explanation is that, while
opaca may have originated in the conventional manner (i.e.
geographical isolation), it later spread to the territory of typical
cephalotes. Both factors may be involved in the presently un-
clear distribution of Atta.
Atta cephalotes ssp. polita Emery
1905. Atta cephalotes subsp. polita Emery, Mem. Accad. Sc.
1st. Bologna 2 : 18
There are five pins in the Emery collections. Four of the
five are labelled "Maipiri, Boliv., Staud." and one pin with the
largest ant bears the identification "A. cephalotes var. polita
Emery." All five carry a tiny green square of paper which
doubtless signifies type material. In the original description
the only specimens available was a series of small workers 3.5-
6.5 mm. in length sent by Staudinger and Bang-Haas from
Mapiri, Bolivia. Emery made his comparisons with workers of
equal size of the typical form.
The ants clearly are a cephalotes form and should not have
been described without the maximum caste. The largest ant,
a medium-sized media, has the bicoloration and shininess sug-
gesting isthmicola (though with the head not markedly paler
than the thorax) but three others are concolorous as in typical
cephalotes and one has the gaster darker. One ant has a moder-
ately dull and punctate head.
Atta colombica Guerin
1845. Atta colombica Guerin, Iconogr. Regne Anim. 7: 422
The types, from Colombia, appear not to have been examined
by any worker after Guerin and are now unknown. They are
12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1958
not listed by Vecht (1957) in his description of Guerin types
although syntypes of Atta insularis are. During the past cen-
tury various dull-colored specimens have been referred to this
species but all such identifications should be suspect. In the
original description only workers were mentioned and these had
the head and prothorax glabrous. Compared with insularis
they are paler, being reddish brown. His Atta Lcbasii, de-
scibed also from Colombia and on the same page, has been con-
sidered by the European myrmecologists to be the same as
colombica.
Atta colombica ssp. tonsipes Santschi
1929. Atta colombica v. tonsipes Santschi, Wien. Ent. Ztg.
1929, 46 : 92
Regardless of the uncertainty of what colombica may be, the
ants that Santschi described as the variety tonsipes still exist
and these represent the common Atta of the Panama Canal
Zone. The Santschi collection has one pin marked type, a large
worker (not a small soldier), from Bella Vista, Panama,
"W.M.Wh." The initials refer to W. M. Wheeler and it was
G. C. Wheeler (I studied under both of them) who collected
and sent other specimens to Santschi. G. C. Wheeler has kindly
loaned me other type material. For the original description
Agua Clara and Colon ants were also used. The Santschi col-
lection contains a soldier from France Field, Panama, Bierig
4. vi. 30.
Santschi had no way of determining that tonsipes was indeed
a variant of colombica but, until evidence can be produced that
his form is a synonym of something, his name is the best avail-
able. At the present time it appears to be the only flourishing
Atta on Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone and has been used
repeatedly by the author in experiments.
Gongalves (1942, p. 346) has identified specimens that I took
at Juan Diaz, Panama as tonsipes and they are the same form as
that in the Canal Zone.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 13
REFERENCES CITED
BORGMEIER, T. 1950. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 48: 239-292.
EIDMANN, H. 1935. Zeitschr. f. ange. Ent., 22: 185^36.
. 1937. Comptes Rendus XII Congr. Int. Zool., Lisbon, pp. 2295-
2332.
GONCALVES, C. R. 1942. Bol. Soc. Brasileira Agron., 5: 333-358.
VECHT, J. VAN DER. 1957. Zool. Mededelinge Ryksmus. Nat. Hist.
Leiden, 35: 21-31.
WEBER, N. A. 1946. Rev. de Ent, 17: 114-172.
. 1947. Bol. Ent. Venezolana, 6: 143-161.
Some Records of Chilopods from Florida
By RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN
A collection of chilopods submitted to me for identification by
H. A. Denmark of the Florida Plant Board contains representa-
tives of the species listed below. Of these, those numbered from
3 to 6 are interesting in being apparently the first records of the
occurrence within the limits of the United States of four species
otherwise widespread in the West Indies and other tropical and
subtropical regions. The type of the new Crypt ops is for the
present retained in the writer's collection.
1. Cryptops denmarki new species
The general color is light yellow of a slightly greenish tinge.
Cephalic plate a little overlapping the first dorsal plate ; not
sulcate.
Prosternum with anterior margin nearly straight, narrowly
chitinized.
First tergite without a transverse or cervical sulcus ; two
longitudinal sulci extending over entire length of the plate.
The following tergites also with paired and complete sulci.
Sternites without sulci or furrows. The last sternite with
caudal corners rounded, the intervening margin nearly straight.
14 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1958
Coxopleurae without marginal spines ; bluntly rounded be-
hind ; pores small, the area nearly attaining the caudal margin.
Prefemur and femur of anal legs bearing a patch of stout
setae on mesal and mesocaudal faces. Tibiae with four teeth
beneath, the first tarsal joint with two.
Locality. FLORIDA : Madeira Point. Two specimens taken
by H. A. Denmark, Mar. 19, 1955.
Differing from C. hyalina and other American species in lack-
ing a cervical sulcus while possessing two complete longitudinal
sulci.
2. Scolopendra viridis Say
Specimens of this, the most common Scolopendra in Florida,
were taken at the following localities: Vero Beach (H. C. Bur-
nett) ; Alachua Co. (H. V. Weems: Marco Id.; Sarasota (C. J.
Bickner) ; Gainesville (H. A. Denmark, Grace Rogers).
3. Scolopendra alternans Leach
One specimen taken by Denmark in Collier Co., Dec. 1, 1955.
4. Rhysida longipes (Newport)
One taken by R. W. Swanson at South Miami on Dec. 3,
1956. The specimen is somewhat variant in the spining of the
prefemur of the anal legs.
5. Orphnaeus brevilabiatus (Newport)
Dade Co. (E. F. Miles) and Key Largo (H. V. Weems).
6. Mecistocephalus maxillaris (Gervais)
Hollywood (O. D. Link); South Miami (H. W. Swanson).
7. Geophilus mordax Meinert
Gainesville (H. M. VanPelt).
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 15
Report of Geophilus proximus in North America,
with a Key to its Eastern North American Con-
geners (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha :
Geophilidae)
By RALPH E. CRABILL, JR., U. S. National Museum,
Washington, D. C.
Geophilus proximus C. L. Koch, 1847, is one of the most com-
mon and widely-dispersed of western European geophilids.
Reportedly favoring the more temperate areas, it has been col-
lected from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean, as well as in
Siberia and North Africa. Considering such ecological versa-
tility and the ease with which geophilids or their eggs can be
transported in soil, it is not surprising to learn at last of the
presence of proximus in temperate North America.
The single adult female, upon which this report is based,
agrees closely with European conspecifics and was captured in
August, 1955, in Cobden, Ontario, Canada, by Dr. Herbert W.
Levi of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard Uni-
versity. This is actually the second American specimen I have
seen. The first, in the collection of the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology, was taken at quarantine in Philadelphia, Pennsyl-
vania, where it was found in the soil about the roots of Amaryllis
plants imported from Germany. In the light of all the evidence
it seems safe to suggest that further collecting will show proxi-
mus to be established at least in our northeastern coastlands,
especially in long-settled areas and in the vicinity of greenhouses
and nurseries.
The following key will facilitate the identification of proximus
and its congeners now known to occur in northeastern North
America.
1 (8) Coxopleural lateral pores absent. Pores, when ex-
posed, limited to margins of sternite and tergite, or
only of sternite. [vittatus, owcni, mordax (s.l.),
proximus} 2
2 (3) Each coxopleuron with pores opening into two pits
which are usually completely or partially covered by
16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1958
the sternite margins. Carpophagus-structures absent.
Dorsum with a distinctive longitudinal series of dia-
mond-shaped markings vittatus (Raf. )
3 (2) Coxopleural pores not emptying into pits but opening
under or along margins of the sternite and tergite or
only of the sternite. Dorsum without such a series
of diamond-shaped markings, [oiveni, nwrda.v (s.l.),
proA'imus] 4
4 (5) With 65-77 pairs of legs. Sacculi 1 (of carpophagus-
structures) weak, not consolidated. Prelabral con-
solidated areas present and conspicuous. Color in
alcohol bright yellow to dilute yellow . . oiveni Bollman
5 (4) With 49-57 pairs of legs. Sacculi strongly developed,
heavily sclerotized. Prelabral consolidated areas ab-
sent, or if present, minute and vague. Color in al-
cohol whitish yellow or some shade of red. [niorda.r
(s.l. ) , proximus] 6
6 (7) With the exception of a single ventro-posterior pore
which may be present or absent, the remaining coxo-
pleural pores are located along or under the margins
both of the sternite and tergite. Color in alcohol
varying from delicate pink to brilliant crimson
mordax Meinert (sens, lot.)' 2
7 (6) All coxopleural pores located along or under the mar-
gins only of the sternite ; dorsal pores absent. Color
in alcohol varying from whitish or dilute yellow to
bright yellow proximus C. L. Koch (sens. str.~)' A
8 (1) Coxopleural lateral pores present. Pores not concen-
trated only along sternite and tergite margins, not
emptying into pits, [varians, cayugae, morda.v (s.s.).
ampy.v] 9
9 (12) Prebasal plate concealed. 57-67 pairs of legs, [vari-
ans, cayugae} 10
10 (11) Prelabral consolidated area present. Consolidated
paxilli and sacculi absent. Ultimate legs very long,
the tarsus peculiarly flattened dorso-ventrally
varians McNeill
1 A detailed discussion of all new terms and criteria was presented in :
Crabill, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 56: 173-188 (1954).
2 The several morda.r-iorms discussed in 1954 (/or. cit.) are currently
under study, additional data having come to light. A new interpretation
of their status is planned for publication in the near future.
3 sensu Broelemann, in Faune de France, 25: 159 (1930); i.e. where
proximus Koch, 1847 T pyrenaicus Chalande, 1909.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 17
11 (10) Prelabral consolidated areas absent. Consolidated
paxilli present; sacculi tiny but consolidated. Ulti-
mate legs at most only slightly longer than those pre-
ceding ; tarsus not flattened dorso-ventrally
cayugac Chamberlin
12 (9) Prebasal plate exposed. 45-55 pairs of legs, [mor-
da.v (s.s.) , ampyx\ 13
13 (14) Sacculi large, dark-colored, heavily sclerotized, fully
exposed inordax Meinert (sens, str.) 2
14 (13) Sacculi not consolidated, very weak, concolorous with
sternite, typically concealed by anterior edge of (meso)
sternite ampyx Crabill
Lepidoptera Collected in the Tundra-Taiga
Ecotone at Kotzebue, Alaska 1
By PAUL R. EHRLICH, Chicago Academy of Sciences, Chicago,
Illinois
In late June of 1956 a small collection of Lepidoptera was
made by the author at Kotzebue in northwestern Alaska. This
locality, poorly known entomologically, is of particular interest
because of its mixed arctic and subarctic fauna. Kotzebue
(66 54' N, 162 37' W) is located at the tip of the unforested
Hotham Peninsula. The peninsula is about 60 miles long, and
lies between narrow Hotham Inlet on the north and east and
Kotzebue Sound (an arm of the Chukchi Sea) on the west.
The nearest dwarfed spruce forest is 10-15 miles north of
Kotzebue in the valley of the Noatak River.
The most prominent features of the Kotzebue flora are thickets
of willows and dwarf alders which reach a height of more than
six feet in protected places. In all other features the area has
the aspect of typical tundra.
The following species of Lepidoptera were taken (comments
on the general ecological distribution of the species in North
America in parentheses) :
1 This research was supported by the United States Air Force under
contract no. AF 41 (651) -92 monitored by the Alaskan Air Command,
Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory, APO 731, Seattle, Washington.
18 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1958
PAPILIONIDAE
Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1$, VI-20 (typically Hudsonian)
PIERIDAE
Colias eurytheme Boisduval, 1$, VI-30 (usually not found
north of Hudsonian)
Colias hecla Lefebvre, 3^, VI-26-27 (arctic)
Colias palaeno Linnaeus, 4^ 3$$, VI-20-27-28 (arctic and
subarctic )
Pieris napi Linnaeus, 1J 1 , VI-27 (typically found in taiga)
NYMPHALIDAE 2
Coenonympha tullia Miiller, 4^, VI-27-28 (taiga, rarely, if
ever, recorded from the tundra)
Erebia fasciata Butler, 2J\^, VI-27-28 (tundra only, no rec-
ords from Hudsonian)
Erebia disa Thunberg, 26^ 5$?, V 1-20-23-26-27-28 (a but-
terfly of spruce woods, occasionally reported in open situa-
tions near treeline)
Erebia rossii Curtis, 4J3 5$?, V 1-20-26-27-28 (arctic and
Hudsonian)
Oeneis taygete Hiibner, 1J 1 2$$, VI-25 (probably principally
Hudsonian)
Boloria chariclea Schneider, 12J^ 1$, VI-20-26-27 (arctic)
Boloria freija Thunberg, $$<$, VI-26-27 (arctic and subarctic)
Boloria frigga Thunberg, 12^ 1$, VI-20-27 (arctic and
subarctic )
GEOMETRIDAE
Scopula frigidaria Moeschler, 8^^, VI-26-27 (probably prin-
cipally taiga)
PYRALIDAE
Crambus browerellus Klots, 2, VI-27 (Hudsonian alpine in
Colorado and Maine)
Crambus trichostomus Christoph, 2, VI-27 (arctic and Hud-
sonian)
2 Including the subfamily Satyrinae see Ehrlich (1958).
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 19
OLETHREUTIDAE
Olethreutes sp., 1, VI-26
Epinotia sp., 1, VI-26
It is evident from the above list that there are strong taiga
elements in the lepidopterous fauna at Kotzebue. The presence
in abundance of a weak-flying woodland butterfly such as
Erebia disa (Ehrlich 1956, 1957) indicates that the limit of
the coniferous forest in this area does not have the zoogeographic
significance which it seemingly has in some parts of the Eastern
Arctic. The mosquito fauna of the Kotzebue region (Barr
and Ehrlich, 1958) included the typical taiga species Aedes
fitchii (Felt and Young) and Aedes e.rcrucians (Walker) as
well as tundra species. Similarly the avifauna showed distinct
southern elements, with Gambel's white-crowned, tree and fox
sparrows, robins and hoary redpolls occurring commonly (and
nesting) in the company of birds more characteristic of the
tundra such as semi-palmated plovers, savannah sparrows,
Alaskan longspurs and Alaskan yellow wagtails. The marine
bird fauna was arctic.
The above data serve to emphasize the dangers of over-
dependence on treeline (which is ordinarily considered synony-
mous with the limit of coniferous forest) in the predicting of
animal distributions. In the northern nearctic region it is often
a useful tool, but its utility varies greatly from area to area and
from organism to organism.
The author is indebted to the following people for aid on
various facets of this work : Emmet R. Blake, Chicago Natural
History Museum; George Hudson, State College of Washing-
ton; Alexander B. Klots, American Museum of Natural His-
tory; and Frederick H. Rindge, American Museum of Natural
History.
LITERATURE CITED
BARR, A. R. and P. R. EHRLICH. 1958. Mosquito records from the
Chukchi Sea coast of northwestern Alaska. In press, Mosquito
News.
20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1958
EHRLICH, P. R. 1956. Ecological observations on Erebia (Lepidoptera:
Satyridae) in northwestern America. Ent. News, 67: 29-35.
1957. Problems of arctic-alpine insect distribution as illustrated by
the butterfly genus Erebia (Satyridae). In press, Proc. Tenth
Int'l Congress of Ent.
1958. The comparative morphology, phylogeny and higher classifica-
tion of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) . In Press,
Univ. of Kansas Sci. Bull.
Notes on a New Habitat for Nerthra (Gelasto-
coridae-Hemiptera)
BY DAVID R. LAUCK x and WILSON G. WHEATCROFT
The junior author and I recently collected the genus Nerthra
in cowdung. One male adult of Nerthra mo-nni Todd and three
nymphs were collected beneath cowdung in the vicinity of
Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, and a single female of the same
group of Nerthra was collected in a dung paddy near Teguci-
galpa, Morazan, Honduras. The latter specimen was found
near the banks of a marsh, while the former specimens occurred
in a dry area remote from water. They occupied paddies that
were dry and encrusted externally but were moist internally
and partially hollowed by dung beetles.
Although Nerthra has not been found previously in dung,
various species have been collected in arid habitats remote from
water (reviewed by Todd 2 1955). The dung niche, which
retains moisture, might serve as an evolutionary stepping stone
from the moist shores to the dry habitat, or from dry to moist,
whichever the case may have been. Future investigation may
disclose more specimens and additional species of Nerthra in
the dung niche.
1 Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
2 TODD, E. L. 1955. A taxonomic revision of the Family Gelasto-
coridae (Hemiptera). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bui. 37: 277^75.
Ixix) ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 21
Parasitism of Bees in Trap-nests by Leucospis
affinis Say (Hymenoptera: Leucospidae)
By J. T. MEDLER l
The habits and life history of Leucospis affinis Say in nests
of Osmia were reported by Graenicher (1906). Additional in-
formation on the parasite in nests of Megachile and Hoplitis
has been obtained during trap-nest research in Wisconsin.
Eighty nests of Megachile relativa Cresson in sumac-stick
traps were found parasitized by L. affinis during 1953-1956.
The identity of the host was ascertained largely by the habitus
and appearance of the nests, as only a small number of adult
bees was reared for positive identification. In fifteen nests the
parasites had emerged prior to collection, but a study of the
empty nests showed that each cell had contained a parasite. In
the other sixty-five nests, most of the cells were transferred
singly to glass vials for rearing in the laboratory. The results
are given in table 1. These data showed that probably more
than 80 per cent of the cells in a nest were attacked by L. affinis,
as most of the cells with mortality during rearing and those con-
taminated by the secondary parasite, Melittobia chalybii Ashm.,
originally contained larvae of L. affinis.
TABLE 1. Rearing Data from Sixty-five Nests of Megachile
relativa Each Parasitized by Leucospis affinis
Cells unsuitable for rearing because of mold, prior emergence, injury,
etc 61
Cells transferred singly to vials but with subsequent mortality 53
Cells transferred singly to vials and adults reared
Leucospis affinis '. 292
Megachile relativa 14
Melittobia chalybii 42
Total cells 462
1 Associate Professor in Agronomy and Entomology, University of
Wisconsin, Madison. This work was supported in part by a grant-in-aid
by the Research Committee of the Graduate School from funds supplied
by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. The author acknowl-
edges the assistance of T. Koerber in the rearings, and the aid of B. D.
Burks in identification of specimens.
22
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
[Jan., 1958
The sex of the reared adults was associated with the sequence
of cells in a nest, and the data from representative nests are given
in table 2. It was found that female wasps almost invariably
occupied the first cells, but all females or all males were some-
times recorded. In most nests with mixed sexes, the male(s)
followed a female series, but in nests 13, 15, and 16 a male was
inserted in a female series. The high parasitism of the nests
prevented any attempt to associate the sex of the parasite w r ith
TABLE 2. Sequence of Sexes of Leucospis affinis
in Nests of Megachile relativa
Nest
Number
i
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
9
*
2
9
9
9
3
t
9
cf
4
9
9
9
t
C?
5
9
t
9
t
9
9
6
P
P
P
9
9
c?
7
cf
<?
t
d"
<?
t
8
*
9
9
9
9
9
*
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
C?
10
9
9
9
9
t
9
t
t
c?
11
t
t
t
9
9
t
t
9
9
9
12
*
*
*
t
9
t
9
9
9
cT
13
9
9
9
9
9
P
rf
9
t
P
14
t
9
t
P
9
c?
d 1
t
P
<?
d 1
15
t
P
P
t
9
t
<?
9
P
9
t
9M
16
P
9
9
cf
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
c?
M = M. relativa; * = cell unsuitable for rearing; P = parasitized by
Melittobia chalybii ; f = larva died during rearing.
the sex of the host bee. No information was obtained on multi-
ple egg laying in a cell, as reported for Leucospis gigcts Fab. in
Europe by Fabre (1914).
The parasite had a summer and an overwintering generation
in M. relativa nests. Trap-sticks placed in the field on June 28,
1956 were collected on July 28 ; adults of L. affinis were obtained
on August 22. Traps brought in from the field on July 21, 1955
produced adult parasites on August 8. Most specimens of the
summer generation were obtained in the middle of August.
Nests collected in late August and September contained parasite
larvae of an overwintering generation. These larvae were pre-
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 23
sumed to go into diapause, though cold treatment at 4.5 C. for
5, 12, 19, 26, 30, and 33 days seemed to be equally effective in
subsequently producing adults. The time-temperature studies
were inconclusive because of contamination by M. chalybii in the
incubators. The larval stage was 7-10 days and the pupal stage
9-11 days at a constant temperature of 27 C.
Records obtained in nests of Megachile inermis Provancher
and Hoplitis producta (Cresson) are included here because an
interesting relationship existed between the size of the host and
the size of the parasite as indicated by head width measurements
(0.1 mm.). A nest of M. inermis produced 3 females and 1 male
of L. affinis with respective head widths of 34, 32, 30, and 25.
Four nests of H. producta were each parasitized by Stelis sp.,
which in turn was attacked by L. affinis. One female and 3 male
L. affinis reared from the Stelis cocoons had head widths of 19,
17, 17, and 16. A study of head widths of L. affinis reared from
M. relative, nests gave the following data: 134 females, 26.7
1.92, range 19-30; 49 males, 24.1 + 1.78, range 19-27. M.
inermis, which is a larger bee than M. relativa, produced larger
parasites, whereas Stelis sp., which is smaller, produced smaller
parasites. However, the size of parasites from the M. inermis
and Stelis hosts were within the extreme range of the parasites
produced on M. relativa. These data are consistent with previ-
ous knowledge on size relationships of host and parasite.
The successful attack on cells of various bees by L. affinis un-
doubtedly is associated with the strong and relatively long ovi-
positor of the female. Parasitized nests were obtained only in
the sumac sticks, and not in the more substantial domicile-type
described by Medler and Fye (1956). Probably there is a
maximum thickness of wood through which the species can
oviposit. The thickness of the walls of the sumac sticks was
not measured during this study, but it should be a simple matter
in future research to determine the thickness necessary to pre-
vent L. affinis parasitism.
Incidentally, bundles of trap-sticks frequently contained to-
gether the nests of bees, eumenid wasps and sphecid wasps, but
only the nests of bees appeared to be attacked by L. affinis. It
24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1958
is not known whether oviposition was restricted exclusively to
nests of bees, or whether oviposition if it occurred in wasp nests
resulted in mortality of the parasite.
REFERENCES CITED
FABRE, J. H. 1914. The mason-bees. Transl. by A. Mattos. 315 pp.
Garden City Pub. Co., New York.
GEAENICHER, S. 1906. Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., 4: 153-159.
MEDLER, J. T., and R. E. FYE. 1956. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 49: 97-102.
Cressonomyia New Name for Plagiopsis Cresson
Preoccupied (Diptera: Ephydridae)
By PAUL H. ARNAUD, Jr., Entomology Research Division,
U. S. Department of Agriculture
It is unfortunate that the name Plagiopsis Cresson, 1934,
which was proposed to replace the preoccupied Plagiops Cres-
son, 1918, is itself preoccupied by two previous uses, thus re-
quiring a further change of name. The name Cressonomyia
Arnaud, nomen novum, is here proposed for Plagiopsis Cresson,
1934 (Trans. American Ent. Soc., vol. 60, p. 201), non
Plagiopsis Berg, 1883 (An. Soc. Cient. Argentina, vol. 16, pp.
189-191), non Plagiopsis Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1890
(Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 56, p. 134). It is named
in honor of the late E. T. Cresson, Jr. The type species is
Plagiops nitidijrons Cresson, 1918.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 25
Notes on the 17-year Locust on Cape Cod in 1957
By JOSEPH L. WILLIAMS, M.D., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
In a wooded area at Centerville, Massachusetts, near Craig-
ville Beach, this locust was so numerous during the second
week of June that children were collecting it by the quart.
Nymphal exuviae were found clinging to buildings, trees, and
many types of elevated objects in the woods. Emergence holes
were noted in the ground of yards cleared of grass and shrubs,
lawns, and in the woods. It was an unusually dry season here
and whether this was an aid to its emergence survival is not
known.
The noise produced by the males was continuous beginning
at about 10 A.M. daylight saving time and fading out about
5 P.M. No sounds were heard after 8 P.M. The sound would
make one think that he was not very far from a pond in which
many frogs were singing. Matings were noted to occur during
the singing period. Several mating pairs were placed on a
large board to note length of the mating act from the time they
were placed there. Careful handling did not disturb the mating,
which continued from one and one-half to three hours.
Several unmated males and females were placed in a large jar
and some of these were later observed to be mating.
In this particular area there are scrub-like oak, pine, and
maple trees. Locusts were noted in the greatest number on
oak, next on maple and the least or none on pine. An article
in the local newspaper concerning this locust, "Cape Cod
Standard-Times," Thursday, May 16, 1957, states that the fe-
male locusts prefer apple and other fruit trees, oaks, hickory,
locust, such shrubs as azaleas, delphinium and hardy phlox.
An examination of the tender twigs in which the females had
laid their eggs revealed the greatest number of punctures in
oak, very few in maple, and none in pine. Damaged twigs,
mostly oak, could be seen throughout the area with dead or
dying leaves attached.
At this particular site the locusts had disappeared by the
26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1958
middle of the last week in June. In some nearby areas how-
ever, they were heard before they appeared in this area; and
in some other nearby areas they were heard after they had
disappeared elsewhere. This may be due to the fact that the
locusts emerged in different areas at slightly different times.
Notes and News in Entomology
Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will
be acknowledged when used.
Colloquium on Zoological Nomenclature. A colloquium
on nomenclature will be held in London in connection with the
Fifteenth International Congress of Zoology. It will open on
Wednesday, July 9th, i.e., one week prior to the opening of the
Congress. It is hoped that this body will be able to relieve the
Congress of the bulk of the work in the scrutiny of the draft of
the revised Code and will be able to submit to the Congress
agreed recommendations as to the text to be adopted. In addi-
tion to the invitations already sent out, additional ones will be
sent to any member of the Congress who expresses a desire to
take part in its discussions but who has not yet received a sepa-
rate invitation. FRANCIS HEMMING, Managing Director and
Secretary, International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, 28
Park Village East, Regent's Park, London N.W.I, England.
Velia's Clock. The orientation behavior and the "internal
clock" of insects have been attracting more and more interest.
During the past year GEORG BIRUKOW and two co-workers have
published four papers * on the behavior of the water strider,
Velia.
When placed on a dry surface, Vclia flees towards the sontJi,
invariably and exactly. Just why always to the south remains
*Zeitsch. f. Tierpsychologie 13: 464-84, 14: 184-203. Die Naturwis-
senschaften 44: 358-59, 474-75.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 27
unexplained, but Birukow has shown that they use the sun or
the blue sky as their compass. Thus, in early morning the sun
would be at a great angle on their left. This angle diminishes
to at noon, and in the afternoon the angle on the insects' right
gradually increases. Indoors, in the presence of a fixed electric
light bulb, they orient towards this light as if it were the sun,
and alter the direction of their escape response in accordance
with the time of day.
In the winter, the angle through which the orientations oscil-
late during these shorter days is adjusted to the arc of the sun
at this season. In the summer or after exposure to 3 weeks of
long "days" artificially, the amplitude is correspondingly in-
creased. Velia may even adapt to the rhythm of a 10-hour day
(5 hours light, 5 hours darkness), something not attainable in
bees, which have an intrinsic rhythm.
If Velia are tested after the usual hour of sunset, the angle on
their right will now increase, and by midnight all individuals
run due south (0) ; after midnight the angle on their left in-
creases until 6 A.M. when they revert to their normal behavior.
Thus, during the night, their internal time-mechanism runs in
reverse, again differing from bees (see Ent. News 68: 132).
Under constant illumination, or constant darkness, the amplitude
gradually decreases, and the clock stops, so to speak, at 0.
From these and from other observations, for which see the
original articles in Zeitschr. f. Tierpsychol., and their English
summaries, some conclusions can be drawn as to the working
of the time-mechanism or "internal clock" in these insects, but
the really essential features still remain a mystery. At least it
does not depend on the intensity of the light, but only its dura-
tion, and it appears independent of metabolism, for this varies
with temperature, and Velia's clock runs accurately at all tem-
peratures from 5 C. to 25 C. R. G. SCHMIEDER.
NOTICE. The December, 1957 issue of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS was
mailed at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., on December 6, 1957.
This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for
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and labelled specimens. S. Camras, 4407 N. Milwaukee Ave., Chicago
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Anisoptera Nearctic sp. wanted for exchange, espec. Ophiog., Arigom.,
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THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA 3, PA.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
FEBRUARY 1958
Vol. LXIX No. 2
CONTENTS
Emerson and Elbel A new species of Kurodaia 29
Wilson and Brown Worker caste of parasitic M. metoecus .... 33
Judd Gall flies and hymenoptera from rosette galls 39
Moure On the genus Arhysosage Brethes from Argentina .... 43
Weber Nomenclatural changes in Trachymyrmex 49
Nomenclature Notice .... 55
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOL. LXIX FEBRUARY, 1958 No. 2
A New Species and Subgenus of Kurodaia (Mal-
lophaga: Amblycera) *
By K. C. EMERSON, Still water, Oklahoma and ROBERT E.
ELBEL, Department of Zoology, University of
Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
The Ischnoceran genus Falcolius Clay, 1956, has been re-
corded only from the falconets or pygmy falcons of south-
eastern Asia. This genus apparently has no affinities with any
known genera found on the remainder of the Falconiformes.
The first results of a study made of several collections of ambly-
ceran Mallophaga from this interesting group of birds are here-
with reported.
The amblyceran genus Kurodaia Uchicla, 1926, as presently
defined, contains a number of species found on the Falconi-
formes and Strigiformes. Examination of several undescribed
forms from both host orders indicates that the present generic
description is adequate, except for a new form found on the
host genus Microhiera.v, the falconets. In general appearance,
there is some doubt that the form should be included in the genus
Kurodaia; however a majority of the generic characters nor-
mally considered in the suborder indicate a definite relationship
to this genus. Due to the significant differences between the
form found on Microhierax and the remaining species of Kuro-
daia, a new subgenus is herewith described.
* The costs of publication of this paper were defrayed by Grant E-1722
from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the
National Institutes of Health. ED.
(29)
Mil)
30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1958
FALCOMENOPON new subgenus
Large stout Menoponidae distinguished from the known spe-
cies of the genus Kurodaia by the following diagnostic char-
acters : a comb of short setae in the lateral posterior angles of
the fourth abdominal sternite, the absence of prominent setae
on the median posterior margin of the abdominal tergites, the
expanded lateral margins of the forehead, the large prominent
male genitalia, and the presence of a row of medium-length
setae on the posterior margin of the female vulva.
Type species: Kurodaia (Falcomenopon) boonsongi new
species.
Kurodaia (Falcomenopon) boonsongi new species
Male. General shape and chaetotaxy as shown in fig. 1.
Male genitalia, less the genital sac, as shown in fig. 3. The
genital sac is armed with prominent teeth.
Female. General shape and chaetotaxy, except for terminal
abdominal segments, similar to the male. Ventral view of ter-
minal abdominal segment as shown in fig. 2. Dorsal chaetotaxy
of terminal abdominal segments similar to that of the male.
Measurements.
Male Female
Length of head 0.39 mm. 0.40 mm.
Width of head 0.57 0.60
Width of prothorax 0.42 0.45
Width of mesothorax 0.61 0.65
Width of abdomen 0.72 0.91
Total length 1.85 2.06
Type host: Microhicrax caerulcscens burmanicus Swann.
Type material : Holotypc male, allotypc female and ten para-
types were collected at Ban Thung Chuak, Salok Bat, Kamp-
haeng Phet, THAILAND on June 20, 1953, by Robert E. Elbel.
Four paratypes were collected at Ban Na Muang, Na Haeo,
Dan Sai, Loei, Thailand on October 2, 1954, by Robert E. Elbel.
Two paratypes were collected at Bo Phloi, Latya, Kanchanaburi,
Ixix i
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
31
Kurodaia (Falcomcnopon) boonsongi new species.
FIG. 1. Dorsal-ventral view of male.
FIG. 2. Ventral view of terminal abdominal segments of female.
FIG. 3. Male genitalia.
Thailand on July 14, 1952, by Robert E. Elbel. One paratype
was collected on Phu Kho Mountain, Kan Luang, Na Kae,
Nakhon Phanom, Thailand on July 19, 1954, by Robert E. Ellu-1
and Boonsong Lekagul. The holotype and nllotypr have been
deposited in the U. S. National Museum.
32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1958
In the British Museum (Natural History) are two male
specimens collected off skins of Microhierax fringillarius (Dra-
piez), which may belong to this species. They have not been
included in the type material because of their poor condition
which precludes positive identification. If these records are
correct, they indicate that the subgenus is not restricted to a
single host.
This study was supported by research grant E-1722 from the
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the
National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service. The col-
lections were made possible by assistance from the U. S. Na-
tional Museum and the U. S. Operations Mission to Thailand.
REFERENCES
CLAY, T. 1956. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, 107: 169-186.
UCHIDA, S. 1926. Jour. College of Agri., Imperial Univ. of Tokyo,
9: 1-56.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 33
The Worker Caste of the Parasitic Ant Mono-
morium metoecus Brown and Wilson,
with Notes on Behavior
By E. O. WILSON and W. L. BROWN, JR., Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Harvard University
In a recent issue of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS we described the
remarkable parasitic ant Monomorium metoecus from a single
ergatogyne found in a nest of M. minimum (Buckley) at Tus-
caloosa, Alabama (Brown and Wilson, 1957). On June 17,
1957, the type locality was revisited with the hope of obtaining
additional material. Fortunately, the original collection site
had not been disturbed, and M. metoecus was successfully lo-
cated for the second time. A most interesting discovery made
at this time was that metoecus, unlike the great majority of
other permanent ant parasites, possesses a functional worker
caste.
The new mixed colony was found at almost the identical spot,
in open pine woods on the University of Alabama campus,
where the type ergatogyne had been discovered seven years
before. It was nesting in a deep vertical crevice in a partially
buried, dead root stump at the base of a large loblolly pine
(Pinus taeda), a situation that unfortunately rendered excava-
tion very difficult and incomplete. The total adult population
of the colony was roughly estimated at between one and two
thousand; minimum workers outnumbered those of the parasite
by about forty to one. Two dealate queens of minimum were
recovered, but no queens or extreme ergatogynes (see below)
of the parasite ; the latter, if they existed, were presumed lost
during excavation. Host and parasite workers were completely
intermingled, with no apparent tendency toward concentration
of either species anywhere inside or outside the nest. Follow-
ing is a brief characterization of the newly discovered metoecus
worker caste.
Worker: The six specimens studied (now deposited in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, United States National Mu-
34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1958
seum, and personal collection of A. C. Cole, Jr.) are a rather
heterogeneous lot, and it may be that it would better approxi-
mate their status caste-wise to consider them low-grade ergato-
gynes. They differ from the holotype ergatogyne in their
narrower petiolar node, as seen from the rear (width 0.24-0.28
mm. vs. 0.35 mm. for the holotype ; three workers of M. mini-
mum from the host nest measured 0.12-0.14 mm.). The post-
petiole is also proportionately narrower than in the holotype.
and the ventrolateral conules are not so well developed ; in fact,
in several specimens the conules are not developed appreciably
at all. The conules do not vary allometrically in this series, for
some of the smallest specimens have them well developed, while
the largest specimen has, to all intents and purposes, no conules
at all. Although overall size (total length and bulk of whole
body) is slightly to considerably less in the workers than in the
ergatogyne, the head width measures about the same (workers,
HW without compound eyes, 0.53-0.55 mm. vs. 0.54 mm. for
the holotype). The alitrunk of the workers is shorter, both
absolutely and proportionately (0.76-0.80 mm. vs. 0.88 mm.),
and the convexity of the promesonotal and propodeal dorsal
outlines is less marked than in the holotype. We may sum up
by saying that the workers, if they are workers, show some dis-
cordance in their difference from the holotype, but in general
are intermediate between the holotype and the host workers, and
much closer to the former. The head width of three host nest
workers measured is 0.38-0.41 mm. ; alitrunk length (WL)
0.52-0.61 mm. (See text-figure.)
Prior to excavation of the nest, parasite workers were found
in the files of minimum workers moving up and down the trunk
of the pine tree during the day. Careful examination of these
individuals at this time failed to reveal any peculiarities in their
foraging behavior. Despite the fact that they are twice the
size of the minimum workers, they followed the vertical odor
trails on the pine trunk at about the same pace and with the
same frequency of exploratory "side-tracking." Moreover, ap-
proximately the same percentage were carrying small dead in-
sects ( including psocids and aphids) gathered higher up in the
ixix
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
35
pine. Behavior in the vicinity of the nest, both before and after
the disturbing effect of excavation, did not appear to differ
significantly.
FIG. 1. A, Monomorium metoccus Brown and Wilson, worker alitrunk
and nodes, side view. B, Monomorium minimum (Buckley), worker
from host nest, alitrunk and nodes in side view. Both from same nest,
described in text. Drawn to scale of Figure 1 in Brown and Wilson,
1957. Drawings by Nancy Buffler.
Following study in the field, most of the colony was removed
and transported to Harvard University for further observation
under laboratory conditions. Unfortunately, during the week-
long automobile trip most of the metoecus workers died, only
three individuals surviving to be transferred finally to an arti-
ficial nest. Once established in the nest, the mctoccits workers
continued to behave essentially like the minimum workers. A
possible ethological difference that appeared at this time was the
apparent proportionately longer periods of time spent by the
three metoecus workers outside the nest. However, this phe-
nomenon may have resulted in some way from the preceding
heavy mortality of the parasite, e.g., the younger, nest-oriented
workers may have been the first to die. Inside the nest, the
metoecus workers were occasionally seen resting on or near the
brood, but it could not be determined whether they were helping
tend it. On several occasions they displayed aggressive be-
36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1958
havior, in attacking alien worker ants placed near them, in de-
fending against probing forceps tips, etc., that was apparently
identical to the behavior of the host workers under similar con-
ditions. Metoecus workers also fed directly on honey supplied
the colony. On one occasion a parasite worker was observed
exchanging food with a minimum worker by regurgitation, but
it could not be determined whether this individual was donating
or receiving. All in all, the total behavior of the parasite work-
ers did not appear to differ in any significant way from that of
the host workers within the existing limits of observation.
The question was now raised, whether the parasite worker is
truly the worker caste of the previously described M. metoccus,
as all of the morphological evidence seemed to indicate, or
whether it represents instead merely another, aberrant worker
caste of M. minimum. To test the latter hypothesis, the mixed
colony, now presumed to be deprived of its parasitic reproduc-
tive form (or forms) and at first lacking brood of any sort, was
maintained in the laboratory under optimum trophic conditions
for a period of five months. During this time the minimum,
population more than doubled in size, but no new metoecus
workers appeared. It was concluded that a metoecus repro-
ductive form had indeed been present in the original mixed
colony but had been lost during excavation and transfer to the
laboratory. But of course it cannot be proved that the metoecus
reproductive form was an ergatogyne similar to the holotype in-
stead of a true queen or fertile worker.
The precise relationship of the parasite to its host was now
considered. The large size of the metoecus worker suggested
that the parasite might be dulotic, raiding other nests of mini-
mum to increase the number of host workers. An experiment
was conducted in which a small colony of minimum collected at
Amissville, Rappahannock Co., Virginia, was placed in a com-
mon' foraging arena 23 centimeters from the mixed colony.
Within an hour both minimum and metoecus workers from the
mixed colony began to penetrate the nest of the Amissville colony
and remove brood. The invaders were actively resisted by the
Amissville workers, and only after the latter had been over-
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 37
whelmed by numbers and mostly destroyed was all of the raided
brood removed. The raided brood, consisting solely of large
larvae and worker pupae, was completely eaten by the mixed
colony within twenty-four hours after it had been transported
to the mixed-colony nest. A control experiment was then con-
ducted in which two colonies of minimum collected at Falmouth,
Massachusetts, were placed together in a common foraging
arena under conditions as similar as possible to those of the
original experiment. At the time of writing these two colonies
have been living together for a period of three months without
a raid developing in either direction.
Despite the different outcomes of the original and control ex-
periments, it is our opinion that metoecus is not a dulotic ant.
There are several good reasons for arriving at this tentative
conclusion. (1) The laboratory raid resulted in intense com-
bat with complete destruction of the raided colony, and the cap-
tured brood was quickly eaten instead of being reared, conditions
that suggest simple predation rather than dulosis. (2) Func-
tional host queens w r ere present in the mixed colony, not a nor-
mal condition associated with dulosis. (3) The metoecus work-
ers show none of the modifications, either morphological or
ethological, commonly associated with dulosis.
But whether the parasitism is dulotic in nature or not, it is
clearly at a very primitive level. In fact, it is questionable whether
on the basis of the present evidence the relationship can be prop-
erly called parasitism at all. There is at present no sure indication
that the metoecus workers are ethologically degenerate in any
way, i.e., that they do not perform their "fair share" of the work
load. The relationship is reminiscent of non-parasitic parabio-
sis, except that in the known cases of parabiosis the participating
colonies remain segregated in separate chambers within the nest
and never mix their brood. It is perhaps much closer to the
strange kind of symbiosis recently discovered as existing between
the New Guinea dacetine ants Strumigenys loriae and Kyidris
yaleogyna (Wilson and Brown, 1956). The two species live
in completely mixed colonies, with Kyidris queens and workers
forming a slight numerical minority of the adult population.
38 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1958
The Kyidris workers still perform normal tasks inside and out-
side the nest, but their behavior tends to be degenerate and inef-
fectual, and they do not carry a "fair share" of the work. For
example, they hunt for insect prey along with the Strumigcnys
workers, but with very low efficiency, and they do not join in
nest construction at all. Other cases of very primitive parasit-
ism, or at least pre-parasitic symbiosis, may occur among species
of the Nearctic Formica obscuriventris group, as described by
King (1949, 1955) and King and Sallee (1951). Apparently
various pairs of species of this group commonly form mixed
colonies by the method of indiscriminate mutual adoption of
newly-fertilized queens of one species by the established colony
of another. Such mixed nests have been studied in Iowa by
King and Sallee, and there is good evidence that they occur
elsewhere (Brown, unpublished notes).
The cases of Monomoriwn metoecus and Kyidris yalcoyyna
suggest the possible first steps in one evolutionary pathway of
permanent social parasitism. It is conceivable that parasitism
of this sort starts when one species simply becomes resident
with another, degenerating to the extent that it can no longer
exist independently, but at first maintaining a normal, fully
functional worker caste. Evolution proceeds as the worker
caste ceases to function normally and is reduced in numbers,
finally to be eliminated altogether.
REFERENCES
BROWN, W. L., and E. O. WILSON. 1957. Ent. News, 68 : 239-246.
KING, R. L. 1949. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 56: 367-370.
-. 1955. Ibid., 62: 509-513.
KING, R. L., and R. M. SALLEE. 1951. Ibid., 58 : 487-489.
WILSON, E. O., and W. L. BROWN. 1956. Insectes Sociaux, 3 : 439-454.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 39
Gall Flies (Itonididae) and Parasitic Hymenoptera
Reared from Rosette Galls of Willow
By W. W. JUDD, Department of Zoology, University of Western
Ontario, London, Ontario
On February 14, 1956, a collection of 200 "rosette" galls was
taken from shrubs of sand-bar willow, Sali.r interior Rowlee, in
an abandoned brickyard at the northwest corner of Taylor and
Cheapside Streets at London, Ontario. Each gall was put in a
separate, numbered, glass vial of dimensions 60 mm. X 15 mm.,
plugged with cotton. The vials were kept on a rack at room
temperature in a laboratory and were examined daily for the
presence of insects which had emerged from the galls. The in-
sects were pinned or preserved in fluid and labelled to show the
date of their emergence and the number of the gall from which
each insect emerged. After December 31 all the galls were
dissected and their contents were noted and insects remaining
in them were removed and preserved. The flies and wasps,
respectively, were identified by Dr. J. R. Vockeroth and Dr. O.
Peck, Entomology Division, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.
All the insects are deposited in the collection of the Department
of Zoology, University of Western Ontario, except some speci-
mens retained in the Canadian National Collection (CNC), as
noted in the following account. Of the 200 galls 9 yielded adult
flies (Rhabdophaga sp.), 69 yielded parasitic wasps, 16 con-
tained dead itonidid larvae, 51 contained dead itonidid pupae and
55 were without contents. The numbers of adult insects reared
and dissected from the galls are shown in table 1.
DlPTERA
Ttonididae
RhabdopJiaya (rhodoides Walsh?)
Five flies emerged from five galls between March 14 and
April 3, including one male (March 14) and four females; and
four females were found dead in four other galls when they
40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1958
were dissected. Five specimens are deposited in the CNC.
Felt (1940) records that R. rhodoides causes an open rosette
gall on willow.
HYMENOPTERA
Torymidae
Toryjints sp. (near longistigma (Huber))
Five wasps emerged from five galls between May 14 and
June 11 and twelve more were found in twelve dissected galls.
Six wasps are deposited in the CNC. Wasps of the genus
Torymus were reared by Judd (1953, 1955, 1957) from other
kinds of galls on willow in the vicinity of London.
Pteromalidae
Amblymerus (salicis (Grt.) ?)
Two wasps emerged from two galls on March 10 and April 7
and both are deposited in the CNC. In addition, when the galls
were dissected, two wasps of the tribe Pteromalini were found
dead in two galls (table 1). Wasps of the genus Amblymerus
were reared by Judd (1957) from the beaked willow gall at
London and Muesebeck ct al. (1951) record that A. salicis is a
parasite of an itonidid gall on willow.
Tridymus sp.
One wasp emerged from a gall on April 24 and thirty-four
were found dead in thirty-four galls, with a single wasp in the
core of each gall, when the galls were dissected. Fourteen of
the wasps are deposited in the CNC. Judd (1953) records
Tridymus sp. as a parasite of Rhabdophaga strobiloidcs at
London.
Eulophidae
Tetrastichus sp. (near ncbraskcnsis (Grit.))
Four wasps emerged on March 8 through minute holes, one-
quarter mm. in diameter, in the base of the gall which later
Ixix]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
41
yielded from its core a specimen of Amblymerus (salicis?') on
April 7 . The four wasps are deposited in the CNC. Wasps
of the genus Tetrastichus were reared by Judd (1953, 1955)
from other willow galls at London.
TABLE 1. Numbers of Insects Collected from
Rosette Galls of Willow
Date
1957
Rhabdofihaga
(rhodoides?)
Torymus sp.
(nr. longistigma)
Amblymerus
(salicis?)
Pteromalini
d
W
to
3
I
Tetrastichus sp.
(nr. nebraskensis)
Platygaster sp.
(nr. affinis)
g o
dl
03 ,
fe'S
38
S-S
B
<3 1-1
Atritomellus sp.
March 8
4
March 10
1
March 14
1
March 15
1
March 26
1
March 28
1
April 3
2
April 7
1
April 24
1
May 14
1
May 28
1
May 30
1
June 4
1
June 11
1
From dis-
sected galls
4
12
2
34
40
8
Total
9
17
2
2
35
4
40
8
1
42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1958
Platygasteridae
Platygaster sp. (near affinis Fonts)
Forty wasps were found in four galls when they were dis-
sected, with 8, 10, 11 and 11 wasps, respectively, crowded in the
core of each gall. Four wasps are deposited in the CNC.
Judd (1955) records rearing Platygaster sp. from willow galls
caused by Phytof^Jiaga tmnidosac at London.
Platygaster sp. (near obscnri pennis Ashm.)
One wasp was found dead in the core of each of eight galls
dissected. Three are deposited in the CXC.
Ceraphronidae
Atritomellus sp.
One male wasp emerged from a gall on March 20 and is de-
posited in the CNC. Muesebeck ct al. (1951) list no known
hosts of the species of Atritonicllus reported by them and record
that the host relations of few species in the family Ceraphronidae
are known.
REFERENCES
FELT, E. P. 1940. Plant galls and gall makers. Comstock Puhl. Co.,
Ithaca.
JUDD, W. W. 1953. 83rd Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont. (1952) : 34-42.
-. 1955. Can. Ent., 87 : 241-245.
-. 1957. Can. Ent., 89: 8-11.
MUESEBECK, C. F. W., K. V. KROMBEIN, H. K. TOWNES ct al. 1951.
U. S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Monogr. No. 2.
IxixJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 43
On the Genus Arhysosage Brethes from Argentina *
(Hymen., Apoidea, Panurginae)
By J. S. MOURE, C.M.F., 2 Department of Entomology, Univer-
sity of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas and Secqao de Zoologia,
Universidade de Parana, Curitiba, Brasil
This genus of Brethes remained unrecognized until Dr. C. D.
Michener and I had an opportunity to examine the types in
Buenos Aires, and found that the type species, Arhysosage john-
soni Brethes, is the same as Camptopoewn ochraceum Friese.
It had not previously been apparent that Arhysosage belonged
to the Panurginae. Another genus described by the same author
which we also found to be a panurgine is Callonychium.
The group here called Arhysosage was well recognized and
characterized by Timberlake who erected the genus Ruisiella
(-- Ruisapis} for it. His placement of it in Calliopsini was not
fortunate, however. As far as known the genus is restricted
to Argentina.
ARHYSOSAGE Brethes
Camptopoewn of Friese, Ducke, Schrottky, Cockerell, and Joer-
genson (in part).
Arhvsosagc Brethes, 1922, An. Soc. Ci. Argentina, 91 : 121 ;
Sandhouse, 1943, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 92 : 528.
Ruisiella Timberlake, 1952, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 45 : 105 (not
Ruisiella Cortes, 1951).
Rusiapis Timberlake, 1952, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 45 : 528 (new
name for Ruisiella Timberlake).
1 Contribution no. 982 from the Department of Entomology, University
of Kansas.
- I wish to thank the Rockefeller Foundation (New York), the National
Science Foundation (Washington) and the Campanha de Aperfeic.oamento
de Pessal de Nivel Superior (Rio de Janeiro) for aid that made this
study possible. Also, I wish to thank Dr. Carlos Alberto Campos Seabra
of Rio de Janeiro for the stimulus and generosity which he is giving to
studies of Brasilian bees, and Dr. Charles D. Michener of the University
of Kansas for help in preparation of this paper.
44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1958
Ruiza-pis Timberlake, 1953, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 46: 598 (cor-
rection of spelling of Ruziapis).
Type species: Camptopoeum ochraceutn Friese, 1908 (= Ar-
hysosage johnsoni Brethes, 1922).
Arhysosage ochracea (Friese)
Camptopoeum ochraceum Friese, 1908, Flora og Fauna, 10 : 29 ;
Jensen-Haarup, 1908, Flora og Fauna, 10: 101; Joergensen,
1909, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1908: 58; Strand, 1909,
Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1909: 230; Cockerell, 1909, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 38: 416; (?) Strand, 1910, Zool. Jahrb,
Abt. f. Syst., 29: 458; Joergensen, 1912, Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f.
Syst., 32: 118; Joergensen, 1912, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, 22: 307; Schrottky, 1913, An. Soc. Ci. Argentina,
75 : 244.
Psaenythia bifasciata Friese, 1908, Flora og Fauna, 10: 41;
Jensen-Haarup, 1908, Flora og Fauna, 10: 101; Joergensen,
1909, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1909: 59; Holmberg, 1921,
An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 31 : 296, 307.
Camptopoeum bijasciatum, Joergensen, 1912, Zool. Jahrb., Abt.
f. Syst., 32: 118; Joergensen, 1912, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, 22: 307; Schrottky, 1913, An. Soc. Ci. Argetina, 75:
244.
Camptopoeum opuntiarum Joergensen, 1912, Zool. Jahrb., Abt.
f. Syst., 32: 118; Joergensen, 1912, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, 22 : 307.
Arhysosage johnsoni Brethes, 1922, An. Soc. Ci. Argentina, 93 :
122.
Camptopoeum castellani Cockerell, 1940, Amer. Mus. Novitates,
1080: 1.
Ruislella ochracea, Timberlake, 1952, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 45 :
105.
Ruiziella bifasciata, Timberlake, 1952, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.,
45: 105.
Ruiziella castellani, Timberlake, 1952, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 45 :
105.
The color variation in females of this species is very striking.
In the large series of specimens in the Snow Entomological
Museum, University of Kansas, is a black specimen, with only
the following parts yellow : narrow lines along the inner and
outer orbits, mandibular bases, an interantennal stria separate
from preocellar spot, a very narrow band on the posterior mar-
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 45
gin of the scutellum and metanotum, and a broad band on the
fifth tergum. There are specimens with a band also on the
fourth tergum (bifasciata) and with interrupted bands on the
first two terga. In other females the general background color
of the abdomen passes to brown and in a specimen from Paso de
los Funes, San Luiz, Argentina, the background is reddish, the
bands reduced to small lateral spots, even on the fourth tergite,
and interrupted on the fifth (castcllani) (I saw the type of
castcllani in the United States National Museum).
The males seem quite uniform, although that described as the
male of castcllani by Cockerell makes one think of the possibility
that males, too, are polychromatic.
The two species described below are exceedingly similar to
ochracea and to one another but do not exhibit the polychro-
matism of ochracea.
Arhysosage flava new species
tCamptopoeum ochraceitui Strand, 1909, Deutsche Ent.
Zeitschr., 1909: 290; Strand, 1910, Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. Syst,
29 : 458.
Male: Coloration entirely yellow, even abdomen without
bands; mandibles (apices fuscous), subantennal areas and ad-
jacent parts of clypeus white ; under surface and legs very pale
yellow; dark markings reduced to fine dark brown lines along
notalices, scuto-scutellar suture, margins of metanotum next to
tegulae, and the facial foveae. Wings hyaline ; tegulae, veins,
and pterostigma yellow.
Pilosity all pallid, very short, even on dorsum of mesonotum,
a little longer on head and sides of thorax.
Punctuation fine and rather dense, especially on clypeus which
is dull.
Width of head over twice distance from anterior margin of
clypeus to lower margin of median ocellus (184:82) ; length of
eye little over half of upper interorbital distance, this less than
lower interorbital distance (75:120:165); interocellar distance
slightly less than ocellocular (27:28) ; interantennal distance
equal to length of scape and four times length of subantennal
area (40:40:9), the latter distinctly broader than long (15:9) ;
46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1958
labrum almost twice as broad as long (70:40), entirely flat,
without labral plate ("basal area of labrum").
Length 10 mm.; length of wing (including tegula) 6.5 mm.;
head width 3.1 mm.; abdominal width 3.5 mm.
The structure that distinguishes this species most easily from
the others is the form of the clypeus of the male, which is con-
siderably broader laterally in this species. Also, the labrum is
relatively broader and shorter (70:30), in contrast to A. ochra-
cea (65:40).
Female: Entirely yellow, without abdominal bands, sutures
mostly finely brown on head and thorax ; clypeus whitish with
two small brown points ; brown lines of facial foveae generally
united by an equally fine brown line behind ocelli ; ventral side
of thorax dark brown as are coxae and trochanters, latter with
yellow spots; sternites two to five with some brown spots.
Width of head more than twice distance from anterior margin
of clypeus to lower margin of median ocellus (152:83) ; eye
length a little less than upper interorbital distance which is less
than lower interorbital (80:92:120); interocellar distance
slightly less than ocellocular (27:29) ; interantennal distance
equal to length of scape and 3.4 times length of subantennal area
(34:34:10), the latter broader than long (13:10); labrum
without labral plate, a little elevated transversely near base,
twice as broad as long (60:32) ; clypeus approximately five
times as broad as long (148:30).
Length 9.2 mm. ; length of wing (including tegula) 6.0 mm. ;
henrl width 2.5 mm. ; abdominal width 3.0 mm.
Distribution: Ing. Juarez, Formosa, ARGENTINA (type local-
ity), IV'cember, 1950 (F. H. Walz ) ; Gran Guardia, Formosa,
Argentina (J. Foerster) ; Santiago del Estero, Argentina
(Gomez) ; Recreo, Catamarca, December, 1951 (F. H. Walz).
Types: Holotype male and allotype female, in the Snow Ento-
mological Museum, University of Kansas. Twenty-six para-
types in that collection, and collections of Dr. Carlos Alberto
Campos Seabra (Rio de Janeiro), the United States National
Museum, the American Museum of Natural History, the British
Museum (Natural History), the Museo Argentina de Ciencias
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 47
Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (Buenos Aires), the De-
partamento de Zoologia, Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado
de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo), and the author's collection.
Arhysosage germana new species
This species is very similar to the two preceding, resembling
more A. ochracca by the abdominal bands, but considerably
smaller and never reaching the strong melanization common in
that species. In the clypeal form of the male this species also
resembles ochracea. I think it is not merely a case of allometry,
since there is available a large number of specimens, quite uni-
form. The three species occur sympatrically in the region of
Catamarca.
Male: Head and thorax yellow, abdomen of a light ferruginous
brown with yellow bands on bases of tergites ; apices of mandi-
bles dark and sutures of head and thorax light brown; facial
foveae black. Wings hyaline, veins and pterostigma yellow,
vein R rather dark.
Pilosity white, a little more developed than in the preceding
species.
Punctuation a little denser than in ochracea, resembling that
of flava. (This character most evident in clypeal region which
in ochracea is more shining.)
Head considerably broader than distance from clypeal margin
to lower margin of median ocellus (144:80) ; eye shorter than
upper interorbital distance, about half lower interorbital dis-
tance (64:86:126); interocellar distance longer than ocellocu-
lar (26:23) ; interantennal distance a little shorter than scape,
three times length of subantennal area (30:32:10), the latter
slightly broader than long (11:10); labrum without elevated
labral plate, almost twice as broad as long (50:27) ; clypeus
about four times as broad as long (120:29), quite narrow lat-
erally, in this feature resembling ochracea; subapical inner
mandibular tooth very weak, only vestigial.
Length 7.5 mm. ; length of wing (including tegula) 5.9 mm. ;
head width 2.5 mm. ; abdominal width 2.7 mm.
48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1958
Female: Color as in male, markings very weak on ventral
part of thorax, less denned than in flava, black lines of facial
foveae generally united behind the ocelli ; face generally with
pale brown area in the form of inverted U with its base on
ocelli and arms directed toward antennal sockets ; mesonotum
with three more or less pronounced brown lines, one median
and extending to anterior border, the others on each side
shortened in front, all uniting at scuto-scutellar suture ; pro-
podeum usually with brown T-shaped spot, cross bar of which
is curved along base next to metanotum.
Head distinctly broader than distance from clypeal margin
to lower margin of median ocellus (140:86) ; eye length equal
to upper interorbital distance but less than lower interorbital
distance (80:81:102) ; interocellar distance slightly more than
ocellocular (21:20); interantennal distance distinctly longer
than length of scape and more than 2.5 times length of sub-
antennal area (27:33:10), latter practically as long as broad
(10:10) ; labrum without labral plate almost twice as broad as
long (50:27) ; clypeus little over three times as broad as long
(100:31), distinctly narrowed toward sides.
Length 7.2 mm.; length of wing (including tegula) 5.5 mm.;
head width 2.3 mm. ; abdominal width 2.8 mm.
Distribution: Recreo, Catamarca, ARGENTINA (type locality),
December, 1951 (F. H. Walz) ; Rio del Valle, 580 meters alti-
tude, Catamarca, Argentina, November 5, 1951 ; Catamarca,
November, 1951 (J. Foerster) ; Catamarca, December 8, 1951
(A. Martinez) ; Catamarca (without other data, from Museo
Argentine de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia").
Types: Holotype male and allotype female in the Snow Ento-
mological Museum, University of Kansas. Eighty-two para-
types in that collection and in collections of Dr. Carlos Alberto
Campos Seabra (Rio de Janeiro), the United States National
Museum, the American Museum of Natural History, the British
Museum (Natural History), the Museo Argentine de Ciencias
Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (Buenos Aires), and the
Departemento de Zoologia, Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado
de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo), the Museu Nacional (Rio de
Janeiro), and the author's collection.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 49
Nomenclatural Changes in Trachymyrmex (Hym. :
Formicidae, Attini)
By NEAL A. WEBER, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore,
Pennsylvania
Trachymyrmex , one of the largest genera of fungus-growing
ants, has been difficult to characterize because of its similarity
to some Acromyrmex and Sericomyrmex and because of the di-
versity of its species. From Acromyrmex it differs principally
in its feeble or no polymorphism and generally greater spinosity
and pilosity ; Sericomyrmex has a cordate head with rounded
occipital lobes and long, abundant, silky hairs. The species of
Trachymyrmex vary in size from 2 mm. to about 5 mm.
and normal infraspecific variability was seldom realized when
descriptions were first published. Examinations of the three
chief European collections of fungus-growing ants lf 2 and field
work and laboratory studies of living colonies have made pos-
sible the following nomenclatural changes in the genus.
Trachymyrmex cornetzi Forel
1912. Atta (Trachymyrmex} cornet si Forel, Mem. Soc. Ent.
Belg. 19: 183.
1912. Trachymyrmex cornetzi var. naranjo Forel, Mem. Soc.
Ent. Belg. 19: 184. New Synonymy.
1922. Trachymyrmex cornetsi var. bivittatus Wheeler, Am.
Mus. Novitates, No. 45, p. 13. New Synonymy.
1931. Trachymyrmex uncifer Santschi, Rev. de Ent. 1: 281.
New Synonymy.
1936. Trachymyrmex annulatus Santschi, Rev. de Ent. 6: 201.
New Synonymy.
1940. Trachymyrmex cornet si ssp. gatun Weber, Rev. de Ent.
1 1 : 420. New Synonymy.
1945. Trachymyrmex cornetsi ssp. brevispinosa Weber, Rev.
de Ent. 16: 55. New Synonymy.
1 Supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
2 Those of Forel in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in Geneva, Swit-
zerland, in charge of Dr. Ch. Ferriere ; of Santschi in the Naturhis-
torisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland, in charge of Dr. Fred Keiser ;
and of Emery in the Museo Civico Di Storia Naturale, Genoa, Italy, in
charge of Dr. Delfa Guiglia. Types in the U. S. National Museum have
also recently been examined.
50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1958
Three pins in the Forel collection are marked "Typus," one
with three workers being labelled : "Tr. Cornetzi type, Forel,
Sta. Martha, Colombie (Forel)." The thorax length of these
including neck is 1.27-1.30 mm. A pin of three worker cotypes
from the reserve collection given to me in an exchange with Dr.
Ferriere has thorax lengths of 1.25-1.38 mm. The one type of
the var. naranjo is somewhat spinier in places but is considered
to be the same form.
The annulatns type in the Santschi collection is labelled :
"Panama, San Francisco, Bierig, 8.vi.30." It has the usual
brown frons spot of cornctzi but so concealed by the general
dark color as to be difficult to see. The thorax length, exclud-
ing the neck, is 1.14 mm. or 1.2 mm. with neck. The nncijer
type (labelled: "France Fid") in this collection is dirty and
also very dark but faintly showing the same spot on the frons ;
the total extended length as mounted is 3.67 mm. including
porrect mandibles and the thorax length with neck is 1.33 mm.
British Guiana and Surinam specimens (Weber, 1946, Rev.
de Ent. 17 : 145 ) belong to the typical form as do the Trinidad
representatives described as the var. bivittatus, the Barro Colo-
rado Island, Canal Zone ants described as gatun (although with
a feeble post-occipital tubercle lacking in the six above Forel
cotypes), and the Rio Force (Lat. 640' N., Long. 75 10' W),
Colombia ants called brevispinosa which are dark brown.
This species is much more common and variable in spinosity
and color than formerly realized. The color is frequently pale
ferruginous.
Trachymyrmex cucumis (Mann) comb. nov.
1922. Myrmicocrypta cucnuiis Mann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
61: 45."
Two worker cotypes in the U. S. National Museum-Mann
collection are typical small Trachymyrmex with the large post-
petiole characteristic of the smallest species of the genus. This,
from above, is as broad as long although being narrowed ante-
riorly it looks longer than broad. Compared with the holotype
of schomburgki, the habitus is similar. The thorax length is
Ixixj ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 51
the same (0.9 mm.) and has similar spinosity except that the
lateral pronotal spines of the latter are longer. When more
specimens of both species are available schoinburgki may be
considered to be the same or a subspecies. The holotype of
carib is bigger and coarser and tncuchc is more sharply rugu-
lose on the frons, the anterior lateral pronotal tubercles are
coarser and the postpetiole is distinctly broader than long.
Trachymyrmex farinosus Emery
1894. Atta (Trachymyrmex} farinosus Emery, Bull. Soc. Ent.
Ital. 26: 221.
1938. Trachymyrmex trifitrcatus Weber, Rev. de Ent. 9 : 199.
New Synonymy.
The Emery collection has a single pin labelled: "124. Para;
n. sp. Para, Schutz ; Atta farinosa Em." which has doubtless the
type. The thorax, including a short neck, is 1 .77 mm. long. It
agreed very well with a paratype of trifurcatus (King Frederick
William IV Falls, Courantyne R., Surinam, 16.vii.36, N. A.
Weber 577) and, despite minor differences, is conspecific.
These two ants and the holotype of trifurcatus have a peculiar
and massive lateral gastric swelling on each side that absorbs
the usual gastric carina posteriorly. The farinosa hairs are fine
and simple ; some of the trifurcatus hairs are narrow-squamose
but this is believed to be a variable character.
Trachymyrmex opulenta (Mann) comb. nov.
1922. Sericomyrmex opulenta Mann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
61 : 48.
Six worker cotypes in the U. S. National Museum-Mann
collection are typical Trachymyrmex with the same habitus as
u'hcclcri, which was also described as a Sericovnyrmex because
of the unusually long and abundant silky pilosity. The well
developed occipital tubercles, however, and the head in general
are not those of Sericomyrmex as now considered (and as char-
acterized by Mayr originally). The opulenta cotypes have
shorter occipital tubercles and higher basal carinae on the epino-
tum anteriorly than wheclcri cotypes.
52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1958
Trachymyrmex saussurei Forel
1884. Atta tardigrada st. saussurei Forel, Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc.
Nat. 20: 361.
The Forel collection now was found to have only Sericoin\r-
mex saussurei Emery (and under Sericomyrmex) , an entirely
different ant, but the Santschi collection has one specimen under
Trachymyrmex labelled: "A. acrom. Saussurei For. (Per-
gande) ; Samlung Dr. F. Santschi Kairouan." It is in the space
labelled Trachymyrmex saussurei Forel.
The extended length of the ant (a worker) is 4.30 mm., the
thorax 1.90 mm. It is bigger and coarser than septentrionalis
but with the same general arrangement of spines and head con-
tours. The postpetiolar node from above is 0.4 mm. long X 0.46
mm. wide. A pin of three workers from the duplicate Forel
collection given to me by Dr. Ferriere in exchange appears to be
type material. It bears the labels : "41 ; Mexiq. Orizaba ; A.
Saussurei, Forel ; en de Saussure." A pin of one worker
given to me by W. M. Wheeler in the 1930's bears the label
"Tepic, Mexico" and the label written by his secretary at the
time "Cyphomyrmex (Trachymyrmex) saussurei Forel." The
three workers may be type material. In the Biologia Centrali-
Americana Tepic and Orizaba are the localities listed for the
species.
This species may be close to the parental stock from which
the far-ranging septentrionalis was derived and the ants may
have spread along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast to and
along the Atlantic coast. The resemblance between the two
species is so close that one could still be considered a subspecies
of the other. Since septentrionalis was described earlier, this
would be the species name although perhaps inappropriate from
the point of view of origin.
Trachymyrmex septentrionalis McCook
1880. Atta septentrionalis McCook, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil-
adelphia, pp. 359-363.
1907. Atta (Trachymyrmex} septentrionalis var. obscurior
Wheeler, Bull. Arner. Mus. Nat. Hist., 23: 709. New
Synonymy.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 53
1911. A. (T.) septcntrionalis var. vcrtebrata Wheeler, Jour.
N. Y. Ent. Soc. 19 : 246.
1911. A. (T.} septcntrionalis obscitrior var. irrorata Wheeler,
Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 19 : 247.
1911. A. (T.) septcntrionalis obscurior var. crystallina
Wheeler, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 19: 247.
1911. A. (T.} septentrionalis obscurior var. seminole Wheeler,
Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 19: 247. New Synonymy.
1950. Trachymyrmex septcntrionalis Creighton, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. 104: 323.
In his original description, McCook called attention to the
variability of the worker caste from 3 to 4 mm., referring to
them as "workers major and minor." As Creighton has shown
(and as Wheeler intimated for irrorata and crystallina}, verte-
brata, irrorata and crystallina are variants of no taxonomic sig-
nificance and the present author believes that obscurior and
seminole have the same value. Numerous colonies of New
Jersey and Florida origins kept in the laboratory have shown
the variation in size that McCook was the first to realize.
Color varies greatly and appears of no consequence in this spe-
cies. Biological studies of these two populations (Weber, 1956,
Ecology 37: 150-161, 197-199) have proven their fundamental
similarity.
The geographical range of this species, while considerable, is
not unusual for a fungus-grower and the ecology appears quite
uniform, with temperature the chief variant.
Trachymyrmex urichi Forel
1893. Atta (Trachymyrmex} urichi Forel, Ann. Soc. Ent.
Belg. 37: 601.
1894. Atta (Trachymyrmex} urichi subsp. fusca Emery, Bull.
Soc. Ent. Ital. 26 : 222. New Synonymy.
1912. Atta (Trachymyrmex} urichi subsp. marthae Forel,
Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg. 19: 183. New Synonymy.
1925. Trachymyrmex urichi subsp. panamcnsis Wheeler,
Arkiv. For Zool. 17: 38. New Synonymy.
1938. Trachymyrmex urichi ssp. radicis Weber, Rev. de Ent.
9: 197. New Synonymy.
The Emery collection contains the two types of fusca mounted
on one pin and carrying on the upper label: Coxipo ; lx.900
54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1958
(Matto Grosso). The upper ant has a thorax length of 1.77
mm., the lower ant 1.57 mm. They are no darker than some
Panama and Colombian specimens and in other characters
appear to be within the normal range of infraspecific variability.
The Forel collection contains a large series of the types of
marthae and a pin of three workers was secured by exchange
with Dr. Ferriere. It bears the label : Tr. Urichi Forel ; r.
Marthae Forel; Sta. Martha, Colombie (Forel). They are a
dark brown but otherwise like urichi, which has been collected
numerous times by the author in the type locality, Trinidad (see
Rev. de Ent. 1945, 16: 44-54). The subspecies pananicnsis
was based largely on color and these ants have since been found
to be common on the Pacific slopes of Panama. While often of
the color described by Wheeler, specimens from the same locali-
ties, but taken in March, 1957, during the height of an unusu-
ally severe dry season, were as dark as those named marthae by
Forel. The subspecies radicis was based on small specimens,
probably of a young colony. The species also occurs in Vene-
zuela. Throughout its range it is an ant of the savannah or
grass-woodland rather than of closed forests.
Trachymyrmex wheeleri (Weber) comb. nov.
1937. Sericomyrmex zvheeleri Weber, Rev. de Ent. 7 : 396.
1937. Sericomyrmex ^vheeleri subsp. pakcelai Weber, Rev. de
Ent. 7 : 398. New Synonymy.
In pilosity and high mesonotal spines these ants resemble
Scriomyrmex. However, the head is typical Trachymyrmex.
They have the same habitus as opulcnta but six cotypes in the
U. S. National Museum have distinctly shorter occipital spines
and higher basal carinae on the epinotum anteriorly. The type
series of pakcelai consistently show lower and more rounded
occipital spines, lower mesonotal spines and much more marked
tubercles on the declivous surface of the mesonotum. These
are believed now to fall within the normal infraspecific range of
variability. Additional collecting and study may show wheel cri
to be no more than a subspecies of opulenta.
Ixixj ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 55
Specimens taken by the author at Rio Force (Lat. 640' N.,
Long. 75 10' W.), Colombia in 1938 are of this species. Males
and females came to lights about 3-4 A.M., August 1 and a
nest containing males was excavated July 21. The workers are
dark brown. This species does not appear to have been taken
in Colombia by Forel and is not his gaigei.
Trachymyrmex zeteki Weber
1940. Trachymyrmex zeteki Weber, Rev. Ent. 11 : 422.
1940. Trachymyrmex balboai Weber, Rev. Ent. 11 : 424. New
Synonymy.
Additional collecting and study since 1938 in the type locality,
Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, show that the differences
noted in the two species cannot be sustained and that they are
best considered to be the same species, zeteki having page pri-
ority. A colony kept for over two years in the laboratory shows
a variation in worker morphology that was unknown in 1940.
A conspicuous feature is the spatulate pilosity but this is of
variable extent.
Nomenclature Notice
All comments relating to the following should be marked with
the Commissioner's File Number and sent to Francis Hemming,
28 Park Village East, Regent's Park, London N.W.I, England.
Calandra (Calendra) Clairville and Schellenberg, 1798, sup-
pression of, in favor of Sphenophorus and Sitophilus, both
of Schoenherr, 1838, respectively, in interests of univer-
sality of nomenclature; abbreviatus Fabricius, 1787 (Cur-
culio) and oryzae, emendation to, of oryzae Linnaeus, 1783
(Ciirculio), validation of (Class Insecta, Order Coleop-
tera). File: Z.N.(S.)255. For details, see Bull. Zool.
Nomencl., Volume 16, Part 1.
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47 plates, 3 pages of contents and index
THE NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF THE
'SUBGENUS AESCHNA' SENSU SELYSII 1883
(Odonata)
By Philip P. Calvert
This paper presents an account of the Neotropical species referred
by de Selys in 1883 to his subgenus Aeschna and of some species un-
known to him. His subgenus is here divided into three genera,
Aeschna, Coryphaeschna, and Castoraeschna, Acshna in its turn be-
ing subdivided into the subgenera Aeschna, Hespcraeschna, Rhio-
naeschna, Schisuraeschna, Marmaraeschna and Neureclipa. These
five subgenera include 2, 15, 1, 3, 4 and 5 species and subspecies
respectively. Coryphaeschna embraces 9 species and subspecies,
Castoraeschna 5. Larvae of 2 species of Hesperaeschna, 1 species of
Schizuraeschna, 1 species of Neureclipa and 6 species of Cory-
phaeschna are described and figured. Generalities are discussed under
the headings : Relationships of the Neotropical Aeshnas to the North
American fossils ; Relations of the South American Aeshnas to the
Palaearctic and Australian species ; The geological age and geographi-
cal distribution of the ancestors of the Odonata and of the Mammalia ;
Relations of the Neotropical Aeshnas to each other ; The seasonal
distribution of the Neotropical species of Aeshna. Forty plates in
black and white illustrate the structural and colorational features of
the adults, seven those of the larvae. Nineteen tables show the varia-
tions in size and in venation of the adults. Six maps show the geo-
graphic distribution of all the species concerned. There is an alpha-
betical index of species, subgenera, genera, authors quoted, and topics.
Price $10.00 postpaid
THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA 3, PA.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
MARCH 1058
Vol. LXIX No. 3
CONTENTS
Kormondy Oligoclada umbricola 57
Lipa Fauna of nests of Euproctis 60
Dreisbach New species of Pompilinus 61
Judd Seasonal distribution of Silvicola . . . .^^r~~~^r^>^. . 65
Papers by S. W. Frost //. . r> . '. 'ty^S 67
[( Zip-} 1 n ,r~-^
Notes and News in Entomology
Budapest Museum .>^//^. ^ 78
Proceedings of International Congress 78
Centennial News 79
Review Annotated catalogue of African grasshoppers 80
Books Received 81
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOL. LXIX MARCH, 1958 No. 3
The Plesiallotype Female of Oligoclada umbricola
Borror, 1931
By EDWARD J. KORMONDY, Department of Zoology,
Oberlin College
In the preparation of type specimens of Odonata in the C. H.
Kennedy Collection acquired by the University of Michigan
Museum of Zoology, a female labelled "Oligoclada umbricola
Borror, Allotype" by Kennedy, was found. The specimen,
which Kennedy undoubtedly intended to describe, was in poor
condition with the hind wings free, and the abdomen broken
into several pieces. Two other females were found in the col-
lection; one had been determined as O. umbricola by Borror;
the other was in an envelope containing a male umbricola f not
seen by Borror but presumably seen by Kennedy. The three
females, along with eight males, were collected for Kennedy by
William Clarke-Maclntyre ; they are from Province de los Rios,
Ecuador, and were collected March 4-April 12, 1938. These
records extend the known range of the species southward from
Colombia and Venezuela (Borror, 1931).
The female umbricola is distinguished, as is the male, by the
structure of the occiput. This differs from the male only in the
presence of two posterio-medial brownish yellow elongate spots.
Additional differences from the male are described below.
The plesiallotype, labelled "Ecuador : Province de los Rios,
Playas, April 12, 1938, W. Clarke-Maclntyre," is deposited in
the type collection of the University of Michigan Museum of
Zoology.
(57)
APR 7 195fi
58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NF.ws | Alar., 1958
The measurement of the plesiallotype are followed in paren-
theses, by those of Kennedy's "Allotype" (March 4, 1938), and
the Borror determined specimen (March 4, 1938), respectively.
Abdomen : 16.4 mm. ( 16.0, 16.0) ; hind wing : 21.0 mm. (21.8,
21.4) ; stigma: 2.4mm. (2.2, 2.4).
Venational Characters. Antenodals in front wing : 94 (94,
9) ; postnodals in front wing: 9 (8, 9); antenodals in hind
wing: 7 (7, 7) ; postnodals in hind wing: 8 (8, 9) ; triangle in
front wing: free (free, crossed) ; cells bordering proximal side
of bisector of anal loop: 9 (8, 7) ; cells bordering distal side of
bisector of anal loop: 7 (7, 7) ; interpolated cells in distal half
of anal loop: 2 (2, 2) ; rows of post loop cells in hind wing: 4
(4, 4).
Occiput, smooth, convex ; posterior margin swollen, very
slightly bilobed ; dark brown, metallic except for two posterio-
medial brownish yellow elongate spots. Vertex blue-black,
metallic. Frons purple black, metallic. Postclypeus gray, an-
terio-lateral edges brown. Anteclypeus brownish-gray. Lower
two-thirds of labrum black ; upper third brownish yellow, broad-
ening medially into a v-shaped encroachment on the black.
Labium black ; lateral lobes black medially, lateral f yellowish
white.
Thorax dark reddish brown ; slightly pruinose. A large yel-
lowish spot on mesepisternum approximately equidistant from
humeral suture and mid-dorsal carina ; a narrow yellowish stripe
in front of the spiracle on mesepimeron ; another, broader, above
and slightly in front of spiracle on metepisternum, and almost
contiguous with mesepimeron stripe ; another, less distinct on
upper part of metepimeron. Legs brownish black, moderately
pruinose. Mesal side of prothoracic trochanter and proximal
mesal third of femur yellowish w r hite. Penultimate spine on
externo-anterior angle of hind femur about 4 as long as ultimate
spine. Tooth on tarsal claw reduced to a small but definite
notch located at about f the length. Wings hyaline ; pigmented
area at base of hind wing very faint brownish yellow, slight but
more diffuse than in male.
Ixix]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
59
Abdomen reddish brown; sides of segments 4-7 increasingly
black; 8-10 all black; appendages black; transverse carinae of
segments 1-3 black; that of 4 brown dorsal. Vulvar lamina:
3
3
FIG. 1. Terminal abdominal segments of female
Oligoclada umbricola Borror.
terminal ,'., of mid-ventral carina elevated, rounded ; hind margin
developed as two elongated oval thickenings between which is
a v-shaped incision (fig. 1).
LITERATURE CITED
BORROR, D. J. 1931 The Genus Oligoclada. Misc. Publ. Univ. Mich.
Mus. Zool. 22 : 1-42.
60 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., 1958
Some Observations upon the Fauna of the Winter
Nests of Euproctis chrysorrhoea (Lepidoptera)
By JERZY J. LIPA, Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology,
Institute of Plant Protection, Pulawy, Poland
The caterpillars of E. chrysorrhoea construct nests in which
they hibernate. I collected these nests during the winter and
summer, and have also located nests in greenhouses. From the
nests collected during the winter emerged the caterpillars of
E. chrysorrhoea, and also larvae and adults of other species.
However, from the nests collected during the summer (when
the caterpillars had already left the nests) there emerged only
the larvae and adults of other species.
Most interesting was the frequent occurrence of mixed winter
nests in which there hibernated the caterpillars of both E. chry-
sorrhoea and Aporia cratacgi.
During the winter the following species were observed in the
nests :
LEPIDOPTERA: The caterpillars of A. cratacgi and other species.
HEMIPTERA : Larvae of Lecanium corni and Lccaninm sp.
ACARINA: Tctranychus urticac and other Tetranychidae.
HYMENOPTERA PARASITICA : Eupteromalus micropterus, E. nidu-
lans, Monodontomerus acrcus, and other species.
ARANEIDA : Araneus ciiciirbitimis, Philodromus sp., Clnbiona
sp., Thcridimn notatum.
APTERYGOTA : Various species.
During the summer, I have observed the following :
HEMIPTERA : Lygus pabulinus, Plcsiocoris rngicollis, Klcido-
cervs rcscdac, Anthocoris ncnwrmn, Anna ciistos, and others.
COLEOPTERA : Sn licoccmclla 24-punctata, Coccinclla 7-punctata,
C. bipitnctata, Phalacrus fiiucntarhts, and others.
ACARINA : various species.
Discussion. The winter nests of E. chrysorrhoea, during both
winter and summer, are the hiding places of the larvae and
adults of other species. Some of these are predators or para-
sites, but since the majority are pests, the removal of the nests
from trees is desirable.
IxixJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 61
Two New Species in the Genus Pompilinus
(Hymenoptera: Psammocharidae) with
Photomicrographs of the Genitalia and
Subgenital Plate of the Male
By R. R. DREISBACH, Midland, Michigan
Pompilinus clavipes n. sp.
Holotype male : Color completely black with the faintest very
short, white line on the upper posterior orbits, and the tips of
the mandibles reddish ; only very scattered short hair over the
front, vertex, and the clypeus, with longer hair on the upper
posterior orbits, and under parts of the head ; almost the whole
body sericous, the front, clypeus, almost all the thorax, and the
legs mostly covered with sericous hair ; very shiny patch of a
little longer hair on the posterior orbits ; when seen from the
side the front is visible above the eyes, the vertex is very slightly
raised, and the nearer ocellus is completely visible ; the clypeus
is almost flat but slightly convex in middle ; when seen from
the front, a small rectangular plateau on the vertex carries the
ocelli ; the antennae are short and the joints are more than twice
as long as wide with a silvery sheen when viewed in reflected
light; the apical joint is blunt; the first and fourth joints are
longer than the third ; the ratio of the first four and last two
joints are as 15:6:12:15:10:12; the pronotum rises in a smooth
curve and is almost flat on top ; the propodeum has a slight slope
to the rear and the posterior and dorsal parts are connected by
a smooth curve ; propodeum is without hair but covered with
appressed, beautiful silvery pubescence ; the wings are brownish,
hyaline, with the space beyond the cells considerably darker ;
the ratios of the joints of the posterior legs starting with the
femur are as 83:81:63:27:22:15:20; the posterior tibia with
its longest spur two thirds as long as its metatarsal joint; the
distance between the lateral ocelli is equal to the distance from
them to the eye ; the interocular width at the vertex is slightly
more than at the clypeus ; the clypeus is one third times as
long as its width; head 1.14 times as wide as long; the length
of the head and thorax is 3.98 mm. ; abdomen same length; fore
62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., 1958
wings 5.96 mm. ; rear wings 4.64 mm. ; genitalia length 1.32 mm.,
width 0.66 mm.; subgenital plate 1.0 mm., width 0.33 mm.
Holotypc male : 8/8/1952, R. R. Dreisbach, CONLON, Texas.
(MCZ).
Genitalia of this species are very distinctive by virtue of the
much broadened parameres, expanded very sharply about the
basal third, and by the very long rather heavy hairs arising from
the inner edge and the long slightly thinner hairs on outer edge ;
the subgenital plate is unique in shape, and is suddenly reduced
about the apical third ; heavily haired about this width to near
the base and with semi-translucent sides on basal two-thirds.
Paratypc males (13) : Sand dunes Medora Kans., VII-7-53.
H. E. Evans (8). USNM (1), MCZ (1). RRD (3).
Pompilinus drakei n. sp.
Holotyf>c male: Color black all over with just the faintest
trace of a white streak on upper posterior orbits, and apices of
the mandibles reddish; thinly placed hair on the vertex, under
the head and a few very short hairs on the pronotum, practically
none on the propodeum ; when seen in facial aspect, the front
just above the antennae is slightly raised sloping to the vertex,
clypeus slightly arched in front of apex, slightly raised above the
mouth ; head slightly wider than long ; antennae very slender
with the third joint the same length as the first and slightly
longer than the fourth, ratios of the first four antennal joints and
the last two are as 18:7:17:15:11:15; the apical joint with the
base slightly smaller than the apex of the 12th; the posterior
ocelli are the same distance from the eyes as they are from each
other ; the interocular distance at the vertex about the same as
at clypeus ; clypeus one half as long as wide ; the pronotum rises
in a smooth curve ascending all along the rear, not flat on top,
only very slightly angular on the posterior edge ; propodeum
almost horizontal on top but very slightly inclined with curve
of the posterior surface very short ; wings almost hyaline except
considerably darker beyond the cells; third cubital cell very
strongly petiolate ; first intercubital vein meets the second
cubital cell beyond the middle, the second intercubital vein meets
Ixix]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
the third culiital cell at just about the middle; length of the sec-
ond cubital cell on the radius only about half its length on the
cubitus ; second recurrent vein almost straight but sloping back-
Pompilinus clainpes n. sp.
Upper row. Left: genitalia of holotype. Middle: subgenital plate of
liolotype. Right : subgenital plate of paratype.
Pompilinus drakci n. sp.
Lower row. Left: genitalia of holotype. Right: subgenital
plate of holotype.
wards rather strongly ; abdomen widest at the apex of the second
tergite and almost parallel to the apex ; legs with a very U-u
spines; ratios of the joints of the posterior k-gs .starting with the
64 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., 1958
femur are as 95:92:60:28:22: 13:20; posterior tibiae with long-
est spur three-fourths the length of its metatarsal joint ; length of
head and thorax 3.98 mm. ; abdomen same length ; fore wings
5.63 mm.; rear wings 4.64 mm.; length of genitalia 1.06 mm.,
width 0.53 mm., length of subgenital plate without stem at base
0.93 mm., width 0.53 mm.
Holotype male: Cranberry Lake, N. Y. 7/28/1917. C. J.
Drake ace. 5136 (Am. Mus.)
The subgenital plate of this species is almost parallel-sided
with a very strong emargination at the apex. This is the only
species in the genus with an emarginate subgenital plate. Geni-
talia with the parameres slightly club-shaped and with a curved
ridge on the surface about the basal fourth, basad of which are
a few spines in spine pits ; the volsellae bent inward about the
middle and apicad of this a broadened flat surface ; the para-
penial lobes and aedeagus both have an indentation inside above
the middle.
These two species will go in Evans' x key as follows :
6. Subgenital plate more or less completely flat; apex evenly
rounded as broad as rest of disc, in one case strongly
emarginate ; volsellae rounded apically 6a
6. Subgenital plate of different form generally somewhat ele-
vated medially, apex acute or subacute ; volsellae not
rounded apically 7
6a. Subgenital plate strongly emarginate medially at apex;
volsellae with a flat surface on inside and curved ; vol-
sellae with an indentation above middle on inside ; para-
meres not so heavy and chili-shaped ; no upright hair on
propodeum drakci n. sp.
6a. Subgenital plate not emarginate, rounded ; volsellae with-
out a flat surface not curved but straight on inside and
volsellae without an indentation ; parameres heavy, more
club-shaped; propodeum hairy . . . .tencbrosus (Cress.)
11. Subgenital plate obtusely pointed, disc convex, median line
not sharply elevated or, if somewhat so, the plate sud-
denly narrows about apical third ; parameres very broad
to apex 1 1 a
11. Subgenital plate with the median line distinctly elevated
above rest of disc, the apex not tapered gradually to an
obtuse angle ; parameres not broad at apex 12
i EVANS, H. E. 1951. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.. LXXVI, p. 281.
lxix| ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 65
lla. Parameres very heavy, club-shaped, widest about middle
tapering to an obtuse point, very long hair (as long as
width) on inside edge and almost as long hair on outside
edge ; subgenital plate suddenly reduced at apical third
and slightly tapering from there to an obtuse tip
clavipes n. sp.
lla. Parameres rather flat and increasing in width from base to
tip where they are the widest, no long hair on their inside
edges nor on their outside edges, only short hair; sub-
genital plate gradually tapering to a very obtuse apex
insolcns (Banks)
Studies of the Byron Bog in Southwestern Ontario.
VI. Seasonal Distribution of the Wood Gnat,
Silvicola marginata (Say) (Diptera:
Silvicolidae)
By W. W. JUDD, Department of Zoology, University of Western
Ontario, London, Ontario
In the description of the Byron Bog (Judd, 1957) it was
pointed out that one method of collecting insects in the bog was
the use of a baited trap. The position of the trap in the bog is
shown by Judd (1957) and its mode of operation is also de-
scribed (Judd, 1956). The trap was in operation during 1956
from May 15 to November 15 and over that period flies and
other insects were removed from the trap each day and the num-
bers of the several species trapped were recorded. Among the
insects so callected was the wood gnat, Silvicola marginata
(Say). The insect was identified by Dr. A. Stone, Division of
Insects, United States National Museum, who retained five
specimens for the U.S.N.M. Other specimens are deposited in
the collection of the Department of Zoology, University of
Western Ontario.
The first gnat was trapped on June 21 and during the whole
period of operation of the trap 14,855 gnats were trapped, the
last being caught on November 1. Their seasonal distribution
66
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
| Alar., 1958
is shown in fig. 1. The greatest number caught on one day,
731, appeared in the trap on August 9. Between July 1 and
August 8 the daily catch was sorted according to sex and yielded
1,963 eft? (51%) and 1.883$$ (49%).
750 r
650
550
450
350
250
150
50
MAY 1 JUNE JULY AUG SEPT. OCT
Seasonal distribution of Sili'icola inari/inata ( Say )
'NOV.
Edwards (1923) points out that Sili'icola (Anisopus) uiaryi-
nata (Say) is distinct from the European putictatits, for which
several records of distribution in North America occur in the
literature (e.g. Leonard, 1926). He based his decision on ex-
amination of specimens of inarf/hwta collected at Montreal,
Quebec. The presence of the large population of 5\ marginata
in the Byron Bog is in accord with the known habits of the gnats
of this family as recorded by authors (e.g. Curran, 1923), for
they occur near the edges of woods and in the vicinity of swamps
and breed in wet or moist decaying organic matter.
lxix| ENTOMOLOGICAL NKNVS 67
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This project was supported by funds from the Government of
Ontario granted through the Ontario Research Foundation.
The collections were made and the data assembled while the
writer held a Summer Research Associateship from the National
Research Council of Canada during 1956 and 1957.
REFERENCES
CURRAN, C. H. 1934. The families and genera of North American
Diptera. Ballou Press, New York.
EDWARDS, F. W. 1923. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 9), 12: 475-493.
JUDD, W. W. 1956. Amer. Midi. Nat., 56: 388-405.
-. 1957. Can. Entomol., 89: 235-238.
LEONARD, D. M. 1926. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stn. Memoir 101.
Papers by S. W. Frost
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.
1916
1. Biological notes on Ceutorhynchus marginatus Payk.
(Col.). Journ. X. Y. Ent. Soc. 24(4) : 243-253
1917
2. The beet or spinach leaf-miners. N. Y. State Vegetable
Growers Assoc. Bui. 3(5) : 28-29.
1919
3. 'I he t unction of the anal comb of certain lepidopterous
larvae. Journ. Econ. Ent. 12: 446-447.
4. Two species of Pegomyia mining the leaves of dock.
Journ. Agric. Res. 16(9) : 229-243.
5. The imported red spider (Paratetranychus pilosits C. & F.)
attacking apple foliage. Journ. Econ. Ent. 12: 407-408.
1920
6. A new apple pest in Pennsylvania (Enlia velutinana
Walk.). Journ. Econ. Ent. 13(6) : 492.
68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., 1958
1921
7. Lepidoptera injurious to apples in Pennsylvania. Pa.
State College Bui. 169 : 1-16.
8. The apple red-bugs and their control. Pa. State College
Circ. 83 : 1-8.
9. Late-feeding larvae injurious to apple in Pennsylvania in-
cluding several new injurious species. Journ. Econ. Ent.
14(4) ; 324-328.
10. Insect investigations. Proc. State Hort. Assoc. Pa.
p. 57-62.
1922
11. Report on insect control in Pennsylvania. Crop Protec-
tion Inst. 2: 21-23.
12. Ecdysis in Tmetoccra occllana Schiff. Annals Ent. Soc.
Amer. 15(2): 164-168.
13. Eulia mariana Fern., a new apple feeder in Pennsylvania
and some related forms on apple. Journ. Econ. Ent.
15(4): 310-311.
14. The false apple red-bug (Lygidca inanda.v) in Pennsyl-
vania. Journ. Econ. Ent. 15: 102-104.
15. Two injurious fruit mites in Pennsylvania. Journ. Econ.
Ent. 15(5): 372.
16. Apple bud moths, apple leaf rollers, red spider and their
control. Pa. State College Bui. 170: 23.
17. Note on red spider control. State College Agric. Ext.
Circ. 95 : 34.
18. Apple leaf-rollers, red bug, peach mite (Phyllocoptcs
cornutus} and red spider. Pa. State College Bui. 176:
16, 17.
19. The red-banded leaf roller (with H. E. Hodgkiss). Pa.
State College Ext. Cir. 96: 1-11.
1923
20. An outbreak of the apple flea weevil (Orchestcs pallicornis
Say). Journ. Econ. Ent. 16: 394.
21. A new apple bud moth in Pennsylvania. Journ. Econ.
Ent. 16(3) : 304-307.
22. The Oriental peach moth (Laspeyresia molcsta Busck).
Journ. Econ. Ent. 16(4) : 393.
Ixixj ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 69
23. An outbreak of Amorbia hiuncrosana Clem., on apple.
Journ. Econ. Ent. 16(5) : 459.
24. Leaf-rollers injurious to apple, tests of dusts and liquid
sprays to control sucking and chewing insects. Pa.
State College Bui. 181 : 17, 18.
25. Experiments with dust on apple. Proc. State Hort. Assoc.
Pa. 64th Kept.: 131-133.
26. Late feeding worms. Proc. State Hort. Assoc. Pa.: 133,
134.
1924
27. Dusting for leafhoppers (Empoa rosae L.) on bearing
apple orchards. Journ. Econ. Ent. 17 : 262-264.
28. Two little-known leaf -miners of apple (Lepid. : Tineidae:
Curculionidae). Ent. News 35: 132-134.
29. Four years experiments on the control of red spider.
Journ. Econ. Ent. 17(1): 101-104.
30. Control of the European red spider. Proc. State Hort.
Assoc. 1(4) : 33.
31. The leaf-mining habit in the Coleoptera, part I. Annals
Ent. Soc. Amer. 17: 437-467.
32. Oil sprays, apple red-bugs. Pa. State College Bui. 188:
17.
33. The first report of the secretary of the Entomological So-
ciety of Pennsylvania. Journ. Econ. Ent. 17: 353.
34. Frogs as insect collectors. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 32:
173-185.
35. The value of oil sprays in the dormant and delayed dor-
mant. Proc. State Hort. Assoc. Pa. 1(4) : 66-70.
36. A study of the leaf-mining Diptera of North America.
Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 78: 1-228.
1925
37. Red spider, leaf-roller, Oriental fruit moth. Pa. State
College Bui. 196: 32.
38. Second report of the secretary of the Entomological Society
of Pennsylvania. Journ. Econ. Ent. 18: 433.
39. The delayed dormant oil spray for killing apple red-bugs.
Journ. Econ. Ent. 18(3) : 516-519.
40. Convergent development in leaf-mining insects. Ent.
News 36: 299-305.
70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NK\vs [Mar., 1958
41. The leaf-mining habit in the Hymenoptera. Annals Ent.
Soc. Ainer. 18: 399-414.
42. Birds and spiders. Nature Magazine, Nov.
4.x The cottony spiders. Nature Magazine, Oct.
44. The red-banded leaf roller. Pa. State College Bui. 197:
1-27.
45. Red spider, leaf-roller. Oriental fruit moth investigations.
Pa. State College Bui. 196: 32.
1926
46. The dusky leaf-roller. Pa. State College Bui. 205: 1-15.
47. Third report of the secretary of the Entomological Society
of Pennsylvania. Journ. Econ. Ent. 19: 210.
48. Certain genitalic characters in Laspeyresia uiolesta Busck
and Laspeyresia prunivora Walsh. Annals Ent. Soc.
Amer. 19(2) : 198-200.
49. Bait pails as a possible control for the Oriental fruit moth.
Journ. Econ. Ent. 19(3) : 440-450.
50. Note on the Oriental fruit moth. Proc. State Hort. Assoc.
Pa. 3(1): 37-38.
51. Apple leaf-rollers of the genera Amorbia, Archips, Eulia,
Pandcinis and Pcronia. Journ. Econ. Ent. 19(6) :
813-819.
52. Large game. Journ. Econ. Ent. 19: 868.
53. Oriental fruit moth, leaf-roller investigations. Pa. State
College Bui. 204 : 35-36.
54. Die Okologie der Blattmininerenden Insektenlarven von
Martin Hering (a review). Ent. News 37: 341-343.
1927
55. Notes on the life history of the bud moth Spilonota occllaini
D. & S. Journ. Agric. Res. 35(4) : 347-359.
56. Notes on the life history of the four-banded leaf-roller
Eulia quadrifasciana Fern. Can. Ent. 59: 149-152.
57. Further studies of baits for Oriental fruit moth control.
Journ. Econ. Ent. 20(1) : 167-174.
58. Three new species of Phytomysa (Agromyzidae, Diptera).
Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. 20(1) : 217-220.
59. Fourth report of the secretary of the Entomological Society
of Pennsylvania. Journ. Econ. Ent. 20(1) : 248.
60. Latest developments in Oriental fruit moth investigations.
Proc. Hort. Assoc. Pa. 4(2) : 102-106.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 71
61. Beneficial insects trapped in bait pails. Ent. News 38:
153-156.
62. Oriental fruit moth, leaf-roller investigations. Pa. State
College Bui. 4: 31-32.
63. Notes on Ortalidae (Dipt.). Ent. News 39(6) : 169-171.
1928
64. Continued studies of baits for Oriental fruit moth. Journ.
Econ. Ent. 21(2) : 339-346.
65. Notes on Ph\tom\sa with a description of a new species
(Diptera). Can. Ent. 40(4): 77-78.
66. Oriental fruit moth, leaf -roller, oil spray investigations.
Pa. State College Bui. 204 : 230.
67. Notes on oil emulsions with special reference to aphis on
apple. Journ. Econ. Ent. 3(21): 514-516.
68. Bibliography of liquid baits, (a note of its preparation)
Journ. Econ. Ent. 21(1) : 235.
69. Leaf -mining Insects. Williams & Wilkins Co., pp. 1-261.
70. Insect scatology. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. 21 : 36-46.
1929
71. Coleoptera taken from bait traps, (with Henry Dietrich)
Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. 22 : 427-437.
72. The Oriental fruit moth. Pa. State College Bui. 243 : 29.
73. Notes on Pennsylvania Ortalidae (Dipt. ) . Ent. News 40 :
84-87.
74. Fourth contribution to a study of baits with reference to
the Oriental fruit moth. Journ. Econ. Ent. 22 : 101-108.
1930
75. The leaf-miners of Aquilegia with a description of a new
species. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. 23(3) : 457-460.
76. A suggestion for relaxing small insects. Ent. News 41 :
152-153.
77. Some factors affecting the infestation of Oriental fruit
moth. Journ. Econ. Ent. 23(5): 813-821.
78. Oriental fruit moth. Pa. State College Bui. 258: 36, 37.
79. An unusual play house. In: Things for children to do and
make. Parents Magazine, Feb.
80. Collecting leaf-miners on Barro Colorado Island, Panama.
Scientific Monthly 30: 443-449.
72 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., 1958
1931
81. Oriental fruit moth. Pa. State College Bui. 266: 30.
82. Habits of leaf-mining Coleoptera on Barro Colorado Is-
land. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. 24(2) : 396-404.
83. New species of West Indian Agromyzidae (Diptera).
Ent. News 42: 72-76.
84. Some habits of the Oriental fruit moth in reference to baits.
Journ. Econ. Ent. 24(1) : 302-309.
85. Animal life on Barro-Colorado Island. Wash. Acad.
Science 21(8) : 173-175.
86. New North American Agromyzidae (Dipt.). Can. Ent.
43: 275-277.
87. Cordylura tricincta Loew, a leaf miner on Smilacina race-
mo sa (L.) Desf. (Dipt.: Scatopsidae). Ent News 42:
75-77.
88. Notes on the control of the codling moth, journ. Econ.
Ent. 25(1): 77-82.
89. The well-marked fruit worm Stenoma algid ella Walk.
Journ. Econ. Ent. 24: 1208-1213.
1932
90. Preliminary experiments with new spray materials against
the Oriental fruit moth. Journ. Econ. Ent. 25(2):
381-387.
91. Oriental fruit moth. Pa. State College Bui. 279: 16.
92. The amphibian in art and literature. Scientific Monthly
34:369-375.
93. Notes on feeding and moulting in frogs. Amer. Nat. 66 :
530-540.
1933
94. Summer oil emulsions against the oriental fruit moth and
other insects. Journ. Econ. Ent. 26(2) : 334-344.
95. Disturbances in the domestic tranquility of Chalybion
caeriileum (Hymen.: Sphecidae). Ent. News 44: 51.
1934
96. Notes on summer oil emulsions. Journ. Econ. Ent.
27(2) : 459-461.
97. A new species related to Agromysa vircns Loew (Dipt.:
Agromyzidae). Ent. News 45: 40-41.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 73
98. Oil sprays. Pa. State College Bui. 308 : 22.
99. Ancient fish admirers. Scientific Monthly 38(6) : 574-
578.
1935
100. The food of Rana catesbiana Shaw. Copeia (1) : 15-18.
101. 1934 notes on baits for Oriental fruit moth. Journ. Econ.
Ent. 28(2) : 366-369.
102. Dormant and delayed dormant sprays for aphids and red
spiders. Proc. State Hort. Assoc. Pa. 12(1) : 107-114.
103. Notes on summer contact sprays for peach. Journ. Econ.
Ent. 28(1): 196-197.
104. Indian sites of Adams County, Pennsylvania. Soc. for Pa.
Archaeology 4(4) : 14-20.
105. Notes on baits. Maryland Fruit Grower 5(1) : 7.
106. Oriental fruit moth, oil sprays. Pa. State College Bui.
320: 29.
1936
107. Tests on baits for Oriental fruit moth, 1935. Journ. Econ.
Ent. 29(4) : 757-760.
108. Ancient Artizans. Van Press, pp. 295.
109. Control of Oriental fruit moth. Proc. State Hort. Assoc.
Pa. 13(1):
110. New Central American Agromyzidae. Annals Ent. Soc.
Amer. 29(2) : 298-318.
111. Oriental fruit moth, oil sprays. Pa. State College Bui.
335 : 37-38.
112. A summary of insects attracted to liquid baits. Ent. News
47(3): 64-68; (4): 89-92.
113. Soap washes and oil emulsions as summer sprays for peach.
Journ. Econ. Ent. 29(2) : 365-369.
1937
114. Frederick Valentine Melsheimer. Proc. Lancaster County
Historic Soc. 41(6): 162-168.
115. San Bias Indians. National Archaeological News 1(2):
14.
116. New records for bait traps. Ent. News 48: 201-202.
117. Tests with summer oil emulsions on peach. Journ. Econ.
Ent. 30(4) : 658-663.
74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., 1958
118. Tests on baits for Oriental fruit moth, 1936. Journ. Econ.
Ent. 30(5): 693-695.
119. The insect motif in art. Scientific Monthly 44: 77-83.
120. Agriculture in Ecuador. Pa. State Farmer 3(3) : 72-73,
87.
121. New records from bait traps (Dipt., Coleop., Corrodentia).
Ent. News 48(7) : 201-202.
1938
122. Notes on wettable sulphur. Journ. Econ. Ent. 31(4) : 547.
123. Apparatus for measuring wind velocities during the appli-
cation of sprays. Pa. State College Bui. 367 : 58.
1941
124. Transparencies for certain insect and plant materials.
Journ. Econ. Ent. 34(2) : 319.
125. Meet the Rotary bug. The Rotarian, Oct.
1942
126. General Entomology. McGraw Hill Book Co., pp. 524.
127. Common insect larvae that attack apple in Pennsylvania.
Pa. State College Bui. 420 : 1-30.
128. No future in spider silk. Adventure Magazine 107(4) :
6, 8.
1943
129. Three new species of Diptera related to Agromyza pusilla
Meig. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 51 : 253-256.
1944
130. A case of parenteral care in the Heteroptera. (with V. R.
Haber) Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. 37(2) : 161-166.
131. The effects of infrared radiation on certain insects (with
L. E. Dills and J. E. Nicholas). Journ. Econ. Ent.
37(2) : 287-290.
132. An observation box for solitary bees and wasps. Journ.
Econ Ent. 36(5) : 803-804.
133. Hobbies, the frog. Rotarian 64(4) : 61.
134. Notes on the habits of Monobia quadridens ( Linn. ) . Ent.
News 55(1) : 10-14.
135. Types of arrowheads found in Adams County, I 3 a. So-
ciety for Pa. Archaeology 14(1) : 23-30.
136. Deticking. Adventure Magazine 111(2) : 134-135.
Ixixj ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 75
1945
137. Insects feeding or breeding on Indigo, Baptisia. )<mrn.
N. Y. Ent. Soc. 53(3) : 219-225.
138. Spurius veins in the wings of Exoprosopa fasciata Macq.
(Diptera). Ent. News 56: 104-106.
139. Teaching Entomology. Pa. Acad. Science 19: 30-33.
140. Strange oviposition habits of a treehopper. Journ. Econ.
Ent. 38(3) : 403.
141. A new leafhopper on cherry. Journ. Econ. Ent. 38(5) :
617-618.
142. The larva of Agonopteryx Iccontclla. Journ. Econ. Ent.
38(1) : 126.
1946
143. Apple fruit worms in Pennsylvania. Journ. Econ. Ent.
39(3): 418.
144. Additional notes on Baptisia insects. Journ. N. Y. Ent.
Soc. 34(1): 16.
1947
145. Obituary. Vernon Raymond Haber, 1887-1947. Journ.
Econ. Ent. 40(4) : 613.
1948
146. The leafhopper Cicadclla stellulata on cherry. Journ.
Econ. Ent. 41(3) : 513-514.
1949
147. The Simulidae of Pennsylvania. Ent News 60(5) : 129-
131.
148. Flea beetles attacking Cruciferae. Journ. Econ. Ent.
42(1) : 144-145.
149. The diamondback moth in Pennsylvania. Journ. Econ.
Ent. 42(4) : 681-682.
1950
150. Mosquitoes of twenty-six kinds pestering Pennsylvanians.
Science for the Farmer. Suppl. 1 to Pa. State Bui. 515.
151. Results of the Pennsylvania mosquito survey for 194S.
Mosquito News 10(2) : 65-68.
76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., 1958
1951
152. A little-known corn pest. Science for the Farmer. Sup-
plement 1, Pa. State Bui. 540: 9.
153. Insects that attack apple in Pennsylvania. Pa. State Col-
lege Bui. 535 : 1-30.
1952
154. Light traps for insect collection, survey and control. Pa.
State College Bui. 550 : 1-32
155. Unusual catches in light traps. Ent.News 43(6) : 151-
152.
156. Miridae from light traps. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 60:
237-240.
1953
157. A correction (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Ent. News 44:
104.
158. Tabanidae attracted to light. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer.
46(1): 124-125.
159. Responses of insects to black and white light. Journ.
Econ. Ent. 46(2) : 376-377.
160. Cave insects. In: Caves of Pennsylvania. The American
Caver Bui. 15: 24-26.
1954
161. One hundred years of professional entomology. Science
for the Farmer 2(1) : 3, 4.
162. Responses of insects to black and white light. Journ.
Econ. Ent. 47(2) : 275-278.
163. A new name for Phytomysa subpusilla Frost. Ent. News
63 : 73.
164. The little fellows that destroy our fruits. Science for the
Farmer 2(6): 8.
165. Numerical relations between phytophagous insects and
their hosts. Scientific Monthly 79(1): 10-12.
1955
166. Responses of insects to ultra violet lights. Journ. Econ.
Ent. 48(2) : 155-156.
167. New Agromyzidae from Japan, II (with M. Sasakawa).
Mushi 27(2) : 49-52.
Ixixj ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 77
168. Cutworms of Pennsylvania. Pa. State College Bui 596'
1-29.
169. Problems of topical stamp collecting. Topical time 6(1) :
oV.
170. The bee on postage stamps. Stamps 92(8) : 266-268.
171. Membracidae attracted to light. Ent. News 55(3) : 63-64.
172. Mecoptera prefer a motel (with G. H. Beattv) Ent
News 66 : 260.
173. History of the Department of Zoology-Entomology. Spe-
cial mimeographed article January 1, 1955.
174. A preliminary study of Pennsylvania Mecoptera (with J.
P. Brown). Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 43: 53-58.
175. More about Membracidae at lights. Ent. News 55(3) :
62-64.
1956
176. A bibliography of insects on stamps. Ent. News 47 :
192-193.
177. The insect repellent lamp? Ent. News 47(10) : 261-263.
178. Pennsylvania State University. In: Entomological De-
partments. Ent. News 47 : 77-79.
179. Mounting topicals. Topical Time 7(5) : 259.
180. Insect survey of State wide interest. Science for the
Farmer 3(4) : 5.
181. Animals infrequently used on postage stamps. Weekly
Philatelic Gossip 63(18) : 556.
182. United States postmarks bearing insect names. Stamps
94(1): 20-21.
1957
183. Camels on stamps. Weekly Philatelic Gossip 62(19):
590-591.
184. How to recognize the black widow. Adventure Magazine
132(5): 91.
185. Some habits of the praying mantis. Adventure Magazine.
April.
186. Stamps of the Dutch Colonies featuring Queen Wilhelmina
and sphinx moths. Weekly Philatelic Gossip 64(26) :
780-783.
187. Sphinx moths of Dutch Colonies stamps. Biol. Tid-Bits
7(2) : 75.
78 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS | Mar., 1958
188. The Pennsylvania insect light trap. Journ. Econ. Ent.
50(3) : 287-292.
189. Strength of ants against man. Adventure Magazine
133(2) :8.
190. United States postmarks hearing insect names. Biol. Tid-
Bits 6(5): 142-143.
191. Animals infrequently used on stamps. Topical Digest,
Handbook 15, Amer. Topical Assoc. : 38.
Notes and News in Entomology
Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will
be acknowledged when used.
Hymenoptera of the Budapest Museum
Dr. Erdos Jozsef of Tompa, Hungary, has written to me that
the wing of the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest that
contains the Hymenoptera collection has remained intact. The
present curator of Hymenoptera is Nemethne Bajari Erzsebet,
a specialist in the families Ichneumonidae, Sphegidae and Mutil-
lidae. J. C. BRADLEY
Publication Announcement
The Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Ento-
mology, held in Montreal, Canada, in August, 1956, are expected
to be ready for distribution in late 1958. The price is $75.00
postpaid for the set of four volumes. Since a limited number
will be printed only orders received before May 1, 1958, can
be guaranteed.
The Proceedings will contain nearly 700 scientific contribu-
tions, many accompanied by illustrations. The four volumes,
comprising over 4200 pages, will constitute an indispensable
work of reference for many years since most of the material is
not being published elsewhere.
For further information write : Tenth International Congress
of Entomology, Science Service Building, Ottawa, Canada.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 79
Centennial News
The committee for planning the CENTENNIAL COMMEMORA-
TION in 1959 of the founding of the American Entomological
Society reports the following contributors during the past year
to the special fund for this purpose :
Dr. R. David Anderson, Downingtown, Pa.
Mr. Robert C. Bechtel, Reno, Nev.
Mr. Raymond Q. Bliss, Philadelphia, Pa.
Mr. Marvin H. Brunson, Moorestown, N. J.
Dr. Philip P. Calvert, Cheyney, Pa.
Dr. Kenneth W. Cooper, Rochester, N. Y.
Dr. A. da Costa Lima, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Dr. H. R. Dodge, Missoula, Mont.
Dr. Howard Evans, Ithaca, N. Y.
Dr. Richard M. Fox, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Mr. Charles T. Greene, College Park, Md.
Dr. J. Linsley Gressitt, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Dr. Edwin R. Helwig, Boulder, Colo.
Mr. Fred B. Jacobson, Philadelphia, Pa.
Mr. Karl B. Krombein, Washington, D. C.
Mr. D. M. Fleming, Philadelphia, Pa.
Mr. J. A. G. Rehn, Philadelphia, Pa.
Dr. Rudolf G. Schmieder, Elwyn, Pa.
Dr. R. E. Snodgrass, Washington, D. C.
Dr. Harry G. Walker, Rome, Italy.
Dr. Joseph L. Williams, Philadelphia, Pa.
These 21 contributors are in addition to the 15 listed in the
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, December 1956 (p. 266) and the total
is now about 24% of the present membership. The primary
purpose of the fund is to present a special program marking the
beginning of the second century for the Society, early in Feb-
ruary or March 1959, and for publishing this as a greatly en-
larged issue of the NEWS. Further contributions will be wel-
comed and will be acknowledged here. They should be sent to
the American Entomological Society, 1900 Race Street, Phila-
delphia 3, Pa.
80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., 1958
Review
ANNOTATED CATALOGUE OF AFRICAN GRASSHOPPERS. Com-
piled by H. B. Johnston, with a preface by B. P. Uvarov. xxii
+ 833 pp. Cambridge, England (Cambridge University Press,
published for the Anti-Locust Research Centre). 1956. Price
5, 5 shillings (in the United States $18.50).
The preface of this timely and most important reference work,
for both systematic and economic workers concerned with the
acridoid fauna of Africa, was prepared by Dr. Uvarov, Director
of the Anti-Locust Research Centre. His resume of various
aspects of locust problems in Africa should be read by all con-
cerned with these matters in other areas. As there explained
it was found essential for a sound approach to an understanding
of African grasshopper problems to have a comprehensive syste-
matic catalogue as a basis for work. The last world catalogue
of the Acridoidea, published in 1910 by Kirby, was faulty in
numerous respects ; while the intervening years have seen an
enormous increase in our knowledge of these insects, in Africa
as elsewhere.
At the request of the Anti-Locust Research Centre, Dr.
Johnston, who for years had been closely associated with locust
problems in the Sudan and elsewhere, and whose knowledge of
the fauna is comprehensive, devoted some years to the comple-
tion of the present catalogue, which brings together our knowl-
edge of the systematics of African grasshoppers as of the end
of the year 1953. All the families of the Acridoidea found in
Africa, except the Tetrigidae, are included.
As the introduction states, "Nothing new in synonymy, tax-
onomy or distribution has been introduced, and though the
arrangement of the material may present certain novel features,
the work is in no sense a revision but merely a reference book."
It would be a wonderful thing if those preparing similar cata-
logues could be persuaded to allow their presentations to rest
solely on previously published analytic work, and to restrain
tendencies to rearrange things without adequate presentation of
reasons or demonstrable evidence. Unlike the treatment found
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 81
in numerous catalogues, the compiler has added a bibliography
covering thirty-seven pages, which arrangement has materially
reduced the bulk of the work by permitting the use of reduced
reference citations. Aside from its immediate usefulness to one
consulting the catalogue, this bibliography will be of the greatest
value to present and future students of African grasshoppers.
The coverage of the catalogue embraces the continent of Africa
and "the adjacent islands of the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean."
The species whose distribution ranges extend beyond Africa
required special treatment, and for these the more important
non-African references and some of their synonymy are also
included. In the case of the swarming locusts, on account of the
great bulk of the economic and correlated literature bearing on
them, it has been found possible to quote only the purely taxo-
nomic and faunistic references for the five major African species
of this category.
Since limitation of space has compelled the use of as concise
an arrangement as possible consistent with clarity and ease of
reference, full journal references are omitted from the systematic
arrangement, but the papers can readily be located in the bibli-
ography to which references are given by author, year and page.
A system of symbols has been utilized to indicate the location of
illustrations, misdeterminations, and preoccupied and substituted
names. Genera have been arranged into subfamilies, tribes and
groups according to usage as expressed in print up to the end
of 1953. The compiler has noted "it is necessary to state here
that no taxonomic or nomenclatorial value is attached to any
names above the generic rank." In view of the fact that there
are among some students of the African grasshopper fauna
marked differences of opinion as to the worth, relative value
and scope of numerous higher entities, Dr. Johnston is to be
congratulated on this policy.
Immediately after the name of the genus, that of its type spe-
cies is given, with an indication by a suitable term as to how,
when, and by whom this was designated. The species in each
genus are arranged alphabetically, subspecies are given under
the nominate species with their treatment in general the same
82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., 1958
as full species. References are arranged chronologically under
species. Type localities are those "given by the original author
with such supplementary information as may be given by a
later reviser." The location of the type has been given wherever
possible, "according to direct indication by the author, by infer-
ence from the original text, or from later references in litera-
ture," the owning institution being indicated by its abbreviated
name, a listing of which is given in the introduction. Some few
institutions cited in the body of the work, however, are not given
in the introductory listing.
A very useful set of summarized annotations has been used
to broaden the value of the catalogue as a reference work.
These, given after each species, indicate which of the references
cited presents a description, a figure, is in a key to species, or
discusses the morphology, nymphal stages, ecology, bionomics,
economic importance and distribution. Under the latter the
references, which are individually numbered under each species,
are grouped under North Africa, West Africa, East Africa,
Central Africa, South Africa, Indian Ocean Islands, Atlantic
Islands, and extra-African distribution.
To those who have prepared catalogues, even if only for per-
sonal use and not for publication, the amount of labor involved
is well known and appreciated, and the meticulous way in which
Dr. Johnston has brought together the exceedingly extensive
and widely scattered information, which is summarized in this
work, merits all possible praise. He, like all true bibliographers,
has taken nothing second-hand, and citation errors of the past,
which in some cases have been handed down through the years,
have been corrected. The impersonal way in which the com-
piler has handled the literature gives to his work an exceptional
character. The catalogue is fully indexed, and is as a whole a
splendid piece of bookmaking. In its taxonomic, phylogenetic,
and related aspects it is an excellent reference work, clearly a
model for comprehensiveness, cohesiveness and ease of handling.
To Dr. Johnston, to the Anti-Locust Research Centre, and to
Dr. Uvarov, who inspired it, go the thanks of all who work to
any degree with African acridoids. To the entomological fra-
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 83
ternity there has been given a model for similar works on other
areas. Also we are promised supplements which will keep the
general coverage of the subject relatively up to date.
JAMES A. G. REHN
Books Received
CAMRAS, S. and P. D. HURD. The Conopid flies of Cali-
fornia. Bull. Calif. Insect Survey. Vol. 6, No. 2. Pp. 19-49.
4 figs., 25 maps. 1957. Price $6.75.
ELDRIDGE, B. E. and M. T. JAMES. The typical muscid flies
of California. Bull. Calif. Insect Survey. Vol. 6, No. 1. Pp.
1-17. 3 plates, 4 maps. 1957. Price $0.50.
LANGSTON, R. L. A synopsis of hymenopterous parasites of
Malacosoma in California. Univ. of Cal. Publications in
Entomology. Vol. 14, No. 1. Pp. 1-50. Univ. of Cal. Press,
Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1957. Price $1.00.
Ross, E. S. The Embioptera of California. Vol. 6, No. 3.
Pp. 51-57. 7 figs. 1957. Price $0.50.
SNODGRASS, R. E. A revised interpretation of the external
reproductive organs of male insects. Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Collection. Vol. 135, No. 6. 1957. Pp. 60, ill. Washington,
D. C, 1957.
This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for
advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices
not exceeding three lines free to subscribers.
These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow ;
the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, only when neces-
sary those at the top (being longest in) are discontinued.
Conopidae of the World wanted. Will pay lOtf to $1.00 for pinned
and labelled specimens. S. Camras, 4407 N. Milwaukee Ave., Chicago
30, Illinois.
Anisoptera Nearctic sp. wanted for exchange, espec. Ophiog., Arigom.,
Aeschna, Neurocor., Somatoc., Cordulia, Dorocor., Leucor. R. D. Cuyler,
Dept. of Entomology, N. C. State College, Raleign, N. C.
Bembicini and Stizini (Hym., Sphec.) of New World wanted for revis.
study. Will return upon request or at end of project. James E. Gillaspy,
Dept. of Zoology, Univ. Texas, Austin 12, Texas.
Agapema galbina. Will exchange cocoons of this moth for nature
books. E. Frizzell, Route 4, Box 96, San Benito, Texas.
Tenebrionidae of the World wanted, in exchange for insects of Argen-
tina and neighboring countries. Horacio J. Molinari, Av. Lib. Gral. San
Martin 55, Acassuso (Buenos Aires), Rep. Argentina.
Butterflies. Wish to exchange specimens for Japanese species. Please
write to Ichiro Nakamura (Boy, age 16), 26 Aza-Nishiyama Obayashi
Takarazuka-shi, Hyogo-Ken, Japan.
Phasmidae of nearctic area desired alive. Purchase or trade, drawing
on large stock of major orders, worldwide. Dominick J. Pirone, Dept.
Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
Melanotus (Elateridae). Revising Nearctic species; desire to see all
available specimens. Will return at end of study. L. W. Quate, Depart-
ment of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr.
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THE NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF THE
'SUBGENUS AESCHNA' SENSU SELYSII 1883
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By Philip P. Calvert
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
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Vol. LXIX No. 4
CONTENTS
Woolley and Baker Key to the Oribatei 85
Crabill Centipedes from Wisconsin 93
(( MAY 2 ? 1958 ))
Hull Some robber flies \\ .//..... 99
Kempf Synonymic notes on ants 108
Review Studies on the comparative ethology of digger wasps
of the genus Bembix Ill
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOL. LXIX APRIL, 1958 No. 4
A Key to the Superfamilies and Principal Families
of the Oribatei (Sarcoptiformes: Acarina)
By TYLER A. WOOLLEY,* Department of Zoology, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, and EDWARD W.
BAKER, Entomology Research Division, Agr. Res.
Serv, U. S. D. A.
Although several keys to the oribatids are available, none is
completely adequate. Cited in chronological order, these keys
are in the publications of Sellnick (1928), Willmann (1931),
and Baker and Wharton (1952). Grandjean (1953) and Dubi-
nin (1954) wrote papers on classification and presented the
oribatids at the family and superfamily level, but neither had a
key. This paper is an attempt to direct and help organize the
thinking of acarologists and students at the higher taxonomic
levels, and to consolidate the differentiating characters of the
common families in a simple key.
Some of the taxonomic designations indicated in this paper
differ with respect to existing arrangements in the literature.
The writers feel, however, that the simplified system included
here will facilitate the identification of the oribatids to family
and that minor differences in the systematic designations at this
level will be resolved as the taxonomy of the whole group
becomes clarified.
The following key to the higher categories and principal fami-
lies of oribatid mites is a nature sequel to the paper A PRE-
LIMINARY ACCOUNT OF THE PHYLOGENY OF THE ORIBATEI, pre-
sented by the senior author at the Tenth International Congress
1 Research of the senior author supported by funds from the National
Science Foundation.
(85)
SMITHSONIAN
INSTITUTION MAY 1 3
86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1958
of Entomology at Montreal, Canada, in the summer of 1956.
Such a key was intended as a corporate part of that paper, which
is in press, but could not be included in the publication because
of limited space. The present key follows the systematic ar-
rangement of this article in most instances, although one or two
obvious alterations have been made.
The writers have included some generalized drawings for ori-
entation purposes, but have illustrated specific points in the key
by citing figures in the literature. Three sources of figures are
indicated by the letters of the authors' names, viz., Baker and
Wharton (1952), Sellnick (1928), and Willmann (1931). The
figure numbers in these works are cited following the initial
letter of the author's surname, e.g., Baker and Wharton, Fig.
372, is rendered B&W 372 ; Willmann, Fig. 27, becomes W 27 ;
Sellnick, Figs. 37-40, is indicated as S 37-40.
In spite of certain exceptions, the key should provide the
means to identify the more common oribatids to superfamily
and family. In one or two cases a minor group, which may be
considered a separate family by some other authors but which
bears general resemblance to a larger family, is incorporated in
the larger family. In other cases, families, although lacking
specific key characters, are placed in a particular superfamily
because of general resemblance. Indications of both of these
situations are handled by footnotes.
A Key to the Superfamilies and Families of Oribatei
1. Usually sclerotized ; body divided into propodosoma and
hysterosoma dorsally, sometimes by a distinct suture ;
mouth parts not visible from above ; setal pattern sim-
ple and not always obvious 2
Soft-bodied ; body usually undivided ; setae distinct in
transverse rows ; mouth parts visible from above
PALAEACAROIDEA Grandjean, 1953
(B&W 313) Palaeacaridae Grandjean, 1932 2
2. Prosoma and opisthosoma not movably hinged together
(Fig. 1) 5
- The writers include in this single family designation the three groups
indicated by Grandjean (1953), viz., Archeonothridae, Palaeacaridae, and
Ctenacaridae.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 87
Prosoma and opisthosoma movably hinged together,
armadillo-like (Fig. 2)
PHTHIRACAROIDEA Grandjean, 1953 3
3. Genital and anal plates contiguous (Figs. 34) 4
Genital and anal plates separate (Fig. 5 ; B&W 373, 374 ;
S 88 ; W 341, 342) Mesoplophoridae Jacot, 1923
4. With segmented opisthosoma (B&W 372)
Protoplophoridae Jacot, 1923
With unsegmented opisthosoma (B&W 375; S 89-91;
W 345, 346) Phthiracaridae Perty, 1841
5. Genital and anal plates not contiguous, or if approaching
one another, without adgenital-anal plates (Fig. 5) 9
Genital and anal plates flatly contiguous and usually with
narrow adgenital-anal plates
CAMISIOIDEA Dubinin, 1954 6
6. With pseudostigmatic organs 7
Without pseudostigmatic organs (a small bristle present)
(B&W 327; S 36, 37; W 41, 44, 45, 50)
Malaconothridae Berlese, 1916
7. Insertions of legs I-II and III-IV usually separated by
a transverse suture (prosoma and metapodosoma pres-
ent) ; dorsum of hysterosoma cylindrical or rounded,
never with longitudinal ridges 8
Insertions of legs I-IV contiguous, fused together (pro-
soma present) ; dorsum of hysterosoma usually flat-
tened, sometimes with longitudinal ridges (B&W 328;
S 40-44; W 55, 56, 61-63, 70, 71)
Camisiidae Sellnick, 1928
8. Dorsum of hysterosoma without transverse sutures ;
hysterosoma cylindrical, flatly arched (B&W 321,
322; W 16, 17) Lohmanniidae Grandjean, 1931
Dorsum of hysterosoma usually with one or more trans-
verse sutures ; hysterosoma rounded or sometimes
highly arched (B&W 325, 326; S 45-49; W 19,
28-30) Hypochthonidae Berlese, 1910 ;
9. Without pteromorphs or shoulder patches 10
With nU-romorphs, which may be reduced to small
shoulder patches 24
10. Without a suture between genital and anal plates 13
With a complete or an incomplete transverse suture be-
tween genital and anal plates
NANHERMANNOIDEA, new superfamily 11
8 Including Enarthronota and Parhypochthoniidae of Grandjcan
88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1958
11. Suture separating genital and anal plates complete 12
Suture between genital and anal plates incomplete, not
meeting medially, crescentic (B&W 317, 318; S 34
W 12-15) Nanhermanniidae Sellnick, 1924
12. Genital and anal plate each lies in its own ventral plate;
plates separated by a transverse suture ; pseudostig-
matic organs clavate and setose (B&W 319)
Epilohmanniidae Oudemans, 1923
Genital and anal plates lie in the common ventral plate ;
plates separated by a U-shaped suture ; pseudostig-
matic organ a simple or feather bristle (B&W 316;
S 52; W 10, 11) Eulohmanniidae Grandjean, 1931
13. Genital and anal plates separate 17
Genital and anal plates approximate, but not surrounded
by an adgenital-anal plate ; anal plate usually longer
than genital plate ; hysterosoma globose
HERMANNIELLOIDEA Dubinin, 1954 14
14. Dorsum reflected ventrally 15
Dorsum not reflected ventrally ; with indistinct transverse
apodeme between genital and anal plates (B&W 347,
348) Plateremaeidae Tragardh, 1931
15. Without glandular tubes on lateral margins of body 16
With tubes on margins of body (B&W 343, 344; S 58;
W 175) Hermanniellidae Grandjean, 1934
16. Genital plates entire (B&W 329; S 35; W 76-78)
Hermanniidae Sellnick, 1928
Genital plates divided by a transverse suture (B&W 332,
333; S 53; W 81-83) Neoliodidae Willmann, 1913
17. Usually rugose, flat, without characteristic ventral
apodeme IV CARABODOIDEA Dubinin, 1954 18
Usually smooth, rounded, with apodeme IV bisecting, or
transecting at least anterior border of genital aperture
(Fig. 5) ' BELBIDOIDEA Dubinin, 1954 20
18. With conspicuous pseudostigmatic organs ; propodosoma
separated from hysterosoma by suture 19
Pseudostigmatic organs inconspicuous ; propodosoma in-
completely separated from hysterosoma (B&W 342;
W 183) Ameronothridae Willmann, 1931
19. With lamellae; dorsum of body rounded (B&W 341;
S 52-66; W 176, 179, 184-187, 194, 204)
Carabodidae Willmann, 1931 4
Without lamellae ; hysterosoma usually with raised mar-
gins, highly reticulate and with a clear round area on
4 Includes Cepheidae of Grandjean (1953).
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 89
anterior dorsal margin (B&W 334, 335; S 55-57;
W 86-89) Cymberemaeidae Willmann, 1931
20. Chelicerae with opposed chelae 21
Chelicerae whiplike, serrate, without opposed chelae
(B&W 353; S 50; W 233)
Gustaviidae Willmann, 1931 5
21. Lamellae dorsal; legs not for jumping 22
Lamellae ridgelike, marginal ; legs IV may be for jump-
ing, with enlarged apodemes (B&W 351, 352; S 51;
W 230-232) Zetorchestidae Michael, 1898 5 - 6
22. Lamellae not prominent, or if so, not converging ; propo-
dosoma relatively large 23
Lamellae usually prominent, convergent ; with a rela-
tively small propodosoma (B&W 349, 350; S 71;
W 207, 214) Liacaridae Willmann, 1931
23. Usually rounded, without well-developed lamellae ; legs
usually with drop-shaped segments (B&W 337, 338;
S 72-79; W 96-99, 114, 121)
Belbidae Willmann, 1931 7
Usually elongate, with ridgelike lamellae ; leg segments
may have slight keel, segments usually not drop-
shaped (Figs. 5, 6; B&W 339, 340; S 80-87; W 131,
147, 159, 160, 171-173) Eremaeidae Willmann, 1931 >
24. Pteromorphs large or small, but without sutures separat-
ing them from hysterosoma 25
Pteromorphs with complete or incomplete suture separat-
ing them from hysterosoma
PELOPOIDEA, new superfamily 31
25. Pteromorphs with cusps pointed anteriorly ; usually with
broad lamellae
ORIBATELLOIDEA, new superfamily 26
Pteromorphs without cusps, are shoulder patches or
other than above; lamellae large or reduced (Fig. IB)
ORIBATULOIDEA, new superfamily 28
D Although the basic superfamily character is the fourth coxal apodeme,
which the Gustaviidae and Zetorchestidae do not possess, these families
are placed here because of their general appearance.
G Grandjean (1954) raised the genus Zetomotrichiis to family rank,
Zetomotrichidae.
1 The Belbidae and Eremaeidae are frequently difficult to separate.
Eremaeidae, as designated here, includes the family Oppidae Grandjean,
1953. These mites resemble most eremaeids, but are usually of extremely
small size.
90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1958
26. Pteromorphs projecting forward beyond anterior mar-
gin of hysterosoma or with long, anterior cusps
(Fig. 1A) 27
Pteromorphs not projecting forward and without long
anterior cusps (Fig. IB ; B&W 360; S 10, 11 ; W 306,
310, 314) Oribatellidae Jacot, 1925
27. Entire pteromorph pointed, extending anteriorly at hori-
zontal level (B&W 356; S 68; W 209)
Tenuialidae Jacot, 1929
Pteromorph with a narrow, anterior cusp, wich may be
decurved (B&W 363 ; S 7 ; W 315, 322, 323, 326)
Achipteriidae van der Hammen, 1952
(== Notaspididae Oudemans, 1900)
28. Propodosoma and hysterosoma broadly joined, propodo-
soma not partially covered by hysterosoma 29
Hysterosoma expanded dorsally to cover basal portion of
propodosoma and pseudostigmatic organs (B&W 355)
Oripodidae Jacot, 1925
29. Lamellae small to normal ; propodosoma much smaller
than hysterosoma 30
Lamellae large, almost covering propodosoma, some-
times scrolled and bizarre ; propodosoma subequal to
hysterosoma in length (B&W 362)
Microzetidae Grandjean, 1936
30. Usually with six pairs of genital setae ; lamellae with
anterior cusps; pteromorphs decurved (B&W 359;
S 12-26; W 251-260, 270. 272, 283)
Ceratozetidae Jacot, 1925
Usually with four pairs of genital setae ; lamellae with-
out anterior cusps ; pteromorphs horizontal shoulder
patches or reduced (B&W 357, 358; S 30-33; W
222-227, 234, 238) Oribatulidae Jacot, 1929
Explanation of terms
AD G-A PL . . Adgenital-anal plate PROS Prosoma
AP IV Apodemata IV PS Pseudostigmata
HYST Hysterosoma PSO Pseudostigmatic organ
ILH Interlamellar seta PTM Pteromorph
L Lamella RH Rostral seta
LC Lamellar cusp TECT . . . .Tectopedium
LH Lamellar seta TL Translamella
OPISTH ....Opisthosoma V PL Ventral plate
PROP Propodosoma
Ixix]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
91
LH
PTM+.
\
1
;
1
\\
HY!ST
;
1
J
1
n
1
1
I
C
PTM
APIV-
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
FIG. 1. A schematic drawing of a pterogasterine oribatid from the dorsal
aspect, showing two arrangements of pteromorphs and lamellae.
FIG. 2. A schematic drawing of a phthiracaroid mite from the lateral
aspect, showing the armadillo-like arrangement of the body.
FIG. 3. The ventral aspect of a camisioid mite, showing the contiguous
genital and anal plates with the adgenital-anal plates. (After Sellnick,
1955.)
FIG. 4. The ventral aspect of a camisioid mite, showing genital and anal
plates without adgenital-anal plates. (After Schweizer, 1956.)
FIG. 5. The ventral aspect of an eremaeid mite, showing apodeme IV.
(After Forsslund, 1957.)
FIG. 6. The dorsal aspect of an eremaeid mite, showing the lamellae and
other propodosomal features. (After Forsslund, 1957.)
92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1958
31. Pteromorphs freely hinged and well developed; cheli-
cerae normal; propodosoma not covered by hystero-
soma 32
Pteromorphs weakly developed ; chelicerae usually at-
tenuated ; propodosoma partly covered by hystero-
soma; interlamellar setae may be spatulate (B&W 365,
366; S 27, 28; W 327-340) Pelopidae Ewing, 1917
32. Pteromorphs large, extending anteriorly and posteriorly
beyond attachment to hysterosoma 33
Pteromorphs relatively small, triangular, not extending
posteriorly or anteriorly, decurved (B&W 364)
Haplozetidae Grandjean, 1936
33. With reduced lamellae which are usually marginal 34
With broad lamellae, which cover propodosoma (B&W
371) Epactozetidae Grandjean, 1936
34. Pteromorphs rounded anteriorly ; with 5 pairs of genital
setae (B&W 357, 368; S 8, 9; W 293, 295, 296)
Galumnidae Grandjean, 1936
Pteromorphs pointed anteriorly ; with 4 pairs of genital
setae (B&W 369, 370)
Parakalummidae Grandjean, 1936
LITERATURE CITED
BAKER, E. W., and G. W. WHARTON. 1952. An introduction to acarol-
ogy. Macmillan Co. New York.
DUBININ, V. B. 1954. Izvest. Akad. Nauk SSSR. Biol. Ser. no. 4, pp.
59-75.
GRANDJEAN, F. 1953. Bull. Soc. Zool. France 78(5-6) : 421-446.
-. 1954. Ann. Soc. Ent. France 123: 1-16.
SELLNICK, M. 1928. Formenkreis : Hornmilben, Oribatei. In Die Tier-
welt Mitteleuropas 3(4/9) : 1-42.
WILLMANN, K. 1931. Moosmilben oder Oribatiden (Oribatei). In
Tierwelt Deutschlands 22(5) : 79-200.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 93
On a Collection of Centipedes from Wisconsin
(Chilopoda)
By R. E. CRABILL, JR., Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D. C.
The following records constitute one of the two known faunal
reports on the significant and polyglot chilopod population of
Wisconsin. 1 It has been made possible through the energy and
generosity of Dr. and Mrs. Herbert W. Levi of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology at Harvard. I should like to express my
gratitude to them for the sizable collection of carefully preserved
specimens of which most of the present localities are repre-
sentative.
Though this report is admittedly fragmentary and introduc-
tory, in my estimation it still suggests at least that the state sup-
ports a rather versatile fauna, more versatile than the mid-
western states' immediately to the south. This is apparent from
the coexistence in Wisconsin of typical Austral and Transitional
species, the latter evidently more prevalent than the former.
For example we find such cold-adapted forms as Escaryus urbi-
cus, Lithobiiis jorficatus, and Taiyubius harrielae but also such
Austral species as Arenophilus bipuncticeps and Sosibius sp.,
the advance of the latter no doubt being encouraged by the same
edaphic and particularly climatic conditions that support the ex-
tension of the midwestern prairie into the extreme southeastern
counties.
In the ensuing discussion collection stations are identified by a
formula following each species name. A capital letter refers to
a county, and the associated number to a locality within that
county. The list of counties below is arranged as they occur
from north to south : an asterisk indicates a Levi collection, the
absence of one that the record is drawn, instead, from the
literature.
1 An earlier report is D. C. Matthews' unpublished doctorate thesis,
"The Chilopoda of Wisconsin," The University of Wisconsin, Thesis,
1935.
94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1958
A. ASHLAND : 1 Ashland. B. MARINETTE : 1 Marinette.
C. LANGLADE : 1 Antigo. D. BARRON : 1 Haugen. E. EAU
CLAIRE: 1 Eau Claire. F. CLARKE: 1 Neilsville, 12 miles
southeast of. G. BUFFALO : 1 Fountain City, 10 miles east of.
H. JACKSON: 1 Merrillan. I. PORTAGE: 1 Coddington, 3
miles east of. J. WAUPACA : 1 Waupaca. K. LA CROSSE : 1
La Crosse, 8 miles southeast of. L. MONROE : 1 Portland,
4 miles south of. M. SHEBOYGAN : 1 Cedar Creek. N. CO-
LUMBIA : 1 Okee, 1 mile southwest of; 2 Prairie du Lac,
1 mile east of ; 3 Columbus. O. SAUK : 1 Baxter's Hollow ;
2 Devil's Lake State Park ; 3 Eagle Bluffs, 5 miles south-
west of Sank City ; 4 Parfrey's Glen ; 5 Baraboo at Devil's
Lake. P. VERNON : 1 Wildcat Mountain State Park. Q.
CRAWFORD : 1 Wauzeka, 8 miles east of ; 2 Wauzeka ; 3
Hartwick Pines. R. GRANT : 1 Wyalusing State Park. S.
IOWA : 1 Dodgeville, 7 miles northwest of ; 2 Gibralter Rock
near Dodgeville ; 3 Clyde, 3 miles southeast of. T. DANE : 1-
Madison ; 2 Cross Plains. U. ROCK : 1 Janesville ; 2
Beloit. V. WALMOUTH : 1 Delavan.
GEOPHILOMORPHA
Schcndyla ueiuorensis (C. L. Koch). [T-l*]. Two males,
each with 41 pairs of legs, were captured in leaf litter. This
tiny schendylid, which is quite common in western Europe, is
now known to be widespread east of the Mississippi River where
it prefers the colder, wetter winters of the more northern states.
Both this and the next species show a remarkable tolerance to
cold ; I have found both in the vicinity of Ithaca, New York un-
der snow-covered stones during brief February thaws.
Escaryus urbicus (Meinert). [O-l*]. A single male with 41
pairs of legs was found. To date this species has been recorded
from a few localities in Massachusetts, New York, and montane
Virginia, but west of the Appalachians it had been known only
from Ohio and Minnesota. Such records, however fragmen-
tary, suggest a distribution in the colder or mountainous parts
of the northeastern North American continent.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 95
Arcnophilus bipuncticcps (H. C. Wood). [T-l*. U-l|. A
male with 59 and a female with 67 pairs of legs were collected
at Madison. The presence of what is probably our most wide-
spread Austral geophilomorph in southern Wisconsin points
to an extension of elements of the midwestern fauna northward
into this region. In the extreme east it extends up the Atlantic
seaboard through Long Island even as far as maritime Mas-
sachusetts, though its presence inland has never been demon-
strated. Perhaps the shorter growing season and colder winters
preclude its invading New York north of New York City and
interior and upper New England. The peculiar tendency of
this animal, when disturbed, often to retreat backwards at some
speed has proved a good field character : I have detected this
remarkable behavior in no other eastern North American
geophilomorph.
Geophilus vittatus (Raf.) [olun G. rnbcns Say]. [C-l, J-l*,
L-l*, O2*-3*, P-l*, R-l*, S-l*, T-l*, V-l j . Numerous speci-
mens were collected throughout the southern two-thirds of the
state. More abundant and more widely-dispersed than any
other centipede in Wisconsin, vittatus similarly is probably the
most ubiquitous and commonly-encountered chilopod in North
America east of the Rocky Mountains. It has been recorded
from New England to Nebraska and Arizona, though in the ex-
treme south it appears to prefer the higher, hence more tem-
perate, elevations. Afield I have found it typically under tree
bark, where the females may be found brooding their eggs and
young in the spring and early summer, but it seems distinctly
less common under stones and debris on the ground.
Strigauiia chionophila H. C. Wood [sensu lat.}. [A-l, F-l*,
K-l*, O-l*-2*-4*-5, P-l*, Q-2*. R-l*, S-l*-3*, T-l*]. Re-
search nearing completion at the present time shows that at least
three sibling species have been referred to the Wood name in
the past ; consequently to keep confusion at a minimum pending
publication of these studies, I am assigning all of the Wisconsin
specimens provisionally to chionophila. Members of at least
two species of this complex were found to be quite prevalent in
the state, each locality yielding a number of specimens from leaf
litter.
96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1958
Strigamia bothriopa H. C. Wood [sensu stricto]. [H-l*,
O-l*-2*-3*, P-l*, Q-l*, R-l*, T-l*-2*]. Until recently 2 this
striking crimson centipede was considered a junior synonym of
Linotaenia (= Strigamia) julva Sager, and since bothriopa is
by far the commoner and more widespread of the two, existing
statements of distribution are highly misleading. Wood's form,
though present in parts of the south and midwest, is particularly
abundant in the north and at higher elevations throughout its
range. On the basis of Levi's collections, it appears to be al-
most as common as Geophilns vittatus (q.v.) in Wisconsin.
Unlike this species, bothriopa seems to prefer living close to the
ground. In New York State I have found it almost always un-
der stones and debris, and quite often in leaf litter.
Taiyuna opita Chamberlin. [G-l*, N-l*, O-l*-4*, R-l*,
S-3*, T-l*]. Heretofore this tiny chilophiline was known only
from the type localities "Posers and Kimball's" [sic] in Michi-
gan. Consequently it is of some interest to find it fairly wide-
spread and evidently common in leaf litter in a neighboring north
midwestern state. On the basis of our information to date, it
is apparently absent to the south and east of Michigan, though
additional records should be anticipated at least in Iowa and
Minnesota and possibly in adjacent Canada. The known distri-
bution of the genus is interesting, for apart from the midwestern
opita, its species are common only to Arizona, California, and
British Columbia. All of the Wisconsin specimens are females,
each with 41 pairs of legs.
SCOLOPENDROMORPHA
Scolopocryptops rubiginosa L. Koch [olim Otocryptops rnln-
ginosus}. [O-l*, R-l*]. Only two specimens were taken.
The species is known from eastern Asia, from Alaska, and from
most of the more northern midwestern states of this country
(i.e., from Ohio through Nebraska and northern Missouri
through Minnesota), thus suggesting a great arc from Asia
across the Bering Straits and down into middle North America.
So far as is known, it is absent west of Nebraska, in the south,
2 Crabill: in Ent. News, 65(2) : 40-46, (1954).
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 97
and in the states east of Ohio. It may be significant that the
closely-related sexspinosa (Say) is extremely common in the
latter areas east of the Rocky Mountains.
LlTHOBIOMORPHA
Lamyctes fulvicornis (Meinert). [A-l, D-l, E-l, T-l*,
U-2]. A single female was captured in Madison. This cos-
mopolitan henicopid has been cited often for its striking ability
to acclimate itself to a variety of environments. It has been re-
corded from most of the more northern United States east of
the Rocky Mountains, from Europe where it is evidently wide-
spread, and from such unlikely places as the Arctic Circle in
Canada, and New Zealand. In the eastern United States it
seems almost limited to sites in or near our cities and towns, which
is in accord with the virtual certainty that it has been introduced
repeatedly into this country from Europe and elsewhere. I have
found this and other henicopids quite commonly upon fairly
moist, sandy soils, especially close to waterways in Transitional
eastern North America.
Bothropolys multidentatus (Newport). [Q-3*]. The pres-
ence of but a single specimen of this extremely familiar and typi-
cally dendrophilous northeastern ethopolyine in the Wisconsin
collection is not so odd when one recalls that the Levi material
was taken largely from leaf litter. This handsome species is
usually readily encountered throughout its range, which extends
from Maine west to Missouri and south to higher elevations in
the Gulf states.
Lithobius forficatns (Linne). [G-l*, J-l*, M-l*, T-l* ; pub-
lished accounts stress its abundance throughout the state].
Numerous collections, representing nearly all stages of both
sexes, were made in the localities given above. A widespread
European form, forficalits has undoubtedly been introduced into
the United States repeatedly, probably since colonial times, so
that today its presence in or near most areas of human traffic
cannot be doubted. It is interesting that the species is rarely
found at any great distance from places of human activity, even
when such areas are known to be capable of supporting a dense
98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1958
and varied lithobiid fauna. Consequently in our northern woods
it is replaced by the dominant Bothropolvs uiitltidcntatus, and,
as Chamberlin pointed out long ago, in the south of the United
States it is replaced by the several species of NeolithoHus which,
despite a superficial similarity of general habitus, are not very
closely related to the European form.
Nadabiiis liohingcri (Bollman). [H-l*, N-l*-2*, O-l*-4*-
5*, R-l*, S-l*-2*] . Each of these localities yielded a few speci-
mens assignable to hohingcri. This form is clearly more closely
allied to iozvcnsis than to anything else, the two differing in one
or two rather unconvincing features. There is the good likeli-
hood that future research will show hohingcri to be a variant of
iowensis. Bollman's species has been reported from south-
eastern Minnesota, from Wisconsin, and from Indiana.
Nadabiiis iozvcnsis (Meinert). [B-l, D-l, F-l*, G-l*. 1-1*,
O-3*, P-l*, R-l*, S-l*, T-l*, U-2]. Numerous specimens,
representing both sexes and all stages of post-anamorphic de-
velopment, were collected. The species, a hallmark of the mid-
western lithobiid fauna, ranges from Idaho [ ?] east to Ohio and
south to Tennessee. It seems completely replaced in the Ap-
palachians by aristcits and pulliis, and in New York and New
England by oristciis alone.
Sozibins sp. [T-l*]. The poor condition of the single male
does not permit further identification.
Taiyubius harrielac (Chamberlin). [T-l*]. The Levis col-
lected one male at Madison. Originally described from Colo-
rado, this distinctive form now has been reported from Nevada,
from Wisconsin, from Ithaca, New York, and from eastern Mas-
sachusetts a most remarkable distribution for a North Ameri-
can lithobiid. Perhaps the poverty of records is due to our
failure to detect the presence of the species, which may be de-
pendent upon narrowly restrictive environmental conditions.
For instance, at Ithaca I have never failed to find specimens but
only on non-sandy soil in a very cool, damp ravine through
which Cascadilla Creek flows. Despite intensive searching, no
other local site yielded a single specimen. On the basis of its
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 99
distribution it seems safe to predict its eventual discovery
throughout the colder northeastern states.
Tidabius sp. [T-1*J. One specimen was captured, but its
condition makes specific identification impossible. It is prob-
ably either tiviiis, which Chamberlin reported from Janesville,
or opiphilus, known only from the type locality at Beloit.
SCUTIGEROMORPHA
Sciitigera colcoptrata (Linne) [olini Scutigera forceps
(Raf.)]. [N-3*, T-l*]. Ten specimens were collected. This
common domiciliary species, which has been introduced from
Europe, should be expected through the United States in, or oc-
casionally near, human habitations.
Some Robber Flies (Diptera: Asilidae)
By FRANK M. HULL, University of Mississippi
This paper presents the descriptions of some miscellaneous
species and genera of Asilids.
CHYMEDAX, new genus
Type of genus : Chymedax dclicatuhis, new species.
Minute, slender Asilids belonging to the Laphriinae. Char-
acterized by the presence of only 4 posterior cells. Third an-
tennal segment with a small microsegment at apex, more slender
than the third segment, and above it, rising from the third seg-
ment there is a small, bristle-like spine. Related to Despotisms
Bezzi. Length 6.5 mm.
Head: The head is comparatively long and quite convex an-
teriorly ; face visible in profile only below ; proboscis quite small,
short and cylindrical. Palpus reduced to a minute stub. An-
tenna slender and longer than the head ; first segment twice as
long as second; third segment, microsegment included, not quite
twice the combined length of the first segments. At the apex
the slender third segment bears a short, distinct microsegment,
100 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1958
and above it arising from the third 'segment, there is a bristle-
like spine. From anterior aspect the face is about one-twelfth
the head width with parallel sides. Face without pile ; bristles
restricted to 2 pairs, one above the other, which are long,
slender, and attached at lowest part of face. Front wider than
face, the vertex narrowed and slightly excavated ; ocellarium
low with vertical sides and without bristles or hairs,
Thorax: The thorax is short, with low mesonotum. Pile
abundant, undifferentiated, subappressed, stiff but fine. There
is 1 fine, slender, bristly hair on the notopleuron, 1 above wing,
none on postalar callosity or scutellar margin. Prosternum un-
dissociated ; postmetacoxal area with strong arch of chitin.
Legs: Hind femur moderately elongate and a little swollen
on the outer half but the lower margin is plane ; ventrolateral
margin with several long, slender, bristly hairs ; posterior tibia
with 2 quite long, conspicuous, attenuate bristles laterally;
middle tibia with 2 long, slender, anterior bristles and 2 similar,
stouter, ventral bristles. Claws slender; pulvilli short, broad,
well developed.
Wings: The wings are villose throughout. Marginal cell is
closed and stalked. Only 4 posterior cells are present, the
third wanting. Anal cell is closed and stalked.
Abdomen: The abdomen is elongate and slender, the upper
surface gently convex and shallowly punctulate. There are a
few fine bristles present on the sides of the first and second
segment only. Seven tergites present in male ; seventh seg-
ment turned downward, enclosing the small terminalia, which
appear rather similar to Atomosia Macquart.
Chymedax delicatulus, new species
Black, minute ; abdomen punctate, with seven visible tergites.
Length 5 mm. including antenna.
Male. Head: The head is quite black. There is a prom-
inent patch of silvery pollen behind the ocelli, another occupying
the middle two-thirds of the front and divided by a thin line
and the whole face silvery white pollinose. There is no gib-
bosity, the face is a little sunken beneath the eyes and it bears
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 101
a vertical row on each side of 2 long, slender, reddish sepia,
bristly hairs, together with a microscopically fine, shorter hair
below. Proboscis quite short, but expanded at the base and
brownish black in color. Antenna black with fine, black, bristly
hairs on the first 2 segments. The minute second segment is
bead-like and somewhat less than half as long as the first seg-
ment. Occiput without bristles and with only a few minute
hairs below.
Thorax: The thorax is black, mesonotum with minute, ap-
pressed, fine, quite short, yellowish hairs, corners of the post-
callus and a line in front of the scutellum light reddish brown.
Scutellum black with wrinkled surface and no marginal bristles.
Halteres translucent, smoky brownish. Stalk lighter in color.
Legs: The coxae and trochanters are pale clay yellow or
brown, thinly dusted with silvery pollen. Femora are of the
same color but shining and the hind pair distinctly dilated on the
outer two-thirds but entirely on the upper half. The tarsi are
entirely sepia brown to black, the tibiae likewise narrowly, dif-
fusely yellowish at their bases. Hind femur with a conspicuous,
erect, moderately long, ventromedial fringe of yellowish hairs.
A similar fringe is on their tibia. They also have near the
middle ventrolaterally 2 pale yellow, long, slender, bristly hairs.
Hind tibia dorsolaterally with 2 still longer, blackish, slender,
bristly hairs along the middle, the first and second hind tarsal
segments with a similarly long element at the apex anteriorly.
Middle femora and anterior femora with a few long, ventral,
pale, bristly hairs. Middle tibia with 2 remarkably long, slen-
der, yellowish bristly hairs situated anterodorsally near the
middle. Anterior tibia with 2 or 3 less striking posteroventral
elements and the first 2 anterodorsal segments with striking
bristles both anteriorly and posteriorly at the apex and 1 postero-
basally. Claws slender, sharp ; the pulvilli well developed.
Wings: The wings are hyaline with only 4 posterior cells.
Alulae absent.
Abdomen: The abdomen is comparatively long and slender,
very slightly wider distally, the whole surface microgranulate,
the tergites without lateral bristles except for very weak ele-
102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1958
merits on the sides of the second. There are 6 segments visible
from above, the well developed seventh is visible with a slight
tilt of the abdomen and the terminalia appear to be male.
Type. Male, Guadalcanal, SOLOMON ISLANDS, January 25,
1945, collected by C. O. Berg. In the collection of the author,
presented to him by Mr. Steyskal.
LYCOSIMYIA, new genius
Type of genus : Lycosimyia carrcrac, new species.
Related to Atoinosia Macquart, but with more narrow face,
reduced mystax, smooth mesonotum, rather long proboscis and
4 pairs of very long, spike-like scutellar bristles. Length 10 mm.
Head: The head is quite short, plane with the eye above and
evident below only because of the retreating eye margin. The
proboscis extends a little beyond the face. The occiput is most
prominent medially at some distance from the eye margin ; it
bears fine pile below, weak bristles in the middle and 9 pairs
of stout, sharp, straight bristles above. Palpus moderately
large, composed of 2 segments. First antennal segment nearly
twice as long as the second, the third segment twice as long
as the two basal segments combined. The third segment is
slender and ends without microsegment and bears a dorsal
incision and spine in the middle of the segment. The head
from anterior aspect is not quite circular ; the face is quite nar-
row and comprises about one-eighth the head width and is
slightly more narrow on the middle ; surface of face densely,
finely appressed micropubescent ; on the upper part on each
side there are 3 long, slender, wiry black bristles, 2 other
shorter bristles on the sides of subepistoma and 4 bristly, long
hairs in the middle of the epistomal margin. Front small, with
longitudinal submedial fossae ; vertex narrowed, moderately ex-
cavated ; the small, high ocellarium has vertical sides and a pair
of long, moderately stout bristles.
Tliora.r: The thorax is short and moderately high; surface
densely appressed setate with a dorsocentral row of fine, longer
hairs anteriorly which are equally fine posteriorly. Lateral
bristles are long and slender and consist of 1 notopleural, 1
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 103
supraalar, 2 on postalar callosity and the margin, of the polished,
nearly bare, smooth, slightly convex scutellum bears 4 quite
long, basally stout, spike-like, reddish bristles. Pronotum with
only stiff hairs. Prosternum fused ; postmetacoxal area with
wide, complete band of chitin.
Legs: The hind femur is only slightly thickened distally ; all
legs with loose, scanty, fine, subappressed pile dorsally. Hind
femur with 4 long, slender, ventrolateral bristles distributed
along the middle and towards both base and apex it has 1 or
2 shorter, weak, bristly hairs ; ventromedial surface with 3
strong, long elements. Hind tibia with more conspicuous bris-
tles ; it contains 3 long, lateral, 2 ventrolateral bristles in the
middle and 4 equally long, distally curved, ventral bristles be-
sides a medial fringe of pile. Claws slender, sharp, the pulvillus
well developed.
Wings: The wings are hyaline, almost wholly villose. The
marginal cell is closed with a long stalk; the anterior branch
of the third vein ends barely above the wing apex; second
posterior cell narrowed to half its maximal width ; fourth pos-
terior cell and anal cell closed with a short stalk. Alula narrow ;
ambient vein ends with the second posterior cell. Fourth pos-
terior cell closed and ending slightly before the end of the
discal cell.
Abdomen: The abdomen is a little wider than the mesonotum
and rather long ; it is everywhere punctulate with coarse, ap-
pressed setae and some rather long, fine, erect hairs along the
lateral margin ; sides of first tergite with a straight, vertical
row of 6 microtuberculate, close-set, stout, pale bristles ; lateral
margin of second tergite with 4 or 5 slender bristles or bristly
hairs at the middle ; posterior margin of all segments before
the actual apex with a fine fringe of appressed hairs Female
terminalia recessed and small.
Lycosimyia carrerae, new species
Shining black ; thorax non-punctate ; scutellum with 4 stout,
long, reddish spines.
Length 10 mm. including antenna.
104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1958
Male. Head: The head is quite black, including the whole
antenna. All bristles black except 4 weak, white bristles in
the middle of the occiput. Upper bristles of occiput spinous
and stout with 6 black pairs on the upper third which are
straight and sharp and stout. Lower occiput with scanty, sil-
very pile, the whole surface silvery pollinose, the vertex is
rather deeply excavated, the ocellarium small, narrow and high
with vertical sides and a single pair of moderately long, stout,
black bristles. The postvertex, the vertex proper, the whole
of the front, except a medial, black line and the whole of the
face is densely, silvery pollinose. The covering of the face is
much finer than the usual pubescence and much denser. The
ocular margins are accentuated. Sides of front with 3 tiny,
black, bristly hairs. The large, silvery patch behind the vertex
is conspicuously separated from the remaining silvery pollen of
the occiput by a broad, dorsal, quadrate, black area, covered
with dark brown pollen. Extreme base of third segment and
apex of second light brown. Third antennal segment with
incision and light, colored spine dorsally near the middle. Apex
of this segment attenuate. Medial surface with a long scar.
Upper face on each side with a vertical row of 4 short, fine, white
hairs. Mystax composed of a vertical row on each side of
5 long, black, medium, stout, attenuate bristles, 2 of which are
on the sides of the epistoma. Between these rows below are
4 much shorter, bristly hairs. Proboscis black with brownish
tip and a brown spot at the top near the base. It is very little
swollen below near the base, its pile brownish yellow but there
are some long, brownish black hairs in a single row behind the
proboscis. Palpus slender, elongate, black with a few slender,
blackish hairs.
Thorax: The thorax is black, the mesonotum has orange
brown, appressed, dense pile, slender black bristles laterally, 1
on the notopleuron, 1 supraalar, 2 on the shining, translucent,
brownish orange postcallus. Scutellum polished black with the
prescutellar band of reddish brown pollen, some of the same
immediately over the wing and notopleuron. Scutellar margin
with 4 remarkably stout, reddish, attenuate, long bristles. Meta-
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 105
notal callosity with a large patch of bristly pile. Posterior part
of the humerous and a spot behind it, the propleuron and a wide,
vertical middle band over the pleuron as well as the hypopleuron,
the metapleuron with conspicuous, dense, silvery pollen. Else-
where it is less conspicuous because much thinner Mesopleuron
posteriorly with a conspicuous, long, reddish bristle, pronotum
with only fine, stiff, short hairs. Metapleuron with a double,
vertical row of moderately stout, long, yellowish white bristles
and some similar pile.
Legs: The legs are polished, dark sepia brown through most
of the middle portion of all of the femora, leaving bases and
apices obscurely yellowish brown. Middle and anterior tibia
slender and similarly colored, the hind femur is slightly and
gradually swollen distally on the upper half. The hind tibia
is stout, and pale yellow except at the apex which is obscurely
brownish. Pile is very scanty, and pale yellow and fine. There
is a scattered fringe beneath the hind femur ventrally, a longer
fringe of 7 elements ventromedially, 3 quite long ventral, slender
bristles on the basal half and a row of 7 weaker, bristly hairs
ventrolaterally, besides other elements laterally. Hind tibia
with 3 very conspicuous, quite long, basally stout, reddish dorso-
lateral bristles and 2 others in the middle ventrolaterally besides
4 ventrally and 4 long but much more slender dorsomedially.
Ventral surface of middle femur with an anteroventral fringe of
15 long, bristly hairs and almost as many posteroventrally.
Middle tibia with striking, very long, reddish bristles, 3 or 4
anterodorsally and the same number posteroventrally. Ante-
rior femur with weaker, ventral hairs, its tibia with 2 long
posteroventral, 3 or 4 quite long, ventral, 4 weaker, shorter,
posterodorsal bristles and the same number of anterodorsal
bristles. Claws slender, sharp, black, red at base. Pulvilli
long and slender.
Wings: The wings are pale brownish hyaline, coarsely villose.
The first posterior cell is slightly narrowed, the vein closing
the fourth posterior cell enters the discal cell slightly before the
end of that cell. Anterior crossvein enters the discal cell near
the basal fifth. Ambient vein ends with the second posterior
cell.
106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1958
Abdomen: The abdomen is black, shining, with perhaps a
very faint purplish luster, the surface densely punctulate except
on the sixth tergite. Sides of first tergite with 6 quite stout,
long, pale brassy bristles in 1 row. Other tergites with only
weak, bristly hairs. The pile is yellowish and appressed, be-
coming black on the middle of the fifth and sixth tergites.
Only 6 tergites visible from above, the seventh quite short,
the abdomen is not strongly cupped at the apex.
Type. Male, Rio de Janiero, District Federal, BRAZIL, Oc-
tober 1937. Servicofevre Amarela. In the collection of De-
partamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo,
Brazil. Named for Sr. Messias Carrera.
Diogmites unicolor, new species
A small species related to Diogmites pritchardi. The face is
deep golden pollinose, the wings are uniformly dark, reddish,
sepia brown. Length 16 mm.
Female. Head: The head is reddish brown. Face and the
lower part of the front and the occiput densely, deep golden
yellow pollinose. On the upper front and vertex the pollen is
slightly darker. Sides of front with 4 minute, black, bristly
hairs near the vertex and inside each upper eye corner 3 others.
Ocellarium with 1 black and 1 reddish bristle, slender and ex-
tended forward and behind the ocellus a pair of minute, black
bristles. Bristles of occiput begin at the bottom of the head,
are light yellow in color, changing to stouter and more reddish
elements above. On each side of the post vertex there are
2 stout, reddish bristles. Proboscis brownish black over the
middle, reddish narrowly at the apex and on the basal half of
the ventral portion. Palpus reddish brown with similarly col-
ored bristles, including 1 black, dorsal bristle. Antenna reddish
brown with black setae, the third segment very little longer than
the first 2 segments combined.
Thorax: The thorax is brownish red, the pleuron is covered
with golden yellow pollen, the metapleuron with fine, moderately
long, slender, reddish bristles and a few additional hairs. Meso-
notum opaque with brownish to reddish yellow pollen. There
is a medial, dark red brown stripe slightly narrowing posteriorly,
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 107
which encloses a similar stripe of yellow pollen, the 2 halves
of which change as the light changes. Mesonotum with scat-
tered, short, stout, sharp setae. Humerus with 1 black or 1
red, short bristle. Remaining bristles stout and black. There
are 2 notopleural bristles, 1 midnotopleural, 2 supraalar, 2 on
the postcallus and 1 pair on the scutellum. There is only a
single dorsocentral bristle a short distance in front of the scu-
tellum. Pronotal bristles composed of 5 pairs of reddish ele-
ments, the middle ones more stout. Halteres reddish.
Legs: The legs are entirely light brownish red on the femora,
brownish yellow on the tibia and first 2 tarsal segments, the
remaining tarsal segments brownish red. Pile fine, minute,
sharp and appressed and black, except for some fine, golden
hairs along the posterior surface of the anterior and middle
femora and the medial surface of the hind femur. Bristles black,
none on hind femur, except a minute element laterally at the
basal fourth and on middle femur a small bristle ventral at base,
1 laterally at basal third, 1 apically behind. On anterior femur
only the lateral and posterior bristles present. On posterior
tibia a dorsal pair at the base, a dorsolateral element before the
middle, another at the outer fifth, matched by a dorsomedial
bristle. Also there is a dorsomedial bristle beyond the middle
and 3 ventrolateral bristles. Middle tibia with 2 short, basal
anterodorsal and 2 much longer anterodorsal beyond. Also
there are 4 short, posterodorsal, 2 small posteroventral, 1 small
and 1 large ventral bristle. Bristles of anterior femur rather
similar to the middle pair. Apex with protuberance and black,
comparatively straight spine. Basitarsus with black denticles.
Claws black, red at the extreme base. All pulvilli long.
Wings: The wings are uniformly tinged with dark reddish
sepia ; anal cell closed in the margin.
Abdomen: The abdomen is uniformly light reddish brown,
the pile chiefly short, golden reddish and appressed and scanty
even on the side margins. There are a few black, appressed
setae on the posterior margins of all of the tergites. On the
last 3 tergites these setae become nearly erect, a little more stout
and constitute almost the whole pile of these tergites to the
exclusion of yellow setae. Spines of acanthophorites red and
108 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1958
long. Rolled over lateral margins of the tergites are pale yellow
pollinose in an oblique light. Dorsal portion of tergites more
reddish golden pollinose in an oblique light.
Type. Female, San Pedro River, St. David, ARIZONA,
August 3, 1954, collected by F. M. Hull. In the collection of
the author.
Synonymic Note on Ants of the Genus Paracryp-
tocerus Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
By WALTER W. KEMPF, O.F.M., Sao Paulo, Brazil
Frederick Smith, in 1867, described four new species of
Cryptocerus (now : Paracryptocerus) from specimens in the
collection of W. Wilson Saunders. Through the kindness of
Mr. Ernest Taylor of the Hope Department of Entomology,
Oxford University, I received on loan the types of the aforesaid
species and was thus enabled to establish two cases of new
synonymy and to confirm another case already proposed by
Emery (1922, Gen. Ins. fasc. 174, p. 311).
Paracryptocerus conspersus (F. Smith)
1867. Cryptocerus conspersus F. Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc.
London (3) 5: 523.
1894. Cryptocerus targionii Emery, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. 26:
205. New Synonymy.
1894. Cryptocerus dcnticulatus Emery, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital.
26 : 206."
1911. Cryptocerus dcnticulatus var. varicgata Forel, Sitz.-ber.
Bayer. Akad. Wiss., p. 262.
The holotype (unique) of conspersus, a worker from the
Amazon, has all the distinguishing features of dcnticulatus
which, as shown in a study to be published elsewhere, is noth-
ing but the worker of targionii, based on a soldier. There are,
however, a few trivial differences which deserve mentioning.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 109
Measurements of holotype : Total length 3.9 mm. ; max. length
of head 1.00 mm.; max. width of head in front of the eyes 1.03
mm.; interocular width 1.00 mm.; Weber's length of thorax
0.97 mm. ; max. width of thorax 0.78 mm.
Lower face of head finely punctate, lacking traces of longi-
tudinal rugosities. Thorax rather narrow. Lateral border of
pronotum (excluding the scapular corner) tridentate, the first
two teeth acute, completely separate, the third tooth subrec-
tangular. Lateral tooth of mesonotum acute. Lateral border
of epinotum with 5 teeth: 1st short and subacute; 2nd stronger,
acute ; 3rd or supplementary fine and needle-like ; 4th as 2nd ;
5th at the bottom of the declivous face, rather blunt. Dorsal
denticles on body of petiole obsolete. Dorsum of postpetiole not
forming in profile a right angle, but only a moderate and con-
tinuous curvature, lacking posteriorly a median, faintly circum-
scribed, triangular area. First gastric tergite with a median,
black, lozenge-shaped area, surrounded by a narrow, brown
or ferruginous, stripe, cutting off the black antero-lateral lobes,
the borders of which bear a narrow hyaline crest. For the rest,
it is like the worker of targionii, including the row of sparse
standing hair along the posterior border of the first gastric
tergite.
The small size (from incipient colony?) of this individual
seems to account for most of the previously mentioned differ-
ences, which do not allow for a specific distinction between
conspersus and targionii. The type specimen of conspersus fits
surprisingly well the description of Forel's variety variegata,
founded upon specimens collected by Bates on the Amazon
river. It is quite possible that the conspersus holotype was
likewise taken by Bates, and even that both conspersus and
variegata came from the same nest series. At any rate, the
latter is a strict synonym of conspersus. The same applies to
targionii (-- denticulatus} , unless the soldier of the conspersus
"variety," still unknown, should prove the contrary.
As far as the systematic placement of the present species is
concerned, it is obvious that Emery's proposal (1922, I.e.) is
not any longer acceptable. Hence it must be transferred from
110 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1958
the spinosus-group in the subgenus Paracryptocerus s. str., to
the angustus-group in the subgenus Hamcdia, to which it doubt-
less belongs.
Paracryptocerus minutus (Fabricius)
1804. Cryptocerus minutus Fabricius, Syst. Piez., p. 420.
1867. Cryptocerus exiguus F. Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon-
don (3) 5: 524. New Synonymy.
1951. Paracryptocerus minutus Kempf, Rev. de Ent. 22: 169.
The examination of the holotype specimen of exiguus , a
worker from Mexico, revealed at once its identity with the
common and widespread minutus. The present specimen has
a slightly, yet insignificantly, broader head, a feature which I
have observed in other minutus specimens from Mexico. There
is not the slightest doubt concerning this synonymy.
Paracryptocerus scutulatus (F. Smith)
1867. Cryptocerus scutulatus F. Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon-
don (3)" 5: 524.
1867. Cryptoccrus angulosus F. Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon-
don (3)" 5: 524.
1922. Crvptoccrits scutulatus Emery, Gen. Ins. fasc. 174, p.
311.
1951. Paracryptocerus scutulatus Kempf, Stud. Ent. n. 1,
p. 26.
This synonymy (scutulatus -- soldier; angulosus -- worker of
the preceding species) has already been established by Emery
from the original diagnoses. The examination of both holo-
types involved confirms definitively this step.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 111
Review
STUDIES ON THE COMPARATIVE ETHOLOGY OF DIGGER WASPS
OF THE GENUS BEMBIX. By Howard E. Evans. Pp. 1-248,
52 figs. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, N. Y., 1957.
Price, $4.75.
Thirteen North American species are described and com-
pared. First the behavioral patterns common to the genus are
discussed ; then each species is described in detail, with a great
deal of original data in addition to information from the litera-
ture. On the basis of this material, the behavioral patterns
are analyzed in order to provide a phylogenetic approach to the
question of why a certain species, for example, behaves as it
does. The patterns (of mating, nest-building, etc.) are, of
course, innate, although learning also plays a part in such activi-
ties as orientation and hunting. In each species, not only is the
nature of each activity studied, but the sequence of the chain of
activities is analyzed and written as a formula, which represents
the inherited neuro-motor pattern of the particular species. In
addition to the behavior, the ecology of these wasps is analyzed
and compared.
Reasoning just as a morphologist would. Professor Evans
selects ten pairs of behavioral characters in the genus, and in
each case decides which alternative represents the more primi-
tive, and which the more specialized behavior. On this basis
he is then able to outline roughly the evolutionary pattern in
the genus. Interestingly, there is a correlation between the
behavioral characters and ordinary structural characters, so that
Evans is willing to predict the behavior of certain as yet un-
studied species of Bembix merely from their structure.
This is an outstanding book, and is of fundamental significance
because it treats of the evolution of behavior patterns, unequivo-
cally, in the same manner as any neo-Darwinian would treat of
the evolution of structural characters. It is so competently
done, with the facts so clearly set forth and analyzed, that it
should serve, incidentally, to exorcise finally the ghost of
Lamarckianism that has continued to haunt discussions on the
evolution of behavior in the Hymenoptera. R. G. SCHMIEDER.
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Anisoptera Nearctic sp. wanted for exchange, espec. Ophiog., Arigom.,
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THE NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF THE
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By Philip P. Calvert
This paper presents an account of the Neotropical species referred
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THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA 3, PA.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
MAY
Vol. LXIX No. 5
CONTENTS
Byers -Individual labels for specimens 113
Hood Acanthothrips, palmi, a new thrips 117
Chamberlin A new diplopod from Arizona 121
Gangwere Grooming behavior in Orthoptera 123
Alexander Western crane-flies, Part XVII 129
Thew Dodds's types for two Callibaetis 137
Frost Halysidota and pollenia 137
Retirement of Francis Hemming 139
Laboratory refresher courses 139
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOL. LXIX MAY, 1958 No. 5
Individual Identification Labels for Pinned Insect
Specimens
By GEORGE W. BYERS x
Several months ago, a friend and I were examining types of
a certain family of Diptera in a university museum. Each type
series was pinned to the right hand side of a label which bore
the name of the species, while each pinned specimen carried a
red label reading merely "holotype," "allotype," or "paratype."
My friend removed one of the paratypes from the end of its row,
examined it with his hand lens, and pinned it back into the tray,
failing, however, to notice that he had placed it in the wrong
row, thereby erroneously indicating it to be a paratype of quite
another species. Fortunately this accident was immediately
discovered and corrected. But how often do similar accidents
occur, involving perhaps less important specimens, because of
the lack of an identification label on each pinned insect specimen?
Collecting insects, somehow preserving them in the field, and
in the laboratory pinning them and providing them with the
essentials of collection data on labels all require little effort on
the part of the entomologist, when time and expense are figured
on a per-specimen basis. Identification, in contrast, usually
involves a great amount of time and the expense of a library
and other facilities appropriate to the problem at hand. Most
collectors and curators, confronted with the task of species deter-
mination, are left no choice but to turn to qualified specialists
for help. (This is quite apart from the fact that more often
than not identifications by specialists are the only ones likely to
1 Contribution no. 1009 from the Department of Entomology, Univer-
sity of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.
(113)
INSTITUTION -'UN 1 2 1958
114 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1958
be correct.) Usually, for nearly any taxonomic category, a
competent and willing taxonomist can be located ; and in due
time the specimens will be returned identified to the collector.
A museum specimen the identity of which has been deter-
mined by a qualified specialist has a much greater value than an
unnamed specimen, but this value can easily be lost unless it
is somehow permanently fixed. An identification label at-
tached to the pin of only the first in a series of specimens seems
to me to indicate an unwarranted faith in the infallibility of
curators, technical assistants and all others who make use of
collections in museums and other repositories ; it is an invitation
to confusion ! After the taxonomist has arranged specimens
in rows after an identification label (and some attach the deter-
mination to the last specimen in the series), there remain many
opportunities for errors to creep in, as specimens are transferred
to shipping boxes and later are unpacked and put into their
permanent boxes or trays. Whenever the collection is used for
whatever reason, there is a chance that a specimen removed
from its place in the tray may accidentally be returned to an-
other place. And a specimen merely placed alongside one bear-
ing a determination label, even though it has been examined
and identified by a competent authority, has no more status, in
fact, than any number of other specimens later added to this
group by other persons perhaps not at all qualified to make the
identification concerned.
The logical solution to this problem is to attach an identifica-
tion label to every specimen that has been identified. Such a
label should indicate not only the genus and species (and sub-
species, if any) but also the name of the person who made the
identification and the date (year).
This would seem at first to be visionary, perhaps, but in fact
it is quite an attainable goal. By a process of photo offset
printing, the Snow Entomological Museum of the University of
Kansas at the present time is able to have such labels made at
a cost of about ten for one cent. The desired labels are typed
on ordinary white bond paper, one 8^ X 11 -inch sheet of which
will usually provide space for about 50 kinds of labels. As a
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 115
measure of economy, four such sheets are photographed to-
gether at the desired reduction of dimension and are printed in
any number on high quality, stiff paper. Since both date-locality
labels and identification labels are made at the same time, it is
not necessary to withhold printing until a large number of kinds
of identification labels alone are accumulated. Most of the cost
in the process described is for preparation of copy (by electric
typewriter at the University of Kansas), but it should be pointed
out that any clear black line or typing on white paper will be
satisfactory copy for photo offset printing. Cost is therefore a
minor consideration, and certainly a specimen worth the time
and effort required for identification is worth a label noting
this work !
One very practical problem is that of the responsibility for
attaching identification labels. As matters now stand, it usually
falls to the curator of a collection to so label the specimens that
are returned to him from various specialists. This situation has
one serious disadvantage, namely, that it is more often the case
than not that there will be very small numbers of specimens of
most species, requiring either that most of the identification
labels for that species be discarded or that blank labels (showing
only the name of the authority and the date) be printed and the
species' name be added by hand. The first of these alternatives
is unsatisfactory for reasons of economy, and the second intro-
duces a further chance of error in transcription of the name.
It therefore seems to me that the responsibility for attaching
identification labels to each and every specimen identified should
pass to the determining authority. He should have in his
possession supplies of these inexpensive labels for all species in
his particular taxonomic group, so that only the last two digits
of the date would need to be filled in. Persons doing a great
deal of identification work might have even the date completed
on the printed label.
It seems not unreasonable to think that the taxonomist would
actually prefer to render this service, for then he would have
some assurance that the order he had worked so hard to create
would be maintained and that mixing of specimens after they
116 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1958
had left his hands would not result in confusion that could be
attributed to him. Some taxonomists have argued with me that
they are too busy to attend to the mere routine of attaching
identification labels, but such a view would mean either that
they consider the curator's time less valuable or that they do not
believe in the desirability of fixing the identity of each specimen
they have studied. (It might be suggested that surely one
whose time is so valuable will have assistants!) Thus, if iden-
tification labels are to be attached at all, the logical time and
place for this to be accomplished is at the time of species deter-
mination and in the laboratory where the identification is made.
Should a taxonomist be working alone, that is, not as a mem-
ber of an institution, preparation of labels might be more ex-
pensive and less convenient. Such a taxonomist, however,
might arrange to obtain labels from institutions for which he is
making identifications.
Who would think of placing specimens in a permanent collec-
tion with a single date-locality label for each series of a species
taken at one time and place ? Who would attach collection data
and identification to only one microscope slide of a series, with
only a notation that all slides between that one and a certain
other one should be regarded as having similar data? Surely
the logic and desirability of the identification label for each
specimen identified is inescapable.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 117
Acanthothrips palmi, A New Thrips from Brazil.
(Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)
By J. DOUGLAS HOOD, Professor of Biology, Emeritus,
Cornell University
This species is named after Dr. Charles E. Palm, Director of
Research and Director of the Experiment Station at the New
York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, my
superior for many years. He has collected Thysanoptera on
various occasions, both in the United States and in the Ameri-
can tropics, and has been instrumental in getting material re-
sulting from investigations of banana thrips by the United Fruit
Company. The types are in the author's collection.
Acanthothrips palmi, sp. nov. (figs. 1-5)
Resembling nodicornis, only (among the dark blackish brown
species with dark femora), in lacking a white vitta along the
sides of the head and prothorax ; but differing from that species
principally in the presence of a white dash across mesonotum
behind middle, the lack of white spots in the fore angles of
segments III-VIII of the abdomen, the absence of prominent
setigerous tubercles on the cheeks, and the darker, stouter, and
much shorter intermediate antennal segments.
Female (macropterous). Length about 2.8 mm. (fully dis-
tended, 3.6 mm.). Color blackish brown, without white mark-
ings in head and abdomen, but with a white dash across meso-
notum behind middle (this dash is always visible as a pale area
in the integument, but the white substance underlying it quickly
disappears in preservative) ; legs blackish brown, with tibiae
paler (especially at ends) and tarsi nearly yellow; fore wings
lightly washed with brown in anal lobe, along costa to beyond
last subbasal seta, in median pocket, and thence along posterior
margin to tip ; antennae blackish brown, darkest in segments I,
II, VII, and VIII, segments III-V dappled with yellow along
sides, III sometimes with extreme base of pedicel yellow, IV
and V, and sometimes VI, yellow in basal third or more, VII
often yellowish at base; internal pigmentation crimson.
118 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1958
Head (fig. 1) typical, its total length about 1.3 times its
greatest width across cheeks, 1.4 times that across eyes, and 1.6
times the least width near base, broadest across cheeks at poste-
rior margins of eyes ; surface finely polygonally reticulate in
ocellar area and along inner margins of eyes, nearly smooth in
the deep groove in front of median ocellus, lightly cross-striate
with widely-spaced anastomosing lines which form a subreticu-
lation on dorsum and cheeks, the latter thus relatively smooth ;
cheeks without the usual outstanding tubercles, but with a few
pale setae ; postocular setae pale brownish, dilated and divided at
tip, short (48-51 /A), about as far apart (94-100 /x) as their
distance from sides of head, arising about 29 ^ from eyes. Eyes
typical, finely facetted, their dorsal length (in KOH-treated
paratype) 155 /*, greatest width 91, least interval (opposite
median ocellus) 72, least interval shortly behind posterior ocelli
86. Ocelli of posterior pair slightly in advance of middle of
eyes, the median ocellus directed forward and situated distinctly
behind front margin of eyes. Antennae (fig. 2) thoroughly
typical of the genus, but with the intermediate segments shorter
and stouter than usual, segments III-V abruptly narrowed
apically in the usual manner and thus urn-shaped, VIII conical
and not narrowed at base, the large sense-cones disposed as
follows on the inner (and outer) surfaces of the segments:
III 1 (2), IV 1 (2), V 1 (1 +1 ), VI 1 (1 +1 ), VII 1 dorsal.
Mouth-cone typical, extending fully to posterior margin of pro-
sternum, its length beyond posterior dorsal margin of head
287-308 /*.
Prothora.v (fig. 1) along median line of pronotum somewhat
less than 0.6 the length of head and (inclusive of coxae) more
than 2.3 times as wide as long, its surface lightly reticulate
throughout, but more closely and distinctly between the postero-
marginal setae, the reticles often roughened; major setae all
present, dilated and divided at tip, the epimerals pale, others
sometimes brownish, antero-marginals 47 /x (54), antero-angu-
lars 62 (67), midlaterals 60 (57), epimerals 113 (111),
postero-marginals 65 (62), coxals 63 (63), in the two para-
types. Mcsonotum smooth in the pale area crossing it behind
Ixix]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
119
JX
Acanthothrips palmi, sp. nov. (X 141)
1. Head and prothorax, paratype ; all sculpture and setae shown.
2. Segments III-VIII of left antennae, 5, paratype.
3. Tip of left fore femur, $, holotype.
4. Right fore tarsus, inner surface, $, paratype.
5. Left fore tarsus, dorso-lateral aspect, ?, paratype.
middle, subreticulate in remainder, the anterior part with the
reticles faintly wrinkled and the faint separating lines with con-
spicuous raised dots ; metanotum with well-developed raised
pelta which extends to posterior margin and which is polygonally
reticulate throughout, the reticles with faint wrinkles, the sep-
120 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1958
arating lines (except at base and narrowly along sides) with
raised dots. Legs normal, except that the fore femoral tooth
on inner surface near tip may sometimes be wanting (compare
figs. 1 and 3) ; fore femora often more completely sculptured
than in specimen used for fig. 1 ; fore tarsi (fig. 4) with a very
small tooth which is pointed when seen in lateral aspect (com-
pare figs. 1, 4, and 5). Wings normal, the fore pair somewhat
narrowed at middle because of a prominent up-pocket ; the usual
four subbasal setae present, I (SO/*,) close to II and arising
posterior to it, II 59-69 p., Ill 66-80, IV 87-89; posterior
margin with 18-20 accessory hairs.
Abdomen normal, broadest at about segment IV ; median ter-
gite of I sector-shaped, with rounded forward point and con-
taining a darker and more heavily sclerotized capstan-shaped
area whose posterior margin is narrowly prolonged to sides and
thus curved forward, the surface of this median portion lightly
polygonally reticulate and minutely longitudinally wrinkled, the
more posterior reticles with a few backwardly-directed points ;
sculpture of rest of abdomen about as usual in the genus ; sig-
moid wing-retaining setae and the terminal ones dark brown,
the others on segments I IV pale, those on succeeding segments
gradually more brownish at base, most of them dilated at tip ;
setae I and II on IX knobbed, III pointed, their lengths 163,
180, and 210//,, respectively.
Measurements of female (paratype), in mm., followed (in
parentheses) by those of a second (KOH-treated) paratype:
Length about 2.8 (2.7), distended, 3.6 (3.6) ; head, total length
0.365 (0.375), width across eyes 0.266 (0.267), greatest width
across cheeks (just behind eyes) 0.280 (0.281), least width in
front of basal collar 0.230 (0.234), width across basal collar
0.231 (0.235) ; prothorax, median length of pronotum 0.210
(0.210), width (inclusive of coxae) 0.487 (0.497) ; mesothorax,
greatest width 0.463 (0.487); fore wings, length 1.29; abdo-
men, greatest width (at segment IV) 0.497 (0.479) ; tube (X,
only), length 0.224 (0.217), width across basal collar 0.108
(0.110), greatest subbasal width 0.106 (0.108), least apical
width 0.059 (0.059), length of terminal setae 0.378 (0.350).
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 121
Antennal
segments: I II III IV V VI VII VIII
Length 00 : 60 73 115 113 106 77 59 38
(63) (73) (113) (110) (96) (64) (66) (31)
Width 0*): 58 39 53 53 46 33 26-27 15
Total length of antenna, 0.641 (0.616) mm.
Male (macropterous) . Essentially like female in color and
structure; tarsal tooth larger and arising at a right angle.
BRAZIL: Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, July, 1957 (1 $,
holotype; 2<$<$, including allotype) and October, 1956 (2 $$,
paratypes), collected by Mr. Fritz Plaumann from dead branches.
It is interesting to note that two of the three females, even
after one of the fore legs of each was remounted and studied in
lateral aspect one of them after treatment with KOH show
no evidence of a fore-femoral tooth. This tooth, heretofore
quite generally looked upon as the most distinctive generic char-
acter, thus appears to be of no great importance. There are
parallel cases of such variation in allied genera.
A New Lysiopetalid Diplopod from Arizona
By RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN
The milliped genus Colactis has been known from some six
species occurring in Arizona, one from southern Utah, and one
from Lower California. A specimen representing an additional
species, here described, was taken by Vincent Roth in Yuma
County, Arizona.
Colactis yurna new species
Body cylindrical, proportionately long, and composed in the
type of 71 segments.
Eye patch subtrapeziform, the lower margin longer than the
upper.
122
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
[May, 1958
First three or four tergites narrower than those following.
The first tergite with ten crests of which the two paramedian
are parallel ; the usual ten setae in a transverse series in front
of the crests. Poriferous keels thickened about the large pore,
dorsal line moderately convex, dorsocaudal corner angular, pro-
jecting a little above base. Of the other crests the major ones
are high, with dorsal line nearly straight, highest at caudal end
with the corner angular, the anterior rounded as usual. Transi-
tion to full number of crests at about segment 16. The last
joint on the first three pairs of legs with a comb of hairs beneath,
that joint on the following three pairs with velutinous pad
beneath.
FIG. 1. Colactis yuma sp. n. Gonopod of male, lateral view.
The male gonopods differ from any heretofore described in
having the apical portion of the solenomierit entirely smooth,
being neither furcate nor spurred ; also in the rounded outline
of the terminal lamina, the margin of which presents neither
angle nor tooth.
Length, 38-40 mm.
One
Locality. ARIZONA : Yuma County, near Laguna Dam.
male taken March 3, 1957.
Aside from the distinctive features of the gonopods as figured,
this species seems to differ superficially from all others known
excepting baboquivari, in the strictly cylindrical form of the
body. From that species it differs in gonopods, larger size, and
greater number of body segments 71 as against 50-55.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 123
Grooming Behavior in Orthoptera *
By S. K. GANGWERE
Observations upon grooming behavior in the Orthoptera are
but scantily represented in the literature. Only Allard (1929)
has published upon this subject. His treatment is limited to
the katydid Orchelimum vulgarc, and it includes nothing on the
action of the individual mouthparts during the cleaning process.
The obvious need for a better understanding of grooming has
prompted the following report, which is based upon numerous
observations made over a period of five years.
METHODS OF STUDY
Observations carried out in the field, with and without the
use of binocular field glasses, contributed to an understanding
of some of the more general aspects of grooming behavior but
were unsatisfactory in the study of movements of the mouth-
parts. Most of the following data, as a result, were taken in
the laboratory. Two different methods were employed. First,
Orthoptera were confined individually within small, rectangular
glass chambers within which their activities were observed under
a dissecting microscope. Second, motion picture photography
was employed to analyze further the rapid and complex groom-
ing of one species, the large cockroach Byrsotria fmnigata. The
16 mm. camera used for this purpose was a Cine-Kodak Special
II, fitted with a 63 mm. f2.7 lens and an 8 in. extension tube,
and set at 64 frames per second. Illumination was provided by
three Spencer microscope lamps fitted with heat filters to pro-
tect the cockroaches.
RESULTS
Unpublished work by the author shows that there are, from
both a functional and structural point of view, two basic types of
mouthparts in the Orthoptera. Since grooming in these insects
1 Contribution No. 18 from the Department of Biology, Wayne State
University, Detroit 2, Michiean.
124 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1958
is largely a function of the mouthparts, it is not surprising that
there are also two grooming methods. The first method is used
by cockroaches, camel crickets, katydids, crickets, etc. ; these
forms have swollen, lobular distagaleae adapted for wiping
minute food particles and juices into the mouth (fig. 1). The
second method is used by locusts or short-horned grasshoppers ;
these insects have flattened, plate-like distagaleae adapted as
lateral lips but useless in feeding (fig. 2). The insects using
the former grooming method are, in addition, generally charac-
terized by comparatively long antennae and entire or non-
emarginate labra ; those using the latter by comparatively short
antennae and emarginate labra.
Grooming by Method 1. During their periods of activity,
the cockroach and other orthopterans having long antennae
groom themselves frequently, sometimes as often as once or
twice every ten minutes. In doing so, they follow closely the
generalized pattern discussed below. Cleaning of the face is
accomplished by the tarsi of either the right or left fore leg,
depending upon the side to be cleaned. The underside of the
tarsus is first pressed to the mouthparts, where the distagaleae
and laciniae respectively wipe and scrape it, the activities of these
pairs being synchronous. Whether or not the tarsus is wetted
by saliva is difficult to say, but at least no moisture is evident
upon its surface. The face is then wiped with a downward
motion of the cleaned foot. As in grooming of appendages, the
operation may be repeated several times on each side. Groom-
ing of the wings, like that of the face, is carried out by the
cleaned legs, in this case the hind ones.
In cleaning an antenna it is caught by the fore foot of the
same side and pulled downward and inward toward the mouth-
parts, where it is held in a channel formed by the medial groove
of the labium and by the crossed labial palpi. The apices of the
maxillary palpi may touch the antenna to keep it oriented. Syn-
chronously and rapidly the distagaleae wipe and the laciniae
rasp the antennal surface. The incisor surfaces of the mandi-
bles, which may be either together or apart, and the apical
margin of the labrum may assist in cleaning as the antenna is
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 125
scraped against them. The antenna is pulled through by the
antennal extensor muscles, perhaps aided by the ligula, which
opens and closes, apparently carrying the antenna with it as it
moves cephalad during closure. Each cleaning operation may
last 30 seconds or more.
The palpi are cleaned in much the same manner as the an-
tennae. A maxillary palpus is flexed caudad and thrust into a
channel formed by the crossed labial palpi. The terminal one
or two segments are then cleaned in the foregoing manner by the
distagaleae and laciniae. The labial palpi, because of their posi-
tion, must be flexed cephalad and are not confined within a
palpus-enclosed channel when they are cleaned. In all other
respects their grooming is like that of the maxillary palpi.
Nineteen species of non-acridoid Orthoptera were observed,
but not all were seen to groom; therefore, the foregoing gen-
eralized account of grooming behavior is based upon numerous
observations in the following fourteen species, all of them show-
ing remarkable similarity in their grooming pattern :
Blattidae : cockroaches Tettigoniidae (cont.)
Blattella germanica Neoconoccphalus ensigcr
Byrsotria fumigota Orchelimum gladiator
Parcoblatta pensylvanica Orchelimum volantum
Scudderia f. jurcata
Tettigoniidae : katydids
Amblycorypha oblongifolia Gryllidae : crickets
Amblycorypha rotundifolia Acheta pennsylvanica
Conocephalus f. jasciatus Nemobius f. fasciatus
Conocephalus nigropleurum Oecanthus angustipennis
Grooming by Method 2. The short-horned grasshoppers
groom themselves comparatively infrequently, and when groom-
ing occurs it is done in such a manner that it is most difficult to
observe, even in the laboratory ; thus, it is not surprising that
a few details of the cleaning operation are yet imperfectly under-
stood. These insects groom their faces and wings much as do
cockroaches ; that is, by wiping the cleaned tarsus over the sur-
face to be groomed. The flap-like distagaleae of these insects,
however, are neither adapted nor used for cleaning ; thus, when
the tarsus is applied to the mouthparts it is rasped by the
126 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1958
laciniae, sometimes by the mandibles, and perhaps wetted by
saliva.
The comparatively short antennae of these latter insects are
not cleaned directly by the mouthparts but by the tarsi. The
grasshopper reaches up with a newly cleaned fore tarsus and,
using its tarsal claws to ensnare the antenna of that side, presses
the apical portion of the antenna against the ground or other
surface upon which the animal is resting ; then, by pulling the
head away from the tarsus, the insect draws the antenna from
between the surface and the tarsal pads. The proximal part of
the antenna cannot be groomed in this manner but must be
rubbed by the cleaned fore tarsus of the same side of the body.
Twenty-three species of acridoids were observed in this study,
but not all were seen to groom; therefore, the foregoing gen-
eralized account of grooming behavior is based upon observa-
tions in the following six species, all of them showing remark-
able similarity in their grooming pattern :
Tetrigidae : grouse locusts Acrididae (cont.)
Tettigidca lateralis parvipennis Chortophaga znridifasciata
Encoptoloplius s. sordidus
Acrididae : grasshoppers Mclanoplus conjusus
Arphia sulphured Mclanoplus f.-r. jcmur-rubrum
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
Modern Orthoptera are known to have been derived from
two major lines, the Protorthoptera and the Protoblattoidea
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
FIG. 1. A view of the head of the cockroach Blabcrus craniifcr, show-
ing the relationships of the mouthparts during antennal grooming
(Method 1).
Ant antenna Lbr labrum
Dg distagalea Md mandible
Lp labial palpus Mp maxillary palpus
FIG. 2. The left maxilla of a short-horned grasshopper, the slant-face
Syrbula admirabilis.
Ca cardo Ms maxadentes
Dg distagalea Pf palpifer
La lacinia Pg proxagalea
Mp maxillary palpus St stipes
Ixix]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
127
md
ms
ca
128 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1958
(Zeuner, 1939). Each of these has given rise to insects which
utilize Grooming Method 1, but only the Acridoidea, a branch
from the Protorthoptera, is composed of insects which utilize
Method 2. In Method 1, used by such Orthoptera as cock-
roaches, camel crickets, katydids, and crickets, the cleaning of
the appendages, including the antennae, is primarily through
the rapid, synchronous movement of the distagaleae and laci-
niae. In Method 2, used by short-horned grasshoppers, the
distagaleae are not used in cleaning, the laciniae and mandi-
bles being used to complete the operation. In insects utilizing
the latter method of grooming, antennal cleaning is accomplished
by drawing the appendage from between the cleaned tarsal pads
and the surface upon which the animal is resting. It is evident
that there exists a close correlation between the insects' struc-
ture, both antennal and mouthpart, and their grooming behavior.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author is deeply indebted to a number of persons whose
assistance made possible the completion of this paper. Drs.
T. H. Hubbell and I. J. Cantrall, of the University of Michigan
Museum of Zoology, contributed numerous suggestions and
were helpful in various other ways. Dr. Edward R. Baylor,
of the Department of Zoology of the University of Michigan,
loaned the author much of the photographic equipment used in
the study and advised him as to its use. The above, Prof.
Jessie L. Metcalf, of the Department of Biology of Wayne
State University, Dr. Alfred M. Beeton, of the U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, and Dr. and Mrs. Henry Townes, of the Uni-
versity of Michigan Museum of Zoology, rendered invaluable
service by critically reviewing the manuscript. Mr. Burt D.
Brent, of Detroit, drew the first of the figures.
LITERATURE CITED
ALLARD, H. A. 1929. The cleaning habits of a katydid. Amer. Nat.
LXIII: 283-288.
ZEUNER, F. E. 1939. Fossil Orthoptera Ensifera. British Museum
(Nat. Hist.), 321 pp.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 129
Undescribed Species of Crane-Flies from the
Western United States and Canada
(Dipt. : Tipulidae) . Part XVII
By CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Amherst, Massachusetts *
The preceding part under this general title was published in
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 67: 210-216, 1956. The new species
discussed herewith were collected by the writer in California,
Colorado and Montana, representing part of the novelties dis-
covered in the course of the comprehensive survey of Western
North American Tipulidae. Types of the species are incor-
porated in the Alexander Collection of Crane-flies.
Limonia (Dicranomyia) homichlophila new species
Allied to pudica; size relatively small (wing about 6 mm.) ;
general coloration of entire body pale yellow ; wings subhyaline,
stigma barely indicated ; ovipositor with cerci very slender ; male
hypopygium with posterior border of tergite very feebly emar-
ginate ; ventromesal lobe of basistyle without an accessory
lobule; ventral dististyle with the rostral prolongation relatively
short, the subacute apex simple ; rostral spines placed close
together on small subequal basal tubercles.
J 1 . Length about 4.5-4.8 mm. ; wing 5.3-6 mm. ; antenna
about 0.8-0.9 mm.
J. Length about 6.5 mm. ; wing 6 mm.
Rostrum yellow, light gray pruinose ; palpi light brown.
Antennae with scape and pedicel obscure yellow to brownish
yellow, flagellum yellowish brown to brownish black; flagellar
* Contribution No. 1285 from the Department of Entomology, Univer-
sity of Massachusetts.
Field work in 1955 in Colorado was made possible by a grant-in-aid
from The American Philosophical Society (Grant No. 1889). Work in
1956, particularly in Idaho, Montana and Washington, and in 1957 in
Arizona and California, was supported by grants from the National
Science Foundation covering travel and subsistence. I wish to express
my deepest thanks and appreciation to these Foundations for this finan-
cial aid, covering the general major project "The crane-flies of Western
North America."
130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1958
segments short-oval to oval, slightly exceeding the verticils.
Head obscure yellow, with a whitish bloom ; anterior vertex
relatively broad, about one and one-half times the diameter of
the scape.
Thorax uniformly pale yellow, without pattern. Halteres
yellow, knobs weakly darkened. Legs with the coxae and tro-
chanters pale yellow ; remainder of legs obscure yellow, terminal
tarsal segments infuscated ; claws with a single strong outer
tooth and a few weak more basal denticles. Wings subhyaline,
stigma barely indicated ; veins brownish yellow to very light
brown. Venation : Sc l ending approximately opposite the origin
of Rs, in cases shortly beyond, Sc 2 slightly removed, about oppo-
site this origin ; free tip of Sc. 2 and R. 2 in transverse alignment ;
cell 1st M 2 subrectangular, about equal in length to the distal
section of vein M 3 ; uicit at or close to fork of M.
Abdomen obscure yellow to brownish yellow, sternites clearer.
Ovipositor with the cerci very slender, gently upcurved, tips
acute. Male hypopygium with the ninth tergite narrowly trans-
verse, the posterior border very feebly emarginate, cephalic mar-
gin nearly straight ; setae relatively few. Ninth sternite semi-
oval, its setae long and conspicuous. Basistyle smaller in area
than the ventral dististyle ; ventromesal lobe simple, obtuse,
without an accessory basal lobule. Dorsal dististyle gently
curved, the apex suddenly narrowed into a spine, the base not
dilated. Ventral dististyle with the rostral prolongation mark-
edly shorter than in pndica, blackened, the tip subacute, simple;
rostral spines relatively conspicuous, about equal in length to
the rostrum beyond their insertion, placed close together on
small subequal tubercles. Gonapophysis with the mesal-apical
lobe a relatively slender blackened spine, its tip acute.
Habitat. CALIFORNIA. Holotypc: J\ Vernal Falls of the
Merced River, Yosemite National Park, 5,000 feet, July 1, 1957
(C. P. Alexander). Allotopotypc: 5, pinned with the type.
Paratopotypes: 8 c?$.
The most similar species is Lirnonia (Dicranoniyia) pudica
(Osten Sacken) which differs most evidently in the details of
structure of the male hypopygium. The present fly was found
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 131
on the wet rocks and in the constant spray of Vernal Falls, near
the base, and on the south side of the stream. Here it was
associated with abundant specimens of Elliptcra clansa Osten
Sacken. It may be noted that this spot is the exact type locality
for the Elliptera, where the species was found by Osten Sacken
on June 11, 1876.* The habitat, in the eternal spray of the
falls, has suggested the specific name of the present fly (to
love mist).
Pedicia (Pedicia) lewisiana new species
Allied to parvicellula and subobtusa; wing pattern pale brown,
seam on vein Cu narrow, ending at m-cu ; male hypopygium
with the tergal lobes broadly obtuse at tips ; basistyle with outer
apical angle produced into a short stout spine.
J 1 . Length about 20-21 mm. ; wing 19-20 mm.
Rostrum and head brownish gray, the latter clearer gray
behind ; palpi dark brown. Antennae relatively short, almost
uniformly yellowish brown to light brown.
Pronotum obscure brownish yellow, narrowly dark brown on
sides, the color continued onto the dorsopleural membrane to
form an inconspicuous stripe. Mesonotal praescutum light
gray, with four brown stripes, the intermediate pair separated
by a narrow ground line that widens on posterior half ; scu-
tellum chiefly yellow ; postnotum variegated brownish gray and
obscure yellow. Pleura pale yellow, the sternopleurite slightly
darker. Halteres with stem whitened, knob weakly darkened,
the apex somewhat paler. Legs with the coxae light gray;
trochanters yellow ; femora brownish yellow, the tips gradually
brownish black ; tibiae yellow, tips more narrowly blackened ;
tarsi light brown, the outer ones dark brown. Wings with the
brown pattern pale ; seam on Cu narrow, ending at m-cu.
Venation: r-m at fork of Rs, in alignment with R 2 + ^; cell R
short-petiolate.
Abdomen with tergites dark brown, the lateral borders yellow ;
* OSTEN SACKEN, C. R. Western Diptera. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey,
3: 198; 1877. Record of my life work in Entomology, Part Third, pp.
215-218, 1904 (Heidelberg, Germany).
132 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1958
sternites dark brown, the lateral borders more broadly light
gray, the posterior margins of the segments narrowly and
abruptly yellow ; hypopygium large, yellow. Male hypopygium
with the tergal lobes narrowly separated, the tips broadly obtuse.
Basistyle with outer apical angle produced into a short stout
spine; no marked concentration of setae on face of style, as in
subobtusa. Dististyle with the lower marginal spine from a
strong basal tubercle ; outer pegs or spines two or three in
number, in a compact group.
Habitat. MONTANA. Holotype: J\ Sacajawea Park, Lemhi
Pass, 7,400 feet, June 26, 1956 (C. P. Alexander). Paratopo-
types: 3JJ.
Named in honor of Captain Meriwether Lewis (1774-1809),
co-leader of America's most famous exploring expedition. The
type locality of the present fly is at the highest source of the
Missouri River at Lemhi Pass, about 100 feet below the small
spring whence the river arises as a small branch of Pass Creek.
At this point the river is scarcely more than a foot across, with
small swampy areas on either bank, where the present flies and
many other species of crane-flies occurred. Lewis and Clark
remained at this locality for nearly two weeks in August 1805
while obtaining horses to enable them to continue westward to
the Pacific. The note in Lewis's Journal under date of Mon-
day, August 12th, 1805, reads: "At the distance of 4 miles
further the road took us to the most distant fountain of the
waters of the Mighty Missouri in surch of which we have spent
so many toilsome days and wristless nights."- Original spell-
ing retained.
In the structure of the male hypopygium, particularly the
outer spine of the basistyle, the species is nearly intermediate
between Pcdicia (Pedicia) parvicellula Alexander on one hand
and P. (P.} subobtusa Alexander on the other.
Paradelphomyia (Oxyrhiza) sierrensis new species
General coloration of thorax yellow ; antennal flagellum dark
brown ; wings subhyaline, cell M l present ; male hypopygium
with the apex of basistyle produced into a subacute point, the
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 133
outer setae unmodified ; outer dististyle narrowest before the
slightly expanded apex ; spines of the ventral fork very slender,
pale.
J 1 . Length about 4-4.5 mm. ; wing 4.8-5 mm.
5- Length about 4.5 mm. ; wing 5 mm.
Rostrum brownish yellow; palpi dark brown. Antennae 16-
segmented, brownish black, scape paler ; flagellar segments oval,
the outer ones more elongate, with long verticils. Head brown.
Pronotum light brown, scutellum more yellowed. Mesonotal
praescutum brownish yellow, in cases vaguely darker medially;
posterior sclerites and pleura clear yellow, the surface nitidous.
Halteres with stem pale, knob infuscated. Legs with the coxae
and trochanters yellow ; remainder of legs brownish yellow, the
outer segments passing into brown. Wings subhyaline, pre-
arcular and costal fields slightly more yellowed; veins brown.
Sparse macrotrichia in outer ends of cells R 2 to M 4 , inclusive.
Venation : Veins R 3 and R 4 gently divergent outwardly ; cell
Mj_ present, from one-third to one-half its petiole ; m-cu beyond
the fork of M.
Abdominal tergites brown, sternites obscure yellow, subter-
minal segments of male more darkened to form a ring ; genitalia
of both sexes yellow. Male hypopygium generally as in pacified,
differing in important details. Apex of basistyle produced into
a subacute point, the outer setae elongate but slender. Outer
dististyle narrowest at midlength or before the slightly ex-
panded apex. Spines of the ventral fork very slender, pale.
Habitat. CALIFORNIA. Holotype: J\ Swale Camp, Kings
Canyon National Park, about one mile south of the General
Grant Big Tree, 6,400 feet, July 19, 1957 (C. P. Alexander).
Allotopotype: J. Paratopotypes: several J'J. Paratype: 1$,
Sotcher Lake, Reds Meadow, Mammoth Lakes District, 7,600
feet, July 29, 1957 (C. P. Alexander).
Paradelphomyia (Oxyrhisa) sierrcnsis is most nearly related
to P. (O.) pacifica (Alexander) of northwestern North Amer-
ica, differing most evidently in the structure of the male hypo-
pygium, as described. The eastern Nearctic P. (0.) americana
(Alexander) is nearly intermediate between the two western
species in these characters.
134 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1958
Ormosia (Rhypholophus) arapaho new species
General coloration of head and thorax gray; antennae black
throughout ; legs brownish black to black ; male hypopygium
with the gonapophysis appearing as a simple black subtriangular
structure, without branches ; arms of aedeagus short.
J 1 . Length about 5.3-5.5 mm. ; wing 5-5.5 mm. ; antenna
about 1.1-1.2 mm.
5. Length about 6-6.2 mm. ; wing 6-6.5 mm.
Rostrum dark gray ; palpi black. Antennae black ; flagellar
segments oval. Head gray.
Pronotum dark gray. Mesonotal praescutum gray, with four
brownish stripes, the intermediate pair separated by a line that
is slightly narrower than either stripe ; lateral stripes paler
brown ; pseudosutural foveae and tuberculate pits black, con-
spicuous ; posterior sclerites of notum gray, the scutal lobes
slightly patterned with darker near the midline. Pleura lighter
gray ; dorsopleural membrane dusky. Halteres whitened. Legs
with the coxae gray ; trochanters brownish yellow ; remainder of
legs brownish black to black. Wings whitish subhyaline ; vein
Cu in cell M vaguely seamed with darker ; stigma brown ; veins
brown. Venation : Sc^ ending opposite R. 2 , Sc. 2 far removed ;
R 2 at fork of ^o + 3 + 4 ; cell 1st M 2 relatively small, the second
section of vein M a + 2 about one-half the outer section ; m-cu
about one-half its length beyond the fork of M ; vein 2nd A
strongly sinuous on outer half. The female paratype has cell
M 2 of one wing open by the atrophy of in.
Abdomen dark brown, gray pruinose ; ninth segment of male
and genital segment of female brightened. Ovipositor with cerci
yellow, strongly upcurved to the acute tips. Male hypopygium
with the tergite transverse, the sides rounded oval, with con-
spicuous setae, the broad central area without major vestiture
but with a narrow transverse sclerotized bar. Outer dististyle
rather broadly dilated outwardly, the margin blackened, outer
apical angle more extended; inner style a flattened brownish
yellow blade. Gonapophysis distinctive, appearing as a simple
black subtriangular structure, narrowed outwardly to an acute
point, without branches. Arms of the aedeagus relatively short,
the tips gently upcurved.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 135
Habitat. COLORADO (Rocky Mountain National Park).
Holotype: Trail Ridge Road, 11,300 feet, July 30, 1955 (C. P.
Alexander). Allotopotype: $, pinned with type. Paratypes:
1 J 1 , 1 $, Beaver Creek at Milner Pass, 10,730 feet, July 19,
1955 (C. P. Alexander).
The types were collected at timberline among low shrubby
willows, swept from the latter, Caltha, Cardamine, Senecio tri-
angularis, and other herbs. The small streamlets flow through
gravel beds among the willow thickets, dropping rapidly and
flowing into the Cache la Poudre River far below. The para-
types were found along Beaver Creek, near the ultimate source
of the Colorado (Grand) River, where they were swept from
the vegetation. The itinerary covering this part of field collect-
ing in Colorado has been outlined elsewhere.*
The most similar described species is Onnosia (Rhypholo-
phus} bifidaria (Alexander). The present fly differs conspicu-
ously in the structure of the male hypopygium, particularly the
simple compact gonapophyses which are quite distinct from all
previously described species of the subgenus.
Molophilus (Molophilus) oligacanthus new species
Belongs to the gracilis group, pubipcnnis subgroup ; general
coloration dark brown ; antennae short in both sexes ; legs dark
brown to blackened ; wings broad, macrotrichia of veins dark ;
male hypopygium with tip of apical lobe of basistyle subacute;
both dististyles with relatively sparse armature, the outer style
without spinules on basal half ; phallosomic plate broadly obtuse
at apex, the surface with delicate setulae.
<. Length about 4.5^-.6 mm. ; wing 5.2-5.7 mm. ; antenna
about 1.1-1.2 mm.
5- Length about 5-5.2 mm. ; wing 5.S-6 mm.
Rostrum brown ; palpi dark brown. Antennae relatively
short, brown to brownish black ; flagellar segments long-oval,
the basal ones with very long verticils. Head light brown.
* ALEXANDER, CHARLES P. Distribution of crane-flies in the state of
Colorado. The American Philosophical Society Year Book 1955: 122-
125; 1956.
136 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1958
Thorax varying from light to dark brown, the pleura more
pruinose. Halteres yellow. Legs with the coxae and tro-
chanters yellow ; remainder of legs dark brown to blackish.
Wings broad, subhyaline, the prearcular field more yellowed;
veins pale brown, macrotrichia dark brown. Venation : R 2
lying distally to r-m ; petiole of cell M 3 from one and one-half
to two times mcu ; vein 2nd A sinuous, ending some distance
beyond the level of mcu.
Abdomen dark brown, hypopygium more yellowed. Male
hypopygium much as in spiculatus, differing in details. Apical
lobe of basistyle moderately slender, tip subacute, the setae not
including the apex. Both dististyles with relatively sparse
armature ; outer style without spinules on basal half, on outer
part these restricted to the upper edge and ventral margin ;
inner style longer, strongly curved beyond midlength, as in
spiculatus; spines relatively large but scattered and few in
number, especially on the outer or convex side. Phallosomic
plate broadly obtuse at apex, surface with delicate setulae.
Habitat. CALIFORNIA. Holotype: J 1 , somewhat teneral,
Coldwater Creek above Lake Mary, Mammoth Lakes District,
Sierra Nevadas, 9,000 feet, July 6, 1957 (C. P. Alexander).
Allotopotypc: $, July 5, 1957. Paratopotypcs: Several <$$,
July 5-6,' 1957.
The type series was taken in an extensive boggy area that
included small cold sunken streamlets flowing into Coldwater
Creek. The sparse tree cover included chiefly lodgepole pine
and mountain hemlock ; shrubs and herbs chiefly Kalmia, Led it in
and Phyllodoce, with Veratrnm, Allhtm and Sa.i'ijraga, growing
amidst abundant short sedges and rushes and among dense
mosses. Associated crane-flies included Limonia (Linionia)
venusta (Bergroth), Ornithodes brevirostris Alexander, Limno-
phila occidens Alexander, Gonomyia (Gonomyia} bihamata
Alexander, Erioptera (Mesocyphona) mclanderiana Alexander,
Erioptera (Psiloconopa) rainieria Alexander, and many others.
The most similar species is Molophilus (Molophilns} spicu-
latus Alexander, which is most readily separated by the details
of structure of the male hypopygium, particularly the armature
of the dististyles.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 137
Dodds's Types for Two Species of Callibaetis
(Ephemeroptera)
By THOMAS B. THEW, Davenport Public Museum,
Davenport, Iowa
Two species of mayflies, Callibaetis vitreiis and Callibaetis
fuse us, were described by Dodds in 1923 (Trans. Amer. Ent.
Soc. 49: 93-114) in the results of his studies on the fauna of
Colorado. Unfortunately, not only were the original descrip-
tions extremely terse, but also no designation of a type for one
species was made. In the Biology of Mayflies (Ithaca, New
York, 1935), Traver pointed out that C. vltreus Dodds was a
primary homonym of C. vitreus Navas and so renamed the
former species C. doddsi. She could not place either of Dodds's
species correctly, however, for the necessary detailed descrip-
tions were lacking. Through the kindness of Harold J. Grant,
Jr., of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the
author has been allowed to examine Dodds's material of these
two ephemerids. Consequently, I hereby designate the male
(Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. type no. 9026), of the syntypical series
of one male, one female, and one nymph as the lectotype of
C. fnscns Dodds. I have also examined the single type, a male
(Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. type no. 9027) of C. z'itrens Dodds
[== C. doddsi Traver]. A detailed description of each species
will be given in a subsequent paper.
Halysidota tessellaris S & A and Pollenia
By S. W. FROST, Pennsylvania State University
In making counts of Halysidota tessellaris taken from light
traps operated during the summer of 1957, the writer noticed
that many had pollenia attached to the tarsi of the legs. The
moths were first noticed at the light traps in numbers on June
30. At that time it was not suspected that specimens with
pollenia would later be taken abundantly and it is possible that
a few moths with pollenia escaped notice. By July 3 the prob-
138
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
[May, 1958
lem became evident and thereafter counts were made daily
until August 18.
Several interesting observations were made. There were no
milkweed plants, the only group of plants bearing pollenia in
our area, near the location of the light traps. The moths must
have travelled a considerable distance to reach the traps. Nu-
merous insects bearing pollenia have been observed by the
writer and by others but as far as known there is no mention
of Halysidota tessellaris visiting milkweed. The larvae are
known to feed on maple and many other trees. Frequent ex-
aminations of milkweed during the summer failed to reveal the
presence of these moths. They are strong fliers and are never
trapped as is the case of some of the small moths. Milkweed
pods were well formed by August 2. After that date moths, due
to seasonal conditions, were scarce and none bearing pollenia
were recovered. It is evident that males came to light more
frequently than females and apparently males visit milkweed
more often than females. It is also interesting to note that none
of the other species of moths captured in light traps bore
pollenia.
Pollenia on the legs of Halysidota tessellaris
Males
Females
Period
Total
No. with
Total
No. with
number
pollenia
number
pollenia
June 30-July 2
110
63
July 3-8
422
70
195
19
July 9-13
237
56
105
9
July 14-18
227
43
114
20
July 19-23
213
48
113
11
July 24-28
39
8
24
2
July 29-Aug. 2
25
3
13
1
Aug. 3-7
5
1
Aug. 8-13
2
1
Aug. 14-18
1
1
Totals
1281
228
630
62
lxix| ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 139
Retirement of Francis Hemming
"FRANCIS HEMMING, Honorary Secretary to the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature since 1936, is retiring
from office on account of ill-health, according to an announce-
ment of the International Trust of Zoological Nomenclature.
In consultation with Sir Gavin de Beer, Director of the British
Museum (Nat. Hist.), and President of the coming 15th Inter-
national Congress of Zoology, the Trust has arranged for R. V.
Melville, a senior member of the paleontological staff of the
Geological Survey, London, to be released by the Survey for one
year, to take charge, beginning May 1, of the Office of the Com-
mission, with the title: "Assistant Secretary to the Director of
the Office of the International Commission on Zoological No-
menclature." Sir Gavin has also asked Mr. Melville to act as
Recorder for the Section on Nomenclature of the International
Congress of Zoology meeting next July.
In order that Mr. Melville may concentrate on urgent tasks
relating to the coming Colloquium on Zoological Nomenclature,
Mr. Hemming has consented to complete certain work already
begun, including the printing of the Lists and the Indexes, and
the Opinions on decisions already taken. One of the first duties
of the new Secretary will be to find suitable accommodation for
the Office, hitherto housed rent-free in Mr. Hemming's private
residence.
Laboratory Training Class
A schedule of the Laboratory Refresher Training Courses
that will be given by the Laboratory Branch of the Communica-
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1959, has been issued. Twenty-three courses, varying from 1
to 4 weeks in length are offered on laboratory diagnoses of vari-
ous viral, bacterial, rickettsial, fungous, protozoan and other
parasitic diseases of man and animals. For information and
application forms write to : Laboratory Branch, Communicable
Disease Center, U. S. Public Health Service, P. O. Box 185,
Chamblee, Ga.
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and labelled specimens. S. Camras, 4407 N. Milwaukee Ave., Chicago
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Anisoptera Nearctic sp. wanted for exchange, espec. Ophiog., Arigom.,
Aeschna, Neurocor., Somatoc., Cordulia, Dorocor., Leucor. R. D. Cuyler,
Dept. of Entomology, N. C. State College, Raleign, N. C.
Bembicini and Stizini (Hym., Sphec.) of New World wanted for revis.
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THE NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF THE
'SUBGENUS AESCHNA' SENSU SELYSII 1883
(Odonata)
By Philip P. Calvert
This paper presents an account of the Neotropical species referred
by de Selys in 1883 to his subgenus Aeschna and of some species un-
known to him. His subgenus is here divided into three genera,
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respectively. Coryphaeschna embraces 9 species and subspecies,
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THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA 3, PA.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
JUNE 1958
Vol. LXIX No. 6
CONTENTS
Muesebeck Three new aphid parasites 141
Increase in subscription rates for 1959 146
Evans New males and sex associations in Pompilidae 147
Crabill A new schendylid from eastern U. S 153
Hubbard New Mexican jungle and desert fleas 161
Krombein Pison, a new adventive wasp in,,
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOL. LXIX JUNE, 1958 Xo. 6
Three New Aphid Parasites from the Pacific Coast.
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae)
By C. F. W. MUESEBECK, U. S. Xational Museum
Recently I received a large collection of nicely preserved
Aphidiinae for identification from Dr. Evert I. Schlinger, of the
Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California. The speci-
mens had been reared from various aphid hosts and included
three new species, two of them in long series. All three are
described here.
Aphidius (Protaphidius) ponderosae, new species
In Smith's key (1944, Contrib. Zool. Ent., Ohio State Univ.,
Xo. 6, p. 37) this species runs to californicus Ashmead. It
differs conspicuously from that species, however, in being much
larger, and in having the mesoscutum delicately sculptured and
the metacarpus nearly as long as the stigma. In californicus the
mesoscutum is smooth and polished and the metacarpus is only
half as long as the stigma.
I'cmale. Length about 3.5 mm. Head strongly transverse
and noticeably wider than the thorax ; face more than three
times as broad as long from antennal foramina to base of cly-
peus, usually with a little weak and indefinite roughening below
antennae ; malar space one-third as long as eye ; temples strongly
receding from the eyes ; antennae with 20 to 22, usually 20,
segments ; ocellocular line about three times as long as diameter
of an ocellus.
Mesoscutum very delicately coriaceous and subopaque ; no-
taulices weak but usually distinct ; scutellum smooth and pol-
(141)
SMlTHSOf-.
, n
JUL 9 19'
142 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1958
ished ; propodeum largely smooth but usually with a little weak,
indefinite sculpture ; a median longitudinal carina on dorsal face
of propodeum, and from its caudal end a transverse carina
extending each side to the spiracle ; longitudinal carinae on
posterior declivity of propodeum wanting, and the areola, there-
fore, incomplete ; pleura smooth and polished. Stigma hardly
twice as long as broad ; metacarpus nearly as long as stigma ;
stub of second abscissa of radius not, or barely, longer than
intercubitus.
Abdominal petiole weakly rugulose, except basally and just
before apical margin where it is smooth ; remainder of abdomen
smooth.
Male. Essentially like the female, but antennae with 21 to
23, usually 22, segments.
Type. U. S. National Museum No. 64229.
Type-locality. Cold Spring Camp, Allison Pass, Hozameen
Mts., in E. C. Manning Provincial Park, New Westminster
Sector, BRITISH COLUMBIA, elev. 4,450 ft.
Described from 21 females, including holotype, and 11 males
reared from Cinara sp. on Finns ponder osa by Evert I. Schlinger,
June 4, 1957.
Aphidius (Aphidius) alius, new species
This is apparently very similar to confusus Ashmead, where
it will run in Smith's key (1944, Contrib. Zool. Ent., Ohio
State Univ., No. 6, p. 51). Unfortunately, the holotype and
only known specimen of confusus is headless, and a thoroughly
satisfactory comparison is, therefore, impossible ; but the present
species differs from that incomplete type specimen in having all
coxae yellow and the abdomen behind the petiole piceous to
black ; in the type of confusus the hind coxae are black and the
abdomen is almost entirely testaceous. In addition, the new
species has the metacarpus considerably shorter in relation to
the length of the stigma than it is in confusus. From nigritelens
Smith, which it also closely resembles, it may be distinguished
by its much shorter metacarpus, which is not longer than the
Ixix]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
143
3b
K <]!.. \X.\TIO.\ OF FlG
1, Aphidius (Protaphidius) pondcrosae, n. sp. : a, part of forewing;
b, propodeum. 2, Aphidius (A.) aliits. n. sp., part of forewing. 3,
Trioxys (Acanthocaudus) schlingeri, n. sp. : a, part of forewing; b, ovi-
positor sheath and last sternite.
144 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1958
first abscissa of radius, by its smoother abdominal petiole, by
its black prothorax, and by the female antennae being blackish
throughout.
Female. Length about 2.3 mm. Head smooth and shiny;
eyes large and prominent, converging below ; malar space shorter
than clypeus ; temples somewhat convex but receding rather
strongly; antennae with 15 or 16 segments (15 in two, 16 in
three, of type series), all flagellar segments at least twice as
long as broad.
Thorax smooth and polished ; propodeum with a median
longitudinal carina extending from base to middle and behind
this a narrow, subpentagonal areola, costulae well developed ;
metacarpus and first abscissa of radius subequal ; stub of second
abscissa of radius slightly longer than intercubitus, which is
very weak.
Abdomen smooth and shiny except for a little faint sculpture
on basal half of petiole.
Black ; clypeus yellow or brownish yellow ; face sometimes
more or less brownish ; propodeum occasionally ferruginous ;
wings hyaline ; all coxae and trochanters yellow, although the
hind coxae may be a little darkened at bases ; all femora, tibiae
and tarsi usually a little infuscated.
Male. Antennae 18-segmented in the two males of the type
series. Otherwise like the female.
Type. U. S. National Museum No. 64230.
Type-locality. Riverside, CALIFORNIA.
Described from five females and two males reared April 16,
1957, from Macrosiplnim rosae (L.) on Rosa sp. by Evert I.
Schlinger.
Trioxys (Acanthocaudus) schlingeri, new species
This is the third Nearctic species of the subgenus Acantho-
caudus. It closely resembles tissoti Smith, but it lacks the dis-
tinct, median longitudinal carina on the basal half of propodeum
which distinguishes that species ; and the eyes are more definitely
convergent below.
Ixi.X | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 145
Female. Length about 2.2 mm. Head smooth and polished;
malar space about as long as median length of clypeus; face
noticeably narrower at base of clypeus than at antennal fora-
mina ; temples convex, not receding from the eyes ; antennae
12-segmented, the first flagellar segment slightly the longest, the
apical segment usually a little the shortest, the remainder sub-
equal.
Thorax smooth and polished except for a little vague sculpture
on posterior declivity of propodeum ; propodeal areola not dis-
tinctly defined.
Abdomen, including petiole, smooth and polished ; the last
three tergites each with a row of short, stout spines along the
caudal margin ; spiracles of petiole prominent, at or slightly
behind middle ; ovipositor sheath and posterior prongs as
illustrated.
Head and thorax black ; clypeus, pleura and propodeum often
more or less brownish or piceous ; antennae piceous to black ;
wings hyaline ; legs piceous. Abdomen brownish yellow on
petiole and apical segments ; middle segments piceous.
Male. Like the female in essential characters, except that
the antennae are 13-segmented.
Type. U. S. National Museum Xo. 64231.
T\pe-localit\. Skihist Camp, 5 miles east of Lytton, BRIT-
ISH COLUMBIA, elev. 580 ft.
Described from the female holotype and many paratypes of
both sexes reared at the type locality June 2, 1957, from Macro-
siphum ambrosiae (Thomas) by Evert I. Schlinger. I take
pleasure in naming this species for Dr. Schlinger, who reared
all three species described in this paper.
146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1958
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Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 147
Some Previously Undescribed Males and New Sex
Associations in the Pompilinae (Hymen-
optera: Pompilidae)
By HOWARD E. EVANS, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
Although the classification of the Nearctic Pompilidae has
undergone many refinements in the past fifteen years, there
remain a number of species known from only one sex. The
purpose of the present paper is to describe the previously un-
known males of Pompilus perfasciatus Evans and A poms be-
quaerti (Banks) and to place in synonymy a species previously
known from only the male sex, Psorthaspis albocaudata (Mai-
loch). Knowledge of the male of A poms bequaerti raises cer-
tain questions regarding generic limits in the Aporini ; these
are discussed at the end of the descriptive material.
Pompilus (Perissopompilus) perfasciatus Evans
Pompilus (Perissopompilus} perfasciatus Evans, 1951, Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc. 77: 225-226; Evans, 1953, Ann. Ent. Soc.
Amer., 46: 531.
This species has been known from only two females, both
from Riverside Co., Calif. On April 18, 1957, Dr. R. M.
Bohart, of the University of California at Davis, took a series
of three females and two males in dunes in Borrego Valley, San
Diego Co., Calif. Interestingly enough, Dr. Bohart took four
females and thirteen males of P. (P.) phoenix Evans, the only
other known species of this subgenus, at the same time and place.
The male perfasciatus is readily separable from that of phoe-
nix by virtue of the complete coalescence of the second and
third transverse cubital veins, leaving only two submarginal
cells ; in addition, the apical fuscous band of the fore wing is
smaller and the body pubescence much coarser. The terminalia
agree in general pattern with those of phoenix, but there are
some notable" specific differences.
Description. Length 3.5-4.5 mm. ; fore wing 2.5-3.5 mm.
Black; wings hyaline and with a whitish bloom, a brown band
occupying the apical .2 of the fore wing ; this band barely reaches
148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1958
the tip of the marginal cell and posteriorly fades out before
reaching the subdiscoidal vein. Entire body clothed with a
coarse silvery pubescence, including the scape and the legs to
the femora ; pubescence especially prominent on the temples,
posterior margin of pronotum, mesopleura, sides of the pro-
podeum, and the hind coxae ; pubescence on abdominal tergites
directed backward except in broad apical bands, where it tends
to diverge from the median line.
Head broad, the transfacial distance about 1.2 times the facial
distance. Antennae relatively short, the first four segments in
a ratio of about 10:4:4:5, segment three no longer than thick.
Ocelli small, in a large triangle, the postocellar line greater than
the ocello-ocular line as 8:5. Posterior margin of pronotum
arcuate. Legs weakly spinose, the middle tibiae, however, with
several fairly strong spines. Fore wing with the marginal cell
slightly more than twice as broad as high, removed from the
wing-tip by about 1.5 times its own length; second submarginal
cell 1.5-1.7 times as broad as high; third submarginal cell ab-
sent ; second submarginal cell receiving the second recurrent
vein at or just basad of its outer apical corner.
Abdomen slender and with a strong tendency for the apical
segments to telescope within the basal three segments. Sixth
sternite with a broad, rectangular emargination which is flanked
by a pair of thick, two-pronged spines ; disc of this sternite with
a pair of weak lateral carinae, but without the distinctly marked
off median area of phoenix. Subgenital plate (fig. 2) shaped
much as in phoenix but without the basal lateral expansions of
that species. Genitalia (fig. 1) very similar to those of phoenix
but differing as follows : parameres somewhat thicker and with a
prominent squama about one-third the distance from the apex ;
parapenial lobes with a series of weak serrations along their
inner margin ; aedoeagus with the apex only weakly expanded.
Psorthaspis planata (Fox)
Planiceps planatus Fox, 1892, Ent. News 3 : 171. <j>.
Pedinaspis albocaudata Malloch, 1928, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.
30: 101. <$. NEW SYNONYMY.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 149
Malloch's albocaudata has remained in limbo since its de-
scription. Bradley (1944, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 70: 152), on
the advice of Banks, assigned the species to Allocy phony. v. I
removed it to Psorthaspis (1954, Amer. Mus. Novitates no.
1662, p. 15), but was unable to place it properly because of the
fact that the tips of all the tarsi are absent in the type and only
known specimen.
The collections of the California Insect Survey contain a
number of male specimens of planata from Borrego, San Diego
Co., Calif., in which the apical abdominal tergites bear whitish
pubescence. In some specimens the white is very limited, in
others it covers all of the tergites beyond the third. This sug-
gested to me that the type of albocaudata (from Higley, Ariz.,
U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 27432) might be merely a "white-tailed"
planata. Re-examination of the type reveals that it is indeed
planata, with the characteristic elevation of the ocellar triangle
and other features of this species. The white pubescence begins
on the posterior part of the third tergite, so it is somewhat more
extensive than in any specimen from Borrego. P. planata is
apparently rare in Arizona ; I have seen a few females but no
males other than this one. Whether all males from Borrego
eastward are "white-tailed" and whether the name albocaudata
should be retained in a subspecific sense remain to be determined.
Aporus (Aporus) bequaerti (Banks)
Planiccps bequaerti Banks, 1931, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 26:
131. ?.
Aporus (Aporus} bequaerti Bradley, 1944, Trans. Amer. Ent.
Soc. 70 : 95. $.
This species has been known from only a few females from
eastern Mexico and southern Texas. For several years I have
been aware of the occurrence of an unknown male Aporus in
this area. On June 24, 1956, I collected three specimens of this
unknown male on the flowers of Avicennia nitida near Port
Isabel, Cameron Co., Texas, in close association with two female
bequaerti. I think there can be little doubt that it represents
the male of bequaerti.
150 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS | June, 1958
These males run directly to calcaratus (Fox) in Bradley's key
to the species of Aporus (1944, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 70: 89).
I have recently examined the type and only known specimen of
calcaratus in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
("S. Fla., Robertson," type no. 4721). The two species are
actually very different and may be separated as follows :
Second recurrent vein reaching the cubitus well apicad of the
second transverse cubital vein ; propodeum nearly flat in front,
with a short, steep declivity behind ; length 6.5-14 mm
bequaerti (Banks)
Second recurrent vein reaching the cubitus at the same point as
the second transverse cubital vein (in the left wing of the
type, apicad of it by half the width of the vein) ; slope of pro-
podeum low and even; length 5.5 mm calcaratus (Fox)
Description. Length 6.5-14 mm.; fore wing 5.5-10.5 mm.
Black, the tibial spurs white and the apical abdominal tergite
with a white spot ; body very extensively clothed with a fine
silvery pubescence, more coarse and suberect on the posterior
part of the propodeum ; wings hyaline, the apical margin of the
fore wing narrowly infuscated.
Clypeus slightly less than twice as broad as high, its apical
margin weakly convex. Front relatively narrow, the middle
interocular line .63 times the transfacial line. Ocelli in a broad
triangle, postocellar line greater than ocello-ocular line as 7:5.
First four antennal segments in a ratio of about 8:2:8:9, seg-
ment three slightly less than twice as long as thick. Pronotum
long, its posterior margin arcuate but with a small median angu-
late notch. Propodeum rather long, its median line weakly
impressed, its posterior declivity short and steep. Legs slender,
the tibiae and tarsi with many small black spines ; longer spur
of hind tibia .62 times the length of the hind basitarsus. Wings
with the transverse median and basal veins interstitial or nearly
so ; marginal cell acute apically, removed from the wing-tip by
considerably less than its own length ; second submarginal cell
about twice as broad as high ; second recurrent vein meeting the
cubitus beyond the second transverse cubital vein by about half
the length of the latter vein.
Ixix]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
151
FK,. 1. Pompilus (Pcrissopompihis) pcrfasciatus Evans, male geni-
talia, ventral aspect on the left side, dorsal on the right. FIG. 2. Same
species, subgenital plate. FIG. 3. Aporus (Aporus} bcquacrti (Banks),
male genitalia, ventral aspect on left side, dorsal on right. FIG. 4. Same
species, male genitalia in lateral aspect. FIG. 5. Same species, mandible
of female. FIG. 6. Same species, subgenital plate of male.
Abdomen with scattered erect setae on the apical segments
ventrally. Emargination of sternite 6 deep, U-shaped. Sul>-
genital plate (fig. 6) with a median longitudinal elevation, taper-
ing to a suhacute apex. Genitalia (figs. 3, 4) with the para-
meres short, obliquely truncate apically ; volsellar digiti simple,
with short hairs which are evenly distributed; aedoeagus short
and slender.
152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1958
REMARKS ON GENERIC LIMITS IN THE APORINI
As I indicated above, the male bequaerti runs to calcaratus in
Bradley's key to the species of Aporus. But the fact is that
neither of these species will run to Aporus in his generic keys.
Either these species do not belong in Aporus or some modifica-
tion of our interpretation of this genus is necessary.
In the case of calcaratus (Fox), the venational features men-
tioned above would seem to place it in Aspidaporus Bradley,
known only from Brazil. I have compared the type of calcaratus
with a paratype of Aspidaporus niinusculus Bradley. The two
specimens are so similar they might almost be conspecific.
However, since the male genitalia of calcaratus have never been
studied and the female is unknown, no accurate generic assign-
ment of this species can be made at this time. Presumably the
female will be found to possess the unusual antennal fossae and
the margined pronotal disc of Aspidaporus. If it does not, then
additional characters for the separation of the males of these
genera must be sought.
On the other hand, the male bequaerti (Banks) runs in
Bradley's key to Odontaporus Bradley, since the parameres are
straight and do not reach the apex of the parapenial lobes.
(Actually the parameres are somewhat intermediate in form
between Aporus and Odontaporus.} This fact has led me to
re-examine the mandibles of the female bequaerti, and I find that
they possess a tooth on the lower margin (fig. 5) . Although this
tooth is not as large as in the species which Bradley assigned
to Odontaporus, it is nevertheless distinct in all of the speci-
mens I have seen. As a matter of fact, some evidence of such
a tooth is visible in freshly emerged specimens of Aporus niger
(Cresson). Although Bradley supported his separation of
Aporus and Odontaporus with color characters, he himself rec-
ognized certain exceptions to these color differences. In my
opinion the species placed by Bradley in Odontaporus represent
an early invasion of one or more stocks of Aporus (s. str.) into
Central America and the Antilles, where these forms became
isolated and specialized with respect to color, mandibular struc-
ture, and genitalia. As a subgenus, Odontaporus seems to me
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 153
considerably weaker than Bradley's subgenera Notoplaniceps
and Ncoplaniceps. In my opinion Odontaporus Bradley, along
with Mclanaporus Ashmead, which is an earlier name for the
same group, should be placed in the synonymy of Aporus, sub-
genus Aporus.
A New Schendylid from the Eastern United States,
with Notes on Distribution and Morphology.
(Chilopoda : Geophilomorpha : Schendylidae)
By RALPH E. CRABILL, JR., Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D. C.
The chilopod fauna of the central and southern Appalachians,
including parts of the adjacent Cumberland Plateau, seems to
be comprised of several rather distinct components. Apart from
recent artificial introductions and endemic elements of uncertain
geographical affinity, two fairly heterogeneous factions stand out,
groups having an affinity with eastern Asia and, or, northwest-
ern America, and those with an affinity with the southwestern
United States, and, or, lands to the south, principally Mexico.
The implication is that this area in the southeastern United
States today shows the influence of earlier faunal movements, on
the one hand, from the south, and on the other, from the Ameri-
can northwest, and ultimately from Asia.
Examples of the northwestern and Asian contribution are
found in the following : Strigamia, Arctogcophilus, Gcophilus,
Escaryits, Scolopocryptops (except gracilis), Zygethobhis, Zy-
gethopolys, Bothropolys, and perhaps the majority of the Litho-
biidae (sens. str.). A southern derivation is suspected for some
of the species of: Gosiphilus, Arcnophilus, Nyctunguis, Scolo-
pocryptops (gracilis), Scolopendra (viridis and polymorpha),
Thcatops, Cryptops, all of the Gosibiidae and Watobiidae, a few
Lithobiidae such as Neolithobius and Enarthrobius, and some
Henicopidae, notably Lamyctcs and Buethobius. I do not mean
to imply that a given group arose, was evolved, in either region
although some must have been but merely that both regions
154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1958
independently and probably at different times contributed to the
existing centipede fauna of the lower Appalachians and adjacent
areas.
To the southern component belongs the present new species,
Nyctunguis pholeter, whose known congeners are especially
characteristic of the North American southwest and Mexico.
Apart from this rich fauna, two other species are known, one
from the Leeward Islands, and another, rather aberrant form
from Turkey.
The presence of Nyctunguis in the southern Appalachians
suggests an ancient dispersal from the south, possibly from
Mexico, and perhaps parallels the case of the himantariid Gosi-
pliiliis euphorion Crabill, whose closest relatives flourish on the
Pacific coast south to Mexico. A third species linking the Cum-
berland Plateau with the far west is Zygethopolys atrox Crabill
whose affinities, by contrast, are with the Pacific northwest,
Alaska, and Asia.
On the basis of the original description, the Californian Nyc-
tunguis glcndorus Chamberlin seems most like pholeter. Pos-
sibly the most important distinctions between the two are :
glendorus, median labral arc short, about ^ of the labral width,
pholeter, median arc wider, about ^ the labral width ; glendorus,
dentate lamella in three blocks each with three teeth, pholeter,
dentate lamella very vaguely divided into two blocks, with two
and eight teeth respectively.
Nyctunguis pholeter, new species
Type: $; Tennessee, DeKalb County, Cripps' Mill, Cripps'
Mill Cave; December 27, 1956; Thomas C. Barr, leg. Depos-
ited in the U. S. National Museum; Myriapoda Type Number
2453.
TOTAL LENGTH: 31 mm. ANTENNAE: Yellow, essentially
concolorous with head. The right, normal, 3.5 mm long;
proximal 4 articles notably less setose than those remaining.
Left, abortive, consisting of 7 abnormally long articles. CE-
PHALIC PLATE : Yellow ; 1.03 mm. long, greatest width 0.83 mm.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 155
Anteriorly rounded, narrowing very slightly posteriorly, sides
slightly bowed outward ; posterior corners narrowly rounded ;
posterior margin straight, concealing the prebasal plate. Reticu-
lation moderately strong ; vestiture sparse ; frontal suture absent.
CLYPEUS: (fig. 1). Reticulation pronounced, the majority of
the figures essentially pentagonal ; clypeal area absent. Post-
antennal setae 2; prelabral setae 2, minute (fig. 8) ; remaining
setae disposed in two irregular, subparallel rows as shown.
LABRUM : (fig. 8). Medial arc relatively wide, its tuberculate
teeth (fig. 11, A) numbering 16, these directly meeting adjacent
clypeus. Each lateral (i.e., side) piece weakly sclerotized,
weakly reticulate antero-medially as shown (fig. 8, D) ; each
indistinctly separated from clypeus proper by an extremely thin
strip free of reticulation; lateral teeth numbering 6 and 7 (fig.
8, B ) , their apices sharply pointed and directed medially. MAN-
DIBLE : (fig. 13). The dentate lamella very inconspicuously
divided into two blocks (suppl. note 1), the lower of these with
2, the upper with 8 blunt teeth (fig. 13, B). FIRST MAXILLAE:
(figs. 4, 7). Non-membranous portions prominently reticulate;
coxosternum medially without a suture or weakened area, with a
pair of long setae on each side of middle ; each telopodite with
a broad colorless and partially-concealed lappet (fig. 4, A) and
each antero-lateral angle with a small, totally-concealed lappet
(fig. 4, B) (see suppl. note 2). SECOND MAXILLAE: (fig. 7).
Claw (fig. 3) rather broad, robust; its dorsal and ventral edges
each with a row of delicate hyaline teeth or fimbriae, each of
these drawn out into a long, thin point. Bridge-piece broad,
strongly reticulate. PREHENSORS : (figs. 5, 6). Concolorous
with prosternum and cephalic plate. When closed, slightly sur-
passing front margin of head. Sparsely setose, the articles
totally without denticles. Claw (ungula) robust, rather short,
its posterior edge not serrate or crenulate ; poison gland and
calyx as shown (figs. 5, 6) (suppl. note 3). PROSTERNUM:
(fig. 2). Medial diastema conspicuous, margined on each side
by a strong, sclerotized, deeply-pigmented ridge posterior to
which is a small field of strong reticulation (fig. 2, A). Chitin-
lines absent, but each lateral suture (i.e., coxopleural or pro-
156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1958
sternopleural suture) margined for part of its length by a slight
ridge or thickening (fig. 2, B).
STERNITES: (fig. 14). Weakly-defined, non-consolidated and
reticulate paxilli (fig. 14, A) on sternites 2 or 3 through 14.
Prominent medial, undivided pore-fields (fig. 14, C) on sternites
2 through 22. Very obscure, bilateral pore-fields (fig. 14, B),
each consisting of a few scattered and minute pores, present on
sternites 1 through the penultimate, there represented by 2 or 3
pores on each side. LEGS: 51 pairs. Each pretarsus with a
pair of relatively prominent lateral non-articulated bristles
(spines), these long, pointed, extremely thin (fig. 9) (suppl.
note 4). ULTIMATE PEDAL SEGMENT: (fig. 10). Sternite
broad, sides converging slightly toward truncate posterior edge.
Coxopleural pores of the homogenous type (i.e., without in-
clusive canals and multiple discrete glands) ; each elongate,
partly concealed by the sternite. Left leg (excluding coxo-
pleuron ) 1.27 mm. long, 1.3 X the length of penultimate leg,
each ultimate pretarsal claw strong, curved, deeply pigmented ;
setae long, sparse. Anal pores (of terminal segment) absent.
TERGITES : First pedal and ultimate pedal yellow, those remain-
ing yellowish-white ; bisulcate ; very sparsely clothed with rather
long setae ; ultimate pedal pretergite laterally undivided, fused
with its pleurites. PLEURAL REGION : (fig. 12). Series 4 alpha
and beta absent; series 5 absent (suppl. note 5).
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
1. MANDIBLE. The cleft in the dentate lamella is sufficiently
obscure to be overlooked easily, and in fact it may even be an
artifact, as may be its counterparts in a number of the cases
noted in the literature. Though the question of whether or not
a given schendylid dentate lamella is divided or not seems im-
portant, in my opinion (and at this time) the significance for
systematics of the number and kind of divisions has yet to be
demonstrated.
2. IST MAXILLARY LAPPETS. Attems (in Das Tierreich,
Lief. 52, p. 87, 1929) describes the known members of Nyctun-
lxix| ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 157
guis as lacking 1st maxillary lappets, possibly because (1) he
had never directly studied a specimen, or (2) they had never
been ascribed to any species in the literature, or (3) perhaps
because Verhoeff's figure of the maxillae of N. dampfi suggests
them to be absent. In addition to pholcter, I have examined
several Californian congeners and have found well-developed,
though frequently concealed, lappets in all cases.
3. SENSILLA BASICONICA OF THE UNGULA. Microscopic ex-
amination of the claws of the prehensors and 1st maxillae dis-
closes the presence of numerous minute canals extending through
the exoskeleton and connecting the body surface with its inte-
rior. Having observed them in all of the chilopod orders, I was
at a loss to imagine their function, unless they were glandular
canals of some sort. However, S. L. Tuxen of Denmark seems
indirectly to have explained their presence correctly. In the
course of his study of similar canals in the chelicerae of a
solpugid, he observed that each is capped by a minute hyaline
cone and therefore suggested that they are sensory in nature
and probably chemoreceptors. Subsequently I found the same
hyaline cones in centipedes. These structures then are probably
the modified counterparts of the sensilla basiconica of insects.
4. PRETARSAL ACCESSORY SPINES. I have found the same
remarkably large pretarsal accessory spines in several Pacific
coast members of the genus, though in these they are more
prominent than in pholcter, being darker and heavier. I have
observed such conspicuous accessory spines in no other Geo-
philomorpha, nor have I read of them in connection with any
other species, with the possible exception of the Neogeophilidae.
Their presence, especially in a schendylid, may actually be quite
meaningful, since they may be homologous with the pretarsal
accessory (articulated) spurs of the more primitive orders, e.g.,
Lithobiomorpha and Scolopendromorpha. If this is so, then
they represent still another primitive feature testifying to the
evolutionary conservatism of the Schendylidae within the
Geophilomorpha.
5. THE PLEURAL REGION. The system of pleurite nomen-
clature used here is that of Broelemann. It is explained in
158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1958
Faune de France, 25 : 45, 1930 ; examples of its use may be
found in Broelemann and Ribaut, Nouv. Arch. Hist. Nat.,
Paris (5) 4: 53-183, 1912. In addition to one other work
by a different author, their "Essai d'une Monographic des
Schendylina" in my opinion still stands as one of the two most
detailed, orderly, best illustrated, and in some ways most search-
ing preliminary analysis ever accorded a group of centipedes
during the hectic history of their study.
SLIDE PREPARATION WITH HOVER'S MOUNTANT
It has been my experience that treating the delicate mouth-
parts in weak KOH or even in the gentler NaOH too often
results in the distortion or partial (or complete) destruction of
certain critical structures such as the labral teeth and fimbriae,
parts of the maxillae, and the prehensorial ungula. This prob-
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
1. Clypeus. Labrum schematic; all clypeal setae shown.
2. Prosternum. (Ventral, left half.) Anterior diastema with thick-
enings shown in inset. A, areas of prominent reticulation, weakly
sclerotized. B, thickened edge of prosternal suture.
3. 2nd maxillary claw. (Left.)
4. 1st maxillae. (Left half.) A, lappet of telopodite. B, concealed
lappet of coxosternum.
5. Left prehensor. (Ventral.) Poison canal and calyx outlined in
dashes ; larger setae shown.
6. Poison calyx of left prehensor.
7. 1st and 2nd maxillae. (Left half.) Prominent reticulation of
bridge-piece shown in inset ; larger setae included.
8. Labrum. A, medial arc. B, right lateral piece. C, typical strong,
distinct reticulation of lower clypeus. D, weakly sclerotized, weakly
reticulate upper portion of labrum. E, heavily sclerotized, non-reticulate
corner of labrum ; fulcrum shown in dashes.
9. Pretarsal claw of right first leg.
10. LUtimate pedal and succeeding segments. (Ventral.) Prominent
setae of left half shown.
11. Representative labral teeth. A, from medial arc. B, from lateral
piece.
12. Left eupleurium of 5th pedal segment. The more prominent setae
shown. Tgt., tergite ; Stn., sternite.
13. Mandible. A, row of simple hyaline teeth. B, dentate lamella of
ten teeth, two broken.
14. Fifth sternite. A, paxillus of metasternite. B, weakly defined
right lateral pore-field. C, prominent medial pore-field. The more
prominent setae shown.
Lxix]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
159
160 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1958
lem may usually be resolved through the use of Hoyer's mount-
ing medium, a semi-permanent (though possibly permanent)
mountant that is gaining an increasing following among zoolo-
gists.
It offers a number of desirable advantages apart from its
ability to preserve and clear without distortion or destruction.
Parts may be transferred to it directly from alcohol, water, or
glycerine without preliminary treatment. It permeates the
specimen rapidly and thoroughly, clearing it beautifully at the
same time. It neither discolors with age nor crystallizes. It
may be thinned with distilled water repeatedly.
As to procedure, one simply covers the object with the
mountant in the usual manner on a microscope slide and then
applies a plain or supported cover glass. Gentle Jieating for
one to two hours is most desirable as it speeds clearing, insures
uniform penetration without the formation of internal bubbles,
and hastens hardening of the exposed mountant. To counter-
act the mountant's chief disadvantage, its tendency to shrink,
after a day or so ring the preparation with fresh Hoyer's, and
when this has set, ring it once or twice with some standard
ringing mixture, such as murrayite.
As to permanency, slides of mites prepared with Hoyer's in
this museum twenty years ago remain in perfectly acceptable
condition today. The formula is as follows :
distilled water 50 ml.
gum arabic 30 grams
chloral hydrate 200 grams
glycerine 20 grams
The materials go into solution slowly, so that intermittent stir-
ring over a period of several days is often necessary. Mix in
the order given.
Lxix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 161
Mexican Jungle and Desert Fleas with Three new
Descriptions
By C. ANDRESEN HUBBARD, Tigard 23, Oregon
I have before me at this time the results of two collections of
fleas from Mexico. Dr. Murray Johnson, physician and sur-
geon, and well known west coast mammologist of Tacoma,
Washington, collecting 35 miles north of Los Mochis on the
border between Sinoloa and Sonora, Mexico on March 23, 1954,
removed
Orchopeas s. fireman! Hubbard, 4 males and 5 females off
Tcanopits phcnax (woodrat), and on March 12-14, 1956 at
Alamos, Sonora ;
Echidnophaga gallinacea (Westwood), 4 males, 12 females off
Brassariscus astulus (ringtail cat) ; off Didelphis m. mesa-
mericamts (opossum), 61 males, 353 females;
Pulex simulans Baker, 10 males, 8 females off Brassariscus
austulus; 31 males, 35 females off Didelphis m. mesaincri-
canus and off Citcllus y. rupestis (ground squirrel), 10 males,
12 females;
Ctenocephalides f. felis (Bouche), 1 male and 2 females off
Didelphis m. mcsarnericanus.
It is to be noted in the above that for the first time in over
50 years the determination of Pulex simulans Baker has been
used. Mr. Frans Smit of the British Museum, who studied
the fleas involved, thinks he has found the characteristics upon
which Baker made the original description in 1895. Practically
all investigators to date have considered P. simulans a synonym
of P. irritans. Smit is quite serious in his contention that P.
simulans is a good species and has determined Pulex from cen-
tral California for the writer as P. simulans.
The second collection before me was made by Mr. C. Hayden
formerly of Riverdale, California but whose present whereabouts
is unknown to the writer. During December of 1955 and Janu-
ary and February of 1956 Mr. Hayden was collecting about
Mexico City. Six areas were visited, 14 different hosts ex-
162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1958
amined, and the 24 vials of fleas collected represented 16 species
and subspecies, 3 of which are considered new and described
herewith as such. Upon the arrival of the materials the writer
examined same without clearing and noticed the bulk of the
fleas were of the genera Kohlsia, Jellisonia, Pleochatis and
Polygenis. These genera being unfamiliar to the writer, the
entire collection was forwarded to the British Museum for con-
sideration. The results, now indexed, are as follows :
Pulex irritans L. off Urocyon cinereoargcnteus (fox), 2 males,
Pueblo Nuevo, Chiapas, Feb. 6, 1956.
Ctenocephalides canis (Curtis) off Urocyon cinereoargenteus,
3 pairs, Pueblo Nuevo, Chiapas, Feb. 6, 1956.
Ctenodephalides f. felis (Bouche) off Nasua narica (koati),
4 males, 8 females, San Luis Potosi, Dec. 19, 1955 ; off
Syh'ilagus floridanns (cottontail), 2 females, Desierto de los
Leones, Mexico City, Jan. 8, 1956.
Kohlsia cora Traub out of mouse nest, 7 males, 12 females,
Pueblo Nuevo, Chiapas, Feb. 11, 1956.
Kohlsia whartoni T. and J. off Peromyscus bovlii (deer
mouse), 2 pairs, Pueblo Nuevo, Chiapas, Feb. 6, 1956; off
Neotoma mexicana (woodrat), 1 male, Pueblo Nuevo, Chia-
pas, Feb. 9, 1956.
Kohlsia linni new species
There are before the writer at this time the holotype male, off
Peromyscus boylii (deer mouse) (type host), Feb. 9, 1956; the
allotype female and 2 male and 3 female paratypes off Neotoma
mexicana (wood rat), Feb. 9, 1956; all taken at Pueblo Nuevo,
Chiapas.
The new species differs from others of the genus in the shape
and armature of the
Modified Segments : Male. Finger F, for the lack of better
words to describe its shape, might be said to be bulbous or
boxing glove like. The anterior border is slightly concave, and
the complete apical border rounds nicely from its meeting with
the anterior border to its junction with the process. On this
face are three major bristles situated about equidistant along the
lxi.\| ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 163
upper three fourths of the border. A small bristle is located
at the most apical point. The finger does not quite reach the
apex of the process. The process P is squarish at its apical
angle, the posterior face being almost perpendicular. The bris-
tle at the lower corner of P is giant and very long, extending
well beyond those on F. Sternite IX with lower apical angle
squarish, the apical face bearing 4 short stout bristles, then with
upper apical rounded and thumblike, and armed with 3 short,
almost spiniforms.
Female. Sternite VII with 2 lobes, the valley between larger
or smaller, depending on variation, the upper lobe a small tri-
angular protruberance, usually extending beyond the lower lobe
which may be anywhere from rounded to block-like and squarish.
This flea bears the name of Dr. Otto Linn, Dean Emeritus of
Faculty, Pacific Bible College, Portland, Oregon, under whom
the writer has now been teaching for ten years.
Pleochaetis schmidti Traub off Neotoma mexicana (woodrat),
1 pair, 1956, Pueblo Nuevo, Chiapas, Feb. 9, 1956.
Pleochaetis mathesoni Traub off Neotoma mexicana, 1 male,
Pueblo Nuevo, Chiapas, Feb. 9, 1956.
Jellisonia irons! Eads off Baiomys musculns (pigmy mouse),
1 female, Comitan, near Rio Grihalva, Chiapas, Feb. 15, 1956.
Jellisonia grayi new species
There are before the writer at this time, all from El Salto,
San Luis Potosi, the holotype male, off Peromyscus boylii (deer
mouse) (type host), Dec. 15, 1955, the allotype female and 2
male and 1 female paratypcs with same data, and 1 male para-
type off Peromyscus boylii, Dec. 18, 1955 ; and off Sigmodon
hispidus (cotton rat), 1 male paratypc, Dec. 18, 1955.
The new species differs from others in the genus in the shape
and armature of the
Modified Segments : Male. The finger F might be called
triangular, the posterior face made undulant by the insertion of
the 5 major bristles. The heel is well defined, and at this ven-
tral apical angle there is inserted a very large bristle. Along
the posterior border, about equally spaced, are 4 other promi-
164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1958
nent bristles which, due to their deep insertions, make the poste-
rior border look undulant. Process P is somewhat hook shaped,
the hook facing anteriorly.
Female. Sternite VII consists of a squarish lobe below, then
a deep valley, then a second lobe, pointed, triangular, and as
long as the first.
This flea bears the name of Dr. Albert Gray, President Emeri-
tus of Pacific Bible College, Portland, Oregon.
Foxella ignota chapmani new subspecies
There is before the writer at this time only the holotype male
which was taken off a cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) at El
Salto, San Luis Potosi, on December 15, 1955. Although the
holotype was taken off a cotton rat, it seems likely that this was
accidental for Foxella usually have pocket gophers for their
normal hosts. The new subspecies differs from others in the
series mainly in the proportions of the VHIth sternite in the
male. Due to the fact that this is short in the new subspecies
it seems likely that it is close to Foxella ignota franciscana.
Modified Segments : Male. Finger F long, slender and finger
like ; armed along its posterior border with the usual equally
spaced 3 major bristles. Process P, the characteristic long,
slender, high process, armed at the apex by a few minute bristles.
VII Ith sternite characteristic, the apex with the usual long, un-
dulant bristle and above it a wide area, squarish, the area of
which is greater than any Foxella ignota so far described.
The female is unknown to the writer.
This flea bears the name of Dr. Milo Chapman, President of
Pacific Bible College, Portland, Oregon.
Orchopeas howardi bolivari Barrera off Urocyon cinereoar-
gcntcus (fox), 1 female, Pueblo Nuevo, Chiapas, Feb. 6, 1956;
off Sciurns oureogaster (squirrel), 3 males, 1 female, Pueblo
Nuevo, Chiapas, Feb. 5, 1956.
Opisodasys robustus mexicanus Dampf off Sciurns nclsoni
(squirrel), 2 males, 12 females, Desierto de los Leones,
Mexico City, Jan. 1, 1956.
Ixix]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
165
Polygenis vazquezi Vargas off Peromyscus bo\lii (deer
mouse), 1 male, 8 miles south of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Jan.
23, 1956; off Liomys pic t us (pocket mouse), 3 males, 2 fe-
males, 2 miles west of Tapanatepec, Oaxaca, Jan. 29, 1956;
off Didelphis marsupialis (opossum), 1 pair, Comitan, near
Rio Grihalva, Chiapas, Feb. 15, 1956.
Rhopalopsyllus cacius saevus J. and R. off Homo sapiens
(man), 1 female, Comitan, near Rio Grihalva, Chiapas, Feb.
12, 1956.
Rhopalopsyllus australis australis Rothschild off Procyon
lotor (raccoon), 1 female, Desierto de los Leones, Mexico
City, Jan. 8, 1956; off Didelphis marsupialis (opossum),
1 male, 2 females, Desierto de los Leones, Mexico City, Jan.
8, 1956.
Ne\N Mexican
Fleas \ ^ H u bbi
Kohislcx ilnnt
Hobboued
Note: Since the writer no longer possesses a collection of fleas,
his collection for the most part having been transferred to the
Rothschild collection by gift, all materials mentioned above are
returned to the Rothschild collection, and any information
wished concerning them should be addressed to Mr. Frans
Smit, Custodian of the Rothschild Collection of Siphonaptera,
Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England.
The 3 new descriptions herewith bring to 60 the number of
world fleas described by the writer, 50 from the continental
166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [J une > 1958
United States, 6 from Iraq and 4 from Mexico, and clear his
desk once again of siphonapteran materials.
The writer has asked Mr. Smit to send to the United States
National Museum and the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia paratypes where they are available.
Pison (Paraceramius) koreense (Rad.), A New
Adventive Wasp in Eastern United States
(Hymenoptera, Sphecidae)
By KARL V. KROMBEIN, Entomology Research Division,
Agr. Res. Serv., U. S. D. A.
For several years I have puzzled over the specific identity of
a short series of Pison (5.5-6.5 mm. long), reared by A. D.
Cushman, July 19, 1954, from some fragile clay cells. He
found this aggregation of cells inside a discarded photographic
tank stored under an old Army barracks. This building had
been transported to McLean, Virginia, from Georgia after the
war. More recently J. T. Medler sent a single specimen reared
in 1957 from a similar cell found at Palisades Park, Illinois.
At first I supposed that the wasp was Pison lacvc Smith, de-
scribed from Georgia, but I. H. H. Yarrow at the British
Museum advised me that Smith's species belongs to a different
subgenus. Subsequent study of the collection in the U. S.
National Museum indicated that this unknown species was
more closely allied to those occurring in eastern Asia and the
Orient than it was to any of the South American species. Sus-
pecting by now that it might be koreense (Rad.), I borrowed a
Japanese specimen of that species from K. Yasumatsu, and was
able to confirm this tentative determination.
P. koreense is native to Korea, China and Japan, and is now
established at two localities in the United States. Presumably
it was introduced here since the war, possibly on military mate-
riel returned to this country (Palisades Park is near the Ord-
nance Depot at Savannah, 111.). Probably it can be expected
Lxix I ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 167
to turn up at additional localities as it extends its range or as
additional successful introductions are discovered.
The reniform eyes covered with dense short hair and two
submarginal cells will distinguish koreense from any of our
native sphecoid wasps. It stores spiders in delicate clay cells
about 8 mm. long and 4 mm. in diameter. The cells found by
A. D. Cushman were constructed side by side in a diagonal row.
The cocoon is opaque, rather brittle, cylindrical with rounded
ends, and about 7 mm. long and 2.5 mm. in diameter.
Radoszkowski (1887) included only koreense in his new
genus Paraceramius. I do not accept Turner's synonymy
(Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 617, 1916) of Paraceramius Rad.
under Pison subgenus Pisonoides Sm. In the latter group the
eyes are bare, the second recurrent vein is received well within
the second submarginal cell (interstitial with the first transverse
cubital vein in Paraceramius), and the mesopleuron is not mar-
gined posteriorly by an oblique row of small foveolae. The
other identified species before me belonging to the subgenus
Paraceramius are the Philippine Pison browni (Ashm.) and
P. different Turner from Java (type locality is Assam). Two
unidentified Neotropical species also belong in Paraceramius,
though probably in a separate species group because they have
three submarginal cells.
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THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA 3, PA.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
JULY iosa
Vol. LXIX No. 7
CONTENTS
Sabrosky New species and notes on N. A. Diptera 169
Burks Eurytoma important in control of weeds 177
Knull -A new species of Conosphaeron from Arizona 185
Hull Some species of the genus Bathypogon 187
Moure On the bee genus Cyphomelissa 191
Hall Change of name in the Bombyliicl Anastoechus 195
Xlth International Congress of Entomology 195
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOL. LXIX JULY, 1958 No. 7
New Species and Notes on North American
Acalyptrate Diptera
By CURTIS W. SABROSKY, Entomology Research Division,
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture
Miscellaneous notes and descriptions in various families of
North American acalyptrate Diptera are presented here for
public record, to clarify misidentifications and synonymy.
ANTHOMYZIDAE : Cyamops Melander
The genus was reviewed by Sturtevant (1954, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 103 : 557-559), who referred it to the Anthomyzidae,
described one new species, and noted the considerable color
variation in C. jicbulosa Melander. I take this occasion to note
sexual dimorphism in color, and to describe a new species with
entirely clear wings, undoubtedly confused in the past as a pale-
winged variant of nebulosa. Sturtevant's key is modified
slightly to include the new species.
Ke\> to the Nearctic species of Cyamops
1. Fore tibia and tarsus chiefly black; one pair of scutellar
bristles C. imitata Sturt.
Fore tibia and tarsus yellow, distal segment of latter infus-
cated ; two pairs of scutellar bristles 2
2. Wing typically heavily browned on disk and a narrow apical
margin, in palest examples with only faint traces of brown
along the veins and midway in marginal cell ; second van
distinctly sinuate, suddenly narrowing the marginal cell
about midway, where discal infuscation begins ; halter knob
whitish yellow C. nebulosa Mel.
(169)
SMITHSONIAN ,,,, n 1Q r c
INSTITUTION JUL 3 1958
170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u. 1958
Wing membrane entirely clear; second vein almost straight,
or weakly convex anteriorly considering its entire length,
the marginal cell steadily narrowed from base to apex ;
halter knob predominantly brown to black in females, yel-
lowish in males ...................... C. halterata n. sp.
Cyamops nebulosa Melander
Cyamops nebulosa Melander, 1913, Jour. New York Ent. Soc.
21: 292 (Mass.).
The fortunate collecting of a good series of 33 specimens (18
males, 15 females) at Cranberry Glades, Pocahontas County,
W. Va., July 16, 1955, gave opportunity to check sexual di-
morphism. In addition to the broader face mentioned by Sturte-
vant, the females have the entire face and cheek black, palpi
brown to black, and antennae infuscated on dorsal half. In the
males, the face, anterior half of cheek, and palpus are bright
yellow, and the antenna is predominantly so, only narrowly
infuscated along the dorsal margin.
Typically the pleuron in both sexes is pollinose, although
thinly so and hence shining. In a few specimens, the greater
part of the mesopleuron is bare and polished, a character that
is often of specific importance. However, I can find no other
differences, and for the present at least I regard this as a varia-
tion. Three specimens of the 33 noted above, and five from
scattered localities, are so marked.
Cyamops halterata, n. sp.
As described for C. nebulosa Melander, but differing in the
characters noted in the key, and in having the palpi yellowish in
both sexes, the central area of the front more deeply velvet black,
and the orbital area flanking each antenna narrower and more
conspicuously silvery than in nebulosa, and without a row of
orbital hairs on its surface.
Holotype $, Washburn County, Wis., July 6, 1951 (R. H.
Jones). Type No. 64220 in the U. S. National Museum.
Allotype, same locality, Aug. 25, 1951 (Jones). Paratypes:
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 171
3, 2$?, Washburn Co., Wis., July 25, 1950, July 10, 1953 (?)
(Jones) [Jones Colin.] ; $, Wexford Co., Mich., July 17, 1948
(R. R. Dreisbach) [USNM] ; 5, Woods Hole, Mass., June 28,
1950 (A. H. Sturtevant) [USNM] ; 3?$, Woods Hole, Mass.,
July 21, 1954 (M. R. Wheeler) and $, same locality, Aug. 29,
1950 (Sturtevant) [Wheeler Colin.].
Available material seems to indicate that the new species is
more northern than nebulosa, but the series is obviously too
limited to do more than suggest this as a tentative hypothesis.
MILICHIIDAE: Stomosis Melander
This genus was proposed in 1913 for Desmometopa luteola
Coquillett from Arizona, and that species was subsequently iden-
tified from the wide range of Michigan, Indiana, Virginia, Texas,
and Costa Rica. Recently the study of additional material and
review of former identifications revealed that two species have
been confused under the name luteola, and that the true luteola
is a synonym of innominata (Will.).
The genus will thus contain the following five known species :
innominata (Will.), rufula (Frey) from Brazil, the new Ne-
arctic species, and two species from Victoria, Australia, flaro-
scutcllata Mali, and vittata Mali.
Key to the North American species of Stomosis
1. Epaulet black; legs yellow, the knees of mid and hind femora
narrowly but distinctly black ; conspicuous black stripe
along upper margin of sternopleuron, enclosing base of
sternopleural bristle (Arizona, St. Vincent, Honduras,
Costa Rica, Panama) S. innominata (Will.)
Epaulet yellow ; legs entirely yellow ; upper margin of sterno-
pleuron weakly and narrowly browned, the infuscation not
enclosing base of sternopleural bristle (eastern United
States) S. flara, n. sp.
Stomosis innominata (Williston), n. comb.
Agromy^a innominata Williston, 1896, Trans. Ent. Soc. London
1896: 443, pi. 14, fig. 158 (St. Vincent).
172 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Juty> 1958
Desmometopa luteola Coquillett, 1902, Jour. New York Ent.
Soc. 10: 188 (Williams, Ariz.). NEW SYNONYMY.
Stomosis luteola (Coq.) Melander, 1913, Jour. New York Ent.
Soc. 21 : 242.
The correct family position of innominate, and its possible
synonymy with Stomosis luteola (Coq.) were first suggested by
H. Oldroyd of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) in corre-
spondence with Kenneth Frick regarding the identity of Willis-
ton's Agromyza. Subsequently, Oldroyd kindly compared Costa
Rican specimens of luteola with the type of innominata and
found them to be the same. I have no material for clarifying
the identity of the other Neotropical species, 5. rufula (Frey),
described from southern Brazil, but it is many years junior to
Williston's name and thus does not affect the recognition of
the latter.
In addition to the holotype of luteola, I have before me 34
specimens of both sexes from the following localities : ARIZONA :
Sedona, Oak Creek Canyon, June 29, 1953 (W. W. Wirth).
HONDURAS: La Ceiba, June 14, 1920 (F. J. Dyer). COSTA
RICA: 22, Higuito, San Mateo (Pablo Schild). PANAMA:
Arraijan, Oct. 7, 1952 (F. S. Blanton) : Tocumen, Panama
Province, Jan. 6, 1953 (Blanton) ; Pina, Jan. 31, 1954 (Blan-
ton) ; 7, Almirante, Bocas del Toro, Jan. 1953 (Blanton) [all
USNM].
I do not know the correct assignment of the Texas record of
"luteola' cited by Melander (1913). The other records of
luteola from eastern United States cited by Sabrosky (1953,
Ent. News 64: 39) actually refer to S. flava, new species.
Stomosis flava, n. sp.
Stomosis luteola (Coq.) Wirth, 1952, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.
54: 240 (Va.) [Misident.].
Stomosis luteola (Coq.) Sabrosky, 1953, Ent. News 64: 39
(Eastern U. S.) [Misident.].
Very close to .5*. luteola, and agreeing with the detailed de-
scription for Stomosis published by Melander (1913), but char-
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 173
acterized as noted in the above key. The species is yellowish to
testaceous except for the black hairs, bristles, arista, ocellar
tubercle at least in part, central area of occiput, and proboscis
at the geniculation ; upper margin of sternopleuron narrowly
and weakly browned.
Holotype $, Lafayette, IND., Aug. 21, 1916 (J. M. Aldrich).
Type No. 64221, U. S. National Museum. Allotype, same lo-
cality and collector, August 7. Paratypes : ALABAMA: $, Au-
burn, 1952 (H. Cunningham). FLORIDA: $, Osceola National
Forest, Columbia Co., Apr. 19, 1954 (H. V. Weems, Jr.).
GEORGIA: $ (?), Savannah, Sept. 1, 1954, in privy trap (J. W.
Kilpatrick). INDIANA: 2^, Lafayette, Aug. 19, 24, 1916
(Aldrich). MICHIGAN: $, E. Lansing, July 31, 1941 (Bruce
Wilson) [Sabrosky Colin.] ; Monroe, July 4, 1940 (G. Stey-
skal) ; Detroit, June 16, 1940 (Steyskal) ; Grosse Isle, Wayne
Co., July 5, 1948 (Steyskal). TENNESSEE: 9, Maynardville,
reared from puparia collected in cavity in beech tree, June- Aug.,
1955 (W. E. Snow) (4 coll. 7-14, emerged 7-18; 3 coll. 8-16,
emerged 8-24; 2 coll. 6-14, emerged 7-1 and 7-29). VIR-
GINIA: g, 5, Alexandria, June 14, 1951, on flowers (W. W.
Wirth) ; J 1 , $, Holmes Run, Falls Church, April 15, 16, 1951,
reared from tree crotch debris (Wirth). [Colin. USNM,
except as noted.]
Genitalia of innominata and flava were compared, and showed
only slight differences, which might or might not prove reliable
in a long series of specimens.
The Maynardville, Tenn., series was reared from puparia
found in a cavity near the base of a beech tree in a heavily
shaded ravine. The cavity contained slightly moist woody ma-
terial, and now and then a leaf or two. These rearings and that
by Wirth at Fall Church suggest that this hitherto rather rare
species should be looked for in tree hole debris.
PIOPHILIDAE
For the North American fauna, attention is called to a iu'\v
synonym, and the record is clarified on a second Arctic species.
174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1958
Piophila (Allopiophila) arctica Holmgren
Piophila arctica Holmgren, 1883, Ent. Tidskr. 4: 177 (Vaigach
I., northern Russia, opposite Novaya Zemlya).
P. aterrima Becker, 1897, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersb. 1897 :
402 (Novaya Zemlya). (Synonymy by Hennig, 1943, in
Lindner's Fliegen Palaeark. Region, Lfg. 151, Fam. 40,
p. 37, from comparison of types).
P. aterrima Becker; Malloch, 1934, Mem. Carnegie Mus. 12
(pt. 2, sect. 4) : 22 (Southampton I., Hudson Bay, and
Herschell, N.W.T., Canada).
? Allopiophila sp. near A. aterrima (Becker); Weber, 1949,
Ent. News 60: 126; Weber, 1950, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.
76: 200 (Point Barrow, Alaska) (det. Sabrosky).
Piophila (Allopiophila) arctica Holmgren; Weber, 1954, Proc.
Ent. Soc. Wash. 56: 89 (Point Barrow, Alaska; det.
Sabrosky, correction of preceding).
I have examined the type series in the Naturhistoriska Riks-
museum in Stockholm, and compared Alaskan specimens with it.
The species is probably circumpolar, but relatively seldom re-
corded. I have seen numerous specimens from Point Barrow,
Alaska, collected June 22-Aug. 5, 1952 (Paul D. Hurd), July
8-30, 1953 (Hurd), and July 9, 1953 (R. I. Sailer), in addition
to those collected earlier by N. A. Weber (see refs.). One ex-
ample is at hand from Mould Bay, Prince Patrick I., Canada,
July 28, 1949 (C. O. Handley) [USNM].
Piophila (Allopiophila) fulviceps Holmgren
Piophila fulviceps Holmgren, 1883, Ent. Tidskr. 4: 177 (Khaba-
rov Bay, northern Russia, opposite Novaya Zemlya).
P. fulviceps Holmgren ; Sack, 1923, Rept. Norweg. Exped. Nov.
Zemlya, no. 15: 10 (Novaya Zemlya).
Piophila borealis Malloch, 1919, Rept. Canad. Arctic Exped.
1913-18, vol. 3 (pt. C) : 84C (Camden Bay, Alaska).
NEW SYNONYMY.
I have compared a Point Barrow specimen with the type of
fiilriccps in the Museum at Stockholm. In Alaska, the species
is apparently less common than arctica, judging from the avail-
able material. I have seen a few specimens from Point Barrow,
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 175
Alaska, collected by Hurd and Sailer, and a lone specimen from
Churchill, Manitoba, June 20, 1930 (O. Bryant) (det. Malloch
as P. borealis).
Neither julviceps nor arc tic a was included in Melander's
review of the family in 1924 (Psyche 31 : 78-86), and Malloch's
publication of borealis in 1919 was overlooked. Fortunately,
this has not resulted in any synonymy of Melander's species.
The two species are easily distinguished by color, in addition to
a number of other characters. P. arctica has an entirely black
head and body whereas julviceps has the front, outside of the
upper orbits and ocellar triangle, and variably, the humeri, sides
of mesonotum narrowly, and scutellum bright orange to reddish.
SPHAEROCERIDAE (BORBORIDAE)
Leptocera (Coproica) acutangula (Zett.)
Limosina acutangula Zetterstedl, 1847, Diptera Scanclinaviae
6 : 499.
In 1948, I recorded this species from southern Georgia
(Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 50: 85), apparently the first published
record for North America. Subsequently A. R. Brooks, then
at Ottawa, Canada, wrote me that he had seen a male of the
species from Winnipeg, Manitoba, July 1942. Other specimens
have since come to my attention from Grant and East Lansing,
Mich, and Benton Co., Tenn. Recently several specimens were
received from Irving Blake, collected in sweeping over alpine
tundra at 13,100 ft. on Mt. Lincoln, Colo., Aug. 24, 1957. It
now appears likely, especially from the last record, that the spe-
cies is a normally Holarctic species long overlooked in North
America.
Males have a peculiarly distinctive wing, with the discal cell
apically acute and a fringe of about a dozen long hairs on the
margin of the wing about at the end of the fifth vein, but females
could easily have been confused with other species of the sub-
genus Coproica (Coprophila of Duda and Spuler). The females
may be separated from other known North American species
of this subgenus by the combination of second costal sectur
176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u > 1958
(between veins one and two) longer than the third, and the
third and fourth veins not divergent but subparallel.
Leptocera (Limosina) ochripes (Meigen)
Borbonts ochripes Meigen, 1830, Syst. Beschr. 6: 209.
This species has not hitherto been recorded from North
America, as far as I am aware. Three specimens have turned
up in material received for determination : East Lansing, Mich.,
May 20 and July 15, 1955; Midland Co., Mich., July 15, 1952
(R. R. Dreisbach) [USNM Colin.]. The specimens have been
compared with European material determined by O. W.
Richards.
The bright yellow front, face and cheeks are a striking char-
acteristic in this predominantly dark and drab genus. The two
other North American species of the subgenus Limosina Mac-
quart (Scotophilella Duda) which have a yellow head can be
separated from ochripes as follows :
Key to the North American species of Leptocera
1. Third section of costa (between tips of second and third
veins) subequal to or barely shorter than second section;
occiput predominantly blackish on upper half ; all femora
and tibiae yellow except for the infuscated distal half of
fore tibia ........................... L. ochripes (Mg.)
Third section of costa obviously longer than second, almost
twice or more than twice its length ; head entirely yellow ;
legs not as above, the femora and tibiae with some dark
markings .......................................... 2
2. Antenna yellow ; legs yellow, the fore tibia and apex of fore
femur black (Costa Rica) ....... L. xanthocephala Spuler
Antenna dark brown ; legs yellow with mid and hind femora
black (N. J.) ................... L. palliceps (Johnson)
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 177
Three Species of Eurytoma Important in Biological
Control of Weeds (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae)
By B. D. BURKS, Entomology Research Division,
Agr. Res. Serv, U. S. D. A.
This paper includes the descriptions of three species of the
chalcidoid genus Eurytoma which are of actual or potential im-
portance in projects for the biological control of noxious plants.
The first species is a previously undescribed phytophagous one
which develops in the seeds of the black sage (Cordia macro-
stachya). It has been introduced from the West Indian island
of Trinidad into the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius to aid
in the control of this weed. The second species, Eurytoma
cressoni Howard, is thought to be a parasite of the first; it is
redescribed from fresh material. The third species is a pre-
viously undescribed parasitic one which attacks the larva of a
weevil, Microlarinus sp., which feeds commonly in the stems of
the puncture vine (Tribulus terrestris} in South India. This
weevil may prove to be useful in the control of this weed in the
United States, but in India its effectiveness is considerably
reduced by the attacks of the Eurytoma.
Eurytoma attiva, new species
Eur\toma sp., Williams, 1951, Mauritius Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt.
1949, no. 25, p. 64.
This species agrees with howardi Dalla Torre ( mayri How-
ard not Ashmead) in having weak facial striae which converge
on the mouth opening ; in having a longitudinal fold crossing the
lateral part of the pronotum; in having the prepectus smooth
with the posterodorsal angle tonguelike; in having the propo-
deum almost vertical, with a broad, median, shallow concavity;
in that the petiole of the female is so short as scarcely to be
visible ; and in having the fourth gastral tergite almost or quite
as long as the preceding three tergites combined. The females
of these two species differ in that the head in anterior aspect is
178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u > 1958
more square in attiva than in howardi; the antennal scape and
midfemora are partly dark brown to black in attiva, although
these structures are entirely yellow to tan in howardi; and the
propodeal concavity is laterally shagreened in attiva, but it is
rugulose in howardi. The males of attiva and howardi differ in
that the antennal scape in attiva is clavate toward the apex, but
it is not in howardi; the abdominal petiole is longer than the
hind coxa in attiva, but it is slightly shorter than the hind coxa
in howardi.
Female. Length 2.5-3.0 mm. Black; antennal scape tan
with more or less extensive dark brown to black shading api-
cally; pedicel tan beneath and black above, flagellum dark
brown ; mandibles, trochanters, bases and apices of femora,
tibiae, and tarsi, tan ; wings hyaline, venation tan or yellow ;
ventral base of gaster red-brown ; tips of ovipositor sheaths
yellow. Pubescence relatively inconspicuous, silvery ; one or
two pairs of obscure setae on each of basal three gastral tergites,
fourth tergite with three pairs, fifth with one and a partial sec-
ond irregular row of setae extending completely across tergite
near its posterior margin, exposed surfaces of sixth and seventh
tergites covered with long, slender setae.
Frons in anterior aspect appearing to be almost square, indis-
tinct striae converging on mouth; antennae inserted slightly be-
low center of frons, apex of scape reaching level of vertex ; funi-
cle segments becoming progressively slightly broader and shorter
toward apex, so that fifth segment is li times as wide and f as
long as first ; club as long as fourth and fifth funicle segments
combined ; scrobe cavity with margins acarinate ; a faint and
irregular carina encircling the compound eye; malar furrow
present and complete ; postocellar line twice as long as ocel-
locular.
Umbilicate punctures of thoracic notum deep, distinct, inter-
stices strongly shagreened ; pronotum with disc of lateral sector
with a longitudinal fold ; prepectus smooth and shining dorsally,
sculptured ventrally, its posterodorsal angle tonguelike ; tegula
brown, smooth and shining ; anterior face of fore coxa excavated
and flattened on apical two-thirds of its length; mesosternum
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 179
not prolonged anteriorly between bases of fore coxae ; forewing
with marginal and postmarginal veins equal in length, stigmal
vein as long as marginal, submarginal 5 times as long as mar-
ginal; hind coxa with deep femoral concavity at apex, surface
within this concavity smooth, rest of exposed surface of coxa
with irregular, alveolate sculpture, this sculpture more minute
on mesal surface than on outer surface.
Propodeum vertical, with a broad, very shallow concavity on
meson, this concavity with a median, vertical band of semi-
transverse, strong rugae, area of concavity lateral to median
band shagreened ; propodeal spiracles oval ; petiole short, much
wider than long, and roughly sculptured; gaster 1^ times as
long as thorax, first tergite entirely smooth and shining, second
to fifth tergites smooth dorsally ; very faintly and minutely
sculptured laterally near anterior margins ; fourth tergite the
longest, being almost or quite as long as first 3 tergites com-
bined ; sixth tergite, when seen in lateral aspect, forming a 50
angle with longitudinal axis of gaster.
Male. Length 2.0-3.0 mm. Antennal scape clavate toward
apex ; funicle composed of 5 pedunculate segments, first slightly
longer and thicker than any one of more distal segments ; club
two-segmented ; petiole longer than hind coxa, ventral apex of
petiole smooth, rest of its exposed surface with close, alveolate
sculpture ; propodeum lacking the broad, shallow concavity of
the female, a median, longitudinal groove present with areas
lateral to it slightly produced and with rugose, irregular, alveo-
late sculpture; gaster compressed, as long as thorax, third
gastral tergite the longest.
Type locality. St. Augustine, Trinidad, B. \V. I.
Types. U. S. N. M. No. 64233.
Described from 35$ and 30J 1 specimens as follows : Holotype
5, allotype J\ and 13 and 10 J* paratypes, St. Augustine, Trini-
dad, April 1945, reared from inflorescence of Cordia sp., R.
Donald (specimens received through E. C. McCallan) ; 1 and
1J* paratypes, St. Augustine, Trinidad, Sept. 1946; 1$ para-
type, Nariva, Trinidad, Nov. 1946, from Cordia macrostacliya
flowers, F. J. Simmonds; 7$ and 8^ paratypes, Mauritius, 1949,
180 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1958
reared from seeds of Cordia macro stocky a from Trinidad, J. R.
Williams; 12$ and 10J 1 paratypes, Mauritius, 1950, from seeds
of Trinidad Cordia, J. R. Williams. Fifteen $ and 15J 1 para-
types are deposited in the British Museum (Natural History)
collection; the rest of the type material is in the U. S. National
Museum collection.
ii
The following species is thought to be a parasite of Eurytoma
attiva, although it is possible that in part of its larval develop-
ment its feeding is phytophagous rather than parasitic. As
Noble (1940, Roy. Ent. Soc. London Trans. 90: 33) has shown,
in some other species of Eurytoma the larvae spend part of their
lives as parasites, passing the rest as plant feeders. E. cressoni
was first segregated in material reared from Cordia seeds in the
Island of Trinidad. Later it was found to have been introduced
into the Island of Mauritius in Cordia seeds sent there from
Trinidad. It was originally determined as an unknown species
of Eurytoma by A. B. Gahan, formerly of the U. S. Department
of Agriculture. Subsequently G. J. Kerrich, of the Common-
wealth Institute of Entomology, London, was able to identify
it as Eurytoma cressoni Howard by comparing specimens with
the female type of that species in the British Museum (Natural
History) collection. Mr. Kerrich has very kindly checked my
redescription against this type.
Eurytoma cressoni Howard
Eurytoma cressoni Howard, 1897, Linn. Soc. London, Zool.
Jour. 26: 138; Dalla Torre, 1898, Cat. Hym., v. 5, p. 336;
Ashmead, 1900, Ent. Soc. London Trans., p. 338; Schmiede-
knecht, 1909, Gen. Ins., fasc. 97, p. 141.
Female. Length 1.5-2.5 mm. Black; mandibles, antennae,
fore and mid legs, hind legs except coxae, tegulae, venter of
gaster, and apices of ovipositor sheaths, yellow to tan, but this
light color somewhat variable pedicel sometimes shaded with
black dorsally, a faint yellow or tan spot usually on face ventral
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 181
to each antennal socket, hind coxae may be partly or almost
entirely yellow or tan, and light color may extend from venter
onto lateral areas of fourth and fifth gastral tergites or, some-
times, extend over entire surface of fourth gastral tergite ; wings
hyaline with venation yellow to tan. Pubescence fine, silvery;
dense on metepisternum and sixth and seventh gastral tergites.
Antennae inserted slightly below center of frons, apices of
scapes reaching level of anterior ocellus ; antennal funicle seg-
ments equal in width, and gradually decreasing in length, the
first somewhat longer than the fifth ; club as long as first and
second funicle segments combined; scrobe cavity with lateral
and dorsal margins obscurely carinate ; face with numerous,
strong striae converging on mouth opening ; compound eye not
encircled by a carina ; malar furrow complete ; postocellar line
2\ times as long as ocellocular.
Umbilicate punctures of thoracic notum deep, regular, and
closely set, interstices very narrow, shagreened ; anterior face of
fore coxa flattened and slightly excavated from base to apex;
mesosternum not produced anteriorly between fore coxae; pre-
pectus smooth dorsally, sculptured ventrally, its posterodorsal
angle bluntly rounded ; tegula smooth, shining ; forewing with
marginal vein twice as long as stigmal and 1-J- times as long as
postmarginal, submarginal vein 3o times as long as marginal;
hind coxa with a shallow femoral cavity at apex, surface within
this concavity slightly sculptured, almost smooth, rest of exposed
surface of coxa with uniform alveolate sculpture.
Propodeum vertical, median area of propodeum with a shal-
low and broad concavity, surface of this concavity shagreened
and irregularly rugulose, lacking a median, longitudinal band of
rugose sculpture ; petiole so short as scarcely to be visible in
undissected specimens ; gaster slightly compressed, varying from
1; 1 ( to 1| times as long as thorax; fourth gastral tergite as long
as basal 3 tergites combined ; first gastral tergite smooth, second
and third smooth on dorsomedian line and at posterior margins,
otherwise with minute, closely set, irregularly alveolate sculp-
ture; fourth tergite completely sculptured except for a pair of
lateral sub-basal smooth spots; fifth tergite more minutely sculp-
182 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u* 1958
tured than fourth ; apex of abdomen acuminate, ovipositor and
seventh gastral tergite directed obliquely dorsad, ovipositor
sheaths slightly exserted.
Male. Length, 1.52.0 mm. Color as in female except that
light color is less extensive on hind coxae and gaster, and hind
tibiae are usually mostly black ; antennal scape broadened in
basal f, constricted apically; funicle with 4 pedunculated seg-
ments ; club three-segmented ; propodeum with median concavity
deeper and narrower than in female; petiole as long as or
slightly longer than hind coxa ; gaster not compressed, f as long
as thorax; third gastral tergite the longest.
Type locality. Balthazar, Grenada, B. W. I.
Lectotype. Female, in the British Museum (Natural His-
tory).
This species was originally described from a female and male
cotypes. The male cannot now be found either in the British
Museum (Natural History) or the U. S. National Museum
collections, so it is presumed to be lost. The female specimen is
hereby designated as the lectotype, and Mr. Kerrich has so
labeled it.
Enrytoma cressoni is redescribed from specimens from St.
Augustine, Toco, and Nariva, Trinidad and from Mauritius,
reared either from the seeds or from the inflorescence of Cordia
macrostachya. These specimens are divided between the British
Museum (Natural History) and the U. S. National Museum
collections.
iii
The name of the following species has long since gotten into
the literature, but no description of it has ever been found.
Girault's manuscript types of it have been in the U. S. National
Museum collection since 1916. T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar in
1920, in discussing parasites of Alcidodes bubo (F.) in South
India, said of it : "Two parasites, Metastenomyia jitliani Gir.,
and Eurytoma pigra Gir., have been noted on the grub ; but not
to any great extent." On an accompanying plate he figures a
"Chalcidid parasite" of Alcidodes bubo, without naming it fur-
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 183
ther. The specimen figured is clearly a pteromalid (probably
Metastenomyia), so that this publication could not be taken to
have validated the name Enrytoma pigra.
Eurytoma pigra, new species
Eurytoma pigra Girault MS, Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1920, Rpt.
Proc. Third Ent. Meeting Pusa, 1919, v. C p. 321 ; Mani,
1938, Cat. Ind. Ins., pt. 23, p. 71 ; Pruthi and Mani, 1940,
Imperial Council Agr. Res., India, Misc. Bui. 30, p. 8;
Thompson, 1943, Imperial Par. Serv., Cat. Par. and Pred.
Ins. Pests, sect. 1, pt. 1, p. 9.
Eurytoma sp., Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1925, Spolia Zeylonica 13 :
244.
This species may be distinguished from other oriental species
of Eurytoma as follows : It differs from poloni Girault in lacking
a pair of sublateral, longitudinal carinae on the first gastral ter-
gite ; it lacks the conspicuously long and stout setae which are
borne on the posterior margin of the hind tibia in setitibia
Gahan ; the female abdominal petiole is short, not as long as
or longer than the hind coxa, as in brunneipennis Crawford;
the face has striae converging on the mouth opening, not with
unmodified umbilicate punctation as in albotibialis Ashmead,
although both pigra and albotibialis have low carinae on the
frons running parallel with and close to the anterior margins of
the compound eyes ; in kindupurensis Gahan the mesosternum
is prolonged anteriorly as an acute projection between the an-
terior coxae, although this projection is truncate apically in
pigra. Other oriental species, such as systoloides Crawford and
manilcnsis Ashmead, have convergent facial striae, but they lack
the low carinae bordering the compound eyes. The anterior
coxa has a distinct toothlike projection near the middle of the
outer ventral margin in nesiotcs Crawford, but this projection
is wanting in pigra. In both pigra and nesiotes the propodeum
has a very broad, shallowly concave median depression.
Female. Length 2.5-3.0 mm. Black; antennae, trochanters,
bases of fore and mid femora, all but bases and apices of mid
tibiae, and sometimes base of gaster, dark brown ; apices of all
184 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u* 1958
femora, bases and apices of mid and hind tibiae, and mid and
hind tarsi, yellow ; front tibiae and tarsi tan ; wings hyaline with
venation yellow. Pubescence of head, body, and appendages
short, silvery; gastral tergites 1-3 bare, fourth tergite with a
few setae laterally, tergites 5-7 densely setose.
Antennae inserted in center of frons, apices of scapes reaching
level of anterior ocellus ; funicle segments all subequal in length
and width, fifth segment only very slightly shorter and broader
than first, club as long as funicle segments 4 and 5 combined ;
scrobe cavity carinately margined laterally and dorsally ; face
with strong striae converging on mouth opening ; weak but dis-
tinct carinae encircling compound eyes, these carinae bordering
the frons laterally; malar furrow obsolete; postocellar line 3
times as long as ocellocular.
Umbilicate punctures on thoracic notum shallow, interstices
narrow, somewhat irregular, lightly shagreened ; prepectus
smooth, shining, its posterodorsal angle blunt; anterior face of
fore coxa excavated from base to apex ; mesosternum produced
forward between bases of anterior coxae, its apex truncate, and
a short, median, longitudinal carina present ; tegulae black,
lightly sculptured, almost smooth ; forewing with marginal and
stigmal veins equal in length, postmarginal 1^ times as long as
marginal, submarginal 4 times as long as postmarginal ; hind
coxae with minute, alveolar sculpture extending completely over
exposed surfaces, a deep, concave femoral groove present at
apex.
Propodeum almost vertical, lying at an angle of 80 with
longitudinal axis of thorax ; median area of propodeum broadly
and shallowly concave ; surface of concavity shagreened and with
a median longitudinal band of confused, semi-transverse rugulae,
these varying in intensity in different specimens ; propodeal spi-
racles elongate-ovate ; petiole extremely short, but discernible ;
gaster varying from lyo to 1^ times as long as thorax, first
gastral tergite smooth, tergites 2-4 minutely and closely pitted
laterally and anteriorly on dorsum ; fourth tergite the longest,
being twice as long on dorso-meson as third tergite and as long
as first and second combined; gaster acuminate at apex, dorsal
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 185
surface of sixth tergite, when seen in lateral aspect, forming a
55 angle with longitudinal axis of gaster.
Male. Length 2.5 mm. Antennal funicle composed of 5
pedunculate segments, first segment slightly longer than any of
those following ; club two-segmented ; femoral groove at apex of
hind coxa more shallow than in female ; petiole longer than hind
coxa, apex of petiole smooth, rest of its surface with minute,
alveolar sculpture ; gaster compressed and as long as thorax,
third gastral tergite the longest, fourth tergite extremely short.
Type locality. New Delhi, INDIA.
Types. U. S. N. M. No. 64167.
Described from 11$ and 1<^ specimens as follows : Holotype $,
allotype J 1 , and 10$ paratypes, reared at New Delhi, India, July
5, 1957, from Microlarinus sp. larvae boring in the stems of
puncture vine, Tribulus terrestris, G. W. Angalet. Additional
specimens, not included in the type series, parasitized larvae of
the weevil, Alcidodcs bubo (F.) in Sesbania, Coimbatore, India,
Aug. 7-24, 1916, Ramakrishna Ayyar. The latter specimens,
all more or less broken, are Girault's manuscript types. Two 5
paratypes are deposited in the British Museum (Natural His-
tory) collection; the other specimens are in the U. S. National
Museum collection.
A New Species of Conosphaeron Linsley from
Arizona (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
By JOSEF N. KNULL, Department of Zoology and Entomology,
The Ohio State University, Columbus 10, Ohio
This interesting specimen appears to belong to genus Cono-
sphaeron Linsley (1935).
Conosphaeron pullum n. sp.
Female : Dark brown throughout, shining on both surfaces.
Head coarsely densely punctured, sparsely clothed with long
hairs; eyes coarsely granulated; antennae extending beyond
186 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1958
apex of elytra when laid over top, third and following segments
flattened, carinate, ciliate to ninth segment, three to seven in-
clusive spinose at tip, scape stout, coarsely punctured. Ratio
of lengths of segments 1 to 10, 4:1:6:4.4:4.8:4.4:4.6:4.2:3.7:
3.2, last segment missing.
Pronotum slightly longer than wide, widest back of middle,
apex and base about same width ; sides rounded with obtuse
tubercle back of middle which gives it an angled appearance;
surface convex with an elongate smooth area in middle and an
oblique one each side near base ; a transverse lateral depression
each side at base; irregularly, densely, coarsely punctured;
sparsely clothed with long ciliate hairs. Scutellum densely
clothed with short recumbent pubescence.
Elytra at base wider than widest part of pronotum, widest
near base ; sides converging toward apex, broadly rounded near
apex, apex emarginately truncate ; surface densely coarsely
punctured, punctures diminishing in size toward apices ; densely
clothed with long recumbent pubescence, sparsely intermixed
with long ciliate hairs.
Beneath abdomen sparsely, finely punctate, pubescence sparse,
long ; prosternum transversely rugose ; femora coarsely punc-
tured toward apices ; all tibiae carinate.
Length 12.6 mm.; width 2.9 mm. Holotype $ collected at
light five miles north of Nogales, ARIZONA, July 30, 1957, by
D. J. and J. N. Knull, in collection of author.
This species appears to be close to Conosphaeron piceum Lins.
(1935).
The elytra are considerably wider than pronotum ; the long
ciliate hairs of elytra are shorter toward apices instead of longer
as in pic cm n.
I am indebted to G. B. Vogt for comparing it with specimens
in the U. S. National Museum.
REFERENCES
E. G. LINSLEY. 1935. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 61 : 67-102.
. 1935. Rev. de Ent., 5 : 139-149.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 187
Some Species of the Genus Bathypogon Loew
By FRANK M. HULL, University, Mississippi
Flies of small or medium size which belong to the subfamily
Dasypogoninae and are characteristic of the Chilean and Aus-
tralian regions. A number of undescribed species have recently
been found in collections and several are described in this paper.
Bathypogon ichthyurus, new species
A small species with wholly black color, except some red on
the terminalia and the very dark reddish brown humerus. Fur-
ther characterized by the 4 pairs of scutellar bristles and the
curious, fish-tailed process curving down to the apex of the
superior forceps. Length 12 mm.
Male. Head: The head is black in ground color, the vertex
and front are wider than usual, the occipital pollen grey, the
pollen of front and vertex quite thin, simewhat brownish across
the upper front and vertex and yellowish grey on the lower half
of the front, except for a narrow border along the eye margin,
which is longer, denser and brownish yellow. Face a little
wider, more produced and protuberant, the elevation occupying
the lower two-thirds ; the pubescence is greyish white with a
yellow cast and the eye margins laterally have thick yellow
pubescence cintinued fro mthe front but not extending on the
lower face or cheeks. Bristles of face unusually numerous but
not very stout. Palpus and proboscis black. All pile and
bristles of the head pale brownish yellow, except those of the
ocellarium and the short bristles on the upper occiput, which
are light brown. Antenna black, except the base of third seg-
ment and apex of the second segment, which are sepia brown.
Third segment slender, only slightly dilated, the style a little
longer than usual.
Thora.r: The thorax is everywhere quite black, except on the
humerus, which is quite dark reddish brown. Pollen over the
mesonotum, including the lateral margin before the suture, dark
brown with a distinct reddish cast, but behind the suture some-
188 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1958
what greyish yellow. Though badly preserved, there are evi-
dences of 2 submedial, black stripes separated by 3 narrow
vittae of pale brownish yellow pollen, which might possibly be
described as greyish yellow. The complement of thoracic bris-
tles consists of 1 posthumeral, 2 notopleural, 1 supraalar, 2
postalar and 4 pairs of strong scutellar bristles. Metapleural
bristles not strongly differentiated. The pollen on the black
pleuron is reddish to yellowish brown and appears to be rather
thin over much of the pleuron.
Legs: The legs are black, except the dorsal surface of the
anterior and middle tibiae, which is quite dark reddish brown
and a little lighter on the basal half. Tarsi brownish black.
All pile and bristles of legs pale brownish yellow. Claws rather
slender, brown on the basal third.
Wings: The wings are nearly hyaline with dark brown veins.
The lower end vein of the discal cell makes a strong angle with
the lower end vein of the fourth posterior cell. There is a
minute stump of a vein a short distance from the base of the
anterior branch of the third vein.
Abdomen: The abdomen is black with only the terminalia
dark reddish to reddish brown. Pollen of abdomen distinctly
grey on the dorsal portion of the tergites, where it forms a large
posterior triangle, which in some lights appears to be divided
medially. The lateral pollen on the first 4 tergites is more or
less dark reddish brown, lighter in color on the remaining ter-
gites. The superior forceps are drawn down into an extended,
sharply pointed, fish-tail process on each side, thus each half
has 2 points with a deep concavity between. The process of
the outer point is longer than the medial point. The hypan-
drium has a prominent, thin, rounded, scoop-like processes.
Type. Male, L. Callabonna, collected by A. Zietz. No date
given. Type in the South Australian Museum.
Bathypogon nigrotibiatus, new species
A moderately large species characterized by the general black
ground color, the black femora and tibiae ; the femora have only
narrow, dark reddish brown stripes posteriorly. The thoracic
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 189
bristles are pale brown, the scutellar and facial bristles quite
pale brownish yellow. Antenna black. A species with very
distinct terminalia. The lower apex of the superior forceps
has a curious, strong but slender, curved, pointed process ; the
hypandrium has stout, curved and excavated protuberances.
Length 20 mm.
Male. Head: The ground color of the head is entirely black,
the pollen quite pale greyish yellow, the pubescence of the same
color. The stout bristles of the face are extremely pale brown-
ish yellow. First 2 antennal segments are totally black; third
missing. Palpus black, but pollinose and not shining, its pile
and the lower occipital pile brownish white. Postvertical bris-
tles quite pale.
Thorax: The thorax everywhere is black in ground color, the
pollen dark brown widely over the middle and pale brownish
yellow r laterally. The extreme posterior corner of the humerus
laterally has a tiny reddish bro\vn spot. The stripes are very
poorly differentiated from either anterior or dorsal view. Along
the medial margin of the humerus the pollen is a little lighter
and more nearly golden brown. The thoracic complement of
bristles, all of them light brown, consist of 1 posthumeral, 2
notopleural, 1 supraalar, 2 scutellar pairs and 3 postdorsocentral
elements. The pleural pollen is similar to that on the sides of
the mesonotum.
Legs: The legs are everywhere black, except for an indistinct,
posterodorsal, reddish brown stripe on the anterior and middle
femora. Pile and bristles are pale brownish yellow. Claws
stout, slightly more blunt than usual and more than the basal
third is light brown.
Wings: The wings are nearly hyaline and dilutely tinged with
pale brown, veins dark brown and at the extreme base light
reddish brown. The lower end vein of the discal cell and the
end vein of the first posterior cell are quite aligned.
Abdomen: The abdomen is blackish sepia in color, the lateral
margins with dense, bright, golden brown pollen and the dorsal
portion with thin, dark brown pollen. Pile and bristles pale.
On the outer third the posterior margins of tergites 2 to 4 are
190 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1958
contrastingly colored, and to some extent this is true of the
fifth tergite. These margins are pale brownish yellow with
similar pollen. The terminalia are entirely blackish, except for
the slender, ventroapical process on the superior forceps, which
is red and the hypandrium which is a pale mahogany red ventro-
medially and again on its apical and lateral half. The ventral
process from the hypandrium is darker. This process is quite
characteristic and takes the form of a stout, curved, ventral,
apically truncate and laterally excavated protuberance.
Type. Male, Cairns District, collected by F. P. Dodd. No
date given. Type in South Australian Museum.
Bathypogon microdonturus, new species
A small, light reddish species with dark brown thorax. The
head is black in ground color and all bristles are light yellowish
brown. The hypandrium has only very small, short teeth.
Length 13 mm.
Male. Head: The pollen of occiput and front and the pu-
bescence of the face light brownish yellow or ochre colored.
The bristles are similar, except those of the face, which are
more yellowish. Antenna absent.
Thorax: The thorax is quite dark brown in ground color,
including the humerus. Only the coxae are more reddish. The
pollen of the mesonotum is a dark, golden brown, but anteriorly
between the humeri it is a lighter and faintly reddish golden
brown. Humeral, lateral, marginal and the whole pleural pol-
len is thick, pale, brownish to golden yellow. The thoracic
complement of bristles consists of 1 posthumeral, 2 notopleural,
1 supraalar which may be lacking, 2 postalar, 2 scutellar pairs,
4 postdorsocentral and 4 weakly differentiated, metapleural
bristles, besides the usual complement of stiff, long, metapleural
hairs.
Legs: The femora are moderately stout and are light reddish
brown to orange brown with the anterior surface of the anterior
and middle pairs and the posterior surface of the hind pair dark
sepia brown. The tibiae are light reddish brown with the
anterior surface and lateral surface of the hind pair obscurely
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 191
darker. All tarsi light brownish red. Claws sharp, slender,
with the basal third quite red. Pile and bristles of legs quite
pale brown.
Wings: The wings are nearly hyaline and dilutely tinged
with pale brown. Veins reddish brown, the apical fourth is
darker and villose ; the lower end vein of the discal cell makes
quite a strong angle with the end vein of the fourth posterior
cell, this being one of the strongest angles that we have seen.
Abdomen: The abdomen is reddish brown, darker on the
dorsal portion and lighter along the lateral margins, the pollen
rather uniformly pale reddish to yellowish brown. Terminalia
chiefly reddish brown, rather dark except narrowly along the
medial border of the superior forceps. Hypandrium with short,
lappet-like processes.
Type. Male. Owieandana, North Flinders Range, collected
by Hale and Tindale. Type in the South Australian Museum.
On the Bee Genus Cyphomelissa (Hymen., Apoidea)
By J. S. MOURE, C.M.F., 1 Department of Entomology, Univer-
sity of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, and Secgao de
Zoologia, Universidade do Parana, Curitiba, Brasil
The genus Cyphomelissa Schrottky (1902) contains large
robust, parasitic bees found in South America. The conspicuous
differences between this genus and similar ones are indicated by
Moure (1946, Notas sobre as mamangabas, Boletim Agricola,
4: 21-50). The following account contains descriptions of two
new forms and a key to known species.
1 I wish to thank the Rockefeller Foundation (New York), the Na-
tional Science Foundation (Washington) and the Campanha de Aperfeigo-
amento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Rio de Janeiro) for aid that made
this study possible. Also, I wish to thank Dr. Carlos Alberto Campos
Seabra of Rio de Janeiro for the stimulus and generosity which he is
giving to studies of Brasilian bees, and Dr. Charles D. Michener of the
University of Kansas for help in preparation of this paper.
192 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Juty, 1958
Cyphomelissa magnifica n. sp.
Female : Black, basal half of mandibles and legs in part fus-
cous chestnut ; flagellum with the second and following segments
slightly cinereous beneath. Tegulae black, wings dark fuscous
with glassy iridescence ; veins black.
Entirely clothed with velvety pubescence : black, with some
bluish tints in certain lights on head, mesepisterna, metepisterna,
posterior two-thirds of tegula, legs, propodeum, a narrow mar-
ginal fascia on first tergite, almost whole second, and basal fas-
ciae on third and following tergites, and ventral side ; bright
yellow on posterior edge of vertex, pronotum and pronotal
lobes, mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum, anterior third of
tegula, a patch on mesepisterna around pronotal lobes, basal
three fourths of first tergite, and marginal bands on the follow-
ing ones, on the second almost vestigial and on the third slightly
interrupted in middle.
Punctures dense, very fine on clypeus with some larger scat-
tered ones ; on mesepisterna coarser with larger ones very sparse.
Head a little broader than long (584: 520 2 ) . Eye longer than
lower interorbital distance, and this longer than upper one
(392:248:300). Labrum more than twice as broad as long,
shallowly emarginate; mandibles slightly bidentate. Clypeus as
long as half distance between clypeus and anterior ocellus,
broadly and shallowly emarginate on apical border ; interalveolar
distance almost double alveolorbital distance (76:40) ; frontal
carina a very sharp line ; interocellar distance longer than trans-
verse diameter of anterior ocellus, and longer than ocellorbital
distance (64:40:48), but shorter than ocelloccipital distance
(90). Scape short and bulky (140 X 60), pedicel very short
(20) ; proportions of first four flagellar segments as 54:54:60:60
and diameter of the fourth 50. Scutellum strongly bituberculate,
axillae very weakly produced ; a strong smooth carina on mesepi-
sternum in front of median coxal cavity, and another forming
scrobal suture. Spur of intermediate tibia very strong, strongly
bifurcate at apex, the anterior ramus armed with four or five
2 These lengths are in hundredths of millimeters, measured by eyepiece
micrometer.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 193
small teeth or spines. Second submarginal cell the largest,
third subtriangular, petiolate with first and second r-m anas-
tomosed together a little before meeting marginal cell. Pygidial
plate oboval, the border slightly raised, the disc rough with some
irregular punctures.
Approximate length 19.6 mm., anterior wing, including tegula,
17.5 mm. ; widths of head and abdomen 5.84 and 8.3 mm.
Male : Very similar to female, with some yellow pubescence on
the clypeus. Mandibles yellow on apical third, inner tooth a
little stronger than in the female.
Head broader than long (584:500); eye longer than inter-
orbital distances, the upper one shorter than lower (392:220:
288). Labrum more than twice as broad as long, shallowly
emarginate ; malar area linear. Clypeus weakly protuberant as
in female, a little longer than half clypeocellar distance (128:
232). Interocellar distance longer than ocellorbital, but shorter
than ocelloccipital (56:34:90 and transverse diameter of median
ocellus 42). Interalveolar distance almost twice alveolorbital
(68:36) ; frontal carina raised in a sharp angle. Scape short
(140 X 54), pedicel very short (14), proportional length of
first four flagellar segments as 58:54:54:54, and diameter of the
fourth 47. Thorax and legs as in female. Last tergite ending
in two strong and very acute teeth ; fourth sternite broadly
emarginate, tomentous, with a dense fringe of hairs curved at
their tips; fifth sternite also emarginate and with a moderate
fimbria of straight hairs; sixth largely truncate and with a
sparse median tuft.
Approximate length 20.3 mm. ; anterior wing, including tegula,
17.6 mm. ; widths of head and abdomen 5.84 mm. and 8.80 mm.
Habitat : Manaos, Amazonas, BRASIL, July, 1935, G. V. Vre-
denburg.
Types: Holotypc female (17. B.I 177), allotype male and one
paratype in the British Museum (Natural History) ; one para-
type in my collection.
Very closely related to Cyphomelissa snpcrba (Ducke), but
differing by having yellow fasciae on the metasomal tergites
(2-5, female; 2-6, male). It is very probable that these forms
are but subspecies of C. diabolic a (Friese, 1900).
194 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, 1958
Cyphomelissa commata n. sp.
Male : Black, entirely clothed with black velvety pubescence
with some bluish gloss, and with a yellow fringe on the occipital
border, and some yellow hairs mixed with black ones on clypeus,
parocular areas and on pronotum.
Except as indicated above, this form agrees with C. magnified.
Approximate length 20.2 mm. ; anterior wing, including tegula,
16.5 mm.; head and abdominal widths 5.1 mm. and 8.00 mm.
Habitat: Itatiaia (700 meters), Rio de Janeiro, BRASIL, J. F.
Zikan, March 22, 1937 (holotype), and Nova Friburgo, Rio de
Janeiro, February, 1937.
Types : Holotype in Zikan's collection in the Institute Osvaldo
Cruz, Rio de Janeiro ; one paratype in my collection.
Probably this form also is only a subspecies of C. diabolicd.
The following key separates these four forms of Cyphomelissa:
1. Dorsum of thorax and first metasomal tergite covered with
bright yellow pubescence 2
Dorsum of thorax and of the first metasomal tergite clothed
with black pubescence 3
2. Metasomal tergites 2-5, female, or 2-6, male, with bright-
yellow marginal fasciae, on second vestigial. (Middle
Amazon region) C. magnified Moure
Metasomal tergites 2-5 female, or 2-6 male, covered with
black pubescence with some bluish gloss in certain lights.
(Lower Amazon region) C. superb a (Ducke)
3. Posterior edge of vertex with a band of bright-yellow hairs.
(Northern Serra-do-Mar region) C. commata Moure
Posterior edge of vertex black pubescent like rest of body.
(Southern Brasil and Paraguay) . . . .C. diabolica (Friese)
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 195
A Change of Name in the Bombyliid Genus
Anastoechus (Diptera).
By JACK C. HALL, University of California, Riverside, California
In ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 67(8) : 199, 1956, I proposed the
name Anastoechus deserticola for a new species. Since that
time I have received word from Dr. A. J. Hesse of the South
African Museum, Capetown, South Africa, that the name had
been used by him in 1938, Ann. S. African Mus., 34: 347, for
a South African species of Anastoechus. His species was
named deserticolus. Since the names are of the same formation
and since his name has priority I propose the name Anastoechus
hessei for my A. deserticola, in honor of Dr. Hesse.
Xlth International Congress of Entomology
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THE NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF THE
'SUBGENUS AESCHNA' SENSU SELYSII 1883
(Odonata)
By Philip P. Calvert
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THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA 3, PA.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
OCTOBER 1058
Vol. LXIX No. 8
CONTENTS
Evans Nesting behavior of Larropsis distincta 197
Hungerforcl and Mutsuda Teratobates a synonym 200
Scott New records for Proisotoma frisoni 202
Parfin Bionomics of Mantispidae 203
Dreisbach Three new species of Haploneurion 207
Alexander Undescribed western crane-flies XVIII 215
Frost Ecological insect survey of Pennsylvania 222
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VOL. LXIX OCTOBER, 1958 No. 8
Observations on the Nesting Behavior of Larropsis
distincta (Smith) (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae)
By HOWARD E. EVANS, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
Very little has been recorded on the nesting behavior of digger
wasps of the genus Larropsis. Williams (1913, Kansas Univ.
Sci. Bull., 8: 192) found L. divisa (Patton) preying upon cave
crickets (Ceuthophilus) in Kansas. Williams found two nests
of this species, one in the bottom of a crack in the earth, the
other inside a hole "the size of that made by a mouse." He
was unable to dig either nest successfully, but believed that the
nest was fairly deep and of several cells. Williams noted that
wasps of this genus occur frequently about holes dug by mam-
mals ; he believed that they seek cave crickets in these places.
During the summer of 1957, I found an unusually large popu-
lation of Larropsis distincta (Smith) inhabiting a gravel pit near
Six-mile Creek, Ithaca, N. Y. On every sunny day many
females could be seen hunting prey, and on several occasions
females were seen carrying prey to their nests. Nine nests were
eventually marked and dug out. The first observations were
made on August 26, the last on September 18. All the Ithaca
specimens in the Cornell collections were taken between August
9 and September 18. It seems certain that this species has but
a single generation a year in the Northeast.
Hunting is done among stones, dried leaves, and low vegeta-
tion. The wasps walk along the ground in a circuitous path,
entering depressions and accumulations of debris. Any crickets
which are flushed are pursued rapidly, but I did not observe
capture and stinging. Some of the crickets flushed may be un-
acceptable to the wasps, as all of the numerous crickets which
(197)
SWITHSONiAiN
198 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1958
I took from wasps or from nests were adult female Neinobius
fasciatus (DeGeer) [det. A. B. Gurney]. There are also two
specimens in the Cornell collection taken at Ithaca by P. P.
Babiy with females of this same species of cricket.
After being stung, the crickets are carried to the nest over
the ground, the wasp seizing the base of the antennae with its
mandibles and proceeding forward, straddling the cricket's body,
which is dorsum-up. Occasionally the wasp may make a short
flying hop or carry the cricket up a plant 10-20 cm. and then
fly off heavily with it. The latter behavior occurs most com-
monly near the nest, and may enable the wasp to obtain a better
view of the vicinity of the nest. In the area of study, all nests
were situated in relatively bare places in the gravel pit, and it
was a common sight to see wasps proceeding over the ground
with their prey in a more or less straight line from the litter
and low vegetation of surrounding areas into the nesting area.
Once in the nesting area, they would circle about and eventually
disappear rather suddenly into a hole in the ground.
Without exception, the wasps in this aggregation made their
nests from the bottoms of pre-existing depressions in the ground.
These depressions were often beneath sticks or dried leaves and
in most cases appeared to represent caved-in parts of the bur-
rows of the hairy-tailed mole, Parascalops brezveri (Bachman).
The burrows of the wasps, emanating as they did from the
bottoms of these depressions and associated mole tunnels, were
exceedingly difficult to trace, and only five of the nine nests
marked were dug out with any degree of success. Apparently
the wasps take advantage of various natural cavities among the
clods and pebbles and do not do very much digging themselves.
The cells found varied in depth from 10 to 20 cm., with the
majority between 12 and 15 cm. In any one nest the cells
tended to radiate out from a common point. Of the five nests
dug out successfully, one contained only one cell, one contained
two, one three, one seven, and one nine. Doubtless the nests
with only a few cells would have eventually contained more. In
fact, it is probable that once a wasp has found a suitable hole
in the soil it continues to construct cells from the same cavity
for as long as it lives.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 199
The cells are rough-walled and somewhat irregular, generally
measuring about 1.5 cm. in length. The usual number of
crickets per cell is two, but I found a few cells with three and
a few with apparently only one cricket. As mentioned above,
all crickets were adult female Nemobius fasdatus. The egg is
laid on the first cricket placed in the cell. It is about 2 mm.
long and is placed transversely between the front and middle
coxae, with one end pressed against one of the front coxal cavi-
ties. The egg hatches in two days and the larva begins to feed
through the coxal cavity. As it grows, the larva bends itself
around the prothorax of the cricket, like a collar, as it continues
to feed through the venter of the thorax. In about three days
it consumes the first cricket and then proceeds to consume the
remaining one or two crickets more rapidly, finishing the entire
contents of the cell about five days after hatching. I have de-
scribed the full-grown larva elsewhere (1958, Trans. Amer. Ent.
Soc. 84: 119-120).
The crickets are paralyzed rather lightly, and until consumed
by the wasp larva they often show spontaneous movements of
legs and antennae, but are unable to walk about in a co-ordinated
manner. The contents of several cells appeared to have been
destroyed by mold.
Of 23 cells dug out, no less than 13 contained the maggots of
miltogrammine flies. The number of maggots per cell varied
from one to six, w r ith the usual number three or four. Without
exception the wasp larva failed to develop in these cells. On
more than one occasion an intact egg on its cricket was removed
from a cell for rearing only to have it destroyed by minute,
first-instar maggots within a day or two. Apparently these
maggots are deposited beneath the wings or in some other con-
cealed place; later they move onto the egg and destroy it, then
consume the crickets and form their puparia in or near the cell.
None of the flies was actually observed larvipositing in the
field. The maggots taken from various cells were placed in
rearing tins, overwintered outdoors, and brought into the lab-
oratory in March 1958. Emergence of flies was obtained from
all five nests. Of 25 flies reared, 14 were Mctopia arcjyroccphala
(Meigen) and 11 were Scnotainia trilincata (\Yulp) | det.
200 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1958
W. L. Downes, Jr.]. In one case both species emerged from
the same nest (no. 1494; 7 Metopia and 1 Senotainia}. How-
ever, three cells of this nest had been infested, and I placed all
three cells in the same rearing tin. Thus I cannot say whether
or not the two species of miltogrammines infested the same cell.
The rather local distribution of wasps of the genus Larropsis
may be a result of the fact that they require coarse soil con-
taining various natural cavities. It may be that they are at-
tracted to animal burrows more for purposes of nesting than
for finding crickets, as Williams suggested. I would judge these
wasps to be among the most primitive of Sphecidae in their
nesting behavior. At least the practice of using pre-existing
cavities in the soil, the light paralysis of the prey, and the man-
ner of carrying the prey over the ground with the mandibles
are all usually regarded as primitive traits. A great many more
Sphecidae must be studied in detail before one can confidently
generalize regarding the evolution of behavioral characters.
Teratobates Esaki, a Synonym of Heterobates
Bianchi (Gerridae, Heteroptera) 1
By HERBERT B. HUNGERFORD and RYUICHI MATSUDA,
Department of Entomology, University of Kansas
In 1896 V. Bianchi described Heterobates for his H. doli-
randti (Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, 74). We
have in our University of Kansas Collections three males and
two females of this species kindly sent by Dr. A. N. Kiritschenko
many years ago. In our study of the genera and higher cate-
gories of the Gerridae we were able to borrow from Dr. W. E.
China of the British Museum paratype specimens of Teratobates
bilobatus Esaki. Dr. Esaki described this species in 1927 (Eos,
1 Contribution No. 1,018 from the Department of Entomology, Univer-
sity of Kansas. This report is a by-product of a project conducted with
the aide of a grant from the National Science Foundation.
Ixix]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
201
Rev. Esp. Ent., 3(3) : 264). These two species are strikingly
similar in appearance and we are impressed by the remarkable
modification of the thoracic and abdominal venters of the females
in both the species (figs. 1 and 2). They are plainly different
species but must be congeneric.
._
_ i
The ventral view of (A) Teratobatcs bilobatus Esaki, and (B) Hctero-
bates dohrandti Bianchi. o. = Omphalium, f. = longitudinal fold of the
thoracic and abdominal venters, 1. = lateral lobe of the seventh abdominal
segment.
202 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1958
New Locality Records for Proisotoma frisoni,
(Collembola, Isotominae)
By HAROLD GEORGE SCOTT, Communicable Disease Center,
Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Atlanta, Georgia
Proisitoma frisoni Folsom can be distinguished from other
members of the genus by means of the following diagnostic char-
acteristics : white, eyes absent ; postantennal organ elliptical ;
antenna longer than head ; Abd V and VI not fused ; ratio of
Abd III to IV as 5:6; unguis without teeth; hind unguiculus
two-thirds as long as hind unguis, one-half as long on other
legs ; one tenent hair ; furcula present, extending to posterior
part of Abd II; length 1.1 mm.
This species was described by Justus Watson Folsom (1937)
from Cahokia, Illinois. Since then no records of the species
have been published. Two additional records are noted as
follows :
1. Taken by C. Clayton Hoff from Berlese funnel sample of
mixed aspen-fir litter, 9,700 feet, along Canjilon Road, at divide
west of Vallecitos, Rio Arriba County, NEW MEXICO, 13 Aug.
1953 (included in a dissertation presented to the University of
New Mexico in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, aided by National Science
Foundation Grant G-112).
2. Taken by Jerrold M. Michael from around potted Ficus
elastica in a private home, Decatur, DeKalb County, GEORGIA,
21 March 1958. The infestation was eliminated by dusting the
plants with 2/o chlordane. Since overwatering of potted plants
is often a key factor in the development of household infesta-
tions of Collembola, it was recommended that, henceforth, the
plants be watered only after the soil appeared dry.
REFERENCE
FOLSOM, J. W. 1937. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 168: 55.
Ixi.X ] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 203
Notes on the Bionomics of the Mantispidae
(Neuroptera: Planipennia)
By SOPHY PARFIN, United States National Museum,
Washington, D. C.
Because information on the hypermetamorphic Mantispidae is
scarce, it is believed that the following three notes on their bio-
nomics will be of interest. All of the specimens, on which these
observations are based, are in the collection of the United
States National Museum.
I am grateful to the late J. C. Bridwell (Lignum, Virginia)
and G. B. Vogt (Entomology Research Division, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture) for making certain mantispid specimens
available for study; to W. J. Gertsch (American Museum Nat-
ural History) for the identification of a spider egg-sac; to J. F.
Gates Clarke (Smithsonian Institution) for helpful suggestions
in the preparation of the manuscript; to R. E. Crabill (same
institution) for providing the approved names of the spiders;
to K. V. Krombein (Entomology Research Division, U. S.
Department of Agriculture) for supplying the current names
of the vespid wasps ; and to C. W. Sabrosky and W. W. Wirth
(same Division ) for the determination of the sarcophagid.
MANTISPID HOSTS
Three cocoons of the green mantispid, Mantis pa viridis Walker
(tentatively determined until a revision of the Mantispidae is
completed ; in the genus Mantispilla, according to Enderlein's
key, 1910, pp. 341-349), in two similar spider egg-sacs, were
collected by the late J. C. Bridwell in "late 1951," at Lignum,
Virginia, on the underside of a plank buried in grass. The
adults emerged "early in 1952," according to Mr. Bridwell.
One of the egg-sac halves, containing one cocoon, was sent to
Dr. W. J. Gertsch, who kindly identified it as the sac of a
spider, Agelcnopsis sp., prob. pennsyh'ctnica Koch, a familiar
grass spider in the area. The cocoons, which are approximately
9 mm. long and 7 mm. wide, are composed of a dense, thick.
white outer portion (about 1 nun. thick), and a niurli thinner
204
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
[Oct., 1958
and considerably more loosely woven, pale yellow inner lining.
The two light gray spider egg-sacs are each about 1.8 cm. in
diameter. It was interesting to note that two mantispid larvae
were able to complete their development in one spider egg-sac,
without one destroying the other.
Host records for the hypermetamorphic Mantispidae are
scarce in the literature, and can be summarized as follows :
Host
Mantispid
Reference
Spider egg-sacs and spiders
Agclena naevia Walckenaer
Arctosa littoralis (Hentz) =A.
cinerca (Fabricius)
Clubiona sp.
Cupiennis sallei (Keyserling)
Drassodes hypocrita (Simon)
Drassid
Lycosa sp.
Lycosa inquilina Koch =
Tarentula barbipes
Philaeus militaris (Hentz)
Thomisiis sp.
Mantispa fuscicornis Banks
as fusicornis
1st stage mantispid larvae
Mantispa sp.
Mantispa viridis Walker?
Mantispa styriaca Poda
Mantispa styriaca Poda
Mantispa styriaca Poda
Mantispa styriaca Poda
Manlispa interrupta Say
Mantispa sp.
Kaston, 1938, p. 147
Hungerford, 1939, p. 265
Rogenhofer, in Brauer,
1869, p. 833
Milliron, 1940. p. 358
Poujade, 1898, p. 347
Main, 1931, p. 26
Rogenhofer, 1862, p. 583
Brauer, 1869, p. 833
Smith, 1934, p. 124
Brauer, 1869. p. 834
Vespid wasp nests
Polybia occidentalis
sculellaris (White)
Polybia rejecta (Fabricius)?
(honey "bereitenden" wasp)
Symphrasis varia (Walker)
Symphrasis varia (Walker)
Mantispa sp.
White, 1841, p. 322; Walker,
1853, p. 212; Smith, 1863,
p. 501; Westwood, 1867,
p. 506; Hagen, 1877, p.
210; Brauer, 1887, p. 213
Brauer, 1887, p. 213
Rogenhofer, 1862, p. 585
Noctuid moth pupae
Xylomyges curialis Grote Plega signata (Hagen)
Woglum, 1935, p. 119
Brauer (1869, pp. 833-834) observed that the larvae of the
Palearctic Mantispa styriaca Poda did not appear to like the
lenticular green egg-sacs of Lycosa fluviatilis Blackwall, but
(loc. cit., p. 836) stated that the white, spherical egg-sacs of
the following spiders are suitable for rearing the mantispids :
Lycosa inquilina Koch = Tarentula barbipes (Sundevall), Arc-
tosa allodroma Koch A. cinerca (Fabricius) and Doloniedes
Latreille.
IxixJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 205
LONGEVITY IN THE MANTISPIDAE
A female of Mantispa viridis was kept alive by the writer for
a period of eighty-one days, dying on December 17. It was col-
lected in flight just before dusk by Mr. G. B. Vogt as it was
about to alight on a hop hornbeam tree near a rock outcrop
located at an angle between Difficult Run, Virginia, and the
Potomac River on September 28, 1955. No insects other than
a small roach nymph, which was rejected, were offered to the
mantispid, but bits of fruit such as peach, plum, grapes and
cucumber were placed near the top of the small jar (2 oz.)
in which the specimen was confined. It was not seen to feed
on the fruit, although it appeared attracted, even reaching for
the fruit with its forelegs. Water was splashed on it daily, and
grass and chickweed kept in the jar. It was frequently seen
to pass its forelegs and tarsi through its mouth. The day before
death, it fell into about 4/' water, which had accumulated in the
jar from the daily splashings, and after it was rescued, it became
inactive and died the next day. Upon dissection, a moderate
amount of fat was found next to the body wall of the abdomen,
but eggs were not apparent.
The above longevity record for an adult mantispid in captivity
is greater than that of Hungerford (1936, p. 70), who was able
to keep a female of M. interrupta Say alive sixty-seven days,
from July 19 to September 24, by giving it "a few drops of
water each day and a housefly or other insect for food." Mill-
iron (1940, p. 359) fed a mantispid (from Central America?),
which was tentatively determined as viridis, ten to fifteen dro-
sophilid flies between October 30th and November 7th, when
the mantispid died. Thus it is seen that M. viridis may over-
winter as an adult in its natural habitat. Smith (1934, p. 124)
suggested that M. interrupta and M. sayi may overwinter as
adults because some were taken in October in Kansas. Viets
(1941, pp. 70-71) reared an adult of M. interrupta from an
egg. The parent was collected in the summer in Michigan and
the adult offspring emerged two months and five days after the
egg was laid. This might indicate hibernation by the adult.
Brauer (1869, p. 833), however, after approximately sixteen
206 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1958
years of research, found that the Palaearctic styriaca Poda over-
wintered as a larva and did not seek a spider egg-sac until
spring. Main (1931, p. 26) made similar observations on
styriaca.
SARCOPHAGID INVADER OF A MANTISPA
A sarcophagid larva (Diptera, Sarcophagidae), approxi-
mately 3 mm. long, identified by W. W. Wirth and C. W.
Sabrosky, was found by the writer in the abdomen of a male
of M. interrupta from Victoria, Texas, when it was dissected.
It is not known whether the mantispid was alive or dead when
the sarcophagid entered.
LITERATURE CITED
BRAUER, F. 1869. Beschreibung der Verwandlungsgeschichte der Man-
tis pa styriaca Poda und Betrachtungen iiber die sogennante Hyper-
metamorphose Fabre's. Verh. k.k. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien, 19 : 831-
840, pi. 12.
. 1887. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Verwandlung der Mantispiden-
Gattung Symphrasis Hg. Zool. Anz., 10 : 212-218, figs. 1-4.
ENDERLEIN, G. 1910. Klassifikation der Mantispiden nach dem Material
des Stettiner Zoologischen Museums. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 71 : 341-379,
4 figs.
HAGEN, H. 1877. Symphrasis, eine neue Mantispiden-Gattung. Stett.
Ent. Zeit., 38: 208-211.
HUNGERFORD, H. B. 1936. The Mantispidae of the Douglas Lake, Mich-
igan, region, with some biological observations (Neurop.). Ent.
News, 47: 69-72; 85-88, pi. 1.
. 1939. A note on Mantispidae. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 24: 265.
KASTON, B. J. 1938. Mantispidae parasitic on spider egg sacs. Jour.
New York Ent. Soc., 46: 147-152, pi. 12.
MAIN, H. 1931. A preliminary note on Mantissa. Proc. Ent. Soc.
London, 6 : 26.
MILLIRON, H. E. 1940. The emergence of a Neotropical Mantispid.
Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 33 : 357-360.
POUJADE, G. A. 1898. Observation sur les moeurs de Mantispa styriaca
Poda. Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 3: 347.
ROGENHOFER, A. 1862. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Entwicklungsge-
schichte von Mantispa styriaca, Poda (paijatia Fab.). Verh. k.k.
Zool. bot. Ges. Wien, 12: 583-586.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 207
SMITH, F. 1863. Descriptions of Brazilian honey bees belonging to the
genera Melipona and Trigona, which were exhibited, together with
samples of their honey and wax, in the Brazilian court of the inter-
national exhibition of 1862. Trans. Ent. Soc. London (ser. 3), 1:
497-512, pi. 12.
SMITH, R. C. 1934. Notes on the Neuroptera and Mecoptera of Kan-
sas, with keys for the identification of species. Jour. Kansas Ent.
Soc., 7: 120-145, 1 pi.
VIETS, D. 1941. A biological note on the Mantispidae (Neuroptera).
Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc., 14: 70-71.
WALKER, F. 1853. List of the specimens of Neuropterous insects in the
collection of the British Museum. Part 2: 212-213 (476 pp., Lon-
don).
WESTWOOD, J. O. 1867. Descriptions of new species of Mantispidae in
the Oxford and British Museums. Trans. Ent. Soc. London (ser.
3), 5: 501-508.
WHITE, A. 1841. Description of a South American wasp which collects
honey. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7: 315-322, 1 pi.
WOGLUM, R. S. 1935. Symphrasis signata Hagen. Pan-Pacific Ent.,
11: 119.
Three New Species of Haploneurion Kohl (Hymen-
optera: Psammocharidae) from Chile
By R. R. DREISBACH, Midland, Michigan
Townes, in his paper * on the Nearctic wasps of the Subfamilies
Pepsinae and Cerapalinae, places the species of this Genus and
those of the Genus Sphictostethus Kohl in the Genus Priocneniis
Schip'dte. The writer cannot agree with this. Both of these
Genera have outstanding characters which are distinctly differ-
ent from those in Priocnctnis. These differences are even
greater than is usual between genera. The following key for
the females (no males are known for the Genus Haploneurion}
will show these differences.
1 . Fore wings with tzvo cubital cells ; second recurrent vein
meets second cubital cell from about apical fijth to slightly
apicad of the second intercubital vein ; second intercubital vein
strongly bowed outward on anterior third, the second cubital
' Townes, H. 1957. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bulletin 209.
208 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1958
cell as long on cubitus as on marginal vein ; third discoidal
cell five-sided ; no lobe in rear wings ; marginal cell extends
beyond second cubital cell by about 0.4 of its length; wings
covered with setae ; submedian cell in rear wing very narrow
and short, reaches only 0.3 of the distance from base of wings
to transverse vein ; in the fore wings the transverse vein
apicad of the basal vein by two to three times the length of
the transverse vein ; the wings very small, but probably func-
tional, barely reaching apex of first tergite ; no teeth whatever
on posterior tibiae ; eyes do not reach the vertex ; pronotum
almost as long as mesonotum or longer ; scutellum prominent,
almost three-fourths as long as mesonotum, postscutellum
very short, metapostnotum very long, as long as scutellum
and in genotype longer than mesonotum, with many very fine
transverse ridges ; propodeum smooth and rounded, swollen
just at the slope; a large sharp tooth on claws, almost paral-
lel to the apical ray Haploneurion Kohl
1. Fore wings with three cubital cells; second recurrent vein
meeting the third cubital cell about the basal third ; third dis-
coidal cell four sided ; an anal lobe to rear wings ; teeth pres-
ent on posterior tibiae, very strong or weak ; pronotum not
as long as mesonotum or if so thorax constricted behind the
pronotum ; metapostnotum not so long or if almost so thorax
constricted and wings with three cubital cells ; eyes reach the
vertex or if not then three cubital cells and thorax con-
stricted 2
2. Thorax constricted just back of pronotum, pronotal shoulders
much enlarged ; a very large mesopleural tooth just at the
rise above the middle coxae ; propodeum with dorsal surface
flat, very long, parallel-sided, posterior slope almost at right
angles to the dorsal surface ; eyes do not reach the vertex ;
wings small, hardly reaching to basal third of abdomen, but
functional, the transverse vein in fore wings apicad of basal
vein by almost twice its length ; teeth on posterior tibiae small ;
tibiae hairy between teeth Sphictostethus Kohl
2. Thorax not constricted, pronotal shoulders not enlarged ; no
mesopleural tooth, not even a swelling ; propodeum slope
without a differentiation between dorsal and posterior parts,
not parallel-sided ; very short, not rough ; eyes reach vertex ;
wings normal or in one case very small not functional, the
transverse vein in fore wings apicad of the basal vein by
much less than twice its length ; posterior tibiae generally
strongly toothed, not strongly hairy between the teeth, or
sometimes slightly so Priocnemis Schip'dte
Ixixj ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 209
Haploneurion chilensis, n. sp.
Holotype female : The sides of the thorax behind the prono-
tum to the apex of propodeum, the mesosternum, the first tergite
(except a narrow apical edge and a large spot back of base, red-
dish), the extreme apex of second tergite, and a little more than
basal one-half of third tergite, black ; the rest of body, including
all the legs, a reddish yellow; first five joints of antennae same
reddish color as body, the apical seven joints darker, dull fer-
rugineus ; ratio of lengths of first four and last two joints are
as 50:20:50:50:40:35; third joint of antennae almost five
times as long as wide; inner orbits parallel, very slightly con-
vergent at apex ; eyes almost reach the vertex, the latter in a
smooth curve above the eyes ; ocelli small, of equal size, in a
very small triangle ; lines connecting the inside of the fore ocel-
lus with the inside of each lateral, form an acute angle with each
other ; lateral ocelli 0.8 as far apart as their diameter, and about
3. as far from eyes as each other ; when seen from side there is
a prominent depression between base of antennae and base of
clypeus; clypeus very slightly convex and from the rise above
the groove is almost flat to apex, but sloping a little; posterior
orbits rather wide, and vertex and front just back of antennae
visible above the eyes ; interocular distance at the widest part
is 0.60 of trans-facial distance ; clypeus slightly more than twice
as wide as long; length of second and third antennal joint is 0.8
the distance between the eyes at vertex ; w-idth of head not quite
1 . 1 as long as length ; the lateral ocelli in front of a line connect-
ing the top of eyes ; lateral ocelli three times as far from eyes as
each other; pronotum in a low curve from neck and widest just
above fore coxae ; ratio of length of pronotum, mesonotum,
scutellum, postscutellum, metapostnotum, and propodeum are as
25:40:25:10:30:150; the metapostnotum transversely striate ;
basal one-third of propodeum almost flat and in one plane, from
there in a smooth low curve to apex, swollen on sides at and
widest about the middle ; abdomen widest at apex of second ter-
gite, more shining than rest of body, last two segments with
numerous, upright, golden hairs, directed apically ; a medium,
impressed, transverse groove on second sternite ; wings very
210 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS | Oct., 1958
short, reaching to apex of first tergite, hyaline, whitish con-
colorous ; only two cubital cells ; the second recurrent vein meet-
ing second cubital cell about its apical 0.15, second intercubital
vein bowed outward in its anterior third ; second cubital cell
almost as long on marginal as on cubital vein ; third discoidal
five-sided, its outer vein perpendicular to the third discoidal cell,
the latter not extending beyond the cell ; second discoidal cell
very narrow ; in fore wings the transverse vein apicad of the
basal vein by two times the length of transverse vein ; legs prac-
tically free of spines, no trace of teeth on posterior tibiae ; ratio
lengths of joints of posterior legs starting with femora are as
190:190:140:70:50:30:35 (without claw); a very large tooth
on claws just beyond center with broad base and sharp point,
almost parallel with the apical ray, much heavier than the apical
ray ; a fairly large arolia between claws ; length head and thorax
4.3 mm. ; abdomen 4.5 mm. ; fore wing 4.2 mm. ; rear wing
3.2 mm.
Holotype female: CHILE, Thorcy, 1867 (MCZ).
Paratypc female: Corral, Chile, T. Barbour (RRD).
Haploneurion bullocki, n. sp.
Holotype female : The neck, sides of the pronotum, the sides
of rest of thorax, all of the metapostnotum, almost all of the
posterior slope of the propodeum, the base, sides and posterior
half of first tergite, the anterior sides of second tergite (the
apical half darkish with some yellowish), the basal three-fourths
of the third and a semicircular basal spot on fourth tergite, black ;
the rest of body, including the legs, bright reddish yellow, except
the eyes and ocellar triangle are black ; the mouth parts and last
ten joints of antennae are also blackish; when seen from the
front the vertex rises in a smooth curve, and extends above eyes
about width of eyes ; the ocelli small, less than their diameter
apart, and the laterals about 10 times as far from eyes as each
other ; the lines touching insides of rear and fore ocelli forming
a very acute angle ; diameter of ocelli 0.8 ; distance between the
posterior ocelli 0.3 ; distance between the fore ocellus and the
laterals 0.8; distance between the eyes and lateral ocelli 30
Ixix]
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
211
(these lengths on same scale as rest of dimensions) ; a groove
from fore ocellus to between antennae, the anterior orbits almost
parallel ; when seen from the side the front completely raised
above eyes, the highest point just at base of antennae, as high
as one-half width of eye ; antennae long and slender, the lengths
of first four and apical two joints are as 50:20:70:60:40:40;
fourth, fifth, and sixth joints of antennae slightly excavated at
base underneath; clypeus arched and with a hairless rim; cly-
Fig. 1. Haploneurion bullocki n. sp. fore and rear wings.
Fig. 2. Haploneurion minus Kohl fore wing.
peus two and one-half times as wide as long ; interocular length
is equal to 0.6 transfacial distance ; interocular distance at vertex
equal to 0.9 interocular distance at antennae; the distance be-
tween eyes at vertex as long as length of second and third
antennal joints; head as wide as long; front and clypeus with
golden prostrate pubescence; pronotum rising rather sharply
from neck ; lengths of thoracic segments are : pronotum 50 ; meso-
notum 50 ; and scutellum postscutellum 1 ; metapostnotum 20 ;
propodeum 130 ; the metapostnotum is finely, closely, transversely
striated; pronotum bulging just above the fore coxa and the
propodeum bulging (widest) just posterior to the slope; body
212 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1958
golden prostrate-pubescent pretty well all over, but more
strongly so on apical third of second tergite, and even more so
on most of third tergite ; ratio of joints of posterior leg beginning
with femora: 245:250:160:80:60:30:45 (without claw); a
broad based rather sharp tooth on apical three-fourths of claw,
parallel to apical ray ; second recurrent vein meets second cubital
cell at apical fifth; second recurrent vein bowed outward on
anterior third ; the length of second cubital cell on cubitus equal
to its length on medius between first intercubital and second
intercubital veins ; third discoidal cell five-sided ; median vein
does not extend beyond third discoidal cell nor does the sub-
discoidal vein extend beyond this cell ; basal vein in fore wings
basad of transverse by three times the length of transverse vein ;
the marginal cell extends beyond second cubital cell by 0.4 of
its length ; wings covered with setae ; no anal lobe on rear wing ;
in rear wings submedian cell very small only 0.3 of distance
from base of wing to transverse median ; anal cell very narrow ;
tip of fore wings beyond marginal cell blackish, rear wing con-
colorous; length of fore wing 4.1 mm., rear wing 3.3 mm. (the
fore wing reaches to about apex of first tergite) ; length of head
and thorax 6.2 mm., length thorax 3.3 mm., length abdomen
4.0 mm.
Holotype female: Nahuelbuta, Angol, CHILE. 11-4-57 R.
Acuna (MCZ).
Haploneurion nitidus, n. sp.
Holotype female : The sides and ventral surface of the thorax
behind the pronotum to the apex of thorax, the basal three-
fourths or more of first tergite and the basal three-fourths of
third tergite, black ; the rest of body, including all legs and all
of antennae, a reddish yellow ; ratio of lengths of first four and
last two joints of antennae are as: 50:20:70:65:40:45; eyes
slightly convergent, interocular distance at clypeus 90 compared
to 110 at vertex; interocular distance at widest part of head is
0.6 of transfacial ; head as long as broad ; clypeus slightly more
than twice as wide as long ; ocelli separated from each other by
lxix| ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 213
their diameter and the lateral ocelli three times as far from eyes
as each other; the distance between the eyes at vertex is equal
to length of second and third antennal joints; ratio of lengths
of pronotum, mesonotum, scutellum, postscutellum, metapost-
notum are as 60:50:30:10:25:120; propodeum about like chi-
lensis; abdomen shining without the prostrate golden pubescence
of chilensis; the second recurrent vein meeting the second cubital
cell at about its apical third ; second cubital cell two-thirds as
long on marginal vein as on cubital vein ; in fore wings the
transverse vein is apicad of basal vein by two times length of
transverse vein; ratio of lengths of joints of posterior legs are
as : 260:270: 190:90:70:40:50 (without claw) ; length head and
thorax 6.6 mm., abdomen partly broken, fore wing 3.7 mm.,
rear wing 3.5 mm.
Holotype female: CHILE, E. C. Reed (U.S.N.M.).
Paratype female: Pucon, Chile, P. Herbst (MCZ).
Key to Genus Haploneurion Kohl Females
1. Head, antennae, and legs (beyond trochanter) are yellow;
thorax and abdomen black; wings black; second recurrent
vein meeting the second cubital cell just apicad of the second
intercubital vein, almost interstitial but definitely apicad ....
minus Kohl
1. Head, antennae, and legs (including coxae) all yellow, thorax
and abdomen mostly yellowish, wings yellowish hyaline .... 2
2. Brilliant, glistening, golden patches of pubescence on outside
of fore coxae, sides of pronotum, dorsal surface of propo-
deum, central apex of first tergite, spots on sides and apices
of tergites two and three, on sides of propodeum just above
second and third pair of coxae, and the clypeus and sides of
face ; wings completely yellowish ; metapostnotum very long,
one-half length of propodeum ; mesopleura, propodeum and
ventral part of thorax black ; second recurrent vein meets the
second cubital cell much beyond middle of cell but not as far
out as apical fifth apogonuin Kohl
2. The brilliant, glistening, golden patches of pubescence of
apogonum not present ; metapostnotum not nearly as long as
in preceding species 3
3. Ocelli less than their diameter apart and the lateral ones ten
times as far from eyes as each other ; third antennal joint
214 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1958
longer than the first or fourth ; distance between the eyes at
vertex equal to the length of second and third antennal joints ;
basal vein in fore wings basad of transverse vein by three
times length of latter ; second recurrent vein meets second
cubital cell at apical fifth; second and third tergites with
prostrate golden pubescence bullocki n. sp.
3. Ocelli about their distance apart and the lateral ones about
three times as far from eyes as each other ; if prostrate pubes-
cence on second and third tergites it is thin, not strongly
golden and not very noticeable 4
4. Third tergite shining, no pubescence ; second recurrent vein
meeting second cubital cell at apical third ; second cubital cell
about two-thirds as long on marginal vein as on cubital vein ;
basal vein in fore wings is basad of transverse by two times
length of latter nitidus, n. sp.
4. Third tergite not shining, but pubescent ; second recurrent
vein meeting second cubital cell at apical 0.15 ; second cubital
cell about as long on radius as on cubitus ; basal vein in fore
wings basad of transverse vein by twice length of latter
chilensis, n. sp.
These species are all from Chile. This new species is named
in honor of Dr. D. S. Bullock, a missionary in Chile, who
has sent a great many new species of insects to the museums
of the United States.
I wish to thank Mr. Steyskal of Detroit for his kindness in
making the drawing of the wings.
Ixix] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 215
Undescribed Species of Crane-Flies from the West-
ern United States and Canada (Dipt. : Tipulidae).
Part XVIII
By CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Amherst, Massachusetts *
The preceding article under this general title was published
in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 69 : 129-136, 1958. Most of the spe-
cies discussed at this time were collected by the writer, the types
being preserved in the Alexander Collection ; one interesting
crane-fly from Arizona was taken by the late J. August Kusche
and is in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences.
Limonia (Limonia) kuschei new species
Belongs to the eiseni group ; mesonotal praescutum dark
chestnut brown with a broad obscure yellow central stripe;
pleura dark chestnut brown; wings tinged with brown, pat-
terned with darker, Sc long; male hypopygium with the poste-
rior border of the tergite emarginate ; gonapophysis with mesal-
apical lobe broad, its apex obliquely truncated ; aedeagus broad,
apex conspicuously bilobed.
J\ Length ^about 6.5 mm. ; wing 7.5 mm. ; antenna about
1.3 mm.
Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black, apex of pedicel
paler; flagellar segments passing from oval to elongate, each
with one very long verticil. Anterior vertex narrow, light
silvery; posterior part of head dark brown.
Cervical region brownish black. Pronotum yellow above,
dark brown on sides ; pretergites and dorsopleural membrane
yellow. Mesonotal praescutum dark chestnut brown with a
broad obscure yellow central stripe that represents the confluent
median and very reduced lateral areas ; scutal lobes chestnut
* Contribution No. 1291 from the Entomological Laboratory, Uni 
