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US ISSN 0013-872X
JANUARY ft FEBRUARY. 1987 NO. 1
NTO
NEWS
New species of Mastogenius (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
from Central America, with notes & key to
species of Central & South America Gary V. Manley 1
New species of Pelina (Diptera: Ephydridae)
from Neotropical region Philip J. Clausen 10
Taeniopteryx burksi (Plecoptera: Taeniopterygidae)
in Colorado, with notes on aquatic insects of
plains streams B.C. Kondratiejf, J.V. Ward 13
Cryptic coloration in Schizura ipomoeae (Lepidoptera:
Notodontidae), with host plant & distribution record
R.J. Rathman 17
New distribution records & synonymy for little known
Dolichopodidae (Diptera) of Pacific northwest
William J. Turner \ 9
Some ectoparasitic mites from mammals from
Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia J. O. Whitaker, Jr. , L.A. Durden 26
Notes on reproductive system in Ctenophthalmus
(Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae) T. Cheetham, R. Lewis 31
Emergence trap and collecting apparatus for capture
of insects emerging from soil H. Akar, E.A. Osgood 35
ANNOUNCEMENTS
25,30
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Vol. 98, No. 1, January & February 1987
NEW SPECIES OF MASTOGENIUS (COLEOPTERA:
BUPRESTIDAE) FROM CENTRAL AMERICA,
WITH NOTES AND A KEY TO SPECIES OF
CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA1
Gary V. Manley^
ABSTRACT: Two new species are described from the central mountains of Costa Rica.
Mastogenius pacacua and M. cedralensis. A third new species is described from the Upper
Aguan Valley of Honduras, M. coyolensis. M. bordoni Cobos is placed as a synonym of M
cyaneous Fisher. A key to the species of Mastogenius from Central and South America is
presented.
The first record of Mastogenius from Central America was M.
cyaneous Fisher from Panama. While several species of the genus are
known from Mexico, South America, and the West Indies, no other records
have been published from Central America. The collection of an undescribed
species from the Aguan Valley in 1977 represented the first record of the
genus from Honduras and only the second species from Central America.
During 1983 and 1984 two new species were collected from Costa Rica.
Toyoma (1983) separated Haplostethus from Mastogenius and Nelson
(1985) placed the North American species of Mastogeniini in Haplostethus.
Based on a study of the New World Mastogeniini (Manley, 1 986), I believe
Haplostethus should remain a synonym of Mastogenius. Therefore, the
name Mastogenius is retained, following the synonymy of Cobos ( 1 98 1 ). A
key to the described species from South and Central America is given.
Mastogenius pacacua Manley, new species
(Figs. 1, 7& 11)
Holotype, male: Elongate oval, strongly shining, pronotum pubescent, elytra glabrous.
dorsal surface uniformly black appearing slightly olive-green in sunlight and occasionally
when viewed with incandescent illumination, ventral surface and legs uniformly black with a
distinct brown tinge. HEAD slightly convex, with distinctly elongately depressed frons: surface
punctate with each puncture having a single short setae, area between punctures smooth;
eyes with inner margins slightly converging toward apex; antennae serrate with fourth
segment, hairy, extending beyond prosternum. PRONOTUM strongly, uniformly convex,
wider than long, distinctly narrower at apex than at base, widest at posterior 1/3. sides broadly
arcuately diverging from apical angles to near posterior one-third, then feebly obliquely
converging to posterior angles; anterior margin broadly rounded in front, posterior margin
truncate, slightly sinuate; marginal and submarginal carina widest apart anterior to middle of
pronotum, marginal carina not reaching anterior border of pronotum; surface uniformly
densely punctate, and clothed with short recumbent hairs, intervals smooth. SCUTELLUM
1 Received December 11, 1985. Accepted June 14, 1986.
^Department of Zoology. Michigan State University, East Lansing. MI 48824.
ENT. NEWS 98(1): 1-9, January & February. 1987
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
black, triangular and smooth. ELYTRA convex, as wide as pronotum at base; sides nearly
parallel from humeral angles to beyond middle, then arcuately converging to
broadly rounded apices; oblique transverse depression near bases; surface uniformly
irregularly punctate, intervals smooth, sparsely clothed with very short, semierect hairs, hairs
arising from bases of elytral punctures. ABDOMEN beneath uniformly black with slight dark
brown reflection, convex, punctate, sparsely clothed with short recumbent hairs; last sternite
densely punctate, truncate at apex, clothed with scattered long erect hairs. PROSTERNUM,
punctate, with scattered recumbent hairs, without antennal grooves. Posterior margin of hind
coxal plates sinuate, equally wide at interior and external margins. SIZE: Length, 3.1 mm;
width, 1.3 mm.
Allotype, female: No significant differences observed between sexes of this species.
Female slightly larger than male.
Types: Holotype, Costa Rica, San Jose province, 2 km east of Colon,
March 3, 1984, Gary V. Manley, 1550 meters. Allotype and three male
paratypes collected from the same locality as the holotype on April 20,
1984 by Gary V. Manley. Type material currently in G.V. Manley
collection but will be deposited in (U.S.) National Museum of Natural
History.
Etymology: All specimens collected sweeping along forest margins
below the peak of Cerro Pacacua for which this species is named.
Mastogenius cedralensis Manley, new species
(Figs. 2, 8& 12)
Holotype, male: Elongate oval, shining, pronotum pubescent, elytra pubescent, dorsal
surface uniformly black, ventral surface and legs uniformly black, except tarsi which are
testaceous. HEAD slightly convex, flat in front, without distinctly depressed frons; surface
rather coarsely punctate with each puncture having a single recumbent setae, smooth between
punctures; eyes with inner margins converging to each other toward apex; antennae serrate
from the fourth segment, hairy, extending beyond the pronotum. PRONOTUM uniformly
convex, wider than long, narrower at apex than at base, widest at posterior 1/4, sides broadly
arcuately diverging from apical angles to near posterior 1/4, then feebly obliquely converging
to posterior angles; anterior margin sinuate, broadly rounded in front, posterior margin
truncate; marginal and submarginal carina only slightly wider apart near middle, anterior half
nearly parallel, marginal carina not reaching anterior border of pronotum, anterior tip straight;
surface uniformly densely punctate, and clothed with recumbent hairs, intervals smooth.
SCUTELLUM black triangular, smooth. ELYTRA convex, as wide as pronotum at base;
sides nearly parallel from humeral angles to beyond middle, then arcuately converging to
broadly rounded apices; with oblique transverse depression near bases; surface uniformly,
irregularly densely punctate, uniformly clothed with posterior facing recumbent hairs similar
in density and length to those of pronotum. ABDOMEN beneath, convex, punctate, clothed
with recumbent hairs; last sternite densely punctate, truncate at apex, clothed with hairs.
PROSTERNUM coarsely punctate, with scattered hairs, without antennal grooves. Posterior
margin of hind coxal plates sinuate, external margin narrowed, less than one-half the width of
interior margin. Size, length 3.1 mm, width 1.2 mm at elytral humeri.
Allotype, female: Differs from the male as follows: pronotum shining aeneous, elytra
bicolored, anterior 1/3 and posterior 1/3 strongly shining aeneous with golden reflection,
middle 1/3 shining deep blue with violet reflection, apices of elytra concolorous with middle
region. Gold and blue regions not sharply defined and may vary depending on viewing angle.
When viewed without a microscope elytra appear brassy blue-green and color patterns cannot
be separated. Both pronotum and elytra clothed with hairs but hairs less dense and shorter than
Vol. 98, No. 1, January & February 1987
in male. Antennae shorter, not reaching posterior margin of pronotum. Length 3.2 mm; width
(pronotum) 1.4 mm (elytra) 1.3 mm.
Types: Holotype, Costa Rica, San Jose, 2 km. east Colon, April 20,
1984, Gary V. Manley. Collected on the upper slopes of Cerro Pacacua at
between 1500-1600 meters. Allotype and one female paratype collected at
the same locality and date as the holotype. Type material currently in G. V.
Manley collection but will be deposited in (U.S.) National Museum of
Natural History.
Etymology: The species is named after Calle Cedral, a trail which
follows along the top of the ridge between Colon and Santa Ana on the south
edge of the Central Valley west of San Jose. Specimens were collected
along this trail in wooded patches.
Mastogenius coyolensis Manley, new species
(Figs. 3 & 9)
Holotype, female. Elongate oval, shining, dorsal surface uniformly deep aeneous brown,
ventral surface uniformly black, pronotum and elytra equally pubescent HEAD slightly
convex in front, a distinct but shallow round depression on frons between eyes; surface
coarsely irregularly punctate with scattered short white pubescence, intervals smooth; eyes
with inner margins slightly converging toward apex; antennae serrate from fourth segment, not
extending beyond pronotum when laid along side, triangular segments with scattered hairs.
PRONOTUM uniformly convex, wider than long, narrower at apex than at base, widest
anterior to middle, side arcuately diverging from apical angles to near middle, then converging
to basal angles; anterior and posterior margins straight; marginal and submarginal carinae
widest apart just posterior to middle, marginal carina not reaching anterior border of
pronotum, sloping toward submarginal carina at anterior termination; surface uniformly
densely punctate, intervals smooth, uniformly clothed with short recumbent white hairs.
SCUTELLUM black, triangular, smooth except for a few very fine shallow punctations.
ELYTRA convex, as wide as pronotum at base; sides subparallel from humeral angles to
beyond middle, then arcuately converging to subtruncate apices; oblique transverse depressions
near base; surface uniformly irregularly punctate, intervals smooth, sparsely clothed with
semi-erect white hairs, hairs arising from elytra punctures. VENTRAL THORAX convex,
coarsely and densely punctate with scattered recumbent white hairs; prosternum without
antennal grooves; posterior margins of hind coxal plates sinuate, narrowed laterally.
ABDOMEN convex, moderately punctate, sparsely clothed with recumbent white hairs and
scattered longer hairs near middle of abdominal sternites; last sternite more coarsely punctate
with mixture of short and long hairs, truncate at apex. SIZE: length 3.1 mm, width 1 .2 mm.
Type material: Holotype, Honduras, Coyoles, upper Aguan Valley,
June 20, 1977, Gary V. Manley. Type material currently in G.V. Manley
collection but will be deposited in (U.S.) National Museum of Natural
History.
Etymology: This species is named after Coyoles, Honduras. The
holotype was collected sweeping scrub brush about 2 miles north of town.
Mastogenius cyaneous Fisher
(Figs. 4, 10 & 13)
Mastogenius bordoni Cobos, 1981, new synonymy)
Previously only the holotype specimen of M. cyaneous from Panama
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
was known from Central America (Fisher 1 922). M. cyaneous, however, is
widespread in both central and northern South America, having been
collected by the author from Honduras ( 10 specimens; Comayagua Valley,
VI-2- 1978), Costa Rica (2 specimens; 1 San Jose, Santa Ana, VI-24- 1983;
1, San Jose, 2 km. east of Colon, VI-17-1983), Colombia (5 specimens; 1
Santa Marta, V- 15- 1981; 1, Santa Marta, V- 18- 1981; 3, Santa Marta,
VII-6-1 982), and a single specimen observed from El Salvador (Tonocatepeque,
20-VI-1958) deposited in the Canadian National Collection in Ottawa.
Comparisons of homotype material from Honduras as well as specimens
of M cyaneous from Costa Rica and Colombia with the type of M. bordoni
Figs. 1-6. Dorsal view and pronotum. 1 . Mastogeniuspacacua n.sp. 2. M. cedralensis n.sp. 3.
M. coyolensis n.sp. 4. M. cyaneous Fisher 5. M. martinezi Cobos 6. M. martinezi Cobos.
Vol. 98, No. 1, January & February 1987
8
•
Figs. 7-10. Pronotum. 7. Mastogenius pacacua n. sp. 8. M. cedralensis n. sp. 9. M.
coyolensis n. sp. 10. M. cyaneous Fisher.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Cobos from Venezuela revealed that they are the same species.
Specimens vary mostly in size with the South American specimens
being somewhat smaller but comparisons of the male genitalia from
Columbia, Costa Rica, and Honduras show no differences. Other than size,
all specimens appear to be identical. Size is also variable in the series of
specimens from Honduras.
The holotype would appear to be a female but was not dissected.
Figures 4, 10 and 1 3 were prepared from a homotype male collected from
the Comayagua Valley of Honduras and labelled "SEM" in my collection.
Mastogenius martinezi Cobos
(Figs. 5 & 6)
This species was described by Cobos, 1981 from a pair of specimens
collected at Cordoba, Argentina. Another female was collected by H. & A.
Howden from Cordoba in II- 1 7-21- 1 982, and figures 5 and 6 are based on
this specimen.
11
Figs. 11-13. Dorsal view of male genitalia. 11. Mastogenius pacacua n. sp. 12. M.
cedralensis n. sp. 13. M. cyaneous Fisher.
Vol. 98, No. 1, January & February 1987
The following key is provided to Mastogenius of Central and South
America. I have not observed specimens of the following species, and they
are placed in the key based on details in the descriptions: M. solieri, M.
reticulicollis, M. laevifrons, M. aeneus, M. simulans, and M. sulcicollis.
Key to Mastogenius of Central and South America
1 Form short, compact, less than 2 1/2 times as long as wide at humeri (usually 2.0:
2.5) 2
Form more elongate and slender, equal to or more than 2 1/2 times as long as wide at
humeri 10
2 Front of head strongly sulcate or with depression or pit near middle 3
Front of head convex or flat, without any median depression 8
3 Larger species, over 3.0 mm in length; sculpture of pronotum very dense, coarse, and
roughened; color blue, blue-green or fusco-bronze 4
Smaller species, under 3.0 mm, usually about 2.5 mm in length; sculpture of pronotum
variable, color uniformly brown 5
4 Dorsal color blue or blue-green. Brazil M. solieri Thomson
Dorsal color fusco-bronze. Brazil M. reticulicollis Cobos
5 Pronotum widest near middle, narrowed toward anterior angles; front of head shallowly
sulcate or with rounded depressed pit but not strongly deeply sulcate to clypeus ... 6
Pronotum margins divergent from base, widest near anterior angles; front of head
longitudinally deeply sulcate from upper frons to clypeus 7
6 Elytra blue-black or black; margins of pronotum semi-circularly rounded at middle.
Costa Rica M pacacua n. sp.
Elytra brown; margins of pronotum subparallel at middle. Ecuador
M manglaraltoensis Manley
7 Sulcus on front of head wide and deep, widest near clypeus and more or less uniform in
depth from top to bottom, wider than width of eye at greatest width. Ecuador
M. changonensis Manley
Sulcus on front of head deep and narrower, sides of sulcus more or less parallel, with a
deep pit in upper region, not wider near clypeus, narrower than width of eye at greatest
width. Venezuela M. proximus Cobos
8 Pronotum widest anterior to middle, near anterior angles. Central and South America. . .
M cyaneous Fisher
Pronotum widest posterior to middle, anterior angles strongly narrowed 9
9 Tarsus testaceous, tibia and femur piceous. Costa Rica M. cedralensis n. sp.
Tarsus piceous, concolorous with tibia and femur. Ecuador . . . . M. elinarae Manle\
10 Pronotum longer than wide, narrower at the base than elytra; body very- long. 4 times the
width; color bronze, almost black. Length 4.0 mm. Chile M. laevifrons Kerremans
Pronotum transverse, at least as wide as long, as wide as the base of elytra: body length
not more than 3 times the width. . .11
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
1 1 Legs testaceous, body uniformly metallic brown. Argentina . . . . M. martinezi Cobos
Legs concolorous with ventral surface 12
12 Front of head convex or flat, not sulcate or with a strong median depression 13
Front of head distinctly sulcate or with a median depression or pit 18
13 Posterior lateral margins of elytra finely toothed; length 3.3 mm. Brazil
M. aeneus Kerremans
Posterior lateral margins of elytra unarmed 14
1 4 Elytra uniformly brown 15
Elytra steel-blue, piceous-blue, blue or piceous, but not shining brown 16
15 Marginal carina of pronotum turned sharply downward toward submarginal carina near
anterior 1 /4 of pronotum, nearly touching submarginal carina; elytra! surface confluently
punctate; ventral surface black-bronze. Honduras M. coyolensis n. sp.
Marginal carina of pronotum widely separated from submarginal carina toward anterior,
nearly reaching anterior margin of pronotum, not turned sharply downward; elytral
surface distinctly punctate, interspaces distinct and smooth; ventral surface shining
brown. Ecuador M. jipijapa Manley
16 Marginal and submarginal carina of pronotum widest apart near middle of pronotum,
anterior end of marginal carina turned down toward submarginal carina and not reaching
anterior margin of pronotum. Ecuador M. guayasensis Manley
Marginal and submarginal carina of pronotum widest at anterior end of marginal carina,
anterior end of marginal carina straight or turned up and away from marginal carina and
reaching anterior margin of pronotum 17
17 Tarsi pale chestnut colored, tibia piceous. Brazil M. simulans Cobos
Tarso concolorous with tibia and femur. Central and South America
M. cyaneous Fisher
18 Front of head flat with shallow depression near middle; marginal carina of pronotum
turned sharply downward toward submarginal carina near anterior 1 /4 of pronotum; disk
of elytra slightly flattened; dorsal surface aeneous. Honduras . . . M. coyolensis n. sp.
Front of head with deep longitudinal sulcus; marginal carina not turned sharply
downward near apical 1/4 of pronotum; disk of elytra convex, elytra sometimes
slightly longitudinally gibbose; dorsal surface deep brown or fusco-piceous 19
1 9 Sculpture of elytra smooth, distinctly punctate, interspaces smooth, surface glabrous . . .
20
Sculpture of elytra very dense, confluent, and coarsely roughened; surface hairy.
Chile 21
20 Pronotum divergent from base, widest near anterior angles; dorsal surface fusco-
piceous. Venezuela M. proximus Cobos
Pronotum widest and subparallel near middle, convergent at both base and apices; dorsal
surface brownish. Peru M. peruvianus Fisher
21* Front when viewed from above distinctly sinuate (with a deep median depression),
especially in the female. Pronotum narrowed toward the anterior, with the maximum
width in the posterior 1/3 M. sulcicollis Philipi
*from Cobos. 198!
Vol. 98, No. 1, January & February 1987
Front when viewed from above flattened in the middle (with a small median depression
more elevated and shallow), equal in both sexes. Pronotum narrowed toward the
posterior, with the maximum width in the anterior 1/3 M. parallelus Solier
Discussion of Central American Species
The three Costa Rican species are relatively easily separated from each
other by a combination of characters. M. cyaneous has uniformly deep blue
elytra with a piceous pronotum, and is the only species with its pronotum
widest anterior to the middle. The pronotum is semi-circularly rounded in
the other species, and widest near or posterior to the middle. M. pacacua
and M. cedralensis differ in their elytral pubescence: M. cedralensis has
abundant, long recumbent setae on the elytral surface; M. pacacua is nearly
glabrous; M. pacacua is longitudinally dome shaped on the elytra; and M
cedralensis is slightly flattened on the disk of the elytra.
M. coyolensis from Honduras is rather easily separated from other
Central American species by being uniformly brown on the dorsal surface,
more elongate, with its elytra twice as long as broad, and coarsely textured.
Other species from Central America are either black, blue or have a
greenish or blue- green reflection on the dorsal surface, are shorter or
broader, with the elytra less than twice as long as broad at humeral angles,
and elytra punctate with smooth interspaces.
The following key is provided to Mastogenius of Central and South
America. I have not observed specimens of the following species, and they
are placed in the key based on details in the descriptions: M solieri, M.
reticulicollis, M. laevifrons, M. aeneus, M. simulans, and M. sulcicollis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to express thanks to the following persons and institutions for their
contributions to this study: Henry F. Howden, Carleton University for providing time and
making available the scanning electron microscope; Lewis Ling for taking the photographs;
John M. Kingsolver, USDA, National Museum for making available the holotype of M
cyaneous Fisher; Peter H. Carrington for doing the drawings of the genitalia; Carlos Bordon
for sending me the holotype of M. bordoni and M proximus; Elinar A. Manley, Stanley
Wellso, and Henry F. Howden for suggestions during manuscript preparation and the
Department of Zoology, Michigan State University for manuscript preparation.
LITERATURE CITED
Cobos, A. 1981. Estudios sobre la subfamilia Mastogeniinae (Coleoptera: Buprestidae).
Bol. Ent. Venez. 1(6): 71-86.
Fisher, W.S. 1922. The leaf and twig mining buprestid beetles of Mexico and Central
America. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 62(8): 94-95.
Manley, G.V. 1986. A new genus and three new species of buprestid beetles (Buprestidae:
Mastogeniini) from northern South America. Coleopt. Bull. 40(3). 232-241.
Nelson, G.H. 1985. Clarification of the taxonomic status in various genera of the family
Buprestidae (Coleoptera). Coleopt. Bull., 39(2); 133-146.
Toyama, Masao. 1983. The buprestid beetles of the subfamily Mastogeniinae from the
Oriental region (Coleoptera, Buprestidae). Entomol. Rev. Japan. 38(1): 55-64.
10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
A NEW SPECIES OF PELINA (DIPTERA:
EPHYDRIDAE) FROM THE NEOTROPICAL
REGION12
Philip J. Clausen3
ABSTRACT: A new species of Pelina from Mexico is described. This is the first record of
this genus from well within the Neotropical Region.
Since my revision of the genus Pelina for the Nearctic Region ( Clausen,
1973), I have found only one new species which was from Mexico and I
then considered it as being from the southernmost extension of the Nearctic
(Clausen, 1985). Now, as a result of a recent collecting trip to southern
Mexico, Wayne N. Mathis of the (U.S.) National Museum of Natural
History has collected a series of Pelina specimens, clearly of a new species,
from well within the Neotropical Region. This is the first record of the
occurrence of this genus in the neotropics.
I am not including any species key as this is the only distinctly
Neotropical species and is easily distinguished from the Nearctic species
using the characters in the following diagnosis.
Pelina mathisi Clausen, new species
Diagnosis: Apex of scutellum truncate, apical scutellar tubercles very large and long,
length R4+5 1.63 to 1.84 mm, and length Mj +2 1.02 to 1.19 mm. Male with short, broad
surstyli with short, rounded, apical projection and internally with long, curved, pointed
projections which apparently fit into pits on lateral fragments of sternite 5. Female with
anterior apex of mesothoracic tibiae with black setae and apical spur, sternites 7 and 8 slightly
narrower than sternite 4.
Description: Male. Total body length 2.79 to 3.03 mm; shining black with brassy,
coppery, silvery and greyish pruinosity.
Head shining black with brassy pruinosity except as noted; length 0.51 to 0.54 mm; 1
large and 3 or 4 small pairs of orbital setae; vertex with brassy pruninosity above and below;
gena black with greyish to silvery pruinosity. Face shining black with dense greyish to silvery
pruinosity; parafacial setae in 2 more or less distinct rows, top row with 1 large and 2 small,
divergent setae, bottom row with 1 large and 1 or 2 small, convergent setae. Cyepus with
silvery to greyish pruinosity, mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antenna dark with brassy
pruinosity; arista dark brown, very slightly plumose dorsally.
Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity, brassy to faint greyish pruinosity between
acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows, cuticle beneath stripes with fine, transverse, ripple-
like sculpturing; scutum length 0.78 to 0.88 mm; pleura shining black with brassy pruinosity
1 Received September 20, 1986. Accepted October 9, 1986.
2Paper No. 1 5 ,027 Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, St.
Paul, MN55108.
•^Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108.
ENT. NEWS 98(1): 10-12, January & February, 1987
Vol. 98. No. 1, January & February- 1987
above, becoming greyish anteriorly, posteriorly and below. Scutellum (Fig. 3) shining black
with coppery pruinosity, length 0.24 to 0.31 mm. truncate at apex, apical tubercles very large
and long, apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except tarsi reddish, all covered
with brassy to greyish pruinosity: prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex: apex of
mesothoracic tibiae each with black spur and 4 small, black, anterior setae: apex of
metathoracic tibiae each with yellow anterior setae and yellow posterior comb. Wing length
from humeral crossvein 2.41 to 2.55 mm; width 0.85 to 1 .02 mm; distance from h to RI 0.5 1 to
0.58 mm; RI to R2+3 1.26 to 1.43 mm; R2+3 to R4+5 0.58 to 0.65 mm. R4+5 to MI +2
0.20 to 0.27 mm; length R4+5 1 .63 to 1 .77 mm; length M \ +2 1 .02 to 1 .09 mm; costal section
from RI to R2+3 2.2 to 2.6 times distance from h to RI ; RI to R2+3 2.2 to 2.5 times distance
from R2+3 to R4+5; and R2+3 to R4+5 2.1 to 3.0 times distance from R4+5 to Mj+2-
Abdomen as in Fig. 1 ; shining black with sparse coppery pruinosity; tergites 1 through 4
deeply sculptured dorsally, tergite 5 sculptured only along anterior dorsal margin. Sternite 1
TERGITE 1
SPIRACLE 1
STERNITE 2
STERNITE 5
SPIRACLE 6
STERNITE 7
TERGITE 8
TERGITE 9 + SURSTYLI
0.5 mm
0.25 mm
0.5 mm
Fig. 1 - Male abdomen - Pelina matnisi Clausen. Fig. 2 - Female abdomen - Pelina mathisi
Clausen. Fig. 3 - Scutellum - Pelina mathisi Clausen. Fig. 4 - ventral receptacle - Pelina
mathisi Clausen.
12
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
absent; sternite 5 reduced to 2 small, widely separated, oval, lateral fragments, each bearing a
pit, into which the pointed, internal projection of each surstylus apparently fits.
Genitalia (Fig. 5). Note tergite 9 + surstyli with short, rounded, apical projection,
internally with long, curved, pointed projections which apparently fit into pits on fragments of
sternite 5. Paired gonites, long, somewhat truncate apically with posterior projecting hooks,
fused anteriorly to sternite 6; gonal arch absent. Aedeagus large, long, rather slender, cleft
anteriorly and posteriorly, laterally each side tapering to a rather blunt apex.
Female: Total body length 2.99 to 3.16 mm. Head, thorax, legs, and wings as in males
except as noted.
Head length 0.54 to 0.58 mm.
Thorax with scutum length 0.82 to 0.92 mm; scutellum length 0.27 to 0.31 mm. Wing
length from humeral crossvein 2.55 to 2.72 mm; width 0.95 to 1 .02 mm; distance from h to Rj
0.6 1 to 0.65 mm; RI to R2+3 1 .39 to 1 .46 mm; R2+3 to R4+5 0.58 to 0.65 mm; R4+5 to
MI +2 °-24 to 0.27 mm; length R4+5 1. 80 to 1.84 mm; length Mj +2 1.1 2 to 1.1 9 mm; costal
section from RI toR2+3 2.2 to 2. 4 times distance from h to Rj; Rj toR2+3 2-2 to 2. 5 times
distance from R-2+3 to R4+5; and R2+3 to R4+5 2.1 to 2.4 times distance from R4+5 to
MI +2-
Abdomen as in Fig. 2. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 4.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality.
Types: Holotype & and 1 6 paratypes (6 cf cf and 10 99) from San Cristobal de las Casas
(20 km. E.), 2050 m., Chiapas, Mexico, 8 May 1985, Wayne N. Mathis. All are deposited in
the collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
Specimens examined The holotype cr and 16 paratypes as mentioned earlier.
Etymology: It is my pleasure to name this species in honor of my good friend and fellow
ephydrid worker, Wayne N. Mathis, who collected the specimens and kindly loaned them to
me.
AEDEAGAL APODEME
,TERGITE 9 + SURSTYLI
-CERCUS
GONITE
0.25 mm
Fig. 5 - Male genitalia - Pelina mathisi Clausen.
LITERATURE CITED
Clausen, P.J. 1973. A revision of the Nearctic species of the genus /W/«a(Diptera: Ephydridae).
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 99(2): 119-156.
. 1985. A new Nearctic species of Pelina (Diptera: Ephydridae). Ent. News
96(1): 7-10.
Vol. 98, No. 1, January & February 1987 13
TAENIOPTERYX BURKSI (PLECOPTERA:
TAENIOPTERYGIDAE) IN COLORADO, WITH
NOTES ON AQUATIC INSECTS OF
PLAINS STREAMS1
Boris C. Kondratieff2, James V. Ward3
ABSTRACT: The winter stonefly, Taeniopteryx burksi is recorded for the first time from
Colorado. This is only the third species of this predominantly eastern group to be found in the
western United States. The remarkable streams of the Great Plains of eastern Colorado have
an interesting mix of widespread-eastern, midwestern and western species of aquatic insects.
The dominant species of these streams are listed.
Twelve species of Taeniopteryx are known from North America
(Ricker and Ross 1968; Stewart and Szczytko 1974; Kondratieff and
Kirchner 1982, 1984; Baumann and Jacobi 1984). Of these species, only
three are known to occur in western North America [according to
Baumann's (1976) zoogeographical divisions]: T. nivalis (Fitch) from
Alberta, California, Oregon, Idaho, Saskatchewan, Utah and Washington,
T. parvula Banks from Alberta, and T. pecos Baumann and Jacobi from
New Mexico. Canton et al. (1981) also reported on two collections of
nymphs of an unidentified species of Taeniopteryx from northern Colorado.
These records may pertain to T. nivalis.
During a survey of the aquatic insects of eastern Colorado, numbers of
mature nymphs and adults of T. burksi Ricker and Ross were collected from
several streams in Yuma and Kit Carson Counties (Fig. 1 ). This area, part
of the Great Plains physiographic province of Colorado, remains virtually
uninvestigated by aquatic entomologists. The streams follow rather straight
courses to the east and are characterized by low gradients, sandy bottoms
and few instream retention devices (Fig. 2). The woody riparian vegetation
of this region consists primarily of occasional Plains Cottonwood trees
(Populus sargentii). Unfortunately, many of the streams are being seriously
perturbed by agricultural practices.
Taeniopteryx burksi is widely distributed throughout eastern North
America (Ricker and Ross 1968). Stewart et al. (1974) presented several
hypotheses concerning the western dispersal and distribution of Taeniopteryx
species and other stoneflies during the glacial periods. These remarkable
spring-fed streams on the Great Plains of eastern Colorado may be the most
western refugia for this species and other typically eastern North American
Deceived July 29, 1986. Accepted October 1. 1986.
2Department of Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. CO 80523.
^Department of Zoology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. CO 80523.
ENT. NEWS 98(1): 13-16, January & February. 1987
14
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Kit Carson County
Fig. 1. Collecting sites in Yuma and Kit Carson Counties, Colorado.
Vol. 98, No. 1, January & February 1987
15
Fig. 2. Photograph showing typical plains stream habitat.
groups of aquatic insects. Other examples of predominantly eastern
stoneflies found in the West include Acroneuria abnormis (Newman),
Parcapnia angulata Hanson, Pteronarcys dorsata ( Say), and Perlesta. All
of these taxa now have been collected in Colorado.
No capniids or other taeniopterygids were found in association with T.
burksi. The only other stoneflies present in these streams were a species of
Isoperla (quinquepunctata complex of Szczytko and Stewart 1979) and a
species of the Perlesta placida complex (genus being revised by B.P.
Stark).
Other adult and immature aquatic insects collected during preliminary
sampling include the dragonflies and damselflies, Ophiogomphus severus
Hagen, Calopteryx maculata (Beauvois), and Hetaerina americana (F.);
mayflies, Isonychia rufa McDunnough, Baetis insignificans McDunnough,
Heptagenia diabasia Burks, Ephermerella inermis Eaton, Hexagenia
limbata Serville, and Tricorythodes sp.; the caddisflies Hydropsyche
occidentalis Banks, Cheumatopsychepettiti( Banks), Nectopsyche diarina
Ross and Gumaga griseola (McLachlan); and the riffle beetles Stenelmis
crenata (Say) Microcylloepus pusillus (LeConte), and Dubiraphia spp.
The water penny genus Psephenus has also been collected from this area
(D. Fronk, personal communication). The above faunal assemblage is an
interesting mix of widespread-eastern, midwestern, and western species.
16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Perlesta (Stark et al. 1973), /. rufa (Kondratieff and Voshell 1984), H.
diabasia, G. griseola (Ross and Wallace 1974; D. Ruiter personal
communication), S. crenata, M. pusillus, and Psephenus (Brown 1983)
also represent new state records for Colorado.
Selected Material Examined: T. burksi-Yuma Co., Chief Creek, 31 Jan. 1986, 15 males,
11 females, 1 nymph; North Fork of Republican River, 31 January 1986, 18 males, 17
females, 20 nymphs; Kit Carson County, South Fork Republican River, 3 1 January 1 986, 2
nymphs. Perlesta placida - Chief Creek, 25 June 1986, 5 males, 9 females, 7 nymphs; North
Fork Republican River, 25 June 1 986, 4 females. /. rufa - Chief Creek, 25 June 1986,3 males,
7 females, 4 nymphs; Arikaree River, 25 June 1986, 1 male, 2 females, 1 nymph; Kit Carson
County, South Fork Republican River, 25 June 1986, 1 male. H. diabasia - Chief Creek, 25
June 1986, 12 males, 1 5 females, 8 nymphs. G. griseola- Chief Creek, 25 June 1986, 3 males;
S. crenata - Yuma County, North Fork Republican River, 25 June 1 986, 4 adults. M. pusillus -
North Fork Republican River, 25 June 1 986, 2 adults. (All material deposited in the Colorado
State University Insect Collection.)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Howard E. Evans and Don W. Fronk for their prepublication reviews, and
Oliver S. Flint, Jr. for the identification of Gumaga griseola. Harley P. Brown confirmed our
riffle beetle records.
LITERATURE CITED
Baumann, R.W. 1976. An annotated review of the systematics of North American stoneflies
(Plecoptera). Perla 2: 21-23.
Baumann, R.W. and G.Z. Jacobi. 1984. Two new species of stoneflies (Plecoptera) from
New Mexico. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 86: 147-154.
Brown, H.P. 1983. A catalog of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico. Family
Elmidae. USDA Agric. Handbook No. 529-50. 23 pp.
Canton, S., J. Chadwick and L. Britton. 1 98 1 . A new distributional record for Taeniopteryx
(Plecoptera: Taeniopterygidae) from Colorado. Entomol. News 92: 155-157.
Kondratieff, B.C. and R.F. Kirchner. 1982. Taeniopteryx nelsoni, a new species of winter
stonefly from Virginia (Plecoptera: Taeniopterygidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 55: 1-7.
Kondratieff, B.C. and R.F. Kirchner. 1984. New species of Taeniopteryx (Plecoptera:
Taeniopterygidae) from South Carolina. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 77: 733-736.
KondratieflF, B.C. and J.R. Voshell, Jr. 1984. The North American species of Isonychia
(Ephemeroptera: Oligoneuriidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 110: 129-244.
Ricker, W.E. and H.H. Ross. 1968. North American species of Taeniopteryx (Plecoptera,
Insecta). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 25: 1423-1439.
Ross, H.H. and J. Bruce Wallace. 1974. The North American genera of the family
Sericostomatidae (Trichoptera). J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 9: 42-48.
Stark, B.P., B.R. Oblad and A.R. Gaufin. 1973. An annotated list of the stoneflies
(Plecoptera) of Colorado Part II. Entomol. News 84: 301-305.
Stewart, K.W., R.W. Baumann, and B.P. Stark. 1974. The distribution and past dispersal
of southwestern United States Plecoptera. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 99: 507-546.
Stewart, K.W. and S.W. Szczytko. 1974. A new species of Taeniopteryx from Texas
(Plecoptera: Taeniopterygidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 47: 451-458.
Szczytko, S.W. andK.W. Stewart. 1979. The genus Isoperla( Plecoptera) of western North
America: holomorphology and systematics, and a new stonefly genus Cascadoperla.
Mem. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 32: 120 pp.
Vol. 98, No. 1, January & February 1987 17
CRYPTIC COLORATION IN SCHIZURA IPOMOEAE
(LEPIDOPTERA: NOTODONTIDAE), WITH A NEW
HOST PLANT AND DISTRIBUTION RECORD1 2
R.J. Rathman3
ABSTRACT: Cryptically colored larvae of Schi:ura ipomoeae were observed feeding on
black hawthorn, Cralaequs douglasii, foliage near Wenatchee, Washington, during July and
August, 1985. This represents new distribution and host plant records for S. ipomoeae.
The procryptic habits and appearance of twig-like geometrid larvae are
well known (Poulton 1890). However, there are few known examples of
feeding by cryptically colored lepidopterous larvae, whereby chewed
foliage resembles the herbivore. W.G. Miiller described the behavior of a
South American nymphalid larva, Anaea sp., which chews the leaf of its
food plant so that a number of rough models of itself remain attached to the
leaf midrib. It then positions itself on an adjacent midrib. The deceptive
effect is even more remarkable due to coloration of the larva: green dorsally
and dark ventrally, the green simulating leaf remnants attached to the
midrib (In Cott 1966).
On July 18, 1 and 6 August, 1985, 10 mature larvae of Schizura
ipomoeae Doubleday ( Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) were observed feeding
on black hawthorn, Crataegus douglasii Lindley, foliage on an east-facing
slope approximately 16 km south of Wenatchee, Chelan County, Washington,
at elevation 670 m. Observations were made for a total of 1 20 minutes in the
late afternoon on 15 plants ranging in height from 1 to 1.5 m.
Chewed leaves on the plants examined comprised approximately 10%
of the total number of leaves, and the section of plant "cut out" by larvae
resembled late instars in form and coloration. The color pattern of S.
ipomoeae larvae was remarkably similar to the brown, mottled pattern of
foliage being consumed (Fig. 1 ). Larvae were positioned along intact and
chewed leaf edges and initially were very difficult to see, especially because
diurnal feeding was slow, and the larvae moved very infrequently. These
findings confirm an early report by Packard (1895) that larvae of S.
ipomoeae resemble foliage. Madsen and Hoyt (1957) also reported
protective coloration in 5". ipomoeae on plum.
Crataegus douglasii is added to the list of host plants mimicked by S.
ipomoeae. Peterson (1962) lists the following hosts: Quercus, Acer,
Deceived December 23, 1985. Accepted September 24, 1986.
^Scientific paper no. 7333, College of Agriculture and Home Economics, Agricultural
Research Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA. Work conducted under
project 0037.
^Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6432.
ENT. NEWS 98(1): 17-18, January & February, 1987
18
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Betula, Rubus and Gleditsia tricanthus L., honeylocust. Seitz ( 1 924) lists,
in addition to the above hosts, Ulmus, Vaccinium and Ceanothus in the
northern states and Ipomoeae coccinae in the Gulf states. In Idaho S.
ipomoeae has been recorded from prune (Manis 1954). This is the first
record of S. ipomoeae from Washington. It has been recorded from the
eastern states (Packard 1895) and from Idaho (Manis 1954) and California
(Madsen and Hoyt 1957).
Fig 1. Cryptically colored Schizura ipomoeae larva on a new host plant, black hawthorn,
Crataegus douglasii. Brown, mottled pattern of the larval integument and necrotic
areas on the leaf are strikingly similar.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank R.D. Akre, S.C. Hoyt, J.F. Brunner, R.W. Sites, B.A. Barrett and R.S. Zack for
their critical reviews of the manuscript. RD. Akre and RW. Sites are also thanked for
assistance with the photograph. I thank RW. Poole, Systematics Entomology Laboratory,
Beltsville, Maryland, for species determination of Schizura ipomoeae.
LITERATURE CITED
Cott, H.B. 1966. Adaptive Coloration in Animals. Methuen, London. 508 pp.
Madsen, H.F. and Hoyt, S.C. 1957. Schizura ipomoeae Dlbdy. attacking plums in
California. J. Econ. Entomol. 50: 284-287.
Manis, H.C. 1954. A new tree defoliator. Idaho State Hort. Soc. Trans. 60: 25.
Packard, A.S. 1895. Systematic revision of the Notodontidae, with special reference to their
transformations. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 7: 87-284.
Peterson, A. 1962. Larvae of Insects: Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Part 1. 315 pp.
Poulton, E.B. 1890. The Colors of Animals. Int. Sci. Sen 68, London. 306 pp.
Seitz, A. 1924. Macrolepidoptera of the World. Div. 2, Vol. 6: 958-960.
Vol. 98, No. 1, January & February 1987 19
NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS AND SYNONYMY
FOR LITTLE-KNOWN DOLICHOPODIDAE
(DIPTERA) OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST1 2
William J. Turner^
ABSTRACT: New distribution records from the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Idaho, and
Oregon) are reported for 1 2 dolichopodid species. Observations on their specific habitats and
comments about diagnostic features are provided. Neurigona uinta is synonymized with N.
flava.
During 1983-84 I examined and identified the miscellaneous undeter-
mined western dolichopodids in the James Entomological Collection at
Washington State University. Among the materials determined were
specimens which provided important range extensions into the Pacific
Northwest for 1 2 species of dolichopodids. Represented are mostly smaller
and lesser known species, especially those of the subfamily Sympycninae.
Most of the material was collected by me over the past 1 5 years, principally
by sweeping and Malaise trapping throughout Washington, northern Idaho
and northeastern Oregon. My determinations were compared with type
material in the National Museum of Natural History (Washington, D.C.),
the California Academy of Sciences (San Francisco), and the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. I also borrowed type material
from the Canadian National Collection (Ottawa) and Utah State University
for study.
Described species of Dolichopodidae that have been identified here as
occurring in Washington and/or adjacent areas of Oregon and Idaho
include the following;
Achalcus oregonensis (Harmston and Miller), 1966: 91
This small, yellowish brown species with a black abdomen was originally
described in Systenus and transferred to Achalcus by Steyskal (1970). It
represents the only western species of the subfamily Xanthochlorinae. I
found specimens to be fairly abundant in sweep samples taken within the
moist coastal forest areas of western Washington and on the Olympic
Peninsula.
1 Received September 5, 1986. Accepted October 6. 1986.
2 Scientific Paper No. 7552, Agricultural Research Center, College Agriculture and Home
Economics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA. Work was conducted under
Project 9043.
3 Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman. WA 99164.
ENT. NEWS 98(1): 19-25, January & February. 1987
20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
WASHINGTON: Clallam Co.: Dean Creek, 7 mi. S Sequim, 4 Aug 1 972. Pacific Co.:
Ft. Canby State Park, nr Ilwaco, 16 Jul 1966; 13-15 Jun 1973. WhatcomCo.: Silver Fir
Cmpgr., nr Mt. Baker 8-11 Aug 1974.
Achradocera arcuata (Van Duzee), 1924: 48
Widespread throughout the western states, this species has been
captured at more arid localities in the Columbia Basin of eastern Washington
and the Snake River canyons in the southeastern portion of the state. It was
originally described in the Chrysotus "barbatus" group, the species of
which were subsequently given generic status by Robinson (1975).
Specimens of A. arcuata may appear similar to Chrysotus palpiger
(Wheeler), DiaphorusaldrichiVanDuzeeandD. triangulatusVanDuzee
occurring in the same sweep samples. Males are easily recognized by their
very elongate and tapering antennal flagellum with equally long apical
arista and multiseriate postocular setae.
WASHINGTON: Benton Co., Richland, 18 Aug 1975; West Richland, 12 Jun 1974,4
Jun 1975. Grant Co.: Soda Lake nr O'Sullivan Dam, 10 Jun 1973. Whitman Co.:
SteptoeCyn.,8mi. SWColton,26 Jul 1973,29 Jul 1976; lOmi SWColton, 3 Aug 1974;
Pullman, 29 May 1971.
Calyxochaetus insolitus (Van Duzee), 1932: 20
Reported from Colorado and Utah, C. insolitus has been collected from
one locality along the east side of Lake Coeur d'Alene in Idaho where it
occurs with Sympycnus pugil Wheeler and S. cuprinus Wheeler. Specimens
were swept from lush vegetation typical of moist creek margins in an
otherwise dry Douglas fir forest. The species is quite unlike most other
Calyxochaetus in that the first tarsomere of the male foreleg is subequal to
the second rather than shorter. The arista gradually expands to the tip.
Females appear metallic or gun metal blue on the upper front.
IDAHO: Kootenai Co.: Carlin Bay, 10 mi. N Harrison, 14-28 Jul 1977; 18-24 Jul
1982.
Lamprochromus canadensis (Van Duzee), 1917: 339
This species has been variously placed in Diaphorus, Sympycnus and
Telmaturgus ( Robinson, 1967). In the Catalog of Nearctic Diptera ( Foote,
et a/., 1965) it was recorded from several eastern states (New York and
North Carolina) and Canada (Ontario) with one questionable record from
Utah. Our specimens were collected in sweep samples taken from grassy
riparian vegetation bordering slow moving side channels of Asotin Creek
Vol. 98, No. 1, January & February 1987 21
which drains into the Snake River above Clarkston, Washington. They
occur with Teuchophorus utahensis Harmston and Knowlton and
Peloropeodes cornutus (Van Duzee) at the Asotin Creek site. The species
is recognized among similar appearing ones by the broad, deep violet
median band of the mesoscutum and paired velvety black spots just anterior
to the wing bases.
WASHINGTON: Asotin Co.: 6 mi. W Asotin, along Asotin Creek, 15 Jun 1985; 22
JunandS Jul 1986.
Neoparentia caudata(Van Duzee), 1917: 338
Described originally in Sympycnus, this species was known previously
from northern California (Wildcat Creek, Contra Costa Co.). It was
transferred by Robinson (1967) to Neoparentia. Our specimens are from
several diverse locations in eastern Washington. The males are easily
recognized from other sympycnines by their rather elongate, thread-like
caudal filaments that are nearly as long as the abdomen, and setate
midventral tubercle on the fifth abdominal segment
WASHINGTON: Asotin Co., Fields' Spring State Park, 4 mi. S Anatone, 5 Jul 1984.
Grant Co.: Soda Lake, nr O'Sullivan Dam, 18 Sept 1979. Whitman Co.: Lyle Grove
Biological Area, 8 mi. SW Pullman, 27 Jul 1985. Yakima Co.: Bear Creek, nr Tieton
Ranger Station, 7-9 Jun 1983.
Sympycnus tertianus Loew, 1 864: 187
This species is fairly common throughout the coastal areas and at higher
elevations (above 640 m) of Washington and Idaho, but specimens often go
unrecognized in collections. It frequently occurs with other Sympycnus
species, especially S. cuprinus and S. pugil. Unlike the others, the lower
thoracic pleuron and abdominal sterna appear pale yellow, concolorous
with the legs.
WASHINGTON: King Co., 4 mi. E Skykomish, 18 Jul 1977. Pacific Co.: Ft. Canby
State Park, nr Ilwaco, 16 Jul 1977. Whitman Co.: 3 mi. WColton, 16 Jun 1979. Yakima
Co.: Chinook Pass, 12 Jul 1977. IDAHO: Latah Co.: Lost Creek, 12 mi. ENE
Potlatch, 22 Jul 1979,9-12 Jul 1 980. Strychnine Creek 1 5 mi. ENE Potlatch, 2900 ft., 23
Jul 1980.
Sympycnus marcidus wneeler, 1899: 48
This species is evidently widely distributed in the west as it has been
reported from Alberta, Utah and California. It was described from
22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Wyoming. Our specimens are from extreme northeastern Oregon, in the
Wallowa Lake area. All were collected by sweeping stream-side grasses. In
males of this species, the third tarsomere of the hind leg bears a series of long
bristles, the distal-most appearing stronger and distinctly geniculate.
OREGON: Wallowa Co.: Wallowa Lake, 4.000 ft. 28-30 Aug 1973.
Teuchophorus utahensis Harmston and Knowlton, 1942b: 20
Until now this species was known only from Utah. Our specimens were
collected in southeastern Washington along with Lamprochromus
canadensis and Peloropeodes cornutus. This species is unusual in that the
costal vein is noticeably thickened at mid wing beyond the subcosta, similar
to the venation of Teuchophorus clavigerellus Wheeler. The male hind
tibia bears an erect but flattened, spur-like appendage ventrally, one-third
from its base. In our material the mid and hind coxae are not black as in the
type series, but slightly darkened. Otherwise, they compare well with
paratypes examined.
WASHINGTON: Asotin Co.: 6 mi. W Asotin, along Asotin Creek, 13 Jul to 10 Aug
1985, 22 JunandS Jul 1986.
Peloropeodes cornutus (Van Duzee), 1926: 42
Recorded from California, Oregon, Idaho and Michigan (Foote,
Coulson and Robinson, 1965), this species can now be reported from
Washington. It is not an uncommon species in several moist canyons
draining into the Snake River of eastern Washington. The antenna of males
is characteristic for this species in that the flagellum is elongate, nearly as
long as the head height, not short and triangular as in females and other
species. The arista is inserted near the flagellar base.
WASHINGTON: Asotin Co.: along Asotin Creek, 6 mi. W Asotin, 22 Jun 1986.
Whitman Co.: Almota, 25 Jun 1973; 6 mi. S Wawawai, 2 Jun 1977 (Malaise trap);
Yakawawa Canyon. 7 mi. WNW Colton, 25-27 Jun 1977; Steptoe Cyn., 8 mi. SW
Colton, 26 Jul 1973; 10 mi. SW Colton, 3 Aug 1974.
Hercostomus cachae Harmston and Knowlton, 1 94 1 a: 131
Another species known previously only from Utah, H. cachae was
collected in two seep areas along or above the otherwise arid Grande Ronde
River valley of southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon. The
male has a characteristic hypopygium with the inner process (or paramere)
like the bacilliform sclerites of the genitalia in muscoid Diptera. In both
Vol. 98, No. 1. January & February 1987 23
sexes, the hind femur is pale basally and dark on the apical half.
WASHINGTON: Asotin Co.: 17 mi. S Anatone, 10 August 1976. OREGON: Wallowa
Co.: 39 mi. N Enterprise. 28 June 1976.
Diostracus mchughi Harmston, 1966: 224
Described from Latourele Falls. Oregon, this species has been
collected at waterfalls in two locations within Mt. Rainier National Park.
Washington. Dissimilar to D. olga Aldrich, the wing in this species is tipped
with an apical black spot.
WASHINGTON: Lewis Co.: Stevens Creek at Stevens Canyon Road. 4.000-4.500 ft.,
24 August 1973: Pierce Co.: West End Road, nr Puyallup River, 3,500 ft., 12 August
1977.
Neurigona flava Van Duzee, 1913: 40, NEW SYNONYMY
Neurigona unita Harmston and Knowlton 1942a: 80
Neurigona flava was originally described from a single female from
Lewiston, Idaho. We have specimens from sites in Oregon and Washington.
At each of these localities the small females of TV. flava were collected
simultaneously with similar-sized males identified as TV. uinta Harmston
and Knowlton. This latter species was previously known only from the type
series of 16 males from White Rocks (Uinta Co.), Utah (Harmston and
Knowlton, 1 942a). Our specimens were compared by Fred Harmston with
his type material for TV. uinta and found to be conspecific. Only the larger
Neurigona albospinosa Van Duzee regularly occurs at the same localities
as TV. flava so that confusing the association of sexes is minimized. Also, at
the Yakawawa Canyon and Goose Creek sites, the Malaise traps were in
place for several weeks and should have produced any other Neurigona
species had they been present. On the strength of their associations at
several different localities, I believe the two sexes are conspecific and
should be recognized under the older name, TV. flava.
WASHINGTON: Asotin Co.: Fields' Spring St. Prk. 3 1 Jul 1 97 1 . 1 5 Jun 1 972: 4 mi. S
Anatone, 3600 ft., 12 Aug 1980. Jefferson Co.: Gold Creek, 5 mi. W Carlton, 19 Jul
1972. Stevens Co.: 2 mi. SE Deer Lake, 27-28 Jul 1973. Whitman Co.: Yakawawa
Cyn., 7 mi. NW Colton, 25-27 Jun 1977. Yakima Co.: Naches River, 3 mi. W Naches,
16 Jul 1972. OREGON: Baker Co.: Upper Goose Crk., 34 mi. SE Union. 4 160 ft., 20-
26 Jul 1975; Lower Goose Crk., 36 mi. SE Union. 4000 ft., 13-19 Jul 1975; Lower Lick
Crk., 26 mi. SE Union, 4000 ft., 20-26 Jul 1975. All captured in Malaise traps.
24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
DISCUSSION
Most of the above species share one or more features in common worth
noting. For the most part, they are smaller forms that may be overlooked
among other specimens in sweep or Malaise trap samples. Frequently they
resemble the more numerous and similar appearing species with which they
occur. Others, such as Achalcus oregonensis and Neurigona flava, are
yellowish or brown and not at all metallic green like most dolichopodids.
Finally, several are captured in isolated and less obvious habitats that may
be dismissed by the general Diptera collector: roadside seeps, deep coastal
forests and verdant vegetation narrowly bordering streams in otherwise arid
locations.
It would seem that many dolichopodid species are not limited in their
distributions, but likely occur over much broader geographic ranges
throughout the western states as suggested here. Many species were
described from limited series in states further east, especially Utah. The
dolichopodid fauna of Utah has been extensively sampled by Fred
Harmston and George Knowlton, probably explaining the great number of
species described by my colleagues from that state. I anticipate that the
ranges of these and other dolichopodids will be expanded even further when
the habitats mentioned here (e.g., seeps, waterfalls and riparian vegetation
in otherwise arid areas) are sampled elsewhere. Interesting distribution
patterns for these and other invertebrates will emerge when these areas are
more completely known throughout the region.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
To the following individuals, I am most appreciative for allowing me to study specimens in
their care: F.C. Thompson, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Washington,
D.C. and P.H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. J.F. McAlpine,
Canadian National Collection, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa and W.J. Hanson, Utah State
University, kindly lent me material as well. Also I wish to thank F.C. Harmston for making
important comparisons and reviewing this manuscript. P.H. Arnaud, Jr., J.B. Johnson and
K.S. Pike also read the manuscript and their assistance is appreciated.
LITERATURE CITED
Foote, R.H., J.R. Coulson and H. Robinson. 1965. Dolichopodidae (pp. 482-530).
In: Stone, A. et al. A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. ARS, USDA.
Agric. Hbk. No. 276. 1696 pp.
Harmston, F.C. and G.F. Knowlton. 1941. New species of Hercostomus from western
North America (Diptera, Dolichopodidae). Can. Entomol., 73: 127-132.
Harmston, F.C. and G.F. Knowlton. 1 942a. New Dolichopodidae from Utah and Colorado
(Diptera). Can. Entomol., 74: 80-85.
Harmston, F.C. and G.F. Knowlton. 1942b. New Dolichopodidae of western North
America. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 35; 17-22.
Vol. 98, No. 1, January & February 1987 25
Harmston, F.C. and L.S. Miller. 1966. New and little known Dolichopodidae from the
Pacific Northwest and intermountain areas (Diptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.,
68: 88-93.
Loew, H. 1864. Monographs of the Diptera of North America. Pt. II. Smithson. Inst.,
Smithson. Misc. Coll., 6: 1-360.
Robinson, H. 1 967. Neoparentia, a new genus of American Dolichopodidae. Proc. Entomol.
Soc. Wash., 69: 252-259.
Robinson, H. 1975. The family Dolichopodidae with some related Antillean and Panamanian
species (Diptera). Bredin-Archibold- Smithsonian Biological Survey of Dominica. Smith-
son. Contrib. Sen, No. 185. 141 pp.
Steyskal, G.C. 1 970. Revisionary notes on the genus Systenus Loew with the description of a
new species (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 72: 107-1 1 1.
Van Duzee, M.C. 1913. A revision of the North American species of the dipterous genus
Neurigona (Dolichopodidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 16: 22-61.
Van Duzee, M.C. 1917. New North American species of Dolichopodidae (Diptera). Can.
Entomol., 49: 337-342.
Van Duzee, M.C. 1924. A revision of the North American species of the dipterous genus
Chrysotus. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., 13: 3-53.
Van Duzee, M.C. 1926. A new dolichopodid genus, with descriptions of five new species
(Diptera). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc., 52: 39-46.
Van Duzee, M.C. 1932. New North and South American Dolichopodidae, with notes on
previously described species. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Am. Mus. Novitates, No. 569, pp. 1-
22.
Wheeler, W.M. 1899. New species of Dolichopodidae from the United States. Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, 2 (Zool.): 1-84.
A.E.S. FIELD DAY FOR YOUNG ENTOMOLOGISTS
The education committee of our society is planning an entomological field day on
Saturday, June 6, 1987. It will be held at the Myrick Conservation Center of the Brandywine
Valley Association located about five miles west of West Chester, Penn. Entomologists young
and old are invited to participate. Please contact Hal White. Dep't. of Chemistry, Univ. of
Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 if you would like to come or wish more information. Additional
information will be published in the March- April issue of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.
26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
SOME ECTOPARASITIC MITES FROM MAMMALS
FROM SULAWESI UTARA, INDONESIA1
John O. Whitaker, Jr.2, Lance A. Durden^
ABSTRACT: Several species of ectoparasites were found on small mammal hosts from
Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia, as follows: TROMBICULIDAE: Schoengastia n.sp.,
Leptotrombidium deliense, Gahrliepia ( Walchia) turmalis, Walchiella oudemansi, Siseca
tara, ATOPOMELIDAE: Listrophoroides postsquamatus and L. kinabaluensis,
LISTROPHORIDAE: Afrolistrophorus maculatus, and MYOBIIDAE: Radfordia
selangorensis. All are new records for Indonesia except for Leptotrombidium deliense.
Several authors have reported on larger ectoparasites (fleas, lice, ticks
and larger mites) from mammals from Indonesia (Hadi et al., 1981 from
West Sumatra; Hadi et al., 1983, from the Mt. Bromo area, East Java,
Lewis and Jones, 1985, fleas from Sulawesi Selatan; Van Peenen et al.,
1 974, from the Gumbasa Valley, central Sulawesi). Fain ( 1 98 1 b) reported
the atopomelid mite, Listrophoroides (Marquesania) cucullatus, from
Rattus hoffmanni from Indonesia, and Fain and Lukoschus (1983)
described five new rosensteiniids from Indonesia. Otherwise, with the
exception of chiggers (Trombiculidae), there are almost no reports of
smaller parasitic mites of mammals of Indonesia.
There are several reports of chiggers from Indonesia. Specifically from
Sulawesi (formerly Celebes), Van Peenen et al. (1974) reported A scoschoen-
gastia indica (from Rattus hoffmanni), Blankaartia acuscutellaris(from
R rattus, Suncus murinus), Eutrombicula wich man ni (from R. hoffmanni,
R rattus), Gahrliepia ( Walchia} isonychia(fromR. rattus), G. ( Walchia)
sp. X(from/?. hoffmanni, R. rattus, Maxomys hellwaldi), G. (Walchia)
sp. Y (from Maxomys hellwaldi), Leptotrombidium deliense (from R.
hoffmanni, R. rattus, Maxomys hellwaldi), and Schoutedenichia sp.
(from Rattus hoffmanni, Maxomys hellwaldi).
Some of these and also Gahrliepia dispaninguis, Heaslipia gateri,
Leptotrombidium arenicola, L. fletcheri, L. hazatoi, L. keukenshrijveri,
L. pilosum, L. scutellare and Trombicula domrowi have also been
reported (Hadi et al.. 1979, 198K 1983; Hadi and Sarbini, 1985).
Thirty-eight mammals of eight species from Dumoga-Bone National
Park, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia were examined for smaller mites, including
chiggers. The mammals were collected in February. 1985, mostly at about
Deceived February 14. 1986. Accepted Octobers. 1986.
^Department of Life Sciences. Indiana State University. Terre Haute. IN 47809.
•^Research Associate, Department of Cell Biology. Vanderbilt University. Nashville, TN
37232.
ENT. NEWS 98( 1 ): 26-30, January & February, 1987
Vol. 98, No. 1, January & February 1987 27
220-450 meters elevation. Due to the high level of endemism and the
paucity of previous collections, it was hypothesized that this material would
prove exceedingly interesting. Larger mites are being studied by Nixon A.
Wilson. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of examinations
for smaller ectoparasitic and phoretic mites.
METHODS
The fur of the mammals was searched in the field by manipulation while
viewing it under a dissecting microscope. Mites were put into vials of 70%
alcohol, cleared and stained in Nesbitts solution, mounted in Hoyers
solution, and ringed with Euparal. Voucher specimens are being deposited
in The National Museum of Natural History, whereas other specimens are
in the collections of the senior author, of A. Fain (Institut de Medecine
Tropicale Prince Leopold, Antwerpen, Belgium), and of M. Lee Goff
(Department of Entomology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu).
RESULTS
Most mites found on these animals were Trombiculidae (chiggers),
Histiostomatidae, and Atopomelidae. In addition, a few myobiids and
miscellaneous mites were found. Data are summarized below by species. It
is of special interest that all of the host species, except Rattus exulans, are
endemic to Sulawesi.
INSECTIVORA (Soricidae)
Crocidura nigripes Miller & Hollister, 1921 (n = 1)
The only mites found on the one shrew determined as this species were 12 chiggers,
Schoengastia sulawesiensis Goff, Durden and Whitaker (1986).
RODENTIA
Maxomys hellwaldi (Jentink, 1878) (n = 6)
On the six individuals of this species were found the following:
Atopomelidae
Listophoroides postsquamatus Fain, 1976
4 on 2 host individuals
Trombiculidae (chiggers)
Schoengastia sulawesiensis Goff, Durden & Whitaker, 1986
8 on 3 host individuals
Gahrliepia ( Walchia} turmalis Gater, 1932
2 on 2 host individuals
Walchiella oudemansi (Walch, 1922)
1 on 1 host individual
Siseca tara (Walch, 1923)
1 on 1 host individual
Histiostomatidae
Histiostoma sp.
3 on 1 host individual
28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Maxomys musschenbroeki (Jentink, 1878) (n = 18)
Atopomelidae
Listrophoroides kinabaluensis Fain, 1976
72 on 16 host individuals
Listrophoridae
Afrolistrophorus maculatus Fain, 1976
1 on 1 individual
Myobiidae
Radfordia (Rattimyobia) selangorensis Fain, Lukoschus & Nadchatram, 1980
2 on 2 host individuals (1 adult female, one juvenile)
Trombiculidae (chiggers)
Schoengastia sulawesiensis Goff, Durden & Whitaker, 1986
6 on 3 host individuals
Histiostomatidae
Histiostoma sp.
909 on 16 host individuals
Bunomys chrysocomus (Hoffman, 1887) (n = 6)
Trombiculidae
Walchiella oudemansi (Walch, 1922)
156 on 5 host individuals
Histiostomatidae
Histiostoma sp.
10 on 3 host individuals
Bunomys fratrorum (Thomas, 1896) (n = 2)
Trombiculidae (chiggers)
Walchiella oudemansi (Walch, 1922)
5 on 1 host individual
Schoengastia sulawesiensis Goff, Durden & Whitaker, 1986
2 on 1 host individual
Rattus exulans (Peale, 1848) (n = 1)
Trombiculidae (chiggers)
Walchiella oudemansi ( Walch, 1922)
1 on 1 host individual
Rattus hoffmanni (Matschie 1901)
Histiostomatidae
Histiostoma sp.
4 1 on 1 host individual
Atopomelidae
Listrophoroides postsquamatus Fain, 1967
1 on 1 host individual
DISCUSSION
Five species of chiggers are included in this material. One is new,
Schoengastia sulawesiensis Goff, Durden & Whitaker, 1986, whereas the
rest had been described previously. Also included in this material are 2
species of Listrophoroides (Atopomelidae), one species of Afrolistrophorus
(Listrophoridae), one species of histiostomatid, and one species of Radfordia
(Myobiidae).
As is often the case, chiggers showed little host specificity, Walchiella
Vol. 98, No. 1. January & February 1987 29
oudemansi and Schoengastia sulawesiensis each occurred on four of the
nine hosts; Gahrliepia ( Walchia) turmalis and Siseca tara occurred on
two, whereas Leptotrombidium deliense occurred on only one.
Listrophoroides (Listrophoroides} kinabaluensis Fain, 1976 was
described from Maxomys whiteheadi from Mont Kinabalu, Borneo and
has also been taken from the same host from Sarawak, from Baru Jumpa,
>kau sud de Tenom, au nord de Borneo," from Mont Brinchang, Pahana.
Malaysia, and also from Rattus xanthurus from north of the Celebes (Fain
1981b).
Listrophorides postsquamatus Fain, 1 976 was described from Rattus
everetti from the Philippines (Fain, 1981b).
Radfordia selangorensis was described from Rattus whiteheadi from
Selangor, Malaysia by Fain, Lukoschus and Nadchatram (1980).
Afrolistrophorus maculatus was originally described by Fain (1976)
from Rattus sabanus from Malaysia.
The histiostomatids were attached to the body of laelapid mites,
Echinolaelaps sp.
Species apparently not previously taken in Indonesia are all chiggers
except L. deliense, the atopomelids, Listrophoroides kinabaluensis, and
L. postsquamatus, the listrophorid, Afrolistrophorus maculatus, and the
myobiid, Radfordia selangorensis.
Specimens of many of the species are being deposited in the Institut
Royal des Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; The University of Hawaii at Manoa
(chiggers), and The National Museum of Natural History, Washington,
D.C.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This paper is based on material collected during Project Wallace, sponsored by the Royal
Entomological Society of London and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences ( Results of Project
Wallace No. 04). Research was supported in part by grant No 2946-84 from the Committee
for Research and Exploration of the National Geographic Society. Guy Musser (Dept. of
Mammalogy, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., N.Y.) confirmed the identities of voucher host
specimens. Representative samples of Atopomelidae, Listrophoridae, Myobiidae and
Histiostomatidae were identified by A. Fain (Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de
Belgique, Rue Vautier, 31 B-1040, Brussels, Belgium). Chiggers (Trombiculidae) were
identified by M. Lee Goff( Dept. of Entomology, Univ. Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii).
LITERATURE CITED
Fain, A. 1 976. Nouveaux acariens parasites de la superfamille listrophoroidea ( Astigmates).
Acta Zool. Antverp. 64: 37-67.
Fain, A. 198 la. Notes sur les Listrophoridae (Acari: Astigmata) II. Description d'especes
insuffisamment connues et de deux especes nouvelles. Acarologia 22: 415-426.
Fain, A. 1981b. Le genre Listrophoroides Hirst, 1923 (Acari, Astigmata, Atopomelidae)
dans la region Orientale. Bull. Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belg. 53: 1-123.
Fain, A., and F.S. Lukoschus. 1983. Five new species of Rosensteiniidae (Acarina,
Astigmata) from Indonesia, associated with bats or with the earwig Xeniariajacobsoni.
30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Zoolog. Mededelingen 57: 31-42.
Fain, A., F.S. Lukoschus and M. Nadchatram. 1980. Malaysian parasitic mites II.
Myobiidae ( Prostigmata) from rodents. Internal. J. Acarol. 6: 109-120.
Goff, M.L., L.A. Durden and J.O. Whitaker, Jr. 1986. A new species of Schoengastia
(Acari: Trombiculidae) from mammals collected in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Internal. J.
Acarol. 12: 91-93.
Hadi, T.R., and S. Sarbini. 1985. Trombiculid mites of Sunter, North Jakarta, Indonesia.
Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Pub. Health 16: 126-127.
Hadi, T.R., S. Sarbini, and R.J. Brown. 1983. Small mammalian ectoparasites from Mt.
Bromo area, East Java, Indonesia. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Pub. Health 14: 422-
425.
Hadi, T.R., S. Sarbini, and D.T. Dennis. 1981. Survey of small mammal ectoparasites in
West Sumatra, Indonesia. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Pub. Health 12: 275-277 '.
Hadi, T.R., E.E. Stafford and R. irsiana. 1979 The occurrence of Leptotrombidium
(Leptotrombidium) arenicola in Indonesia. Biotrop. Spec. Publ. No. 6: 61-66.
Lewis, R.E., and G.S. Jones. 1985. Some fleas (Siphonaptera) from Sulawesi Selatan, with
the description of three new species. J. Med. Entomol. 22: 204-211.
Van Peenen, P.F.D., W.P. Carney, M. Sudomo, and J. Saroso. 1974. Parasites of
mammals of Gumbasa Valley, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Trop. and Geogr. Medic.
26: 352-358.
SECOND CONFERENCE ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA
Gainesville, Florida, April 15-17, 1987
A conference on the taxonomy and biology of parasitic Hymenoptera will be held in
Gainesville, Florida from April 15 to 17, 1987 under the sponsorship of the University of
Florida and the American Entomological Institute.
Papers may be presented in the following sessions: Systematics: Phylogeny, distribution,
classification, faunistics, literature resources. Biology: Behavior, host associations, sex-
ratios, rearing techniques. Biological Control: Utilization of parasitoids in biological control.
It is expected that there will be some invitational lectures covering broader aspects of the
taxonomy and biology of parasitic Hymenoptera. For further information, write to V.K.
Gupta, Convener, Center for Parasitic Hymenoptera, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
32608.
Vol. 98, No. 1, January & February 1987 31
NOTES ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IN
CTENOPHTHALMUS (SIPHONAPTERA:
CTENOPHTHALMIDAE) 1 2
Tom Cheetham, Robert Lewis^
ABSTRACT: The structures of the ovary and sperm of Ctenophthalmus p. pseudagyrtes
were examined. The anatomy is compared with that of other fleas.
Descriptions of the anatomy of fleas are limited mostly to those species
that are easily collected, commonly cultured, or are implicated in disease
transmission. Much of the published information concerns species of the
family Pulicidae. It is generally held that this is a very old family that
diverged early from the rest of the Siphonaptera (Hopkins and Rothschild,
1953; Holland, 1964). Reports of the presence of nurse cells in the
ovarioles of members of the hystrichopsylloid genera Hystrichopsylla
(Hystrichopsyllidae) and Stenoponia (Ctenophthalmidae) (King and Teasley,
1980; Rothschild, Schlein and Ito, 1 986) contradict the common assertion,
based on data from pulicid species, that all fleas have panoistic ovarioles
and have raised a question as to whether this condition may be widespread
in members of the superfamily Hystrichopsylloidea.
Several reports on the ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of fleas have
been published, but all these have been of pulicid species (Baccetti, 1968;
Baccetti etal, 1969 and 1971; Phillips, 1969; Rothschild, 1969; Rothschild,
Ford and Hughes, 1970; Rothschild, Schlein and Ito, 1986). These sperm
share several unusual features with those of Mecoptera. In both orders the
outer ring of accessory tubules is lacking, the nine remaining outer tubules
spiral around the central two, and the axoneme as a whole spirals around the
elongate central paracrystalline core. It was thought worthwhile to investi-
gate the structure of the sperm of a nonpulicid species to determine if there
are any significant differences between fleas in these two main divisions of
the order.
Specimens of Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes pseudagyrtes Baker
(Ctenophthalmidae) were collected from Microtus pennsylvanicus in
Ames, Iowa, in March 1 986. Specimens were dissected in 2.5% glutaralde-
hyde and 2% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.3, and the
tissues left in the fixative for 1-2 hrs. After washing in buffer and
postfixation in osmium tetroxide for 1 hour the tissues were dehydrated in a
1 Received September 15, 1986. Accepted October 4. 1986.
2 Journal Paper No. J-12385 of the Iowa Agriculture and Experiment Station. Ames, IA.
Project No. 2581
3 Department of Entomology, Iowa State University. Ames. IA 5001 1
ENT. NEWS 98( 1 ): 3 1 -34, January & February, 1 987
32
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
graded ethanol series and embedded in Medcast® resin. Thick sections
were cut on glass knives and stained with toluidine blue. Thin sections were
cut with a diamond knife, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and
viewed with a Hitachi HU1 1E-1 electron microscope operated at 50KV.
Serial sections of the ovaries clearly show them to be panoistic (Figure
1). King and Teasley (1980) have suggested that the nurse cells found in
Stenoponia may not in fact be derived in the same manner as nurse cells in
other insect orders. It was hoped that some intermediate condition might be
Figure 1: Longitudinal section through ovariole of Ctenophthalmits p. pseudagyrtes.
Portions of three developing oocytes are visible. The oldest is to the left. Dark tissue
surrounding oocyte is follicular epithelium. Line scale = 0.02 mm.
Figure 2: Transverse section through testis of C p. pseudayrtes showing sections through
sperm tails at two different levels. Line scale = 2 ju.
Inset: Higher magnification of sperm tails at level seen in upper left of Fig. 2. Wheel-like
structures are axonemes, dark body is mitochonrial derivative. Scale line = 0.2 ju.
Vol. 98, No. 1, January & February 1987 33
found in Ctenophthalmus that would indicate the nature of the nurse cells in
Stenoponia, but such is not the case. Ctenopthalmus and Stenoponia are
members of different subfamilies within the Ctenophthalmidae, and the
question of the frequency of occurrence of polytrophic ovarioles in this
family, and indeed in other families of fleas, remains open. However, it is
now known not to be universal within the hystrichopsylloid families.
Transverse sections through the tails of the mature spermatozoa of C. p.
pseudagyrtes are illustrated in Figure 2 and the inset. Longitudinal sections
as well as transverse sections at various levels of the sperm were examined.
Although no attempt was made to systematically trace the structure of the
entire sperm, the sections seen do reveal most of the anatomy, and it is so
nearly identical in form to that of pulicid fleas as illustrated in the literature
as to be indistinguishable. Any differences that might be found are expected
to be insignificant. For detailed explanation of flea sperm structure the
reader is referred especially to Baccetti (1968), Baccetti et al. (1969) and
Phillips (1969).
LITERATURE CITED
Baccetti, B. 1968. Lo spermatozoo degli Artropodi. V. Aphaniptera. Redia 51: 153-158.
Baccetti, B., R. Dallai and F. Rosati. 1969. The Spermatozoon of Arthropoda III. The
lowest holometabolic insects. J. Microsc. (Paris) 8: 233-248.
Baccetti, B., E. Bigliardi and F. Rosati. 1 97 1 . The spermatozoon of Arthropoda. XIII. The
Cell Surface. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 35: 582-605.
Holland, G. 1964. Evolution, Classification and Host Relationships of Siphonaptera. Annu.
Rev. Ent. 9: 123-146.
Hopkins, H. and M. Rothschild. 1953. Catalogue of the Rothschild Collection of Fleas.
Vol. 1. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist), University Press, Cambridge.
King, R.C. and M. Teasley. 1980. Insect Oogenesis: Some generalities and their bearing on
the ovarian development of fleas, pp. 337-340. (in: Fleas, R. Traub and H. Stark,
Bdkema, Rotterdam).
Phillips, D.M. 1969. Exceptions to the prevailing pattern of microtubules in the sperm
flagella of certain insect species. J. Cell Biol. 40: 28-43.
Rothschild, M. 1969. Report of discussion of electron micrographs in proceedings of the
meeting of 2 July, 1969. Proc. R Ent. Soc. Lond. Sen C. 34(5): 25.
Rothschild, M., B. Ford and M. Hughes. 1970. Maturation of the male rabbit flea
(Spilopsyllus cuniculi) and the Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis): some effects of
mammalian hormones on development and impregnation. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.
32: 105-188.
Rothschild, M., J. Schlein and S. Ito. 1986. A Colour Atlas of Insect Tissue via the Flea.
Wolfe Publishing, Ltd.. London.
34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
SOCIETY MEETING OF NOVEMBER 19, 1986
Surrounded by dioramas and occasional mynah bird calls, 1 7 members and 6 guests met in
the bird hall of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia to hear Dr. James L. Frazier
speak on "To eat or not to eat: The bitter-sweet choice of caterpillars." Dr. Frazier is a senior
research scientist in the agricultural chemicals department of the duPont Company in
Wilmington, Delaware. He described the integrated morphological, molecular, and electro-
physiological approaches to studying the feeding behavior of caterpillars that are now used in
his laboratory.
Feeding by Manduca sexta, the tobacco hornworm, is stimulated by glucose, inositol, and
other plant chemicals, and deterred by quinine and other substances. Caterpillars whose
mandibular muscles have been connected to electrodes are presented with glass filter disk
"leaves" containing various amounts and combinations of test compounds. Their feeding
response is monitored simultaneously by the electrodes and a video camera. A sophisticated
computer program is then used to analyze the responses of individual taste cells to these same
test compounds and allow correlations with the feeding behavior. In combination with these
studies Dr. Frazier described electron microscopic studies of the gustatory hairs which contain
the taste receptors. These studies are attempting to define what insects taste and how feeding
behavior is controlled. The goal is to produce new compounds for controlling insect pests by
preventng their feeding on crop plants.
Among the items of local entomological interest were Howard Boyd's report that the buck
moth, Hemileuca maia was fairly common this October in the New Jersey pine barrens.
Eighteen buck moths were sighted on October 20, and forty nine were seen on October 2 1 ,
between the hours of 1 0:30 am and 3: 30 pm in the dwarf forests of the West Plains. Ken Frank,
who sighted his first pipevine swallowtail, Battus philenor, in Philadelphia in 1985 after many
years of looking (Ent. News 97: 65), reported that he obtained many eggs this past summer
and reared over 40. He also reported that a gray squirrel tasted and rejected one of the
caterpillars. Hal White showed slides of an unusual wasp nest he photographed in early July in
Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. The paper nest, about the size of a baseball, was attached
to a small limb six feet off the ground. It had a distinctive finger-sized entrance tube attached
below. Charles Mason believes this is the queen nest of the bald-faced hornet, Dolichovespula
maculata.
Harold B. White,
Corresponding Secretary
Vol. 98, No. 1. January & February 1987 35
EMERGENCE TRAP AND COLLECTING
APPARATUS FOR CAPTURE OF INSECTS
EMERGING FROM SOIL1
Hamdi Akar, Eben A. Osgood^
ABSTRACT: Common materials are used to construct an emergence trap and collecting
apparatus for studying cecidomyiid emergence. Trap design minimizes temperature, humidity,
and photoperiod differences between trap interior and surrounding conditions. Trapped
insects are easily retrieved alive with the collecting apparatus described.
To study emergence periods of the balsam gall midge, Paradiplosis
tumifex Gagne (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasites from the soil,
we designed and constructed a trap and collecting apparatus which may be
left in the field for an extended period of time. Southwood and Siddorn
(1965) stressed the need for insect emergence traps that do not create
microclimates different from surrounding conditions. Such microclimates
may produce inaccurate data on emergence periods. Also, emergence traps
must not contain insecticides or insecticide residues from previous attempts
to immobilize trapped insects. In this paper we describe a soil emergence
trap constructed of common materials that does not create microclimates or
utilize insecticides. We also describe a collecting apparatus which permits
the efficient retrieval of live insects if desired.
Waede ( 1 960) described a metal emergence trap with a silk gauze top
which permitted water penetration and air circulation. A collecting jar fitted
with a cone was screwed into one side of the trap. Thirty minutes before
taking each collection, the trap was covered with tar paper so positively
phototactic insects would move into the jar.
Our wooden trap was modeled from his design. Each trap frame was cut
from 1 .9 x 1 9.7 cm ( 1 x 8 in) pine and measured 64.7 x 30.5 x 1 9.7 cm in
height (Fig. 1). Nylon "no-see-um"® netting2 covered the top; the bottom
was open. The trap was covered with 1.3 cm (1/2 in) hardware cloth to
prevent animals or falling objects from damaging the netting. A 7.0 cm hole
was drilled in one side of the trap, and a Ball® jar lid band was fastened to the
hole perimeter (Fig. 2) with four flat head screws. A wide mouth tapered
pint Ball® can-or-freeze® jar was screwed into the attached jar band. No
cone was used. The trap frame was inserted in topsoil to a depth of 2.5 cm,
and soil was banked against the frame to seal and secure the enclosure.
Deceived August 28, 1986. Accepted October 4, 1986.
^Department of Entomology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469.
^Eureka, Johnson Camping, Binghampton, NY 13903
ENT. NEWS 98(1): 35-39, January & February, 1987
36
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
HARDWARE CLOTH
CARPET COVER
NO-SEE-UM NETTING
PINE FRAME
BALI? PINT CAN-OR-FREEZ
JAR
Fig. 1. Emergence trap dimensions (cm) and assembly.
7.0cm
DIA.
Fig. 2. Flat head screws fasten the jar band to the perimeter of a hole 7.0 cm in diameter.
Vol. 98, No. 1, January & February 1987
37
The collecting apparatus consisted of a Kimble * # 54 1 00 plastic funnel
and a Ball® jar lid band. The spout of the funnel was shortened to 2. 5 cm; its
hole was rebored to 0.635 cm. The inner rim of the band was cut in 45°
increments, and the resulting sections were bent outward to provide the
clearance necessary to secure the funnel to the jar (Fig. 3). These sections
must be closely appressed to the funnel to prevent insects from escaping.
Carpet (65 x 3 1 cm) was used to darken the trap interior prior to taking
collections. When we obtained a collection the funnel and band were held
together with one hand; with the other hand, the jar was unscrewed from the
emergence trap and quickly screwed into the funnel-band apparatus. A
finger sealed the soout, but a suitable plug may be employed. Carbon
dioxide gas was then released into the jar through tubing (0.95 cm) placed
over the spout, which temporarily immobilized the insects. The jar and
funnel were then inverted, causing the insects to tumble through the spout
into vials.
8.5cm
DIA.
0.9 cm
DIA.
Fig. 3. Components and assembly of collecting apparatus: modified Ball " jar band, modified
funnel, and assembly.
38
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
10.2cm
6.7cm
DIA.
1.8cm
DIA.
Fig. 4. Dimensions of board designed to hold target vial and metal can.
Vol. 98, No. 1, January & February 1987
hig. 5. Board and metal can supporting collecting apparatus.
Small insects have a tendency to adhere to the jar; they may be safely
dislodged with the aid of a metal can (6. 7 x 10.2 cm) and a board (Figs. 4&
5). The board is equipped with two concentric recesses. The inner hole
cradles the target vial; the outer recess ( 1 .0 cm deep) holds an open-ended
can. The depth of each recess must be adjusted so that when the funnel is
inserted into the upright can, its tip extends at least 0.5 cm into the vial. The
metal can prevents the funnel from being inserted so far as to stress the vial
rim. A properly engineered board allows the collector to strike the plastic
funnel against the metal can without danger of breaking the jar or vial and
with sufficient force to dislodge insects from the jar.
The emergence trap and collecting apparatus described enabled us to
obtain accurate data on emergence periods of P. tumifex and its parasites.
The speed and ease with which trapped insects were transferred to vials
make the collecting apparatus pragmatic for other entomological applications.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank A.R, Alford and D.T. Jennings for helpful criticisms of thp manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Southwood, T.R.E., and J.W. Siddorn. 1965. The temperature beneath insect emergence
traps of various types. J. Anim. Ecol. 34: 581-585.
Waede, M. 1960. Uber den Gebrauch einer verbesserten Lichtfalle zur Ermittlung der
Flugperioden von Gallmucken. NachrBl. dtsch. PflSchDienst. 12: 45-47.
40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
c/o BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
CROMWELL ROAD, LONDON. SW7 5BD
ITZN11/5 8 October 1986
The following applications have been received by the Commission and have been
published in volume 43, part 3, of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (6 October,
1986). Comment or advice on them is welcomed and should be sent c/o The British Museum
(Natural History), London, England. Comments will be published in the Bulletin.
Case No.
2520 Corixa albifrons Motschulsky, 1863 (Insecta, Heteroptera): proposed confirma-
tion of neotype designation.
2252 Dexia Meigen, 1 826 ( Insecta, Diptera): proposed designation ofMusca rustica
Fabricius, 1775, as type species.
2565 Geonemus Schoenherr, 1833 and Brachyomus Lacordaire, 1863 (Insecta,
Coleoptera): proposal to maintain current usage by designation of a type species
for Geonemus.
2524 Phaulacridium vittatum (Sjostedt, 1920) (Insecta, Orthoptera): proposed con-
servation by suppression of Acridium ambulans Erichson, 1842, Trigoniza
manca Bolivar, 1898 and Trigoniza australiensis, Bolivar, 1898.
2528 Phisis Stal, 1861 and Teuthras Stal, 1874 (Insecta, Orthoptera (Grylloptera)):
confirmation ofListroscelispectinata Guerin [-Meneville], 1831 as type species.
ITZN59 8 October 1986
The following Opinions, rulings of the International Commission on Zoological Nomen-
clature, have been published in volume 43, part 3, of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
(6 October, 1986).
Opinion No.
1401 (p. 231) Leucaspis Signoret, 1869 (Insecta, Homoptera): conserved.
1405 (p. 239) Aphelinus mytilaspidis LeBaron, 1870 (Insecta, Hymneoptera): conserved.
1406 (p. 241) Phalaena stagnata Donovan, 1806 designated as type species of Nymphula
Schrank, 1802 (Insecta, Lepidoptera).
1407 (p. 243) Lamia aethiops Fabricius, 1775 designated as type species of Ceroplesis
Serville, 1835 (Insecta, Coleoptera).
1408 (p. 245) Hypocn'phalus mangiferae (Stebbing, 1914) given nomenclatural precedence
over Cryphalus inops Eichhoff, 1 872 and Hypothenemusgriseus Blackburn,
1885 (Insecta (Coleoptera).
1411 (p. 251) Drymus ryeii Douglas & Scott, 1865 (Insecta, Hemiptera): neotype set
aside.
1416 (p. 264) Cnetha Enderlein, 1921 and Pseudonevermannia Baranov, 1926 (Insecta,
Diptera): type species designated; Atractocera latipes Meigen, 1804:
confirmation of holotype.
P.K. TUBES,
Executive Secretary
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Titles should be carefully composed to reflect the true contents of the article, and be kept as
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US ISSN 0013-872X
MARCH & APRIL, 1987 NO. 2
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
The Genus Dipogon (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
in the Rocky Mts. Howard E. Evans 41
Lectotype designations for the species of Copromyzinae
(Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) described by Haliday
Allen L. Norrbom 46
New host for Brachymeria ovata (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae):
Harrisina brillians (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)
Jeffrey A. Halstead 51
Is Simulium tuberosum (Diptera: Simuliidae) a pest
of humans? A problem of interpretation and
sibling species. J.F. Burger, L.A. Pistrang 53
A fossil Siricidae (Hymenoptera) from Argentina
P. Fidalgo, D.R. Smith 63
New distribution records for North Carolina
macroinvertebrates D.R. Lenat, D.L. Penrose 67
The ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in northern
and interior Alaska Mogens G. Nielsen 74
INSECT FIELD DAY
A CO-AUTHORSHIP DISCLAI
ANNOUNCEMENTS
52
66
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Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987 41
THE GENUS DIPOGON (HYMENOPTERA:
POMPILIDAE) IN THE ROCKY
MOUNTAINS1
Howard E. Evans^
ABSTRACT: The only species ofDipogon previously reported from the Rocky Mountains is
D. (Deuteragenia) sayi nigriorTov/nes. Two additional species, D. (Deuteragenia) sericeus
Banks and D. (Dipogon) lignicolus new species, are herein recorded from north central
Colorado.
Although the pompilid genus Dipogon is well represented in the eastern
United States, the Southwest, and the Pacific states, only one species has
been recorded from the Rocky Mountains. D. (Deuteragenia) sayi nigrior
Townes has been reported from Montana. Colorado, New Mexico
(Townes, 1957) and Wyoming (Evans, 1970). Two additional species are
herein reported from north central Colorado, at elevations of 1 900-2350 m.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Species ofDipogon are only occasionally collected by routine methods.
They are small, rarely visit flowers, largely confined to wooded areas, and
nest in hollow twigs or in beetle burrows in dead trees. Of the species treated
herein, one (sericeus) was collected in a Malaise trap, while the other
(lignicolus n.sp.) was reared from a wooden trap nest. The male of sericeus
was previously unknown, and a description is provided below; both sexes of
lignicolus are described and a photograph of the nest provided. In the
descriptions the terminology follows Evans (1950).
Dipogon (Deuteragenia) sericeus Banks
This species was described from Lake Co., Oregon, at 2290 m
elevation (Banks, 1944), and has since been recorded from California
(Krombein, 1 979). I collected four females and one male in Hewlett Gulch.
Larimer Co., Colorado (ca. 1900 m elevation) during August and
September 1978. They were taken in a Malaise trap set up among tall
Asteraceae heavily infested with aphids in open forest along Gordon Creek.
Females were compared with the type of sericeus in the California
Academy of Sciences and found to be conspecific. The previously
unknown male will key to couplet 5 in Townes (1957, p. 117) but differs
from sayi Banks and calipterus Say in lacking any clouding along the basal
vein of the fore wing and by minor differences in the genitalia. It is also
1 Received October 16, 1986. Accepted November 14, 1986
^Department of Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
ENT. NEWS 98(2): 41-45, March & April, 1987
42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
smaller (forewing 4 mm, as compared to 4.5-6.3 mm in sayi and
ca lip tents).
Description of male. - Length 4.5 mm; forewing 4 mm. Black, including antennae and
legs to tarsi, which are dusky yellow-brown; wings hyaline, forewing clouded in the marginal
and third submarginal cells. Body clothed with fine pubescence which is mostly silvery but
grades into golden brown on the mesoscutum. Sparse, short, white hairs also present over
much of body, these especially prominent on vertex, temples, pronotum, and first tergite.
Antenna weakly crenulate, segment three 2.5 times as long as thick. Head broad, transfacial
distance 1.1 times facial distance; front broad, middle interocular distance .65 times
transfacial distance; front dull, finely granulate. Vertex evenly arched above eye tops;
postocellar line 1.2 times ocello-ocular line. Thoracic dorsum dull, with minute, close
punctures; posterior margin of pronotum arcuate; propodeum with a median, linear
impression. Second and third submarginal cells approximately equal in width, third
submarginal receiving second recurrent vein one fourth distance from base. Hooks on sixth
sternite moderately stout; subgenital plate with a strong median keel, not notched apically;
genitalia as figured (Fig. 1).
Dipogon (Dipogon) lignicolus Evans, new species
A small series of this species was reared from a trap nest taped to the
wooden deck of my home in open ponderosa pine-Douglas fir forest in
Larimer Co., Colorado, at 2350 m elevation. The trap nest had a 5 mm bore
and, when harvested on 1 September 1985, contained four cells, 12-15 mm
long, each containing a white, silken cocoon measuring 3 by 8 mm (Fig. 3).
The outer 7 cm of the bore was empty and there was no outer closure. Cells
were closed off by thin partitions of a material resembling sticky silk,
possibly collected from spider webs. On the inner side of each partition was
an accumulation of detritus consisting of small pebbles, 0.2-1.5 mm in
diameter, and bits of Douglas fir needles and bark and wood chips. In the
detritus there was also one seed, one small dead beetle, and fragments of an
ant. Next to the cocoons there were fragments of the spiders that served as
prey, but these could not be identified. Three females and a male emerged
from the cocoons in April 1986.
Description of holotype female. -Length 5.5 mm; forewing 4.5 mm. Black; legs black
except apical half of tarsi light reddish brown; antennae black basally and at extreme apex,
segments 4-10 (ventrally 3-1 1) light reddish brown. Wings hyaline, faintly clouded along
basal vein and over a broad area below stigma; microtrichia slightly larger and more crowded
in the clouded areas than elsewhere. Body clothed with fine, silvery pubescence that grades
into golden brown on mesoscutum; silvery pubescence especially conspicuous on scutellum,
coxae, and abdomen. Head, thoracic dorsum, propleura, and coxae with sparse, erect hairs;
first tergite with short hairs on basal half; sternites with stiff bristles and apical tergite densely
bristly.
Mandibles tridentate, bearing strong bristles; clypeus truncate, 2.5 times as wide as high.
Front shining, weakly alutaceous and with minute punctures separated by slightly more than
their own diameters. Transfacial distance slightly exceeding facial distance; middle
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987 43
interocular distance .61 times transfacial distance; upper interocular distance .80 times lower
interocular distance. Vertex weakly arched above eye tops, postocellar and ocello-ocular lines
subequal. Third antennal segment 4.5 times as long as its maximum width. Pronotum broadly
angulate behind; mesoscutum minutely punctate, like the front, but punctures slightly more
crowded; posterior half of mesopleuron polished and largely impunctate; propodeum shining
and with relatively sparse punctures, its midline not impressed. Maximum width of third
submarginal cell .80 times that of second submarginal, receiving second recurrent vein .3
distance from base.
Description of allotype male.- Length 5 mm; forewing 3.8 mm. Black, including
antennae and legs except tarsi brownish, anterior surface of forefemora and tibiae brownish,
and basal antennal segments suffused with brown ventrally. Wings hyaline, without clouding,
microtrichia more crowded along basal vein and in area below stigma. Body sparsely clothed
with silvery pubescence except pubescence much denser on venter of thorax and coxae; head,
prothorax, and basal half of first tergite with a few pale, erect hairs. Antennae crenulate,
segment three slightly more than twice as long as thick. Transfacial distance 1 .03 times facial
distance; middle interocular distance .60 times transfacial distance; upper and lower
interocular distances subequal. Vertex strongly elevated above eye tops; postocellar line 1.2
times ocello-ocular line; front angle of ocellar triangle exceeding a right angle. Front as well as
thoracic dorsum weakly shining, alutaceous and densely micropunctate. Pronotum arcuate
behind; mesopleuron moderately shining, densely punctate; propodeum strongly shining and
more sparsely punctate, faintly impressed medially. Venation as in female. Hooks of sixth
sternite robust, subtriangular; subgenital plate with a high median keel, acute apically;
genitalia as figured (Fig. 2).
Variation.- One of the paratype females is smaller than the type (forewing 4 mm) but there
are no other differences worthy of note.
Holotype.- Female, COLORADO: Larimer Co., Glacier View Meadows [23 km west
ofLivermore], 2350m, 25 April 1986 (H.E. Evans, note no. 4031). Allotype.- Male, same
data [both Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, MA|. Paratypes.- Two females,
same data [U.S. National Museum, Colorado State University].
DISCUSSION
D. lignicolus belongs to the graenicheri group of the subgenus
Dipogon, as defined by Townes ( 1 957). It differs from graenicheri not only
in the mostly black coloration but in having the integument less shining,
more closely punctate and conspicuously pubescent; the wings are also less
strongly banded and the second submarginal cell shorter compared to the
third. D. lignicolus differs from diablo Wasbauer (1960), a California
species also belonging to this species-group, in coloration and in its slightly
larger size; the female differs further in having the postocellar and ocello-
ocular lines subequal and in having erect hairs on the first tergite, while the
male differs in having a narrower front and the postocellar line only 1.2
times the ocello-ocular line. The male genitalia differ from those of diablo,
as figured by Wasbauer (1960), in having more heavily setose digiti and
parameres, broader digiti, and other details.
Nests in borings in wood, with cells separated by complex barriers
containing bits of soil, wood, and other debris, are the rule rather than the
44
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Figures 1 and 2. Male genitalia of Dipogon species, ventral aspect. Fig. 1, D. (Deuteragenia)
sericeus Banks. Fig. 2. D. (Dipogon) lignicolus n.sp.
Figure 3. Trap nest showing four cells containing cocoons of Dipogon (Dipogon) lignicolus n.sp.
Note the mass of detritus on the inner side of each partition.
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987 45
exception in members of both subgenera of Dipogon (Medler and Koerber,
1957; Krombein, 1967). The use of spider webs in cell partitions is well
known in some species (Richards and Hamm, 1939). Thus there is nothing
particularly distinctive about the nesting behavior of lignicolus.
During both 1985 and 1986 I put out between 200 and 300 trap nests
near my home 23 km west of Livermore, Colorado, and in 1985 a similar
number in Rocky Mountain National Park, at a similar elevation about 50
km further south. I have also used Malaise traps at these and several other
localities in Larimer County. Yet the few specimens of sericeus and
lignicolus discussed here represent the only Dipogon I have taken. It
appears that all species in this genus are extremely rare in the Rocky
Mountains.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
My thanks to W.J. Pulawski for the loan of type specimens from the collections of the
California Academy of Sciences.
LITERATURE CITED
Banks, N. 1944. Psammocharidae (Spider- Wasps). Notes and descriptions. Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. Harvard 94: 167-187.
Evans, H.E. 1950. A taxonomic study of the Nearctic spider wasps belonging to the tribe
Pompilini (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Part I. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 75: 133-
270.
Evans, H.E. 1970. Ecological-behavioral studies of the wasps of Jackson Hole. Wyoming.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 140: 451-511.
Krombein, K.V. 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees: Life histories, nests, and associates.
Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C. 570 pp.
Krombein, K.V. 1979. Superfamily Pompiloidea. In Krombein, K.V., et al, Catalog of
Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Vol. 2, Apocrita (Aculeata). Smithsonian
Institution Press, Washington. D.C.
Medler, J.T., and T.W. Koerber. 1957. Biology of Dipogon sayi Banks in trap nests in
Wisconsin. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 50: 621-625
Richards, O.W., and A.H. Hamm. 1939. The biology of the British Pompilidae (Hymenoptera).
Trans. Soc. British Entomol. 6: 51-114.
Townes, H. 1957. Nearctic wasps of the subfamilies Pepsinae and Ceropalinae. Bull. U.S. Nat.
Mus. 209: 1-286.
Wasbauer, M. 1960. Taxonomic and distributional notes on some western spider wasps
(Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 36: 171-177.
46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
LECTOTYPE DESIGNATIONS FOR THE
SPECIES OF COPROMYZINAE
(DIPTERA: SPHAEROCERIDAE)
DESCRIBED BY HALIDAY1
Allen L. Norrbom2
ABSTRACT: Lectotypes are designated for Borboms hamatus Haliday, (= Cmmomyia
nitida (Meigen)), B. suillorum Haliday (= C. fimetaria (Meigen)), and B. longipennis
Haliday, a nominal species of uncertain status. The additional Sphaeroceridae in the Haliday
and Curtis Collections are also discussed.
The Irish entomologist Alexander Haliday described 25 nominal
species of Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) in two papers (Haliday 1833, 1836).
These include four species described in the genus Borboms Meigen that are
now placed in three different genera within the tribe Copromyzini. As part
of a revision of this group, I examined putative Haliday type material from
the Haliday and Curtis Collections. In this paper, I designate lectotypes
where appropriate and review the status of the four Haliday names. I also
briefly discuss the additional Sphaeroceridae in the Haliday and Curtis
Collections.
Haliday 's descriptions of sphaerocerids were based mainly on material
in his own collection, now in the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin. He
also examined Francis Walker's sphaerocerid collection, most of which he
apparently retained (Haliday 1836: 317). Collin (1914) suggested that
some sphaerocerid specimens examined by Haliday might still be in the
Walker Collection, and it is clear that Haliday did send other Diptera
specimens to Walker (O'Connor and Nash 1982), but according to Brian
Pitkin (pers. comm.), there are no Copromyzinae with Haliday labels or
otherwise recognizable as Haliday types in the British Museum (Natural
History) where the Walker Collection is housed. Haliday also exchanged
material with other workers, including John Curtis (O'Connor and Nash
1982), whose collection is now is the Museum of Victoria. I examined only
the Copromyzinae in this collection, but there are putative syntypes of
many other Haliday sphaerocerid species present. These include specimens
on typical Haliday card mounts (see O'Connor and Nash 1982 for a
description of such specimens), some of which also have labels in his
writing. Among these are specimens labelled with the following Haliday
names: scabricula, crassimana, humida, leucoptera, fuscipennis, lugubris,
scutellaris, fungicola, vagans, and zosterae (A. Neboiss, pers. comm.).
1 Received September 29, 1986. Accepted November 10, 1986.
^Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, c/o National Museum of Natural
History, NHB 168, Washington, D.C. 20560.
ENT. NEWS 98(2): 46-50, March & April, 1987
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987 47
Workers revising Haliday species should be aware of these specimens and
that putative syntypes of other species may be present in the Curtis
Collection.
All of the specimens I examined from Haliday's collection bear
machine-printed labels with "Haliday 20.2. '82," which were added when
the specimens were incorporated into the National Museum of Ireland
general collection. All of them also have light green, machine-printed
"Ireland" or white, machine-printed "British" labels. According to
O'Connor and Nash (1982), Haliday rarely used locality labels, but his
specimens' pin heads were often color coded by country of origin. The
above labels were added by museum workers based on type data published
by Haliday or to replace the pin heads clipped off to allow the pins to fit into
the Museum's drawers.
Not all specimens now found under Haliday names in his collecion
should be uncritically accepted as syntypes. Haliday continued to add
specimens to his collection after publishing descriptions, sometimes even
replacing damaged type material (O'Connor and Nash 1982). Haliday's
Diptera collection also underwent considerable rearrangement and mixing
when it was incorporated into, and later removed from, the main National
Museum collection ( O'Connor and Nash 1 982). Collin (1914) previously
examined Haliday's sphaerocerids, but it is unclear whether he described
individual series as he found them or if he sorted the specimens into series
based on Haliday's descriptions. There are now more specimens in the
collection than Collin (1914) reported, indicating that later museum
workers re-sorted some specimens and incorporated overlooked material.
For these reasons, only specimens with labels in Haliday's writing or those
closely fitting his original descriptions should be regarded as syntypes. In
the following section I discuss the status and type material of the four
Haliday names currently placed in the Copromyzinae.
Borborus hamatus Haliday, 1833: 17.
From Haliday's original description, especially of the male hind femora
as "at the base armed with a strong hooked tooth," hamatus is clearly a
junior synonym of Borborus nitidus Meigen ( 1 830), currently placed in the
genus Crumomyia Macquart (Norrbom and Kim 1985). Haliday (1836)
himself later recognized this synonymy. The type specimens were collected
in the area of Holywood, County Down, Ireland.
There are no specimens labelled as hamatus in Haliday's collection,
but Haliday frequently did not label his specimens, and his species that have
been synonymized were often placed under senior synonyms when his
collection was incorporated into the Museum's general collection (O'Connor
and Nash 1982). Four males of Crumomyia nitida in the collection may
48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
thus be hamatus syntypes. They are double mounted on small pins rather
than on the more common card mounts, and they have "Ireland" labels.
One also has a "nitidus" label in Collin's writing. A similarly mounted
female of C. nitida, also with an Ireland label and now placed under
suillorum Haliday, might also be a hamatus syntype.
The Curtis Collection also contains three males and one female of C.
nitida that are probably hamatus types. These specimens, placed above the
"hamatus Hal." label in the collection are double mounted similar to the
putative syntypes in the Haliday Collection, and one of the males also has a
"hamatus" label in Curtis' writing. A similarly mounted female of Copromyza
similis (Collin) is also in this series, but because of its identity it is a
doubtful syntype. The Curtis label and the mounting of these specimens
similar to the specimens in the Haliday Collection alone do not justify
strongly enought that these specimens came from Haliday and that they
should be considered syntypes; there are double pin mounted specimens in
the Curtis Collection with locality labels in Curtis' writing that did not come
from Haliday. Curtis (1833) remarked that he was "indebted to Mr.
Haliday for the species figured" (meaning hamatus}, however, and because
of this statement I have designated the specimen labelled as hamatus as
lectotype rather than a specimen from the Haliday Collection. The latter
specimens are probably also syntypes, but the evidence for this is more
circumstantial.
Borborus suillorum Haliday, 1836: 322.
From Haliday's description of the mid tibiae with dorsal bristles, wing
crossveins infuscated, male hind femora without a basal spur, only the base
of the tibiae rust brown, and size 1 .5 lines (=2.15 mm), suillorum has been
considered a junior synonym of Borborus Jimetarius Meigen (1830),
currently Crumomyiafimetaria (Meigen) (Norrbom and Kim 1985). This
is the only copromyzine species occurring in the British Isles having all of
the above characters. Haliday ( 1 836) said that suillorum "Inhabits fungi in
England and Ireland," although he may have included the first country in
the range based only on specimens of "Var. B" (probably = Crumomyia
roserii (Rondani) (Collin 1914), which was "Taken by Mr. F. Walker near
London."
Under suillorum, the Haliday Collection contains three males of C.
flmetaria and one female of C. nitida double mounted on small pins and
with "Ireland" and "Named by J.E. Collin" labels. One male also has a
thin label with "suillorum" in Collin's writing. The female of nitida, as
mentioned above, may be a syntype of hamatus Haliday, but thejimetaria
males are putative suillorum syntypes. I have designated the specimen with
the hand- written Collin label as lectotype.
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987 49
Borborus flavipennis Haliday, 1836: 324.
Haliday described flavipennis from female specimen(s) "found by Mr.
Walker near London". Alloborborus pallifrons (Fallen) is the only
copromyzine species occurring in England that fits his description of the
fore coxae rust yellow, frontal triangle glossy, wing crossveins not
infuscated, r-m at first third of cell dm, mid tibiae not setose dorsally, and
hind tibiae with an apical spur. The single female of A. pallifrons in the
Haliday Collection was previously designated as lectotype of flavipennis
by Norrbom and Kim ( 1 985 ). It is on a typical Haliday card mount and has
a label with "pallifrons, flavipennis Hal" in Collin's writing and "British"
and "Named by J.E. Collin" labels.
Borborus longipennis Haliday, 1836: 324.
B. longipennis has been regarded as a junior synonym of Borborus
vitripennis Meigen (1830) since Duda's (1923) revision of the Palaearctic
Copromyzinae. The identity of the true vitripennis type in Paris is in doubt
however (Richards 1930), and longipennis is probably the valid name for
the species which is currently known as Copromyza (Borborillus) vitripen-
nis (Meigen) (Papp 1985) (i.e., vitripennis auct.). To further complicate
matters, this species is not a Borborillus; it is probably related to the saliens
species group of Metaborborus Vanschuytbroeck. I will further discuss this
relationship in a future paper.
Haliday (1836), from his mention of "the small cross-nerve [=crossvein
r-m] usually at the first fifth of the discoidal cell [cell dm]," of the abdomen
with "the extremity [terminalia] in the male ... hairy," and that "the spur
springs before the extremity of the hind shank [tibia] and is very slender and
long," certainly must have based his description on specimens of vitripennis
auct. He qualified the reference to the location of r-m with "usually,"
however; thus he may have also included other Borborillus species in his
concept of longipennis, particularly a larger one like uncinatus (Duda)
which is also found in his collection. Of the collection localities of his
specimens, Haliday ( 1836) stated, "on the sea coast of Ireland; in various
parts of England; not rare."
The Haliday Collection contains eight specimens under longipennis,
all on typical Haliday card mounts and labelled as follows: one male and
one female of vitripennis auct. with "Ireland" and "Named by J.E. Collin"
labels, the male also with a label with "longipenn" in Collin's writing; two
males and two females of vitripennis auct. with "British" labels, one of the
males also with a white label with "longipennis" in Haliday's writing; one
female of unicatus (Duda) with "Ireland" and "Named by J.E. Collin"
labels; and one female of uncinatus with a "British" label. The specimens
50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
with "British" labels also have small hand-written numbers on the card
mount next to the pin. I have designated the male with the longipennis label
in Haliday's writing as lectotype to maintain the traditional usage of this
name. Further resolution of the status of longipennis will require reexamina-
tion of the type of Borbonis vitripennis Meigen and determination of the
correct usage of that name. The specimens of uncinatus (Duda) in the
Haliday Collection are probable paralectotypes of longipennis, but the
specimens of other Boborillus species in the collection do not fit Haliday's
description and are not syntypes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I sincerely thank J.P. O'Connor (National Museum of Ireland) and A. Neboiss (Museum
of Victoria) for the loans of specimens and for the information they generously provided about
the Haliday and Curtis Collections. I am also grateful to B.R. Pitkin (British Museum) for
searching the Walker Collection for Haliday specimens. J.P. O'Connor, A. Neboiss, S.A.
Marshall (Univ. of Guelph), D. Nickle, F.C. Thompson, and R.V. Peterson (Systematic
Entomology Laboratory) reviewed drafts of the manuscript; I thank them for their helpful
comments and suggestions.
LITERATURE CITED
Collin, J.E. 1914. Notes on the specimens of Borboridae and some Ephydridae in the Haliday
Collection at the National Museum, Dublin. Proc. Royal Dublin Soc. 14: 235-255.
Curtis, J. 1833. British entomology: Being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of
insects found in Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 10, pi. 469, London.
Duda, O. 1923. Revision der altweltlichen Arten der Gattung Borboms (Cvpsela) Meigen
(Dipteren). Arch. Naturg. 89: 35-112.
Haliday, A.H. 1833. Catalogue of Diptera occurring about Holywood in Downshire.
Entomol. Mag. 1: 147-180.
_. 1836. British species of the dipterous tribe Sphaeroceridae. Entomol. Mag.
3: 315-336.
Meigen, J.W. 1 830. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europa'ischen zweiflu'geligen
Insekten. Vol. 6. Hamm, Germany.
Norrbom, A.L. and K.C. Kim. 1985. Systematics of Crumomyia Macquart andAlloborborus
Duda (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae). Syst. Entomol. 10: 167-225.
O'Connor, J.P. and R. Nash. 1982. Notes on the entomological collection of A.H. Haliday
(1806-1870) in the National Museum of Ireland, with a recommendation for type
designations. Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 82: 169-175.
Papp, L. 1985. Family Sphaeroceridae. In: AT Soo*s and L. Papp, eds. Catalogue of
Palaearctic Diptera 10: 401-440. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.
Richards, O.W. 1930. The British species of Sphaeroceridae (Borboridae, Diptera). Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond. 1: 261-345.
Vol. 98, No. 2. March & April 1987 51
A NEW HOST FOR BRACHYMERIA OVATA
(HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDIDAE): HARRISINA
BRILLIANS (LEPIDOPTERA: ZYGAENIDAE)1
Jeffrey A. Halstead^
ABSTRACT: A new host record of Brachymeria ovata from Harrisina brillians, a
lepidopterous pest of grapes in the southwestern United States and Mexico, is reported.
The western grapeleaf skeletonizer, Harrisina brillians Barnes and
McDunnough, is a leaf defoliating pest of backyard, wild, and cultivated
grapes ( Vitus spp.) and two ornamental plants, Boston ivy (Parthenocissus
tricuspidata) and Virginia creeper (P. quinquefolia), in Mexico and the
southwestern United States ( Stern et al. 1981). Brachymeria ovata (Say),
an unrecorded skeletonizer parasitoid, is recorded as a pupal parasitoid of
over 100 species of Lepidoptera which encompass 18 families (Peck 1963,
Burks 1979). Brachvmeria ovata is widely distributed throughout North,
Central, and South America (Burks 1979, DeSantis 1979).
Recently, I examined five specimens of B. ovata that were reared from
skeletonizer pupae by California Department of Food and Agriculture,
Biological Control Services Program personnel during skeletonizer natural
enemy evaluation surveys in California (pers. comm. Villegas and Esser).
Despite the rearing of approximately two hundred-thousand skeletonizer
larvae and pupae from 1975 to 1983. only these five specimens were
observed.
The rearing data is as follows: 2 9, Palo Cedro. Shasta County,
California, 15 August 1978, emerged from H. brillians, B. Villegas; 3 9,
Anderson, Shasta County, California, 30 August 1982, emerged from H.
brillians, T.E. Esser. These specimens reside in the Biological Control
Services Program's reference collection.
This data represents a new host record for B. ovata. The low level of
parasitization indicates that this species is not an important component in
the biological control of H. brillians.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank T.E. Esser. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento and N.J.
Smith. Fresno County Agricultural Commissioner's Office. Fresno, California for editorial
comments on this paper.
Deceived September 15. 1986. Accepted October 17. 1986.
^California Department of Food and Agriculture, Biological Control Services Program. 3288
Meadowview Road, Sacramento. California 95832. Present address: 2110 N. Hayes.
Fresno, California 93722.
ENT. NEWS 98(2): 51-52. March & April, 1987
52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
LITERATURE CITED
Burks, B.D. 1979. Chalcididae, Pages 860-874. In Krombein K.V., et al. eds., Catalog of
Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico: Vol. I. Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasifica).
Smith. Instit. Press. Wash., D.C. 1198 pp.
DeSantis, L. 1979. Catalago de los himenopteros calcidoideos de America al sur de los
Estados Unidos. Comision de Investigaciones Cientificas de la Provincia de Buenos
Aires, La Plata, Argentina. 488 pp.
Peck, O.C. 1963. A catalog of the Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Canad
Ent. Suppl. 30: 1092pp.
Stern, V.M., W.L. Peacock, and D.L. Flaherty. 1981. Western grapeleaf skeletonizer, pp.
140-146. In D.L. Flaherty, E.L. Jensen, A.N. Kasimatis, H. Kido, and W.J. Moller
[eds.]. Grape pest management. University of California Publications, Berkeley, California.
312pp.
INSECT FIELD DAY FOR YOUNG AND
AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS
The American Entomological Society, in conjunction with The Young Entomologists
Society, and the Brandywine Valley Association, has scheduled an entomological field day to be
held, rain or shine, at the Myrick Conservation Center of the Brandywine Valley Association on
Saturday, June 6, 1987, from 9 am to 4 pm.
The objective of this event is to promote insect related interests and interactions, particularly
among young and amateur entomologists of the greater Philadelphia area. Interested parents and
teachers also are invited to participate. Registration is $2.00. A map and additional information
will be sent to registrants before May 15.
Please send inquiries to Ann Faulds, Brandywine Valley Association. 1760 Unionville-
Wawaset Road, West Chester, PA 19382.
DISCLAIMER NOTICE
At the request of the undersigned, ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS is
publishing the following disclaimer of authorship.
"Because of ethical considerations, I request that my name be removed
from co-authorship of the paper 'Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera: Aphididae),
an aphid species biting man' (T.W. Culliney and J.R Ruberson, Entomol. News
97:225-226)". Signed, "John R Ruberson".
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987 53
IS SIMULIUM TUBEROSUM (DIPTERA:
SIMULIIDAE) A PEST OF HUMANS?
A PROBLEM OF INTERPRETATION AND SIBLING
SPECIES1'2
J.F. Burger, L.A. Pistrang^
ABSTRACT: The Simulium tuberosum complex is known to consist of at least nine
cytospecies throughout its Holarctic range, although some of these may prove to be only
chromosomal segregates. The importance of members of this species complex as pests of
humans is obscured by contradictory reports in the literature due to misidentification,
geographically or seasonally variable biting habits, or the possibility that only certain
cytospecies are attracted to humans. A study of the tuberosum complex in northern New York
and New Hampshire, where high tuberosum populations occur, revealed that only 0.3 - 2.9%
of adults collected while biting and annoying humans were tuberosum. This information, and
a critical review of existing literature, demonstrate that adults of the tuberosum complex only
occasionally bite or annoy humans, and are not major pests. Contradictory reports of
annoyance in the southeastern United States cannot be confirmed without additional
information.
Simulium tuberosum (Lundstrom) is a widely-distributed and often
abundant Holarctic black fly. Studies of the polytene salivary chromosomes
of S. tuberosum during the past 25 years by Landau (1962), Mason (1982,
1984), Adler (1986), and Adler and Kim (1986) demonstrated that this
"species" is composed of at least nine chromosomally recognizable entities
in the known geographic range, and that most of these entities are apparently
reproductively isolated, i.e. biological species. Unless otherwise indicated,
S. tuberosum is used in the broad sense, not in the strict sense This
information, and similar studies of other black fly species complexes, make a
re-examination of published information on the biology, ecology and
taxonomy of familiar, broadly-based morphospecies necessary. This is
particularly important for those species considered to be pests of humans and
livestock, since control efforts usually are directed at those species.
Contradictory published information about Simulium tuberosum as a
pest of humans prompted a review of published information, and a study,
reported here, conducted in New Hampshire and in northern New York, to
determine if S. tuberosum was a major pest of humans. We also speculate on
the possible causes for contradictory reports of S. tuberosum as a human
pest species.
Simulium tuberosum occurs from Norway, Finland and Scotland to
1 Received November 13, 1986. Accepted December 18, 1986
2 Scientific Contribution Number 1460 from the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment
Station.
^Department of Entomology. Nesmith Hall, University of New Hampshire. Durham, New
Hampshire 03824 U.S.A.
ENT. NEWS 98(2): 53-62, March & April. 1987
54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Greenland and Alaska south to California, Texas and Florida. The AB
cytospecies is considered to be "true" tuberosum (Rothfels 1981) since it is
the only one occurring in the type locality in northern Finland [Finnish
Lapland]. It is also widely distributed in North America, from Alaska to
Quebec, south to Alberta, Wisconsin and Virginia. The other sibling species
described to date have a more limited distribution.
Reports on the habits of S. tuberosum vary from not attracted to or biting
humans to being severe, persistent and important pests of humans.
Contradictory information sometimes comes from the same geographic
area, partly because some studies do not discriminate clearly between biting
versus annoying [swarming, non-biting] flies, or do so in a manner difficult to
interpret.
Some studies reported that S. tuberosum did not feed on humans ( Smart,
1936 [Scotland]; Downe and Morrison, 1957 [Quebec]; Kuusela, 1971
[Finland]), or was not attracted to humans (Jenkins, 1 948 [Alaska]; Zahar,
1951 [Scotland]). Raastad (personal communication) stated that S.
tuberosum did not feed on humans in Norway.
Most authors stated that S. tuberosum was only occasionally attracted
to or fed on humans, and was not a major pest species (Davies, 1952
[Ontario]; Hocking and Richards, 1952 [Labrador]; Wolfe & Peterson,
1960 [Quebec]; Anderson and DeFoliart, 1961 [Wisconsin]; Lewis &
Bennett, 1973 [Newfoundland]; Lewis and Bennett, 1979 [Maritime
Provinces of Canada]; Adler and Kim, 1986 [Pennsylvania].
Several studies reported moderate biting or annoyance by S. tuberosum
(Twinn, 1950 [as S. perissum Dyar& Shannon, northern Canada]; Davies
et al, 1962 [Scotland, 33% of S. tuberosum collected were positive for
human blood]; Davies and Williams, 1962 [Scotland]; Davies, 1966
[Scotland]; Amrine, 1971 [Ohio]).
Some authors reported that S. tuberosum is a pest of humans only at
certain times or in certain places (Stone and Jamnback, 1955 [New York,
only until early July]; Peterson, 1956 [Utah]; Peterson, 1959 [Utah, above
7,000 ft (2,134 m)]; Abdelnur, 1968 [Alberta]).
Four studies listed S. tuberosum as a severe or major pest of humans
(Edwards, 1915 [England]; DeFoliart, 1951 [New York, 1-15 bites per
minute]; Stone and Snoddy, 1969 [Alabama]; Snoddy and Noblet, 1976
[southeastern U.S.A.]).
Several authors reported that S. tuberosum was annoying but did not
bite (Jamnback, 1952 [New York]; Sailer, 1953 [Alaska]; Peterson, 1959
[Utah, below 2,500 ft. (762 m)]; Cupp & Gordon, 1983 [northeastern
U.S.A.]. Others reported that S. tuberosum was attracted to but did not
feed on humans (Sommerman etal, 1955 [Alaska]; Jamnback and Collins,
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987 55
1 955 [New York, but mixed with S. venustum s. lat. ]; Davies and Peterson,
1956 [Ontario]; Snow et al., 1958 [Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi,
Georgia, North Carolina]; Magnarelli and Cupp, 1977 [New York]).
Two authors, Carlsson (1962) in Scandinavia and Fallis (1964) for
Europe and North America indicated that S. tuberosum fed on mammals,
with no specific mention of humans. Stone ( 1 964) stated that the feeding
habits of S. tuberosum could not be precisely determined in Connecticut
since females could not be reliably separated from S. venustum Say and S.
verecundum Stone & Jamnback.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
To determine if Simulium tuberosum is a major pest of humans in
northern New York, as reported in the literature, or in northern New
Hampshire, where the immature stages are abundant in streams, we
sampled 12 sites in New York on 14-16 June and 13-15 July 1982, and 10
sites in New Hampshire during spring and summer, 1 982. In New York, we
sampled 5 sites in Hamilton County (Blue Mountain to Long Lake,
Newcomb. Minerva, and Tahawus), 6 sites in Essex County (Blue Ridge.
New Russia, and Keene Valley), and 1 site in Clinton County (Ausable).
We also examined 1,000 adult black flies selected from 44,800 adults
collected during 1982 by Daniel Molloy and his colleagues at their
Onchiota (Franklin County) study site. These samples were collected on 9-
10 June, 5-6 July, 13 July, and 24-29 July, with no distinction made
between flies attracted to collectors and those collected biting.
The principal sampling area in New Hampshire was Waterville Valley
(Grafton County), where a concurrent study of the seasonal distribution
and abundance of S. tuberosum sibling species in the Waterville Valley
watershed was in progress, and where larval populations in streams were
high. Additional collections were made from June through August at 9 sites
in Coos County, New Hampshire.
Adult black flies were sampled by overhead net sweeps, 4 sets of 10
sweeps each, separated by 30 second intervals, during the morning and
afternoon activity peaks. Biting flies were collected only after beginning to
feed.
RESULTS
In New Hampshire, 31 of 1,508 flies attracted to humans (Table 1)
were S. tuberosum (2.3%), a percentage similar to that reported by Davies
(1952) in Ontario, and Wolfe and Peterson ( 1 960) in Quebec. Of 1 59 flies
collected biting humans, 4 (2.5%) were S. tuberosum.
In New York, 5 of 1,433 flies swarming around humans in our
collections (0.3%) were S. tuberosum (Table 2). Of 69 adults collected
56
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
biting humans, 2 (2.9%) were S. tuberosum. For the Onchiota study site
(Table 3), 19 of 1,000 adults (1.9%) examined from all dates were S.
tuberosum. At least 1 S. tuberosum adult was identified for each of the 4
dates examined, but more than half ( 1 1 of 1 9) were collected during the 5-6
July sampling period.
At no time did S. tuberosum exceed 2.9% of the flies attracted to or
biting humans at any sampling station in New York and New Hampshire.
We conclude, therefore, that S. tuberosum is not a major pest of humans in
New York or New Hampshire, despite its abundance in small streams and
larger rivers throughout the study areas, and need not be targeted for control
in black fly abatement programs. The feeding habits of this reportedly
anautogenous species group remain obscure in the northeastern United
States.
Table 1. Adult black flies attracted to and biting humans in New Hampshire.
May — September, 1982.
Species
Prosimulium spp. (3)
Simulium venustum and
verecundum complexes
S. jenningsi group
S. tuberosum cpx.
(5 cytospecies)
S. n. sp. nr. luggeri
S. parnassum Malloch
Stegopterna mutata (Malloch)
S. decorum Walker
S. corbis Twinn
S. aureum cpx.
S. vittatum cpx.
TOTAL:
Biting
119
34
0
4
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
159
Swarming
630
561
41
31
33
23
15
8
4
2
1
1,349
Table 2. Adult black flies attracted to and biting humans in the
Adirondack Mountains, New York, June — July, 1982.
Species
Simulium venustum cpx.
S. verecundum cpx.
S. jenningsi group
S1. tuberosum cpx.
Prosimulium mixtum Syme & Davies
51. decorum Walker
Stegopterna mutata (Malloch)
i'. longistylatum Shewell
S. aureum cpx.
34
29
0
2
0
2
0
1
1
782
520
141
5
4
0
1
0
0
Total
749
595
41
35
33
24
15
8
5
2
1
1,508
Biting Swarming Total
816
549
141
7
4
2
1
1
1
TOTAL:
1,453
1,522
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987
57
Table 3. Adult black flies attracted to a human host. Onchiota,
Hamilton County, New York. 1982.
Species
S. venustum cpx.
5. verecundum cpx.
S. jenningsi grp.
Prosimulium spp.
S. vittatum cpx.
S. parnassum Mall.
5. tuberosum cpx.
S. puge tense cpx.
5. corbis Twinn
S. rugglesi
Nicholson & Mickel
S. decorum Walker
S. aureum cpx.
5. impar
Davies. Peterson & Wood
TOTAL:
9-10 Jun 5-6 Jul 13Jul 24-29 Jul Total
413
49
20
0
5
8
1
0
0
1
497
187
0
3
2
11
0
0
1
0
0
0
204
90
1
3
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
100
176
1
2
15
2
0
1
0
1
1
0
199
866
51
28
22
19
8
2
1
1
1
:.ooo
DISCUSSION
The results of our study agree with many other studies on the habits of
adult black flies: that S. tuberosum only occasionally is attracted to or
bites humans. How can we explain reports in the literature that S.
tuberosum can be a serious pest of humans? This question is important
because S. tuberosum larvae can be very abundant in streams and may be
targeted for control efforts because they are purported to be pests of
humans. If they are not major pests of humans, control may be
unwarranted, at least until pest status can be established, with concomitant
reduced control costs.
Reports on S. tuberosum as a human pest are contradictory not only
throughout the range of this species complex, but also in the same
geographic area. In Alaska, Jenkins (1948) reported that S. tuberosum was
not attracted to humans. Sailer (1953), however, stated that it was
annoying but did not bite humans, and Sommerman et al. ( 1 955 ) stated that
it was attracted to but did not feed on humans.
In the southeastern U.S.A., Stone and Snoddy ( 1 969) and Snoddy and
Noblet (1976) reported that S. tuberosum was a serious biting pest of
humans, while Snow et al. ( 1 958) stated that it was attracted to but did not
bite humans.
In Scotland, Smart ( 1 936) and Zahar (1951) reported that S. tuberosum
was not attracted to humans, while Davies et al., (1962), Davies and
58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Williams (1962) and Davies (1966) stated that it caused moderate
annoyance to humans. Edwards (1915) stated that it was a severe pest of
humans in England.
Lewis Davies (personal communication) provided additional comments
on the S. tuberosum group in the Skey Valley of the Central Scottish
Highlands. Five black fly adults collected after feeding on a human in
August, 1956, were S. tuberosum, but other records of human annoyance
attributed to tuberosum may apply instead to Simulium reptans Meigen or
perhaps to species in the Simulium ornatum group. Simulium reptans
prefers to feed on cattle, rather than humans, while the reverse is true for
tuberosum. Simulium reptans inhabits the lower reaches of streams where
human habitation is more common, while S. tuberosum is found more
commonly upstream where it is less likely to encounter humans. However, it
seems clear that S. tuberosum in Scotland can be at least an occasional pest
of humans.
Apart from imprecise definitions of S, tuberosum as a pest of humans,
how can discrepancies in reports of this species group as a pest of humans be
explained? Three explanations are possible.
First, other anthropophilic species (i.e. S. venustum and S. verecundum
complexes) were misidentified as S. tuberosum. This could occur in several
ways. Characters not suitable for reliable species distinction may be used,
especially if they are variable. Use of inaccurate keys and figures may lead to
misidentification. Reliable characters, such as features of the external
genitalia, may be ignored because they are perceived as difficult to use.
Misidentified reference specimens may be used to identify pest black flies.
Reference in the literature to the difficulty of distinguishing S. tuberosum
from other common pest species, such as S. venustum and S. verecundum
(Stone, 1964), may discourage accurate identification of S. tuberosum, and
encourage authors to "lump" it with other pest species. Reference in the
recent literature to the "venustum/verecundum" complexes or the [Prosi-
mulium] "mixtum/fuscum" complexes incorrectly implies that these com-
plexes cannot be separated satisfactorily, and reflects the disinclination ot
certain workers to take the time necessary to examine genitalic and other
characters.
Simulium tuberosum females are easily distinguished from S. venustum
and S. verecundum females by the narrower fore tibiae bearing a pale streak
on the anterior surface not extending across the entire width of the segment,
and not forming a broad white patch, the narrow pale basal areas on the mid-
and hind tibiae, and by the distinctive shape of the anal lobes.
Second, the biting habits of S. tuberosum may vary geographically,
seasonally, or may be affected by local environmental conditions. It is well
known that black fly biting intensity tends to increase as low pressure fronts
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987 59
approach, prior to storms, but whether this occurs in all mammalophilic
species is unknown. It is also possible that larval nutrition or environmental
factors in streams may influence biting behavior of adult flies. It is difficult to
assess the importance of geographic variation in biting/annoying habits of
black flies without additional information.
Finally, some sibling species or chromosomal segregates in the Simulium
tuberosum complex may be human pests, while others are not. Much of the
information generated on the habits of S. tuberosum was published prior to
definition of the sibling species (cytospecies) now known to comprise the
tuberosum complex (Landau, 1962; Mason, 1982. 1984), or was not
considered in discussion of 5". tuberosum as a pest of humans.
Three cytospecies are known to occur in Europe: AB in Finland, and FGI
and Y2 in Norway. Only in Scotland has S. tuberosum been recorded as a
pest of humans, but since its cytogenetics has not been studied there, these
biting records cannot be definitely associated with any of the known European
cytospecies. Because the AB cytospecies is known to be widely distributed
geographically and seasonally, it is possible that this cytospecies is associated
with human annoyance in the Scottish Highlands. No records of human
annoyance are published from the Scandinavian countries where FGI and Y^
occur.
In North America, human nuisance records are best known from Alaska,
Alberta, Utah, eastern Canada, Wisconsin, New York, New Hampshire,
Pennsylvania, and the southeastern United States. Three cytospecies are
known to occur in Alaska: FGI, FG and AB. These also occur in Alberta,
along with a fourth cytospecies, FGH. The cytogenetics of the tuberosum
group has not been studied in Utah, but possibly the three widely distributed
cytospecies occurring in Alaska occur there as well.
Seven cytospecies in the S. tuberosum complex are known from eastern
North America (Table 4), although some of these may prove to be only
Table 4. Cytospecies of the S. tuberosum complex in Eastern North America.
S.C.
CDEM
CKL
FG
FGH
Ont.
Que.
Wis.
N.Y.
N.H.
Penn.
Va.
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
AB
A
—
—
A
A
A
A
CDE
—
—
CDE
CDE
CDE
CDE
—
CDEM
—
CDEM
—
CDEM
CDEM
—
—
—
—
—
CKL
CKL
FG
FG
—
—
FG
FG
FGH
—
—
FGH
FGH
FGH
60 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
chromosomal segregates within different populations and not biological
species. Six of the seven cytospecies occur in the present New York-New
Hampshire study area, and the seventh, CKL, is abundant in Pennsylvania,
where Peter Adler's detailed studies on the ecology of black flies have greatly
increased our knowledge of the tuberosum complex.
In New Hampshire, the FGH, FG and CDE cytospecies are abundant in
montane streams, but since adults rarely were found biting or annoying
humans during the past 10 years, these cytospecies cannot be considered
important human pests. The A and AB cytospecies were collected less
frequently, so their status as human pests is less certain.
In Pennsylvania, where all described eastern cytospecies occur, Adler
and Kim (1986) stated that the complex was not a pest of humans, and that
only a few instances of biting were recorded. This eliminates all the described
eastern cytospecies as important human pests. How, then, can one explain
the observation by Stone and Snoddy (1969) that S1. tuberosum is the most
persistent pest of humans and livestock in Alabama? Five cytospecies. A,
CDEM, CKL, FG and FGH are known to occcur as far south as South
Carolina (Adler, personal communication) but none of these seems to be a
human pest in northern localities. If their statement is correctly applied to S.
tuberosum, the pest populations may be an undescribed cytospecies or based
on misidentified material. Resolution of this problem must await analysis of
the tuberosum complex in Alabama.
A final question is whether the occasional human nuisance or biting
records cited throughout the geographical range of S. tuberosum s. lat. can be
ascribed to one or two cytospecies, or whether several of them are involved.
Only the AB cytospecies is common to areas where annoyance has been
documented (except in the southeastern U.S.A.), and thus is likely to be at
least an occasional human biter. Since it is not yet possible to positively
identify adult female black flies by cytospecies, implication of Simulium
tuberosum in human annoyance is not possible, except where only one
cytospecies occurs.
In summary, Simulium tuberosum is not proven to be a major human pest
species, and only rarely annoys or bites humans. In localities where biting
records are carefully documented, none of the known S. tuberosum cyto-
species can be considered a major human pest, in proportion to the large larval
populations observed in streams. The pest status of the S. tuberosum
complex in the southeastern United States, however, remains unresolved.
To clearly define the pest status of anthropophilic black flies, future
studies should include careful identification of species and species complexes,
clear reference to numbers of biting and swarming black flies, and a
combination of cytotaxonomic and electrophoretic analysis of adults, when
possible, to associate biting or annoying activity with a particular cytospecies.
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987 61
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to thank R. W. Crosskey, Department of Emomology, British Museum (Natural
History), L. Davies, Department of Zoology, University of Durham, J. Raastad, Zoological
Museum, University of Oslo, and J.W. Amrine, Jr., Department of Entomology, West
Virginia University for their generous contributions of information about the Simulium
tuberosum group in England, Scotland and in Ohio, U.S. A. .respectively. We also thank P. H.
Adler, Department of Entomology, Clemson University for his valuable comments and for
allowing us to use unpublished information about tuberosum in the southeastern United
States, and P.C. Johnson and D.S. Chandler, Department of Entomology, University of New
Hampshire for their reviews of this manuscript.
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DeFoliart, G.R. 1951. A comparison of several repellents against black flies. J. Econ.
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6: 23-42.
Fallis, A.M. 1964. Feeding and related behavior of female Simuliidae (Diptera). Exp.
Parasitol. 15: 439-470.
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62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
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blackflies (Simuliidae). Mosq. News 12: 77-78.
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Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987 63
A FOSSIL SIRICIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) FROM
ARGENTINAl
Patricio Fidalgo^, David R. Smith^
ABSTRACT: Urocerus patagonicus, n. sp., is described from Paleocene shales from
Patagonia, Argentina. No living native Siricidae are known from South America, and this is
the first fossil Siricidae discovered from this continent.
The discovery of an impression of a specimen of Siricidae in Paleocene
shales in Patagonia, Argentina, is unusual because no living Siricidae are
native to South America. The southernmost occurrence of living, native
Siricidae in the Western Hemisphere is northern Central America which
coincides with the southern extent of the northern lineages of conifers. One
species, Urocerus gigas gigas (L.), has been accidentally introduced into
Chile and is apparently established. The Siricidae are practically absent in
the Southern Hemisphere except for two species ofAfrotremexfrom central
Africa and one species of Eriotremex from New Guinea, all of which
belong in the subfamily Tremecinae. This fossil, however, belongs in the
Siricinae, a group that has no living native representatives in the Southern
Hemisphere but are associated only with the northern coniferous forests.
This discovery indicates that the Siricinae were once much more widespread
than they are now.
Thejmpression (Fig. 1) shows part of the head, thorax, base of the
abdomen, and most of the forewings. The forewing venation is most
consistent with current day species of Urocerus.
Urocerus patagonicus Fidalgo and Smith, new species
Adult. — Forewing anddorsumofhead. thorax, and base of abdomen as in Figs. 1-3. Two
apparent anomalies occur, a double anal crossvein (a) in the left forewing and a partial stub of
another vein (Rs) in the same wing. These are apparently aberrations since we have seen such
irregularities in living species. Important features of the forewing as follows: crossvein 2r-m
present: basal stub of vein Cuj absent (between M+Cuj and 1 A); veins Rs and M meet at same
point: cell \R\ about 2/3 length of cell 2R\; basal stub of vein 3A absent: crossvein 2r-m meets
Rs far apical to where 2r meets Rs; crossvein 2m-cu meets M apical to where crossvein 2r-m
meets M.
Holotype. — No. 1 3320. Paleocene. Patagonia. Argentina: Chubut. Laguna del Hunco, J.
Powell coll. Deposited in the collections of Paleontologia Invertebrados Lillo, Instituto M.
Lillo. Tucuman. Argentina.
1 Received December 5, 1986. Accepted February 28, 1987
^Catedra de Entomologia, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Ciencias
Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucuman. Argentina.
^Systematic Entomology Laboratory. BBII, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, c/o
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA.
ENT. NEWS 98(2): 63-66, March & April. 1987
64
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Fig. 1. Photograph of Urocerus patagonicus (by Mr. Simon Castro). Actual size indicated.
0.5 cm
Figs. 2, 3. Forewings of Urocerus patagonicus. 2, Left forewing. 3, right forewing (drawings
by PF).
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987 65
DISCUSSION
The presence of crossvein 2r-m and lack of the basal stub of vein 3A in
the forewing helps to place this species in the Siricinae; Tremecinae usually
lack 2r-m and have 3A represented as a short stub issuing basally from
2A+3A near the point where 2A+3A curves up. The fossil most
resembles Urocerus because of the lack of the basal stub of vein Cu] and
veins Rs and M meeting at about the same point. In Sirex, the basal stub of
vein Cui is almost always present, and in Xeris, RS usually meets vein M
on cell 1M, apical to the point where these veins meet in the fossil. These
three genera are widespread in the Holarctic Region. Xoanon from east
Asia lacks the basal stub of vein Cu i , but cell 2Ri is nearly twice the length
of cell IRl and crossvein 2m-cu meets M basal to the point where crossvein
2r-m meets M; and Siricosoma from Malaysia has the anal cell of the
forewing contracted only in the basal 1/3. Wing venation is usually not
significant at the species level in Symphyta, but it includes the only evident
characters in most fossil forms. Even though we are unable to differentiate
the fossil from current Urocerus species, the occurrence of U. patagonicus
during the Paleocene in an area far removed from where the genus now
occurs indicates that it is probably a distinct species.
Several other Siricinae have been described from the Cenozoic (Smith,
1978): Urocerites spectabilis Heer ( 1 867) from the Miocene in Yugoslavia;
Eoxeris klebsi (Erues) (1926) from Baltic amber, Oligocene, in Germany;
and Eosirex ligniticus Piton ( 1 940) from the Eocene in France. The latter
genus and species were overlooked by Smith (1978). All are based on
descriptions of the forewing. In Urocerites and Eosirex, cells IRi and 2Rj
are subequal in length; in Urocerites crossvein 2r-m is nearly interstitial
with 2r, meeting Rs only slightly apical to 2r; and in Eoxeris veins Rs meets
M on cell 1M. similar to that in Xeris.
There were also undetermined conifer impressions found at Laguna del
Hunco (LIL-PB#5970 & 597 1 in the Institute Miguel Lillo collections) (J.
Durango de Cabrera, personal communication), indicating that conifers may
have been the host of this species. All living Siricinae are associated with
conifers.
66 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank David Wahl, American Entomological Institute. Gainesville, Florida; A.
Shinohara, University of Osaka Prefecture, Japan; and R.L. Smiley and E.E. Grissell,
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, and Washington, D.C.,
respectively, for reviewing this manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Brues, C.T. 1926. A species of Urocerus from Baltic amber. Psyche 33: 168-169.
Heer, O. 1867. Fossile Hymenopteren aus Oeningen und Radoboj. Gesell. Denkschr.
Schweiz. Naturf. Mem. 22 (4): 1-41, 3 pis.
Piton, L. 1940. Palebntologie du Gisement Eocene de Menat (Puy-de-D6me). Theses
presente's a la Faculte des Sciences de Universite de Clermont, France. (Siricidae on pp.
229-230.)
Smith, D.R. 1978. Suborder Symphyta (Xyelidae, Pararchexyelidae, Parapamphiliidae,
Xyelydidae, Karatavitidae, Gigasiricidae, Sepulcidae, Pseudosiricidae, Anaxyelidae,
Siricidae, Xiphydriidae, Paroryssidae, Xyelotomidae, Blasticotomidae, Pergidae). In van
der Vecht, J. and R.D. Shenefelt, eds., Hym, Cat. Pars 14, Dr. W. Junk B.V., The Hague.
193pp.
AMENDED INFORMATION:
SECOND CONFERENCE ON PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA
Dates changed to November 19-21, 1987
Other information, as presented in the earlier notice on page 30 of the Jan.- Feb. '87 issue
of ENT NEWS remains unchanged. For further information, write to: V.K. Gupta, convener.
Center for Parasitic Hymenoptera, Univ. of Florida, 3005 S.W. 56th Ave., Gainesville, FL
32608.
CALL FOR PAPERS
"Endangered and Sensitive Species of the San Joaquin Valley, CA: A Conference on their
Biology, Management, and Conservation" will be hosted by Calif. State College, Bakersfield,
CA, on December 10-11, 1987.
Papers and poster sessions on endangered and sensitive wildlife and plant species, and unique
communities of the San Joaquin Valley are solicited. Presentations should be no more than 1 5
minutes. Accepted papers will be published in the conference proceedings.
Abstracts (5 copies) should be sent to Daniel F. Williams, Dep't. Biological Sciences, Calif.
State Univ., Stanislaus, Turlock, CA 95380 by July 1, 1987.
For additional information, contact Linda K. Spiegel, Calif. Energy Commission, 1516 9th
St., MS-40, Sacramento, CA 95814.
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987 67
NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS FOR NORTH
CAROLINA MACROINVERTEBRATESl
David R. Lenat, David L. Penrose2
ABSTRACT: Collections made by the North Carolina Department of Natural Resources
were used to establish 30 new distribution records for the state's Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera
and Trichoptera. Also, recently published North Carolina distribution records are summarized
for an additional 15 species.
The benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of North Carolina had been poorly
documented prior to 1982. Some publications were available dealing with
specific groups (e.g. Traver 1 932), but even these few studies were often out-
of-date and/or incomplete. For these reasons, the publication of Aquatic
Insects and Oliogochaetes of North and South Carolina (Brigjiam et al.
1 982) was a landmark event. This book presented both faunal lists and keys,
with an emphasis on immature stages and aquatic adults. Note, however,
that Brigham et al. ( 1 982) rarely distinquished between North Carolina and
South Carolina records. Validation of new North Carolina records requires
an examination of earlier literature.
The North Carolina Division of Environmental Management annually
collects benthic macroinvertebrates at about 300 sites. This process has
resulted in a number of new distribution records. Data for three groups
(Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) are presented here: distribution
records for other groups will be published separately. This paper also
summarizes other recently published North Carolina records with notes on
abundance and distribution.
New North Carolina Records
Ephemeroptera
The taxonomy of immature Ephemeroptera is relatively well established.
However, species level identifications are still difficult for many families,
especially the Baetidae, and we expect that further taxonomic revisions will
result in many new distribution records. Fifteen new distribution records are
listed below; ten of these were listed by Brigham et al. (1982) as occurring, or
probably occurring, in North and South Carolina. Unless otherwise specified,
all identifications were based on nymphs.
Baetisca gibbera Berner. Distribution records for this species
(Pescador and Berner 1981) include most of the southeastern United States
from Virginia to Florida, but no North Carolina records had been listed.
1 Received December 16, 1985. Accepted January 8, 1987.
2NC Dept. Natural Resources. Archdale Bldg. P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh NC 2761 1
ENT. NEWS 98(2): 67-73. March & April, 1987
68
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
This species is widespread within the inner coastal plain region of North
Carolina. Collection localities include: Trent River, Jones Co.; Black
River, Sampson Co.; Moseley Creek, Lenoir Co. and Little River,
Montgomery Co.
Baetisca obesa (Say). Distribution records available in Pescador and
Bemer (1981) indicate that this species is widespread throughout the eastern
United States (Massachusetts to Florida), but this species had not been reported
from North Carolina. Our data indicates that B. obesa is common in inner
coastal plain rivers of North Carolina. Collection localities include Black River,
Sampson Co.; Neuse River, Wayne Co. and Tar River, Pitt Co.
Baetisca laurentina McDunnough. Pescador and Berner (1981)
indicate that this species is widespread throughout the central United States
and Canada. The new North Carolina record is from Jacob Fork, Catawba Co.
Neoephemera youngi Berner. This is a coastal plain and piedmont
species, previously recorded from Florida to Virgina (Berner 1 977, Kondratieff
and Voshell 1983). It had not been reported from North Carolina, but our
collections indicate a similar piedmont/coastal plain distribution: Black River,
Sampson Co., Little River, Johnson Co.; Knob Creek, Cleveland Co.
Ephemerella argo Burks. There are unconfirmed records of this species in
the Savannah River (GA/SC: Patrick et al. 1967), otherwise it is known only
from a small area in Dlinois and Indiana (Allen and Edmunds 1 965). The very
distinctly patterned nymph of E. argo was collected and identified by Trish
Finn MacPherson (NC Dept. Natural Resources) from several locations on the
Lumber River, Robeson Co. The identification was confirmed by M. Pescador.
Ephemerella needhami McDunnough. Allen and Edmunds (1965)
indicate that E. needhami is a northern species, with Virginia as the southern
limit of its distribution; Berner (1977) added single collection localities in
Alabama and South Carolina. In North Carolina, we have collected this species
only in one river basin: Little River, Wake/ Johnston Co.; Buffalo Cr., Johnston
Co.
Leptohyphes Eaton. This genus has been collected in the southeast
only from Georgia and South Carolina (Berner 1977). In North Carolina,
we have collected nymphs from several piedmont localities: Little River,
Johnston Co.; Uwharrie River, Montgomery Co. and the Tar River,
Franklin Co. Specimens from the Little River were verified by M.
Pescador, but could not be definitely assigned to any known species.
Choroterpes Eaton. Choroterpes (2 species) has been recorded
throughout most of the southeastern United States (Berner: FL, MS, LA,
AL, GA, TN). We have collections in North Carolina from an unnamed
tributary of Lanes Creek, Union Co., and the upper Waccamaw River,
Columbus Co. Waccamaw River specimens were verified by M. Pescador.
Leptophlebia bradleyi Needham. L. bradleyi is a winter emerging
species which has been collected from scattered localities throughout the
southeast, with additional records in Texas and New York (Henry and
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987 69
Kondratieff 1982). Adults of this species were collected and identified by
D. Stephan (NC State University, personal communication) at Big Marsh
Swamp (below McNeils Lake) in Bladen Co.
Homoeoneuria cahabensis Pescador and Peters. H. cahabensis was
described by Pescador and Peters ( 1 980) from Alabama and Mississippi.
We have collected this species from a limited area of the North Carolina
piedmont: Hunting Creek, Iredell Co. ; South Fork Yadkin River, Davie Co.
and South Fork Catawba River, Lincoln Co. Identification has been
confirmed by M. Pescador.
Tortorpus incertus Traver. There are scattered records for this species
throughout the southeastern United Stated (Berner 1977: FL, LA, MS,
AL, G A, SC ). We collected several nymphs from the Tar River in Franklin
Co., and D. Stephan (NC State University, personal communication) has
collected adults in Bladen Co., near the South River.
Baetis hageni. This is a "northern transcontinental species" with
specimens collected as far south as Missouri (Morihara and McCafferty
1979). In North Carolina, we have collected nymphs from an unnamed
tributary of Fytes Creek, Mecklenburg Co.
Heterocloeon petersi Muller-Liebenau. This species, identified from
our collections by M. Pescador, was found in the New River. Alleehenv Co.
Paracleodes Day. This genus is unusual for its occurence in highly
perturbed warm- water rivers ( Edmunds etal. 1976). In North Carolina, we
have collections (possibly representing two species) from several piedmont
and coastal plain sites: Neuse River, Wake/Wayne Co.; Tar River,
Edgecombe Co.; Hunts Fork, Davidson Co. The Neuse River specimens
were identified from our collections by P. Carlson.
Barbaetis benjieldi Kennedy. This new genus has recently been
described from the New River in Virginia, near the North Carolina border
(Waltz etal. 1985). We have several North Carolina collections, including
the Cullasaja River, Macon Co.; East Fork French Broad River, Transyl-
vania Co.; Cullowhee Creek, Jackson Co and the Tuckaseegee River,
Jackson Co.
Plecoptera
Many Plecoptera are poorly known in the nymphal stage, particularly
the Capniidae and Leuctridae. Further taxonomic work may yield many
new distribution records in North Carolina. Many of the Plecoptera
records listed below reflect recent taxonomic revisions of stonefly genera.
New distribution records are listed below for eight species; three of these
were listed by Brigham et al. ( 1 982) as occurring, or probably occurring, in
North and South Carolina. All identifications were based on nymphs.
Zapada chila (Ricker). We have collected this species in North
Carolina only from the South Fork New River, Ashe Co.
70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Paragnetina kansensis Banks. Previous records ( Stark and Szczytko
1981) indicate that this species occurs in portions of the southeastern
United States (GA, SC). In North Carolina, we have collected P.
kansensis from the Northeast Cape Fear River, Duplin Co., and the
Lumber River, Robeson Co. Dark specimens ofP.fumosa may be difficult
to separate from P. kansensis (B. Kondratieff, personal communication),
but in this case we would also expect to find some typical P. fumosa in the
collections.
Diploperla morgani Kondratieff and Voshell. This species was
previously collected only in Virginia and West Virginia (Kondratieff et al
1981) Our North Carolina collections were limited to the North Fork of the
Mitchell River, Surry Co.
Diploperla duplicata (Banks). This species has been collected in
Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee and West Virginia. Our collections in
North Carolina include both piedmont and mountain localities: Big
Alamance Creek, Guilford Co., Parkers Creek, Forsyth Co., Jacobs Fork,
Burke Co., and West Fork French Broad River, Transylvania Co.
Helopicus bogaloosa Stark and Ray. This species was described by
Stark and Ray (1983) from the southeastern United States (FL, GA, AL.
MS) and has recently been recorded from South Carolina by Kondratieff
and Painter ( 1 986). We have collected H. bogaloosa from Naked Creek,
Richmond Co. and the Lumber River, Hoke and Robeson Co. It may be
found throughout the sandhills region.
Isoperlafrisoni lilies. This is primarily a northern species ( Hitchcock
1974), but we have North Carolina collections from the Hiawassee River,
Cherokee Co. and the Dan River, Stokes Co.
Isoperla slossonae (Banks). This species is often locally common in
the northeast, including Virginia (B. Kondratieff, personal communication).
In North Carolina, we have collected /. slossonae only from localities in the
New River basin: South Fork New River, Ashe Co. and Big Laurel Creek,
Ashe Co.
Isoperla burksi Friscon. This species is found in North Carolina in the
Cape Fear and Yadkin River drainages. Our collections include Fork Creek,
Randolph Co. and Bear Creek, Chatham Co.
Trichoptera
The Trichoptera of the Carolina's area are relatively well known, largely
due to the work of John Morse and his students. Seven new distribution
records are listed below; Four of these were listed by Brigham et al. ( 1 982) as
occurring, or probably occurring, in North and South Carolina. All
identifications are based on larvae.
Brachycentrus lateralis (Say). B. lateralis is primarily a northeastern
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987 71
species, but the known distribution includes South Carolina and Tennessee
(Flint 1984). We have a single collection from the Johns River, Catawba
Co. Identification of B. lateralis was cofirmed by O. Flint.
Brachycentrus incanus Hagen. B. incanus is another northeastern
species, with the known distribution extending as far south as Virginia (Flint
1984). We have collected larvae which key to this species from the Tar
River, Nash Co. Note, however, that Flint's ( 1 984) association of the larvae
and adult was considered tentative.
Brachycentrus chelatus Ross. This southeastern species has been
collected from Florida, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina (Flint 1984).
We have collected B. incanus from two naturally acidic streams in the
sandhills region: Naked Creek, Richmond Co. and Quewhiffle Creek, Hoke
Co.
H. (C.) ventura Ross. This species may be near its southern limit in
North Carolina, having been collected only in the New River basin: South
Fork New River, Ashe Co. and New River, Aleghany Co. H. ventura larvae
were identified from our collections by G. Schuster.
Leucotrichia pictipes (Banks). This pollution-tolerant species is
widespread in the northern mountains and piedmont. Larvae of Leucotrichia
may be missed by normal collection techniques due to their tightly adhering
case. North Carolina localities include: Pigeon River, Haywood Co.; Dan
River, Stokes Co.; Ararat River; Surry Co.; Catawba River, McDowell Co.
and New River, Alleghany Co. Some specimens were verified by J. Morse.
Ceraclea mentiea (Walker). C. mentiea has been recorded from the
north-central and northeastern United States (Morse 1975). We have
collected this species only in the New River basin: New River, Alleghany Co. ,
North and South Forks of the New River, Ashe Co. Identification was
confirmed by J. Morse.
Nyctiophylax moestus Banks. Larvae of this species was described by
Flint ( 1 964) as Nyctiophylax sp. A (Morse 1972). Our collections indicate
that it is widespread in the piedmont and southern coastal plain regions of
North Carolina: Black River, Sampson Co.; South River, Bladen Co; Lumber
River, Robeson Co.; Island Creek, Jones Co.; McLendons Creek, Moore Co.
and Barnes Creek, Montgomery Co.
Recently Published Distribution Records From
North Carolina
The records listed below are primarily intended to update the faunal lists
in Brigham et al. (1982). We include here the species name, the published
record(s) and general comments on distribution:
Baetis pluto McDunnough. Lenat(1983). Common throughout the
piedmont and mountain regions.
72 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Baetis flavistriga McDunnough. Berner (1977), Lenat (1983).
Common throughout North Carolina, especially in smaller streams, very
pollution-tolerant.
Ephemerella berneri Allen and Edmunds. Penrose et al. (1982).
Common in clean mountain rivers with a single piedmont record (Eno River,
Durham Co.).
Baetisca berneri Tarter and Kirchner. Penrose et al. (1982). Found in
clean streams and rivers within the New River and French Broad River
basins.
Tallaperla elisa Stark, T. anna (Needham and Smith), T. cornelia
(Needham and Smith). Stark ( 1 983). These species are found in mountain
streams, but are separable only as adults.
Isoperla namata Prison. Lenat (1983). Common throughout the
piedmont region.
Paragnetina ichusa Stark and Szczytko. Stark and Szczytko ( 1981 ).
Common in large streams and rivers of the mountain region.
Oconoperla innubila (Needham and Claassen). Stark (1985). Found
in spring seeps in the maountain area.
Acroneuria evoluta Klapalek. Lenat (1983). Rare in streams and
rivers of the Haw River drainage, Chatham, Orange and Alamance
counties.
Helicopsyche borealis (Hagen). Penrose et al. ( 1 982). This species is
rare in North Carolina mountain rivers, matching the known distribution in
other southeastern states. However, a disjunct population of H. borealis
may also be found in some sandhills streams. The sandhills region is the
only area in North Carolina where this species is abundant.
Brachycentrus appalachia Flint. Flint (1984). Common in the
mountain region.
Hydropsyche morosa (Hagen). Penrose et al. (1982). Common in the
mountain region.
Rhyacophila ledra Ross. Lenat (1983). Widespread in small
piedmont streams.
Hydroptila coweetensis Huryn. Huryn (1985). Adults and pupae
were collected from a high elevation rock outcrop in Coweeta National
Forest, Macon Co.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Invertebrate samples were collected by many individuals, including Feme Winborne,
Trish Finn MacPherson, Jimmie Overton, Dianne Moody, Karen Lynch and Steve Mitchell.
Taxonomic assistance was received from John Morse, Paul Carlson, Boris Kondratieff.
Manuel Pescador, Guenter Schuster, William McCafferty and Oliver Flint.
LITERATURE CITED
Allen, R.K. and G.F. Edmunds, Jr. 1965. A revision of the genus Ephemerella
(Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). VIII. The subgenus Ephemerella in North America.
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987 73
Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am. 4:243-282.
Berner, L.I 977. Distributional patterns of southeastern mayflies (Ephmeroptera). Bull.
Florida St. Mus. Biol. Sci. 22:1-56.
Brigham, A.R., W.R. Brigham and A. Gnilka. 1982. Aquatic Insects and Oligochaetes of
North and South Carolina. Midwest Aquatic Enterprises. Mahomet, Illinois, 837 pp.
Edmunds, G.F., Jr., S.L. Jensen and L. Berner. 1976. The mayflies of North and Central
America. Univ. Minn. Press, Minneapolis, 330 pp.
Flint, O.S. 1964. Notes on some nearctic Psychomyiidae with special reference to their
larvae (Trichoptera). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1 15: 467-481.
Flint, O.S. 1 984. The genus Brachycentrus in North America, with a proposed phylogeny of
the genera of Brachycentridae (Trichoptera). Smith. Contr. Zool. 398: 1-58.
Henry, B.C. and B.C. Kondratieff. 1982. New state records of the mayfly Leptophlebia
bradleyi Needham (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae). Ent. News 93: 125-126.
Hitchcock, S.W. 1974. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VII. The Plecoptera or
stoneflies of Connecticut. Bull. St. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey Connecticut 107: 1-262.
Huryn, A.D. 1985. A new species of Hydroptila (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from North
Carolina. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 87: 444-447.
Kondratieff, B.C., R.F. Kirchner and J.R. Voshell, Jr. 1981. Nymphs ofDiploperla. Ann.
Entomol. Soc. Am. 74: 428-430.
Kondratieff, B.C. and W.B. Painter. 1986. Two new records of stoneflies (Plecoptera:
Perlodidae) from South Carolina. Ent. News 97: 17-20.
Kondratieff, B.C. and J.R. Voshell, Jr. 1 983. A checklist of the mayflies of Virginia, with a
review of pertinent taxonomic literature. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 18: 273-279.
Lenat, D.R. 1983. Benthic macroinvertebrates of Cane Creek, North Carolina, and
comparisons with other southeastern streams. Brimleyana 9: 53-68.
Morihara, K.K. and W.P. McCafferty. 1979. The Baetis larvae of North America
(Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 105: 139-221.
Morse, J.C. 1972. The genus Nyctiophvlax in North America, J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 45:
172-181.
Morse, J.C. 1975. A phylogeny and revision of the caddishfly genus Ceraclea ( Trichoptera.
Leptoceridae). Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst. 11: 1-97.
Parker, C.R. and J.R. Voshell, Jr. 1981. A preliminary checklist of the caddisflies
(Trichoptera) of Virginia. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 16: 1-7.
Patrick, R.,J. Cairns and S.S. Roback. 1967. An ecosystematic study of the fauna and flora
of the Savannah River. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 118: 109-407.
Penrose, D.L., D.R. Lenat and K.W. Eagleson. 1982. Aquatic invertebrates of the upper
French Broad River basin. Brimleyana 8: 27-50.
Pescador, M.L. and L. Berner. 1981. The mayfly family Baetiscidaef Ephemeroptera). Part
II. Biosystematics of the genus Baetisca. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 107: 163-228.
Pescador, M.L. and W.L. Peters. 1980. A revision of the genus Homoeoneuris
Ephemeroptera: Oligoneuriidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 106: 357-393.
Schuster, G.A. and D.A. Etnier. 1978. A manual for the identification of the larvae of the
caddisfly genera Hydropsyche Pictet and Symphitopsyche Ulmer in eastern and central
North America (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). EPA-600/4-78-060, 129 pp.
Stark, B.P. 1983. The Tallaperla maria complex of eastern North America (Plecoptera:
Peltoperlidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 56: 398-410.
Stark, B.P. 1985. Notes on Oconoperla (Plecoptera: Perlodidae). Ent. News 96: 151-155.
Stark, B.P. and D.H. Ray. 1983. A revision of the genus Helopicus( Plecoptera: Perlodidae)
Freshwat. Invertebr. Biol. 2: 16-27.
Stark, B.P. and S.W. Szczytko. 1981. Contributions to the systematics of Paragnetina
(Plecoptera: Perlidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 54: 625-648.
Traver, J.R. 1932. Mayflies of North Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 47: 85-161, 48:
163-236.
Waltz, R.D., W.P. McCafferty and J.H.Kennedy. 1985. Barbaetis: a new genus of eastern
nearctic mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Great Lakes Ent.. 18: 161-165.
74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
THE ANT FAUNA (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
IN NORTHERN AND INTERIOR ALASKA.
A SURVEY ALONG THE TRANS-ALASKAN PIPELINE AND
A FEW HIGHWAYS.1
Mogens Gissel Nielsen^
ABSTRACT: The ant fauna in northern and interior Alaska was systematically investigated
along the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline. Additionally, samples were also taken at some localities
close to certain highways in the interior. Ten ant species were found - three new to Alaska.
Synonyms and distribution of all ant species mentioned for Alaska (18 species) are given,
although there are questions whether six of these species belong to the Alaskan fauna. For
each species, distribution maps and literature references are presented. Further, observed
biological information is given for each species and their importance in foodchains and
ecosystems is discussed.
The ant fauna in the arctic and subarctic regions of Alaska has never
been investigated intensively. The only information on their distribution
comes from single samples, often taken in connection with other biological
projects. In the paper "The ants of Alaska" Wheeler (1917) wrote "that the
Arctic circle may safely be taken as the extreme northern limit of the ant
fauna." Later Weber ( 1 950a) stated "Only two species of ants are definitely
known from Arctic Alaska, (Leptothorax acervorum canadensis and
Camponotus herculeanus) ". By mentioning Camponotus, which is strictly
associated with trees, Weber must have included at least the tree line in the
arctic region. He gives no estimate of the number of ant species in the
subarctic part of Alaska.
Isolated records of ants from all parts of Alaska are given by Brown
(1955, 1957), Creighton (1950), Farquhard and Schubert (1980), Gregg
(1963, 1969), Weber (1948, 1950b, 1953) and Yong (1974). Despite
''iese records very little is known about the distribution of ants in Alaska.
The ant fauna of Canada has been better investigated. Most of the
species found in northern Canada may also be found in Alaska, therefore
the works of Brown (1949), Francoeur (1973, 1974, 1979, 1984) and
Gregg ( 1 972) are important for an understanding of the distribution of ants
in Alaska.
The present paper deals with the results of some preliminary investiga-
tions of the ant fauna along the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline and some
collections in the interior. It was not the aim to produce a complete list of
ant species for this area, rather, the purpose was to make a general survey so
Deceived September 22, 1986. Accepted November 14, 1986.
^Zoological Laboratory, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
ENT. NEWS 98(2): 74-88, March & April, 1987
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987 75
further ecological investigations can be conducted. The very high density of
ants at some of the biotopes means that they are very important elements in
the ecosystem, e.g. they are probably important parts of the food-chain for
many birds and some small mammals.
MATERIALS
Ants were collected during the summer of 1982 from 37 stations which
were reasonably close to a road. At every station, 10-20 individuals were
taken from each nest found. In all, 315 nests were sampled.
Most of the samples were taken along the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline,
although some collecting trips were made between Prudhoe Bay in the
north, and Glenallen.
In the Fairbanks area, intensive sampling was conducted. Further
collections were made on trips along the George Parks Hwy.. the Denali
Hwy., and the Steese Hwy., and on a visit to the "Susitna River Project"
and Tok. The main collection areas are shown in Fig. 1 .
RESULTS
The available published data on the ant fauna of Alaska together with
the data from these studies, are summarized in Table 1 . Because of the
difficulties with nomenclature, some synonyms are included, but only when
the species name differs. The distribution of the species is subdivided into
distribution in North America (NA) and Alaska (A). Often the literature
only tells us that the species is found in Alaska.
The distributions of the 10 ant species found in the arctic and subarctic
parts of Alaska in this study, together with the previously published records
from other localities, are marked on the maps in Fig. 2.
Myrmica alaskensis Wheeler (Map No. 1)
Of the ants found in Alaska M. alaskensis was the most widely
distributed species, being found on the south slope of the Brooks Range in
the north and all over the interior. It lived in biotopes which ranged from
tundra to forest. It was also found on tussocks in very wet swampy areas.
The nests were built in old logs, decayed stumps, under stones, and in moss
and other plant materials. M. alaskensis overwinters with larvae and the
sexuals appear in July. This species has previously been accepted as a
subspecies of Myrmica brevinodis.
Myrmica brevispinosa Wheeler (Map No. 2)
This species was only found in a few localities. There do not seem to be
any other records from Alaska. The nests were in the ground in very sandy
soil.
76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Leptothorax acervorum (Fabricius)(Map No. 3)
The records of L. acervorum are widely distributed in the interior, but
the species was not common at any locality. In the arctic at Happy Valley
Cut (69 01' N) ,125 km from Prudhoe Bay, a very high density of this
species was observed. This area is situated about 150 km north of the tree
line and physically is quite isolated from the south by the mountains.
The ants at Happy Valley nest under flat stones on a southfacing slope.
All nests contained larvae and pupae in the middle of June, which indicates
that they overwinter with larvae and possibly also with pupae. This species
has not previously been recorded from Alaska.
Leptothorax muscorum (Nylander) (Map No. 4)
Brown (1955) wrote "of all the ants occurring in North America
Leptothorax muscorum is the species best able to survive in extreme
Arctic-alpine conditions". This is not quite correct because while L.
muscorum was found at nearly all the sample stations that had ants, these
were all south of Brooks Range. Its nests were under stones, in stumps, in
decaying logs, under bark and in plant materials in tussocks. In some
localities, especially in the taiga, the nest density was very high. The
taxonomy of the muscorum-complex has been very confused (Brown 1955)
and the species has previously been named Leptothorax acervorum
canadensis Prov.
Camponotus herculeanus (Linne') (Map No. 5)
The boreal North American Camponotus herculeanus may differ
specifically from the typical form in Europe, and in the future these may be
treated as two separate species (Brown, pers. comm. 1986).
The species is strictly associated with trees, and the distribution in
Alaska follows closely the distribution of forests. The nests are carved in
wood e.g. trees, trunks, decaying branches, roots and lumber (houses).
The density of C. herculeanus can be quite high, but because of their
hidden habits of life, their shyness, and non aggressive behavior, only few
workers are normally seen on the ground.
Sexuals are produced in late summer and they overwinter in the nest.
Mating flights take place in the beginning of June. A huge cloud of
swarming C. herculeanus was observed several hundred meters over
Fairbanks on June 6, 1982, and during the following weeks queens were
found in great numbers on the ground. During swarming the queens are
heavily preyed upon by birds. Frequently sexuals are blown great
distances, e.g. to treeless areas and snow patches, giving those ecosystems
an input of easily available food (Edwards 1972).
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987 77
Formica subnuda Emery (Map No. 6)
The distribution of F. subnuda nests was patchy in the forested areas
although locally they were very common. Most nests contained enslaved
Formica neorufibarbis. The nests were very variable and often not
permanent. The workers are aggressive and it seems likely that they
exterminate other ant species in the same area.
Formica whymperi Forel (Map No. 7)
Only two samples were collected. These are the first records for this
species from Alaska.
Formica podzolica Francoeur (Map No. 8)
Three samples of this species were taken. Previously it has been
recorded only from the Ray Mountains.
Formica fusca Linne'(Map No. 9)
All the specimens collected in this investigation belong to the subspecies,
Formica fusca subsp. subaenescens.
This species is distributed throughout the areas south of Brooks Range
and locally can be common. Most nests were found in the soil, often having a
very small dome made of loose sand and pieces of grass. There are no
overwintering larvae in the nests and the sexuals and new workers appear at
the same time as Formica neorufibarbis.
Formica neorufibarbis Emery (Map No. 10)
Of the Alaskan ants F. neorufibarbis is probably the most frequently
seen species. Like Myrmica alaskensis, it is a very active species, which
forages on the ground in great numbers during warm conditions. The nests of
F. neorufibarbis frequently contain many queens. They are built under
stones, in stumps and in hummocks anyplace where there is a protected and
sunheated site. At Eagle Creek, nearly all tussocks on the south facing
slopes contain nests of F. neorufibarbis. There are no overwintering larvae
in the nests, so the first brood of workers appears in July and the sexuals
some time later.
The color of the alitrunk varies from clear light red in the typical F.
neorufibarbis to nearly blackish brown in Formica neorufibarbis subsp.
gelida Wheeler. Sharplin (1966) has studied this variation in color of the
workers and correlated it with altitude.
78
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Fig. 1. The main sampling stations in Alaska. This study: (1) Fairbanks; (2) Fox;
(3) Chatanika; (4) Happy Valley Cut/Camp; (5) Chandalar Camp; (6) Sukakpak Mt.;
(7) Coldfood; (8) Gryling Lake; (9) Goblers Knob; (10) Bonanza Creek; (11) Con-
nection Rock; (12) Old Man Camp; (13) Chena Hot Springs; (14) Iglo Creek;
(15)Susitna River, (16) East Granite Creek; (17) Long Lake/Glenn Hy; (18) Caribou
Creek; (19) Glennallen; (20) Paxon Lake; (21) Fielding Lake; (22) Shaw Creek;
(23) Watana Camp; (24) Eilson; (25) Circle City and Birch River; (26) Central and Miller
Creek; (27) Eagle Creek; (28) Nenana; (29) Cantwell; (30) Denali I, II; (3 1 ) Tangel Lake;
( 32) Darling Creek and Donnelly Creek; (33) Delta Junction; (34) Salcha River; ( 35 ) Tok;
From the literature: (36) Fort Yukon; (37) Pynaw Mt. Rampart; (38) Ray Mtns;
(39) Noatak; (40) Umiat; (41) Upper Kugarok near Nome.
Fig. 2. The distributions of ants found in the arctic and subarctic part of Alaska are shown in maps 1
to 10. The samples from this investigation are indicated with ( o) and data from literature ( x).
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987
79
Myrmica alaskensis
2 Myrmica brevispinosa
80
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
3 Leptothorax acervorum
Leptothorax muscorum
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987
81
5 Camponotus herculeanus
6 Formica subnuda
82
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
7 Formica whymper
8 Formica podzoli
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987
83
9 Formica fusca
10. Formica neoruf i bar bis
84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The total number of ant species recorded from Alaska is 18 (see Table
1 ), but six of these are either not well documented or there are questions on
the validity of the record. Lasius neonigerand one queen ofAcanthomyops
latipes were recorded from Anchorage, and a series of Formica dakotensis
from Fairbanks. All were found only once and they are a very long distance
from their normal distribution. In the literature there are some unspecific
records from Alaska for Manica mutica and Formica obscuripes (Muese-
becketal. 1 95 1) and Formica neogagates (Gregg 1963). No documentation
is given for these records and no other authors include Alaska in the
distribution of these species. In the arctic and subarctic parts of Alaska, ten
species were found in this investigation and six of these species are widely
distributed.
In the forest areas in the interior of Alaska the diversity of ants is quite
high, and in most localities the following species can be found: Myrmica
alaskensis, Leptothorax muscorum, Camponotus herculeanus, Formica
neomfibarbis, and frequently Formica subnuda. The density and distribution
of the species differ within the biotypes, there being no clear reason why some
species are more common in some localities than in others. Generally there is a
high density of Myrmica alaskensis and Leptothorax muscorum, but they are
not seen very often on the soil surface and vegetation. The same is true for
Camponotus herculeanus, which is a very shy species with a secretive way of
life. Conversely, the Formica species are very active on the ground and
therefore it is often assumed that these ants are the most abundant.
On the taiga the population density of ants is also high. The dominant
species are Myrmica alaskensis, Leptothorax muscorum, and Formica
neomfibarbis. The two species Camponotus herculeanus and Formica
subnuda were only found in a few localities. The dense plant cover of the soil
has the effect that only very few ants are seen, making it difficult to collect ants
in this type of biotope. Also in the forest, none of the ants made domes, which is
difficult to explain.
The ant fauna on the tundra is very interesting because these areas, above
the tree line, are at the limit of where ants can live. On the tussocks tundra close
to the camp of the "Susitna River Projects" the density of ants was remarkably
high and many of the tussocks contain all three species: Myrmica alaskensis,
Leptothorax muscorum, and Fonnica neomfibarbis.
The development of ant broods requires quite high temperatures, therefore
ants can only survive when their nests can be sufficiently sunheated.
The northernmost record of ants in North America is a single worker of
Leptothorax muscorum which was found on Richard Island (69°32') about
80 km north of any trees (Brown 1955), and he believed that the ants were not
established on this island. In Alaska, the same species was found by
Scholander at Umiat (Weber 1 948), but there are no records about the number
of ants found.
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987
85
Table 1. Summary of information on the ant fauna in Alaska.
Myrmica
alaskensis
Wheeler
brevispinosa
Wheeler
lobicornis
Nylander
Monica
mutica
(Emery)
Leptothorax
acervorum
(Fabricius)
muscorum
(Nylander)
Camponotus
herculeanus
(Linne')
Synonyms
M. brevinodis kuschei
Wheeler
M. brevinodis var.
alaskensis Wheeler
M. brevinodis var.
sulcinodoides Emery
M. brevinodis
brevispinosa Wheeler
M. rubra brevinodis
brevispinosa Wheeler
M. brevinodis var.
decedens Wheeler
M. sabuleti var.
lobifrons Pergande
(in parts)
M. scabrinodis var.
glacialis Forel
M. scabrinodis lobicornis
glacialis Wheeler
M. scabrinodis lobicornis
lobifrons Pergande
Myrmica mutica Emery
Distribution in
NA: North America
A: Alaska
A. only in Alaska,
map No. 1
NA: New Mexico to
Alberta
A: New to Alaska,
map No. 2
NA: Arizona to
Alaska
A: only in southern
Alaska
Reference
Wheeler
(1917)
Weber
(1950)
Creighton
(1950)
Wheeler
(1917)
Weber
(1950)
Creighton
(1950)
Wheeler
(1917)
Weber
(1948)
Creighton
(1950)
NA: Northwestern US Muesebeck
A: ?? (1951)
L. canadensis kincaidi
NA: Canada
Gregg
Provancher
(1972)
A: New to Alaska,
Francoeur
map No. 3
(1984)
L. canadensis Provancher
L. acervorum canadensis
NA: Northern US
Brown
var. calderoni Forel
and Canada
(1955)
L. canadensis calderoni
Creighton
Forel
(1950)
L. yankee var. kincaidi
A: map No. 4
Pergande
L. canadensis var.
yankee Emery
Formica herculeana
Linne'
C. herculeanus
pensylvanicus Forel
C. herculeanus var.
whymperi Emery
NA:
Northern US
and Canada
Creighton
(1950)
A: map No. 5
86
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Lasius
sitkaensis
Pergande
neomger
Emery
Acanthomyops
latipes
(Walsh)
Formica
neogagates
Emery
subnuda
Emery
dakotensis
Emery
obscuripes
Forel
whymperi
Forel
poodzolica
Francoeur
fusca
Linne'
neorufibarbis
Emery
Synonyms
L. niger sitkaensis
Pergande
L. niger neoniger Emery
(in parts)
L. niger var. neoniger
Emery (in parts)
Formica latipes Walsh
Lasius latipes Mayr
Lasius (Acanthamyops)
latipes (Walsh)
F. fusca subpolita
neogagates Emery
F. fusca var. gagates
Mayr (in parts)
F. sanguinea subnuda
Wheeler
F. montigena Wheeler
F. rufa obscuripes Forel
F. rufa aggerens Wheeler
F. rufa var. whymperi
Forel
F. rufa obscuripes
whymperi Wheeler
F. microgyna rasilis
pullula Wheeler
F. adamsi Wheeler
F. fusca Linne'(in parts)
F. marcida Wheeler
(in parts)
F. lecontei Kennedy
and Dennis
F. fusca var.
neorufibarbis Emery
(in parts)
F. fusca var. algida
Wheeler
Distribution in
NA: North America
A: Alaska
NA: Northern US
and Southern
Canada
A: only in southern
part
NA: Eastern US until
Iowa
A: only one
questionable
record, 18 miles
north of
Anchorage
NA: Northern US to
Southern Canada
A: A single
questionable
queen from
Anchorage
NA: Northern US
and Southern
Canada
A: ???
NA: US and Canada
A: map No. 6
NA: New Mexico to
Alberta
A: only one sample
from Fairbanks
NA: Northwestern US
and British
Columbia
99
A:
NA:
A:
Michigan West
to Washington &
British Colombia
New to Alaska,
map No. 7
NA: Most of US and
Canada
A: map No. 8
NA: Most of US and
Canada
A: map No. 9
NA: Most of US and
Canada
A: map No. 10
Reference
Wilson
(1955)
Wilson
(1955)
Wing
(1968)
Gregg
(1963)
Creighton
(1950)
Brown
(1957)
Muesebeck
(1951)
Creighton
(1950)
Francoeur
(1973)
Francoeur
(1973)
Francoeur
(1973)
Vol. 98, No. 2, March & April 1987 87
In this investigation the northernmost record of ants was the species
Leptothorax acervorum and it came from Happy Valley Cut (69° 01' N) at
the foothills on the northern side of Brooks Range. The mean temperature in
the warmest month is only 1 1.3°C and the thaw season is only 118 days
(Haugen and Brown 1980). All the ants in this area were found under dark
slates on steep southfacing slopes. It is clear that the microclimate in the nests
on southfacing slopes must be much warmer than the "meteorological
climate". On gentle southfacing slopes and plain areas in this locality there
were no signs of ants at all. Similar observations were made at the tussocks
tundra at Eagle Creek, where Formica neorufibarbis inhabits most of the
tussocks on the south facing slopes and none were found elsewhere. The warm
sunheated climate inside the vegetation makes conditions acceptable for the
ants. They rarely are seen on the surface even if they live in very high numbers
inside the tussocks.
The density of ants found in a great proportion of the different biotopes was
remarkably high. This may have been overlooked in previous studies, possibly
because of their strongly aggregated distribution and their hidden way of life in
these cold areas. Ants must be very important elements in several of these
ecosystems because they can be preyed upon the whole year.
Although little is known about bird predation of ants in these climatic
conditions, it should be expected that ants are an important food source for
several bird species. At the same time birds and ants are competitors for other
food sources, such as other insects.
It would be a great help to a better understanding of Alaskan arctic and
subarctic ecosystems if ecological investigation of the ant fauna could be
carried out in order to elucidate the role of ants in this fascinating ecosystem.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by a grant from the Danish Natural Science Council. I also want
to thank the Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, for providing
facilities and Professor S. MacLean for his valuable help during my stay in Alaska. For
criticism of the manuscript and linguistic improvement I want to thank Dr. Graham Elmes,
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Furzebrook Research Station, UK.
Furthermore I am grateful to Dr. A. Francoeur, Universite'du Quebec a Chicoutimi, for
his help with the identification of the ant species, and Jette Scheelke Nielsen for drawing the
maps. Finally, I want to thank my family for their patience and help on the many collecting
trips in Alaska.
LITERATURE CITED
Brown, W.L. 1949: A Few Ants from the Mackenzie River Delta. Ent. News, 60, p. 99.
Brown, W.L. Jr., 1955: The ant Leptothorax muscorum(Ny\ander) in North America. Ent.
News. 66, 43-50.
Brown, W.L. Jr., 1957: Distribution and Variation of the Ant Formica dakotensis Emery.
Ent. News, 68, 165-167.
88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Creighton, W.S., 1950: The ants of North America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 104, 1-586.
Edwards, J.S., 1972: Arthropod fallout on Alaskan snow. Arctic and Alpine Research 4,
167-176.
Farquhard, B. and Schubert, J. (eds.), 1980: Ray Mountain, Central Alaska: Environ-
mental Analysis and Resources Statement. Northern Studies Program. Middelbury
College.
Francoeur, A., 1973: Revision taxonomique des especes nearctiques du groupe fusca,
genera Formica (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). Mem. Soc. Ent. Quebec 3, 1-316.
Francoeur, A., 1974: Nouvelles donnees et remarques sur la repartition nordique de
quelques Formicides (Hymenopteres) nearctiques. Naturaliste Can. 101, 935-936.
Francoeur, A., 1979: Formicoidea-//;: Danks H.V. (ed.), Canada and its Insect Fauna.
Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 108, 502-503.
Francoeur, A., 1984: The ant fauna near the tree-line in Northern Quebec (Formicidae,
Hymenoptera). - 177-180. In: Morrisset, P. and Payette, S. (eds.). Proceedings of the
Northern Quebec Tree-line Conference. Collection Nordicana, 47.
Gregg, R.E., 1963: The ants of Colorado. Univ. Colo. Press, Boulder, pp. 792.
Gregg, R.E., 1969: Geographic distribution of the ant genus Formica. Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash. 71, 38-49.
Gregg, R.E., 1972: The Northward Distribution of Ants in North America. Can. Ent. 104,
1073-1091.
Haugen, R.K. and Brown, J., 1980: Coastal-inland distributions of summer air temperatures
and precipitations in northern Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research 12, 403-412.
Muesebeck, C.F.W., et al., 1951: Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico, Synoptic
Catalog. Agric. Mono. No. 2. U.S. Dept. Agric., Washington, D.C., pp. 1420.
Sharplin, J., 1 966: An annotated list of the Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of central and southern
Alberta. Quaest. ent. 2, 243-253.
Weber, N.A., 1 948a: Opportunities for Entomological Research in the Arctic. Ent. News 49,
253-257.
Weber, N.A., 1948b: A revision of the North American Ants of the Genus Myrmica Latreille
with a synopsis of the Palearctic species. II. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 41, 267-308.
Weber, N.A., 1 950a: A Survey of the Insects and related Arthroprods of Arctic Alaska. Part I.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 76, pp. 186.
Weber, N.A., 1 950b: A revision of the North American Ants of the Genus Myrmica Latreille
with a synopsis of the Palearctic species. III. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 43, 189-226.
Weber, N.A., 1953: Arctic Alaskan Hymenoptera and Coleoptera. Ent. News 64, 256-260.
Wheeler, W.M., 1917: The ants of Alaska. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 61, 13-23.
Wilson, E.O., 1 955: A Monographic revision of the ant genus Lasius. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
113, 1-208.
Wing, M.W., 1 968: Taxonomic Revision of the Nearctic Genus Acanthomyops (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae). Memoirs, Cornell University, Agricultural Experiment Station. 405, 1-173.
Yong, S.B., (ed.), 1 974: The environment of the Noatak River Basin, Alaska. Contribution from
the Center of Northern Studies No. 1. The Center for Northern Studies, Wolcott, Vermont,
05680.
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Florida
S.C. Harris, B.J. Armitage 106
Stenelmis cheryl: new name for a well known riffle
beetle (Coleoptera: Elmidae) Harley P. Brown 111
New records of caddisflies (Trichoptera) from
Kentucky M.A. Phillippi, G.A. Schuster 113
Studies on Australian Cicindelidae VI: Review of
subgenus Rivacindela of genus Cicindela (Coleoptera)
William D. Sumlin, III 117
Host plants for North American species of Rivellia
(Diptera: Platystomatidae)
B.A. Foote, B.D. Bowker, B.A. McMichael 135
Suitability of Brevicoryne brassicae & Myzus persicae
(Homoptera: Aphididae) as hosts of Diaeretiella
rapae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)
G.B. Wilson, P.L. Lambdin 140
Maintaining cave crickets (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae)
in the laboratory R. Y. Lamb, R.B. Willey 147
SOCIETY MEETING OF FEBRUARY 18, 1987
SOCIETY MEETING OF MARCH 18, 1987
SOCIETY MEETING OF APRIL 15, 1987
FIRST CALVERT PRIZE AWARDED
ANNOUNCEMENT
150
150
152
151
139
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Vol. 98. No. 3, May & June 1987
LIMNEPh
LIFE STAGES AND BIOLOGY O
RHOMBICUS (TRICH
LIMNEPHILIDAE)12
R.L. Hoopes3, Ke Chung IBm**
ABSTRACT: The life stages, egg, five larval stages, pupa, and adults, of Limnephilus
rhombicus are described and illustrated. Oviposition occurred from late September until
November, with the peak in October. Larval growth was rapid. By the end of November, most
larvae were second, third, and fourth instars. Pupae were collected as early as December, but
most pupation occurred during late March and early April. Adult emergence began by early
May and continued through June.
The Holarctic Limnephilus rhombicus (Linnaeus) was originally
described as Phryganea rhombica (= L. rhombicus} by Linnaeus ( 1 758)
from specimens collected in Sweden; its type repository is unknown. Betten
and Mosely ( 1 940) redescribed L. rhombicus based on Walker's specimens
(Walker 1852) which include those from St. Martins Falls. Albany River,
Hudson Bay, and the type male of L. combinatus, its junior synonym, from
Newfoundland. The Nearctic distribution of L. rhombicus ranges from the
Yukon Territory to Colorado, east to Greenland and Illinois, including
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Saskatchewan, New York, Hudson Bay.
Maine, and Nova Scotia (Ross 1944). New records from Watercress Marsh.
Ohio (MacLean and MacLean 1984) and from West Virginia (Tarter and
Hill 1980) have expanded its distribution and West Virginia records may
represent its southern limit. We studied all life stages and biology of L.
rhombicus from Big Spring Creek, Cumberland County, in south-central
Pennsylvania. In this paper we present descriptions of the egg, five larval
stages, pupa, and adults of L. rhombicus and our observations on its biology.
Adult and pupal descriptions are abbreviated since adequate descriptions are
provided by Vorhies ( 1 909) and Ross ( 1 944) for adults and Lloyd ( 1 92 1 ) for
pupa.
1 Received April 3, 1986. Accepted February 28. 1987.
2 Authorized on March 24, 1986 for publication as Paper No. 7374 in the Journal Series of the
Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. A contribution from the Frost Entomo-
logical Museum (AES Project No. 2594). This is a part of the thesis submitted for a M.S.
degree in entomology to the Pennsylvania State University Graduate School by the senior
author.
•'Pennsylvania Fish Commission, 450 Robinson Lane, Bellefonte. PA 16823.
M he Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology. The Pennsylvania State
University. University Park, PA 16802.
ENT. NEWS 98(3): 89-105. May & June. 1987
90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A population of L. rhombicus in Big Spring Creek, West Pennsboro
Township, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, was studied throughout 1 975
(Hoopes 1976). Big Spring Creek rises at 165 m elevation as a large spring
from a limestone aquifer and flows north 7.6 km to its confluence with
Conodoguinet Creek north of the village of Newville.
Larvae of L. rhombicus were reared to adults in the laboratory using a.
modification of Wiggins' (1959) technique. Larvae collected in the field
were kept in water filled jars, placed in an ice filled cooler, and transported
to the laboratory with an excellent survival rate. Larval transport usually
took three hours. In the laboratory each larva was placed in a closed
cylindrical nylon screen cage (20 x 4 cm), with fragments of the living plant
materials from Big Spring Creek added to each cage. The larvae obtained
food and material for case construction from these plant materials. The
cages were placed upright in a continuously aerated aquarium with 5-7 cm
of the top of the cylinder above water. Water temperature was kept at 20-22°C.
Water and plant material were frequently added as needed. Pharate adults
(sensu Wiggins, 1 977) swam to the surface of the water within the cage and
crawled up the inside of the cage where the adult would emerge and rest on
the lid. Although oviposition behavior of L. rhombicus was not observed,
eggs were collected.
Drawings were prepared from specimens preserved in 70-80% ethanol.
Measurements were made by an eyepiece micrometer in a stereo binocular
microscope calibrated with a stage micrometer. Laval measurements were
made on about 30 specimens for each instar except the first-stage larva for
which 15 specimens were examined.
The larval gill arrangement was described by the location and number
of gills on each abdominal segment: Dorsal - dorsal position, Ventral -
ventral position (both closest to the midline); Dorsolateral, ventrolateral -
positioned closer to the lateral margin of each segment; thus, "Dorsal: II-
1,2" refers to the dorsal position of abdominal segment 2 with one anterior
and two posterior gills."
We followed the terminologies of Ross ( 1 944) for wing venation, and of
Ross ( 1 956) and Wiggins ( 1 977) for larval chaetotaxy rather than those of
Williams and Wiggins (1981) and Denis ( 1 984) because their terminologi-
cal simplicity was more suitable for this paper. The fine structural detail of
larvae as examined by Denis (1984) and the setal nomenclature and
homologies as proposed by Williams and Wiggins (1981) were considered
beyond the scope of this paper and not followed.
Study specimens are deposited in the collections of the Frost Entomo-
logical Museum, The Pennsylvania State University, and the National
Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC.
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987
91
Life Stages of Limnephilus Rhombicus
EGGS (Fig. 1): Eggs were yellowish brown and contained a clear,
globular, gelatinous matrix at oviposition.
FIRST-STAGE LARVA (Fig. 2): Total length 1 .93-2.77 mm. Body
with sclerites concolorous brown and membranes whitish. Head: Fronto-
clypeus indistinct pale area laterally; chaetotaxy in simple arrangement
with 4 setae on head posterior to eyes, 2 long setae between eyes and frontal
Fig. 1. Limneph'lus rhombicus egg mass.
92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
suture, longer than head, 2 setae posterior to each eye, 4 setae on anterior
margin of fronto-clypeus, 2 lateral setae at constriction of stripe on fronto-
clypeus, 4 setae across labrum, and one seta on gena at base of each
mandible. Thorax: Tergites brown with pronotum and mesonotum
posteriorly black; pronotal setal tufts distinct, each with 1-2 setae;
mesonotum with distinct setal tufts each with 1 seta; metanotal setal tufts
each with 1 seta, each tuft surrounded by a discrete sclerite. Abdomen:
Pale creamy, segment 1 with 1 seta on each side dorsally and ventrally, 1
seta on dorsal and ventral faces of lateral spacing humps; segment 2 with
one seta on each lateral margin; segments 3 to 8 with sparse lateral fringe of
filaments; notum of segment 8 with 2 setae; tergite of segment 9+10 with 6
setae, 2 on meson longer than length of segment 8, lateral pairs half that
length; lateral sclerites of anal legs each with 4 posterior setae, 1 as long as
width of abdomen, others half to one-third that length and 1 lateral seta; no
gills present on abdomen.
Case.-Constructed of moss stems loosely placed tangential to the
cylindrical case; length 2.0-2.67 mm.
SECOND-STAGE LARVA (Fig. 3): Total length 2.75-4.5 mm.
Similar to the first instar, unless stated otherwise. Tergites brown with
some indistinct pale areas. Thorax: Pronotal setal tufts 1 , 2, and 3 masked
by 14-16 setae on anterior half of tergite. Mesonotal setal tufts 1 and 2,
each with 1-2 setae; tufts 3 each with 3 setae. Metanotal setal tufts
surrounded by discrete tergites, tufts 1 each with 1 seta, tufts 2 and 3 each
with 2-3 setae. Abdomen: Creamy; segment 1 with 1 seta on each side
dorsally, 2-4 setae ventrally, 1 seta on each dorsal and ventral face of lateral
spacing humps; segment 2 with one seta laterally; segments 3 to 7 with 2
setae dorsally; segment 8 with 6 setae; tergite of segment 9+10 with 4 large
and 3 short setae; lateral sclerites of anal legs each with 4 large posterior and
1 short lateral setae; anal claw with a single lateral hook.
Gill Arrangement-Dorsal: II- 1, 1; III-l, 1; IV- 1, 0; dorso-lateral; II-
0,0;III-0 or 1, 1; ventral: II- 1, 1;III-1, 1; IV-0 or 1, 0 or 1 ; ventro-lateral:
II-O, 1.
Case.-Similar to that of 1st instar, but plant material more tightly
bound; length 1.6-5.0 mm.
THIRD-STAGE LARVA (Fig. 4): Total length 3.4-6.5 mm. Body
sclerites yellow with brown pattern. Head: Yellow with dark " V"-shaped
band on gena contiguous with frontal suture anteriorly but distinct from
frontal and epicranial sutures at their junction, fading posteriorly; posterior
margin of head brown. Fronto-clypeus with central brown stripe expanded
anteriorly; setal pattern complex, with 6 setae arranged transversly on head
posterior to eyes, 2 setae between eyes and frontal suture and 1 on gena at
base of mandibles; fronto-clypeus with 4 setae on anterior margin, 2, lateral
of central stripe, 2 near vertex; labrum with 4 setae across middle, tufts of
Vol. 98. No. 3, May & June 1987
93
hairs on antero-lateral corners; mandibles black with 1 lateral seta near
base. Thorax: Protergite with anterior third dark brown, middle third
yellow, posterior third yellow mottled with brown, and its posterior margin
black interrupted by pale meson; pronotal setal tufts indistinct with 8 setae
in yellow band, 20 setae in anterior brown band; mesotergite light brown
with darker mottling; with setal tufts distinct, tufts 1 with 1 seta, tufts 2 each
with 3 setae, and tufts 3 each with 5-6 setae; metatergites brown with
distinct setal tufts, tufts 1 and 2 each with 4 setae and tufts 3 each with 7
setae anteriorly on an elongate tergite. Abdomen: Creamy; segment 1
with 3-4 setae on each side dorsally, lateral spacing humps with 3 setae
dorsally and 2 on ventral faces, 6 setae on venter; tergite of segment 9 + 10
Figs. 2. 3. Limnephilus rhombicus. 2. First-stage larva: 3. second-stage larva.
94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
with 4 long and 6 short setae; lateral sclerites of anal legs with 4 long and 2
short posterior setae and 1 lateral seta; claws with 2 hooks and 3 minute
dorsal and 2 ventral setae.
Gill Arrangement. Dorsal: II-l to2,2;III-2,2;IV-2, 1-2; V-l, 1 orO;
VI- 1 orO, 1 orO; VH-Oor 1, 1; dorso-lateral: II-l; III-2, 0; IV-0-1, 0-1;
ventral: II-2, 2; III-2, 2; IV-2, 1; V-l, 1; VI- 1, 1; VIM, 0; ventro-
lateral: 11-0,2.
Case. Constructed as in 2nd instar; length 3.0-7.5 mm.
FOURTH-STAGE LARVA (Fig. 5): Total length 7.4-12.5 mm.
Head: Same as in the third-stage larva but with one more seta between the
eye and frontal suture. Thorax: Color pattern and chaetotaxy as in 3rd
instar, unless stated otherwise; pronotum with more setae, 12-16 setae in
transverse yellow band and 24-28 setae in anterior brown band; mesotergite
light brown, some darker mottling, with setal tufts distinct, tufts 1 with 2
setae, tufts 2 each with 3-4 setae, and tufts 3 each with 5-6 setae;
metatergites with distinct setal tufts, tufts 1 and 2 each with 4 setae, and
tufts 3 with 7 each anteriorly on elongate tergite. Abdomen: Setae more
numerous than in 3rd instar; segment 1 with 4-6 setae on each side dorsally,
7-9 setae on dorsal, 2-3 setae on ventral faces of lateral spacing humps and
14-16 setae on venter; segment 2 with 1 lateral and 2 ventral setae;
segments 2 to 7 with 2 setae dorsally; segment 8 with 6-7 setae on posterior
margin; segments 3 to 8 with dense lateral fringe of hairs; segment 9+10
with 4 long and 10-12 short setae; lateral sclerites of anal legs with 4 long
and 6-8 short setae posteriorly; claw with 3 dorsal setae and accessory
hooks.
Gill Arrangement-Dorsal: II-3, 3; III-3, 3; IV-3, 2; V-2, 2; VI-2, 2;
VIM to 2,0; dorso-lateral: 11-2,0; III-2 to 3,0; IV-0 or 2,0; ventral: II-3,
3; III-3, 3; IV-3, 3; V-2, 2 to 3; VI-2, 2; VII-2, 1 ; ventro-lateral: II-O, 2-3;
II-O, 1-2; IV-0, 1; V-0, 0 or 1; VI-0, 0 or 1.
Case. Similar to the case of 3rd instar; length 8.1-13.1 mm.
FIFTH-STAGE LARVA (Figs. 6, 8): Total length 11.5-22.8 mm;
creamy on membranous areas, ground color yellowish patterned with
brown on sclerites. Head: Coloration same as in 3rd and 4th instars. Setal
pattern: 6 on head posterior to eyes, 2 long and 1 short between each eye
and frontal sutures, 1 on gena at base of each mandible, 8 setae on fronto-
clypeus; 4 on anterior margin, 2 laterad of central stripe, 2 near vertex;
labrum with 4 setae across middle, tufts of hairs on antero-lateral corners;
mandibles black, with 1 lateral seta near base. Thorax: Colored as in 3rd
and 4th instars. Setal tufts of protergite masked by 20-28 setae in central
yellow band, 24-32 setae in anterior brown band; mesotergite yellow,
mottled with dark brown, posterior margin black; setal tufts 1, 3 distinct
with 4 and 10-14 setae respectively; setal tufts 2 united into band of setae;
metatergites discrete, brown, surrounding distinct setal tufts; tufts 1 each
Vol. 98. No. 3, May & June 1987
95
, ^,
•V n I1 11 • r
I
-5
5
o
•5
S
.s
•3
96
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
2-0 mm
Fig. 6. Limnephilus rhombicus, fifth-stage larva.
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987
97
with 6 setae; tufts 2 each with 4 setae. Abdomen: Creamy colored;
segment 1 with dorsal and lateral spacing humps. Setal arrangement
masked by a profusion of setae; 12-14 setae on each side dorsally, 16-18
setae on dorsal and 6 setae on ventral faces of lateral spacing humps. 50
setae ventrally, setae of other segments as in instar 4.
Gill Arrangement-Dorsal: II-3, 3; III-3, 3; IV-3, 2; V-3, 2; VI-2, 0 or
1; VII- 1, 0; dorso-lateral: II-1-2, 0; III-2 to 3, 0; IV- 1, 0; ventral: II-3, 3;
III-3, 3; IV-3, 3; V-2 to 3, 2; VI-2, 2; VII-2, 1 ; ventro-lateral: II-O, 3; III-O,
2; IV-0, 1 .
Case. Stems of moss or gravel or both placed tangentially to cylindrical
core, length 12.5-22.0 mm.
Fig. 7. Limnephilus rhombicus, pupal abdomen.
98
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
PUPA: (Figs. 7,9): Totallength 15.5-16.5 mm; bodypale yellowish,
creamy (Fig. 16). Head with 9 pairs of setae; labrum with 5 pair of long
hooked setae across middle; mandibles simple, slightly notched on basal
mesad margin with 2 setae laterally on base. Thorax: Meso- and metalegs
modified for swimming with long hairs; pro-, meso-, and metatibia with spur
formula 1,3,4, respectively, protibial spur short. Abdomen (Fig. 7): Gill
Fig. 8. Limnephilus rhombicus, fifth-stage larva feeding on aquatic moss.
Fig. 9. Limnephilus rhombicus, puparium showing extension of anterior end with stones.
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987
99
filaments 2-3 per cluster, decreasing in length, thickness, and number on
posterior segments; paired hook bearing plates on segments 3 to 7; 3 hooks
on anterior plates of segments 4-7, 2 hooks on anterior plates of segment 3
and posterior plates of segment 5 each with 1 6 hooks.
Gill Arrangement-Dorsal: II-3, 3; III-3, 3; IV-3, 3; V-3, 2; VI-2, 2;
VII-2, 0; dorso-lateral: II-3, 0; III-3, 0; IV- 1 -2, 0; ventral: II-3, 3; III-3, 3;
IV-3, 3; V-3, 3; VI-2, 2; VII-2, 2; ventro-lateral: II-O, 3; III-O, 2; IV-0, 1;
V-0, 0; VI-0, 0 or 1 .
ADULT (Fig. 10): Body brownish yellow to rufous. Head with
compound eyes black, large, three-fourths length of head, with posterior
linear warts bearing brown macrosetae; 3 ocelli present, with 4 warts
dorsally, 2 anterior and 2 posterior to lateral ocelli, each bearing several
macrosetae. Thorax yellow to rufous, massive; prothorax pale dorsally,
darker ventrally, with a large wart on each side of pronotum, covering most
of dorsum with 7-8 brown macrosetae and numerous small, pale setae.
Mesothorax brownish yellow, warts paler, sutures darker; scutum with 8-
10 macrosetae on longitudinal yellow warts on each side of meson;
scutellum with pale rhomboidal area in apex bearing 8 macrosetae and a
few smaller setae. Mesoplurae without setae except on postero-ventral
margin; metanotum and basalaries without setae; metaplurae without setae
except on postero-ventral margin. Legs: Femur, tibia, and tarsi, with
Fig. 10. Limnephilus rhombicus, adult.
100 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
numerous minute, brown setae; profemur with 2 apical spurs on ventral
face; basitarsus longer than second tarsal segment with a yellow apical spur.
Forewings pale yellow with distinct brown pattern; length 14.8-18.3 mm;
costal, subcostal and R2 cells pale; stigma faintly brown; cells r3, r4, r5, and
m i with apical two-thirds brown interrupted by pale spots; cells m2, m3 +4,
and cui completely brown interrupted by pale areas; cell r2+3 faintly
brown apically and basally; radial cell posterior to junction of r2+3 and
r4+5 and basally in median cell with large triangular brown area; radial and
median cells basally from junction of m3+4 with mi +2 with a large
rhomboidal brown area with brown spot posterior to rhomboidal brown
area; cell cu2 brown apically and anal cell entirely brown; hindwing entirely
pale, minute brown hairs sparsely covering wing, hairs longer on margins
and apical veins. Abdomen brownish yellow, venter with setous posterior
margins, especially posterior segments.
FEMALE GENITALIA: Notum of segment 8 setous; median process
of ventral genital plate longer than lateral lobes; cerci long, finger-like
processes, widely separated at bases by a small lobe. Venter of segment 9
produced posteriorly, conical, bilobed, setous, and widely separated on
meson. Segment 10 cylindrical, sclerous, setous posteriorly, cleft nearly to
base dorsally, with a shallow emargination ventrally.
MALE GENITALIA: Notum of segment 8 lobed, slightly produced
posteriorly, covered with short black pegs; cerci blade-like, rhomboidal,
concave mesad, with dorsal margin longer than the ventral; ventral and
posterior margin of cerci black toothed. Venter of segment 9 cleft on meson,
posterior margin with setae. Clasper produced posteriorly with long black
setae. Tergite of segment 10 bilobed, black, blade-like processes. Ventral
arms of aedeagus slender basally, broad in middle, tapering apically to fine
point bearing several teeth with a cylindrical central process.
Biology
Observations of L. rhombicus in Big Spring Creek, Cumberland
County, Pennsylvania, provide new details of its biology. Water quality,
temperature and discharge of Big Spring Creek did not fluctuate greatly
throughout the year: pH 7.5 (x), range 7.3-7.8; total hardness 168 mg/1
(x), range 140-190 mg/1; alkalinity 153 mg/1 (x), range 115-170 mg/1;
dissolved oxygen 10.8 mg/1 (x); range 9.5-11.2 mg/1; and temperature
10.3°C (x), range 10.0-10.8°C. The stream produces lush growths of
autochthonous vegetation, particularly waterweed (Anacharis canadensis],
curb/leaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus\ watercress (Nasturtium
officinale), speedwell ( Veronica anagallis aguatica), water starwort (Calli-
triche sp.) and water mosses (Fontinalis sp., Fissidens sp.). Channels
eroded through extensive beds of vegetation and the velocity in these
Vol. 98, No. 3. May & June 1987 101
channels was rapid and transported sediments leaving clean gravel bottoms,
while the velocity was greatly reduced in weed beds and sediment built up
many centimeters deep. Retarded stream flow in the weed beds also led to
greater fluctuations in water temperature than in the flowing water in the
adjacent channels; during cold weather thin layers of ice sometimes formed
over the surface of water and vegetation in these areas of low flow.
Oviposition occurred from late September until November, with the
peak in October. On warm, still afternoons in October, adults were seen
flying over the surface of the water and weed beds. Clear, gelatinous egg
masses bearing 1 50-300 eggs were found at the water surface on emergent
stems of watercress (Fig. 1). Sometime after oviposition the gelatinous egg
masses began to liquify and flow down the stems into the water.
Larval growth was very rapid. They fed primarily on watercress and
water mosses (Fig. 8) but also consumed dead sculpins (Coitus cognatus}.
By the end of November 1 975 no egg masses could be found and most larvae
were second, third and fourth instars. Later instars consumed large amounts
of vegetation, primarily living water mosses, reducing the once extensive
leafy mats to barren areas of stems. Stems were used to construct cases by
placing them transversely, tangential to the cylindrical core of silky
secretion.
Pupae were collected as early as December, but most pupation occurred
during late March and early April. After much growth, fifth instars moved
from the extensive beds of vegetation to the gravel bottom channels of more
rapidly flowing water. There, fifth instars added gravel to the anterior end of
the case. Some larvae added only pieces of gravel on the anterior and
posterior end of the cases made from moss stems; others constructed entire
cases of gravel and removed posterior portions of moss stems (Fig. 9).
Larger gravel, added to the anterior end of the case, oriented the long axis of
the case parallel to the flow of the water. Silken meshes were placed over
both ends of the case to complete the puparium.
Adult emergence began by early May and continued at least through
June. Details of emergence were observed on 8 May 1975. Pupae cut
through the end or side of the puparium and swam about vigorously until they
encountered an object, frequently mosses, projecting through the surface
film. Pupae climbed up on the surface of the moss and remained still for
several minutes. Then by swelling the adult thorax, the ecdysial sutures were
split. Continued swelling and undulations freed the adult from the pupal
exuvium in 30-60 seconds. Adults, without color pattern, remained on the
moss until their wings were sufficiently dry to support flight; some were
motionless, whereas others walked about. Many toads gathered on the moss
beds snapping up pupae and adults as they appeared on the moss surface.
In captivity adults embibed quantities of water and developed distinctive
color patterns after several hours (Fig. 10). In Pennsylvania adult flight has
102
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
been observed from 8 May to 23 December. Seasonal flight activity
appeared bimodal, with one mode at emergence and one at oviposition.
DISCUSSION
Wiggins (1977) suggested that Limnephilus larvae can be separated
into two distinct groups; those with contrasting light and dark color bands on
the head and thorax and a second group lacking contrasting color but having
prominent spots. While L. rhombicus clearly belonged to group 1 on the
basis of color pattern in instars III, IV and V, it was not so with first and
second instar larvae, which had head and pronotum concolorous brown
with indistinct pale areas. The key character used for Limnephilus by
Wiggins ( 1 977) is on gill number. As Wiggins noted, the increasing number
of gills, in both the number per cluster and occurrence on segments, may
change at each instar. However, gill number was a good diagnostic
character for instars IV and V of L. rhombicus from Big Spring Creek.
Instars of L. rhombicus can be distinctly separated by color pattern and
size of tergites. Novak and Sehnal ( 1 963) showed a similar analysis of head
capsules for this species in Europe. A large larva with head capsule width of
1.55 mm was collected in July (Karl and Hilsenhoff 1979). A head capsule
of that size would be between those of the fourth and fifth instar using the
head width shown by Novak and Sehnal (1963). This suggests that
sclerotized structures may be useful to separate instars in a population but
not for the species.
The general lotic habitat of L. rhombicus may be described from
observations at Big Spring Creek and other published accounts. The most
obvious common denominator of Big Spring Creek and other reported sites
was an abundance of aquatic vegetation or organic detritus (Hickin 1967;
Higler 1975; Karl and Hilsenhoff 1979; Lloyd 1915, 1921; Otto 1976;
Slack 1 936, Vorhies 1 909). Hickin's ( 1 967) description of the duration of
various life stages in a natural habitat showed temperatures from 10-15°C
which suggest minimum temperatures comparable to Big Spring Creek.
Such temperature regimes were not universal. Otto (1976) found low
survival of larvae in a stream with temperatures of 4.4°C; however, Novak
and Seknal (1963) reported temperatures falling to 0°C in L. rhombicus
habitats. Larvae, being unable to withstand currents stronger than 9 cm/sec
(Otto 1976, Higler 1975), tended to remain in and feed on submerged or
marginal vegetation where currents were reduced. The increased oxygen
consumption of larvae exposed to currents (Roux 1979, Otto 1976)
suggests a bioenergetic saving from avoiding currents. Fifth instar larvae at
the prepupa stage, however, move into stronger currents with gravel
substrates and construct a partial or complete case of gravel (Roux 1979,
Cobb et al. 1 984). Perhaps the increased weight of the gravel case reduces
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987 103
the energy expended while larvae were active in the stronger current. The
larger gravel observed on the anterior end of L. rhombicus puparia from Big
Spring Creek would further stabilize the case and provide an orientation
parallel to the current for efficient water flow through the case.
L. rhombicus must be considered a facultative omnivore. In Big Spring
Creek the primary food was aquatic plants, mainly mosses. When deprived
of vegetation or when vegetation has been depleted from over grazing,
larvae consume a variety of organic matter from dead sculpins to other
living trichopterans including their own species.
The adult emergence at Big Spring, lasting from early May through
June, was consistent with the flight periods observed in Wisconsin
(Longridge and Hilsenhoff 1973), Ohio (MacLean and MacLean 1984).
Manitoba (Cobb et al. 1984), West Virginia (Tarter and Hill 1980) New
York (Lloyd 1915, 1921), Minnesota (Elkins 1936) and Michigan
(Leonard and Leonard 1949). Based on the Rothamsted Insect Survey,
Crichton and Fisher (1981) assigned L. rhombicus to a group of caddisflies
having an extended flight period and normally with a diapause from spring
through summer into autumn. This was consistent with the bimcdal flight
period observed at Big Spring Creek. Denis (1981) suggested that the
length of diapause is related to the photoperiod experienced by the females
and also the larvae.
The deposition of egg masses above and away from water in Big Spring
Creek was similar to that observed by Hickin (1967) and Novak and Sehnal
(1963). They also suggested that larvae can hatch and live within the
gelatinous egg mass until submerged in water. This was not observed at Big
Spring Creek where eggs were most frequently observed on the stems of
watercress at the water surface. Vorhies ( 1 909) observation of small larvae
(we assume he meant early instars) in July seems suspect.
Biological attributes, such as diapause, oviposition away from water
and a gelatinous matrix that protects eggs from desication and freezing, are
important adaptations for caddisflies in temporary pools (Wiggins 1973).
L. rhombicus possesses these attributes, while inhabiting permanent
spring-fed streams. L. rhombicus shares many characteristics of the
limnephiline species, such as L. individus (Wiggins et al. 1980), which
inhabit temporary pools or transient aquatic habitats. Thus, this species
represents the limnephiline with a specialized habitat, perhaps derived from
a more generalized Limnephilinae which goes through adult diapause.
L. rhombicus is known in Pennsylvania only from the Cumberland
Valley where there are many limestone aquifers. Critical to further
understanding of its biology is the clarification of habitat specialization in
this species; especially the degree of dependance on spring-fed streams with
an abundance of autochthonous aquatic vegetation and relatively stable
water temperatures.
104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Casual collectors who study limnephilid larvae must be cautious
because early instars are not always what they appear to be due to changes
in coloration, setation, and gill arrangement. Wiggins ( 1 977) noted that his
keys were based on descriptions of the final instar and he suggested
diagnostic characters may be less effective for earlier instars. The
descriptions presented here for the five larval instars of L. rhombicus
indicate clearly a limit to the utility of Wiggins' (1977) larval keys.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to Oliver S. Flint, Jr., National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian
Institution, for his critical review and suggestions for improving the manuscript. We also thank
Peter H. Adler, Clemson University, Alfred G. Wheeler, Jr., Pennsylvania Bureau of Plant
Industry, Steve Tessler and Jay Stauffer, The Pennsylvania State University, for reading the
manuscript. Their suggestions also helped to improve the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Betten, C. and M.E. Mosely. 1940. The Francis Walker types ofTrichoptera in the British
Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London.
Cobb, D.G., J.F. Flannagan and M.K. Friesen. 1 984. Emergence ofTrichoptera from two
streams of the Duck Mountains in west central Manitoba. Pages 75-87 in J.C. Morse
(ed.), Proc. 4th Int. Symp. Trichoptera. Clemson, SC, 11-16 July 1983. Series
Entomologica, Vol. 30, Dr. W. Junk Publ. The Hague.
Crichton, M.I. and D.B. Fisher. 1981. Further observations on limnephilid life histories
based on the Rothamsted Insect Survey. Pages 47-56 in G.P. Moretti (ed.). Proceeding
3rd Int. Symp. Trichoptera, Perugia, July 28-August 2, 1 980. Series Entomologica, Vol.
20. Dr. W. Junk, Publ. The Hague.
Denis, C. 1981. Action de la photoperiode sur la maturation gonitales des femelles de
quelquns Limnephilides. Pages 57-66 in G.P. Moretti (ed.) Proc. 3rd Int. Symp.
Trichoptera, Perugia, July 18-August 2, 1980. Series Entomologica, Vol. 20, Dr. W.
Junk Publishers. The Hague.
Denis, C. 1984. Fine structure of case-making larvae (Trichoptera). Pages 105-114 in
Morse, J.C. (ed.). Proc. 4th Int. Symp. Trichoptera, Clemson, SC. 11-16 July 1983.
Series Entomologica, Vol. 30, Dr. W. Junk Publishers. The Hague.
Elkins, W.Ar 1936. The immature stages of some Minnesota Trichoptera. Ann. Entomol.
Soc. Amer. 29:656-681.
Hickin, N.E. 1967. Caddis Larvae. Hutchinson of London.
Higler, L.W.G. 1975. Reactions of some caddis larvae (Trichoptera) to different types of
substrate in an experimental stream. Freshwater Biology 5:151-158.
Hoopes, R.L. 1976. Taxonomy and biology of Anabolia and Limnephilus (Trichoptera:
Limnephilidae) in Pennsylvania, with an annotated list of the Trichoptera of Pennsylvania.
M.S. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. pp. 131.
Karl, T.S. and W.L. Hilsenhoff. 1979. The caddisflies (Trichoptera) of Parfrey's Glen
Creek, Wisconsin. Trans. Wise. Acad. of Sci. Arts Lett. 67:31-42.
Leonard, J.W. and F.A. Leonard. 1949. An annotated list of Michigan Trichoptera. Occ.
Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 522:1-35.
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae. 10th edition. Stockholm, 826 pp.
Lloyd, J.T. 1915. Notes on the immature stages of some New York Trichoptera. J. N.Y.
Entomol. Soc. 23:201-212
1921. The biology of North American Caddis Fly Larvae. Bull. Lloyd Libr.
21:1-124.
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987 105
Longridge, J.L. and W.L. Hilsenhoff. 1973. Annotated list of Trichoptera (caddis flies) in
Wisconsin. Trans. Wise. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 61:173-183.
MacLean, D.B. and B.K. MacLean. 1984. Trichoptera (caddis flies) of Watercress Marsh,
Columbiana County, Ohio. Ohio J. Sci. 84:54-62.
Novak, K. and F. Sehnal. 1963. The development cycle of some species of the genus
Limnephilus (Trichoptera). Cas. Csl. Spol. Ent. 60 (l-2):68-80.
Otto, C. 1976. Habitat relationships in the larvae of three Trichoptera species. Arch.
Hydrobiol. 77(4):505-517.
Ross, H.H.I 944. The caddis flies, or Trichoptera, of Illinois. Bull. 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. 23:1-
326.
Ross, H.H. 1956. Evolution and classification of the Mountain Caddisflies. Urbana:
University of Illinois Press.
Roux, C. 1979. The Influence of some ecological factors on the metabolism-temperature
curve of the larvae of Limnephilus rhombicus (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Freshwater
Biology 9:111-117.
Slack, H.D. 1936. Thefoodofthecaddisfly (Trichoptera) larvae. Jour. Anim. Ecol. 5:105-
115.
Tarter, D.C. and P.L. Hill. 1980. Adult limnephilid caddisfly records in West Virginia
(Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Ent. News 91:170-172.
Vorhies, C.T. 1909. Studies on the Trichoptera of Wisconsin. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts
Lett. 16:647-738.
Walker, F. 1852. Catalogue of the specimens of neuropterous insects in the collections of the
British Museum, Pt. 1, London, 192 pp.
Wigins, G.B. 1959. A method of rearing caddis flies (Trichoptera). Can. Entomol. 91 :402-
405.
Wiggins G.B. 1977. Larvae of the North American caddisfly genera (Trichoptera).
University of Toronto Press. Toronto. Canada.
Wiggins, G.B., R.S. Mackay and I.M. Smith. 1 980. Evolutionary and ecological strategies
of animals in annual temporary pools. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 58(l/2):97-206.
Williams, N.E. and G.B. Wiggins. 1981. A proposed setal nomenclature and homology for
larval Trichoptera. Pages 421-429 in G.P. Moretti (ed.). Proc. 3rd Int. Symp.
Trichoptera. Perugia, July 28-August 2. 1980. Series Entomologica, Vol. 20. Dr. W.
Junk Publishers. The Hague.
106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
NEW HYDROPTILIDAE (TRICHOPTERA)
FROM FLORIDA1 2
S.C. Harris3, B.J. Armitage4
ABSTRACT: Two new species of microcaddisflies, Oxyethira kelleyi and Ochrotrichia
okaloosa, from the panhandle region of Florida are described and illustrated.
The panhandle region of northern Florida has long been noted for its
large number of endemic plants and animals (Neill, 1957). Agarodes
ziczac Ross and Scott and Cheumatopsychegordonae Lago and Harris are
caddisflies endemic to this area. If the panhandle region is expanded
slightly to include physiographically related lower Alabama, several other
caddisflies can be added, including Cheumatopsyche petersi Ross, Morse
and Gordon, Polycentropus floridensis Lago and Harris, Nyctiophylax
morsei Lago and Harris, and Chimarra falculata Lago and Harris.
Microcaddisflies endemic to this area include Hydroptila parastrepha
Kelley and Harris and Hydroptila circangula Harris. Recent blacklight
collections by one of us (BJA) on Eglin Air Force Base in northern Florida
added two new species to this list of endemic caddisflies.
Type specimens will be deposited at the National Museum of Natural
History, Smithsonian Institution (NMNH), Illinois Natural History Survey
(INHS), University of Alabama Insect Collection (UA), Florida State
Collection of Arthropods (FSCA) and personal collections of the authors
(SCH, BJA). Terminology for genitalic structures generally follows that of
Marshall (1979).
Oxvethira kelleyi Harris, new species
(Fig. 1)
This species does not fit well into any of the species groups proposed by
Kelley (1984), although it has some similarity to O. elerobi (Blickle) and
members of the subgenus Holarctotrichia. Oxyethira kelleyi differs
strikingly from all other species in the elaborate feathering at the apex of the
phallus.
Deceived January 9, 1987. Accepted February 28, 1987.
^Contribution No. 103 from the Aquatic Biology Program, University of Alabama.
•^Aquatic Biology Program, Department of Biology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa. AL.
35487.
^Department of Biology, Athens State College, Athens, AL. 3561 1
ENT. NEWS 98(3): 106-1 10, May & June, 1987
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987
107
id
1B
Oxyethira
kelleyi
1C
Figure 1. Oxyethira kelleyi n. sp., male genitalia. 1A, lateral view. IB, dorsal view. 1C,
ventral view (ia = inferior appendage; bp = bilobed process; sg = subgenital process;
si = setal lobe). ID, phallus.
108 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Male: Length 1.8-2.2 mm. Antennae with 27 segments. Color brown in alcohol. Venter
of abdominal segment VII with short apicomesal process. Segment VIII in lateral view with
setose dorsolateral lobe; ventrally with shallow, posterior excision; dorsally with deep,
posteromesal incision, the sides of the incision produced into sclerotized, triangular processes.
Dorsum segment IX reduced to narrow, semimembranous band; venter produced anteriorly
into segment VII. Segment X membranous. Inferior appendages in lateral view short,
triangular and heavily sclerotized; widely separated in ventral view. Subgenital process fused
ventrally as narrow band; laterally with anteroventral process. Phallus divided into two
processes distally, one slender with apical bulb, the other sheath-like ending in elaborate
feathering; titillator originating at midlength, extending posteriorly and encircling shaft.
Female. Unknown.
Etymology. Named for Dr. Robert W. Kelley in recognition of his efforts in revising the
genus Oxyethira.
Holotype cf . FLORIDA: Okaloosa Co., Turkey Creek at Base Road 233, Eglin Air Force
Base, 5.0 mile NW Niceville, 14 August 1985, B.J. Armitage and M.K. Ward (NMNH).
Paratypes. FLORIDA: Okaloosa Co., same locality as holotype, 7 cf (NMNH, INKS);
Rogue Creek at Base Road 233, Eglin Air Force Base, 3.3 mile NW Niceville, 14 August
1985, 23 cf, B.J. Armitage and M.K. Ward (NMNH, INHS.UA, FSCA); unnamed tributary
to Turkey Creek at Base Road 6 19, Eglin Air Force Base, 4.6 mile NW Niceville, 14 August
1985, 8 cf, B.J. Armitage and M.K. Ward (SCH, BJA).
Ochrotrichia okaloosa Harris, new species
(Fig. 2)
This species, only the third Ochrotrichia, along with O. tarsalis
(Hagen) and O. provosti Blickle, known to occur in Florida, appears most
similar to O. tenuata Blickle and Denning. Although the configuration of
segment X is similar to O. tenuata, a western species, O. okaloosa is easily
recognized by the large ventromesal lobes of the inferior appendages.
Male: Length 2. 7 mm. Antennae broken. Color brown in alcohol. Abdominal segment
VTII rectangular. Segment IX trapezoidal laterally; dorsum deeply incised to accomodate
segment X; ventrally with deep lateral incisions. Tenth tergum divided into two halves, each
with several sclerotized processes. Left component with slender, heavily sclerotized basal
process, tapering to acute apex, extending about 1/3 length of segment, in lateral view this
process narrow, curving dorsad; lower process narrow and sinuate in dorsal view, in lateral
view with ventral lobe at midlength. Right component serrate basolaterally, distally forming a
slender, sinuate ventromesal process which lies in a groove formed by convolutions of the left
component, laterally forming a slender process, protruding at apex and curving mesad, in
lateral view this process bending dorsad. Inferior appendages in lateral view widest at
midlength with rounded apex, small projection ventromesally, peg-like setae along ventrolateral
surface in distal half; in ventral view mesal projections forming a shelf at midlength, numerous
peg-like setae along mesal surfaces in distal half. Phallus simple, tubular, triangular at apex with
ejaculatory duct protruding.
Female. Unknown.
Etymology. Named for Okaloosa County.
Holotype cf. FLORIDA: Okaloosa County, Turkey Creek at Base Road 233, Eglin Air
Force Base, 5.0 mile NW Niceville, 14August 1985. B.J. Armitage and M.K. Ward (NMNH).
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987
109
Ochrotrichia okaloosa
2A
:
Figure 2. Ochrotrichia okaloosa n. sp.. malegenitalia. 2A, lateral view. 2 B, dorsal view (ia
inferior appendage; bp = basal process; Ip = lateral process; vp - ventromesal
process). 2C, ventral view. 2D, phallus.
1 10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Geological Survey of Alabama for providing facilities and supplies to the senior
author is gratefully acknowledged. R. W. Kelley verified the identity of the new Oxyethira and
kindly helped in the description. S.W. Hamilton, as well as R.W. Kelley, reviewed the
manuscript and offered useful comments. Kathy Ward graciously assisted the junior author in
locating the streams on Eglin Air Force Base. Peggy Marsh typed several drafts of the
manuscript and Ruth Turner photographed the plates.
LITERATURE CITED
Kelley, R.W. 1984. Phylogeny, morphology and classification of the micro-caddisfly genus
Oxvethira Eaton (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 1 10:435-
463.
Marshall, J.E. 1979. A review of the genera of the Hydroptilidae. Bull. British Mus. (Nat.
Hist.) Entomol. 39:135-239.
Neill, W.T. 1957. Historical biogeography of present-day Florida. Fla. St. Mus. Bull.
2:175-220.
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987
STENELMIS CHERYL: NEW NAME FOR A
WELL-KNOWN RIFFLE BEETLE
(COLEOPTERA: ELMIDAE)1
Harley P. Brown^
ABSTRACT: Examination of the cleaned holotype of Stenelmis bicarinata LeConte 1852
reveals it to be similar to S. convexula Sanderson 1938. The name Stenelmis cheryl NEW
SPECIES is given to the species treated as S. bicarinata by most authors. The holotype of S.
cheryl N. SP. is from Blanco, Texas; numerous paratypes are from Texas and the Mexican
state of Coahuila.
Of about 30 known species of Stenelmis in North America, S.
bicarinata LeConte 1852 is among the most venerable: only S. crenata
(Say) 1824 is older (Brown 1983). Unfortunately, it turns out that most of
what has been reported about S. bicarinata actually applies to a different
species which is not especially close to the real bicarinata. The problem
surfaced in July, 1 980 when I borrowed the holotype of S. bicarinata from
the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard. With the permission of
then-curator A. Newton, I relaxed and cleaned the encrusted specimen
ultrasonically, then extracted and examined the genitalia (happily, it was a
male). To my surprise, cleaning revealed a very different appearance than
that we all associate with bicarinata, and the aedeagus further emphasized
the difference. The original description is, of course, still valid (LeConte
1852), but for present-day purposes a redescription and figure of the
genitalia will be needed. I shall leave that to Kurt Schmude, who is working
on a revision of North American species of Stenelmis. The true bicarinata
keys out to S. convexula Sanderson in present keys (Brown 1976,
Sanderson 1938), but lacks the secondary sexual character of the male that
is typical of most North American species of Stenelmis — a spinous ridge on
the distal portion of the inside of the middle tibia. My tentative estimate of
the geographic range of the true bicarinata is from Ohio (type locality) and
Indiana south to the Gulf coast and west to Oklahoma and Texas.
As for the species generally identified as S. bicarinata, I hereby bestow
upon it the name Stenelmis cheryl NEW SPECIES in honor of Cheryl
Barkley Barr, who is doing excellent work on elmids. For a detailed
description, see page 679 of Sanderson (1938), for whom I would have
named this species if there were not already a Stenelmis sandersoni.
1 Received October 25, 1986. Accepted March 2, 1987.
^Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019.
ENT. NEWS 98(3): 1 1 1-112, May & June. 1987
1 1 2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Briefly, S. cheryl N. SP. may be characterized as follows: size— length 2.7-3.25 mm;
width 1 .0-1.25 mm; form and color— elongate, sides of elytra nearly parallel, elytra dark brown
to black, each elytron with an entire yellow vitta covering humerus (umbone) and extending
inside of sixth interval to near apex; antennae and palpi testaceous to light brown; pronotum
with basal tubercle elongate but not carinate; elytra with vittae covering fourth and fifth strial
intervals; legs with tarsomere 5 shorter than tarsomeres 1-4 combined.
Holotype: male from the Blanco River at Blanco in Blanco Co., Texas, collected July 27,
1975 by John Mallory Davis.
Paratypes: 3 1 from the Pedernales River at Johnson City, Blanco Co., TX, collected Aug. 27,
1967 and 13 from the same locality Oct. 5, 1966, all by H.P. Brown; 50 from the San Saba
River, Menard Co., TX, May 28, 1 969, H.P.B.; 1 5 from the North Fork of Bosque River at
Alexander, Erath Co., TX, May 30, 1969, H.P.B.; 15 from Guadalupe River at Gonzales,
Gonzales Co., TX, March 28, 1974, H.P.B.; 44 from Zaragoza, Coahuila, Mexico, May 26,
1969, H.P.B. Holotype deposited in USNM; paratypes in CNCI, FMNH, INHS, LSUC,
MCAZ, OSUC, SEMC, SMSH, TAMU, UNAM, USNM, and UWMC (Univ. Wisconsin,
Madison; see Brown 1983 for other museum abbreviations).
Geographic distribution as indicated for 51. bicarinala by Brown (1983); TX: KS OH/
NY PA NJ/ NM TX OK/ Mex. (Coah.). Common to abundant in plains streams.
S. cheryl N. SP. will key out to S. bicarinata in available keys (Brown
1976; Sanderson 1938). As explained above, the true S. bicarinata will
key out to S. convexula.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank Milton W. Sanderson, Kurt Schmude, and Frank Sonleitner for reviewing
the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Brown, H.P. 1976. Biota of freshwater ecosystems identification manual no. 6. Aquatic
dryopoid beetles (Coleoptera) of the United States. Water Pollution Control Research
Series, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, ix and 82 pp.
Brown, H.P. 1983. A catalog of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico. Family:
Elmidae. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 529-50, x and 23 pp.
LeConte, J.L. 852. Synopsis of the Parnidae of the United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia 6: 41-45.
Sanderson, M.W. 1938. A monographic revision of the North American species of
Stenelmis (Dryopidae: Coleoptera). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 25(22): 635-717.
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987 113
NEW RECORDS OF CADDISFLIES (TRICHOPTERA)
FROM KENTUCKY l
M. Ann Phillippi 2, Guenter A. Schuster 3
ABSTRACT: Six species of caddisflies discovered in eastern Kentucky are added to the previously
known fauna of the state. One widespread species, Heteroplectron americanum, represents the only
species of the family Calamoceratidae known from Kentucky. Other widespread species reported are
Ceratopsyche ventura and Diplectrona metaqui ( Hydropsy chidae) and Neophylax fusciis and
Goerita betteni ( LJmnephilidae). One relatively rare species, Agapeius minutus (Glossosomatidae),
is also reported. The number of caddisfly species now known from Kentucky is 181.
Resh (1975) recorded 1 75 species of caddisflies from Kentucky. Surber-net
collections (Phillippi 1984) from Robinson Forest in Breathitt Co., eastern
Kentucky, revealed larvae of two additional species: Agapeius minutus (Glosso-
somatidae) and Ceratopsyche ventura (Hydropsychidae). Qualitative
collections from five other eastern Kentucky counties (Clark, McCreary,
Menifee, Powell, and Whitley) revealed larvae of four additional species:
Diplectrona metaqui (Hydropsychidae), Goerita betteni (Limnephilidae),
Heteroplectron americanum (Calamoceratidae), and Neophylax fuscus
(Limnephilidae). There are no Kentucky specimens of these species housed
at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor; the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP); the National
Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. (USNM); the University of
Louisville; or the University of Kentucky, Lexington. The specimens
reported herein are deposited in the Eastern Kentucky University Insect
Collection, Richmond.
Little is known about the habitat of immature Agapetus minutus. Three
pharate adults were collected on 23 June 1978 in two first-order streams
(upper Falling Rock, 5.8 km NE of Noble, Noble 7.5 min Quad: Field
Branch, 4 km NE of Noble, Noble 7.5 min Quad) typical of those found in
the highly dissected, undisturbed portions of the Cumberland Plateau of
eastern Kentucky. The sites lie within the totally forested watersheds of
Robinson Forest (Phillippi and Boebinger 1 986), a 6000 ha protected forest
research station; water quality in the forest is excellent. Substrates consisted
of sand, gravel, and cobble with occasional exposed bedrock. Both streams
were flowing on the collection date; however, flow may cease during dry
summers (Phillippi 1984). Approximately 150 Agapetus larvae were
1 Received December 9, 1986. Accepted March 16, 1987.
^Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901.
^Department of Biological Sciences Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475.
ENT. NEWS 98(3): 113-1 16, May & June, 1987
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
collected within the fourth-order Buckhorn Creek drainage (11,396 ha).
However, differentiation ofAgapetus larvae (Wiggins 1 977) is not presently
possible, and the relative abundance of A. minutus in the drainage is
unknown. One other congener, A. tomus, has been reported from Robinson
Forest, and three additional species (A. hessi, A. illini, and A,, nr rossi) are
known from other widely scattered Kentucky counties (Resh 1975).
The only specimens of Agapetus minutus found in the museums
previously listed were from White Clay Creek, Chester Co., PA (ANSP).
The species also has been reported from extreme southeast TN in Polk Co.
(Etnier and Schuster 1979), the northern Piedmont region of DE (Lake
1984), and in central NY in Tompkins Co. (Sibley 1926). These records
and ours suggest that A. minutus is sporadically distributed in the Appala-
chain Mountains and Piedmont and Cumberland Plateau. Its apparent
sporadic distribution may be due, in part, to the current inability to assign
larvae to species.
Other trichopteran species associated with A. minutus at the collection
sites were Ceratopsyche sparna, C. ventura, Diplectrona modesta,
Dolophilodes distinctus, Neophylax consimilis, Rhyacophila Carolina,
and R. parantra.
Ceratopsyche ventura is a more abundant and widespread species than
Agapetus minutus. In Robinson Forest, a total of 277 larval C. ventura
was collected from six sites in the Buckhorn Creek drainage (23 June 9, 21,
July, 22 Aug, 21 Oct 1978; 29 Apr, 1 Aug 1979; 1 Aug 1981). The sites
(all Noble 7.5 min Quad) include the two previously mentioned for A.
minutus, an additional first-order stream (upper Little Millseat, 4. 1 km NE
of Noble), a second-order stream (lower Falling Rock, 5.3 km NE of
Noble), a third-order stream (demons Fork, 2.3 E of Noble), and fourth-
order Buckhorn Creek (2.3 km SW of Noble). The sites, with the exception
of Buckhorn Creek, are located within Robinson Forest and water quality
is, therefore, exceptionally high (Phillippi 1984, Phillippi and Boebinger
1986).
Scattered collections of C. ventura have been reported from Newfound-
land, Ontario, NY, TN, and VA (Schuster and Etnier 1978, Etnier and
Schuster 1979). Specimens from WV, PA, and MN were located at
USNM. Based on past collections and ours, the distribution of C. ventura
is sporadic in eastern Canada and broadly scattered throughout the
Appalachian Mountains and Cumberland Plateau.
Other trichopteran species associated at the collection sites with
Ceratopsyche ventura were C. campyla, C. cheilonis, C. sparna, Diplectrona
modesta, Dolophilodes distinctus, Goera cf. stylata, Helicopsyche borealis,
Hydropsyche betteni, H. dicantha, Molanna blenda, Neophylax consimilis,
Rhyacophila Carolina, and R. parantra.
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987 115
Of the 1 5 North American species ofNeophylax, five have been reported
previously from Kentucky: N. autumnus, N. ayanus, N. concinnus, N.
consimilis, and TV. nacatus(Resh 1975). Neophylaxfuscus (reported herein)
is not an unexpected addition to the caddisfly fauna of Kentucky considering
its wide range (MI, MN, MO, NH, TN, VA) (Ross) 1944, Etnier and
Schuster 1979). Many larvae as well as adults of the species were collected
from Boone Creek (Grimes Mill Road crossing, 3 km above mouth. Ford 7.5
min Quad) in Clark County on the western edge of the Cumberland Plateau
(10 October 1983). Other caddisfly species also found at the site were
Dolophilodes distinctus and Pycnopsyche lepida.
Numerous larvae ofHeteroplectron americanum were collected 9 April
1983 from the mouth of an unnamed first-order tributary of Rock Creek in
McCreary Co. (Great Meadows Campground on KY 1 363, 1 3 km SSW of
Whitley City, Bell Farm 7.5 min Quad). The stream was low gradient with a
sandy bottom thickly littered with detritus. Previously, the species was known
from Quebec, NY, NH, (Wiggins 1977), NC (Brigham et al 1982), SC
(Morse et al 1980), VA (Parker and Voshell 1981), DE (Lake 1984), and
GA (Etnier and Schuster 1979). This is the only record of a member of the
Calamoceratidae from Kentucky.
Goerita betteni is apparently a localized (Wiggins 1977) Appalachian
species previously known from NC, OH, PA, TN, VA, and WV. It has also
been taken from three localities in Kentucky: a first-order tributary to the
Cumberland River in Cumberland Falls State Park, Whitley Co. (adults and
larvae; 1 8 May 1 985 ), an unnamed first-order tributary to Gladie Creek (off
KY716, Pomeroyton 7.5 min Quad), Menifee Co. (larvae: May 1985) and a
first-order tributary to Rock Creek. McCreary Co. (larvae; 9 April 1985; 1
km above Great Meadows campground on KY 1 363. approx. 1 3 km SSW of
Whitley City, Bell Farm 7.5 min Quad). Each collection site was a high
gradient, permanent, first-order stream with a sandstone substrate. Larvae
were collected on the vertical faces of falls and dripping areas and were
associated with bryophytes and filamentous algae. Adults were collected
while swarming around a 1.5 m waterfall (Whiley Co. site) at 1130 hr.
Caddisfly species associated with G. betteni, were Diplectrona metaqui and
Psilotreta rufa.
Several larvae of Diplectrona metaqui were also collected from a first-
order tributary to Rock Creek in the vicinity of the McCreary Co. site
mentioned for G. betteni. Larvae of this species also have been taken from
Powell Co. in a first-order tributary to the Red River ( 1 1 Nov 1 979; on KY
77, 10 km NNE of Nada Tunnel, Slade 7.5 min Quad). At both sites the
habitat consisted of an intermittent, high gradient, first-order stream
underlain with sandstone rubble. The larvae were collected under rocks in
moist (not flowing) areas. Ross (1970) and Wiggins (1977) listed
1 16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Kentucky as part of the range of this species but no localities were given.
Resh ( 1 975) did not list the species for Kentucky. The species appears to be
sporadically distributed in the eastern U.S. including GA, IL, IN. NC, TN.
Each of the six species reported herein was found in (or at the western
edge of) the Cumberland Plateau of eastern Kentucky. Further collecting in
this highly dissected and mountainous geographic area may yield new
records of additional caddisfly species presently unknown from Kentucky.
LITERATURE CITED
Brigham, A.R., W.U. Brigham, and A. Gnilka, editors. 1982. Aquatic insects and
oligochaetes of North and South Carolina. Midwest Aquatic Enterprises, Mahomet,
Illinois. 837 pp.
Etnier, D.A. and G.A. Schuster. 1979. An annotated list of Trichoptera (Caddisflies) of
Tennessee. J. Term. Acad. Sci. 54(1): 15-22.
Lake, R.W. 1984. Distribution of caddisflies( Trichoptera) in Delaware. Ent. News 95: 215-
224.
Morse, J.C., J.W. Chapin, D.D. Herlong, and R.S. Harvey. 1980. Aquatic insects of
Upper Three Rivers Creek, Savannah River Plant, South Carolina. Part 1: Orders other
than Diptera. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 15: 73-101.
Parker, C.R., and J.R. Voshell, Jr. 1981. A preliminary checklist of the caddisflies
(Trichoptera) of Virginia. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 16: 1-7.
Phillippi, M.A. 1984. Benthic macroinvertebrate community structure in a fourth-order
stream system with a nitrogen enriched tributary. Doctoral dissertation. University of
Kentucky, Lexington. 253 pp.
Phillippi, M.A. and A. Boebinger. 1986. A vegetational analysis of three small watersheds in
Robinson Forest, eastern Kentucky. CastaneaSl: 11-30.
Resh, V.H. 1975. A distributional study of the caddisflies of Kentucky. Trans. Ky. Acad.
Sci. 36 (1-2): 6-16.
Ross, H.H. 1944. The caddisflies, or Trichoptera, of Illinois. Bull. 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. 23:1-326.
Ross, H.H. 1970. Hydropsychid Genus A, Diplectrona (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). J.
Georgia Entomol. Soc. 5: 229-231.
Schuster, G.A. and D.A. Etnier. 1978. A manual for the identification of the larvae of the
caddisfly genera Hydropsyche Pictet and Symphitopsyche Ulmer in eastern and central
North America (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Cincinnati, OH. EPA-600/4-78-060.
Sibley, C.K. 1926. New species of New York caddisflies. N.Y. Ent. Soc. J. 34: 79-81.
Wiggins, G.B. 1977. Larvae of the North American caddisfly genera (Trichoptera).
University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 40 1 pp.
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987 117
STUDIES ON THE AUSTRALIAN
CICINDELIDAE VI: A REVIEW OF THE SUBGENUS
RIVACINDELA OF THE GENUS CICINDELA
(COLEOPTERA)1
William D. Sumlin, III2
ABSTRACT: The subgenus Rivacindela of the genus Cicindela is reviewed and all known
species are illustrated. A key is provided for members of the subgenus. The subgenus is
redefined and six new species are described: Cicindela salicursoria n. sp., C. cardinalba n.
sp., C. ozellae n. sp., C. velox n. sp., C. collita n. sp. and C. vannideki n. sp.
The genus Rivacindela was erected by van Nidek ( 1 973) to contain the
species Cicindela blackburni Sloane and C. igneicollis Bates. In the
same paper, he speculated that C. saetigera W. Horn and C. browni Sloane
both belonged to the genus, but did not place them due to a lack of material.
Freitag (1979), in his review of Australian Cicindela (sensu W. Horn),
synonomized the name Rivacindela and reverted to calling the species
complex by the name "igneicollis group" as practiced by Sloane (1906)
and W. Horn ( 1 926). Sumlin (1981) recalled the name from synonomy and
recognized it as a valid subgenus. Freitag's (1979) study was based upon
ca. 57 specimens. The current paper, based upon 305 specimens,
redescribes all known species and describes six new species. I feel the
redescriptions are necessary because two of the taxa (C. blackburni and C.
saetigera) treated by Freitag (1979) were composites encompassing two
additional taxa. Much of the data in the current paper was developed during
my expeditions to Australia in 1978-1979 and 1985.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The specimens comprising this study represent the majority of those
studied by Freitag (1979) and many that I collected in 1979 and 1985.
Material was borrowed from the following institutions and individuals:
Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia
(ANIC); British Museum (Natural History), London, England (BMNH);
Institut fur Pflanzenschutzforschung, D.E.I., Eberswalde-Finow, DDR
(DEIC); Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Viet., Australia (MVC); South
Australian Museum, Adelaide, S.A.. Australia (SAMC); Entomological
Museum, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam. The Netherlands ( U AMC );
'Received August 29, 1986. Accepted February 28, 1987.
^Continuing Education Division, San Antonio College, San Antonio. TX 78284.
ENT. NEWS 98(3): 117-134. May & June. 1987
1 1 8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Western Australian Museum, Perth, W.A., Australia (WAMC); Allan
Walford-Huggins, Mt. Molloy, QLD., Australia (WHC).
Measurements were made with an American Optical/Spencer dissecting
microscope at 10X magnification using an optical micrometer. Body length
measurements were taken from the front of the specimen's clypeus to the
extreme apex of the elytra. Body width measurements were taken across the
apical third of the elytra. Where possible, twelve specimens of each sex were
measured, including the largest and smallest specimens; mean figures were
then generated from those sums.
Illustrations were made using the microscope above at 10X and 30X
magnifications. Drawings were initially pencilled onto tracing paper using the
optical micrometer and ratios and then transferred to scratchboard for inking.
Characters utilized to delimit species within this subgenus are used in the
key below. Marked variation in any three of these characters (i.e., maculation,
pubescence, color) is sufficient to warrant species-level placement.
Subgenus Rivacindela van Nidek
Type species: Cicindela blackburni Sloane (by original designation).
DESCRIPTION: Member of the subfamily Cicindelinae, tribe Cicindelini, subtribe
Cicindelina, genus Cicindela; eyes large and prominent; elytra usually noticeably wider in
apical half than basal half; elytra usually setose at base; majority of species with extensive
elytral maculation - a marginal band of white running laterally from the humeral area to the
suture and then up the suture; labrum two or three dentate; majority of ventral segments
heavily setose; mesosternum glabrous; metasternum glabrous in posterior half; pro- and
mesotrochanters each with a single seta; elytral apices faintly microserrate or without
microserrations.
REMARKS: Van Nidek ( 1 973) erected Rivacindela based upon two
series of specimens that he borrowed from the Western Australian Museum
(WAM) at Perth, Western Australia (W.A.). He identified one of the
species as C. blackburni and the other as C. igneicollis. Freitag (1979)
apparently never saw these specimens as he did not indicate any specimens
from the WAM in his study on the "igneicollis group" of the genus
Cicindela. He did note that van Nidek's (1973) generic description of
Rivacindela fits C. saetigera more closely than it does C. blackburni as he
indicated the type species as C. blackburni Sloane (=C. saetigera W.
Horn) and credited van Nidek with a misidentification in the synonomy of
C. saetigera. The type species was, indeed, misidentified, but not as
indicated by Freitag ( 1979). During the course of my studies on this group,
I was able to borrow the two series that van Nidek originally studied when
he described Rivacindela plus four specimens sent by van Nidek himself.
Both series carry van Nidek determination labels; one series of 22
specimens is labelled Rivacindela blackburni SI. and the other series (3
specimens) is labelled Rivacindela igneicollis Bat. Both of the species are
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987 119
new to science and will be described later in this paper. The problem of the
misidentified type species has been referred to the International Commission
of Zoological Nomenclature for its opinion.
All known species of the subgenus are inhabitants of salt flats. Their life
histories are unknown although I presume they are similar to other saline-
dwelling cicindelids such as occur in the Nearctic region. My searches for
immatures around the salt flats where I have encountered adults have all
yielded negative results. It is possible that the immatures are temporally
segregated from the adults to avoid competition; hopefully, this will be
determined in the future.
Key to species of Rivacindela
1 . Antennal scape with a single seta 2
1 '. Antennal scape with several setae 7
2. Flightless species, hind wings vestigial, deformed or missing: humeri greatly reduced
3
2'. Species with well-developed flight wings and humeri 5
3. Base of elytra very setose C. salicursoria, n. sp.
3 '. Base of elytra glabrous or with few setae 4
4. Large species, 19 mm in length; apical lunule not ascending up suture
C. gairdneri Freitag
4'. Slightly smaller species, 13-14 mm in length: apical lunule ascending partially up
suture C. velox, n. sp.
5. Maculation running from shoulder to apex 6
5'. Maculation absent from basal half of elytra C. ozellae, n. sp.
6. Maculation broad; elytra punctate, shiny; base of elytra with few setae; pronotum
without setae along posterior margin C. cardinalba, n. sp.
6 . Maculation narrower; elytra granulate-punctate, dull; base of elytra with many setae;
pronotum with setae along posterior margin C. blackburni Sloane
7. Species with well-developed flight wings and humeri 8
7'. Flightless species, hind wings vestigial; humeri greatly reduced . . . C. vannideki, n. sp.
8. Frons setose 9
8'. Frons glabrous C. browni Sloane
9. Abdominal sternite 6 of female glabrous; female without apical elytral spines: maculation
complex (see fig. 10) C. igneicollis Bates
9'. Abdominal sternite 6 of female setose: female with apical elytral spines: maculation
usually less complex (see fig. 8) 10
10. Elytral color primarily cupreous-red: posterior margin of pronotum without setae
C. saetigera W. Horn
10 '. Elytral color primarily green; posterior margin of pronotum with setae C. collita n. sp.
120 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Cicindela (Rivacindela) blackburni Sloane
(Fig. 1)
Cicindela blackburni Sloane, 1906:342; Horn, 1915:319; 1926:201; 1938:45; Freitag,
1979:59.
DESCRIPTION: Head: Labrum white with four primary setae, tridentate, disc glabrous;
scape cupreous with green reflections, equipped with a single sub-apical seta, some specimens
also have 2-3 small, erect setae at the base; clypeus, genae, frons and vertex glabrous (except for
supraorbital sensory setae).
Thorax: Pronotum heavily setose around all margins, some setae found in disc, granulate-
rugose in texture, sub-quadrate in shape; all ventral and lateral segments (except meso- and
metasterna) with dense covering of white, decumbent setae; mesosternum glabrous; metasternum
glabrous in posterior half.
Abdomen: Lateral edges densely covered with white, decumbent setae; female with 6th
segment devoid of large, white setae; most of venter of both sexes with very small, erect, clear
setae, in addition to the erect, sensory setae.
Elyra: Male, nearly parallel-sided in shape, wider from basal third to apical third then
rounded to apex; female, wider than male from basal third to apical third then rounded to apex;
both sexes with white, decumbent and erect setae ( >40) along basal margin and extending slightly
into disc, strong humeri and subsutural rows of small foveae; both sexes without microserrations;
male without apical spine, female with apical spine; maculation consists of a band of white running
laterally from the shoulder to the apex and then up the suture to near or just beyond the apical third,
the lunules, although confluent are quite discernable; texture punctate-granulate.
Color: Head, metallic cupreous with slight green reflections, antennal segments 1-4 metallic
cupreous with green reflections; pronotum cupreous with green reflections, median sulcus metallic
green; elytra cupreous with green punctae; lateral thoracic segments metallic cupreous with green
reflections; ventral segments and abdomen brown-testaceous.
Size: Male, 9.7 mm in length and 3.5 mm in width; range 9.2-10.1 mm in length and 3.2-3.7
mm in width (n= 1 2); female, 10.7 mm in length and 4.4 mm in width; range 10.3-10.9 in length and
4.2-4.6 in width (n= 12).
Holotype: Female, W.A.: Norseman. Not seen. MVC, depository.
Co-type: Female. W.A.: Norseman. DEIC, depository.
Type locality: W.A.: Lake Cowan; here designated.
Distribution: W.A.: Lake Cowan; Northern Territory (N.T.): Newhaven Station?
(Freitag, 1979).
Activity period: Presently known to be active during the early autumn.
Diagnosis: C. blackburni may only be confused with one other species - C. salicursoria n.
sp. It differs from that species by its more prominent shoulders, shorter legs, functional flight wings
and elytra! pubescence.
REMARKS: C. blackburni was described by Sloane ( 1 906) from two
female specimens given to him by French. Until I collected a lengthy series
(82 specimens) at the type locality in 1985, the species was known only
from those two specimens. Although C. blackburni was treated by Freitag
(1979), the majority of specimens in his study were actually a new species
and not C. blackburni. The identity of the female specimen from N.T.
listed by Freitag (1979) is somewhat in doubt as it cannot be found at the
University of Sydney (F. J.D. McDonald, in lift. ), its reported depository. I
have not seen the type as the MVC would not risk the specimen to the mails.
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987 121
I compared my series to the co-type from the W. Horn Collection and the
comparison was quite favorable. Sloane (1906) stated that the type
specimens had come from the ''Norseman District" while the co-type
carries a label stating "Norseman;" the type, according to Freitag (1979)
carries the same label. I thoroughly investigated the area around the town of
Norseman in 1979 and found no evidence of saline habitats. As the co-type
is virtually identical with most females from my Lake Cowan series, I
hereby establish Lake Cowan as the correct type locality in accordance
with Article 72(h) of the ICZN. I found the species to prefer the margins of
Lake Cowan; no specimens were observed further than 100 m from the
playa margins. Unlike other species of Rivacindela, C. blackburni is fairly
quick to take flight, but generally does not fly more than 5 m before
alighting. Although not attracted to lights, it is active on the salt flats at
night.
Cicindela (Rivacindela) salicursoria, new species
(Fig. 2)
Cicindela blackburni of van Nidek, 1973, not Sloane, 1906.
Cicindela saetigera of Freitag, 1979, not W. Horn, 1893.
DESCRIPTION: Head: LBbrum white with 4 primary setae, tndentate, disc glabrous;
scape cupreous with green reflections, equipped with a single sub-apical seta, several
examined specimens also have 2-3 small erect setae at the base: clypeus, gena, frons and
vertex glabrous (except for supraorbital sensory setae).
Thorax: Pronotum heavily setose around all margins, some setae found in disc,
granulate-rugose in texture, cylindrical in shape: all ventral and lateral segments (except
meso- and metasterna) with dense covering of white, decumbent setae; mesosternum glabrous;
metasternum glabrous in posterior half.
Abdomen: Lateral edges densely covered with white, decumbent setae, female with
segment 6 devoid of large, white setae; majority of venter of both sexes with very small, erect,
clear setae.
Elytra: Male, ovoid in shape, wider from basal third to apical third then rounded to apex;
female, markedly wider from basal third to apical third then rounded to apex; both sexes with
white, decumbent and erect setae from basal margin extending into basal third, very reduced
humeri, vestigial flight wings and sub-sutural rows of small foveae; both sexes without
microserrations and apical spines; maculation very similar to C. blackburni except that the
middle band is usually somewhat narrower: texture punctate-granulate.
Color: Head, metallic cupreous with green reflections, antennal segments 1-4 metallic
cupreous with green reflections; pronotum cupreous with green reflections, median sulcus
metallic green; elytra cupreous with green punctae; lateral thoracic segments metallic
cupreous with green reflections; ventral segments and abdomen brown-testaceous.
Size: Male, 9.6 mm in length and 3.9 mm in width; range 9.3-9.8 mm in length and 3.7-
4.1 mm in width (n=12); female, 1 1.2 mm in length and 4.7 mm in width; range 10.8-1 1.4 in
length and 4.5-4.9 in width (n=!2).
Holotype: Male. W.A.: Lake Lefroy, 4 km N Widgiemooltha. 5-1 V- 1985. W.D.
Sumlin.
Allotype: Female. Same data as holotype.
Paratypes: 27 cfcf, 13 99 same data; 2 d-d1, 1 9 W. Australia, Widgiemooltha, 26-IV-
1962, J. and A. Douglas.
122 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Type locality: W.A.: Lake Lefroy.
Distribution of Type Series: Holotype to the Australian National Insect Collection,
CSIRO, Canberra, ACT. Three paratypes to the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands. One paratype to each of the following institutions and individuals: South
Australian Museum, Adelaide, S.A.; Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria; Queensland
Museum, Brisbane, QLD.; Institut fur Pflanzenforschung, Eberswalde-Finow, DDR; British
Museum (Natural History), London, England; Allan Walford-Huggins, Mt. Molloy, QLD.;
Ed V. Gage, San Antonio, Texas; Walter Johnson, Minneapolis, Minnesota. The allotype
and remaining paratypes to the Sumlin collection.
Etymology: Name from the Latin salts (salt) and cursor (a runner).
Activity period: Presently known to be active in the early autumn.
Diagnosis: Very closely related to C. blackburni. It differs from C. blackburni by
having much longer legs, very reduced shoulders, vestigial flight wings, very setose elytra, an
almost cylindrical prothorax, oval elytra and no elytral spines.
REMARKS: I found this species to inhabit the margins and salt crusts
of Lake Lefroy. The highway approaches to within 150m of the play a 4 km
north of Widgiemooltha and there is a jeep trail leading down to the lake's
shore at that point. I found it active around the playa margins and out on the
salt crust (ca. 1 50-200 m out on the flats). The specimens that were taken
around the margins of the playa were of a much redder color than those
found out on the salt crust and are presumed to be teneral adults. The
species was not common at the type locality, but I managed to collect 42
specimens in just over an hour. Although C. salicursoria cannot fly, it is
extremely fleet of foot and difficult to net. The beetles would usually wait
until I was close to them and then break into a very fast zig-zag pattern run,
always with the direction of the wind.
Cicindela (Rivacindela) cardinalba, new species
(Fig. 3)
Cicindela blackburni of Freitag, 1979, not Sloane, 1906.
DESCRIPTION: Head: Labrum white with 4 primary setae, tridentate, disc glabrous;
scape equipped with a single sub-apical seta; clypeus, gena, frons and vertex glabrous.
Thorax: Pronotum with white decumbent setae along all margins except posterior, a few
setae extend into the disc, finely rugose in texture, with rounded sides; all lateral and ventral
segments (except meso- and metasterna) clothed in white, decumbent setae; mesosternum
glabrous; metasternum glabrous in posterior half.
Abdomen: Lateral edges densely covered with white, decumbent setae; female with
segment 6 glabrous; both sexes glabrous medially (except for erect, sensory setae).
Elytra: Male: Nearly parallel-sided although slightly wider from basal third to apical
third then rounded to apex; female, markedly wider from basal third to apical third then
rounded to apex; both sexes with apical microserrations, setae along basal margin ( < 10/elytron),
strong humeri and subsutural rows of small foveae; male without apical spines, females with
apical spines; maculation similar to C. saetigera, but slightly more confluent and the apical
lunule usually does not ascend up the suture; texture tending more toward punctate, shiny.
Color: Head: majority metallic blue and green with some cupreous reflections, vertex
metallic red-cupreous; antennal segments 1-4 metallic cupreous with green reflections; pronoturn
red-cupreous; elytra bright red-cupreous; lateral segments bright cupreous with green reflections;
Vol. 98, No. 3. May & June 1987
123
ventral segments mostly metallic green with cupreous reflections: abdomen brown-testaceous
with metallic green edges.
Size: Male. 9.7 mm in length and 3.4 mm in width; range 9.4-10.3 in length and 3. 1-3.6 in
width(n=12); female, 1 1.5 mm in length and 4. 3 mm in width; range 1 1.0-1 1.7 mm in length and
4.1-4.5 in width (n =12).
Holotype: Male. S.A.: Old Coward Springs, 10-IV-1985. W.D. Sumlin.
Allotype: Female. Same data as holotype.
Paratypes: 1 1 cfcf, 13 99 same data; 4 tftf, 8 99, S.A.: Lake Eyre South, 10-IV-1985,
W.D. Sumlin; 1 cf , 4 99, S. A.: Lake Eyre, dead on salt, south shore. 23-IV- 1 955, G.F. Gross; 1
9, S.A.: Lake Eyre, dead on salt surface. Sulphur Pen.. 21 -VIII- 1967. G.F. Gross; 2 99,
S.A.: Lake Eyre, V- 195 3. K.P.Jones & party; 1 cf,499, S.A.: Wobna Mound Spring, +5 mi
SE Coward Spring, wet crusty salt surface, day/mating, 30-111-1969, A. Kowanko.
Type locality: S.A.: Old Coward Springs. This is not to be confused with New Coward
Springs which is several kilometers to the northeast. Old Coward Springs is approximately 200
m south of the Oodnadatta Track.
Distribution of Type Series: Holotype and 1 3 paratypes to the South Australian Museum,
Adelaide, S.A. Two paratypes to the Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO.
Canberra, ACT. One paratype to each of the following institutions and individuals: National
Museum of Victoria. Melbourne, Victoria; Queensland Musuem, Brisbane. QLD.; Institut fiir
Pflanzenforschung, Eberswalde-Finow, DDR; British Museum (Natural History), London.
England; Allan Walford-Huggins, Mt. Molloy, QLD.; Ed V. Gage. San Antonio. Texas; Walter
Figs. 1-3. Dorsal habitus of: 1) male C. blackburni Sloane, 2) male C. salicursoria n.sp., 3)
male C. cardinalba n. sp. Scale lines indicate 1 mm.
124 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Johnson, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Allotype and remaining paratypes to the Sumlin collection.
Etymology: Name from the Latin cardinalis (red) and alba (white) alluding to the
species' distinctive red and white appearance.
Activity period: Presently known to be active during the early autumn.
Diagnosis: Closely related to C. blackburni, but differing in its broader maculation,
elytral, pronotal and abdominal pubescence, shape of the prothorax, elytral texture and bright
red color.
REMARKS: In addition to morphological characters, the new species
differs markedly in its behavior; its flight is quite different from C.
blackburni in that it lifts higher off the substrate when taking to wing, flies
much stronger and flies farther (10-15 m as opposed to 5 m). I found it
inhabiting salt crust at both Old Coward Springs and Lake Eyre South
where it proved quite skittish and difficult to net. Capturing specimens at
Lake Eyre proved to be a major undertaking as I kept breaking through the
salt crust and sinking into the black, underlying mud. I felt very fortunate to
net 12 specimens at that location.
Cicindela (Rivacindela) ozellae, new species
(Fig. 4)
DESCRIPTION: Head: Labrum white with 4 primary setae, tridentate, disc glabrous;
scape equipped with a single, subapical seta; clypeus, gena, frons and vertex glabrous (except
for supraorbital sensory setae).
Thorax: Pronotum setose on all margins, lightly rugose in texture; all lateral and ventral
segments (except meso- and metasterna) with light to dense covering of white, decumbent
setae; meso- and metasternum glabrous.
Abdomen: Lateral edges lightly to densely clothed in white, decumbent setae, glabrous
medially (except for sensory setae).
Elytra: Male: nearly parallel-sided though slightly wider from basal third to apical third
then rounded to apex; female: unknown; male with setae (<15/elytron) along basal margin,
rows of small, subsutural foveae and minute apical microserrations; male without apical spine;
maculation consists of band of white beginning in basal half and running laterally to the apex,
no ascending basal lunule present; texture punctate, shiny.
Color: Head, metallic green and blue with slight cupreous reflections; antennal segments
1-4 metallic green with cupreous reflections; pronotum cupreous with green reflections,
median sulcus metallic green; elytra rose-cupreous with green punctae; lateral segments
metallic blue with green reflections; ventral segments mostly green metallic; abdomen brown-
testaceous.
Size: Male. 8.5 mm in length and 3.3 mm in width; range same as mean (n=2).
Holotype: Male. S.A.: Eucolo Creek at Island Lagoon, 31.8 km W Woomera, 13-IV-
1985, W.D. Sumlin; SAMC, depository.
Paratype: Male. Same data excpet 9-IV-1985; Sumlin collection, depository.
Type locality: S.A.: Island Lagoon.
Distribution: At present, known only from the type locality.
Etymology: I take pleasure in naming this species after my late mother, Ozella R.
Sumlin.
Activity period: Known to be active during the early autumn.
Diagnosis: Closest to C. cardinalba. May be told from that species by its much smaller
size, pronotal pubescence, reduced maculation, rose-red color and elytral texture..
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987 125
REMARKS: This species was extremely scarce at the type locality; I
spent nearly 8 hours walking the flats of Island Lagoon to collect the two
specimens comprising the type series. At first glance, the species does not
appear to be a member of Rivacindela, but a close examination discloses
the setose elytra, densely setose undersides and characteristic aedeagus.
Cicindela (Rivacindela) velox, new species
(Fig. 5)
DESCRIPTION: Head: Labrum white with 4 primary setae, males bidentate, females
tridentate, disc glabrous; scape equipped with a single sub-apical seta; clypeus, gena, frons and
vertex glabrous (except for supraorbital, sensory setae).
Thorax: Pronotum with sparse, decumbent and erect setae on lateral and anterior
margins, glabrous on posterior margin, a few setae extending into disc, rugose in texture, sides
slightly rounded; all lateral and ventral segments (except meso- and metasterna) with light to
dense covering of white, decumbent setae; meso- and metasternum glabrous.
Abdomen: Lateral edges lightly to densely clothed in white, decumbent setae; female
with segment 6 glabrous; both sexes glabrous medially (except for erect, sensory setae).
Elytra: Oval in shape, widest from basal third to apical third then rounded to apex; both
sexes with very small, indistinct subsutural foveae, reduced humeri and several very small
setae (<5/elytron) at the base; males, without apical spines, females, with apical spines; both
sexes without microserrations; flight wings present, but they are so distorted in shape that they
are useless for flight; maculation consists of a single band of white beginning in the basal third
and running laterally rearward to the apex and then slightly up the suture to the apical fourth.
Color: Majority of head dark, burgundy-red with cupreous and green reflections;
antennal segments 1-4 burgundy-red with some cupreous reflections; pronotum dark
burgundy-red with slight, green reflections; lateral segments burgundy-red with extensive light
cupreous and green reflections; ventral segments largely cupreous and green metallic;
abdomen brown-testaceous with lateral edges cupreous and green.
Size: Male, 13.2 mm in length and 5.7 mm in width; range 12.9-13.5 in length and 5.1-
5.9 in width (n=6); female, 14.3 mm in length and 6. 3 mm in width; range 14.0-14.7 in length
and 5.9-6.5 in width (n=6).
Holotype:Male. W.A.: Lake Cowan, 19.1 km N Norseman, 4-IV-1985, W.D. Sumlin.
Allotype: Female. Same data.
Paratypes: 8 cfcf, same data; 6 99 same data.
Type locality: W.A.: Lake Cowan.
Distribution: Known only from the type locality.
Distribution of Type Series: Holotype to the Australian National Insect Collection,
CSIRO, Canberra, ACT. One paratype to each of the following institutions and individuals:
South Australian Museum, Adelaide, S.A; Queensland Museum, Brisbane, QLD.; Institut
fur Pflanzenforschung, Eberswald-Finow, DDR; Allan Walford-Huggins, Mt. Molloy,
QLD.; Ed V. Gage, San Antonio, Texas; Walter Johnson, Minneapolis, Minnesota. The
allotype and remaining paratypes to the Sumlin collection.
Etymology: From the Latin for swift, alluding to the species' rapid running ability.
Activity period: Active in early autumn.
Diagnosis: C. velox can only be confused with C. gairdneri; it differs from that species
by its smaller size, maculation and pronotal pubescence.
REMARKS: I found this species far out on the salt flats of Lake
Cowan. The species would, in all cases, wait until I was nearly on top of it
before it moved; when it moved, it always broke into an exceedingly fast
126
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
run, and always in a straight line with the direction of the wind. The beetles
were so fast that I had to break into an immediate run in order to intercept
them. On two occasions, large females actually outran me for distances of
10-15 m! The species was not common at the type locality during my stay
as I saw and collected only about two an hour.
Cicindela (Rivacindela) gairdneri Freitag
(Fig. 6)
Cicindela gairdneri Freitag, 1979:63.
DESCRIPTION: Head: Labrum white with 4 primary setae, female tridentate, male
unknown, disc glabrous; scape equipped with a single sub- apical seta; clypeus. gena, frons and
vertex glabrous (except for supraorbital, sensory setae).
Thorax: Pronotum with sparse, decumbent and erect setae on lateral margins, glabrous
on posterior margin and medial area of anterior margin, disc glabrous, slightly rugose in
texture, sides nearly parallel-sided; all lateral and ventral segments (except meso- and
metasterna) with light to dense covering of white, decumbent setae; meso- and metasterna
glabrous.
Abdomen: Lateral edges lightly to densely clothed in white, decumbent setae; female
with segment 6 glabrous, glabrous medially (except for erect, sensory setae).
I
Figs. 4-6. Dorsal habitus of: 4) male C. ozellae n.sp., 5) male C. velox n.sp., 6) holotype
female C. gairdneri Freitag. Scale lines indicate 1 mm.
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987 127
Elytra: Female markedly oval in shape, widest from basal third to apical third then
rounded to apex; male unknown; female with very small, indistinct subsutural foveae, very
reduced humeri and apical spines; base of elytra without setae; apex without microserrations;
flight wings absent; maculation consists of a band of white beginning in the basal fourth and
running laterally posteriorad to the apex.
Color: Most of head dark, burgundy-red with cupreous and green reflections; antennal
segments 1 -4 burgundy-red with slight cupreous reflections; pronotum dark burgundy-red with
slight, green reflections; lateral segments burgundy-red with extensive light cupreous and
green reflections; ventral segments largely cupreous and green metallic; abdomen brown-
testaceous with cupreous and green edges.
Size: Female, 19.1 mm in length and 8.2 mm in width (n=l).
Holotype: Female. SW Gulf L. Gairdner, 18-111- 1950. South Australian Museum.
Adelaide, S.A., depository.
Type locality: S.A.: Lake Gairdner.
Distribution: Known only from the type locality.
Activity period: The only known specimen was collected during the late summer.
Diagnosis: Easily separated from the other species of Rivacindela by its massive size,
type of maculation and lack of flight wings.
REMARKS: This species is known only from the holotype specimen.
I attempted to collect the species during my expedition in 1 985 , but getting
to the type locality required four-wheel drive - something my rental vehicle
did not have. Judging from the holotype's very long legs and massive body,
the species may be fleeter of foot than C. relox.
Cicindela (Rivacindela) browni Sloane
(Fig. 7)
Cicindela browni Sloane, 1913:401: Horn, 1915:319: 1926:201; 1938:45; Freitag,
1979:61.
DESCRIPTION: Head: Labrum white with 4 primary setae, tridentate. disc glabrous;
scape metallic cupreous, heavily covered with white decumbent setae: gena lightly setose: clypeus,
frons and vertex glabrous; a small tuft of setae found between the antenna! socket and the eye.
Thorax: Pronotum setose on all margins, some setae in disc, lightly rugose in texture; all
ventral and lateral segments (except meso- and metasterna) with dense covering of white,
decumbent setae; mcsosternum glabrous; metasternum glabrous in posterior half.
Abdomen: Lateral edges densely covered with white, decumbent setae; segment 6 of female
glabrous (except for 2-4 setae on anterior margin; glabrous medially (except for erect sensory')
setae).
Elytra: Male: slightly parallel-sided although wider from basal third to apical third then
rounded to apex; female, wider from basal third to apical third then rounded to apex: both sexes
with a few (< 10) white setae along the basal margin, strong humeri and subsutural rows of small
foveae; male without microserrations; female with small microserrations at apex; male without
apical spines; female with small apical spines; maculation consists of a confluent band starting at
the shoulder and then running laterally to the apex, broadening as it goes, and then up the suture to
a point in the basal third; texture granulate-punctate.
Color: Head, metallic cupreous with slight green reflections, antennal segments 1-4 metallic
cupreous; pronotum cupreous; elytra light cupreous with green punctae; lateral thoracic segments
metallic cupreous with slight green reflections: ventral segments and abdomen largely brown-
testaceous.
Size: Male, 1 1.2 mm in length and 4.1 mm in width; range 1 1.2-1 1.3 in length and 4.1-4.2 in
128 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
width (n=2 ); female, 12.8 mm in length and 4.8 mm in width; range 12.6-12.9 in length and 4.7-4.9
in width (n=3).
Holotype: Presumed lost.
Co-type: Female. W.A.: Lake Austin, H.W. Brown. MVC, depository.
Co-type: Female. W.A.: Lake Austin, H.W. Brown. DEIC, depository.
Type locality: W.A.: Lake Austin.
Distribution: W.A.: Lake Austin.
Activity period: From all available data, C. browni is an autumn species.
Diagnosis:Differs from the other species with setose scapes by its glabrous frons and vertex.
REMARKS: This species is one of the rarest in collections. This is
probably due to its remote type locality and activity period. I found it around
the margins of Lake Austin on 29 March, 1985. Its behavior was similar to C.
saetigera in that it flew for long distances (15m) and was a fast runner.
Cicindela (Rivacindela) saetigera W. Horn
(Fig. 8)
Cicindela saetigera W. Horn, 1893:198; 1915:319; 1926:201; 1938:45; Sloane,
1906:343; Freitag, 1979:58; Sumlin, 1981:279; 1984:197.
Cicindela jungi Blackburn, 1901:15; Rainbow, 1904:245; Sloane, 1906:343; Horn,
1915:319; 1926:201.
DESCRIPTION: Head: Labrum white with 4 primary setae, tridentate (strongly so in
female), disc lightly to densely clothed in white, decumbent setae; scape cupreous with green
reflections, heavily covered with white, decumbent seate; clypeus, gena, frons and anterior
portion of vertex covered with white, decumbent setae.
Thorax: Pronotum heavily setose on lateral and anterior margins, granulate-rugose in
texture; all ventral and lateral segments (except meso- and metasterna) with dense covering of
white, decumbent setae; mesosternum glabrous; metasternum glabrous in posterior half.
Abdomen: Lateral edges densely clothed in white, decumbent setae; female with setae
on segment 6, glabrous medially (except for erect sensory setae).
Elytra: Male: sub-ovoid in shape, wider from basal third to apical third then rounded to
apex; female, markedly wider from basal third to apical third then rounded to apex; both sexes
with white, decumbent and erect setae on basal margins, small humeral angles and sub-sutural
rows of small foveae; both sexes without microserrations; male without apical spines, females
with apical spines; maculation consists of a confluent band of white running from the shoulder
laterally to the apex and then up the suture to a point just below the bulge of the middle lunule;
texture granulate-punctate.
Color: Head, metallic green with cupreous reflections, antennal segments 1-4 metallic
cupreous; pronotum metallic cupreous with green reflections, median sulcus metallic green;
elytra cupreous with green punctae; lateral thoracic segments metallic green with cupreous
reflections; ventral segments and abdomen brown-testaceous.
Size: Male, 1 1.2 mm in length and 4.3 mm in width; range 10.8-1 1.9 mm in length and
3.9-4.7 in width (n=12); female, 12.4 mm in length and 4.8 mm in width; 1 1.8-12.8 in length
and 4.4-5.1 mm in width (n=12).
Holotype: Female. "Cap York;" DEIC, depository.
Type locality: S.A.: Yorke Peninsula.
Distribution: S.A.: Wallaroo, Lake Crosby, Lake Bumbinga, Tailem Bend, 19.4 km S.
Tailem Bend; Viet.: Swan Hill.
Activity period: Active during the summer months.
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987
129
Diagnosis: Closely related to C. collita n. sp.; easily separated by its less diffuse
maculation, lack of setae along posterior margin of pronotum, red color and larger size.
REMARKS: Contrary to Freitag (1979), I find no tendency toward
variation of the elytral maculations in any of the population samples
studied; all are essentially identical with the specimen depicted in Fig. 8.
This is the most common species of the subgenus but it is not found in many
collections. I found it to be a very fast runner and able flier (Sumlin, 1 984)
on a salt flat in southern S.A. The species is no longer found at Wallaroo
due to the destruction of salt flats at that location.
Cicindela (Rivacindela) collita, new species
(Fig. 9)
Cicindela saetigera of Freitag, 1979, not W. Horn. 1893.
DESCRIPTION: Head: Labrum white with 4 primary setae, tridentate, disc lightly to
densely clothed in white, decumbent setae; scape heavily covered with white, decumbent
setae; clypeus, gena, frons and anterior portion of vertex covered with white, decumbent
setae.
Figs. 7-9. Dorsal habitus of: 7) male C. browni Sloane, 8) male C. saetigera W. Horn. 9) male
C. collita n.sp. Scale lines indicate 1 mm.
130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Thorax: Pronotum heavily setose on all margins, granulate-rugose in texture; all ventral
and lateral segments (except meso- and metasterna) with dense covering of white, decumbent
setae; mesosternum glabrous; metasternum glabrous in posterior half.
Abdomen: Lateral edges densely clothed in white, decumbent setae; female with setae on
segment 6, glabrous medially (except for erect, sensory setae).
Elytra: Male: sub-ovoid in shape, wider from basal third to apical third then rounded to
apex; female, markedly wider from basal third to apical third then rounded to apex; both sexes
with white, decumbent and erect setae on basal margins, small humeral angles and subsutural
rows of small foveae; both sexes usually without microserrations (some females have minute
teeth along apex); male without apical spines, females with apical spines; maculation similar to
C. saetigera, but much more diffuse and all specimens studied have a basal dot; apical lunule in
many specimens ascends up suture to become a basal dot and there is an extension of the basal
lunule into the disc; texture granulate-punctate.
Color: Head, metallic green with slight cupreous reflections, antennal segments 1-4
metallic green with cupreous reflections; pronotum dark metallic green with cupreous
reflections; elytra dark green with cupreous punctae; lateral thoracic segments metallic green
with cupreous reflections; ventral segments and abdomen brown-testaceous.
Size: Male, 10.1 mm in length and 3.8 mm in width; range 9. 8- 10. 2 mm in length and 3.4-
4.0 in width (n=6); female, 10.4 mm in length and 4.0 mm in width; range 10.0-10.7 mm in
length and 3.8-4.2 in width (n=6).
Holotype: Male. On salt edge of Coorong, S.A., 1-1967, P. Gniel.
Allotype: Female. Same data.
Paratypes: 5 cTcf same data; 22 99 same data.
Type locality: S.A.: The Coorong.
Distribution: At present, known only from the type locality.
Distribution of Type Series: Holotype, allotype and 23 paratypes to the South
Australian Museum (SAM), Adelaide, S.A.; 4 paratypes to the Sumlin collection.
Etymology: Name from the latin collitus (smeared) alluding to the new species' smeared,
diffuse maculation.
Activity period: Apparently the same as C. saetigera.
Diagnosis: May be told from C. saetigera by its broad, diffuse maculation, green color,
smaller size and setae on the posterior margin of the pronotum.
REMARKS: The new species was discussed by Freitag (1979) as a
geographical variant of C. saetigera.
Cicindela (Rivacindela) igneicollis, Bates
(Fig. 10)
Cicindela igneicollis Bates, 1874:262, Sloane, 1906:344; 1913:402; Horn, 1915:319;
1926:201; 1938:4&11; Freitag, 1979:56.
DESCRIPTION: Head: Labrum white with four primary setae, female tridentate, male
unknown, disc glabrous; scape with covering of white, decumbent setae; clypeus, gena, frons
and anterior portion of vertex with white, decumbent setae.
Thorax: Pronotum heavily setose on lateral and anterior margins, lightly rugose in
texture, subquadrate in shape; all ventral and lateral segments (except meso- and metasterna)
with dense covering of white, decumbent setae; mesosternum glabrous; metasternum glabrous
in posterior half.
Abdomen: Lateral edges densely covered in white, decumbent setae; female with
segment 6 glabrous; glabrous medially (except for erec sensory setae).
Vol. 98, No. 3. May & June 1987 131
Elytra: Female, vaguely-ovoid in shape, widest from basal third to apical third then
rounded to apex; male, unknown; base with white setae; humeri prominent; female without
apical spines or microserrations; maculation similar to C. saetigera except ascending portion
of apical lunule ascends well into basal third and there is adiscal lunule running parallel to the
apical lunule and marginal line.
Color: Head, metallic cupreous with green reflections; antennal segments 1-4 metallic
cupreous; pronotum cupreous with green reflections, sulci green metallic; elytra cupreous with
green punctae; lateral thoracic segments cupreous with green reflections; ventral segments and
abdomen brown-testaceous.
Size: Female. 13.0 mm in length and 4.9 mm in width (n=l).
Holotype: Female. W.A.: Nickol Bay. Presumed lost or destroyed.
Type locality: W.A.: Nickol Bay.
Distribution: W.A.: Nickol Bay; Western Australia [no specific locality), 1922-1923.
B.R. Lucas; BMNH, depository.
Activity period: Unknown.
Diagnosis: Differs from the other members of the subgenus by its maculation and
pubescence as outlined in the above key and description.
REMARKS: Bates (1874) described the species from two females
given to him by DuBoulay. This species shares with Nickerlea distipsi-
deroides W. Horn and C. gairdneri the distinction of being the rarest
Australian cicindelids in collections. As far as I am able to discern, there
are no specimens of this species housed in Australian museums. The
British Museum (Natural History) possesses the only known example and
it is not one of the Bates specimens. The specimen was determined as C.
igneicollis by Walter Horn in 1926. It fits Bates' (1874) original
description, but due to the loss of the types and the fact that the specimen at
hand does not bear a Nickol Bay label, I am inclined to view this specimen
as a tentative representative of the species. When specimens are finally
collected at the type locality, this tentative determination will be confirmed
or rejected. I have visited Nickol Bay twice ( 1 979 & 1 985 ) in attempts to
collect the species, but it eluded me on both occasions as it was exceedingly
hot in both instances. I suspect that the species would be present when the
temperature stabilizes around the 30°C mark. According to Bromwyn Hunt
of Karratha, W.A. (pers. comm.), this would be sometime in late April or
May. The habitat at Nickol Bay has changed very little since the insect was
described except that there is now a large salt extraction plant operated by
Dampier Salt Ltd. at the southwest corner of the salt fiats.
Cidndela (Rivacindela) vannideki, new species
(Fig. 11)
Cidndela igneicollis of van Nidek, 1973; not Bates, 1874.
DESCRIPTION: Head: Labrum white with four primary setae, tridentate, disc glabrous;
scape cupreous with green reflections, heavily covered with white, decumbent setae; clypeus.
gena, frons and anterior portion of vertex with white, decumbent setae.
Thorax: Pronotum heavily setose on lateral and anterior margins, granulate-rugose in
132
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
texture; all ventral and lateral segments (except meso- and metasterna) with dense covering of
white, decumbent setae; mesosternum glabrous; metasternum glabrous in posterior half.
Abdomen: Lateral edges densely clothed in white, decumbent setae; female with segment 6
setose, glabrous medially (except for erect sensory setae).
Elytra: Male, sub-ovoid in shape, widest from basal third to apical third then rounded to
apex; female, markedly wider from basal third to apical third then rounded to apex; both sexes
with white, decumbent and erect setae in basal fourth of dorsal surface, small sub-sutural foveae,
very reduced humeri and vestigial flight wings; male, with minute microserrations, female,
without microserrations; male, without apical spines, female, with apical spines; maculation
similar to C. igneicollis except that the discal lunule is not attached to the apical lunule and the
middle band is much more pitched and discernable.
Color: Head, metallic cupreous with green reflections, antennal segments 1-4 metallic
cupreous; pronotum cupreous with green reflections; elytra dark cupreous with green punctae;
lateral thoracic segments metallic green with cupreous reflections; ventral segments and
abdomen brown-testaceous.
Size: Male, 10.5 mm in length and 3.9 mm in width; range same as means for both length
and width (n=2); female, 12.1 mm in length and 4.9 mm in width (n=l).
Holotype: Male. W.A.: North lip of Johnston Lakes, W. of Norseman, 23-111-1968, A.
Baynes & J. Bannister; Running on surface of lake; specimen #69-1579; WAMC, depository.
Allotype: Female. Same data (except specimen #69-1581) and depository as holotype.
Paratype: Male. Same data; UAMC, depository.
Type locality: W.A.: Lake Johnston.
Figs. 10-11. Dorsal habitus of: 10) female C. igneicollis Bates, 11) holotype male C.
vannideki n.sp. Scale lines indicate 1 mm.
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987 133
Etymology: Named in honor of C.M.C. Br. van Nidek. Dutch scholar of the Australian
Cicindelidae.
Activity period: From the type specimens, the species is active during the early autumn.
Diagnosis: C. vannideki may be separated from the closely related C. igneicollis and C
saetigera by its maculation, elytral pubescence, reduced shoulders and vestigial flight wings.
REMARKS: This species was apparently the one used by van Nidek
(1973) in assessing generic characters for Rivacindela as it fits the generic
description much better than "C. blackburni" with respect to pubescence of
the head.
DISCUSSION
From my studies on this subgenus, I believe that the total number of
species of Rivacindela, when finally described, will far exceed the eleven
reviewed in this paper. This projection is based upon the various species'
ability to change with the passage of time and the restriction of gene flow
from like populations. All of the above species are confined to salt flats and,
for the present, are considered to have zero v agility . The number of salt fiats
in Western Australia, South Australia and Northern Territory that could
harbor isolated species is enormous. Most of these fiats are in the
"outback" and inaccessible to conventional transportation; as more roads
are opened and these flats become accessible, the number of known
Rivacindela species will, in all likelihood, climb accordingly.
As presently defined, there are two main stems of species within
Rivacindela: the blackburni stem (characterized by unisetose scapes and
glabrous heads) and the brown i stem (characterized by multi-setose scapes
and setose heads). From out-group comparisons of various character
states, I believe the ranking of species presented in this paper to be the most
parsimonious. In a future paper (in progress), I will present a phylogeny
and male genitalia study for the subgenus.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to extend thanks to the following people for the loan of specimens and/or data: Eric
Matthews, South Australian Museum. Adelaide, S.A.; Tom Weir. CSIRO. Canberra, ACT;
Terry Houston, Western Australian Museum. Perth, W.A.: Lothar Dieckmann. Institut fur
Pflanzenforschung, Eberswalde-Finow. DDR; F.J.D. McDonald. University of Sydney,
Sydney, N.S. W.; Chris van Nidek, Voorburg. The Netherlands; Allan Walford-Huggins. Mt.
Molloy, Qld.; A. Neboiss. Museum of Victoria, Abbotsford, Vic.; M.J.D. Brendell and N.E.
Stork, British Museum (Natural History). London, England; B. Brugge, University of
Amsterdam. Amsterdam. The Netherlands. Thanks are also extended to E.V. Gage (San
Antonio, Texas) and J.M. Cicero (Gainesville, Florida) for their critical reviews of the
manuscript.
134 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
LITERATURE CITED
Bates, H.W. 1874. New species of Cicindelidae. Ent. Mo. Mag. 10:261-269.
Blackburn, T. 1901. Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new
genera and species. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia 25:15-44.
Freitag, R. 1 979. Reclassification, phylogeny and zoogeography of the Australian species of
Cicindela (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Aust. Journ. of Zoo. Suppl. Ser. 66:1-99.
Horn, W.I 893. Neue Cicindeliden. Deutsch Ent. Zeitschr. 197-200.
_1915. Coleoptera. Adephaga. Family Carabidae, subfamily Cicindelinae.
Genera Insectorum diriges par P. Wytsman. Louis Desmet-Verteneuil, Brussels. Fasc.
82C:209-486, 8 pis.
1926. Carabidae. Cicindelinae. In Junk, W., Coleopterorum catalogus.
Berlin. 1:1-345.
1938. 2000 Zeichnungen von Cicindelinae. Ent. Beih., Berlin-Dahlem. 5:1-71,
90 pis.
Rainbow, W.J. 1 904. Note on Cicindela jungi and descriptions of two new beetles. Rec.
Aust. Mus. Sydney 5:245-247.
Sloane, T.G. 1906. Revision of the Cicindelidae of Australia. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.
31:309-360, 116 figs.
1913. Description of two new species of Cicindela from Western Australia.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 38:401-403.
Sumlin, W.D. 1981. Studies on the Australian Cicindelidae II: New taxa from Australia
(Coleoptera). Coleopt. Bull. 35(3):273-280, 1 fig.
1984. Studies on the Australian Cicindelidae III: Observations on the
Australian members of the genus Cicindela L. (Coleoptera). Ent. News 95(5 ): 1 89- 1 99, 1
fig.
van Nidek, C.M.C. Br. 1973. A new genus and a new species from the Australian region
(Cicindelidae; Coleoptera). Ent. Blatter 69(l):61-63.
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1 987 1 35
HOST PLANTS FOR NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES
OF RIVELLIA (DIPTERA: PLATYSTOMATIDAE)1
B.A. Foote, B.D. Bowker, B.A. McMichael2
ABSTRACT: Host plants for 1 1 of the 3 1 Nearctic species ofRivellia represent 6 species of
Leguminosae belonging to 5 genera of the subfamily Papilionoideae. Larvae attack and
destroy root nodules and may reduce the nitrogen-fixing capability of the host plant.
The recent discovery that Rivellia quadrifasciata (Macquart) has
shifted from its native legume host to soybean in Louisiana (Eastman and
Wuensche 1977) and North Carolina (Koethe 1982) has stimulated
interest in this genus of the largely tropical family Platystomatidae.
Newsom et al. (1978) have shown that larval feeding on soybean root
nodules by R. quadrifasciata can affect the nitrogen-fixing capacity of the
plant. Koethe and Van Duyn ( 1 984) have discussed larval feeding behavior
on soybean nodules and reported that southern pea ( Vigna unguiculata
(L.) Walp.) was also being attacked by larvae. Later, Koethe and Van
Duyn ( 1 986) described the oviposition behavior of this species, and Koethe
et al. (1986) discussed its adult seasonality and overwintering habits.
Foote (1985) elucidated the life cycle of R. pallida Loew, a species
associated with hog-peanut (Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald) in the
Eastern States. He also listed the known host plants of the Nearctic species
of Rivellia, and predicted that several other species of the genus will
eventually shift to a variety of introduced, agriculturally important species
of Leguminosae. Bibro and Foote (1986) described and illustrated the
mature larva of R. pallida, utilizing a scanning electron microscope.
The present paper is an expansion of the host plant list published by
Foote ( 1 985) and includes natural history observations on several species.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Most of the field work on potential legume hosts ofRivellia was carried
out in northeastern Ohio between 1981 and 1986, with occasional trips to
sites in the more southeastern counties of the state. Other observations
were made during a week-long collecting trip to Missouri, Oklahoma, and
Kansas during early May, 1985, and additional records were obtained in
eastern Oklahoma on May 23, 1986. Suspected host plants were swept
with a standard insect net. A legume species was considered to be a host
1 Received Jan. 9, 1987. Accepted March 23, 1987.
Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University Kent, OH 44242.
ENT. NEWS 98(3): 135-139, May & June, 1987
136 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
only if at least 2 separate stands of the plant produced adult Rivellia. In
addition to sweeping, soil samples taken below suspected hosts were
examined for immature stages. Larvae and puparia were subsequently
reared to the adult stage to obtain species identifications. Larvae were
provided with root nodules taken from the host plant. Voucher specimens of
the host plants and species of Rivellia have been deposited in the research
collection of Kent State University.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Six species of Leguminosae representing 5 genera of the subfamily
Papilionoideae are now known to serve as hosts for Rivellia larvae (Table
1 ). Observations on each of the Rivellia sp. are given in the following
section.
The few adults of R. flavimana Loew and R. metallica Wulp that we
have collected were all swept from stands of hog-peanut in northeastern
Ohio during mid to late June. One fully grown larva of the former species
was encountered in a soil sample taken beneath the host plant on October 5 ,
1985. Because no pupation had occurred during the 35 days that the larva
was held at room temperatures, it was transferred to a refrigerator on
November 10 where it remained until April 9, 1986. On that date the larva
was returned to room temperatures. It formed a puparium on April 13, with
an adult male emerging on April 21 . Interestingly, 1 1 other larvae found in
the same soil sample on October 5 all produced adults of R. pallida.
Namba (1956) encountered adults of all 3 species on hog-peanut in
Minnesota.
Both/?, melliginis (Fitch) and/?, viridulans Robineau-Desvoidy were
swept from black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) at numerous localities
in Ohio and at one site in western Missouri between early May and late
July, with most of the records being obtained in June. Collecting data
indicate that R. melliginis was, by far, the more abundant species.
However, eggs, larvae, and puparia of both species were recovered from soil
collected below stands of Robinia. At least 2 generations a year are
produced in northeastern Ohio, with overwintering occurring as mature
larvae in diapause.
The first record of the host plant for R. micans Loew was obtained on
May 13, 1985, when 5 adults of both sexes were swept from false-indigo
(Amorpha fmticosa L.) growing on the shoreline of the reservoir at the
Great Salt Plains State Park in northcentral Oklahoma. On July 12, 1986,
a second collection of some 30 adults was swept from a single specimen of
false-indigo growing on the north shore of the Ohio River 20 miles east of
Marietta, Ohio. In Oklahoma, this species was associated with adults of/?.
munda Namba, but it occurred alone at the Ohio River site.
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987 137
Information on the host plant of R. munda was first obtained on May
13, 1985, when 31 adults were swept from A. fruticosa at the Great Salt
Plains State Park, Oklahoma. A second collection was taken from
Amorpha growing on the shore of Eufaula Lake in eastern Oklahoma on
May 23, 1986. Surprisingly, R. munda was not taken from Amorpha in
southern Ohio during July, 1986, although R. micans was collected
abundantly there.
The natural history and basic ecology of R. quadrifasciata, the
soybean nodule fly, is now well studied, as it has become an economic pest
of soybean and southern pea. Harold Lambert (personal communication)
reported that the native host of/?, quadrifasciata in Louisiana probably is a
species of tick trefoil (Desmodium sp.).
Immature stages and adults of R. steyskali Namba were repeatedly
collected in stands of Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. in northern and
southern Ohio. At least 2, possibly 3, generations a year occur in the
northeastern part of the state, with overwintering taking place as mature
larvae in diapause.
The first record of the host plant ofR. variabilis Loew was obtained at
Kent, Ohio, on May 5, 1986, when a male and female of the black form
(Namba 1956) emerged from puparia that had been formed by larvae
encountered in soil samples taken below vines of ground-nut (Apios
americana Medic.) in late November, 1985. The larvae were refrigerated
for 150 days before being returned to room temperatures. Two adults were
later swept from scattered individuals of ground-nut at the Herrick Fen
Nature Preserve in Portage County, Ohio, on July 27, 1 986. Interestingly,
adults and immature stages of a second species, R. \\-inifredae Namba, have
also been recorded from ground-nut (Foote 1985).
The available evidence strongly suggests that all Nearctic species of
Rivellia are restricted to various species of Leguminosae for their larval
nutrition. Apparently this is true also in other regions of the world. Koizumi
(1957) and Bhattacharjee (1977) found Rivellia larvae attacking root
nodules of soybean in Japan and India, respectively. Seeger and Maldaque
( 1 960) reported that an undetermined species of Rivellia was an important
enemy of peanut, Arachis hypogea L., in equatorial Africa. Finally,
DiatlofT ( 1 965 ) stated that Rivellia larvae were consuming root nodules of a
pasture legume, (Glycine javanica L.) in Australia.
It may be significant that all known hosts of the Nearctic species of
Rivellia belong to the legume subfamily Papilionoideae. No adults were
obtained in repeated sweeping of honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.)
and redbud ( Cercis canadensis L.), both of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae,
in Ohio. Similarly, no adults were taken from prairie clover (Desmanthus
illinoensis (Michx.) MacM.) or sensitive brier (Schrankia nuttallii (DC.)
Stand!.), of the Mimosoideae, in Missouri and Oklahoma. Species belonging
138 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
to the Caesalpinioideae generally do not produce root nodules, although
several taxa of Mimosoideae are well nodulated (Allen and Allen 1981).
Unfortunately, most of the agriculturally important species of Leguminosae
belong to the very large, widespread, and well nodulated subfamily
Papilionoideae. The recent reports that larvae of R. quadrifasciata have
shifted to southern pea (Koethe and Van Duyn 1984) and soybean
(Eastman and Wuensche 1977) supports the suggestion (Foote 1985) that
additional species of the genus will eventually shift to introduced legume
crops that are now widely planted in North America.
Table 1. Native Host Plants of North American Rivellia,
Species of Rivellia. Host Plant Study Site
R. flavimana Amphicarpaea bracteata OH, MN
R. melliginis Robinia pseudoacacia MO, OH
R. metal! ica Amphicarpaea bracteata OH, MN
R. micans Amorpha fmticosa OH, OK
R. inunda Amorpha fmticosa OK
R. pallida Amphicarpaea bracteata OH, MN
R. quadrifasciata Desmodium sp.? LA, NC
R. steyskali Desmodium paniculatum OH
R. variabilis Apios americana OH
R. viridulans Robinia pseudoacacia OH
R. \\-inifredae Apios americana OH, MN
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are indebted to Barbara Andreas, Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland, for
taxonomic aid in determining species of Leguminosae. Harold Lambert, Department of
Entomology at Louisiana State University, provided information on the native host of the
soybean nodule fly, Rivellia quadrifasciata.
LITERATURE CITED
Allen, O.N., and E.K. Allen. 1981. The Leguminosae. Univ. Wise. Press, Madison.
lxiv+812p.
Bhattacharjee, N.S. 1977. Preliminary studies on the effect of some soil insecticides on
soybean nodulation. Pesticides 11: 38.
Bibro, C.M., and B.A. Foote. 1986. Larval description of Rivellia pallida (Diptera:
Platystomatidae), a consumer of the nitrogen-fixing root nodules of hog-peanut, A mphica rpa
bracteata (Leguminosae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 88: 578-584.
Diatloff, A. 1965. Larvae of Rivellia (Diptera: Platystomatidae) attacking the root nodules of
Glycine javanica L. J. Entomol. Soc. Queensland 4: 86.
Eastman, C.E., and A.L. Wuensche. 1977. A new insect damaging nodules of soybean:
Rivellia quadrifasciata (Macquart). J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 12: 190-199.
Foote, B.A. 1985. Biology of Rivellia pallida (Diptera: Platystomatidae), a consumer of the
nitrogen-fixing root nodules ofAmphicarpa bracteata (Leguminosae). J. Kansas Entomol.
Soc. 58: 27-35.
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987 139
Koethe, R.W. 1982. Descriptive studies of the biology and ecology of Rivellia quadrifasciata
(Macquart) in eastern North Carolina. Ph. D. Diss., North Carolina St. Univ. 144p.
Koethe, R.V. and J.W. Van Duyn. 1 984. Aspects of larva/host relations of the soybean nodule
fly, Rivellia quadrifasciata (Diptera: Platystomatidae). Environ. Entomol. 13: 945-947.
Koethe, R.W. and J.W. Van Duyn. 1 986. A technique for studying oviposition of the soybean
nodule fly, Rivellia quadrifasciata. J. Agr. Entomol. 2: 383-387.
Koethe, R.W., F. Gould, and J.W. Van Duyn. 1986. Soybean nodule fly. Rivellia
quadrifasciata (Diptera: Platystomatidae): Aspects of overwintering and adult seasonal
abundance. Environ. Entomol. 15: 349-354.
Koizumi, K. 1957. Notes on dipterous pests of economic plants in Japan. Botyu-Kagaki 22:
223-227.
Namba, R. 1956. A revision of the flies of the genus Rivellia (Otitidae, Diptera) of America
north of Mexico. U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 106: 21-84.
Newsom, L.D., E.P. Dunigan, C.E. Eastman, R.L. Hutchision, and R.M. McPherson.
1978. Insect injury reduces nitrogen fixation in soybeans. La. Agric. 21: 15-16.
Seeger, J.R., and M.E. Maldague. 1960. Infestation de nodules de legumineuses en region
equatoriale par des larves de Rivellia sp. (Dipt.). Parasitica 16: 75-84.
XVIII INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGY
Vancouver, Brit. Col., Canada
July 3-9, 1988
Sponsored by the Entomological Society of Canada, Facilities will be provided by, and all
scientific sessions will be held on the campus of, the Univ. of British Columbia.
Scientific program will include plenary lectures and symposia, section symposia, workshops,
and special-interest group meetings, as well as contributed paper and poster sessions.
Entomologists wishing to propose sectional symposia, special-interest group meetings, or
workshops should write to Dr. G.G.E. Scudder (see below).
Persons wishing to receive the Second Announcement Brochure containing details of
program, registration, accommodation, tours, etc. should write to Dr. G.G.E. Scudder,
Secretary-General, XVIII International Congress of Entomology, Dep't of Zoology, Univ. of
British Columbia, Vancouverm B.C. V6T 2A9, Canada.
140 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
SUITABILITY OF BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE
AND MYZUS PERSICAE (HOMOPTERA:
APHIDIDAE) AS HOSTS OF DIAERETIELLA
RAPAE (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE)1
G.B. Wilson, P.L. Lambdin2
ABSTRACT: The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and the cabbage aphid, Breviocoryne
brassicae, were suitable hosts for the parasite Diaeretiella rapae. No significant differences in
developmental or performance criteria were exhibited by the two aphid hosts. D. rapae
oviposited more frequently and produced a significantly higher percentage of female progeny
when reared on the cabbage aphid.
Diaeretiella rapae (Mclntosh) was first described by Curtis (1885),
and was recorded as the only primary parasite of the cabbage aphid,
Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (George 1957, Hafex 1961, Chua 1977). D.
rapae has been considered both important ( Strickland 1916, Barnes 1931)
and insignificant (Prethbridge and Mellor 1936, Todd 1959) in the control
of cabbage aphid infestations.
Habitat selection by the Aphidiidae in general and D. rapae in
particular was speculative until recent works by Read et. al. (1970) and
Akinlosotu ( 1 980). They concluded that D. rapae responded to olfactory
cues in selecting habitat, and then relied on random search to discover hosts
within the habitat. The mustard oil, allyl isothiocyanate, is the stimulus by
which D. rapae orients to habitat, and it may play a role in stimulating the
parasite to oviposit (Read et. al. 1970). D. rapae is reported to parasitize
eight different aphid species, but is seldom found parasitizing aphids not on
crucifers. Host association with habitat may be of more importance in
determining host range than taxonomic affinity (Townes 1960). Simpson
et. al. (1975) used the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Suiter), to rear
the parasite, but in earlier tests, cabbage aphids were considered the
preferred hosts (Hafez 1961). For most parasites, host preference may
affect progeny size, fecundity, vigor and sex ratio (Salt 1935).
This study was undertaken to assess host preference and suitability of
green peach aphids and cabbage aphids as hosts for D. rapae. Longevity
and fertility of the female parasite and sex ratio of the progeny were used to
determine suitability.
'Received August 8, 1986. Accepted February 28, 1987.
^Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tenneesee, Knoxville, TN
37901
ENT. NEWS 98(3): 140-146, May & June. 1987
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987 141
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Laboratory colonies of M. persicae and B. brass icae were maintained
at 19 ± 5° C and 70% ± 10% RH with a photoperiod of 15L:9D at the
University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Parasites were obtained from B.
brassicae, and were allowed to mate 0-24 h after emergence. Female
parasites were placed in individual cages after mating, and were daily
presented a minimum of 50 second and third instar aphids reared on
broccoli leaves. Infested leaves were removed daily and held for mummy
formation. Mummies were removed, counted and placed in 2 ml vials until
emergence of adult parasites. The procedure was replicated 1 0 times with
M. persicae alone, B. brassicae alone, and both species simultaneously as
potential hosts. Developmental time, emergence success, and sex ratio of
progeny were recorded. No effort was made to determine if mummies from
which no parasites emerged contained dead or diapausing parasites.
Host preference was assessed by comparing the mean number of each
species parasitized when both were available. Sex ratios from the three host
groups were compared as was sex ratio of the progeny from each aphid
species when both were available. Sex ratio in this study was not the
primary sex ratio, but that of progeny surviving to adulthood and
successfully emerging. All mean comparisons were made using the t-test
(p=0.05).
RESULTS
Mean fertilities of D. rapae ovipositing in the three groups accounted
for over 50% of all progeny produced by the fourth day after onset of
oviposition. A rapid decline in the rate of oviposition followed, and no
aphids were successfully parasitized after the seventh day (Fig. la).
Parasite fertility ranged from 27 to 135 aphids parasitized, but mean
fertilities for the three host groups were not significantly different. The rate
at which each of the two aphid species was parasitized in the mixed colony
was significantly different from other host groups and from each other (Fig.
Ib). The rate of parasitization of the cabbage aphid was ca. four times
greater than that of the green peach aphid. The mean percentage of females
produced from the three host groups increased from 55% on the first day to
85% on the fourth day, but then declined steadily until the sixth day (Fig.
2a). Although no significant differences were noted for the mean number of
females produced from each of the three host groups, the percentage of
females reared from green peach aphids in the mixed colony was significantly
lower than the percentage of females reared from cabbage aphids of that group
or from green peach aphids and cabbage aphids presented alone ( Fig. 2b). No
significant differences were noted for longevity, developmental time, or
percent successful emergence of D. rapae in three host groups.
142
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
DISCUSSION
Once a host has been selected by a female parasite, development of the
next generation depends on the suitability of the selected host ( Vinson 1976).
Presentation of the two aphid species in a homogenous environment and at
13
12
11
10
t 8
< ?
Q.
o 6
•x 5
4
3
2
1
a R brassicae alone
o M. persicae alone
® B. brassicae and
M persicae
23456
AGE (DAYS)
8
Fig. 1. Mean number of Brericon'ne brassicae and M. persicae parasitized daily by
Diaeretiella rapae: (A) for three host groups, ( ) for each species.
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987
143
equal densities eliminated two of the four steps necessary for successful
parasitization (Salt 1935, Flanders 1953, Doutt 1959) leaving only host
acceptance and suitability as determining factors. Lack of significant
differences in mean fertility, developmental time, sex ratio or percent
successful emergence for D. rapae on either of the two aphid species
presented alone suggests their equal suitability as hosts.
Hafez (1961) reported that D. rapae averaged 10.3 eggs per day per
female on cabbage aphid hosts when superparasitism was considered. The
O
UJ
N
<r
Q.
•
O
G B brassicae alone
O M.persicae alone
• R brassicae mixed
• 64 persicae mixed
3456
AGE (DAYS)
8
144
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
parasitism rate of 8.3 aphids per female per day in this study is similar with
Hafez's because superparasitism was not taken into account.
Longevity for females in an insectary at 20 °C varied from 4.8 days
(Akinlosotu 1980) to 15 days (Hafez 1961). Nutritional stability of a host
may have an effect on developmental time of the parasite and successful
emergence (Vinson and Iwantsch 1980) and different hosts may have
different effects. Mean developmental time for D. rapae was 1 3 days in this
study which fell between the reported minimum of 1 1 days on the green peach
10O
90
80
70
UJ
UJ
u.
60
5O
4O
3O
2O
10
A
D 8 brassicae alone
o M persicae alone
* B brussicae and
M persicae
01 2345678
DAY
Fig. 2. Percent female progeny of Diaeretiella rapae produced from: (A) each of three host
groups, (B) each species.
Vol. 98, No. 3. May & June 1987
145
aphid (Simpson et al. 1975) and the maximum of 15 days on the cabbage
aphid (Akinlosotu 1 977). The variation in percent successful emergence was
0.8% which indicated no substantial difference in the suitability of either host.
The sex ratio of 66% females on the green peach aphid to 73.5% on the
cabbage aphid in our study closely approximates the range of 60% (Simpson
et al. 1975) to 73.4% (Hafez 1961).
In the mixed colony of green peach aphids and cabbage aphids, there was
a significant difference in the rate of parasitization of the two species. Host
discrimination had an impact on sex ratio of the progeny. The parasitization
rate of the green peach aphid dropped 77.7% when it was the only available
1OO
9O
80
70
60
50
4O
30
20
1O
0
o B biasaicae alone
3 M yersicae alone
• B brassicne mixed
* M persicae mixed
4
DAY
6
8
146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
host and resulted in an 87% decline in female progeny. Conversely, the rate of
parasitization of the cabbage aphid dropped 21.2% and the female progeny
dropped 3.6%.
Although each aphid species was equally suitable as host for D. rapae, the
parasite oviposited more frequently in cabbage aphids and more female
progeny were produced with this host. The parasite apparently prefers the
cabbage aphid as a host which corresponds with earlier findings by Heong
(1981).
LITERATURE CITED
Akinlosotu, T.A. 1977. Effect of temperature on the biological activities of the cabbage aphid
Brevicoryne brassicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its primary parasite Diaeretiella
rapae ( Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Nig. L. PI. Prot. 3:111-115.
Akinlosotu, T.A. 1980. Some aspects of host finding behavior of the female Diaeretiella
rapae Mclntosh (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Nig. J. Entomol. 3:11-18.
Barnes, H.F. 1931. Notes on the parasites of the cabbage aphid. Brevicoryne brassicae (L.).
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 67:55-57.
Chua, T.H. 1977. Population studies of Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) its parasites and
hyperparasites in England. Res. Pop. Ecol. 19:125-139.
Curtis, P. 1885. Mclntosh's Book of the Garden. Macmillan. N.Y. 538 pp.
Doutt, R.L. 1959. The biology of parasitic Hymenoptera. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 4:161-182.
Fisher, R.A. 1958. The Genetic Theory of Natural Selection. Dover. Publ. Inc., N.Y. 272
pp.
Flanders, S.E. 1953. Variations of susceptibility of citrus-infesting coccids to parasitization.
J. Econ. Entomol. 46:266-269.
George, K.S. 1957. Preliminary investigations on the biology and ecology of the parasites
and predators of Brevicoryne brassicae (L.). Bull. Entomol. Res. 48:619-629.
Hafez, M. 1961. Seasonal fluctuations of population density of the cabbage aphid,
Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), in the Netherlands, and the role of its parasite Aphidius
(Diaeretiella) rapae (Curtis). Tijdschr. Plantenziekten. 67:445-548.
Heong, K.L. 1981. Searching preferences of the parasitiod Anisopteromalus calandrae
(Howard) for different stages of the host, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in the
laboratory. Res. Pop. Ecol. 23:177-191.
Prethbridge, F.R., and J.E.M. Mellor. 1 936. Observations on the life history and control of
the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.). Ann. Appl. Biol. 23:329-341.
Read, D.P., P.O. Feeny, and R.B. Root. 1970. Habitat selection by the aphid parasite,
Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and hyperparasite, Charpis brassicae
(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Can. Entomol. 102:1567-1578.
Salt, G. 1935. Experimental studies in insect parasitism III. Host selection. Proc. Roy.
Entomol. Soc. (B). 117:413-435.
Simpson, B.A., W.A. Shands, and G.W. Simpson. 1975. Mass rearing of the parasites
Praon sp. and Diaeretiella rapae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 68:257-260.
Strickland, E.H. 1916. Control of the cabbage aphid by parasites in Western Canada. Proc.
B.C. Entomol. Soc., Victoria Entomol. Ser. 9:84-88.
Todd, D.H. 1959. Incidence and parasitism of insect pests of cruciferous crops in the North
Islands-evaluation of data 1955-1958 seasons. New Zealand J. Agric. Res. 2:613-622.
Townes, H. 1 960. Host selection patterns in some Nearctic ichneumonids. Intern'l. Congr.
Entomol. llth. Vienna. 2:738-741.
Vinson, S.B. 1976. Host selection by insect parasitoids. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 21:109-133.
Vinson, S.B. and G.W. Iwantsch. 1980. Host suitability for insect parasitoids. Ann. Rev.
Entomol. 25:397-419.
Vol. 98. No. 3, May & June 1987 147
MAINTAINING CAVE CRICKETS
(ORTHOPTERA: RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE)
IN THE LABORATORY1
Richard Y. Lamb2, Robert B. Willey3
ABSTRACT: Cave crickets of the genera Euhadenoecus and Hadenoecus(Raph\dophoridae)
have been maintained in the laboratory for more than 6 months at 1 5°C with nearly 100% RH.
They were fed a mixture of whole egg, oatmeal flakes and a triple sulfa antibiotic, plus
mineralized water ad libitum. Minimal attention (once a week) reduced disturbance and chances
of damage to molting crickets.
The genera Euhadenoecus Hubbell and Hadenoecus Scudder(Orthoptera:
Rhaphidophoridae) are found in or near many caves of karst regions in several
states east of the Mississippi River (Hubbel and Norton, 1978). Although two
species appear to prefer moist forest litter, the remainder occupy caves. These
wingless crickets are among the most numerous large arthropods in caves and
are familiar to cave biologists and spelunkers. Taxonomy and general biology
have been thoroughly covered by Hubbell and Norton ( 1 978), and the few other
reports deal largely with ecology (see Barr 1 967, 1 968; Barr and Kuehne 1971),
population genetics models (Caccone 1985), or physiology (Studier et al.,
1986). Lamb and Willey (1975) announced the discovery of parthenogenetic
populations in one species of each genus.
Doctoral research on parthenogenesis by RYL necessitated keeping these
crickets, in particular Euhadenoecus insolitus Hubbell, alive in the laboratory
for an extended time. We developed procedures allowing caged populations,
which usually "crashed" a few weeks after capture, to be maintained in healthy
condition for many months. Much trial and error experience was necessary to
find the methods which we present here for the benefit of others who study these
interesting insects. Full colonization over several generations was never
attempted due to the long developmental time (one to two years) of these
crickets (Hubbell and Norton 1978).
Capture and Transport to the Laboratory. - Inside caves the crickets are
usually found hanging upside down from the ceiling and overhanging rocks.
They were captured by placing a widemouthed quart jar just beneath them.
When 10 had been collected, they were transferred to a 40 x 75 cm plastic bag
containing 6 crumpled, moist paper towels and a tablespoonful of oatmeal.
1 Received August 29, 1986. Accepted March 2, 1987.
2Biology Department, Loyola University of Chicago, 6525 N. Sheridan Road. Chicago.
IL 60626.
^Department of Biological Sciences (m/c 066). University of Illinois at Chicago, P.O. Box
4348, Chicago. IL 60680. (Author to whom reprint requests should be sent.)
ENT. NEWS 98(3): 147-149. May & June, 1987
148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
After 50-60 adults and subadults had been put into a bag, it was inflated to
prevent crushing the insects, tied and placed in a large styrofoam cooler for
transport. When the outside temperature warranted, ice in another bag was kept
in the cooler to maintain the crickets at a few degrees below cave temperature.
The lower temperature decreased cricket movement, preventing damage to
them. Ice bags did not touch cricket bags, however, because cooling too far
below cave temperature results in mortality.
Care of Crickets in the Laboratory. - The typical lab cage consisted of a
40-liter styrofoam ice chest with a 6 mm thick plate glass top through which the
insects could be viewed. In the bottom of this chest were placed the following:
approximately one m2 of cheesecloth wadded into a flattened ball and soaked
with distilled water to maintain nearly 100% RH, a plastic petri dish (15 x 60
mm) with food, and another dish of distilled water containing dolomite pebbles
to supply minerals. Twenty adults per cage was the largest density at which no
appreciable limb loss or mortality occurred. Cages were placed in a large
circulating air climate chamber (Percival, Model I 35 LVL) which was kept
dark at a constant 15°C. Food and water in the cages were changed and the
cheese cloth doused with water once every third day for the first two weeks and
once per week thereafter to minimize the chance of disturbing molting crickets.
At this time the open cage was briefly fanned manually to freshen the air. Only
new cages were used for newly captured crickets, and were not cleaned nor
reused.
Food was a mixture of whole raw egg and oatmeal flakes, 2: 1 by weight.
To the egg we added three sulfa compounds (Sigma Chemical Co.:
sulfathiazole, sulfapyridine, sulfamethazine, 6:4:3 by weight), at 1.6% the
total weight of the mixture. Sulfa and egg were mixed thoroughly for ten
minutes and then the oatmeal was mixed in with a tongue blade to make a
moist doughy mass. Food was prepared fresh about once a month and kept
covered in a refrigerator. Triple-sulfa was used to prevent cage deaths from
endemic gregarine infections and possible cross-infection by Malamoeba
locustae from grasshoppers reared in the same room. The sulfa compounds
do not kill the parasites but do prevent their reproduction and spore
formation (Henry, 1968). Lower(e.g., 1.0%) or higher (3. 096) percentages
showed more cricket mortality, the higher percentage perhaps due to sulfa
toxicity (Henry, 1968). With the triple-sulfa additive the caged crickets
lived at least 6 months; without it the cage populations would crash about 5
to 6 weeks after they were brought in from the field.
At times, crickets were observed to be debilitated despite the sulfa
treatment. For experimentation it was necessary to distinguish sick crickets
from healthy ones; the following criteria were developed:
A healthy cricket's crop was full or 3/4 full of food, visible through the
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987 149
dorsal thorax and abdomen. The insect was alert to escape during attempts to
capture it. At postmortem, the body hemolymph was plentiful and the gonads
were plump and of appropriate size for its age.
On the other hand, a sick cricket had a gas filled crop without other contents.
The escape reaction was minimal and the cricket walked stiffly as if "arithritic."
At postmortem, the body cavity was dry, gonads were small, dry and/or
discolored.
Although eggs were laid readily by mated controls in moist sand about 1 or 2
cm deep in battery jars, we did not keep sand in the cages nor did we attempt to
hatch the eggs. Instead eggs were allowed to accumulate in the female for 5
weeks. The crickets then were sacrificed and the mature unfertilized or
parthenogenetic eggs were allowed to develop to blastoderm stage in shallow
tapwater at culture temperature. Females can live for many months without
laying eggs, resorbing them eventually. Full details can be found in Lamb
(1985).
The above methods would probably work equally well for cave crickets of
the genus Ceuthophilus and other camel crickets that are dependent on high
humidity.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to Thomas Poulson and Bernard Greenberg for reviewing the manuscript and
offering many helpful suggestions. This report is part of a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Ph.D. in Biological Sciences at the University of Illinois at Chicago.
LITERATURE CITED
Barr, T.C., Jr. 1967. Ecological studies in the Mammoth Cave system of Kentucky. I. The
biota. Int. J. Speleol. 3:147-204.
Barr, T.C., Jr. 1968. Cave ecology and the evolution of troglobites. Evolutionary Biology
2:35-102.
Barr, T.C., Jr. and R.A. Kuehne. 1971. Ecological studies in the Mammoth Cave system of
Kentucky. II. The ecosystem. Ann. de Speleol. 26:47-96.
Caccone, A. 1 985. Gene flow in cave arthropods: a qualitative and quantitative approach.
Evolution 39:1223-1233.
Henry, J.E. 1968. Malamoeba locustae and its antibiotic control in grasshopper cultures. J.
Invert. Pathol. 11:224-233.
Hubbell, T.H. and R.M. Norton. 1 978. The systematics and biology of the cave-crickets of
the North American tribe Hadenoecini (Orthoptera Saltatoria: Ensifera: Rhaphido-
phoridae: Dolichopodinae). Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan No. 156.
Lamb, R.Y. 1985. The parthenogenetic mechanism and evolutionary potential of the cave
cricket Euhadenoecus insolitus Hubbell (Orthoptera). Ph.D. Thesis, University of
Illinois at Chicago. 64 pp.
Lamb, R.Y. and R.B. Willey. 1975. The first parthenogenetic populations of Orthoptera
Saltatoria to be reported from North America. Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer. 68:721-722.
Studier, E.H., K.H. Lavoie, W.D. Wares II and J.A.M. Linn. 1986. Bioenergetics of the
cave cricket, Hadenoecus subterraneus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 84A:43 1-436.
150 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
SOCIETY MEETING OF FEBRUARY 18, 1987
The third membership meeting of the 1986-87 year attracted 15 members and five guests
to the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. The meeting included the election of
officers. The following were reelected to two-year terms: Roger Fuester (President), Joseph
Sheldon (Vice President), Jesse Freese (Treasurer), and Harold White (Corresponding
Secretary). Karla Ritter was elected as the new Recording Secretary replacing Ronald Romig
who had served for 2 years.
The featured speaker of the evening was Philadelphia physician and member Kenneth
Frank who spoke on "Electric Lighting, Moths, and Urban Ecology". His talk was based on
his past research on insect circadian rhythms, his long standing interest in Lepidoptera, and his
perspectives as an urban resident. It is a common perception that populations of large moths in
cities have declined precipitously in recent history. This has occurred during a period in which
there has been a tremendous increase in outdoor lighting and a casual link between the
correlated phenomena has been suggested. Dr. Frank systematically discussed the many
ways in which urban lighting could affect the populations and behavior of night flying insects.
For instance, electric lighting could shift circadian rhythms so that flight periods would not
coincide with the optimum time for mating. Flight to electric light sources could disturb
navigation, and it could increase exposure to predators. Both positive and negative effects are
possible, and counter balancing ecological responses may modify these effects. Given the fact
that outdoor lighting has increased at the same time as many other changes that could affect
urban moth populations, it is impossible to conclude that there is a casual relationship between
declining moth populations and outdoor lighting.
Populations of the cynthia moth (Samia cynthia) have been declining precipitously in
recent decades as has been discussed in recent meetings. Vincent Ventre reported that he and
several others observed only one cocoon of this species in an intensive search last November
18 in an area of Philadelphia where several cocoons were found in recent years. Mr. John C.
Bair, a lighting contractor for the Philadelphia Department of Streets, came to the meeting
because of an invitation extended by Dr. Frank. Mr. Bair brought with him a high-pressure
sodium vapor lamp of the kind used to illuminate Philadelphia streets. Dr. Frank set up a
spectroscope for observation of the lamp and to demonstrate the difference between the
sodium emission spectra and the spectra of fluorescent lighting. The increasingly common
"orange" halide lamps used for outdoor lighting do not produce light at the wavelengths
(ultraviolet) perceived by most insects in their flight to light. Dr. Frank's multidisciplinary talk
and the demonstration elicited many questions. Members entering the night time urban
environment after the meeting could not help but look at street lights differently even though it
was too cold for moths.
Harold B. White,
Corresponding Secretary
SOCIETY MEETING OF MARCH, 18, 1987
"Butterflies! Butterflies!" was the title of the talk presented by Dr. Stanley Temple to the
15 members and six guests who attended the March membership meeting at the University of
Delaware. Dr. Temple, a chemist with the duPont Company in Deepwater, N.J., has devoted
much of his spare time to various conservation and natural history organizations. In particular
he highlighted the activities of the Xerces Society whose name comes from the now extinct
butterfly, the Xerces Blue. The Society is dedicated to the preservation of endangered
invertebrates of all kinds, not only butterflies. In keepin; -vith the ethics of insect conservation
rather than preservation. Dr. Temple showed beautiful slides of many local and exotic
Vol. 98, No. 3, May & June 1987 151
butterflies that never entered a killing jar or specimen box. Although Dr. Temple's interest in
insects has its roots in a childhood hobby of rearing caterpillars, his interest in insect
photography evolved from attempts to make photographs of plants more interesting by
combining flowers and their pollinators. In the question session that followed the talk. Dr.
Temple discussed topics ranging from food plant preferences of caterpillars to the photographic
techniques he uses.
Harold B. White
Corresponding Secretary
AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AWARDS THE
FIRST CALVERT PRIZE TO A YOUNG ENTOMOLOGIST
The Calvert Prize has been established by the American Entomological Society. This
award will be given annually, if appropriate, to a young scientist from the Delaware Valley
who displays unusual accomplishments in the area of entomology. Margot Livingston, an
eighth grade student at Allen Middle School in Moorestown, N.J., is the first recipient of the
Calvert Prize. The award includes one year memberships in the American Entomological
Society and the Young Entomologists Society, a subscription to Entomological News, and a
$25 check to be used for entomological books or supplies.
"Sevin lasts for seven days but its effects last for seven years", was a comment that
stimulated Margot to initiate a science project. She compared the effects of Sevin and B.t. on
the survival of Black Swallowtail larvae fed foliage sprayed with the insecticides at various
times before feeding. In addition to the Calvert Prize her project, "Effects of Gypsy Moth
Spraying on the Eastern Swallowtail Butterfly", also won first prize in the Zoology' Division
and the Gold Medal top prize at the Albert Einstein Science Fair held April 8th at the
Pennsylvania National Guard Armory. Members of the Society had the opportunity to meet
the prize winner, her parents, and teacher; and see her project at the April 15th membership
meeting at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia where the award was made.
Philip P. Calvert was commemorated at the 1 25th Anniversary Meeting of the Society in
1984 (See Ent. News, 95(4), 155-162). Beginning at the age of 16 Calvert had a 74 year
association with the Society serving as President (1900-15) and Editor of Entomological
News (1911-43) among other positions. His teenage interest in insects was nurtured by the
Society and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. He in turn nurtured the
entomological interests of other young people through the Society and the Academy and as
Professor of Biology at the University of Pennsylvania. It is therefore appropriate that the
Society should sponsor an award for young entomologists in honor of Dr. Philip P. Calvert. It
is particularly fitting that the first recipient of this prize has a strong interest in art. As a
teenager Calvert was an accomplished artist. Among Calvert's belongings now preserved in
the Archives of the Academy's library is a beautiful color illustration of the larva, pupa, and
adult of the Eastern Black Swallowtail Butterfly drawn 102 years ago when he too was 14! A
photograph of this drawing will be given to Margot Livingston.
Harold B. White
Chairman. Education Committee
152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
SOCIETY MEETING OF APRIL, 15, 1987
Mynnecocystus mexicanus hortideorum was the featured species in Dr. John Conway's
illustrated talk, "The Biology of the Honey Ants," at the final membership meeting of the
1986-87 season. Dr. Conway, an Associate Professor of Biology at the University of
Scrantan, Pennsylvania, has devoted much of his professional career to studying and
popularizing-honey ants. He clearly has been successful considering that several among the 1 2
members and 10 guests realized at the meeting that their familiarity with honey ants had come
from one of Dr. Conway's many articles in various science journals, e.g. Am. Biol. Teacher
48: 335-343(1986).
In a casual walk along the ridges in the suburbs of Colorado Springs, the presence of
occasional volcano-shaped ant hills with no daytime activity around them would attract little
attention. Yet beneath these inconspicuous mounds lie colonies of fascinating honey ants.
Hanging from the ceilings of many subterranean chambers are repletes, helpless members of
the colony which store large quantities of nutrients for the colony in their crops and have
enormously distended abdomens. The queen lives in the lowest chamber well over a meter
below ground level. In the evening workers emerge to scavenge for dead insects, nectar, and
plant exudates. They in turn feed the repletes that account for about a quarter of the 5000-
member colony. Once a year in late July young winged queens and males emerge, mate in
flight, and disperse to found new colonies.
Dr. Conway reported that honey ants have a taste like cane molasses provided the formic
acid-containing parts are not eaten. The amount of work required to exhume these ants make it
unlikely they will ever become a delicacy except to occasional badgers or coyotes.
Interestingly honey ants have also evolved independently halfway around the world in
Australia. Dr. Conway will be leading an Earthwatch trip to study these apparent examples of
convergent evolution to understand the selective pressures that led to their peculiar
specialization.
Among the people attending the meeting at the Academy of Natural Sciences in
Philadelphia was the Society's newest member, Margot Livingston, an eighth grade student
from Moorestown, New Jersey. Margot was honored as the first recipient of the Calvert Prize,
a newly established award of the Society to be given on an annual basis to a young
entomologist in the Delaware Valley. Margot was given membership in the Society and in the
Young Entomologists' Society for her outstanding science project, "Effects of Gypsy Moth
Spraying on the Eastern Black Swallowtail Butterfly." Roger Fuester, President of the
Society, also presented Miss Livingston with a $25 check for entomological books and
supplies.
Harold B. White
Corresponding Secretary
Ed. note: Dr. Conway's Earthwatch trips to study Australian honey ants are scheduled for July 1 2-
26, July 28- Aug. 1 1 , and Aug. 13-27, 1987. Earthwatch needs paying volunteers to help with field
work. Interested persons should contact Earthwatch, 680 Mt. Auburn St., Box 403, Watertown,
Mass. 02272.
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US ISSN 0013-872X
VOL. 98
SEPTEMBER & OCTOBER, 1987
NO. 4
ENTO
EEC
EWS
percooling points of red imported fire ants,
Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
from Lubbock, Texas
S. W. Taber, J.C. Cokendolpher, O.F. Francke 153
Phoresy between Rheotanytarsus sp. (Diptera: Chironomidae)
and Tricorythodes sp. (Ephemeroptera: Tricorythidae)
in a South Carolina tailwater stream Thomas J. Wilda 159
A detritivore Tipula (Diptera: Tipulidae) as a secondary
host of Poecilogonalos costalis (Hymenoptera: Tri-
gonalidae) Jon K. Gelhaus 161
Feeding habits of the weevil Barypeithes pellucidus
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Jimmy R. Galford 163
Distribution of shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae)
in Illinois B.A. Steinly, E. Lisowski, D. Webb 165
Three inexpensive aquatic invertebrate samplers for the
benthos, drift, and emergent fauna William R. English 171
New color pattern and morphological variation found in
Tomocerus flavescens (Collembola: Entomobryidae)
Frank Calandrino 180
Notes on biology and distribution of Aradus robustus
(Hemiptera: Aradidae) R.A.B. Leschen, S.J. Taylor 183
Range extension and biology of Endomychobius flavipes
(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
R.A.B. Leschen, R.T. Allen 186
Ectoparasites and other associates of some mammals from
Minas Gerais, Brazil J.O. Whitaker, Jr., J.M. Dietz 189
Notes on some ectoparasites from mammals of
Paraguay J.O. Whitaker, Jr., D.B. Abrell 198
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ZOOLOGICAL
NOMENCLATURE 158, 162
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SUPERCOOLING POINTS OF tfED IMPORTED
FIRE ANTS, SOLENOPSIS INVICTA
(HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
FROM LUBBOCK, TEXAS1
Stephen W. Taber^, James C. Cokendolpher2,3, Oscar F. Francke1*
ABSTRACT: Supercooling points were measured for multiple queen colonies of the red
imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, from Lubbock. Texas. Ten minor workers from each of
three marked field colonies and from one colony held at constant conditions in the laboratory
were tested at two week intervals from 1 4 October 1 985 to 1 7 February 1 986. Supercooling
abilities of field specimens differed markedly from those of laboratory specimens. Significant
differences among mean supercooling temperatures of ants in the field were found among
sampling periods, but not among colonies. The maximum difference over time among sample
mean supercooling points was less than 2 C°. and the lowest mean supercooling point was
slightly higher than -6°C.
We first became aware of the presence of red imported fire ants in
Lubbock, Texas, during August 1985. when homeowners from a single
subdivision reported colonies which apparently had been present for
several years. This information was of immediate interest because
Lubbock, at 33. 5o N latitude, then represented the extreme northwestern
record of Solenopsis invicta Buren. Furthermore, at 980 m elevation the
Lubbock population is among the highest on record in the U.S.A.
Winter-kill has been cited as an important limiting factor in the
northward spread of introduced fire ants (Moody et al. 1981). The ultimate
distributional limits of the introduced fire ants in the U.S. A are thought to
be linked to cold-hardiness (Francke and Cokendolpher 1986. Francke et
al. 1 986 and citations therein). One prediction of the ultimate range of this
species in Texas excluded the Panhandle area north of the - 1 8°C minimum
temperature isotherm because of low winter temperatures in that area
(Pimm and Bartell 1980 and citations therein). Lubbock County is located
at the base of the Texas Panhandle, along the - 1 8° C minimum temperature
isotherm, and therefore is an ideal position for researchers to examine cold-
hardiness of S. invicta and its ability to survive winter conditions.
Cold-hardiness in insects may be divided into three general categories:
(1) cold- acclimation and acclimatization, (2) supercooling, and
(3) freezing-tolerance (Salt 1961). Cold-acclimation/acclimatization
require some tolerance or physiological preparation to avoid injury at
1 Received February 3, 1987. Accepted April 30, 1987.
2Department of Entomology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409. Present
address: The Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin. TX 787 1 2.
^To whom reprint requests should be addressed.
4Department of Biological Sciences. Texas Tech University. Lubbock, Texas 79409.
ENT. NEWS 98(4): 153-158. September & October. 1987
154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
temperatures too low for continued growth. We herein refer to short-term,
physiological adjustments in the laboratory as acclimation and those
occurring naturally in the field as acclimatization. The ability to supercool
is an adaptation in which insects avoid injury by resisting the freezing
process. If the organism is able to withstand bodily freezing, it is described
as being freeze-tolerant.
Previous work with laboratory colonies of North American fire ant
species revealed no significant differences among mean supercooling
temperatures of Solenopsis aurea Wheeler, S. richteri Forel, and S. xyloni
McCook within the minor caste (Francke et al. 1986). Neither was a
significant difference found between Solenopsis invicta and S. geminata
(Fabricius), but the two species were significantly different. From the same
study the following generalizations were made: (1) worker ants have a
slightly lower supercooling point than do reproductives, (2) within a given
species, immature ants have lower supercooling points than do adults, and
( 3 ) pupae have lower supercooling temperatures than do larvae. The effects
of acclimation on the freezing point of S. invicta were tested by maintaining
major, medium, and minor workers at each of three temperatures: 1 2°, 22°,
and 32°C. No significant differences were noted among treatments, nor in
the interactions between castes and treatments, but significant differences
were found among castes. However, nothing was previously known of the
acclimatization abilities of S. invicta. Therefore, we investigated the
supercooling abilities of red imported fire ants in a field situation during the
fall and winter months.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The same equipment and procedures reported by Francke et al. ( 1986)
were used to measure supercooling points (lowest body temperature
reached before spontaneous freezing). Following those procedures the
temperature of the ants decreased by approximately 5C° per minute. At
two week intervals, from 14 October 1985 until 17 February 1986, we
collected 1 0 minor workers from each of three designated mounds and
determined their supercooling points immediately upon returning to the
laboratory. Experiments were concluded by March because the ants were
poisoned in an effort to control their spread in Lubbock. Ten samples were
taken during the 1 8 week period. The previous study (Francke et al. 1 986),
demonstrated that supercooling abilities differ among caste members.
Therefore, we used minor workers in the present experiments because they
were reported to have the lowest supercooling points among adults tested.
Supercooling points of 10 minor workers, from a laboratory colony
previously (September 1985) removed from the field locality, were
determined at two week intervals until 3 February. The laboratory colony
was maintained with the same food, light, and temperature regimens used
Vol. 98, No. 4, September & October 1987 155
by Francke et al. ( 1 986). Direct observations of the laboratory colony and
numerous other colonies collected from the study site revealed the Lubbock
population to be composed of multiple queen colonies.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
No significant differences were found among mean supercooling points
from the three field colonies using a one-way analysis of variance [F(2,
297) = 0.45, p>0.05]. Analysis of covariance confirmed this finding but
revealed significant differences among samples taken throughout the season
[F(l,294 = 115.38, p<0.05]. The mean supercooling temperature ±
standard error for each sampling period is shown in Fig. 1 . The data seem to
show oscillatory changes in the supercooling points over the 18 week
period, and there does not appear to be monotonic acclimatization in minor
workers of S. invicta. The maximum difference between mean supercooling
temperatures is less than 2C°, and the minimum individual supercooling
temperature recorded was -7.6°C.
Tne mean supercooling points ± standard errors for minor workers from a
laboratory colony are shown in Fig. 2. The reasons for the large standard
errors are not immediately apparent. Diet may be a factor; the laboratory
colony was supplied with cockroaches, mealworms, and water. Temperature
and photoperiod may also affect the supercooling point. The laboratory
colony was kept in complete darkness at a constant 22°C, whereas the field
colonies experienced normal photoperiods and fluctuating temperatures.
These comparisons are interesting; but because the primary goal of this study
was to observe changes of mean supercooling points in field colonies over
time, no further investigation of the laboratory colony was pursued.
Like Francke and Cokendolpher (1986) and Francke et al. ( 1986), we
noted no ants that survived freezing, and therefore, freeze-tolerance as a
possible overwintering mechanism in S. invicta was excluded.
In summary, the following points are important: ( 1 ) differences among
supercooling abilities of ants in the field were noted among samples over
time, but not among colonies, (2) differences among sampling periods might
not be due to acclimatization, (3) the mean supercooling points for field
colonies varied less than 2°C from October through February, but never fell
below -6°C, and (4) supercooling abilities of the red imported fire ant are
altered in the laboratory.
Recent soil temperature measurements (Harlan Thorvilson et al.,
unpub. data) obtained in the immediate vicinity of the field colonies indicate
that the temperature at a depth of 30 cm between 6 January and 20
February 1986 never fell below 4°C. If the supercooling temperature of S.
invicta is the primary measure of cold-hardiness, such a soil temperature
would cause little mortality.
156
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
o
o
LU
DC
D
LU
CL
LU
h-
-3'
-4-
-6-
-7
I
I
14 28 II 25 9 2O 6 2O 3 17
OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB
DATE
Fig. 1 . Mean freezing points ± standard errors of minor workers otSolenopsis invicta in field
samples from Lubbock, Texas.
Vol. 98, No. 4, September & October 1987
157
-
i •
8-
•
-9-
i
i
-10-
•
i
Y
o
i >
0
LU
1-
DC
<
' T ( '
D
< -12-
I 1
cr
LU
_
<
i
II
LU
h
J- -1
-14-
-15-
r
-16-
-•
-1
7
' i
"H
~1
T 1" i i i i
14 28
25 9 20 6 20 3 17
OCT
NOV DEC JAN FEB
DATE
Fig. 2. Mean freezing points ± standard errors of minor workers ofSolenopsis invicta from a
laboratory maintained colony from Lubbock. Texas.
158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Sherman Phillips, Robert W. Sites, and Harlan Thorvilson of Texas Tech
University for their comments on the manuscript. This study was supported by the Texas
Department of Agriculture Interagency Agreement IAC (86-87 )-0800 and is Contribution
No. T-10-175, College of Agricultural Sciences, Texas Tech University.
Current addresses or authors: SWT: Division of Biological Sciences, the University of
Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712. OFF: Crown Cork de Mexico, S.A., 134 Poniente
No. 583, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Mexico 16, D.F.
LITERATURE CITED
Francke, O.F. and J.C. Cokendolpher. 1986. Temperature tolerances of the red imported
fire ant. pp. 104-1 13. In: Lofgren, C.S. and R.K. Vander Meer (eds) Fire ants and leaf-
cutting ants: Biology and management. Westview Press, Boulder, 435 pp.
Francke, O.F., J.C. Cokendolpher, and L.R. Potts. 1986. Supercooling studies on North
American fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Southwest. Nat. 31:87-94.
Moody, J.V., O.F. Francke, and F.W. Merickel. 1981. The distribution of fire ants,
Solenopsis (Solenopsis) in western Texas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Kansas
Entomol. Soc. 54:469-480.
Pimm, S.L. and D.P. Bartell. 1980. Statistical model for predicting range expansion of the
red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, in Texas. Environ. Entomol. 9:653-658.
Salt, R.W. 1961. Principles of insect cold-hardiness. Annu. Review Entomol. 6:55-74.
OFFICIAL LISTS AND INDEXES OF NAMES AND WORKS IN ZOOLOGY
A revised and updated edition of the Official Lists and Indexes of Names and Works in
Zoology has now been published. For the first time all the names and works on which the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has ruled since it was set up in 1895
are brought together in a single volume. Entries are arranged in four sections giving in
alphabetical order the family-group names, generic names, specific names and titles of works
which have been placed on the Official Lists or the Official Indexes. There are about 9,900
entries of which 1 34 are for works. In addition, there is a full systematic index and a reference
list to all relevant Opinions and Directions. The volume is 366 pages, size A4, casebound.
Copies can be ordered from:
The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K. Price £60 or $1 10
or
The American Association for Zoological Nomenclature, c/o NHB Stop 163, National
Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C. 20560, U.S.A. Price $ 1 10 ($100 to members
of A.A.Z.N.)
Vol. 98, No. 4, September & October 1987 159
NOTES ON PHORESY BETWEEN RHEOTANYTAR-
SUS SP. (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) AND
TRICORYTHODES SP. (EPHEMEROPTERA:
TRICORYTHIDAE) IN A SOUTH CAROLINA
TAILWATER STREAM1
Thomas J. Wilda^
ABSTRACT: A phonetic relationship between larvae of Rheotanytarsus and Tricor\'thodes
is reported for the first time.
White et al. (1980) reported that phorsey involving chironomid larvae
is relatively common in the Piedmont region of South Carolina. They found
Rheotanytarsus sp. (Diptera: Chironomidae) larvae on the odonates
Boyeria venosa (Say), Macromia sp., and Calopteryx maculata (Beauvois),
the trichopteran Nectopsyche exquisita (Walker), and the ephemeropteran
Stenonema smithae Traver. Rheotanytarsus sp. have also been reported in
phoretic associations with Pteronarcys dorsata (Say) (Dosdall et al. 1986)
and Corydalus comutus(Lmaeus) (Furnish et al. 1981 cited in Dosdall et al.
1 986 ). I collected a 5 mm-long larva of Tricorythodes sp. with a fourth instar
Rheotanytarsus sp. larva attached dorsally to its thorax (Figure 1) in
September. 1986, while sampling the Saluda River below Saluda Hydroelec-
tric Station (Greenville Co., SC). This is the first report of a phoretic
relationship between these organisms.
'Received February 18. 1987. Accepted March 30, 1987.
Power Company, Applied Science Center, Route 4 Box 531, Huntersville, NC 28078.
ENT. NEWS 98(4): 159-160. September & October. 1987
160
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Figure 1. Tricon-rhodes larva with Rheotanytarsiis encased on its thorax.
LITERATURE CITED
Dosdall, L.M., P.O. Mason, and D.M. Lehmkuhl. 1986. First records of phoretic
Chironomidae (Diptera) associated with nymphs of Pteronarcys dorsata (Say) (Plecoptera:
Pteronarcyiidae). Can. Entomol. 118: 511-515.
Furnish, J., D. Belluck, D. Baker, and B.A. Pennington. 1981. Phoretic relationships
between Corydalis coniutus ( Megaloptera: Corydalidae) and Chironomidae in eastern
Tennessee. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 74: 29-30.
White, T.R., J.S. Weaver III, and R.C. Fox. 1980. Phoretic relationships between
Chironomidae (Diptera) and benthic macroinvertebrates. Entomol. News 91: 69-74.
Vol. 98, No. 4. September & October 1987 161
A DETRITIVORE TIPULA (DIPTERA: TIPULIDAE)
AS A SECONDARY HOST OF
POECILOGONALOS COSTALIS
(HYMENOPTERA: TRIGONALIDAE)1 2
Jon K. Gelhaus3
ABSTRACT: Poecilogonalos costal is, a hyperparasitoid trigonalid wasp, was reared from a
tachinid fly which had parasitized a Tipula larva. The use of a crane fly larva as a secondary
host by the trigonalid represents the first reported detritivorous host. In addition, the discovery
of Poecilogonalis cosfalis in Kansas extends its range significantly westward.
Wasps of the family Trigonalidae are recorded as hyperparasitoids of
tachinid flies and ichneumonid or vespid wasps which parasitize or prey on
leaf-feeding larvae of Lepidoptera and Symphyta (Townes 1956; Carlson
1979). In 1985, I reared Poecilogonalos costalis (Cresson) from a
puparium ofAllophorocera arator( Aldrich) (Diptera: Tachinidae). which
parasitized a larva of Tipula (Triplicitipula) sp., probably flavoumbrosa
Alexander (Diptera: Tipulidae). The T.flavoumbrosa larva was collected
in forest soil at the University of Kansas Natural History Reservation, 8.0
km NE of Lawrence, Douglas Co., Kansas, on March 18, 1985. In the
laboratory, two tachinid larvae emerged from the Tipula and pupated on
April 2. and the trigonalid adult emerged from one of the tachinid puparia on
April 27.
Trigonalids oviposit near the margins of living angiosperm leaves or
petals, and the eggs must be ingested by a caterpillar or sawfly larva before
hatching (Clausen 1940). Further development of the trigonalid larva
only occurs if the parasitoid host is present inside the secondary host.
Larvae of Tipula flavoumbrosa feed in the upper levels of forest soil as
shredders on fungi-conditioned, decomposing leaves and other litter (pers.
obs. ). Apparently, the trigonalid egg remained viable even as the leaf it was
deposited on died and decomposed. Trigonalid egg viabilities of several
months have been noted by Clausen (1940), presumably on living leaves.
There is the additional possibility that the trigonalid oviposited directly on
decaying litter, although this ovipositional site has not been noted in the few
1 Received March 20. 1987. Accepted April 7, 1987
^Contribution no. 1979 from the Department of Entomology, University of Kansas,
Lawrence.
•^Snow Entomological Museum, Snow Hall. University of Kansas, Lawrence. Kansas.
66045.
ENT. NEWS 98(4): 161-162. September & October. 1987
162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
published observations of trigonalid oviposition. The present report
represents the first of a trigonalid from a parasitoid whose host is a
detritivore and not an herbivore. Additionally, the secondary host in this
instance is a dipteran larva and not a lepidopteran or symphytan larva.
The record of Poecilogonalos costalis from Kansas represents a
significant westward extension of the previously known eastern and
southeastern North American distribution (Ohio, Louisiana; Carlson
1979).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank David Wahl, American Entomological Institute, Gainesville, Florida, for
identifying the trigonalid wasp, and Norman Woodley, Systematic Entomology Laboratory,
United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., for identifying the tachinid host.
I appreciate the comments and discussions of this paper with J. Wenzel, D. Wahl, G. Byers
and C. Michener. All specimens are deposited in the Snow Entomological Museum,
University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.
LITERATURE CITED
Carlson, R.W. 1979. Trigonalidae, p. 1197-1198 in Catalog of Hymenoptera in
America north of Mexico, Vol. 1, K.V. Krombein et ai, eds. Smithsonian Institution
Press, 1198pp.
Clausen, C.P. 1940. Entomophagous insects. McGraw-Hill Book Co. 688pp.
Townes,H. 1956. The nearctic species of trigonalid wasps. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 106: 295-
304.
CALL FOR NOMINATIONS FOR NEW MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
The following members of the Commission reach the end of their terms of service at the
close of the XXIII General Assembly of the International Union of Biological Sciences to be
held in Canberra in October 1 988: Prof Dr. R. Alvarado (Spain; specialist field Echinodermata);
Dr. G. Bernardi (France; Lepidoptera); Prof. C. Dupuis (France; Heteroptera) and Dr. L.B.
Holthuis (The Netherlands; Crustacea). A further vacancy arises from the death of Prof. B.S.
Zheng (People's Republic of China; Ichthyology).
The addresses and specialist fields of the present members of the Commission may be found
in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 44(1): 2-3 (March 1987). Under Article 3* of the
Commission's Constitution a member whose term of service has terminated is not eligible for
immediate re-election unless the Council of the Commission has decided to the contrary.
(Continued on page 1 70)
Vol. 98. No. 4, September & October 1987 163
FEEDING HABITS OF THE WEEVIL
BARYPEITHES PELLUCIDUS
(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)1
Jimmy R. Galford2
ABSTRACT: The weevil Barypeithes pellucidus was observed feeding on 18 species of
plants in central Ohio. Feeding was light to very light on most species. Northern red oak,
asters, American elm. hawthorn, and black cherry were preferred.
Adults of the introduced weevil Barypeithes pellucidus (Boheman)
were reported feeding on northern red oak, Quercus rubra L., seedlings
growing in the understory of a 20-year-old red oak plantation near
Delaware. Ohio (Galford, 1 986). The weevil population in this plantation
was very low in 1985, but, in the spring of 1986, hundreds of adults were
found easily.
The following life history observations were made: adults began
emerging in mid- April, peaked in early May, and had disappeared by June
10th. The adults were mainly nocturnal but continued to feed on heavily
shaded plants during early morning hours. Adults could be found feeding all
day when the sky was heavily overcast. On sunny days, the adults
aggregated in groups of 2 to 36 under piles of moist, dead oak leaves, logs,
stones, moss, and fresh fallen tree leaves. The adults usually aggregated on
one plant when feeding, and, in one instance, 42 weevils were found on a
single wild rose, Rosa sp. Only once was feeding observed above 60 cm.
The preferred feeding sites were leaves of small plants (2-30 cm. high) or
the lower portions of larger plants in contact with the soil or duff, near piles
of dead oak leaves. The adult weevils fed on leaves, small stems of new
growth, or the epidermis of large green stems. On the common dandelion,
Taraxacum ojjicinale, the weevils fed lightly on the leaves but moderately
on the epidermis of the flower stems. The epidermis of the midrib vein of
dead, wet (saturated) red oak leaves was also consumed. Although feeding
occurred on 18 plant species, feeding was light to very light on most and
might have been termed "sampling." The following species are listed in
order of observed feeding preference:
Scientific Name Common Name Degree of
Feeding
Quercus rubra Northern red oak Heavy
Aster divaricatus White wood aster Heavy
'Received January 23, 1987. Accepted April 25, 1987
^Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 359 Main Road.
Delaware,, Ohio 43015
ENT. NEWS 98(4): 163-164, September & October. 1987
164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Scientific Name
Common Name
Degree of
Feeding
Aster lowrieanus
Lowrie's aster
Heavy
Ulmus americana
American elm
Heavy
Crataegus sp.
Hawthorn
Moderate
Primus serotina
Black cherry
Moderate
Taraxacum ojjicinale
Common dandelion
Light
Potentilla sp.
Cinquefoil
Light
Senecio sp.
Ragwort
Light
Cirsium arvense
Canada thistle
Light
Rhus radicans
Poison-ivy
Light
Rosa sp.
Wild rose
Light
Lysimachia nummularia
Moneywort
Very Light
Pastinaca saliva
Wild parsnip
Very Light
Scutellaria sp.
Mint
Very Light
Vitis sp.
Wild grape
Very Light
Barbarea verna
Early winter cress
Very Light
Dipsacus laciniatus
Teasel
Very Light
About half of nearly 200 2-year-old red oak seedlings under observation
in the oak plantation understory were defoliated partially to wholly by the
weevils before a violent storm littered the ground with leaves. The weevils
then fed on the fallen leaves, and damage to the red oak seedlings nearly
ceased. After several days of overcast, rainy weather, the weevils died by the
hundreds from a fungus disease. This same disease made laboratory studies
on the weevils very difficult because most of the weevils died in 3 to 4 days.
Weevils that were kept in 150- x 20-mm petri plates and provided fresh
red oak leaves laid eggs sparingly in moist soil. The oblong, dark yellowish-
brown eggs began to hatch in ca. 12 days at 22-26°C.
Larvae of B. pellucidus may be root feeders. A few larvae have been
reared into second and third instars on small fibrous red oak roots in 30-ml
plastic cups. Soil excavations made in late April near a sprouting red oak
stump revealed several teneral adults at depths of 5 to ca. 1 5 cm; however,
several other species of plants were growing around the stump. The larval
host or hosts of B. pellucidus need to be determined.
LITERATURE CITED
Galford, J.R. 1986. Weevil Barypeithes pellucidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) feeds on
northern red oak, Quercus rubra, seedlings. Entomol. News 97: 1 13-1 14.
Vol. 98, No. 4. September & October 1987 165
THE DISTRIBUTION OF SHORE
FLIES (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE) IN ILLINOIS1
B.A. Steinly2, E. Lisowski3, D. Webb3
ABSTRACT: New state and/or habitat records are reported for Ephydra cinerea,
Ditrichophora exigua, Lemnaphila scotlandae, Lytogaster excavata, L. furva, Nostima
scutellaris, Paralimna punctipennis, Polylrichophora orbitalis, Pseudohecamede ab-
dominalis, Psilopa dupla. Scare/la obsoleta, S. quadrinotata, S. stagnalis, and Scatophila
unicornis(D\plera: Ephydridae). Notably. Scaiella obsoleta, and S. stagnalis were collected
in a hydroponics greenhouse.
Many species of Ephydridae (Diptera) are found in semi-aquatic and
aquatic habitats. The ecology and distribution of shore flies have been
investigated in aquatic habitats in Iowa (Deonier. 1965), and Ohio
(Scheiring and Foote, 1973; Deonier and Regensburg. 1978: Steinly and
Deonier, 1980; Steinly, 1986). In addition, ephydrid habitats and
population composition have been studied within limited geographic areas
in North Dakota (Harris and Deonier. 1 979). California ( Barnby and Resh,
1984), Washington (Zack, 1979. 1983) and Ohio (Steinly. 1978. 1984a
and b). These Nearctic habitats are delimited by vegetation types,
substratum conformation, and surface water abundance. Thus, while shore
flies have received much attention, the majority of ephydrid ranges, habitat
distributions, and population characteristics are unknown.
In this paper, we present new state ( SR) and habitat ( HR) records. The
distributions of selected ephydrid species are discussed.
METHODS
Adult shore flies were collected with a modified aerial sweep net
(Regensburg, 1977). In the field, selected adults were aspirated into 7-
dram vials, and the remaining adults in the collecting bag were killed with
ethyl acetate. Adult specimens were point-mounted in the laboratory and
examined to determine reproductive condition.
Lemnaphila scotlandae Cresson eggs and larvae were removed from
field-collected samples ofLe?nna minor Linnaeus (duck weed) and placed
in beakers of pond water at room temperature. Eggs were left on the duck-
weed thallus to facilitate handling. Larvae found mining duck weed were
Deceived February 23. 1987. Accepted March 31. 1987.
^Department of Entomology. University of Illinois 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin.
Champaign. Illinois 61801
3The Illinois Natural History Survey, Natural Resources Bldg., Champaign. Illinois 61820
ENT. NEWS 98(4): 165-170. September & October. 1987
166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
transferred to holding beakers without removing them from the thallus.
Also, free-floating puparia were collected from field samples and placed in
holding beakers. Newly emerged adults of L. scotlandae were aspirated
into vials, killed with ethyl alcohol, and pointmounted.
Specimens designated INHS were examined from the Illinois Natural
History Survey Collection, Champaign, Illinois. Voucher specimens of
field-collected material have been deposited in the INHS collections.
RESULTS
For the first time, Ephydra cinerea Jones, Ditrichophora exigua
Cresson, Ilythea spilota (Curtis), Lemnaphila scotlandae Cresson,
Nostima scutellaris Cresson, Paralimna punctipennis (Wiedemann),
Polytrichophora orbital is (Loew), Pseudohecamede abdominalis (Willis-
ton), Psilopa pulchripes Loew, and Scatophila unicornis Czerny are
reported from Illinois (Table I.). New habitats have been recorded for
Lytogaster excavata (Sturtevant and Wheeler), L. furva Cresson, Pa.
punctipennis, Po. orbitalis, Ps. dupla Cresson, Scatella obsoleta Loew, S.
quadrinotata Cresson, 5. stagnalis (Fallen), and Scatophila unicornis.
Notably, Lemnaphila scotlandae was collected from duck weed and E.
cinerea was associated with salt habitats. Scatella obsoleta and Sc.
stagnalis were collected in a hydroponics greenhouse.
Ephydra cinerea Jones
Patoka. 111., in salt pool. July-19-1945. 29 adults. Ross, and Sand.. INHS. (SR)
Ditrichophora exigua Cresson
Vermilion Co., Forest Glen Forest Preserve, 7 mi SE Westville, VI-25-1984, B.A.
Steinly. grass shore, 3 adults. (SR)
Ilythea spilota (Curtis)
Vermilion Co., Forest Glen Forest Preserve, 7 mi SE Westville, VI-25-1984, B.A.
Steinly, Woodland stream, silt impregnated sand, 5 adults. (SR)
Lemnaphila scotlandae Cresson
Vermilion Co., Forest Glen Forest Preserve, 7 mi SE Westville, IX-20-1986, B.A.
Steinly, Lemna minor( Duck Weed), 10 adults and 47 larvae; Clay Co., Buck Creek, Sta.
3, 4.1 km (2.5 mi) NNE Flora. T3N. R7E, Sec 18 SW/4, IX- 16- 1986. B.A. Steinly and
E.A. Lisowski, Duck Weed, 7 adults; Buck Ck., Sta. 6. 7.1 km (4.4 mi) NE Flora, T3N,
R7E, Sec 9, NE/4, SE/4, NW/4, IX- 16- 1986, E.A. Lisowski and B.A. Steinly, 1 adult
and 31 larvae; Grundy Co., 0.6 mi S Morris, SE/4, NE/4, SE/4 Sec 9. TssN, R7E, IX-
21-1986, E.A. Lisowski, Duckweed, 14 larvae and 3 puparia; La Salle Co., I and M
Canal, 1 mi W Utica SW/4 Sec 8, T33N, R2E, IX-21-1986. E.A. Lisowski, Duckweed.
27 larvae; La Salle Co.. Illini State Park, 0.8 mi SE Marseilles, SE/4, NW/4 Sec 19.
T33N, R5E. IX-21-1986, E.A. Lisowski, 15 larvae. (SR)
Lytogaster excavata (Sturtevant and Wheeler)
Vermilion Co., Forest Glen Forest Preserve, 7 mi SE Westville, VI-25-1984, B.A.
Steinly, Sedge Meadow, Scirpus sp., 18 adults. (HR)
Vol. 98, No. 4, September & October 1987 167
Lytogasler furva Cresson
Vermilion Co., Forest Glen Forest Preserve, 7 mi SE Westville, VI- 18- 1986, B.A.
Steinly, Sedge Meadow Scirpus sp., adult. (HR)
Nostima scutellaris Cresson
Vermilion Co., Forest Glen Forest Preserve. 7 mi. SE Westville, VI-25-1984, B.A.
Steinly. Grass shore adjacent to woodland stream in ravine. 1 adult. (SR)
Paralimna punctipennis ( Wiedemann)
Vermilion Co., Forest Glen Forest Preserve, 7 mi SE Westville, VIII- 18- 1986, B.A.
Steinly. Sedge meadow, 3 adults. (SR & HR)
Polytrichophora orbitalis (Loew)
Vermilion Co., Forest Glen Forest Preserve, 7 mi. SE Westville, VII-1 3-1986, B.A.
Steinly, silt impregnated sand, 5 adults. (SR & HR)
Pseudohecamede abdominalis (Williston)
Mason Co., Illinois River, Havanna, (INHS), 1 adult. (SR)
Psilopa dupla Cresson
Vermilion Co., Forest Glen Forest Preserve, 7 mi. SE Westville, V-21-1986. 41 adults;
V-29-1986. 47 adults: VI-15-1986. 34 adults: VIII-18-1986, 15 adults; IX-20-1986, 6
adults; X-6-1986, 4 adults B.A. Steinly, Terrestrial mowed grass. (HR)
Psilopa pulchripes Loew
Champaign Co.. Urbana. 111.. I-II-1986 (INHS), 1 adult; Lake Co.. Waukegon. VIII-21-
1917 (INHS). 1 adult: St. Clair Co.. Centerville, VIII-18-1914 (INHS). 1 adult. (SR)
Scatella obsoleta Loew
Macon Co., Decatur, V-10-1986(D. Webb) (INHS), Hydroponics greenhouse. 1 adult,
2 puparia. (HR)
Scatella quadrinotata Cresson
Vermilion Co.. Forest Glen Forest Preserve, 7 mi. SE Westville, VI-13-1986. B.A.
Steinly, duck weed on mud, 1 adult. (HR)
Scatella stagnalis (Fallen)
Macon Co., Decatur, XI-7-1986 (D. Webb). Hydroponics greenhouse. 50 adults,
(INHS). (HR)
Scatophila unicornis Czerny
Du Page Co.. Lisle. (INHS). greenhouse. 1 adult. (SR & HR)
DISCUSSION
Psilopa dupla was consistently collected from May through October,
and gravid females from late May through August, 1986. At Forest Glen
Forest Preserve, P. dupla specimens were not collected in the adjacent
undisturbed marsh-reed and grass shore habitats. In southern Ohio, a few
P. dupla and P. compta (Meigen) were found in a terrestrial mowed grass
habitat that had thick mats of grass clippings (Steinly and Runyan. 1979:
Steinly, 1984b). During 1976. P. girschnerivon Rb'der was very abundant
in two northern Ohio habitats ( Steinly, 1 979) that had prominent accumu-
lations of decaying vegetation. Association with decaying vegetation,
reproductive condition, and frequency of collection suggests that Psilopa
species have encountered favorable breeding conditions in disturbed
terrestrial grass habitats.
168
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Although numerous Ephydra cinerea Jones specimens were found in
the INHS collection, attempts to locate viable populations in Illinois
proved futile. This halphilic species was very abundant in a single salt
habitat at Rittman, Ohio ( Steinly, 1979). In all probability, the distribution
of E. cinerea has decreased because of the reduction in the number of brine
storage ponds (natural basins) in Illinois oil fields. The elimination of salt
brine holding ponds does not preclude the possibility that E. cinerea may be
found in less conspicuous or accessible salt habitats.
Lemnaphila scotlandae Cresson has been reported from New York
(Cresson, 1933), Michigan (Wirth. 1965). and Ohio (Deonier and
Regensburg, 1978). During October of 1986, L. scotlandae was reared
from Lemna minor (duck weed) obtained from four widely separated
Illinois localities. The Illinois records constitute a significant range
extension. The October collection of L. scotlandae eggs, larvae, and
puparia suggests that breeding continues into late fall in the presence of
viable duck weed populations.
TABLE I
New state and habitat records for the Ephydridae (Diptera) in Illinois.
Species
Ephydra cinerea Jones
Ditrichophora exigua
Cresson
Illythea spilota (Curtis)
Lemnaphila scotlandae
Cresson
Ly togas ter excavata
(Sturtevant and Wheeler)
L. furva Cresson
Nostima scutellaris
Cresson
Paralimna punctipennis
(Wiedemann)
Polytrichophora orbitalis
(Loew)
County and Habitat Records
Marion Co.. salt pool (INHS)1 SR2
Vermilion Co.. grass shore SR
Vermilion Co.. woodland stream. SR
silt impregnated mud
Vermilion Co.. Clay Co., SR
Grundy Co.. La Salle Co..
Lemna minor
Vermilion Co.. sedge meadow.
Scirpus sp.
Vermilion Co.. sedge meadow, HR
Scirpus sp.
Vermilion Co.. grass shore adjacent SR
to woodland stream
Vermilion Co., sedge meadow SR&HR
Vermilion Co.. silt impregnated SR&HR
sand
Vol. 98, No. 4, September & October 1987
169
Species
Pseudohecamede abdominalis
(Williston)
Psilopa dupla Cresson
P. pulchripes Loew
Scatella obsoleta Loew
S. quadrinotata Loew
S. stagnalis (Fallen)
County and Habitat Records
Mason Co., habitat unknown SR
(INHS)
Vermilion Co., terrestrial mowed HR
grass
Champaign Co., Lake Co.. SR
St. Clair Co., habitat unknown
(INHS)
Macon Co., hydroponic greenhouse HR
(INHS)
Vermilion Co., Lemna minor on HR
mud
Macon Co. . hydroponic greenhouse HR
(INHS)
DuPage Co., greenhouse (INHS) SR&HR
Scatophila unicomis Czerny
llNHS - Illinois Natural History Survey Collection
2SR - State Record
3HR - Habitat Record
**
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to express appreciation to Dr. May Berenbaum for reviewing the final
manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Barnby, M.A. and V.H. Resh. 1984. Distribution and seasonal abundance of brine flies
(Diptera: Ehydridae) in a San Francisco Bay salt marsh. Pan Pac. Entomol. 60: 37-46.
Cresson, E.T., Jr. 1933. A new genus and species of the dipterous family Ephydridae reared
from duck weed. Entomol. News 44: 229-231.
Deonier, D.L. 1965. Ecological observations on Iowa shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae).
Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 71: 496-510.
Deonier, D.L. and J.T. Regensburg. 1978. New records of Ohio shore flies (Diptera:
Ephydridae). Ohio J. Sci. 78: 154-155.
Harris, S.C. and D.L. Deonier. 1 979. Ecological observations of immature Ephydridae in
North Dakota spring-brooks, pp. 1 1 1-121. In: Deonier. D.L., ed.. First Symposium on
the Systematics and Ecology of Ephydridae (Diptera). North Am. Benthol. Soc.
Regensburg, J.T. 1977. A modified sweep net for quantitative sampling. Entomol. News 88:
141-142.
170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Scheiring, J.F. and B.A. Foote. 1973. Habitat distribution of the shore flies of northeastern
Ohio (Diptera: Ephydridae). Ohio J. Sci. 73: 152-166.
Steinly, B.A. 1978. New records of Atissa in Ohio (Diptera: Ephydridae). Entomol. News
89: 107-108.
Steinly, B.A. 1979. The shore flies of northern Ohio (Diptera: Ephydridae). Unpubl. M.S.
Thesis. Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. 249 pp.
Steinly, B.A. 1984a. New habitat records for Glenanthe species (Diptera: Ephydridae).
Entomol. News 95: 45-47.
Steinly, B.A. 1984b. Shore fly (Diptera: Ephydridae) community structure in a xeric grass
habitat. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 86: 749-759.
Steinly, B.A. 1986. Violent wave action and the exclusion of Ephydridae (Diptera) from
marine temperate intertidal and fresh-water beach habitats. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.
88: 427-437.
Steinly, B.A. and D.L. Deonier. 1980. New records of Ohio shore flies (Diptera:
Ephydridae). Ohio J. Sci. 80: 41-42.
Steinly, B.A. and J.T. Runyan. 1979. The life history of Leptopsilopa atrimana (Diptera:
Ephydridae), pp. 139-147. In: Deonier, D.L., ed.. First Symposium on the Systematics
and Ecology of Ephydridate (Diptera). North Am. Benthol. Soc.
Wirth,W.W. 1965. Family Ephydridae, pp. 734-759. In: Stone, A., etal., eds. Acatalogof
the Diptera of America north of Mexico. U.S. Dept. Agric. Handbook 276, 1696 pp.
Zack, R.S. 1979. Habitat distribution of the Ephydridae (Diptera) of Mount Rainier
National Park (Washington State), pp. 8 1-98. In: Deonier. D.L., ed.. First Symposium
on the Systematics and Ecology of Ephydridae (Diptera). North Am. Benthol. Soc.
Zack, R.S. 1983. Further notes on the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae) of Mount Rainier
National Park, Washington. Northwest Sci. 57: 212-223.
(Continued from page 162)
The Commission now invites nominations, by any person or institution, of candidates for
membership. Article 2b of the Constitution prescribes that:
"The members of the Commission shall be eminent scientists, irrespective of nationality,
with a distinguished record in any branch of zoology, who are known to have an interest in
zoological nomenclature".
(It should be noted that 'zoology' here includes the applied biological sciences (medicine,
agriculture, etc.) which use zoological names).
Nominations, giving the dates of birth, nationality and qualifications (by the criteria
mentioned above) of each candidate should be sent by 31 March 1988 to: The Executive
Secretary, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum
(Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K.
Vol. 98, No. 4, September & October 1987 171
THREE INEXPENSIVE AQUATIC INVERTEBRATE
SAMPLERS FOR THE BENTHOS,
DRIFT AND EMERGENT FAUNA1
William R. English2
ABSTRACT: Construction plans and methodology are provided for three easily constructed,
low cost aquatic macroinvertebrate samplers: a benthic sampler, an adjustable aquatic drift net,
and an insect emergence trap. Costs for materials and construction-time estimates are
provided.
The quantitative assessment of benthic aquatic invertebrates is often
central to the goals of ecological research. Three common quantitative
sampling devices used to measure aspects of aquatic invertebrate populations
are the benthic sampler (e.g., Surber and Hess samplers), drift net, and
emergence trap. Several varieties of these sampling devices are commercially
available (Merritt and Cummins 1984); and plans for homemade samplers
have been published (e.g. Mackie and Bailey 1981; Brown 1984). My
principal criticism of commercial samplers is the high cost of these 'standard-
dimensioned' samplers which often do not fit the needs of the research
program. In my experience, having a sampler built commercially to the
dimensions (e.g., mesh size or sampled area) appropriate for a specific
research goal nearly doubles the cost. Homemade sampling devices are
generally less expensive than those commercially supplied, but are often
difficult and time consuming to construct. In the field, many of these devices
are too heavy or complicated; the tenets of simplicity appear to have been
ignored. This paper provides plans and construction methodology for three
low-cost, easily constructed samplers: a benthic sampler, an adjustable
aquatic drift net, and an aquatic insect floating emergence trap.
Benthic Sampler
The most commonly used benthic macroinvertebrate sampler is one
which defines an area of bottom from which organisms are collected.
Following are construction plans and methods for a benthic sampler that costs
about $75 for materials and takes less than 4 hrs construction time (Table 1 ).
This sampler is designed for collecting in shallow, flowing water but may be
modified for use in deeper or nonflowing water.
An 8 inch (21 cm) PVC sewer T-joint serves as the frame of the sampler
(Fig. la). Different sized T-joints (sizes up to 24 in.) may be acquired to fit
specific research needs. Two 7x2 3/4 in. ( 1 8 x 7 cm) holes are cut in the front
wall opposite the junction orifice. These holes allow a current to flow through
1 Received March 6. 1987. Accepted April 13. 1987
/*
^Department of Entomology. Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0365
ENT. NEWS 98(4): 1 71-1 79. September & October. 1987
172 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
the sampler and carry organisms lifted from within the sampler into the
collection net. The junction orifice, to which the collection net will be
attached, is shortened to extend only 1 in. (2.54 cm) beyond the outside wall.
The final cuts in the frame are 3/8 in. (1 cm) deep, 2 1/2 in. (5.7 cm) long
crenations cut into what will become the bottom of the sampler. Silicone
rubber is used to glue fiberglass window screening over the 7 x 2 3/4 in.
openings in the sampler's front wall. A mesh size larger than that used in the
collection net will allow a rapid flow rate through the sampler and prevent
drifitng organisms outside the sampler from madvertently entering the
collection net. The mat stripe of 3/4 in. Velcro- tape is glued with silicon
rubber to the 1 in., outside lip of the junction orifice.
The collection net for the benthic sampler (Fig. Ib) is constructed of
363 micron mesh netting (Nitex®); however, any mesh size may be used.
The open end of the net bag is made slightly larger than the outside diameter
of the sampler's junction orifice, 91/2 in. (24 cm) in this case. The net
pattern is cut in the shape of a large isosceles triangle. One side of the
triangle must be long enough to encircle the PVC pipe junction orifice (28
3/8 in. or 72 cm). The length of the other sides, which determines the net
length and volume, depends on the requirements of the investigation. For
my research on smaller (2nd order) streams, a length of 28 3/8 in. (72 cm)
worked well. To construct the net bag, the two equal edges of the netting
material are rolled and sewn together with two stitchings (double seam) of
nylon thread or light weight monofilament fishing line (Fig. Ib). Place a
double row of stitches about 3 in. (7.6 cm) from the narrowed end of the
collection net. Sewing these stitches in the shape of a slight arc greatly
increases the ease of sample removal. Lightly cover frayed edges with
silicone rubber, let dry, and trim. With the rolled edge turned inside the net
and the smoothest side out, the hooked strip of the 3/4 in. Velcro tape is
sewn to the outside rim of the net. The net is turned so that the Velcro strip is
inside the opening and then slipped over the Velcro mat strip of the frame
junction orifice. The net is constructed so that frayed ends or rough surfaces
do not impede movement of sampled organisms to the constricted end of the
net. The Velcro tape allows easy attachment of the net to the sampler.
This sampler is easily modified for use in water deeper than the sampler
height 17 in. (43 cm). A mesh sleeve is attached to the top of the sampler
which allows the researcher to reach into the sampler while preventing
escape of organisms. The mesh sleeve is constructed using roughly the
same dimensions and pattern as the collection net, but inexpensive
mosquito netting may be used. The Velcro tape may be attached to the top
of the sampler and sleeve as it was to the junction orifice and collection net,
however, a strong elastic band stretched over the sleeve and around the top
of the sampler also works well. The sleeve differs dimensionally from the
Vol. 98, No. 4, September & October 1987
173
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174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
collection net only at the constricted end. Here the net is shortened three
inches (7.6 cm), leaving an opening through which an arm may fit.
Samples may be taken in non-flowing water by adding a diaphragm
pump to the system. The inflow hose of the pump may be attached to a
brush for scrubbing surfaces. The outflow hose, attached to the front of the
sampler (flow directed rearward), provides a current within the sampler that
carries organisms into the collection net.
To use the sampler, press the frame with attached net onto the substrate
and revolve in both directions until the side orifice comes in contact with the
substrate (crenations on the frame bottom facilitate rock displacement
better than a smooth-edged frame). The bottom of the sampler is now 4 in.
(10 cm) into the substrate, a depth at which Williams and Hynes (1974)
found the greatest biomass and number of organisms. Using this method,
samples are consistently quantified on a volumetric basis (organisms/m^)
as well as by surfaces area (organisms/m2).
Drift Sampler
The movement of aquatic organisms with the current of flowing water is
commonly referred to as drift (reviews by Waters 1972, Muller 1974).
Sampling drifting organisms in a variety of stream and river types requires
many different types and dimensions of drift nets. The drift sampler
discussed below has adjustable inflow dimensions, is lightweight, and can
be completely dismantled for easy transportation in the field. It takes about
two hours to construct and costs about $56 (Table 1).
The frame is constructed of 1/2 in., schedule 20, PVC pipe, and cross-
joints fitted together to form a rectangle ( Fig. 2a). The length of pipe can be
varied to accommodate the appropriate cross sectional area of the water
column that will be sampled. The net, constructed of 363 micron mesh
netting (Nitex0), is sewn to a Cordura® apron (other moisture resistant
material may be used for the apron) and the apron is attached to the drift
frame ( Fig. 2b). The net material is cut as a single piece. The long cut edges
are rolled twice and sewn together lengthwise with a double seam of nylon
thread. Six inches (15.2 cm) up from the constricted end of the collection
net an arch is double stitched. As with the benthic sampler, this makes
sample removal much easier. The open edge of the Nitex is folded once and
double stitched against the exterior edge of the Cordura apron. This creates
a downstream facing lip which should deter upstream movement of crawling
invertebrates that have entered the drift net.
The frame edge of the apron is folded back 2 in. (5 cm) and sewn along
the cut edge to form a tube into which the PVC pipe will be positioned. All
frayed edges of the net and the apron should be coated with silicone and
trimmed. Apron and net sections of the sampler are designed for a frame
that measures 24 in. (61 cm) by 12 in. (30.5 cm) but will easily
Vol. 98, No. 4, September & October 1987
175
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176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
accommodate smaller frame sizes. Frame size is reduced simply by
shortening the lengths of PVC pipe. Frame sections of the sampler should
not be glued together so that the sampler can be dismantled for easy
transportation in the field. If the stream to be sampled is very narrow or
deep, the net may be stood on end. The sampler is staked to the substrate
with two threaded rods passed through the frame. A set of nuts on the rods
allows for adjustment of the sampler's height in the water column. This
drift sampler is easily constructed and inexpensive. The extremely large net
of my prototype (ca. 25 ft2) accounted for 75% ($41.55) of the total cost
(Table 1).
Emergence Trap
There are many designs for traps which capture emerging aquatic
insects (Merritt and Cummins 1983). Often these are difficult and
expensive to construct and removal of organisms from the trap may be
difficult and result in the loss of organisms. Some traps require aspiration of
the insects from inside the trap or the trap must be tipped or inverted to
remove the collected insects. The emergence trap (Fig. 3 ) described below
is inexpensive ($19) and requires about two hours to construct ( Table 1 ). It is
constructed of 1 x 2 in. pine lumber, plywood, fiberglass window screening, a
funnel, pint jar, corner plates, and corner braces. The best sequence for
construction and methodology follows:
The 9 1/2x7 7/8 in. (24 cm x 20 cm) top plate is cut from 5/8 in.
plywood and a 6 3/8 in. (15.8 cm) diameter hole is cut in the center of the
plate through which the collection assembly is removed. Next, all 1 x 2 in.
(2.5 x 5.1 cm) pine strips (without knots) are cut with ends at 45° angles to
lengths given in Figure 3 a. The base joints of the traps are held together with
1 1/2 in. metal corner plates. The top plate and the angle arms are
assembled with 1 1/4 in. metal corner braces (Fig. 3b). A wire loop about
1 4 cm in diameter ( Fig. 3b) is screwed to the underside of the top plate. This
loop suspends the collection assembly 1 0 cm below the top plate and allows
the emerging insects easy access to the collection funnel and jar (collection
assemblage). The collection assembly (Fig. 3c) consists of a pint jar and lid
screw ring to which a funnel has been attached with metal screws. The top
plate and angle arm assembly is then attached to the base by corner braces
(Fig. 3d). The whole trap frame is covered with marine paint, varnish or
other wood preservative. Screening material and mesh size of choice is cut
to fit over the side frame openings. The edges are rolled once and stapled in
place with a staple gun to the angle arms, top plate, and trap base. A
plexiglass cover is cut to fit over the 1 5 .8 cm hole in the top plate. The cover
is held in position by beads of silicone glue located just outside the
plexiglass cover. Styrofoam strips 2 in. (5 cm) thick are attached to the
structure's base for flotation. The trap is then tethered to an anchor or other
Vol. 98, No. 4, September & October 1987
177
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178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
permanent object. Some modifications may be required for specific
research needs. For example, a modification of this type trap was required
in a Canadian wetland study where Wrubleski and Rosenberg ( 1 984) found
chironomids of the genus Glyptotendipes were colonizing the styrofoam
Table 1. Cost of materials and construction time for:
BENTHIC SAMPLER
Item Quantity SCost
8 in. PVC T- Joint 45.00
Nitex Netting 784 in.2 (5041 cm2) (S $41.55/yd 22.20
Velcro Tape 69 in. (174 cm) 5.22
Screen 69 in.2 (600 cm2) 0.70
Thread, Silicon Rubber.
Misc. Hardware 3.00
TOTAL COST 75.00
CONSTRUCTION TIME 3.5 hrs
DRIFT SAMPLER
Nitex Netting 1888 in.2 (12.2 m2) <&. S41.55/yd 41.55
Cordura Pack Cloth 6 ft.2 (0.56 m2) (a $1.00/ft.2 6.00
PVC 1/2 in. Cross-joints 4 at $0.75/each) 3.00
PVC 1/2 in. Pipe 6 ft (183 cm) (S $0.14/ft. 0.84
Threaded 3/8 in. rod two 4 ft. pieces (« $1.35/each 2.70
Thread, Pins and Misc. 1.00
TOTAL COST 55.09
CONSTRUCTION TIME 2 hrs.
EMERGENCE TRAP
1 x 2 in. Pine Lumber 10 ft. (205 cm) (ft $0.30/ft. 3.00
Screening Material 7 x 3 ft. (S $0.50/ft. 3.50
Corner Braces 8 metal 1 1/4 in. 4.00
Corner Plates 4 metal 1 1/2 in. 1.75
Funnel 5 7/8 in. (15 cm) diam. 0.75
Marine Paint or Varnish 0.75
Top plate 91/2x7 7/8 in. (24 x 20 cm) 1.00
Clear Cover Plate 7 x 7 in. ( 17.7 x 17.7 cm) 1.00
Hanger wire. Staples,
Silicon, Pint Jar. 2.40
Options for flotation:
a) Styrofoam 3 x 3 x 96 in. 1 .00
b) 2 in. PVC Pipe 4 ft. (ft $0.50/ft. 2.00
2 in. PVC Elbow 4 @ $1.35/each 5.40
TOTAL COST 1905
(with styrofoam float)
CONSTRUCTION TIME 2 hrs.
Vol. 98. No. 4. September & October 1987 179
floats, resulting in extremely high numbers being collected in the trap and
thus biasing his study. Styrofoam based traps did not function well in rivers
with extreme fluctuations in discharge. Both these problems were solved by
gluing a base-sized loop of 2 in. PVC pipe to the base of the trap (Fig. 3d).
However, the use of PVC adds considerable weight and $6.50 to the cost of
the trap.
Emerging insects, having flown to the top of the trap will fall into the
collection jar containing 95% ethanol. Pint size or larger jars may be used
to collect emerging insects and ethylene glycol (antifreeze) may be
substituted for 95% ethanol because it does not evaporate as quickly as
ethanol (2 weeks for 100 ml). The sample is taken by lifting the clear cover
and removing the collection assembly (funnel and attached jar) from the
assembly hanger (wire loop) located within the trap. The jar containing the
sample is unscrewed from the funnel and a new jar with about 100 ml of
ethanol or antifreeze is again screwed to the funnel and the collection
assembly is replaced on its hanger. After replacing the clear top cover, the
trap is again set to collect emerging aquatic insects.
All three samplers have had at least three years of use in the field. Very
little maintenance was required and all functioned well in a variety of
habitats. The comparatively low cost, simplicity of construction, and small
time investment for construction make these samplers highly desirable to
most aquatic researchers.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank Peter Adler. Steve Hamilton. John Morse, and Charlie Rabeni for their comments
on this manuscript. Funding during development of these samplers was provided by the
Columbia National Fisheries Research Laboratory. Columbia. MO and the Missouri Coop
Research Unit. Dept. of Forestry. Fisheries and Wildlife. University of Missouri. Columbia.
MO. This is Technical Contribution No. 262 1 of the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment
Station, Clemson University.
LITERATURE CITED
*
Brown, C.L. 1 984. Improved above-substrate sampler for macrophytes and phytomacrofauna.
Prog. Fish-Cult. 46: 142-144.
Mackie, G.L., and R.C. Bailey. 1 98 1 . An inexpensive stream bottom sampler. J. Freshwater
Ecol. 1: 62-69.
Merritt, R. W., and K. W. Cummins ( eds ) 1 984. An introduction to the aquatic insects of North
America. 2nd Ed. Kendall-Hunt.
Muller, K. 1974. Stream drift as a chronological phenomenon in running water ecosystems.
Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 5: 309-323.
Waters, T.F. 1972. The drift of stream insects. Annu. Rev. of Entomol. 17: 253-272.
Williams, D.D., and H.B.N. Hynes. 1974. Occurrence of benthos deep in the substratum of a
stream. Freshwater Biol. 4: 233-256.
Wrubleski, D.A. and D.M. Rosenberg. 1984. Overestimates of Chironomidae (Diptera)
abundance from emergence traps with polystyrene floats. Am. Midi. Nat. Ill: 195-197.
180 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
NEW COLOR PATTERN AND MORPHOLOGICAL
VARIATION FOUND IN TOMOCERUSFLA VESCENS
(COLLEMBOLA: ENTOMOBRYIDAE)1
Frank Calandrino^
ABSTRACT: New variations in dental spination and color pattern were found in a
population of Tomocerus flavscens from Lane County, Oregon.
While examining pitfall trap samples of Collembola collected from the
H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in Lane County, Oregon, I encountered
what appeared to be a new species of Tomocerus. Using Christiansen
(1964) and Christiansen and Bellinger (1981), the specimens were
identified as Tomocerus flavescens (Tullberg). There were, however,
characteristic variations in this western North American population of T.
flavescens that have not been previously reported.
Christiansen (1964) commented on the enormous variation within this
species complex, including different combinations of mucro, claw and dental
spination types that do not follow any geographic pattern. The new color
pattern has a background color of pale cream to grey under the scales. The
body has light purple along the lower margins of the abdominal segments
which is suffused with scattered oval and round maculae. There are patches of
dark purple on the procoxa; mesoprecoxa, mesocoxa, mesofemur; metacoxa,
metatrochanter, metafemur (Fig. 1). The new dental spination variations
found in the Andrews Forest population are shown in Figs. 2 and 3.
Folsom's (1913) system of notation for dental spination was used. In his
formula the oblique line represents the suture between the proximal and
middle series of spines. The first and third numbers represent the longer size
of certain spines while the second number denotes the smaller size spines:
dental spine formula 2/4, 2 (Fig. 2); dental spine formula 3/7, 2 (Fig. 3).
The following table lists differences between the Andress Forest
population and species description in Christiansen and Bellinger (1981):
Different Morphological Characteristics
dental spination: 2/4, 2; 3/7, 2
color pattern
Collection data: Oregon, Lane County, H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, pitfall trap, 28-111-73
and 18-IV-73.
1 Received January 30, 1987. Accepted April 27, 1987.
^Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824.
ENT. NEWS 98(4): 180-182, September & October, 1987
Vol. 98, No. 4. September & October 1987
181
Fig. 1. Tomocerus flavescens, habitus, lateral view.
ALE
Fig. 2. Tomocerus flavescens, dental spines.
is;
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
3
Fig. 3. Tomocerus flavescens, dental spines.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank Richard Snider for laboratory facilities and criticism and John Lattin. Oregon State
University, for the loan of the specimens. I also thank Peter Carrington. graphic illustrator, for his
help in rendering the habitus, and Kenneth Christiansen. Grinnell College, for suggestions and
reviews.
LITERATURE CITED
Christiansen, K.A. 1964. A revision of the Nearctic members of the genus Tomocerus
(Collembola: Entomobryidae). Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. I: 639-677.
Christiansen, K.A. and P.P. Bellinger. 1 98 1 . The Collembola of North America north of the Rio
Grande, Part III. Grinnell College, Grinnell. Iowa: 785-1042.
Folsom, J.W. 1913. North American spring-tails of the sub-family Tomocerinae. ProcU.S. Nat.
Mus., 46: 451-472.
Vol. 98, No. 4, September & October 1987 183
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION
OF ARADUS ROBUSTUS
(HEMIPTERA: ARADIDAE)1
Richard A.B. Leschen^, Steven J.
ABSTRACT: The fungus Irpex lacteus is reported as a new host forAradus robustus. New
records of feeding, flight and mating are provided. New state records for the species are given
for Arkansas and Mississippi along with additional records for Missouri and Florida.
Little is known about the biology ofAradus robustus Uhler. Blatchley
(1926) mentions that A. robustus is found beneath bark of red and black
oaks, apparently hibernating. Matsuda (1977) states that this species is
associated with Quercus sp. Froeschner (1942) reports adults ofAradus
robustus being collected from October to May with one nymph collected on
March 16. A. robustus was found by Torre-Bueno( 1935) under the bark of
a hemlock log and on and under the bark of a beech log. He observed
nymphs from July 19 through August 16, and adults from July 3 through
about August 28. These authors make no references to any fungal
associations, mating, or flight by this species.
Except for one female found under bark, most of the specimens we
collected were on the fungus Irpex lacteus (Fr.) Fr. (Basidiomycetes:
Polyporaceae). The fungus was found in mixed deciduous forests on the
exterior of small hardwood branches which had fallen to the forest floor.
These branches ranged from 2.5 to 10.2 cm in diameter. Overholts(1953)
lists many host trees for /. lacteus, but the biology of the species is virtually
unknown (Robert L. Gilbertson, pers. comm.).
One adult A. robustus was observed on May 5 with its stylets imbedded
in /. lacteus, apparently feeding. Mating was observed five times on the
fungus from April 1 9 through July 13. Mating was usually observed during
and up to five days after periods of rain. During mating the male and female
were in the typical copulatory position for the Aradidae with the male
beneath and slightly to one side of the female, as discussed by Usinger and
Matsuda (1959). Nymphs of instars two through five were commonly
found on the fungus, often in association with adults. Although /. lacteus is
1 Received January 14, 1987. Accepted April 3. 1987
2Entomology Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas. 72701.
^Biology Department. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843.
4 Authors' names in alphabetical order.
ENT. NEWS 98(4): 183-185. September & October, 1987
184 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
present year round, no specimens of A. robustus were found on the fungus
after August 18.
Late instars of A. robustus were found as early as April 24, which
suggests that at least some individuals of this species may overwinter as
immatures. Heliovaara ( 1 982) has found that another species in this genus,
Aradus cinnamoneus, overwinters in crevices in bark on their host trees
and within 30 cm of the base of the host trees in litter. One specimen of
Aradus robustus was collected in December in northern Florida from
mixed hardwood litter and others from Arkansas were collected under bark
in March and April, suggesting that similar habitats may serve as
overwintering sites for this species.
Linsley and Usinger (1942, 1944) record dispersal flights for twelve
other species of Aradus in May and June in California. We collected one
adult female specimen of A. robustus flying, evidently in dispersal, in a
bottomland mixed pine-hardwood forest in March.
Parshley (1922 a&b) reports A. robustus from Quebec, Ontario,
Northwest Territories, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
District of Columbia, Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee, Florida,
Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota,
Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas. Blatchley (1926) records A.
robustus from Oklahoma and Froeschner (1942) has found/!, robustus to
be rather rare in Missouri. While there are many records from northern and
eastern United States, there are pnly a few records from the southeastern
United States. Note that since /. lacteus occurs commonly in the eastern
United States and in Canada (Overholts, 1953), /. lacteus and A. robustus
have broadly sympatric distributions.
Our collections and material examined at the University of Arkansas at
Fayetteville extend the range of this species to include portions of Arkansas
and Mississippi and provide additional records for Missouri and Florida.
The material examined in this study is deposited at the University of
Arkansas at Fayetteville and in the S.J. Taylor collection.
Locality data are as follows:
ARKANSAS: Arkansas Co., 4 mi E. of Ethel, Lot #13, 31 July 1969, (R.L. Brown);
Columbia Co., under bark, April 1 968, (I. Lee); Crawford Co., Lee Creek/Hwy 59, on 5 July
1986, (R.A.B. Leschen); Crittenden Co., from trash, 10 March 1955; Faulkner Co., near
LakeConway spillway, under bark, 11 March 1985, (S.J. Taylor); Garland Co., Camp Clear
Fork, on /. lacteus, 15 June 1986, 19 June 1986, (R.A.B. Leschen); Logan Co., Mt.
Magazine, on /. lacteus, 12 May 1986, 18 August 1986, (R.A.B. Leschen); Cove Lake, on/.
lacteus, 5 May 1986, 12 May 1986, (R.A.B. Leschen); Pope Co., 19 May 1970, (R.
Flanagan); Pulaski Co., Little Rock, Maumelle PL, flying, 10 March 1985, (S.J. Taylor);
Vol. 98. No. 4, September & October 1987 185
Washington Co., grass, 19 March 1972, (R. Stevenson); 1 mi NE of Lake Wedington, on/.
lacteus, 19 April 1986, 24 April 1986, (R.A.B. Leschen); 1 mi NE of Lake Wedington, on/.
lacteus, 5 May 1986, (S.J. Taylor and R.A.B. Leschen); Lake Wedington, on /. lacteus, 16
May 1986, 19 May 1986, 13 July 1986, 5 August 1986, (R.A.B. Leschen).
MISSISSIPPI: Holmes Co., sweeping, 22 April 1975, (H. Greenbaum).
MISSOURI: Green Co.. James R./Hwy 125, /. lacteus, 24 May 1986, (R.A.B. Leschen).
FLORIDA: Leon Co., Tallahassee, berlese mixed hardwood litter, 17 December 1976.
(C.W. O'Brien and Wibmer).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to Jay Justice (Arkansas Mycological Society) for confirmation of the
identification of the host fungus. We thank Merrill H. Sweet (Texas A&M Univ.). R.T. Allen
(Univ. of Arkansas), Christopher Carlton (Univ. of Arkansas) and two anonymous reviewers for
reviewing the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Blatchley, W.S. 1926. Heteroptera or True Bugs of Eastern North America. The Nature
Publishing Company. Indianapolis. Indiana. 1 1 16pp.
Froeschner, R.C. 1942. Contributions to a synopsis of the Hemiptera of Missouri, Pt. II.
Coreidae, Aradidae. Neididae. Amer. Mid. Nat., 27: 591-609.
Heliovaara, Kari. 1982. Overwintering sites of the pine bark-bug, Aradus cinnamomeus
(Heteroptera, Aradidae). Ann. Ent. Fenn.. 48: 105-108.
Linsley, E.G. and R.L. Usinger. 1 942. Notes on some flat bugs from the vicinity of Mt. Lassen.
California (Hemiptera. Aradidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol., 18(2): 83-86.
Linsley, E.G. and R.L. Usinger. 1944. Further notes on the habits of some flat bugs with a
description of the male of Aradus patibulus Van Duzee ( Hemiptera, Aradidae). Pan-Pacific
Entomol.. 20(3): 111-114.
Matsuda, Ryuichi. 1977. The insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 3. The Aradidae of
Canada (Hemiptera: Aradidae). Can. Dept. Agric. Publ. 1634. 116pp.
Overholts, Lee Oras. 1953. The Polyporaceae of the United States and Canada. University of
Michigan Press. Ann Arbor. 466pp.
Parshley, H.M. 1922a. Essay on the American species of A radus( Hemiptera). Trans. Amer.
Entomol. Soc.. 47: 1-106.
Parshley, H.M. 1922b. Hemipterological Notices. II. Entomol News, 33: 41-43.
Torre-Bueno, J.R. de la 1935. Biological notes on Aradidae. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. .30:
113-114.
Usinger, R.L. and R. Matsuda. 1959. Classification of the Aradidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera).
British Museum (Nat. Hist.). London, 410pp.
186 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
RANGE EXTENSION AND BIOLOGY OF
ENDOMYCHOBIUS FLA VIPES
(HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE)1 2
Richard A.B. Leifchen3, Robert T. Allen4
ABSTRACT: A new distribution from Arkansas is reported for Endomychobiusflavipes. E.
flavipes parasites were reared from host larvae Endomychus biguttatus from collections made
during the spring of 1986. A total of 20 adult wasps emerged from three beetle prepupae.
While pursuing a survey and rearing study of mycophagous Coleoptera
during 1986-87, we reared the parasitic wasp Endomychobius flavipes
(Ashmead) (Fig. 1) from larvae of the fungus beetle Endomychus
biguttatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Endomychidae). Ashmead (1896) described
E. flavipes from one male and six female adult wasps reared from the
"supposed larva" of E. biguttatus. Ashmead's specimens were from the
Washington, D.C., area and had been given to him by Mr. E.A. Schwarz.
Ashmead included no other information on the biology of the parasite or the
beetle. Our search of the literature revealed no additional information on
the biology or distribution of E. flavipes.
The Arkansas specimens of E. biguttatus from which E. flavipes were
reared were collected at Lake Wedington, 1 2 miles west of Fayetteville
(Washington County) on May 5 and 13, 1986. Additional E. biguttatus
larvae and adults were collected from early May through June 3, 1 986 from
Lake Wedington (Washington County), Cove Lake and Mt. Magazine
(both in Logan Co.), Arkansas. After an apparent hiatus during the summer
months, beetle larvae and adults were collected from October 4, 1986,
through March 5, 1987 from Lake Wedington and Markham Hill,
Fayetteville, Arkansas. But only five of the six E. biguttatuss larvae
collected on May 5 and 13 produced E. flavipes.
The E. biguttatus larvae were collected while they fed on the
hymenium or gill layers of the common split-gill fungus, Schizophyllum
commune (Fr.). This fungus is a tough basidiomycete that occurs on trees
and branches throughout the year. It has a double row of ridges or gills that
are infolded under dry conditions and exposed for spore release when moist
conditions prevail.
1 Received April 2, 1987. Accepted April 27, 1987
2Published with the approval of the Director, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of
Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
^Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville, AR 72701
^Professor, Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
ENT. NEWS 98(4): 186-188, September & October. 1987
Vol. 98, No. 4, September & October 1987
187
FIG.1
FIG. 2
Fig. I. Endomychobius jlavipes, adult, lateral view
Fig. 2. Endomychus biguttatus beetle prepupa with four Endomychobius flavipes pupae
inside.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Early instar E. biguttatus and S. commune fungi were brought to an
open-air insectary and placed in mason jars filled with 4 to 6 cm of moist,
sterile sawdust. Organdy cloth was placed over the jar mouths, and the jars
were checked periodically for emergence of adult beetles and parasitic
Hymenoptera.
Prepupae of E. biguttatus dropped to the surface of the sawdust layer in
the jar and did not bury themselves in the substrate. Non-parasitized
prepupae shed exuvia to pupate, and parasitized prepupae turned dark
brown and lay motionless on the sawdust. Upon autopsy of two late instar
E. biguttatus larvae, one contained 4 pupae and the other 6 sub-adult E.
flavipes collected May 5 and May 16, respectively. All of the parasites
were in parallel alignment to the larval body axis with their heads directed
anteriorly (Fig. 2). Adult wasps that were allowed to mature emerged from
one or two holes that had been chewed at a random position in the E.
biguttatus prepupal case.
From field collections of May 5 and 1 3 one adult endomychid beetle
emerged June 14,31 days after collection. Endomychobius flavipes adults
emerged on three different days from the remaining three separate
endomychid prepupae: May 25 - 6. June 1-7, June 11-7. Emergence
occurred 20 to 28 days after collection of the endomychid beetle larvae.
The number of parasites per prepupa ranged from 4 to 7. Of the 19 adult
wasps captured (one escaped), there was a 5:14 male to female sex ratio.
The mean length of the males and females was 1.27 mm and 1.86 mm,
respectively. These lengths are substantially larger than the .56mm male
length and the 1.0mm female length reported by Ashmead (1896).
The rarity of E. flavipes is probably an artifact due to the lack of rearing
studies. Because its host E. biguttatus occurs over much of eastern North
America (White 1983), one might assume that E. flavipes is also present in
this same area.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Jay Justice. President, Arkansas Mycological Society, for confirmation of the
fungus, and E.E. Grissel and M.E. Schauffat the Smithsonian Institution for confirmation of
Endomychobius flavipes. Specimens were placed in the University of Arkansas Entomology
Museum collection and the National Museum of Natural History Collection.
LITERATURE CITED
Ashmead, William H. 1896. Description of New Parasitic Hymenoptera. Amer. Ent. Soc.
Trans. 23:227-228.
White, Richard E. 1983. A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America. Houghton Mifflin
Company. Boston, Mass. 404 pp.
Vol. 98. No. 4, September & October 1987 189
ECTOPARASITES AND OTHER ASSOCIATES OF
SOME MAMMALS FROM MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL1
John O. Whitaker, Jr.2, James M. Dietz3
ABSTRACT: One marsupial, two carnivores and 8 species of cricetid rodents from Brazil were
examined for ectoparasites. Some of the major parasites found were laelapid mites A ndrolaelaps
fahrenholzi, A. mtundus, A. pachyptilae, Laelaps paulistensis, L. thori, L. mazzai, L. castroi,
Mysolaelaps heteronvchus, Mysolae/aps sp.. Gigantolaelaps goyanensis, G. vitzhumi, G.
wolffsohni, and the macronyssid mite, Argitus oryzomys. Eleven species of chiggers were found
of which 5 have already been described as new (Serratacarus dietzi, S. lasiurus, and
Microtrombicula rhipidomysi, Kymocta lutui, and Colicus brasiliensis) and two more are in the
process of being described. More abundant lice ( Anoplura) found were Hoplopleura travasso,
H.fonsecai, H. angulata, and H. affmis. A few fleas, ticks and other mites were also reported.
While studying the biology of the maned wolf, Chn'socyon brachyurus,
James Dietz had the opportunity to collect ectoparasites from a number of
mammals from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Some of the parasites
collected were new species or new for Brazil. This paper presents information
resulting from these collections.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Mammals were hand picked using a dissecting microscope. Parasites
were preserved in alcohol and later placed in Nesbitt's solution containing
acid fuchsin stain for 3-5 days, then mounted in Hoyer's solution and finally
ringed with Euparal.
Representative specimens have been or will be deposited in the Research
Branch, Biosystematics Research Center. Ottawa, Ontario; in the Stovall
Museum (Univ. Oklahoma, laelapid mites); in the collection of Alex Fain
(smaller mites); at the University of Hawaii (chiggers); at the Department of
Biology, University of Northern Iowa (ticks); and in the collections of the
authors. Skins and skulls of the mammals are in the Museum. Michigan State
University, East Lansing.
RESULTS
Results are given below for some of the species, and for the cricetid
rodents in Table 1. For the latter group only the more abundant or
otherwise noteworthy forms are specifically mentioned in the text.
1 Received December 5. 1986. Accepted April 27, 1987
^Department of Life Sciences. Indiana State University. Terre Haute, IN 47809.
•^Department of Zoological Research. National Zoological Park. Washington. D.C. 20008.
ENT. NEWS 98(4): 189-197. September & October. 1987
190 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
MARSUPIALIA: DIDELPHIDAE
Monodelphis domestica
One individual was taken (29 March 1979) at Faz das Pedras, Serrada
Canastra National Park, 25 km west Sao Roque de Minas, Minas Gerais,
Brazil. From it were collected 23 chiggers including two species, 16
individuals of Parasecia aitkeni (Brennan and Jones, 1960) and 7 of
Trombewingi bakeri (Fonseca. 1955).
RODENTIA: CRICETIDAE
Akodon (Thalpomys) reinhardti
Eight individuals of this species were taken (Table 1). The most
abundant associate taken, totalling 19 individuals on one host, was the
hypopial mite, Dermacanis of the hypudaei group. Members of this group
form a closely related complex with the hypopi being very similar, whereas
the adults may be quite different. Individuals thus must be cultured to the
adult form for determination of its relationships to other Dermacanis
hypudaei. Androlaelaps fahrenholzi(LaQ\apidaQ) and a chigger, currently
being described by M.L. Goff and Whitaker, were the other more abundant
forms.
Bolomys lasiurus lasiurus
A total of 47 individuals of the Cane Mouse, B.I. lasiurus, was
examined during the present study (Table 1). The most abundant
ectoparasites of this species were the \ae\ap\dsAndrolaelaps rotundus and
Androlaelaps fahrenholzi, the chigger Quadracetas pazca and the louse
Hoplopleura affinis. Androlaelaps rotundus was not mentioned by
Furman (1972), although it was the species we most commonly en-
countered on B. lasiurus (total of 372 individuals). Furman (1972)
indicated that Laelaps dearmasi (Furman & Tipton, 1961 ) was common
on Zygodontomys brevicauda in Venezuela. Furman (1972) indicated
that Z. brevicauda was the host most heavily infested in Venezuela by this
parasite. Twenty specimens of Eulaelaps were found but need further
study. Johnson (1972) found Hoplopleura nesoryzomydis to be the typical
sucking louse of Zygodontomys brevicauda in Venezuela, but we found H.
affinis to be the anopluran on B. lasiurus in Brazil.
Calomys laucha tenor
This is one of the Vesper mice; often referred to the genus Hesperomys.
Nine individuals were examined for parasites. Chiggers, Parasecia aitkeni
and Quadraseta pazca, the laelapid Laelaps mazzai, and lice, Hoplopleura
sp., possibly new, in the H. hesperomydis complex, were the most abundant
parasites of this host. Furman ( 1 972) found Laelaps mazzai primarily on
Calomvs hummelincki from Venezuela.
Vol. 98, No. 4. September & October 1987 191
Nectomys squamipes
Only two individuals of this Neotropical water rat were taken (Table 1 ).
No lice were found on Nectomys squamipes although the types of
Hoplopleura quadridentata (Neumann) were from this host and this louse
was recorded from this host in Venezuela (Johnson, 1972b). Gigantolae-
laps govanensis was commonly found on this host and only occasionally on
others and A. fahrenholzi was occasional on this host in Venezuela
(Furman, 1972). Two species of chiggers, Arisocerus hertigi and
Parasecia aitkeni were also taken. Jones et al. (1972) recorded
Amblyomma sp. on N. squamipes from Venezuela, but we found no ticks
on this host.
Oryzomys fornesi
A total of 27 individuals of this rice rat were examined. The most
abundant parasites on our sample of this species were the laelapids.
Gigantolaelaps wolffsohni, Laelaps castroi, Androlaelaps fahrenholzi
and Mysolaelaps pawispinosus (Table 1 ). and a chigger described on the
basis of this material, Colicus brasiliensis Goff. Whitaker, & Dietz. 1 983.
Also, 7 individuals of a sucking louse, Hoplopleura travossosi Werneck,
1932. were found. Laelaps paulistanensis, G. wolffsohni and Andro-
laelaps fahrenholzi were commonly found on species of Oryzomys in
Venezuela (Furman, 1972). Mysolaelaps microspinosus Fonseca and M
parvispinosus Fonseca were found on species of Oryzomys in Venezuela.
Oryzomys subflavus
A macronyssid, Argitis oryzomys, the laelapids Laelaps castroi and
Gigantolaelaps vitzhumi, and a newly described chigger, Colicus brasili-
ensis (Goff, Whitaker & Dietz, 1983), were the most abundant parasites
taken on the three individuals of this rice rat examined (Table 1). Also
taken were seven lice, Hoplopleura sp., which may represent a new species.
Laelaps paulistanensis was taken from species of Oryzomys in
Venezuela (but mainly from Rhipidomys), whereas the specimens from our
material appeared to be L. castroi. Gigantolaelaps vitzthumi was not
taken there on Oryzomys, although several other species of the genus were,
especially G. amazonae (Furman), G. canestrinii Fonseca, G. gilmorei
Fonseca, G. inca Fonseca. G. intermedia Furman, G. oudemansi Fonseca.
G. peruriana (Ewing). and G. tiptoni Furman (Furman. 1972). Argitis
oryzomys Yunker & Saunders (1973) was described from Oryzomys
concolor from Venezuela.
Oxymycteris roberti
Only five individuals of this burrowing mouse were examined (Table 1 ).
but Androlaelaps fahrenholzi and Laelaps paulistanensis among the
laelapids, and lice, Hoplopleura fonsecai, were the more abundant parasites.
192 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Also, 7 staphylinid beetles were taken. Beetles of this group have been found
on a number of different hosts. Eighteen lice were taken on Oxymycteris
roberti, but we find no record of lice on this host in either Johnson (1972) or
Ferris (1951). They were identified as Hoplopleura fonsecai by K.C.
Emerson. This louse was described from Oxymycteris "judex" from
Humboldt, Santa Catharina, Brasil (Ferris. 1951). Oxymycteris judex is
now recognized as O. hispidus judex (Cabrera, 1960). Johnson (1972)
recorded H. fonsecai from Oxymycteris rutilans from Uruguay, and
Ronderos and Capri (1965) recorded it from the same host from Argentia.
Rhipidomys masticalis
The main ectoparasites found on this climbing mouse were the laelapid
mites, Laelaps paulistanensis, L. thori, and Mysolaelaps heteronychus,
lice, Hoplopleura angulata, and chiggers, Microtrombicula rhipidomysi
described as a new species by Goff, Whitaker & Dietz (1983). Numerous
individuals of Laelaps paulistanensis and of Mesolaelaps heteronychus
were also taken from Rhipidomys from Venezuela (Furman, 1972), but L.
thori "was not recorded from there. Furman ( 1972) reported L. surcomata
from Rhipidomys from Venezuela.
Hoplopleura angulata was found on several species of Rhipidomys
from Venezuela, and this louse is the typical anopluran louse of Rhipidomys
(Johnson, 1972).
CARNIVORA: CANIDAE
Chrysocyon brachyurus
Parasite data are available from 5 maned wolves. The wolves were
examined alive for larger ectoparasites and released. All were from
Gameleira, 26 km W ( 3 ), Onession, 1 1 km NE ( 1 ), and Gurita, 7 km SE Sao
Roque de Minas ( 1 ). Three species of parasites were found, two species of
ticks, and 3 maggots from the ear of one wolf. A total of 56 ticks,
Ambylomma tigrinum, was found on four of the wolves. All were adults.
Three nymphal ticks, Amblyomma cajennense, were taken on two of the
wolves. A mblyomma cajennense is most commonly reported from domestic
animals, but Jones et al (1972) reported it from several hosts from
Venezuela. Amblyomma tigrinum is generally on carnivores and likewise
was taken on several Venezuelan hosts. The maggots were of the screw-
worm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae). an obligatory
parasite of great economic importance which affects numerous species, but
especially livestock.
Dusicyon vetulus
Skin scrapings were made of one individual of this South American fox
in which were found 22 mange mites, 18 adults and 6 immature Sarcoptes
scabiei. ' >
Vol. 98, No. 4, September & October 1987 193
DISCUSSION
The most widespread mite on these mammals from South America,
Androlaelaps fahrenholzi, is also the most widespread North American
mite. It was found on 6 of the 8 rodent species examined from Brazil.
Another common mite is Laelaps paulistanensis. It occurred on four of the
rodent species. Those that occurred on three were Mysolaelaps heteronychus
and Androlaelaps projecta. Other parasites occurred on only one or two host
species.
The genus Psylloglyphus Fain, 1966 (Family Winterschmidtiidae) had
not been taken in the New World until recently, but Fain and Beaucournu
(1986) described Psylloglyphus (Tetrapsyllopus) micronychus from fleas
from a South American rodent, Ctenomys sp. The specimens of Psylloglyphus
near reticulatus taken during the present study thus constitute the second South
American record of this genus, and if this species is indeed P. reticulatus, is the
first record of the genus being found in both the Old and the New world.
Psylloglyphus reticulatus was originally described from Zaire (Fain and
Beaucournu, 1 976). Most previous records of the genus are from fleas, although
one species was described from Hemimerus (Hemimeridae), an African
dermapteran parasitic on Cricetomys Fain & Beaucournu, 1 976), and there are
some previous records from mammals (Uchikawa and Suzuki, 1980).
Five new species and a new genus of chigger have already been
described from this material. The new genus Serratacarus with two new
species, S. dietzi and S. lasiurus, was described from Bolomys lasiurus by
Goff and Whitaker (1984). Microtrombicula rhipidomysi, Kymocta
lutui, and Colicus brasiliensis were described, the first two from Rhipidomys
mastacalis and the third from Bolomys lasiurus (Goff, Whitaker, & Dietz,
1983). In addition, a new genus and new species is being described from
Calomys laucha and Akodon reinhardti, and another new species is being
described from Oryzomys fornesi. Kymocta brasiliensis was previously
described from a single specimen, which has since disappeared. This species
will be redescribed. Other chiggers not previously reported from Brazil are
Quadraseta pazca, Arisocerus hertigi and Parasecia aitkeni. Six species of
lice were found, including two apparently new, one from Calomys laucha and
one from Oryzomys subflavus. Of the other four, two have previously been
reported from Brazil, H. travassoi and H. fonsecai (Ferris, 1951).
194
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
TABLE I. ECTOPARASITES FOUND ON SOME CRICETID RODENTS FROM
MINAS GERAIS STATE. BRAZIL
Akodon (Thalpomys)
reinhardti
Mites
Dermacarus —
hypudaei group
Androlaelaps
fahrenholzi
Androlaelaps projecta
Prolistrophorus sp.
Tyrophagus sp. (nymph)
Chiggers
n. gen # 1, n.sp. #4,
Parasecia aitkeni
Flea
Polygenis rimatus rimatus
Bolomys lasiurus lasiurus
Mites
Androlaelaps rotundas
Androlaelaps fahrenhohi
Eulaelaps sp.
Dermacarus
hypudaei group
Psylloglyphus near
reticulatus
Prolistrophorus sp..
perhaps hirstianus
Androlaelaps projecta
Mysolaelaps parrispinosus
Tyrophagus putrescentiae
Hypoaspis miles
Prolistrophorus
paraguayensis?
Che\'lelus ma/accensis
Radfordia subuliger0
Fleas
Polygenis tripus*
Polygenis axius axius
Polygenis rimatus rimaius
Lice
Hopiopleura ajjlnis
Ticks
No.
(n = 8)
(n=47)
46
25
5
16
Percent
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
97.9
53.2
10.6
19.1
10.6
17.0
2.1
4.3
340
No.
19
372
104
20
14
12
12
2
1
72
Average
2.4
4
50.0
6
0.8
2
25.0
2
0.3
1
12.5
1
0.1
1
12.5
1
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.1
7.9
2 2
0.4
0.3
0.3
5
10.6
11
0.2
7
14.9
9
0.2
1
2.1
8
0.2
2
4.3
2
0.04
4
8.5
4
0.08
1
2.1
1
0.02
1
2.1
1
0.02
1
2.1
1
0.02
0.3
0.04
0.04
1.5
Amblvomma sp.
4.3
0.1
Vol. 98, No. 4, September & October 1987
195
Chiggers
Quadracetas pazca
Kymocta brasiliensis
Serratacarus dietzi
Serratacarus lasiurus
Parasecia aitkeni
Calomys laucha tenor
Mites
Laelaps mazzai
Chiggers
Parasecia aitkeni
Quadrasetus pazca
n. gen. # 1 , no. sp. #4
Lice
Hoplopleura sp. (new species)0
Nectomys squamipes
Mites
Gigantolaelaps goyanensis
Androlaelaps fahrenholzi
Laelaps manguinhosi
Mysolaelaps heteronychus
Chiggers
Arisocerus hertigi
Parasecia aitkeni
Oryzomys fornesi
Mites
Gigantolaelaps wolffsohni
Laelaps castroi
Androlaelaps fahrenholzi
Mysolaelaps pan'ispinosus
Hypoaspis miles
Androlaelaps rotundas
Laelaps paulistanensis
Prolistrophonts
paraguayensis (?)
Radfordia subuliger?
Tyrophagus putrescientiae
Chiggers
Colicus brasiliensis
Arisocerus hertigi
No.
7
5
1
1
1
(n=9)
4
3
1
(n = 2)
1
1
(n=27)
19
9
5
Percent
14.9
10.6
2.1
2.1
2.1
66.7
44.4
33.3
11.1
22.2
100.0
100.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
70.4
33.3
18.5
29.6
7.4
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
18.5
3.7
No.
47
11
1
1
1
25
52
23
1
14
13
42
39
20
19
4
2
2
1
1
I
19
3
Average
1.0
0.3
0.02
0.02
0.02
2.8
5.8
2.6
0.1
0.9
7.0
6.5
0.5
0.5
3.0
3.0
1.6
1.4
0.7
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.7
0.1
I Qf.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
No.
Percent
No.
Average
Trombewingi bakeri
1
3.7
1
0.04
Parasecia sp.
1
3.7
1
0.04
Lice
Hoplopleura travassoi
6
23.1
7
0.3
Oryzomys subflavus
(n=3)
Mites
Argitis oryzomys
1
33.3
32
10.7
Laelaps castroi
2
66.7
32
10.7
Gigantolaelaps vitzthumi
3
100.0
24
8.0
Androlaelaps fahrenholzi
1
33.3
7
2.3
Mvsolaelaps heteronychus
1
33.3
5
1.7
Androlaelaps projecta
1
33.3
2
0.7
Chiggers
Colicus brasiliensis
2
66.7
13
4.3
Lice
Hoplopleura sp. (new species)?
1
33.3
7
2.3
Oxymycteris roberti
(n =5)
Mites
Androlaelaps fahrenholzi
4
80.0
42
8.6
Laelaps paulistanensis
1
20.0
9
1.8
Androlaelaps pachyptilae
2
40.0
5
1.0
Eulaelaps sp.
1
20.0
1
0.2
Dermacarus nr. hypudaei
1
20.0
1
0.2
Lice
Hoplopleura fonsecai
3
60.0
18
36
Coleoptera (Staphylinidae)
3
60.0
7
1.4
Rhipidomys masticalis
(n = ll)
Mites
Laelaps paulistanensis
11
100.0
173
15.7
Mvsolaelaps heteronychus
7
63.6
47
4.3
Laelaps thori
6
54.5
44
4.0
Radfordia sp.
1
9.1
1
0.1
Tvrophagus putrescentiae
1
9.1
1
0.1
Chiggers
Microtrombicula rhipidomysi I 9.1 16 1.5
Lice
Hoplopleura angulata 9 81.8 113 10.3
Flea
Craneopsylla minena minerva 1 9.1 1 0.1
•includes 1 individual "probably P. tripus"
Vol. 98, No. 4, September & October 1987 197
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Fleas and lice were identified by P.M. Linardi (Departamentode Parasitologia. Institute de
Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30,000, Belo Horizonte, Minas
Gerais. Brazil), ticks by Nixon Wilson (Dept. Biology, Northern Iowa University, Cedar Falls.
Iowa 506 13), and chiggers by M.L. Goff( Honolulu, Hawaii 968 19). Mites were verified and/or
identified by A. Fain (Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Rue Vautier, 31, B-
1040, Brussels, Belgium) and Donald Gettinger (Stovall Mus. Science History, Univesity of
Oklahoma, Norman. Oklahoma 73019). The screwworm larvae were identified by Stuart Neff.
Univ. Louisville. Louisville, KY 40208).
LITERATURE CITED
Cabrera, A. 1958, 1960. Catalogo de los Mamiferos de America del Sur. Rev. Mus. Argent.
Cienc. Nat. Bernardino Rivadavia, Inst. Nac. Invest. Cienc. Nat.. Cienc Zool., Buenos
Aires. 2 vols. 732 pp.
Fain A. 1 966. Un nouvel hypope vivant en assocition phoretique sur une Puce de Madagascar
(Acarina: Sarcoptiformes). Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 73: 159-165.
Fain, A., and J.C. Beaucournu. 1 972. Notes sur les hypopes vivant en association phoretique
sur les puces in France (Acarina: Sarcoptiformes). Acarologia 13: 522-531.
_. 1 976. Trois nouveaux hypopes du genre Psylloglyphus Fain, phoretiques sur les puces
et un Hernirnerns (Acarina. Saproglyphidae). Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 90: 181-187.
1 986. Un nouvel hypope Psylloglyphus (Tetrapsyllopus) micronychus subg. et spec.
nov.. phoretique sur une puce Sudamericaine (Acarina. Astigmata). Acarologia 27: 257-
261.
Ferris, G.F. 1951. The sucking lice. Mem. Pacif. Coast Entomol. Soc. (1): 320 p.
Furman, D.P. 1972. Laelapid mites ( Laelapidae: Laelapinae) of Venezuela. Brigham Young
Univ. Sci. Bull. 17(3): 1-58.
Goff, M.L., and J.O Whitaker, Jr. 1984. A new genus and two new species of schoengastiine
chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae) from a cane mouse in Brazil. Internal. J. Entomol. 26: 162-
166.
Goff, M.L., J.O. Whitaker, Jr., and J.M. Dietz. 1983. Three new species of chiggers (Acari:
Trombiculidae) from Brazil. J. Med. Entomol. 20: 183-188.
Johnson, P.T. 1957. A classification of the Siphonaptera of South America. Mem. Entomol.
Soc. Wash. No. 5. 299 p.
Johnson, P.T. 1972. Sucking lice of Venezuelan rodents, with remarks on related species
(Anoplura). Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. Biol. Ser. 17(5): 1-62.
Jones, E.K., C.M. Clifford, J.E. Kierans and G.M. Kohls. 1972. The ticks of Venezuela
(Acarina: Ixodoidea) with a key to the species ofAmblvomma in the western hemisphere.
Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. 17(4): 1-40.
Ronderos, R.A., and J.J. Capri. 1965. Anoplura Argentines. I. (Insecta). Physis. Buenos
Aires 25(69): 37-39.
Uchikawa, K., and H. Suzuki. 1980. Studies on the parasite fauna of Thailand 3. Mites
associated with Thai mammals. Trop. Med. 22: 13-25.
Yunker, C.E., and R.C. Saunders. 1973. Venezuelan Macronyssidae I. The genera
Acanthonyssus Yunker and Radovsky. andArgitis, n.gen. J. Med. Entomol. 10: 371-381.
198 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
NOTES ON SOME ECTOPARASITES FROM
MAMMALS OF PARAGUAY1
John O. Whitaker, Jr.2, D. Brian Abrell3
ABSTRACT: Ectoparasites were identified from a small collection of mammals from
Paraguay. Apparently, most had not been reported previously from there. New records
include 1 2 species of mites other than chiggers, 8 of chiggers, 1 flea, 2 sucking lice, 4 biting lice,
1 hemipteran, and 5 streblid flies.
There are few records of ectoparasites from mammals of Paraguay.
Those of which we are aware are the following: Fain (1973), in his
summary of information on neotropical listrophorids and chirodiscids,
reported Prolistrophorus paraguayensis Fain 1970 from Oryzomys ratti-
ceps, but Fain ( 1 979) reported no atopomelids from Paraguay. Radovsky
(1967) reported Steatonyssus joaquimi (Fonseca), and Rudnick (1960)
reported Periglischrus iheringi Oudemans from Vampyrops sp. from
Paraguay. Wenzel et al. ( 1 966) reported Trichobiusfurmani Wenzel from
Glossophaga soricina and Megistopoda proximo (Seguy) from Paraguay.
Most of the chiggers reported upon here have been recently described by
Goff & Whitaker (1984a.b) and Goff, Whitaker and Barkley (1984).
During 1981 and 1982 Abrell, while working in Paraguay, collected
ectoparasites from a small collection of mammals. No dissecting microscope
was available so examination was with a magnifying glass, and few of the
smaller forms could be collected. Parasites were preserved in alcohol, cleared
and stained in Nesbitt's solution, mounted in Hoyer's solution, and ringed
with Euparal. Specimens have been deposited in the collections of the various
workers mentioned in the acknowledgments, and representative specimens of
most are being deposited in the U.S. National Museum.
The purpose of this paper is to report the results of these collections.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
MARSUPIALIA
DIDELPHIDAE
Didelphis albiventris Lund
One individual was examined; it yielded 1 flea, presently unidentified,
and 1 2 ticks, Ixodes loricatus.
1 Received December 5, 1986. Accepted March 14, 1987
^Department of Life Sciences, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809.
•'Indiana Natural Heritage Program, Division of Outdoor Recreation, Indiana Department of
Natural Resources, Indianapolis, IN 46204.
ENT. NEWS 98(4): 198-204, September & October, 1987
Vol. 98, No. 4, September & October 1987 199
EDENTATA
DASYPODIDAE
Chaetophractus villas us (Desmarest)
The one individual examined yielded 4 ticks, one adult identified as
Amblyomma pseudoconcolor, the rest identified as Amblyomma sp.,
but likely the same.
Euphractus sexcinctus (Linnaeus)
Two individuals were examined and yielded 7 sticktight fleas,
Tunga penetrans Linnaeus, 1758; and 53 ticks, Amblyomma sp., at
least the adults among them A. pseudoconcolor.
Tolypeutes matacus (Desmarest)
One individual was examined; it yielded 22 ticks, Amblyomma sp.,
at least the adults among them A. parvum.
MYRMECOPHAGIDAE
Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus)
One individual was examined; it yielded 160 mites, Psoralges
libertus Trouessart (Psoroptidae), and 15 larval and nymphal ticks,
Amblyomma sp.
PRIMATES
CEBIDAE
Aotus trivirgatus (Humboldt)
Two night monkeys were examined, but yielded only sucking lice,
totaling 62, all Aotiella aotophilus (Ewing, 1924).
CHIROPTERA
MOLOSSIDAE
Molossus molossus (Pallas)
Five individuals were examined; they yielded the following:
Parkosa flexilis (Chirodiscidae), 82 individuals; and Chiroptonyssus
haematophagus (Macronyssidae), 3 individuals. Saunders (1975)
found this species in Venezuela most commonly on Molossus.
Molossus temmincki (Burmeister)
Ten individuals were examined and yielded 20 individuals of
Chiroptonyssus venezolanus, 3 of C. haematophagus, 6 of Hesper-
octenes vicinus, and 23 individuals of the chiggerLoomisiaperuviansis
(Goff, Whitaker & Barkley, 1984). Hesperoctenes vicinus is known
only from Paraguay; its probable host is Molossus ater (Ueshima,
1972).
PHYLLOSTOMIDAE
Artibeus lituratus (Olfers)
The 26 individuals examined yielded the following ectoparasites:
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Chirodiscidae: Parkosaflexilis: 22 on one individual; Spinturnicidae:
101 individuals of Periglischrus iheringion 18 hosts. This parasite was
very common onArtibeus in Venezuela also (Herrin & Tipton, 1975);
Streblidae: Megistopoda aranea, 6, on 4 host individuals. The primary
host is thought to be Artibeus jamaicensis although it is occasionally
taken on A lituratus (Wenzel, Tipton & Kiewlicz, 1966). Macronyssi-
dae: Chiroptonyssus venezolanus, 10 on 5 individuals, Macronyssoides
kochi, 1. Saunders (1975) found M. kochi to be common on Artibeus
jamaicensis in Venezuela. Uropodidae, 1: Chiggers: sp. #10, 8 on 4
individuals; sp. # 1 1 , 2 on 3 individuals; Ticks: 2 Ornithodorus sp. The
two chiggers appear to represent new taxa and are being studied by M.
Lee Goff.
Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus)
Two individuals examined each yielded one streblid fly, Trichobius
joblingi, a common parasite of this bat in South America (Wenzel,
1976).
Des modus rotundas (E. Geoffrey)
Two vampire bats were examined. One yielded 10 protonymphs of
the macronyssid mite, Radfordiella desmodi, and 2 unidentified macro-
nyssid protonymphs; the other yielded two streblid flies, Trichobius
parasiticus, primarily a parasite of this host (Wenzel, Tipton, & Kiewicz,
1966).
Slurnira lilium (E. Geoffrey)
The 6 individuals examined yielded 17 spinturnicid mites, Perigli-
schrus iheringi, on 4 individuals; Streblidae: Aspidoptera falcata, 3
individuals, and 6 individuals of Megistopoda proximo. Aspidoptera
falcata is known from Sturnira lilium from Venezuela (Wenzel, 1976),
and M. proximo is known from Panama, Paraguay and Venezuela
( Wenzel et. al., 1966).
CARNIVORA
CANIDAE
Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus)
Thirty-nine ticks were found on the one individual examined.
Adults were identified as Amblyomma parvum; many nymphs and
larvae of Amblyomma sp. were included which may have been the
same species.
PROCYONIDAE
Nasua nasua (Linnaeus)
One individual examined, which had 15 Laelaps manguinhosi, 97
ticks, Amblyomma sp., of which at least the adults were A. parvum; 3
mallophagans Neotrichodectes pallidus; 3 laelapid mites, Gigantolaelaps
mattogrossensis; and 5 macronyssid mites, Ornithonyssus sp.
Vol. 98, No. 4, September & October 1987 201
RODENTIA
CAVIIDAE
Galea musteloides Meyen
One individual was examined of this guinea pig. On it were found two
species of biting lice: 25 individuals of Gliricola quadrisetosus and 3 of
Macrogyropus heteronychus; 75 chiggers, Paratrombicula enciscoensis,
described as a new genus, new species by Goff & Whitaker, 1984; 9
individuals of Cavilaelaps bresslaui (Laelapidae), and 105 ticks.
CRICETIDAE
Akodon nigrita (Lichtenstein)
Three individuals apparently of this species were examined. The
specimens were originally identified as A. lasiotus, which does not occur in
Paraguay. The only species of Akodon known to occur in Paraguay other
than A. varius is A. nigrita; thus we assume our specimens to be of this
species. Efforts to obtain the specimens from Paraguay for reexamination
were unsuccessful. Results were as follows: 1 louse, Hoplopleura sp.; 52
chiggers, 45 individuals of Paratrombicula. enciscoensis described as new
by Goff and Whitaker ( 1 984b), 5 of Paraguacarus abrelli described as
new by Goff & Whitaker (1984), 1 of Quadraseta brennani, and 1 of
Andalgalomacarus paraguayensis; and laelapid mites as follows: Andro-
laelops rotundus, 23, and Androlaelaps fahrenholzi, 13.
Thus the major parasites of A. nigrita in Paraguay are Paratrombicula
enciscoensis, E. rotundus, and A. fahrenholzi. Androlaelaps fahrenholzi
is the most widespread mite of the new world and is found on far more hosts
than any other species. Androlaelaps rotundus varies in some characters
indicated in the original description.
Akodon varius Thomas
Six individuals were examined and the following forms were found:
5 lice, Hoplopleura sp.; 248 chiggers, Paratrombicula enciscoensis, 1
of each of the chiggers Andalgalomacarus paraguayensis and Para-
guacarus callosus; Laelapids: Androlaelaps rotundus, 28; and
Androlaelaps fahrenholzi, 17; and 3 fleas, Polygenis sp.
The same three parasites are the dominant ones on this host as on A.
nigrita: the chigger, P. enciscoensis, and the laelapids, A. torundus and
A. fahrenholzi.
Andalgalomys pearsoni (Myers)
Three individuals of this species were examined, but only chiggers,
totalling 52 of 6 species, were found, as follows: 24 individuals of
Andalgalomacarus paraguayensis described by Goff and Whitaker
(1984b) as a new genus and new species, 12 of Paratrombicula
202 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
enciscoensis, 9 of Paraguacarus abrelli, 3 each of Microtrombicula
pearsoni and Quadraseta brennaniboth described as new by Goff &
Whitaker (1984b), and 1 of Paraguacarus callosus.
Calomys callosus (Rengger)
Only 1 individual was examined. On it were found 2 mites, near
Tyrophagus, and 8 chiggers: 4 individuals described as a new genus and
species. Paraguacarus callosus by Goff & Whitaker ( 1 984a), 1 of
Paraguacarus abrelli, 2 of Eutrombicula batatas (Linnaeus, 1758),
and 1 unidentified chigger.
Calomys laucha (Olfers)
Three individuals were examined; two species of ectoparasites
were found, 20 individuals ofLaelaps mazzai and seven chiggers, all
Paratrombicula enciscoensis.
Graomys griseoflavus (Waterhouse)
On the one individual were found 3 Hoplopleura sp. and 8 chiggers,
Paratrombicula enciscoensis.
Holochilus chacarius Thomas
Two individuals were examined and yielded 30 lice, Hoplopleura
contigua Johnson, 1972; 101 ticks, Amblyomma sp.; 2 psoralgids,
Marsupialges misonnei; and 2 laelapids, Gigantolaelaps mattogros-
sensis. Marsupialges misonnei was described from Didelphis marsu-
pialis and from Marmosa murina from French Guiana, both marsu-
pials. This is only the second record for this parasite so we have
included it. However, we suspect it is either accidental or a contaminant
on Holochilus.
ARTIODACTYLA
TAYASSUIDAE
Tayassu tajacu (Linnaeus)
The two individuals examined yielded 60 mallophagans, Macro-
gyropus dictoylis (Macalister, 1869), all on 1 host; and 43 ticks,
Amblyomma cajeunense.
Vol. 98. No. 4, September & October 1987 203
DISCUSSION
There are few records of ectoparasites from Paraguay, but literature is
scattered and not readily available. However, the following species
apparently have not previously been taken in Paraguay.
Chiggers (Trombiculidae)
Andalgalomacarus paraguayensis Goff & Whitaker. 1984b
Eutrombicula batatas (Linnaeus. 1758)
Loomisia peruviansis Goff, Whitaker & Barkley, 1983
Microtrombicula pearsoni Goff & Whitaker, 1984b
Paraguacanis abrelli Goff & Whitaker, 1984b
Paraguacarus callosus Goff & Whitaker, 1984a
Paratrombicula enciscoensis Goff & Whitaker, 1984b
Quadraseta brennani Goff & Whitaker, 1984b
Other Mites:
Chirodiscidae
Parkosa flexilis (Pinichpongse, 1963)
Laelapidae
Androlaelaps fahrenholzi (Berlese, 1911)
Androlaelaps rotundus Fonseca, 1935
Cavi/ae/aps bresslaui Fonseca, 1935
Gigantolaelaps mattogrossensis (Fonseca, 1935)
Laelaps manguinhosi Fonseca, 1935
Laelaps mazzai Fonseca, 1939
Macronyssidae
Chiroptonyssus haematophagus (Fonseca, 1935)
C. venezolanus (Vitzthum, 1932)
Macronyssoides kochi (Fonseca, 1948)
Radfordiella desrnodi Radovsky. 1967
Psoroptidae
Marsupialges misonnei Fain. 1963
Psoralges libertus Trouessart. 1 896
Fleas (Siphonaptera)
Tunga terasma Jordan. 1937
Sucking Lice (Anoplura)
Aotiella aotophilus (Ewing. 1924)
Hoplopleura contigua Johnson, 1972
Biting Lice (Mallophaga)
Gliricola quadrisetosus (Ewing, 1924)
Macrogvropus dicotylis (Macalister, 1869)
Macrogympus heteronychus (Ewing. 1924)
Neotrochidectes pallidus (Piaget. 1880)
Flies (Diptera):
Streblidae
Aspidoptera falcata Wenzel. 1976
Megistopoda aranea (Coquillett. 1899)
T. joblingi Wenzel. 1966
Trichobius parasiticus Gervais, 1 844
204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Lice were verified or identified by K.C. Emerson (560 Boulder Drive, Sanibel Island, FL
33957). Some of the smaller mites were verified by A. Fain (Institut Royal des Sciences
Naturelles de Belgique, Rue Vautier, 31, B-1040, Antiverp, Belgium). Fleas, ticks, and
hemipterans were identified by Nixon Wilson (Department of Biology, University of
Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa 506 14). Some of the mesostigmatid mites were verified by
Donald Gettinger, Dept. of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019.
Chiggers were identified and described as necessary by M. Lee GofF (Department of
Entomology, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at
Manoa, 3050 Maile Way, Room 2310, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822). Streblid flies were
identified by Rupert L. Wenzel (Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605).
LITERATURE CITED
Fain, A. 1963. Nouveaux acariens psoriques parasites de Marsupiaux et de singes sud-
americains(Psoralgidae: Sarcoptiformes). Bull. Ann. de la Soc. Roy. d'Entomol. deBelg.
99: 322-332.
Fain, A. 1973. Les Listrophorides d' Amerique neotropicale (Acarina: Sarcoptiformes).
1. Families Listrophoridae et Chirodiscidae. Bull. Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belg. 49(6): 1-149.
Fain, A. 1979. Les Listrophorides d' Amerique neotropicale (Acarina: Astigmates). Bull.
Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belg. 51(7): 1-158.
Goff, M.L., and J.O. Whitaker, Jr. 1984a. A new genus of Leeuwenhoekiinae (Acari:
Trombiculidae) from cricetid rodents in Paraguay. J. Med. Entomol. 21: 31-33.
Goff, M.L., and J.O. Whitaker, Jr. 1984b. A small collection of chiggers (Acari:
Trombiculidae) from mammals collected in Paraguay. J. Med. Entomol. 21: 327-335.
Goff, M.L., J.O. Whitaker, Jr., and L.J. Barkley. 1984. A new species of Loomisia( Acari:
Trombiculidae) from a Peruvian bat. J. Med. Entomol. 21: 80-81.
Herrin, C.S., and V.J. Tipton. 1975. Spinturnicid mites of Venezuela (Acarina:
Spinturnicidae). Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. 20(2): 1-72.
Radovsky, F.J. 1967. The Macronyssidae and Laelapidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata)
parasitic on bats. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 46: 1-288.
Rudnick, A. 1960. A revision of the mites of the family Spinturnicidae (Acarina). Univ.
Calif. Publ. Entomol. 17: 157-284.
Saunders, R.C. 1975. Venezuelan Macronyssidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Brigham
Young Univ. Sci. Bull. 20(2): 75-90.
Ueshima, N. 1972. New World Polyctenidae (Hemiptera), with special reference to
Venezuelan species. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. 17: 1-21.
Wenzel, R.L. 1976. The streblid batflies of Venezuela (Diptera: Streblidae). Brigham
Young Univ. Sci. Bull. 20(4): 1-177.
Wenzel, R.L., V.J. Tipton and A.Kiewlicz. 1966. The streblid batflies of Panama (Diptera:
Calypterae: Streblidae). Pgs. 405-675. //;: Wenzel, R.L., and Tipton, V.J. (Eds.)
Ectoparasites of Panama. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Chicago. 861 p.
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US ISSN 0013-872X
>8
NOVEMBER & DECEMBER, 1987
NO 5
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Telomerina beringiensis, a new species of Sphaeroceridae
(Diptera) from Yukon & Alaska 5. -4. Marshall 205
Restriction of the South American genus Acrolytta
(Coleoptera: Meloidae) Richard B. Selander 208
Notes onAnacharis melanoneura (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) and
Charitopes mellicornis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
parasitizing Micromus posticus (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae)
R.D. Cave, G.L. Miller 211
A spiracular abnormality inAnastrepha striata larva (Diptera:
Tephritidae) from Costa Rica S.R. Jones, K.C. Kim 217
A terminology for females with color patterns that
mimic males Donald F.J. Hilton 221
Gynandromorphism in winter stonefly genus Capnia
(Plecoptera: Capniidae) C.R. Nelson, R.W. Baumann 224
Vitellogenin disparity in Phormia regina
(Diptera: Calliphoridae)
William R. Belzer 230
The jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) of the Virginia
Peninsula C.L. Stietenroth, N.V. Homer 235
An underwater light trap for collecting bottom
dwelling aquatic insects
R.G. Weber 246
The mayfly Dolania americana (Ephemeroptera: Behningiidae)
in Alabama E.E. Wester, G.W. Folkerts 253
An annotated list of the Curvipalpia (Trichoptera)
of Alabama P. K. Logo, S.C. Harris 255
BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED
SOCIETY MEETING OF OCTOBER 21, 1987
MAILING DATES, VOL. 98, AND PUBLISHER'S
STATEMENT
INDEX, VOL. 98
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263
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Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987 205
TELOMERINA BERINGIENSIS, A NEW SPECIES
OF SPHAEROCERIDAE (DIPTERA)
FROM YUKON AND ALASKA.1
S.A. Marshall2
ABSTRACT: Telomerina beringiensis is described and its relationships to other Telomerina
species discussed.
Marshall and Rohacek (1984) revised the Holarctic genus Telomerina
Rohacek to include twelve species, and provided a cladogram for those
species. At that time four species (7! orpha Marshall and Rohacek, T. cana
Marshall and Rohacek, T. eburnea Rohacek, and T. paraflavipes (Papp))
were recognized as a monophyletic group sharing distinctively shaped
spermathecae with wrinkled bodies, and a characteristically shaped male
fifth sternite with 2 large posterior, setose lobes. Telomerina beringiensis
n. sp. shares these and all other characters required for inclusion in this clade,
and furthermore shares at least one unique character (posteromedial area of
male sternite 5 with flat, bifid spinules) with the eastern North American T.
cana, suggesting a sister-group relationship between these two species.
Telomerina beringiensis differs from related species most obviously in
having a broad, sinuate paramere and a relatively long third costal sector, but
can also be separated from all congeners using details of the male fifth
sternite, surstylus, distiphallus, and spermathecae.
Telomerina beringiensis n. sp.
Description: Body length 1.2-1 .4mm; brown, pruinose except facial cavity. Postocellar bristles
present; orbital setulae large, in a long row extending below eye. Interfrontal bristles in 3-4 long,
subequal pairs, anterior pair shortest. Eye height 1.3-1.4 times genal height. Dorsocentral
bristles in 2 pairs, anterior pair short; acrostichal setulae long, in 6 rows, prescutellar pair
enlarged. Scutellum 1 .3 times as wide as long, scutellar bristles as long as scutellar width.
Katepistemum with a posterodorsal bristle and a minute setula in front of posterodorsal bristle.
Mid tibja with an anteroventral bristle below middle and a weak ventral bristle at apex, these
bristles stronger in female. Hind tibia with a dense patch of short anterodorsal hairs near apex.
Wing with pale, whitish membrane; costa brownish, other veins pale. Second costal sector
shorter than third (0.7 to 0.8 times as long in females, 0.8 to 0.9 times as long in males ( 3 of each
sex measured); R2+3 straight, not apically curved.
Male abdomen: Sternite 5 with a large patch of flat, bifid spinules posteromedially; posterior
lobes short, densely setulose ( Fig. 3 ). Epandrium with posterior bristles longest and with 4 or 5
anteroventral bristles. Surstylus pale, basally constricted, with long hairs on anterior swelling;
1 Received January 21. 1987. Accepted May 18, 1987.
^Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada,
NIG 2W1.
ENT. NEWS 98(5): 205-207. November & December. 1987
206
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Figs. 1-6. Telomerina beringiensis. \. Aedeagus and associated structures of male, left lateral:
2. Terminalia of male, left lateral; 3. Sternite 5 of male; 4. Terminalia of female,
ventral; 5. spermathecae; 6. terminalia of female, dorsal.
Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987 207
apically darkened, weakly bifid and with a stout, pale apical bristle (Fig. 2). Aedeagal complex
large, parameres broad, sinuate; anterior surface finely setulose (Fig. 1 ). Basiphallus broad and
flat, much shorter than distiphallus. Distiphallus simple, composed of dorsal sclerite and ventral
membranous part distally covered with distinct, thorn-like spicules (Fig. 1 ).
Female abdomen: Tergite 7 wider than tergite 6; sparsely haired and darkly pigmented on
posterior half except for small posteromedial pale notch. Epiproct short, pale. Cercus broad,
with thin apical bristle (Fig. 6). Sternite 8 pale on posterior half and with long posterolateral
bristles (Fig. 4). Hypoproct dark, setulose along posterior margin; bare and pale on anterior
portion.
Holotypecf: CANADA. Yukon: Forestry Camp near Dawson City, on bear feces 13.vii.1985.
S. Marshall.
Paratypes: CANADA. Yukon: Dempster Hwy, Tombstone Mtn. Campground, in copula on
fox feces, 12.vii.1985, S. Marshall (Icf, 19); Dempster Hwy. km. 141, on grizzly bear feces
along Blackstone River, 1 l.vii. 1985, S. Marshall (19); Dawson City, dead wolf along hydro line,
13.vii. 1985, S. Marshall ( Icf); Moose Creek Campground, mushroom, 3.vii.l985, S. Marshall
(19). UNITED STATES. Alaska: Alaska Hwy., 12miN Tok. carrion. 14-20.vii.1985. S.
Marshall (2cf, 29); 12miSummit, 86miENE Fairbanks, Hwy. 6, 909m., carrion, tundra, 6-
13.viii.1984. S&J. Peck(3cf, 29); Denali Nat. Pk., Primrose Pass, 3000', 22-26. vii. 1 984, S&J.
Peck, tundra, carrion (2cT, 49); Eagle Summit, 54miSW Circle. Rt. 6, 1 105m, carrion, tundra, 6-
13.viii.1984, S.&J. Peck (5cf, 79); Caribou Mt., Dalton Hwy. mi. 98, 30.vii-3.viii.1984.
carrion, tundra, 2300' S.&J. Peck (Icf): Grayling Lake. Dalton Hwy. mi. 152, 31.vii-
3.viii.l984, carrion, meadow-tundra S.&J. Peck (Icf); Dietrich, Dalton Hwy. mi. 209,
31.vii.3.viii.l984, carrion, scrub spruce taiga. S.&J. Peck (29).
The holotype and 2 paratypes are in the Biosystematics Research Centre, Ottawa. Other
paratypes are in the University of Guelph collection.
LITERATURE CITED
Marshall, S.A. and J. Rohacek, 1984. A revision of the genus Telomerina Rohacek (Diptera,
Sphaeroceridae). Syst. Entomol. 9:127-163.
208
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
RESTRICTION OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN
GENUS ACROLYTTA (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE)1
Richard B. Selander2
ABSTRACT: Acrolytta neivai (Denier) is transferred to Lytta Fabricius, A. nigropicta
(Denier) to Picnoseus Solier, and A. weyrauchi Kaszab to Spastomeloe Selander.
In preparation for a systematic revision of the species of Acrolytta Kaszab
it is convenient to remove from the genus three species that are clearly not
congeneric with the type species, A. binotatithorax (Pic).
Lytta neivai Denier
Lytta neivai Denier, 1940:799.
Acrolytta neivai, Kaszab, 1963:341.
This species is known definitely only from the holotype, a female,
collected at Joinville, on the coast of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 1 9 1 9 and sent
to Denier for description by T. Borgmeier. According to Denier ( 1 940:800),
the specimen is in the "Institute de Experimentacao Agricola, Rio de
Janeiro."
Kaszab ( 1 959) did not include L. neivai in Acrolytta when he described
the genus, but he later (Kaszab, 1 963) referred to it as a member of the genus
in describing/!, weyrauchi. Yet the large size of the type of L. neivai (length
23 mm), its coloration (reddish yellow), the form of its pronotum (elongate,
campanuliform), and its relatively wide elytra (2x as wide as the pronotum)
are hardly consistent with assignment of the species to Acrolytta, and it is
significant that in describing the species Denier compared it with Epispasta
abbreviata (Klug) (as Lytta) rather than with any of the several species of
Acrolytta then assigned to Lytta Fabricius.
A female of a meloid species representing a new genus, presumably of
Lyttina, from Chapada, Mato Grosso, Brazil, in the collection of the Carnegie
Museum, agrees with Denier's description of L. neivai in all particulars,
except that the color is yellow rather than "luteo-rubra." Whether it is
conspecific with the type ofL. neivai is questionable, but it appears very likely
that the two specimens represent the same genus. In any event. Kaszab's
transfer of L. neivai to Acrolytta is unacceptable. Pending further study, I
propose to return Denier's species to the genus Lytta.
'Received January 20, 1987. Accepted May 9, 1987.
^Department of Genetics and Development, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Urbana, IL61801.
ENT. NEWS 98(5): 208-210, November & December, 1987
Vol. 98, No. 5. November & December 1987 209
Picnoseus nigropictus (Denier), new combination
Lytla nigropicta Denier, 1932:87, 2 figs.
Acrolylla nigropicta, Kaszab. 1959:111.
The original description of this species was based on five or more adults
collected by M.P. Gomez at Nanogasta and Guanchin, La Rioja, Argentina.
Denier specified 1 928 as the year of collection at Guanchin (which is spelled
Huanchin on the specimen labels and in Denier's article). Nanogasta and
Guanchin are in the Department of Chilecito, about 15 km S and 15 km W,
respectively, of the city of Chilecito.
In the original description Denier wrote "Tipo en mi coleccion" but
referred to the remainder of his material as "co-tipos." A female in the
Denier collection in the Museo de La Plata is labeled "Holotipo//Nonogasta/
Rioja Gomez//C. Bruch dedit 1921." In addition, I have examined two
specimens in the Bruch collection in the Museo Argentine de Ciencias
Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia," in Buenos Aires, both labeled as cotypes.
Notwithstanding Denier's designation of cotypes, it is evident that he
regarded the specimen in his collection as the type, and on this account a
lectotype designation does not seem necessary.
Denier's species was included by Kaszab ( 1 959) in his genus,4mn'//ta
without comment. However, the species clearly belongs neither to Lytta nor
to Acrolytta but to Picnoseus Solier, a pyrotine genus heretofore recorded
only from Chile.
Spastomeloe weyrauchi (Kaszab), new combination
Acrolytta weyrauchi Kaszab, 1963:341.
Although Kaszab suggested that this species stands nearest Lytta neivai
(as Acrolytta), his description of the unique holotype (male) leaves little doubt
but that A. weyrauchi is congeneric with S. formosus Selander, the type
species of the meloine genus Spastomeloe Selander ( 1 985 ). Kaszab gave the
type locality as "Lomas Marcons, 540 Km zwischen Nasca [sic] and Yauca,
350,111." Peru. Highway distances shown on the Mapa Fisico Politico Vial -
Peru, Tercera Edicion, 1983 (Libreria Internacional del Peru S.A., Lima)
indicate that the Km 540 marker (from Lima) on highway # 1 between Nazca
and Yauca is near Puerto de Lomas, in Arequipa. On the other hand,
"Marcons" is perhaps a misspelling of Marcona, the name of a mining center
in lea, near its border with Arequipa. Either way, the type locality is (in
straight-line distances) about 650 km NW of the type locality of S. formosus
at Las Yaras, Tacna, Peru, and 1 300 km SE of the type locality of S.
singularis Selander at Las Lomas, Piura, Peru.
210 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Kaszab described the lighter color of the head, pronotum, and elytra of his
type specimen as dark red, without indicating a difference in shade or intensity
among these areas. Uniformity in this respect is characteristic of the unique
type specimen of S. singularis, but the color is orange. In S. formosus the
head and pronotum might be described as dark red, but the light color of the
elytra is pure orange, not at all reddish. There are additional differences in the
coloration of the venter of the body and the black margining of the pronotum
that would seem to distinguish S. weyrauchi from both of the other species of
the genus. The differences, however, are of the degree and nature that one
might expect to arise in isolated populations, and I would not be surprised to
find that S. weyrauchi is conspecific with either S. singularis or S. formosus
or, for that matter, that it represents an intergrade population. However, since
Kaszab provided no figures of the type specimen and no information regarding
the genitalia, I am inclined for the present simply to add S. weyrauchi to
Spastomeloe as a third nominal species.
LITERATURE CITED
Denier, P.C.L. 1932. Description de una especie nueva del genero Lytta. Description del
ge'nero Wagneria (Col. Meloidi). Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argentina 22:87-92.
1 940. Description de Lytta neivai, n. sp., du Bresil et notes sur quelques Lytta F.
de 1'Ame'rique du Sud (Col. Meloidae). Rev. Entomol. (Rio de Janeiro) 1 1:799-802.
Kaszab, Z. 1 959. Phylogenetische Beziehungen des Fliigelgeaders der Meloiden (Coleoptera),
nebst Beschreibung neuer Gattungen und Arten. Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hungaricae 5:67-
114.
. 1963. Studien liber Meloiden (Coleoptera). Ann. Hist.-Nat. Nat. Hungarici,
Pars Zool. 55:335-346.
Selander, R.B. 1985. Spastomeloe, a new genus of Meloini from Peru (Coleoptera: Meloidae).
Jour. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 58:668-685.
Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1 987 211
NOTES ON ANACHARIS MELANONEURA
(HYMENOPTERA: FIGITIDAE) AND
CHARITOPES MELLICORNIS (HYMENOPTERA:
ICHNEUMONIDAE) PARASITIZING MICROMUS
POSTICUS (NEUROPTERA: HEMEROBIIDAE)1
Ronald D. Cave, Gary L. Miller2
ABSTRACT: Laboratory observations were made on the biologies of the figitid, Anacharis
melanoneura, and the ichneumonid, Charitopes mellicornis, parasitizing a brown lacewing,
Micromus posticus. Mean egg/larval and pupal developmental times of A. melanoneura were
11.2 and 6.6 days, respectively, at 28°C. Mean larval and pupal developmental times of C.
mellicornis were 5.7 and 5.5 days, respectively. The first C. mellicornis larva to hatch killed,
but did not consume, the remaining eggs in the clutch and then fed upon the M. posticus larva.
The brown lacewing, Micromus posticus (Walker), is a common,
aphidophagous predator occurring throughout the eastern United States. Its
use as a biological control agent has been proposed because of its potential
for rapid population growth (Miller and Cave 1987). However, population
growth could be slowed in the field by the predator's own natural enemies.
The ichneumonid Charitopes mellicornis (Ashmead) is the only species
listed as parasitizing M. posticus (Carlson 1979). Selhime and Kanavel
( 1 968) reported a species of the figitid genus Anacharis attacking Micromus
subanticus (Walker), but not M. posticus, in Florida and provided brief
notes on the parasitoid's biology. In an unsprayed cotton field in Alabama.
Miller and Cave (1987) found 6% of the M. posticus cocoons were
parasitized by C. mellicornis andAnacharis melanoneura Ashmead.
Anacharis melanoneura ranges from Virginia to Florida and west to
Louisiana and Texas (Burks 1 979). Our collection of this species is the first
record in Alabama. According to Burks (1979), it is the only known
Anacharis species in the southeastern United States. The only other
reported host for A. melanoneura is Hemerobius stigma Stephens (Miller
and Lambdin 1985). However, the Anacharis sp. found attacking M.
subanticus by Selhime and Kanavel ( 1 968) may have been A. melanoneura
since no other species of Anacharis are known in the region. Miller and
Lambdin (1985) illustrated the larval, pupal, and adult stages of A.
melanoneura.
The known distribution of C. mellicornis is from Massachusetts to South
Carolina and west to Minnesota and Iowa (Carlson 1 979). Our collection of
Deceived March 30. 1987. Accepted May 11. 1987.
^Department of Entomology. Auburn University. AL 36849.
ENT. NEWS 98(5): 211-216. November & December. 1987
212 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
this parasitoid in Alabama is a new state record and extends the southern
range of the species. Only three other species of Charitopes are known from
North America, none of which is apparently sympatric with C. mellicornis
(Carlson 1979). No other hosts besides M. posticus have been listed in the
literature for C. mellicornis. However, species of Charitopes in the western
United States are known to attack Hemerobius spp. (Deyrup and Deyrup
1978). The adult female of C. mellicornis was illustrated by Townes ( 1 969).
The purpose of this paper is to report laboratory observations on the
biologies of A. melanoneura and C. mellicornis parasitizing M. posticus.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Eggs and larvae of M. posticus were collected from an unsprayed
cotton field in Elmore Co., AL, in August, 1984 and reared in the
laboratory with cotton aphids. Aphis gossypii Glover, as prey. Larvae and
pupae of C. mellicornis and A. melanoneura were collected in the same
field during the first week of September. Field-collected hosts parasitized
by either of the two parasitoids were placed individually in plastic cups (30
ml) with a moistened cotton ball and held at 28 °C, ca. 70% RH, and 1 4: 1 0
L:D photoperiod. As female parasitoids emerged, they were placed
individually in cups with conspecific males and suitable hosts. A drop of
10% honey water was placed on the inside of each cup as a food source for
the adult parasitoids.
First-, second-, and active third-instar M. posticus larvae were exposed
to A. melanoneura for 24 h. After exposure, larvae were placed singly in
cups with cotton aphids and allowed to develop. Fresh hosts were given to
the adult parasitoids until they died. Exposed hosts were observed daily for
parasitoid emergence.
Charitopes mellicornis adult females were provided 1-5 quiescent
third-instar larvae or < 1 -day-old pupae of M. posticus. Preliminary
experiments revealed that females did not oviposit on active larvae.
Oviposition behavior of females was observed during the day with a
dissecting microscope. Parasitized hosts were replaced with fresh, un-
parasitized ones daily. The number of eggs laid daily was recorded.
Parasitized hosts were placed individually in cups containing a moistened
cotton ball and observed daily for parasitoid egg hatch and larval
development.
Parasitoids and M. posticus were identified by the authors. Original
descriptions (Ashmead 1887, 1889), Townes (1969), Burks (1979),
Carlson (1979), and Miller and Lambdin (1985) were consulted in
determiing the parasitoid species. Voucher specimens are deposited in the
Entomology Collection of Auburn University and in the collection of the
senior author.
Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987 213
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Anacharis melanoneura attacked only second- and early third-instar
M. posticus. Miller and Lambdin (1985) noted that A. melanoneura
oviposited only in late second- and third-instar H. stigma and either ignored
or simply palpated first-instars. Selhime and Kanavel (1968) stated,
however, that first-instar M subanticus were successfully parasitized by
the Anacharis sp. they studied.
Egg incubation and larval development of A. melanoneura within the
host together lasted 7-8 days (x= 7.5, n=4). During this time, the host larvae
developed and spun cocoons but did not transform to pupae. After feeding
internally, the parasitoid larvae emerged through the ventral integument
between opposing legs of the host. Only one larval A. melanoneura
emerged per host. After emergence, the third-instar parasitoids continued to
feed until their hosts' cadavers were entirely consumed. This period of
external feeding and development lasted 2-5 days (x=3.7, n=6). Larvae
then pupated without forming cocoons and remained as pupae for 5-8 days
(x=6.6, n=9). These larval developmental times are similar to those
observed by Miller and Lambdin (1985) for A melanoneura parasitizing
H. stigma, although the temperature to which they subjected their
organisms was 6-8°C cooler than ours. Pupal developmental time was
slightly shorter in our study.
Adult A melanoneura remained inside the host's cocoon for 24 h, then
emerged to feed on the honey water solution. Longevity of the reared adults
was 1-9 days (x=4.9, n=7).
Female C. mellicornis deposited their eggs on quiescent third-instar
hosts except for one instance when eggs were laid on a 1 -day-old pupa.
During oviposition, the female inserted her ovipositor through the host's
two-layered cocoon and maneuvered the ovipositor until the tip made
contact with the host. Upon contact, she attached 1 -9 eggs (x= 4. 1 , n = 1 1 ) to
the host's integument. All the females we observed deposited their eggs
during a single period on a host and did not return to parasitized hosts later
on to lay more eggs. Newly laid eggs are pearly white and 0.76 mm long by
0.18 mm wide (Fig. 1A). Although as many as five suitable hosts were
concurrently available, female parasitoids always laid their eggs of any
given day in just one host cocoon, except for one instance in which two
cocoons received 1 and 4 eggs each from a single female in a 24 h period.
Egg hatch occurred in 24 h. The first-instar larva is 0.64 mm long and
the conspicuous head capsule has a pair of prominent, conical antennae
(Fig. IB). A band of grey setae encircles each segment. Immediately after
eclosion, the first emergent larva killed, but did not consume, the unhatched
eggs and then began to feed externally on the M. posticus larva. The eggs
destroyed by the first emergent larva were not necessarily inviable. We
214
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
0.76 mm
0.64mm
B
Fig. 1. Charitopes mellicornis. A. Egg; B. First-instar larva; C. Third-instar larva.
Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987 215
divided a clutch of 8 eggs into two groups of two and six eggs each and
placed the groups on separate hosts. The first egg to hatch in each group
destroyed the rest of the eggs in its respective group and then began to feed
on the M. posticus larva. We also separated two eggs of another clutch and
both eggs subsequently hatched. We observed this fratricidal behavior in
every case (n=8) in which two or more eggs were laid on the same host. The
first larva to emerge apparently benefits from this fratricidal behavior by
having more food resource available to it. However, by depositing all their
eggs on one host and all but one egg being subsequently destroyed, females
appeared to be wasting eggs, especially since other suitable hosts were
available. It is not known if superparasitism by this species occurs in the
field. We never found more than one C. mellicornis larva or pupa within a
host cocoon in the field. Nevertheless, superparasitism by C. mellicornis
may be a laboratory artifact caused by the restriction of females to small
arenas. Thus, the phenomena of superparasitism and fractricidal behavior
by this parasitoid need to be investigated further.
Developmental time for larval C. mellicornis was 5-7 days (X~=5.7,
n=9). This period included 2-3 days spent spinning a silken white cocoon
within the host's cocoon. Thus, the larva fed on the host for only 3-4 days.
Third-instar larvae are 14-segmented and 2.60 mm long (Fig. 1C). The
integument is finely scabrous with a few setae and rounded protuberances
on each segment. Many of these protuberances are clustered around the last
abdominal segment. Compared to the first-instar, the head capsule is
indistinct and the antennae are greatly reduced. Unlike A. melanoneura, C.
mellicornis did not consume the entire host, but left the shriveled
integument after consuming all the body fluids.
The pupal stage of C. mellicornis lasted 4-10 days (x=5.5, n =1 1), after
which the adult chewed an emergence hole through both cocoons. Adults
lived as long as 14 days. Mating was not observed and the progeny of all
females (reared from field-collected specimens) were all males.
The parasitoid fauna of Nearctic Hemerobiidae continues to be
overlooked, although parasitoids may limit the effectiveness of these
predators (Cole 1933). Parasitism of immature brown lacewings may be as
low as 5% (Deyrup and Deyrup 1978) or as high as 60% (Selhime and
Kanavel 1968). Biological control programs that take advantage of brown
lacewings as aphid predators should therefore examine the role that
parasitoids play in the population dynamics of these predators.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We express our appreciation to Jim Cane and Lacy Hyche for their critical reviews of the
manuscript.
216 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
LITERATURE CITED
Ashmead, W.H. 1887. On the cynipidous galls of Florida, with descriptions on new species
and synopses of the described species of North America. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc.
14:125-158.
Ashmead, W.H. 1889. Descriptions of new Ichneumonidae in the collection of the U.S.
National Museum.. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 12:387-451.
Burks, B.D. 1979. Superfamily Cynipoidea, p. 1048. In K.V. Krombein, P.D. Hurd, Jr.,
D.R. Smith, and B.D. Burks (eds.). Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico,
Vol. 1. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Carlson, R.W. 1 979. Ichneumonidae, p. 416. In K.V. Krombein, P.D. Hurd, Jr., D.R. Smith,
and B.D. Burks (eds.). Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico, Vol. 1.
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Cole, F.R. 1933. Natural control of citrus mealybug. J. Econ. Entomol. 26:855-864.
Deyrup, M. and N. Deyrup. 1978. Pupation of Hemerobius in Douglas-fircones. Pan-Pac.
Entomol. 54:143-146.
Miller, G.L. and R.D. Cave. 1987. Bionomics of Micromusposticus( Walker) (Neuroptera:
Hemerobiidae) with descriptions of the immature stages. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.
89:776-789.
Miller, G.L. and P.L. Lambdin. 1985. Observations onAnacharis melanoneura (Hymen-
optera: Figitidae), a parasite of Hemerobius stigma (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae).
Entomol. News. 96:93-97.
Selhime, A.G. and R.F. Kanavel. 1968. Life cycle and parasitism of Micromusposticus and
M. subanticus in Florida. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 61:1212-1215.
Townes, H. 1969. The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 2. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 12:1-537.
Vol. 98. No. 5. November & December 1987 217
A SPIRACULAR ABNORMALITY INANASTREPHA
STRIATA LARVA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
FROM COSTA RICA1 2
Stanle\ R. Jones. Ke Chung Kim-^
ABSTRACT: The abnormal posterior spiracular system of an Anustivphu siriaia larva
collected from Psidiumguajava is compared to those of typical systems. Abnormalities include
four spiracular openings and five interspiracular processes instead of the usual three and four,
respectively.
Although some species-specific differences and some intraspecific
variations do exist, the posterior spiracles of third stage larval Tephritidae
demonstrate highly consistent similarity in gross morphology (Phillips.
1946; Baker ct al. 1944). Each larva bears a right and left stigmatic plate,
each of which possesses three spiracular openings oriented at characteristic
angles. In addition, each spiracular plate bears four sets of interspiracular
processes. 1 dorsal. 2 lateral, and 1 ventral. Because of the consistency of
these structures, they are important taxonomically and are typically figured
in larval descriptions. No major deviations from the typical gross posterior
spiracular pattern have previously been described for third stage tephritid
larvae. For the schizophoran Diptera as a whole, very little has been
reported on abnormalities of the posterior spiracles and associated structures.
Bates (1934) reported an abnormality in the peristigmal gland cells of
Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh, and Gammal-Eddin (1961) reported an
abnormality in the posterior spiracles cfiStomoxys calcitrans Lin. This paper
reports the occurrence of an unusual structural pattern in the posterior
spiracular system of Anastrepha striata Schiner.
Twenty-two third stage larvae of A. stria la were collected from Psidium
guajava L. on 8 June. 1986 at the Estacion Experimental. Fabio Baudrit.
Universidad de Costa Rica. Costa Rica. Several of these were prepared for
light microscopy by excising the head and 7th and 8th abdominal segments,
soaking these in 10% KOH for 12 hrs. staining in acid Fuschin for 2 min..
dehvdratina in an ethvl alcohol series, transferring to xvlene. then mounting
'Received April 18. 1987. Accepted Ma\ 14. 1987.
~Authori/ed on April 9. 1987 for publication as Paper No. 7648 in the Journal Series of the
Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. A contribution from the Erosi 1 ntomological
Museum (AES Proj. No. 2894).
Frost Entomological Museum. Department of Entomolog\. The Penns\ 1\ ania State
University. University Park. PA 16802.
ENT. NEWS 98|5): 217-220. November & December. 1987
218
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
on glass slides with Canada Balsam. Upon examination, one larva was found
to possess four spiracle openings and five sets of interspiracular processes on
the right spiracular plate (Fig. 1A). The right spiracular system of a typical
larva is shown in Figure 1 B. Table 1 lists minimum-maximum measurements
taken from five typical larvae, compared with measurements from the
aberrant larva. All measurements were taken with an ocular micrometer from
the morphological characters shown in Figure IB.
Despite the occurrence of an extra spiracular opening on the aberrant
larva, the dimensions of the right spiracular plate were no larger than those of
typical larvae. All measurements taken from the aberrant larva were well
within the range of normal variation. All four spiracle openings and five
interspiracular processes appeared fully and normally developed in every
respect. The most noticeable difference between the aberrant and typical
spiracular systems, besides the obvious possession of an extra spiracle
opening and interspiracular process, occurred in the pattern or alignment of
the spiracular openings. Spiracle openings 1 and 2 of typical A. striata larvae
are generally parallel, while the 3rd deviates from this orientation (Fig. IB).
This typical spiracle opening pattern does not occur in the aberrant larva due
A
Figure 1 A. Aberrant pattern of the right spiracular system taken from a third stage larva of
Anastrepha striata.
Vol. 98, No. 5. November & December 1987
219
to the space required to accommodate the 4th spiracular opening. It is
impossible to determine from spiracle opening orientation or degree of
development which opening is the additional one.
The probability of observing such a spontaneous mutation is very low,
particularly in a single collection from infested guava fruit. This observation is
considered significant because it shows the presence of spiracular mutation
within Anastrepha species.
\SPP
Figure IB. Typical pattern of the right spiracular system taken from a third stage larva of
Anastrepha striata. SPO-L spiracular opening length; SPO-W spiracular
opening width; SPP-W spiracular plate width; SPP-H spiracular plate height;
ISPP interspiracular processes, number of branches counted 0.1 4 mm from base.
220 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Table 1. Comparison of minimum-maximum measurements taken from the right spiracular
system of atypical and aberrant A nastrepha striata larva (all measurements in mm; N
5 for typical larvae). TYP Typical; ABT aberrant; SPO-L spiracular opening length;
SPO- W spiracular opening width; SPP-W spiracular plate width; SPP-H spiracular
plate height; ISPP interspiracular processes, number of branches counted 0. 14 mm
from base.
SPO-L SPO-W SPP-H SPP-W ISPP
Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max
TYP 0.114 0.145 0.021 0.052 0.229 0.281 0.197 0.229 9 23
ABT 0.114 0.135 0.021 0.031 0.249 0.187 10 20
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to L.F. Jiron for logistical help and to R. Ochoa for aid in tephritid larval
collection.
LITERATURE CITED
Baker, A.C., W.E. Stone, C.C. Plummer, and M. McPhail. 1944: A review of studies on
the Mexican fruit fly and related Mexican species. USDA Misc. Publ. No. 531.
Washington, D.C. 155 pp.
Bates, M. 1934: The peristigmal gland cells of trypetid larvae (Diptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc.
Am. 27:1-4.
Gamal-Eddin, P.M. 1 96 1 . A record of an abnormality in the posterior spiracles of the stable
fly (Stomoxvs calcitrans, Lin.) maggots in Egypt (Diptera: Stomoxydinae) J. Egyptian
Publ. Health Assoc. 26:235-237.
Phillips, V.T. 1 946: The biology and identification of tephritid larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae).
Mem. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 12:1-161.
Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987 221
A TERMINOLOGY FOR FEMALES WITH
COLOR PATTERNS THAT MIMIC MALES'
Donald F.J. Hilton2
ABSTRACT: A portion of the female population in certain insects, especially some species
of Odonata, have color forms which mimic the male color pattern. A confusing series of names
have been applied by various authors to these male-mimicking females. This terminology is
reviewed and a suggestion is made to use androchromatypic for male-mimicking females and
gynochromatypic for females with the usual female color pattern.
Certain insect species have a portion of the female population with a
color pattern that mimics male coloration. This has been described for a few
butterflies (e.g. Clarke et al. 1985) and several Odonata, in particular
species of hchnura (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae) andAeshna (Anisoptera:
Aeshnidae). Most of the published accounts have involved species of
hchnura in which the color patterns are further complicated by the fact that
immature females are orange-brown and then change to green-black when
they become sexually mature. In addition, old females often develop a
greyish-white pruinosity that completely obscures the green-black ground
coloration. Until these age-related color changes were understood, early
publications often considered female populations to consist of two or more
color forms. Grieve (1937) and Lyon (1915) reviewed this literature and
also documented the gradual change from orange-brown to green-black
coloration as /. verticalis females mature. I will ignore the terminology used
for these age-related color forms and deal only with those terms that were
applied to mature females.
There have been a number of such terms including andromorphic.
homochrome, homoeochromatic, isochromatic and isomorphous for females
with the male color pattern and heterochromatic, heterochrome, heteromor-
phic and heteromorphous for females which have the typical female color
pattern. Until Johnson (1964), the most frequently used terms were some
form of homochromatic and heterochromatic. In his study of the inheritance
of female dimorphism in/, damula, Johnson ( 1964) examined the question
of terminology and suggested using andromorphic (male-mimicking females)
and heteromorphic ("typical" females) in order to avoid confusion with the
cytogenetic meaning of the word heterochromatic. More recently. Garrison
and Hafernik (1981), Hinnekint (1986) and Robertson (1985) have also
employed andromorphic and heteromorphic for female color forms of /.
gemina, I. elegans and /. ramburi, respectively.
'Received April 24. 19S7. Accepted May 9. 1987.
^Department of Biological Sciences. Bishop's University, Lennoxville, Quebec. JIM 1Z7.
Canada.
ENT. NEWS 98(5): 221-223. November & December. 1987
Ill
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
In my opinion, none of these terms is satisfactory. The suffix -morphic
implies a morphological difference whereas it is one of color only. The
prefixes homo- and hetero- mean similar and different, but don't specify
similar to, or different from, what. For these reasons, I would suggest
androchromatypic (from the Greek aner (male), chroma (color) and typos
(pattern)) for females with a male-mimicking color pattern and gynochroma-
typic (from the Greek gyne (female)) for females with the usual female
coloration.
Pasteur (1982) provided a classification for various mimicry systems.
He didn't specifically deal with the case of females that have a male-
mimicking color pattern. However, this situation is an example of auto-
mimicry which is itself a type of intraspecific mimicry where both model
and mimic are different individuals within the species. Furthermore,
Pasteur (1982) stated that when females mimic males this is a category of
Wicklerian-Barlowian mimicry that is known as reproductive conjunct
automimicry. In this case conjunct means that the model, mimic and dupe
all belong to the same species and dupe "implies that (a) the animal
perceived signals, (b) the signals were deceptive, and (c) the animal
displayed active or passive behavior in response to the deception. " ( Pasteur
1982). For the species of Ischnura described above, the male is the model
and dupe while the androchromatypic female is the mimic.
Hinnekint (1986) showed that in /. elegans, crowded conditions
increased the number of andromorphic (i.e. androchromatypic) females
and Robertson (1985) suggested that such females in /. ramburi have an
advantage because only one mating is required. Additional copulations
(which last 3 h) waste time for the females and may expose them to
increased levels of predation. Therefore, by mimicking males in both color
and behavior, androchromatypic females may be able to avoid extra
matings more easily than gynochromatypic females.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank C.N. Schiffer for his kindness in providing prepublication re-
view.
LITERATURE CITED
Clarke, C., F.M.M. Clarke, S.C. Collins, A.C.L. Gill and J.R.G. Turner. 1985. Male-like
females, mimicry and transvestism in butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Syst.
Entomol 10: 257-283.
Garrison, R.W. and J.E. Hafernik, Jr. 1981. The distribution of Ischnura gemina
(Kennedy) and a description of the andromorph female (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae).
Odonatologica 10: 85-91.
Grieve, E.G. 1937. Studies on the biology of the damselfly Ischnura verticalis Say, with
notes on certain parasites. Entomol. Amer. 17: 121-153.
Vol. 98, No. 5. November & December 1987 223
Hinnekint, B.O.N. 1986. Dynamique de population chez Ischnura e. elegans (Vander
Linden) (Insectes: Odonates) avec interet particulier pour les changements morphologiques
de coloration, le polymorphisme des femelles et ['influence de cycles pluriannuels sur le
comportement. These Docteur, Univ. Scie. & Techn., Lille XXVII +90 pp. +86 pp.
(annexes). Odonatologica 15:368 (abstract #5436).
Johnson, C. 1 964. The inheritance of female dimorphism in the dragonfly, Ischnura damula
Genetics 49: 513-519.
Lyon, M.B. 1915. Miscellaneous notes on Odonata. Entomol. News 26: 56-62.
Pasteur, G. 1982. A classificatory review of mimicry systems. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 13: 169-
199.
Robertson, H.M. 1985. Female dimorphism and mating behaviour in a damselfly, Ischnura
ramburi: females mimicking males. Anim. Behav. 33:805-809.
BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED
SYMBIOSIS. AN INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS. V. Ahmadjian
& S. Paracer. 1986. Univ. Press of New England. 212 pp. $32.50.
An introductory text for students, instructors, & research workers on the broad
perspective of symbiosis and "parasitism".
THE SUCKING LICE OF NORTH AMERICA. AN ILLUSTRATED MANUAL FOR
IDENTIFICATION. K.C. Kim, H.D. Pratt, & C.J. Stojanovich. 1986. Penn. State Univ.
Press. 241 pp. $39.50.
The main body of this manual consists of illustrated keys to all known North American
Anoplura, including 9 families, 19 genera, and 75 species. The male and female of each
species are illustrated and briefly described with important taxonomic characters. Also
included are chapters on collecting and preservation techniques, morphology and diagnostic
characters, biology and immature stages, public health & veterinary importance, and parasite-
host and host-parasite listings.
INSECT NEUROCHEMISTRY AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY. A.B. Borkovec & D.B.
Gelman, eds. 1986. Humana Press. 484 pp. $69.75.
A written account of 68 invited lectures, contributed papers, and posters presented at the
second International Conference on Insect Neurochemistry and Neurophysiology, Univ. of
Maryland. August 4-6, 1986.
CATALOGUE OF PALAEARCTIC DIPTERA. VOL. 4. SCIARIDAE - ANISOPO-
DIDAE. A. Soos & L. Papp, eds. 1986. Elsevier Science Pub. 441 pp. $150.00
This fourth volume of a continuing series contains taxonomic, nomenclatural, and
distribution data for 362 genera and 2811 species for the 11 families from Sciaridae to
Anisopodidae.
CARABID BEETLES. THEIR ADAPTATIONS AND DYNAMICS. P.J. den Boer.
M.L. Luff, D. Mossakowski, & F. Weber, eds. 1986. Gustav Fischer Pub. 551 pp.
A compilation of 36 papers presented at the 1 7th International Congress of Entomology.
Hamburg, 1 984, on the biotic and abiotic factors that influence the abundance of individuals in
carabid populations and which strategies reduce the probability of extinction.
224 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
GYNANDROMORPHISM IN THE WINTER
STONEFLY GENUS CAPNIA
(PLECOPTERA: CAPNIIDAE)1
C. Riley Nelson, Richard W. Baumann^
ABSTRACT: A bilateral gynandromorph of Capnia sequoia is described from a single
specimen collected in the San Joaquin Valley of California. This specimen represents the first
recorded gynander in the plecopteran family Capniidae despite intensive collecting and
observations made on thousands of specimens. Dorsal and ventral drawings are produced for
the gynander along with those of normal specimens for comparison. The rarity of gynandromor-
phism in winter stoneflies is discussed. The term hypoproct is used for the male subgenital plate
to distinguish it from the female subgenital plate.
While examining long series of many species of Capnia during our
ongoing revision of the genus (Nelson and Baumann, 1 987 ), we discovered a
single specimen of C. sequoia Nelson and Baumann which exhibited
bilateral gynandromorphism. Gynanders in stoneflies are rare with detection
correlated with the sampling of great numbers of individuals. Only two
accounts of plecopteran gynandromorphs are known from the North
American literature (Ricker, 1965; Nebeker and Gaufin, 1966). Ricker
(1965) described Paraleuctra dusha Ricker (Leuctridae) from a specimen
he speculated could have been a gynander of Paraleuctra occidentalis since
it seemed to be a mosaic of male and female parts. Later this species was
reported as a nomen dubium by Zwick ( 1 973). Stark et al. ( 1 986) accepted
this status in the most recent list of North American stoneflies. A ratio of one
gynander per 500 specimens of Zapada cinctipes (Banks) and Prostoia
besametsa (Ricker), both of the family Nemouridae, was given by Nebeker
and Gaufin ( 1 966) based on five gynanders per 2500 specimens. As part of
our revision, over 1 8,000 specimens of more than 50 species of Capnia were
critically examined and only one gynandromorph was found although
various developmental aberrations were noted.
Additional reports of gynandromorphism have been made for specimens
from other regions. Aubert (1958) noted gynanders in Leuctra prima
Kempny and L. fusca (Linnaeus) from southern Europe. Two additional
gynandromorphic specimens, one of L. digitata Kempny and one of L. fusca
(Linnaeus) were examined by Klotzek (1971) along with a mention of
another nemourid, Nemurella pictetii Klapalek in the possession of P.
Zwick. A single record for gynandromorphism in the family Notonemouridae
was reported by lilies ( 1 96 1 ) for A ustronemoura chilena Aubert from South
1 Received January 8, 1987. Accepted May 26, 1987.
2Department of Zoology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602.
ENT. NEWS 98(5): 224-229, November & December, 1987
Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987 225
America. Based on these records, gynandromorphs have been reported in all
the families of the Euholognatha except Scopuridae and Taeniopterygidae.
Stanger (1982) makes no mention of gynanders or any malformations in her
revision of Taenionema despite having examined large numbers of specimens.
No cases of gynandromorphism are known from the Systellognatha nor from
the Antarctoperlaria (Zwick, 1973). This could be construed as evidence for
the monophyly of the Euholognatha if a true tendency for gynandromorphic
expression and viability exists. Long series of individuals of the systellognaths
that come to light traps could be quickly scanned to possibly detect
malformations in that lineage.
The gynander reported in this paper was collected from the mouth of Mill
Creek in Fresno County, California on 17 February 1978 by L. Gilbert. Dr.
Donald J. Burdick of Fresno State University made the specimen available to
us for use during our revision. The species C. sequoia lives in smaller
tributaries of the San Joaquin River system from the Tuolumne River south to
the Tule River. This species is uncommon in collections resultant from both
scant collecting in its range and small populations where it does occur. A total
of 62 known specimens of this species exist in collections (Nelson and
Baumann, 1987).
The specimen is bilaterally gynandromorphic on abdominal segments
six through eleven with the right side bearing male features and the left side
those of a female. In Capnia there is often a marked sexual dimorphism of
the length of the wings but in this specimen the wings are of the same length
on both halves of the body. No noticeable differences in symmetry exist
anterior of abdominal segment one. In general habitus the specimen is of
normal size and no structural aberrations that might have hindered
movement are apparent. The specimen is somewhat teneral, with the male
side more advanced in the tanning process than the female side. The male
side is also more densely covered with setation.
Some key differences in the morphology of the male and female of C.
sequoia occur in the extent of sclerotization of the abdominal segments.
The characters used in the differentiation of species in Capnia are located
on the dorsum of the abdomen of males and the venter of females. The
mosaic of characters in the gynander present a unique opportunity to study
the segment by segment homology in the genus and examine the often
disparate, ambiguous (and confusing) terminology that has resulted from
separate study of each of the sexes individually.
Dorsum. In normal females, abdominal terga two through eight are inter-
rupted medially by a broad band of membrane while terga two through nine of
the male are undivided, having a band of sclerotization covering the dorsum of
each segment. Terga nine and ten of the female are undivided (without a
226 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
medial membranous area) while tergum ten of the male is distinctively
divided forming a medial membranous area upon which the epiproct rests
(Fig. 3). The gynander embodies a curious mosiac of the differences
between the two sexes, with terga two through nine divided near the mid-
line as in the female but with the male side ending abruptly near the mid-line
(Fig. 1 ). The junction between the sclerotization on the female side and the
medial membrane is very similar to that of a normal female while the
junction between the male tergal sclerites and the membrane is malformed
and resembles neither sex directly. One of the substantial differences
between the tergal sclerotization of the male and female of C. sequoia is the
lack of tergal knobs on the dorsum of the abdomen in the female. In the
gynander these tergal knobs on segments seven and nine are expressed only
on the male side (Fig. 1). The male epiproct on segment eleven is
suprisingly well-developed on the right side, extending past the midline
toward the female side resulting in the tip being basically normal in form
although it is twisted to the left of the specimen (Fig. 1 ). However, just to the
left of the tip of the epiproct the male features disappear and the female
characters of a simple lobe-like segment eleven are expressed. A basal pad
of sensilla is present on the base of the epiproct (ventral view) on the right
side as in normal males (Fig. 3) and is absent on the left side (Fig. 1 ). The
interface of the two sides relative to the epiproct is membranous and open
and one is able to examine the internal structure of the epiproct by looking in
from the female side.
Venter. The venter of the two sides of the gynander are basically similar
from the head to segment seven of the abdomen. Sternum seven is somewhat
darker on the left (female) hind margin due to internal sexual organs
showing through the exoskeleton (Fig. 2). The subgenital plate of the female
is evident on the left side of sternum eight including the heavily darkened
sclerotization of the internal vaginal cavity (Figs. 2 and 4); no differentiation
is noted on the male portion of sternum eight. Lateral notches are present on
the anterior margin of sternum nine as in normal female specimens (Fig. 4).
These notches are absent in males. The notch normally on the right side of
the body is expressed near the midline in the gynander (Fig. 2). The hind
margin of sternum nine is rounded and more heavily sclerotized on the right
side as in male specimens and square and less sclerotized on the left side as in
female specimens. The right posterior margin of sternum nine is notched,
separating the sternum and tergum by a significant band of membrane, as in
males. The left side of sternum nine is separated from tergum nine by a
narrow suture, as in normal females. The paraprocts are both similar to those
of a female although some malformation of the paraproct of the right side is
observable with an incompletely formed medial margin, resembling half of
Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987
227
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
the fusion plate (Hanson, 1 946). The cerci are identical on both halves of the
gynander. No sexual dimorphism with respect to cerci is apparent in normal
specimens.
DISCUSSION
Agnew (1979) reported that most gynanders in Ephemeroptera are
predominantly female with some male areas, with the male areas never
comprising more than half of the individual. He further mentioned that the
mosaic distribution of maleness and femaleness in gynanders of Ephemeroptera
were compatible with an interpretation that gynanders arise from an XX female
zygote with early loss of an X in one cell line. The tissue having lost the X
chromosome would thus be XO, and would produce male structures. The
specimen reported in this paper as well as those reported previously in
Plecoptera differ with those seen by Agnew in that all tend to be more or less
bilateral gynandromorphs. Despite this difference of bilateral or mosaic
expression, the mechanism for the appearance of gynanders in Plecoptera could
be the same as for Ephemeroptera. The difference probably results from less
mixing of cleavage nuclei during the syncytial divisions in Plecoptera (as in
Drosophila) than in Ephemeroptera.
A unique opportunity was offered by this bilateral gynandromorph for
studying homology of sclerites between the two sexes. The segment numbering
systems of the two halves of the gynander were consistent with accepted usage in
the literature for each sex (Hanson, 1946; Brinck, 1956; Harper and Stewart,
1984), however, usage of the term subgenital plate for each of the sexes should
be clarified. In females ofCapnia and other Plecoptera the term subgenital plate
is used to designate the medial portion of sternum eight. This usage is clear and
valid since this plate overlies the gonopore. In males of Capnia, the term
subgenital plate is used in conjunction with sternum nine which is basal to the
paraprocts. This confusion of definitions of the term subgenital plate for the two
sexes is unnecessarily ambiguous since more specific terms have been proposed
in the literature for the subgenital plate of the male (e.g. hypoproct, Baumann,
1975; hypandrium, Crampton, 1918). The usage of the term hypoproct to
designate this sclerite is preferred in combination with parallel terms of epiproct
and paraproct to signify those sclerites surrounding the anus which are so useful
in the taxonomy and classification of Plecoptera.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank D.J. Burdick of Fresno State University for the specimen used for this study.
We especially thank J.A. Stanger for the drawings and the Department of Zoology, Brigham
Young University for financial support.
Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987 229
LITERATURE CITED
Agnew, J.D. 1979. Gynanders and sex determination in Ephemeroptera. Eatonia 24:1-2.
Aubert, J. 1958. Deux Leuctra gynandromorphes (Plecopteres Leuctridae). Mitt. Schweiz.
Entomol. Ges. 31:325-327.
Baumann, R.W. 1975. Revision of the stonefly family Nemouridae (Plecoptera): A study of
the world fauna at the generic level. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 21 1:1-74.
Brinck, P. 1956. Reproductive system and mating in Plecoptera. Opusc. Entomol., Lund.
21:57-127.
Crampton, G.C. 1918. A phylogenetic study of the terminal abdominal structures and
genitaliaofmale Apterygota, Ephemerids, Odonata. Plecoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera,
and their allies. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 13:49-68.
Hanson, J.F. 1946. Comparative morphology and taxonomy of the Capniidae (Plecoptera).
Amer. Midi. Natur. 35:193-249.
Harper, P.P. and K.W. Stewart. 1984. Plecoptera in R.W. Merritt and K.W. Cummins
(eds.). An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. Kendall/Hunt Co.
Dubuque, Iowa. 722 pp.
lilies, J. 1961. Sudamerikanische Notonemourinae und die stellung der unterfamilie im
system der Plecopteren. Mitt. Schwiez. Entomol. Ges. 34:97-126.
Klotzek, F. 1971. Gynandromorphismus bei Leuctra-arien des Harzes (Plecoptera -
Leuctridae). Hercynia, N.F., Leipzig 8:96-101.
Nebeker, A.V. and A.R. Gaufin. 1966. Gynandromorphism in Rocky Mountain stoneflies
(Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Entomol. News. 77:156-158.
Nelson, C.R. and R.W. Baumann. 1987. New winter stoneflies of the genus Capnia
(Plecoptera: Capniidae) with notes and an annotated checklist of the Capniidae of
California. Entomography 5:485-521.
Ricker, W.E. 1965. New records and descriptions of Plecoptera (Class Insecta). Jour. Fish.
Res. Bd. Canada 22:475-501.
Stanger, J.A. 1982. A revision of the stonefly genus Taenionema (Plecoptera: Taenioptery-
gidae). Unpublished master's thesis, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 106 pp.
Stark, B.P., S.W. Szczytko, and R.W. Baumann. 1986. North American stoneflies
(Plecoptera): Systematics. distribution, and taxonomic references. Great Basin Natur.
46: 383-397.
Zwick, P. 1973. Insecta: Plecoptera, phylogenetisches system and katalog. Das Tierreich,
Berlin 94: 1-465.
230 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
VITELLOGENIN DISPARITY W PHORMIA REGINA
(DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE)1
William R. Belzer2
ABSTRACT: In Phormia regina, female fat body was stimulated to provide for normal
vitellogenesis by hormones from either male or female corpora allata. Male fat body failed to
provide that synthetic support even though exposed to female hormones by glandular transplants
and intersex parabiosis. The present results, from an in vivo oocyte assay with natural hormone
sources, are consistent with earlier data (obtained with synthetic hormone and electrophoretic
assay) which suggest that a sexual disparity in fat body responsiveness (rather than a disparity in
circulating hormones) accounts for the disparity in vitellogenin production by the sexes of this
species.
Insect follicles sequester selected bemolymph proteins (vitellogenins) and
concentrate them in the yolk of developing oocytes (Hagedorn and Kunkel
1979: Bownes 1986). The vitellogenins, synthesized by fat body and released
into circulation, are major hemolymph constituents in many female insects,
but are minor or absent in the male circulation (Hagedorn and Kunkel 1 979).
The blowfly, Phormia regina, conforms to that generalization (Mjeni and
Morrison \913).InPhonnia, as in many other insects (Bownes 1986), juvenile
hormone from the corpus allatum drives the selective synthesis of vitellogenins
used in vitellogenesis (yolk deposition) (Mjeni and Morrison 1973). Sexual
disparity in vitellogenin production emanates from gender difference in
circulating hormones, as in some vertebrates (Wallace and Bergink 1974), or
from disparate synthetic responses by male and female tissue to the same
hormone. For Phormia the former seems unlikely: typical vitellogenin
disparity develops between allatectomized males and females when treated
with the same analog of juvenile hormone (Mjeni and Morrison 1976). The
present study tests that electrophoretic evidence obtained with synthetic
hormone (Mjeni and Morrison 1976) through very different in vivo techniques
that employ natural hormone sources.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Each experiment used a cohort of flies that emerged, and were segregated
by sex, during a two hour span, and fed a protein-free diet of 0. 1 M sucrose ad
libitum till surgery on the fourth day after eclosion. Ad lib. access to selected
diets was given during each ensuing experiment. Rearing methods were after
Belzer ( 1 978), allatectomy and shams after Thomsen ( 1 942), and anesthesia
'Received December 9, 1986. Accepted May 9, 1987.
^Biology Department, Clarion University, Venango Campus, Oil City, PA 16301,
ENT. NEWS 98(5): 230-234, November & December. 1987
Vol. 98. No. 5, November & December 1987 231
was CO2- Corpora allata from males were transplanted into allatectomized
females by grasping the donor gland with fine forceps and implanting it into a
hole cut in the recipient's thorax. The cuticle was replaced and waxed to
prevent loss of the transplant. Parabiotic flies, whose hemolymph exchange is
through a thoracic nexus (Green 1964), were prepared according to Dethier,
Solomon and Turner ( 1 965 ). Females, with mouths waxed shut to preclude
feeding, were placed in parabiosis with either a male or female that would
subsequently be permitted to feed ad lib. on protein (0. 1 M sucrose brought up
to 20% (wt/vol) yeast extract). Each feeding member of a parabiotic pair
received three implanted female corpora allata when parabiosis was
established. Feeding solutions were prepared and changed daily. Inspection,
through a dissecting microscope, of the progress of vitellogenesis in exposed
ovaries in situ served as an assay of prior vitellogenin synthesis (cf. Roth and
Porter 1964; Wallace and Bergink 1974); a calibrated ocular allowed
measurement of occyte length and yolk accumulation. Experimental con-
ditions were constant 3200 luces, 65% relative humidity, and 24°C. Data
were statistically analyzed by the Mann- Whitney U test (Siegel 1956).
RESULTS
Terminal oocyte length in newly emerged females measured 0.04mm
(Fig. la). After 14 days of protein-free diet, none exceeded 0.14mm (Fig.
Ib). Preliminary studies established that yolk is first visible in the posterior
pole when terminal oocyte length reaches 0.21mm; mature oocytes are
1 .05mm long and filled with dense yolk. Ad lib. protein feeding supported
full maturation of oocytes in normal females (Fig. Ic; cf. Belzer 1978) but
not in allatectomized females (Fig. Id). Neither sham surgery (Fig. le),nor
allatectomy followed by implantation of a male corpus allatum (Fig. If),
impaired oocyte development with this diet. Two of those allatectomized
females, with male corpus allatum, were spared and mated; each deposited
viable eggs two days later. Feeding female members of parabiotic pairs
managed egg development that was statistically indistinguishable from
normal females' ( cf. Fig. 1 g and 1 c). Their aphagic female parabionts ( Fig.
Ih) managed significantly less (p = 0.05) oocyte growth (cf. Fig. Ih and
1 g), but in all oocytes that exceeded 0.2 1 mm the proportion and density of
yolk deposition that was achieved was indistinguishable from that in eggs of
normal protein-eating females that were sacrificed when oocytes were of
comparable lengths (cf. Fig. Ih and li). Oocyte growth in aphagic females
in parabiosis with feeding males (Fig. Ij) was significantly less (p = 0.01)
than that occuring in aphagic females in parabiosis with feeding females
(Fig. Ih); more pertinently, yolk deposition in oocytes that exceeded
0.21mm in the former was virtually nonexistent and significantly less (p
232
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
E
E
1 10-,
1 00-
0 90-
0 80-
0 70-
0 60-
0 50-
0 40-
0 30-
0 20'
0 10-
ri
MEAN OOCYTE LENGTH
MEAN YOLK-FILLED
PORTION OF OOCYTE
c d
e f
g h i j k
Figure 1 . Terminal Oocyte Length and Yolk Accumulation in Various Female Phormia; bars
= S.D.
(a) Newly emerged, N=20. (b) Unoperated, fed only sucrose, N =20, day 14. (c)
Unoperated, fed protein, N =20, day 10. (d) Allatectomized, fed protein, N = 20, day 10.
(e) Sham allatectomy, fed protein, N = 20, day 10. (f) Allatectomized with implanted male
corpus allatum, fed protein, N = 18, day 10.(g)Feedingmemberofparabioticpair, N = 20,
day 14. (h) Aphagic member in parabiosis with feeding female of group g, N = 17, day 14. (i)
Unoperated, fed protein, N =10, sacrificed when oocytes reached lengths comparable to
group h. (j) Aphagic member in parabiosis with feeding male, N = 7, day 1 4. (k) Unoperated,
fed protein, N = 10, sacrificed when oocytes reached lengths comparable to group j.
= 0.001) than the amount of yolk deposited in oocytes of comparable size
in normal protein-eating females (cf. Fig. Ij and Ik).
DISCUSSION
In parabiotic pairs, the fat body of the feeding member should dominate
the types of proteins synthesized and released into circulation, by virtue of
its preferential access to dietary amino acids. Of circulating proteins, it is
the sequestered vitellogenin that provides the dense reflective appearance
Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987 233
of dipteran yolk (Roth and Porter 1964; cf. Wallace and Bergink 1974).
While fat body of female flies in the present experiments provisioned the
oocytes of aphagic female parabionts with dense yolk deposits, the fat body
of males failed to do so, even though both were exposed to hormones from
implanted female corpora allata and hemolymph exchanged from female
parabionts (see studies on dye and isotope transport between parabiotic
flies - Green 1964). Incidentally, vitellogenesis in aphagic females, relying
on feeding parabiotic males for their hemolymph proteins, could not be
improved by implanting into the males several corpora allata, or corpus
allatum-cardiacum complexes, from protein-fed females entering various
stages of vitellogenesis (Belzer, unpublished). Thus, while natural hormones
seem interchangeable between the sexes (as evidenced by the normal
vitellogenesis, including oviposition of viable eggs, achieved in allatectomized
females with a male corpus allatum transplant), the fat bodies of the two sexes
seem to differ in their synthetic responsiveness to female hormones.
Sexual disparity in a tissue's metabolic response to a sexually neutral
hormone is common among animals, and it has been demonstrated in vitro for
primary tissue cultures of cockroach, mosquito and locust fat body ( Wyss-
Huber and Luscher 1972; Hagedorn and Kunkel 1979). The results of
experiments with juvenile hormone analog (Mjeni and Morrison 1976), and
with natural hormone in the present study, are consistent with such a
circumstance in Phormia. The present study helps to allay possible concern
that results obtained with hormone analog could have been artifactitious.
While the results of these two diverse approaches to the problem are
consistent with one another, potential for uncontrolled variables (such as
unknown hormone interactions) that are ever present in the in vivo systems of
these two approaches argues for the development of purified fat body cell
cultures (as envisioned by Hagedorn and Kunkel 1979) so that more
completely controlled in vitro studies might be designed to further assess and
characterize synthetic parameters of fat body in Phormia.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank Drs. J. Williams, K. Eggletonand J. Donachy and two anonymous reviewers for their
readings and suggested improvements of the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Belzer, W.R. 1978. Patterns of selective protein ingestion by the blowfly Phormia regina.
Physiol. Entomol. 3: 169-175.
Bownes, M. 1986. Expression of genes coding for vitellogenin (yolk protein). Ann. Rev.
Entomol. 31: 507-531.
Dethier, V.G., R.L. Solomon, and L.H. Turner. 1965. Sensory input and central excitation
and inhibition in the blowfly. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 60: 303-313.
234 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Green, G. W. 1 964. The control of spontaneous locomotor activity in Phormia regina Meigen
- II. Experiments to determine the mechanism involved. J. Insect Physiol. 10: 727-752.
Hagedorn, H.H. and J.G. Kunkel. 1979. Vitellogenin and vitellin in insects. Ann. Rev.
Entomol. 24: 475-505.
Mjeni, A.M. and P.E. Morrison. 1973. Changes in haemolymph proteins in the normal and
allatectomized blowfly Phormia regina Meig. during the first reproductive cycle. Can. J.
Zool. 51: 1069-1079.
Mjeni, A.M. and P.E. Morrison. 1976. Juvenile Hormone analogue and egg development in
the blowfly, Phormia regina (Meig.). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 28: 17-23.
Roth, T.F. and K.R. Porter. 1964. Yolk protein uptake in the oocyte of the mosquito A edes
aegypti L.J. Cell Biol. 20: 313-332.
Siegel, S. 1956. Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. McGraw Hill, N.Y.
312pp.
Thomsen, E. 1942. An experimental and anatomical study of the corpus allatum of the
blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala (Meig.). Vidensk. Medd. dansknaturh. Foren., Kbh.
106:319-405.
Wallace, R.A. and E.W. Bergink. 1974. Amphibian vitellogenin: Properties, hormonal
regulation of hepatic synthesis and ovarian uptake, and conversion to yolk proteins. Amer.
Zool. 14: 1159-1175.
Wyss-Huber, M. and M. Luscher. 1972. In vitro synthesis and release of proteins by fat
body and ovarian tissue of Leucophaea maderae during the sexual cycle. J. Insect
Physiol. 18: 689-710.
BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED
PHEROMONES OF SOCIAL BEES. J.B. Free. 1987. Cornell Univ. Press 2 18 pp. $29. 95.
A textual study of the many different pheromone systems employed by social insects and
which control almost all of their activities.
ADVANCES IN INSECT PHYSIOLOGY. VOL. 19. P.O. Evans & V.B. Wigglesworth,
eds. 1986. Academic Press. 434 pp. $78.00.
This latest volume of a continuing series contains five contributions on calcium regulation,
midgut function, reabsorption in hindgut, proctolin, and regulation of successive steps in insect
reproduction.
HISTORY OF THE HOPE ENTOMOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS IN THE
UNIVERSITY MUSEUM OXFORD, WITH LISTS OF ARCHIVES AND COL-
LECTIONS. A.Z. Smith. 1986. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 172 pp. $29.95.
The Hope Entomological Collections are of international importance. This book traces
the history of the collections up to the present time and provides a comprehensive list of donors
and of archives in the Hope library.
ANATOMICAL DRAWINGS OF BITING FLIES. B. Jobling. 1987. British Museum
(Natural History) & Wellcome Trust. 1 19 pp. $9.95.
356 previously unpublished drawings of high scientific and artistic quality, of representa-
tive species of biting flies. Species included are the sandfly, Phlebotomus papatasi; the
mosquito, Aedes aegypti; the blackfly, Simulium sp.; the deerfly, Chrysops caecutiens; and
the stablefly, Stomoxys calcitrans.
Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987 235
THE JUMPING SPIDERS (ARANEAE: SALTICIDAE)
OF THE VIRGINIA PENINSULA1
C.L. Stietenroth, N.V. Horner2
ABSTRACT: Thirty species representing 1 8 genera of Salticidae are recorded from the Virginia
Peninsula. Habitat and natural history information for each species is presented. Some salticids on
the peninsula occupy diverse habitats while other species appear to confine themselves to
more restricted environments. The most abundant salticid was Hentzia palmarum. Metaphi-
dippus galathea and Platycryptus undatus were most widely distributed species. Salticids
reported in Virginia for the first time are Phidippus princeps, P. otiosus, Thiodina sylvana,
Sitticus fasciger and Zygoballus sexpunctatus.
A few studies concerning the spider fauna of Virginia have been published.
The earliest record of occurrence was by John Banister between 1678 and
1692 (Ewan and Ewan, 1970). More recently, McCaffrey and Hornsburgh
published three studies concerning spiders in apple orchards in central Virginia.
Their assessment of spider populations in an unsprayed orchard was published
in 1 977 followed ( 1 978) by laboratory feeding studies performed to evaluate
potential effects of predaceous spiders on insect residents of apple orchards.
Later (1980), a comparison was made between the spider populations in
abandoned and commercial orchards; 68 species were identified.
Dowd and Kok (1981), and McPherson el al. (1982) considered spider
and other arthropod predation on the curculionid beetle, Rhynocyllus sp., in a
soybean cropping system in Virginia. Holsinger ( 1 982) reported on the spider
cave-fauna in Burnsville Cove. The efficiency of limb-beating for capturing
various spider families in apple orchards is discussed by McCaffrey and
Parrella(1984).
In the above listed works, the Salticidae have been given little attention.
George and Elizabeth Peckham are the acknowledged early authorities on the
Attidae (Salticidae). Their classic publications appeared in 1889 and 1909.
Using this literature as a base, a faunal record of the jumping spiders
(Salticidae) of the Virginia Peninsula, including natural history data and new
state records, is presented.
The Virginia Peninsula is located on the eastern coastal plain of Virginia. It
is bordered to the east by Chesapeake Bay and to the south by the James
River. The Colonial Parkway served as a convenient northern boundary for
the collecting area. The study area encompassed approximately 250 square
miles. Vegetatively, the peninsula is a broad-leaved and needle-leaved forest
consisting primarily of oak (Quercus sp.), hickory ( Caiya sp.) and pine (Finns
sp.). Other common deciduous trees include black cherry (Pninus serotina
Deceived December 11. 1986. Accepted May 11. 1987.
^Department of Biology. Midwestern State University. Wichita Falls. Texas 76308.
ENT. NEWS 98(5): 235-245, November & December. 1987
236 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Ehrhart), sweet-gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), maple (Acerrubra L.) and
holly (Ilex sp.). Prevalent shrubs and vines composing the forest understory are
bayberry (Myrica sp.), honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.) and smilax (Smilax sp.).
The peninsula has a flat terrain with local relief formed by terrace and alluvial
embayments. Geologically, the land consists of quarternary and upper tertiary
non-resistant sedimentary rock (U.S. Dept. of Interior Geological Survey,
1970) resulting in yellowish sandy loam soil (Paullin, 1932). Numerous
ecotopes exist on the peninsula from forests and open fields to marshes and
sand beaches. Each of these, in turn, furnish a multitude of microhabitats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collecting Methods. The Salticidae are known to dwell in a wide
variety of habitats ranging from man-made structures to fields and forests.
Twelve collecting sites were chosen at random across the Virginia
Peninsula. These sites included many diversified habitat areas. Each site
was visited approximately four times from mid-May to October 1983.
A sweep net was used to collect spiders from tall grasses and lower
ground cover, such as honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.) and wild grape (Vitis
sp.). Using a wooden stick to strike small branches of trees and shrubs,
spiders were dislodged and captured on a white canvas cloth covering a 57
cm diameter metal ring (umbrella net). Specimens were collected from
pines (Pinus sp.), black cherry (Primus serotina Ehrhart), sweet-gum
(Liquidambar styraciflua L.), red maple (Acer rubra L.) and a variety of
oaks (Quercus spp.). Saplings of these as well as low shrubs, especially
bayberry (Myrica, sp.), were common habitats for many salticids. Larger
trees were stripped of loose bark and examined for presence of salticids and
their hibernacula. Man-made structures, such as picnic shelters, houses,
sheds and brick piles, were carefully examined for salticids.
All salticids were captured in clear plastic vials on which locality,
habitat, date and method of capture were recorded. Spiders were then
transported to the laboratory for identification.
Laboratory rearings. Immature spiders were housed in glass or plastic
tubes, ranging from 1 x 9 to 2 x 1 3 cm, stoppered with cotton. This provided
air to the spider and allowed easy access for feeding and watering. Water,
which the spiders readily accepted, was administered with a glass pipette at
least once a week. Specimens were fed approximately twice a week. Fruit
flies (Drosophila sp. ) and meal worms ( Tenebrio sp.) served as major food
items. A strip of paper with collecting data was placed inside the tubing.
This also gave the spiderling a rough surface for molting. Egg deposition
and molting dates were recorded daily. The spiders were kept under
artificial lights and maintained at room temperature.
Laboratory examination. Mature spiders, either captured in the field
Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987 237
or raised in the laboratory, were killed and preserved in glass vials with 70%
ethyl alcohol (ETOH). All specimens were microscopically examined,
identified and labeled. The specimens are stored in the Invertebrate
Collection at Midwestern State University.
RESULTS
Habitat distributions of salticids on the peninsula shows a diversity for
some species while others appear to be confined to more restricted
environments. Habitat determination for each reported species (in numbers
greater than three) was based on 50% or greater occurrence in a particular
ecotope. Table 1 lists the species found in each habitat. Approximately one-
third (seven species) of the salticids were found in multiple habitats. Six
species were found only on trees and three species in open fields. Man-made
structures and dense shrubbery and vines each harbored two different
species. In all of these habitats, the greatest concentrations of spiders were
found in sunny areas, perhaps allowing the salticids to maximize their keen
eyesight for capturing prey.
Collection sites offering the widest variety of habitats harbored the most
diverse salticid populations. For example, site one, furnishing all available
types of habitat, had 16 species. At the other extreme, four species were
collected at site two, a sandy beach lacking man-made structures and dense
vegetation.
Species Accounts
Natural history data, including habitat, molting and egg deposition
appear in the following species accounts.
(1) Admestina tibialis (C.L. Koch). -A single immature specimen
was found on a pine sapling on 1 October.
(2) Ballusyoungii Peckhams. -On 5 January 1 984, a single immature
specimen was found under tree bark in a hibernaculum. Peckham and
Peckham ( 1 909) report Young as stating, "These spiders are found at this
season (November) under the bark of trees.... The spider is so nearly of the
bark color, and so small, that we often overlook the speck in the center of the
envelope, supposing it to be merely the empty tube or cell of some young
spider." This may explain our few records of B. youngii on the peninsula.
(3) Eris aurantia (Lucas). -Eight of the 13 specimens captured were
taken from sundry vines and shrubs. Three males reared in the laboratory
matured on 2 1 , 22 and 24 June. Other adult males were collected between
27 June and 3 August. Adult females were found between 14 July and 17
August. An immature female collected on 1 3 July molted to maturity 1 7
July. One male was taken while eating a jumping plantlouse (Homoptera:
238 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Psyllidae). Immature specimens reared in the laboratory molted and
matured at approximately the same time as counterparts in the field. The
data indicate that E. aurantia males matured prior to the females, with the
first mature male appearing on 21 June and the females following nearly a
month later on 14 July.
(4) Eris militaris (Hentz), sensu Maddison, 1986. -Kaston (1981)
reports this species is common in shrubbery and tall grasses. Of the nine
specimens captured, four were dislodged from saplings, one was swept from
ground coverings and four were found overwintering under tree bark in
hibernacula on 5 January 1 984. One male reared in the lab matured on 30
August. Two adult males were obtained on 23 August and 28 September.
On 28 September and 18 October mature females were found. All four of
the overwintering spiders were adult females discovered at various sites.
Aggregations of hibernating adult males and penultimate females in
numbers up to 40 have been recorded by Kaston (1981).
(5) Habrocestum pulex (Hentz). -Two of the four specimens were
found on man-made structures (a picnic table and bricks). One adult male
was found on 8 June. A penultimate male molted on 1 8 June. A pair of
adults was observed in close proximity on the bark of a fallen tree and
collected on 23 June.
(6) Hentzia mitrata (Hentz). -All H. mitrata taken were dislodged
from several types of deciduous trees. This is consistent with observations
by Kaston (1981). Mature females were captured between 6 June and 3
August. One reared female matured on 3 October. Only two mature males
were collected ( 1 3 June and 1 1 July).
(7) Hentzia palmarum (Hentz). -This common spider was found on a
variety of shrubs and vines, most frequently bayberry. Mature and
immature spiders of both sexes were captured throughout the collecting
period from May to October. Immatures reared in the lab molted and
matured at different times. One adult female was found overwintering on 5
January 1984.
The highest concentration (65%) of//, palmarum was at three sites
located in the immediate vicinity of water. Presumably the spiders were
feeding on some type of aquatic insect.
(8) Lyssomanes viridis ( Walckenaer). -Habitat data indicate that L.
viridis preferred broad-leaved trees close to the ground. Mature females
were obtained between 1 5 June and 22 August. No males were found. One
female, captured on 1 1 July, laid two groups of eggs. The first was deposited
on 21 July, and contained 20 eggs 0.7 mm in diameter. The eggs were
scattered inside a very lightly spun sac. Spiderlings, 1.0 mm in length,
hatched on 20 August. They did not survive past the first instar. A second
egg sac containing 32 eggs was deposited on 6 August but none of the eggs
hatched. This tightly woven egg sac appeared more conventional, with eggs
clumped together inside.
Vol. 98. No. 5. November & December 1987 239
Great numbers of young Lyssomanes were noticed in the field on 8, 1 7,
22, and 23 August at various sites. Many of these were returned to the lab
for rearing. Despite their acceptance of food and water, none of the
spiderlings survived to maturity. These life history observations correspond
to those of Richman and Whitcomb ( 1 98 1 ) of this species on Magnolia in
Florida.
The above represents the second record of L. viridis in Virginia. In
1 979, Shear reported this spider in Williamsburg. Prior to this its northern
known limit was Alamance County, North Carolina. According to Galiano
(1980), this species is distributed throughout the southeastern United
States.
(9) Maevia sp. -Four immature specimens of Maevia were found
between 13 June and 17 August in varied habitats. Since they did not
survive to adults, specific identification was not possible. Based upon
general morphology and distribution, they were probably M. inclemens
(Walckenaer).
( 1 0) Marpissa lineata (C.L. Koch). -Three females, collected between
8 June and 22 July, were captured: one on a picnic table, one under a box and
one hanging dead on an orb web.
(11) Marpissa pikei (Peckhams). -Kaston (1981) reports this species
as readily swept from tall grasses, especially along seashores. Two mature
males swept from grassy fields were both taken at one location on 22 August.
This long-bodied spider was observed to rest by extending the first two
pair of legs anteriorly and the hind pairs posteriorly. Stretching out in this
position probably allows the spider to blend in with grass blades, providing
protection from predators.
(12) Metacyrba taeniola (Hentz). -Four specimens (three males and
one female) were discovered either on or in a house between 14 June and 20
July.
(13) Metaphidippus exiguus (Banks). -This species dwells on young
conifers. Some were obtained from various other saplings and shrubs. Wayne
Maddison, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts (letter dated 14 March 1984), indicates that all members of the
M. flavipedes group (including M. exiguus) prefer pine. Two immature females
molted to maturity on 20 and 29 June. Mature females were taken in late
September and early October. Even though 1 3 females were collected, only three
adult males were found.
(14) Metaphidippus galathea (Walckenaer). -The majority of the speci-
mens (32 of 53) were collected in grassy fields. The remaining were found
on trees and shrubs. Four males reared in the lab matured on 29 July, 3
October, and two on 6 October. All females captured were mature. Homer
and Starks ( 1 972) reported more than one-half of the specimens collected in
the fall in Oklahoma were mature males and females.
240
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
M. galathea was the most widely distributed salticid found on the peninsula.
Maddison (personal communication) suggests this spider is a field dweller. Sixty
percent of the M. galathea found were in grass with the remainder dwelling on a
variety of other plants.
(15) Metaphidippus protervus (Walckenaer). -Twenty-seven individuals
were collected from a variety of small trees, vines and shrubs. Only three were
males, all found in June. Mature females appeared between 1 8 August and 29
October. On 18 August, eight males were taken at a single location from
sassafras saplings.
Maddison (personal communication) found M. protervus commonly
dwelling in forest understory. The data concur with our findings.
(16) Phidippus audax (Hentz). -Two mature spiders were collected,
one on a house, the other on a vine, on 30 April and 7 July, respectively.
Three overwintering immature specimens were found under tree bark on 4
January 1984. Two molted to maturity in approximately one month, a male
followed by a female.
P. audax was frequently observed on leaves of shrubs, scanning adjacent
leaves for prey, but not captured.
(17) Phidippus clarus Keyserling. -Six specimens were taken while
sweeping weedy fields. Two of each sex were collected from honeysuckle
vines and conifers. Adult females were found on 2, 1 5, and 22 August. On 1 7
August, a mature male and five females were discovered at three different
sites. One captured penultimate male molted on 16 July. A female was
caught with prey, an assassin bug (Hemiptera, Reduviidae).
Phidippus clarus was found on the peninsula more often than any other
species of Phidippus. This may be due to the easily surveyed habitat
occupied by P. clarus. Some Phidippus are known to dwell high in trees and
may have escaped capture.
(18) Phidippus mystaceus (Hentz). -None of this species was found
during the major collecting period. During winter collections, three females
were found, each at a separate location, and were preserved. Three others
were found in adjacent hibernacula and taken to the lab for observation.
Approximately three weeks later one was observed outside the hibernacu-
lum, one female was found dead in the hibernaculum, and of the remaining
two, one was eventually cannibalized by the other. An egg sac of the
surviving female was discovered on 19 March 1984. Second instar
spiderlings were initially observed out of the sac on 20 April 1984.
Kaston ( 1 98 1 ) reports P. mystaceus as rare. Collection records of this
study also indicate the species is scarce. Since it was found overwintering
but not in summer collecting, its presumed rarity may be attributed to
successful camouflage.
(19) Phidippus princeps (Peckhams). -Two penultimate males were
Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987 241
collected on 1 8 and 29 October, one by sweeping a field and the other on a
shrub. Both spiders molted between mid-December and early January,
1984.
This is the first record of Phidippus princeps in Virginia. Richman and
Cutler ( 1 978) report records of the species from Massachusetts, New York,
Kentucky, Connecticut, Iowa, Missouri, Minnesota and Texas.
(20) Phidippus otiosus (Hentz). -Two specimens were obtained: an
adult female found on holly, 20 July, 1983 and on 10 October, a mature
male discovered on a magnolia tree.
This species represents a new record for Virginia. The spider has been
reported from Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Maryland and Washington,
D.C. (Richman and Cutler, 1978).
(21) Phidippus whitmani Peckhams. - Kaston ( 1 98 1 ) reports males
of this species hopping about on exposed rock surfaces. A single mature
male was captured on 1 5 June while it was jumping in a sunny area of leaf
litter. Several penultimate male spiders were captured on leaf litter and
thought to be P. whitmani. They never matured, and positive identification
could not be made. These were the only salticids consistently found on leaf
litter.
(22) Platycryptus undatus (DeGeer), sensu Hill, 1979. -Of the 18
specimens examined only three were taken during summer collecting. Two
were discovered on pine bark and the third on a shed. The remaining 15
were found overwintering in varying numbers in hibernacula under the bark
of upright pine trees between 2 and 5 January 1984. From one to nine
spiders were observed under single sections of bark. Examination of
hibernacula retrieved in the field revealed: a single mature female; two
instances of mature pairs; and a group of six composed of five adults (two
males; three females) and one immature spider. Worley and Pickwell
(1931) reported similar instances in Nebraska.
The apparent scarcity of this spider in the warmer months compared
with its relative abundance in the winter was probably due to camouflage.
The preferred habitat for P. undatus was pine tree bark which the spider's
coloration closely matches. This species was probably overlooked during
the spring and summer.
(23) Sarinda hentzi (Banks). -One penultimate male was dislodged
from bayberry on 27 June. The apparent scarcity of this and other ant
mimicking species may have resulted from mistaking the spiders for ants.
(24) Sitticusfasciger (Simon). -A single female was found on a man-
made structure. This is a new record for this species in Virginia. Richman
and Cutler (1978) report this spider from Ontario, Canada. New York.
New Jersey. Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Minnesota.
(25) Thiodinasylvana( Hentz). -This species inhabited most types of
242 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
vegetation except grasses. One mature female was collected on 6 July and
four were collected on 17 and 23 August. Adult males were found
throughout the summer from 3 1 May to 1 7 August. Two penultimate males
matured in the lab on 23 August and 10 September. Thiodina sylvana
spiderlings were extremely abundant in the field beginning in early July.
The young spiders were easily recognized by the large black spots on the
cephalothorax. Numerous specimens were returned to the lab for rearing.
The spiderlings readily accepted food and water. Several became penulti-
mate but none survived to maturity.
This is the first record of Thiodina sylvana in Virginia. Richman and
Cutler (1978) suggest a range from North Carolina south to Florida.
(26) Tutelina elegans (Hentz). -A single mature female was beaten
from honeysuckle growing on the banks of the James River on 7 July.
(27) Tutelina similis (Banks). -This species was found living on many
types of vegetation, excluding grasses. Of four females captured prior to
August, only one was mature. Two males were captured on 13 July. One
male was feeding on an ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) when captured.
(28) Zygoballus rujlpes Peckhams. -Seven of the 10 specimens
caught were swept from fields overgrown with weeds and grasses. Two
males were observed together on spearmint and one on pine bark. Mature
males were found throughout the summer and fall from 8 June to 18
October. A penultimate male molted on 20 September. One female was
collected mature on 1 8 July. Another molted 25 July and deposited an egg
sac with seven eggs on 1 August. Since she was not mated, none of the eggs
hatched. This species and bettini were described separately by the
Peckhams. Edwards ( 1 980) indicates they are synonymous based upon the
genitalia. He concludes that rufipes is the correct species, since it has
priority.
(29) Zygoballus nervosus (Peckhams). -All nine specimens captured
were swept from open fields. On 17 October, five adult females and one
male were taken from the same field. Other mature males were collected
between 27 July and 18 October.
( 30) Zygoballus sexpunctatus(HQniz). -Six adults, three of each sex,
were found in fields between 14 June and 1 7 October. This presents a new
record for Virginia.
DISCUSSION
Our study has revealed the presence of 1 8 genera and 30 species of
salticids from the Virginia Peninsula (Table 1 ). However, based on known
ranges of certain Salticidae species (Richman and Cutler, 1978), it is
possible that other species occur on the peninsula.
Vol. 98. No. 5, November & December 1987 243
Table 1. Salticid spiders from the Virginia Peninsula, habitat and site occurrence.
No. of No. of
Specimens Sites
Species Collected **Habitats Located
Admestina tibialis (C.L. Koch) 1* # 1
Ballus youngii (Peckhams) 1* # 1
Eris aurantia (Lucas) 13 d 5
Eris militaris (Hentz) 9 b 3
Habrocestum pulex (Hentz) 4 b,c 3
Hentzia mitrata (Hentz) 8 b 5
Hentzia palmarum (Hentz) 93 d 8
Lyssomanes viridis (Walckenaer) 6 b 5
Maevia inclemens (Walckenaer) 1 # 1
Marpissa lineata (C.L. Koch) 3 # 1
Marpissa pikei (Peckhams) 2 # 1
Metacyrba taeniola (Hentz) 4 c 1
Metaphidippus exiguus (Banks) 16 b 8
Metaphidippus galathea (Walckenaer) 53 a,b,d 10
Metaphidippus protervus (Walckenaer) 27 b,d 6
Peckhamia sp. 2* # 1
Pellenes sp. 1* # 1
Phidippus audax (Hentz) 5 b,c,d 2
Phidippus c/arus Keyserling 10 a,b,d 1
Phidippus mystaceus (Hentz) 6 b 1
Phidippus otiosus (Hentz) 2 # 1
Phidippus princeps (Peckhams) 2 # 1
Phidippus whitman! Peckhams 1 # 1
Platycryptus undatus (DeGeer) 18 b 10
Sarinda hentzi (Banks) 1* # 1
Sitticus fasciger ( Simon) 1 # 1
Thiodina sylvana (Hentz) 14 c,d 7
Tutelina elegans (Hentz) 1 # 1
Tutelina si mi I is (Banks) 6 b,d 2
Zygoballus rufipes Peckhams 10 a 6
Zygoballus nervosus (Peckhams) 9 a 3
Zvgoballus sexpunctatus (Hentz) 6 a 4
TOTAL 336
*Immature specimens.
**a = open fields, b = saplings and/or under tree bark, c = man-made structures, d = vines
and shrubs.
# Insufficient data to establish habitat.
Hentzia palmarum was the most frequently captured salticid (93
specimens, 8 sites). Metaphidippus galathea (53 specimens, 10 sites) and
Platycryptus undatus (18 specimens, 10 sites) had wide distribution over
the collecting area (Table 1).
Despite active collecting from May to October 1983, 14 species were
represented by three or fewer specimens (Table 1). Four were larger
")AA
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Phidippus species, known to live in trees. Upper tree limbs proved difficult
to survey and this may have resulted in erroneous distribution data for these
species. Conversely, minute genera such asAdmestina andBallus and ant-
mimicking spiders may have been overlooked. Prolonged collecting might
reveal a higher incidence of some species.
New salticid records for Virginia include Phidippus princeps(Peck-
hams), P. otiosus (Hentz), Thiodina sylvana (Hentz) Sitticus fasciger
(Simon) and Zygoballus sexpunctatus (Hentz).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank Wayne Maddison (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
University) for his identification and confirmation of problematic salticids of the genus
Metaphidippus and G.B. Edwards (Curator of Arachnids, Florida State Collection of
Arthropods, Florida Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida) for his identification of
a Phidippus mystaceus. Also we gratefully acknowledge Bruce Cutler for his critical
evaluation of the manuscript. Thanks are also extended to Frances and Violet Stietenroth for
their assistance in collecting and rearing of salticids throughout the study.
LITERATURE CITED
Dowd, P.P. and L.T. Kok. 1981. Predators of Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera, Cur-
culionidae) in Virginia. Env. Entomol. 11(3): 385-689.
Edwards, G.G. 1 980. Jumping spiders of the United States and Canada: Changes in the key
and list. Peckhamia 2(1): 11-14.
Ewan, J. and N. 1970. John Banister and his natural history of Virginia 1678-1692. Univ. of
Illinois Press. London. 485 pp.
Galiano, M.E. 1980. Revision del genero Lyssomanes Hentz, 1845, Salticidae (Araneae).
Opera Lilloana 30:1-104.
Hill, D.E. 1979. The scales of salticid spiders. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 65(3): 193-2 18.
Horner, N.V. and K.J. Starks. 1972. Bionomics of the Jumping Spider Metaphidippus
galathea. Ann. Entomol. Soc. America 65(3):602-607.
Holsinger, J.R. 1982. A preliminary report on the cave fauna of Burnsville Cove, Virginia.
Natl. Speleol. Soc. Bull. 44(3):98-101
Kaston, B.J. 1981. Spiders of Connecticut. Conn. State Geol. Natur. Hist. Surv. Bull. 70:1-
1020.
Maddison, W.P. 1986. Distinguishing the jumping spiders Eris militaris new combination
and Erisflava in North America (Araneae, Salticidae). 93(1-2):141-150.
McCaffrey, J.P. and R.L. Horsburgh. 1977. Survey and population assessment of spiders
(Araneae) in an abandoned, unsprayed apple orchard in central Virginia. J.N.Y. Entomol.
Soc. 85(4):187.
. 1 978. Laboratory feeding studies with selected spiders ( Arachnida, Araneae) from
Virginia apple orchards. J.N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 86(4):308.
_. 1 980. The spider( Arachnida, Araneae) fauna of apple-trees in central Virginia. Env.
Entomol. 9(2):247-252.
.. andM.P. Parella. 1984. Evaluation of limb-beating sampling method for estimating
spider (Araneae) populations on apple trees. J. Arachnol. 1 1(3):363-368.
McPherson, R.M., J.C. Smith and W. A. Allen. 1 982. Incidence of arthropod predators in
different soybean cropping systems. Env. Entomol. 1 1(3):685-689.
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Paullin, C.O. 1932. Atlas of the historical geography of the U.S. Carnegie Inst. of
Washington and Amer. Geographical Soc. of N.Y. Baltimore, MD. 328 pp.
Peckham, G.W. 1889. Attidae of North America. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 7:1-104.
. 1909. Revision of the Attidae of North American Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci.
17:355-646.
Richman, D.B. and B. Cutler. 1978. A list of the jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) of
the United States and Canada. Peckhamia 1(5):82-109.
Richman, D.B. and W.H. Whitcomb. 1981. The ontogeny of Lyssomanes viridis
(Walckenaer) (Araneae: Salticidae) on Magnolia gra diflora L. Psyche 88(1-2): 127-
133.
Shear, W.A. 1979. Range Extensions. American Arachnology 19:6. U.S. Dept. of Int. Geol.
Surv. 1970. The national atlas of the U.S. of America. Washington, D.C. 417. pp.
Worley, L.G. and G.B. Pickwell. 1931. The spiders of Nebraska. Univ. Nebraska Studies.
27(1-4): 1-127.
BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED
BEES AND THEIR KEEPERS. R.F. Trump. 1987. Iowa State Univ. Press. 171 pp.
$17.95.
The author's careful catalogue of scientific data about the honeybee and honey production
is explained through homespun anecdotes and colorful observations in a casual, story-telling
narrative style.
THE BEHAVIOURAL ECOLOGY OF ANTS. J.H. Sudd & N.R. Franks. 1987.
Chapman & Hall. 206 pp. $55.00 cloth, $23.00 paper.
This book is concerned with how eusociality, in which one individual forgoes reproduction
to enhance the reproduction of a nestmate, could evolve under natural selection, and why it is
found only in some insects: termites, ants, and some bees and wasps.
BUMBLEBES. O.E. Prys-Jones & S.A. Corbet. 1987. Cambridge Univ. Press. 86 pp
$24.95.
Number six in a series of British Naturalists' Handbooks. This small book deals with the
natural history and identification of true bumblebees (Bombus) and cuckoo bumblebees
(Psithyrus).
HOVERFLIES. F.S. Gilbert. 1986. Cambridge Univ. Press. 66 pp.
Number five in a series of British Naturalists' Handbooks. This small book deals with the
natural history and identification of hoverflies.
THE BIOLOGY OF THE HONEY BEE. M.L. Einston. 1987. Harvard Univ. Press. 281
pp. $29.95.
This broad treatment of honey bee biology probes the dynamics of the honey bee's social
organization, including the complex infrastructure of the nest, the highly specialized behavior of
workers, queens, and drones, and the remarkable ability of the honey bee colony to regulate its
functions.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND PHYLOGENY OF INSECT SPERMATOZOA.
B.G.M. Jamieson. 1987. Cambridge Univ. Press. 320 pp. $54.50.
Knowledge of sperm diversity can be useful in many fields. The primary aim of this work is
to make available a critical resume of all research reports on the sperm of the Uniramia:
Onychophora, Myriapoda, and Hexapoda, including the Insecta.
246 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
AN UNDERWATER LIGHT TRAP FOR
COLLECTING BOTTOM-DWELLING
AQUATIC INSECTS1 2
R.G. Weber3
ABSTRACT: A small, submerged light trap for collecting aquatic insects is described. It is
designed especially for use on the bottom in still or moving water and is constructed of common
materials. Among the insect taxa it has collected in quantity are EPHEMEROPTERA:
Ephemerellidae, Heptageniidae. Leptophlebiidae, and TRICHOPTERA: Hydroptilidae.
These families have not previously been reported from submerged light traps.
Submerged aquatic (subaquatic) light traps capture a wide variety of
immature and mature acquatic organisms (Baylor and Smith, 1953;
Hungerforde/tf/., 1955; Espinosa and Clark, 1972). Several workers have
commented on the ability of such traps to collect larger numbers of some
organisms than other sampling methods indicate are present (Husbands,
1967; Washino and Hokama, 1968; Weber, 1985). Small traps described
in the literature have been round in cross section and were designed to
capture insects swimming in the water column above the bottom (Hungerford
et a!., 1955; Carter and Paramonov, 1965; Husbands, 1967; Washino and
Hokama, 1968; Espinosa and Clark, 1972; Brown, 1976).
When placed on the bottom, round traps tend to roll about from wave
action, current and substrate topography. Also, when on the bottom, the
funnel used as a gate in a round trap requires that smaller, non-swimming
animals travel a considerable distance across smooth, upward-angled
material to enter the trap. This could result in reduced catches of such
animals. A desire to specifically collect bottom-dwelling insects in both still
and moving water led to development of the flat trap described here. It was
designed primarily for use on the bottom, to reduce problems with rolling,
and the entrance gate was built to allow easier access into the trap than is
provided by a funnel.
1 Received May 8. 1987. Accepted May 22. 1987.
^Published as Miscellaneous Paper no. 1168 of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment
Station. Contribution no. 581 of the Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology.
University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.
^Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Entomology and Applied
Ecology. College of Agricultural Sciences. University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717-
1303.
ENT. NEWS 98(5): 246-252. November & December. 1987
Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987 247
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The trap's body, illustrated in Figure 1 A, B, is a flat, 1 -liter can 4 5/8
inches (11.7 cm) wide x 6 7/8 inches (17.5 cm) long x 2 3/8 inches (6 cm)
thick. A 7/1 6 inch (1.1 cm) hole is bored in the center of the can's top to hold
the light unit. A rectangular opening 3 inches (7.6 cm) wide is cut in the can's
bottom to receive the entrance gate. A galvanized wire for support of the
power cord is strung from end to end, held by sheet metal screws as shown in
Figure 1 A. When all openings have been cut, the inside of the trap is given a
coat of gloss white, oil-based paint to improve light output and retard rusting.
The entrance gate is constructed from 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) and 1/4 inch
(6.3 mm) clear acrylic plastic sheet. Details of gate construction are shown
in Figure 2. The acrylic is cut to size with a table saw, and the gate is
temporarily assembled with tape. The pieces of the gate are welded together
by applying solvent4 to joints. When all solvent has evaporated, about 45
minutes, the tape is removed and the gate is permanently installed in the
painted trap using silicone rubber as adhesive.
Power is provided by two 1 .5 volt "D" cells in a plastic holder (Radio
Shack # 270-386; Figure 1 C), which is wired to the light unit with 8 feet
(3.8 m) of plastic-covered, 22 gauge stranded, 2-conductor wire. Near the
trap this wire is tied to the galvanized support wire. No switch is necessary;
a battery is removed to break the circuit. All electrical connections should
be soldered with rosin core solder and must be thoroughly covered with
waterproof material to avoid problems with electrolysis, which will quickly
destroy bare wires. A covering of either "5-minute"-type epoxy or silicone
rubber will provide adequate protection; plastic tape will not.
The lamp used as the attractor is a clear 3 volt bulb of the "grain-of-
wheat" type, drawing 23 mA (Chaney Electronics #C225055). A pair of
batteries will operate a lamp of this amperage for at least 24 nights; the
lamps last indefinitely. This style of lamp has 2 protruding wire leads which
are soldered directly to solid copper wires thrust lengthwise through a #00
neoprene stopper. A 9mm x 30mm shell vial is put over the lamp onto the
end of the stopper. When the light unit is in place in the trap the neoprene
stopper supports it ( Figure IB). The complete trap can be built for about S6
per unit, exclusive of batteries.
4Use either methylene chloride, or a proprietary acrylic solvent such as "Weld-On 3"
(Industrial Polychemical Service, Gardena, California, 90247), available where acrylic
plastic sheet is sold.
^Chaney Electronics, Denver, Colorado, apparently is out of business and these lamps are no
longer available. Radio Shack carries a 7.5 volt lamp of the same size, style and amperage
(#272-1 139) which may be substituted. Light output is the same as the Chaney lamps. To
use this lamp, change the battery holderto Radio Shack #270-403; a single "D" cell holder.
248
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
A.
WHOLE VIEW
B.
TOP VIEW
C.
BATTERY HOLDER
Gat«
FIGURE I.
Submerged Light Trap Details
Vol. 98. No. 5, November & December 1987
249
I /4" acrylic
<r
COMPLETE ENTRANCE
GATE
I /8" acrylic
3/8
Inside thickness of can
V
->
FRONT VIEW
3/8"
FIGURE 2.
Details of Gate Construction
>\
TOP VIEW
250 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
DISCUSSION
In use, traps are filled with habitat water while upright, then submerged,
and positioned horizontally. Normally, this allows a bubble of air to remain
trapped in the container. The bubble permits emergence of adults, and
allows some survival of surface-breathing forms if their numbers are not too
great. If necessary, small rocks may be used to position and anchor traps.
The batteries are installed in the holder, which is either laid on shore, or
fastened to a stake beside the trap. Use of a stake helps prevent trap loss due
to unexpected flooding, or wave action.
At the end of a trapping session traps are taken from the water with the
gate upward, to retain the catch. The lamp is checked to make sure it is still
on. which indicates it operated during the trapping period. Water and
trapped insects are poured out the container's original opening into a pan for
sorting. The original screw cap. or a neoprene stopper may be used to close
the opening during trapping.
This trap design has been effective in a variety of lentic and lotic
habitats, capturing both mature and immature insects. Mature insects taken
are those which normally swim beneath the surface, e.g. Dytiscidae,
Notonectidae. and Corixidae. Immature forms include larvae, naiads,
nymphs and pupae. Appreciable numbers of motile dipteran and tri-
chopteran pupae are taken. These pupae frequently moult to adults after
they have entered the trap, as indicated by presence of adults plus pupal
exuviae. Corixidae are especially attracted; 1,791 nymphs and adults were
captured in one trap during a single night. Larvae of several dipteran
families also respond well to the trap. Maximum one-night catches for
single traps included 680 Chironomidae, 614 Chaoboridae, and 38
Ceratopogonidae. In some habitats small fish enter the traps and feed on
trapped insects. Where fish are present it may be desirable to fix a piece of
1/4 inch (6.3 mm) mesh screen over the entrance of the gate to exclude
them. The alternative used here was to dissect trapped fish and examine
their stomach contents.
Table 1 presents a listing of insect taxa captured with the subaquatic
trap described here. It includes references to previous reports of taxa
captured in subaquatic traps. The trap has not only collected insects from
many families reported in the literature as entering subaquatic light traps,
but has extended the list. New records are COLEOPTERA: Noteridae;
DIPTERA: Simuliidae, Tabanidae; EPHEMEROPTERA: Ephemerel-
lidae, Heptageniidae, Leptophlebiidae; TRICHOPTERA: Hydroptilidae,
and PLECOPTERA. The Simuliidae, Tabanidae and Plecoptera were
collected in small numbers ( <5 individuals) in only one of the habitat types
trapped. The other families were collected in quantity ( > 1 0 individuals) in
several habitats.
Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987
251
Table 1. Taxa of aquatic insects captured in subaquatic light traps.
This Other
Taxon Trap Traps
Coleoptera
Dytiscidae +
Elmidae
Gyrinidae
Haliplidae +
Hydrophilidae +
Limnebiidae
Noteridae +
Diptera
Ceratopogonidae +
Chaoboridae +
Chironomidae +
Culicidae +
Simuliidae +a
Tabanidae +a
Tipulidae
Ephemeroptera +b
Baetidae +
Caenidae
Ephemerellidae +
Heptageniidae +
Leptophlebiidae +
Hemiptera
Belostomatidae
Corixidae +
Gerridae
Mesoveliidae
Nepidae
Notonectidae +b
Pleidae
Veliidae
Odonata
Plecoptera +ab
Trichoptera +ab
Hydroptilidae +
Leptoceridae
Hungerford el ai, 1955; Carter & Paramonov, 1965: Espinosa &
Clark, 1972; Brown, 1976
Hungerford el ai, 1955
Hungerford el ai, 1955
Hungerford et ai, 1955; Espinosa & Clark, 1972
Hungerford et al., 1955; Washino & Hokama, 1968; Espinosa &
Clark, 1972; Brown, 1976
Hungerford et ai, 1955
Hungerford et ai, 1955; Washino & Hokama, 1968
Baylor & Smith, 1953; Hungerford et a!., 1955
Hungerford et al., 1955; Washino & Hokama, 1968
Hungerford et al, 1955; Husbands. 1967; Washino& Hokama, 1968;
Brown, 1976; Weber, 1985
Washino & Hokama, 1968
Espinosa & Clark, 1972b
Washino & Hokama, 1 968
Hungerford et al.. 1955
Hungerford et al., 1955: Washino & Hokama, 1968; Espinosa &
Clark, 1972; Brown, 1976
Hungerford et al.. 1955; Carter & Paramonov. 1965; Washino &
Hokama, 1968; Espinosa & Clark, 1972; Brown. 1976
Hungerford et al. 1955; Brown, 1976
Hungerford et al., 1955
Hungerford el al.. 1955
Hungerford et al., 1955; Washino & Hokama 1968; Espinosa &
Clark. 1972: Brown. 1976
Hungerford et al.. 1955
Hungerford et al., 1955
Hungerford et al., 1955b; Espinosa & Clark. 1972b; Brown. 1976b
Hungerford et al., 1955b
Baylor and Smith. 1953
aLess than 5 individuals.
^Specimens identified only to order.
252 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank D.W. Tallamy and R.W. Lake for helpful criticisms of the manuscript, and Mike
Roberts for the illustrations.
LITERATURE CITED
Baylor, E.R. and F.E. Smith. 1953. A physiological light trap. Ecology 34:223-224.
Brown, A.G. Jr. 1976. An inexpensive aquatic light trap for sampling mosquito larvae. Calif.
Vector Views 23:4-6.
Carter, C.I. and A. Paramonov. 1965. A simple light trap for aquatic insects. Proc. Trans. S.
London Entomol. Nat. Hist. Soc. 9:84-85.
Espinosa, L.E. and W.E. Clark. 1 972. A polypropylene light trap for aquatic invertebrates.
Calif. Fish Game 58:149-152.
Hungerford, H.S., P.J. Spanglerand N.A. Walker. 1955. Subaquatic light traps for insects
and other animal organisms. Trans. Ks. Acad. Sci. 58:387-407.
Husbands, R.C. 1 967. A subsurface light trap for sampling aquatic insect populations. Calif.
Vector Views 14:81-82.
Washino, R.K. and Y. Hokama. 1 968. Quantitative sampling of aquatic insects in a shallow-
water habitat. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 61:785-786.
Weber, R.G. 1985. An aquatic light trap for possible use in mosquito larvae surveillance.
Proc. N.J. Mosq. Control Assoc. 72:122-125.
Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987 253
THE MAYFLY, DOLANIA AMERICANA,
(EPHEMEROPTERA: BEHNINGIIDAE)
IN ALABAMA1
Edward E. Wester, George W. Folkerts^
ABSTRACT: Nymphs of Dolania americana were collected from the Blackwater River,
Escambia County, Alabama. The collection represents a new state record. Substrate
conditions were similar to those previously reported for the species. The collections indicate
that the species may occupy sites in lower order watercourses.
The rarely collected mayfly, Dolania americana Edmunds and
Traver, has been reported from five areas scattered along the Coastal Plain
of the southeastern United States from Louisiana to North Carolina
(Edmunds and Traver 1959; Schneider 1966; Tsui and Hubbard 1979;
Finn and Herlong 1 980; Benke eta 1. 1 984). Kondratieff and Harris ( 1 986 )
did not report this species from Alabama.
On November 1 7, 1 985 one Dolania americana nymph was collected
from the Blackwater River at Escambia County Rd. 4, 1.6 km E Bradley,
Escambia County, Alabama. A subsequent attempt to collect nymphs at
the same site in December 1985 was unsuccessful, but a third attempt on
March 9, 1986 yielded three additional specimens. The nymphs were
collected by straining sand from the stream bottom through a 3.2 mm mesh
screen. The four nymphs obtained ranged in length from 13.3 to 14.8 mm.
The three specimens taken in March showed darkening of the cuticle
characteristic of pre-emergent nymphs.
All four specimens were obtained in the upper 10 cm of clean shifting
sand. The water depth at the time of both collections was approximately 20
cm. The current speed in the microhabitat where nymphs were found was
sufficient to cause continual slow shifting of the sand on the bottom. No
Dolania nymphs were taken in microhabitats where organic detritus and
leaf litter had accumulated; although nymphs of the gomphid, Progomphus
obscurus (Rambur), were present at all sites. Most stretches of the
Blackwater River near this site range from 10-15 m in width. However, the
site from which Dolania were obtained was a widened portion up to 20 m
and was shallower than adjacent narrower stretches. The adjacent bottom-
land trees do not form a closed canopy over the stream at this site. A short
distance north of the bridge the river forks into several small streams.
Suitable Dolania habitat is therefore probably not present north of the
1 Received February 20, 1987. Accepted May 11, 1987.
^Department of Zoology and Wildlife Science and Alabama Agricultural Experiment
Station, Auburn University, AL 36849-4201.
ENT. NEWS 98(5): 253-254, November & December, 1987
254 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
collecting site.
Although the presence ofDolania at this site is of little zoogeographic
significance because of the proximity of previously known Florida sites
downstream (Peters and Peters 1977), the collections document the
occurrence of the species in Alabama and indicate that it occurs at sites in
lower order watercourses than those from which it had previously been
reported. It is therefore possible that the species may be present in similar
unperturbed shifting sand streams on the southeastern Coastal Plain.
LITERATURE CITED
Benke, A.C., T.C. VanArsdall, Jr., D.M. Gillespie, and F.K. Parrish. 1984. Invertebrate
productivity in a subtropical blackwater river: the importance of habitat and life history.
Ecol. Monogr. 54:25-63.
Edmunds, G.F., Jr., and J.R. Traver. 1959. The classification of the Ephemeroptera I.
Ephemeroidea: Behningiidae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 52:43-51.
Finn, P.L., and D.D. Herlong. 1980. New distributional record of Dolania americana
(Ephemeroptera: Behningiidae). Entomol. News 91:102-104.
Kondratieff, B.C., and S.C. Harris. 1 986. Preliminary checklist of the mayflies (Ephemer-
optera) of Alabama. Entomol. News 97:230-236.
Peters, W.H., and J.G. Peters. 1977. Adult life and emergence of Dolania americana in
northwestern Florida (Ephemeroptera: Behningiidae). Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol.
62:409-438.
Schneider, R.F. 1966 Mayfly nymphs from northwestern Florida. Quart. J. Fla. Acad. Sci.
29:203-206.
Tsui, P.T.P., and M.D. Hubbard. 1979. Feeding habits of the predaceous nymphs of
Dolania americana in northwestern Florida (Ephemeroptera: Behningiidae). Hydro-
biologia67:119-123.
Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987 255
AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE CURVIPALPIA
(TRICHOPTERA) OF ALABAMA1
Paul K. Lago2, Steven C. Harris^
ABSTRACT: Distributional records for 93 species of caddiflies in the infraorder Curvipalpia
from Alabama are presented, along with information on seasonal occurrence, habitat and
relative abundance. Hydropsychidae is best represented (47 species), followed by Poly-
centropodidae (32 species), Philopotamidae ( 1 1 species) and Psychomyiidae (3 species). Of
the species reported, 74 represent new state records.
The caddisfly fauna of the southeastern United States has received
considerable attention in recent years and a diverse fauna of the infraorder
Curvipalpia (sensu Weaver, 1984; Weaver and Morse, 1986)(=superfamily
Hydropsychoidea of Ross, 1967 and Schmid, 1980) is now known. Etnier
and Schuster (1979) reported 91 species of Curvipalpia in Tennessee, while
in North and South Carolina, Unzicker et al. ( 1 982) compiled 107 species.
However, in Mississippi only 46 species were reported by Lago et al. ( 1 982).
In the entire southeast, about 1 30 species are likely to occur (Morse, personal
communication). Despite these studies in neighboring states, the caddisfly
fauna of Alabama is just beginning to be understood. Harris ( 1 986) provided a
checklist of the Hydroptilidae of the state. The present study continues the
description of the Alabama fauna by listing the known Philopotamoidea
(Philopotamidae) and Hydropsychoidea (Polycentropodidae, Psychomyiidae
and Hydropsychidae) of the state.
In 1981, extensive collecting, primarily using black-light traps, was
initiated in the state. This effort has resulted in the collection of 93 species of
Curvipalpia, nine of which were described during the course of the study (Lago
and Harris. 1983, 1985, 1987; Schuster and Hamilton, 1984: Gordon etaL
1986). The richness of the Curvipalpia fauna in Alabama is indicative of the
range of physiographic regions represented in the state. These include the East
Gulf Coastal Plain, Piedmont Plateau, Valley and Ridge, and Appalachian
Plateau, including the Highland Rim Plateau and Cumberland Plateau
subregions (Sapp and Emplaincourt, 1975).
Annotated List of the Curvipalpia of Alabama
In the following checklist of the 93 species of Curvipalpia known to
Deceived January 20, 1987. Accepted May 9, 1987
^Department of Biology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677.
3 Aquatic Biology Program, Department of Biology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL
35486.
ENT. NEWS 98(5): 255-262, November & December. 1987
256 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
occur in Alabama, each species is followed by numerically coded county
records. These counties and their location, within the state and with a
physiographic province, are depicted in Figure 1 . General information on
distribution, habitat, abundance and dates of collection are also included.
Numbers presented for specimens examined generally refers to males only.
Detailed locality and collection information will be provided in an overall
summary of the caddisfly fauna of the state, to be published later. This
checklist represents over 600 collections made between 1981 and 1986.
Specimens are deposited in the insect collections of the Departments of
Biology at the University of Alabama and the University of Mississippi.
PHILOPOTAMOIDEA
Philopotamidae
Chimarra augusta Morse. 17. Rare in state, in Piedmont Plateau. May-July. Specimens
examined - 9.
C aterrima Hagen. 1, 5, 8-12, 14-22, 25-29. 31-34, 39, 42, 45, 51, 53, 58, 65, 66.
Widespread and common in state. March-October. Specimens examined - 826.
C.falculata Lago & Harris. 64-67. Rare, restricted to lower Coastal Plain. May. Specimens
examined - 5.
C. florida Ross. 36, 42, 51-53. 64-67. Common in small Coastal Plain streams. March -
September. Specimens examined - 1743.
C. moselyi (Denning). 11. 12, 19-25, 31, 32, 34-36, 39, 41, 45, 53-55, 60, 63-67.
Widespread in state, but never collected in large numbers. April - October. Specimens
examined - 435.
C. obscura (Walker). 1-6, 8-22. 25-27, 3 1-34, 38-41, 45, 49, 50, 53, 54, 58, 66. Widespread
and common in state. April - October. Specimens examined - 4148.
C. parasocia Lago & Harris. 9-1 1, 20, 24-26, 34, 35, 39, 41, 67. Uncommon, primarily in
streams of western Alabama. April - August. Specimens examined - 155.
Dolophilodesdistinctus( Walker). 1.6,8, 10-12, 14, 17, 18. 25, 28, 29, 45. Uncommon in
small streams of northern Alabama (above fall line). February, May-October. Specimens
examined - 53.
D. major (Banks). 17. Collected from a single headwater stream in the Piedmont Plateau.
May. Specimens examined - 3.
Wormaldia moesta (Banks). 5, 8, 10, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 51, 67. Primarily collected in
small, often intermittent, streams throughout the state. February, April - June, October.
Specimens examined - 45.
W. shawnee(Ross). 5. Only state record, the Little River in the southern Appalachians. May.
Specimens examined - 5.
HYDROPSYCHOIDEA
Psychomyiidae
Lype diversa (Banks). 1-6, 8-12, 14-20, 22-27, 29, 31. 36, 39. 42. 51. 52. 64-67.
Widespread, but uncommon in state. March - October. Specimens examined - 328.
Psychomyiaflavida Hagen. 1 . 5. 1 4, 1 5, 1 7-2 1 . 25, 26, 28, 29. 3 1 , 32, 34, 36,41,51,53, 54.
63. 64. Widespread and common in state. April - October. Specimens examined - 517.
Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987 257
P. nomada (Ross). 1. Only known from a single stream in the Highland Rim Plateau. June.
Specimens examined - 14.
Polycentropodidae
CernotinacalceaRoss. 1,3,4,8,9, 10, 11, 13, 16,20,25,26,31,34,36,38-41,43,45,49.
50, 52-55, 58, 60, 63 - 67. Widespread and common in state, most abundant in large
Coastal Plain rivers. May, September. Specimens examined - 927.
C. spicata Ross. 5, 6, 9, 1 1-14, 18, 20, 21, 24-26, 31, 32, 34, 35, 39, 40, 43, 45, 58, 64-67.
Widespread and common in state, most numerous in large Coastal Plain rivers. April -
September. Specimens examined - 440.
C. truncona Ross. 58, 64, 65, 67. Primarily collected in Coastal Plain ponds and lakes. April
- June. Specimens examined - 16.
Cyrnellusfraternus (Banks). 1-6, 9-11, 13-20, 23-26, 33-43, 45, 49, 50, 52-54, 58, 60, 63-
67. Widespread and common in state, particularly in large rivers and reservoirs. April -
October. Specimens examined - 2800.
NeureclipsiscrepuscularisCWaHkeT). 1,3-5,9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18,20,22,24,25,27,31,33-
41 , 49-5 1,53, 55, 63-67. Widespread and common in state. March - October. Specimens
examined - 589.
jV. melco Ross. 12, 21, 23, 25, 34-36, 52, 53, 66, 67. Most common in rivers and streams of
Coastal Plain. March - September. Specimens examined - 559.
Nyctiophylax affinis ( Banks). 1,4-6,8-12, 14, 16-18,21,22,25-29,34-36,38,39,41,45,
51-53,58, 63, 64, 66, 67. Widespread in state, but never collected in large numbers. April
- October. Specimens examined - 219.
N. banksi Morse. 4, 5, 8-11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 25, 26, 53, 66. Widespread in state, but
uncommon. May - October. Specimens examined - 135.
N. celta Denning. 1,5, 14, 16, 17, 20, 25, 31, 32, 34, 35,41,54,64,66,67. Widespread and
common in state. May - October. Specimens examined - 1890.
N. denningi Morse. 1, 2, 6, 8-15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 39, 45, 50.
Widespread in state but most common above the fall line. April - September. Specimens
examined - 1458.
N. moesta Banks. 1,4,5,8,14, 19, 20, 25. Uncommon, collected only in northern Alabama.
April - June, September, October. Specimens examined - 225.
N. morsel Lago & Harris. 66, 67. Rare, primarily found in small Coastal Plain streams. April -
June. Specimens examined - 49.
N. serra tus Lago & Harris. 1,3,8-12, 14, 17,22,23,25,31,36-40,42,45,51-53,65-67.
Widespread in state, but most abundant in small Coastal Plain streams. April - September.
Specimens examined - 218.
Phylocentropus carolinus Carpenter. 1, 9, 17, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 39, 51, 53-55. 67.
Widespread in small streams of state but never collected in large numbers. April -
September. Specimens examined - 141.
P. lucidus (\\agen). 10, 12, 17, 22, 23,25, 31, 36, 51. 60, 66. Uncommon, collected in small
streams throughout the state. April - September. Specimens examined - 31.
P. harrisi Schuster & Hamilton. 51, 66. Only known from two small streams of the Coastal
Plain. April, May. Specimens examined - 2.
P. placidus (Banks). 4. 17-20, 22-28, 31. 35. 37. 39, 42. 45, 51-55, 58, 60, 65-67. Most
widespread and common Phylocentropus in state. March - November. Specimens
examined - 181.
Polycentropus barri Ross & Yamamoto. 3 1 . Only records from the Tallapoosa River and one
of its tributaries. May. Specimens examined - 2.
P. blicklei Ross & Yamamoto. 2, 5, 6, 10- 1 2. 1 7-1 9, 23, 25, 66, 67. Widespread in state, but
most common in northern Alabama; never collected in large numbers. March. May, June,
September. Specimens examined - 42.
258 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
P. carlsoni Morse. 18. Only known from two small headwater streams of the Valley and
Ridge. June. Specimens examined - 2.
P. centralis Banks. 1,2,5,6,9-11,15. Collected at scattered localities in north Alabama, but
most abundant in the Highland Rim Plateau. May, June. Specimens examined - 144.
P. cinereus Hagen. 1-3, 5, 6, 8-12, 14, 16-18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 27, 31, 32, 34, 39, 50, 51, 53,
65-67. Widespread and common in state. April - June, September. Specimens examined -
292.
P. clinei (Milne). 52, 66, 67. Rare, primarily in small Coastal Plain streams. March - May.
Specimens examined - 6.
P. confusus Hagen. 1 , 2, 5, 6, 8, 10-15, 17-22, 25, 28, 29, 31, 34, 39, 45, 5 1, 53. Widespread
and common in state. April - October. Specimens examined - 1028.
P. crassicornis Walker. 10, 20, 22, 25, 39, 45,51, 53,66,67. Widespread, but uncommon in
state. March - June. Specimens examined - 43.
P. elarus Ross. 4, 5. Only records from two small streams in the Cumberland Plateau. June.
Specimens examined - 2.
P. floridensis Lago & Harris. 66. Rare, in small Coastal Plain streams. April - May.
Specimens examined - 8.
P. nascotius Ross. 67. Rare, in small Coastal Plain streams. June, August. Specimens
examined - 4.
P. n. sp. (nr. chelatus). 21, 22, 25. Most common in small headwater and intermittent streams
of the Cumberland Plateau. March - May. Specimens examined - 17.
P. n. sp. (nr. elarus). 6, 8, 10, 14, 20, 22, 25, 39. Primarily collected in small streams of
northern Alabama. May, June. Specimens examined - 46.
P. pentus Ross. 25. Only record from a small intermittent stream of the Cumberland Plateau.
April. Specimens examined - 1.
P. rickeri Yamamoto. 1 1 . Only record from a small stream of the Cumberland Plateau. June.
Specimens examined - 1.
Hydropsychidae
Cheumatopsyche bibbensis Gordon, Harris & Lago. 34. Known only from the type locality on
the Cahaba River. October, Specimens examined - 1 .
C. burksi Ross. 1, 6, 9, 12, 21, 24, 25, 31, 32, 35, 36, 52, 58, 66, 67. Widespread, but
uncommon in state. May - August. Specimens examined - 49.
C. cahaba Gordon, Harris & Lago. 20. Known only from the type locality near the headwaters
of the Cahaba River. July. Specimens examined - 1.
C. campylaRoss. 1,3,4,9, 10, 13, 14, 16-18,20,25,29,31,32,34,36-38,40,43,50,64.
Widespread and common in state. April - October. Specimens examined - 917.
C. edista Gordon. 23-25, 33, 34, 39, 40, 50, 5 1 , 55, 58, 60, 64. Widespread and common in
Coastal Plain streams. April - October, Specimens examined - 1 178.
C. ela Denning. 4, 17, 20, 25, 26, 34, 40, 41, 49, 50. Collected at scattered localities
throughout the state but most abundant in Coastal Plain streams. April - October.
Specimens examined - 904.
C^oraDenning.5,6,8, 10, 11,13,15,17, 18,20,25,26,28,29,31,32,34,39,41,45,53,
64. Widespread in state, but most common above the fall line. April - October. Specimens
examined - 1956.
C. gracilis (Banks) 8, 20, 25, 34. A common species in small streams of the Cumberland
Plateau. May - September. Specimens examined - 126.
C. hanvoodi Denning. 1, 17, 18, 20, 25, 31, 32, 39. Primarily in small streams of northern
Alabama; uncommon. May - July. Specimens examined - 22.
C. helma Ross. 5, 28. Recorded from the Valley and Ridge and Piedmont Plateau. May, June.
Specimens examined - 4.
Vol. 98. No. 5. November & December 1987 259
C. kinlockensis Gordon. Harris & Lago. 8. Known only from the type locality in the
Cumberland Plateau. May. Specimens examined - 4.
C. minuscula (Banks). 20, 25, 26, 31, 32, 34, 39,45, 54, 60, 63-65. A common species along
fall line and throughout the Coastal Plain. April - October. Specimens examined - 3812.
C. oxa Ross. 1,2,5,6, 8-10, 14-20, 25-27, 32, 34. Common in the Highland Rim Plateau and
lower Appalachians. April - October. Specimens examined - 1318.
C. pasella Ross. 1, 3-6. 8-22. 24-26. 29. 31. 32, 34, 36-41, 49, 51-54, 58, 60, 63-67.
Widespread and common in state. April - October. Specimens examined - 6666.
C. petersi Ross, Morse & Gordon. 52, 53. 64, 66, 67. Common in lower Coastal Plain
streams. April - September. Specimens examined - 554.
C. pettiti (Banks). 1-6, 8-22, 24-27, 29, 31-40, 45, 49-53, 58, 60, 64-67. Widespread and
common in state. April - October, February. Specimens examined - 1688.
C./H/iflcaRoss.5.8. 11, 12, 15, 17, 18,21-25,27,29,31-33,36,39,42,45,51-53,58,60,
64-67. Widespread and common in state. March - September. Specimens examined -
1239.
C. sordida (Hagen). 33-35, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 58. Collected in northern portion of Coastal
Plain; uncommon. April - June, September. Specimens examined - 95.
C. virginica Denning. 2, 25, 33, 36, 39,42,51, 52,64,66,67. Widespread, but uncommon on
Coastal Plain. March - August. Specimens examined - 58.
Diplectrona modesta Banks. 1,2,6, 10, 12, 14, 17, 18,23,25,27,28,35,39,45,48,51,58,
65, 66. Widespread in state, but never collected in large numbers. April - October.
Specimens examined - 169.
Homoplectra doringa (Milne). 25. Collected in intermittent streams of the Cumberland
Plateau. April - March. Specimens examined - 21.
Hydropsyche alvata Denning. 10, 25, 29, 33-35, 38, 39, 41, 45, 52, 60, 63-65. Most
commonly collected in Coastal Plain streams. April - August. Specimens examined - 986.
H. betteniRoss. 1-3,5,6,8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17-20,22,25-27,29,31,34,36,39,41,42,45,
49-5 1 . Widespread in state, but never collected in large numbers. April - October.
Specimens examined - 424.
H. decalda Ross. 66. Only records from lower Coastal Plain streams. May, August.
Specimens examined - 4.
H. demora Ross. 17, 31, 32. Rare, records from small Piedmont streams. May, June.
Specimens examined - 9.
H. depravata Hagen. 1, 4, 5, 14-16, 18-20, 25, 26, 34. Most frequently collected in lower
Appalachians. April - October. Specimens examined - 296.
H. dicantha Ross. 5, 6, 18, 25-28, 32, 34. Uncommon, collected at scattered north Alabama
localities. April - August. Specimens examined - 123.
H. elissoma Ross. 22-25, 35, 36, 42, 52, 64-67. Uncommon, at numerous Coastal Plain
localities. March - August. Specimens examined - 216.
H. fattigi Ross. 17, 31. Rare, in Piedmont streams. May. Specimens examined - 10.
H. frisoni Ross. 4, 13, 14, 20, 24-26, 34, 37, 45. Most common in northern Alabama rivers
and large streams. April - October. Specimens examined - 1041.
H. hageni Banks. 20.25,26, 34. Common in central Alabama rivers and large streams. April -
October. Specimens examined - 1 128.
H. incommoda Hagen. 20, 27, 34, 63-65. Collected at scattered localities in state, but most
common in large streams of lower Coastal Plain. April - September. Specimens examined
- 1242.
H. mississippiensis Flint. 2.5, 10-12,15-21,23-27,29.32-36.39,41,44,45,49,51-55,58,
60, 63-67. Widespread and common in state. March - October. Specimens examined -
2400.
H. orris Ross. 2-4. 8-10. 18. 20. 22, 24-26, 33-37, 39-42, 45, 48-51, 53. 54, 64-67.
Widespread and common in state. March - November. Specimens examined - 2629.
260 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
H. phalerata Hagen. 1 1 , 29, 32. Rarely collected in state. May - July. Specimens examined -
4.
//.row/ Flint, Voshell& Parker. 1,2,5,9-11,13, 14, 16,18,20,22,23-26,33-36,40,41,45,
50, 60, 63-65, 67. Widespread in state but never collected in large numbers. March -
October. Specimens examined - 518.
H. rotosa Ross. 1, 2, 3. Only collected in Highland Rim Plateau, rare. June. Specimens
examined - 9.
H. scalaris Hagen. 16, 18, 34. Rare, in Valley and Ridge. May, September. Specimens
examined - 7.
H. simulans Ross. 18. Only record from a stream in the southern Appalachians. September.
Specimens examined - 1 .
H. venularis Banks. 1 1, 12, 17, 18, 20, 21, 26, 29, 31, 32, 34, 45, 54. Primarily collected
above the fall line, but never in large numbers. April - October. Specimens examined -361.
H. n. sp. (scalaris group) 3. Known from two rivers of the Highland Rim Plateau. June.
Specimens examined - 40.
H. (Ceratopsyche) cheilonis (Ross). 1, 14, 16, 18-20, 25, 27, 35. Collected in north-central
Alabama. April - October. Specimens examined - 415.
H.(C.)sparna(Ross). 1,2,5,6,8-11,13-20,22,25,27-29,31-34,36,45,51,53,60,64,66.
Widespread and common in state. April - October. Specimens examined -911.
Macrostemum Carolina (Banks). 1,5,6, 9-12, 22-26, 33-35, 41, 43-45, 49, 50, 52-54, 60,
63-67. Widespread and common in state. April - September. Specimens examined - 1 3 1 2.
M. transversum (Walker). 24, 33, 35, 45, 48. Collected in large rivers along the fall line;
uncommon. April - June. Specimens examined - 59.
M. zebratum (Hagen). 5, 31, 34, 54. Collected in small rivers at several scattered localities;
most numerous in the Sepulga River on the Coastal Plain. May, June. Specimens
examined - 225.
Potamyiaflava (Hagen). 25, 34, 35, 40, 41, 49, 5 1, 53, 64, 66, 67. Widespread and common
in Coastal Plain rivers and large streams. April - October. Specimens examined - 1 184.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Geological Survey of Alabama provided facilities and supplies during the course of
this study and is gratefully acknowledged. P.E. O'Neil, J. Nunley, D. Woods, R.L. Smith,
M.F. Mettee and B. A. Armitage assisted in making field collections and are due many thanks.
The assistance of S. W. Hamilton was invaluable in the identification of many Polycentropus.
J.C. Morse, O.S. Flint, Jr. and G.A. Schuster were also very cooperative in assisting us with
identifications. K.L. Manuel and G.A. Schuster reviewed this manuscript and offered
valuable suggestions for improvement. Jane Ratliff typed the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Etnier, D.A. and G.A. Schuster. 1979. An annotated list of Trichoptera (caddisflies) of
Tennessee. J. Tennessee Acad. Sci. 54: 15 - 22.
Gordon, A.E., S.C. Harris and P.K. Lago. 1986. Descriptions of new species of
Cheumatopsyche (Trichoptera: Hydropschidae) and the presumed female of C. helma
Ross from Alabama, Florida Entomol. 69: 314-318.
Harris, S.C. 1986. Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) of Alabama with descriptions of three new
species. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 59: 609-619.
Lago, P.K. and S.C. Harris. 1983. New species of Trichoptera from Florida and Alabama.
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 76:664-667.
Lago, P.K. and S.C. Harris. 1985. A new species of Nyctiophylax (Trichoptera:
Polycentropodidae) from Alabama and Mississippi. Entomol. News 96: 16-18.
Vol. 98. No. 5. November & December 1987
261
HIGHLAND RIM PLATEAU
CUMBERLAND PLATEAU
VALLEY AND RIDGE
PIEDMONT
PLATEAU
EAST GULF
COASTAL
PLAIN
262 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Lago, P.K. and S.C. Harris. 1987. The Chimarra (Trichoptera: Philopotomidae) of eastern
North America with descriptions of three new species. J. New York Entomol. Soc. 95:
225-251.
Lago, P.K., R.W. Holzenthal and S.C. Harris. 1982. An annotated checklist of the
caddisflies (Trichoptera) of Mississippi and southeastern Louisiana. Part I: Introduction
and Hydropsychoidea. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 84: 495-508.
Ross, H.H. 1967. The evolution and past dispersal of the Trichoptera. Ann. Rev. Entomol.
12: 169-206.
Sapp, C.D. and J. Emplaincourt 1975. Physiographic regions of Alabama. Alabama Geol.
Surv. Map. 168.
Schmid, F. 1 980. Genera des Trichopteres du Canada et des Etats adjacents. Les Insectes et
Arachnides du Canada, part 7, Ministre des Approvisionnements et Services. Can. Publ.
1692, Hull Quebec.
Schuster, G.A. and S.W. Hamilton. 1984. The genus Phylocentropus in North America
(Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae). p. 347-362 in J.C. Morse (ed.). Proc. 4th Int. Symp.
Trichoptera. Dr. W. Junk Publ., Ser. Entomol. 30, The Hague.
Unzicker, J.W., V.H. Resh and J.C. Morse. 1982. Trichoptera. p. 9.1-9.138 in A.R.
Brigham, W. V. Brigham and A. Gnilka (eds.). Aquatic insects and oligochaetes of North
and South Carolina. Midwest Aquatic Enterprises, Mahomet, IL.
Weaver, J.S., III. 1984. Evolution and classification of Trichoptera, Part I: Ground plan of
Trichoptera. p. 413-419 in J.C. Morse (ed.). Proc. 4th Int. Symp. Trichoptera. Dr. W.
Junk Publ., Ser. Entomol. 30, The Hague.
Weaver, J.S., III and J.C. Morse. 1986. Evolution of feeding and case-making behavior in
Trichoptera. J.N. Amer. Benthol. Soc. 5: 150-158.
Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987 263
SOCIETY MEETING OF OCTOBER 21, 1987
Insects have received little attention when it comes to endangered species. Appropriately,
"Putting the Bugs into Endangered Species Management" was the title of the talk presented by
Mr. Clark N. Shiffer to the first membership meeting of the 1987-88 season. Mr. Shifferisthe
Herpetology and Endangered Species Coordinator for the Pennsylvania Fish Commission,
Bellefonte, PA. Although Mr. Shiffer has been an avid amateur entomologist for many years
and his position encompasses aquatic insects, most of his professional activity deals with
fishes, amphibians, and reptiles.
Why are insects left out? According to Mr. Shiffer the reasons are many. First is the public
attitude toward insects which perceives them as noxious or dispensable. Second, and related to
the first, is that legislated priorities reflect the interests of the people; therefore, there are few
resources left after mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and plants have been dealt with.
Finally and perhaps most significantly, there is simply too little known about most species of
insects to justify their classification as threatened or endangered. A recent U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service list of endangered and threatened species included only thirteen insects; ten of
which were lepidopterans, two coleopterans and one hemipteran. Our ignorance of various
species is reflected in another federal list of "endangered" insects for possible consideration
which include some species that are actually widespread and fairly common.
Mr. Shiffer has spent many years photographing insects and determining the geographic
ranges and habitat preferences of Odonata and Diptera in particular. His collection of slides
formed the backdrop for his talk which included many anecdotes about species in Pennsylvania
and elsewhere. He discussed the fragile existence oWphiogomphys howeion the Susquehanna
River, the discovery of new localities for Somalochlora incurvata in northern Pennsylvania,
the rescue of a habitat for Gomphus rogersi, and his concern for the future of Ten Acre Pond, a
habitat that supports many interesting dragon flies but lies in the way of an expanding
municipal area. He also showed slides of Cuterebra fontinella, a bot fly whose breeding
habitat he discovered; the first such record for any bot fly species in eastern North America.
The infectious enthusiasm Mr. Shiffer shared with the audience has been captured by Charles
Fergus in an article published in Science 82 (June 1982, p. 54).
Among the 1 4 members and 3 guests at the meeting in Townsend Hall at the University of
Delaware was Frank Elia of Day Butterfly House in Pine Mountain, GA. This will be the first
museum specializing in live butterflies in the United States. It is located in Galloway Botanical
Gardens about 60 miles south of Atlanta. Discussion of topics of local entomological interest
before Mr. Shiffer's talk focused on Brood X of the periodical cicada. Some areas around
Washington, D.C. and central Pennsylvania were heavily infested while in other areas there
were none. In particular Howard Boyd noted that areas of New Jersey that had been heavily
infested seventeen years ago were almost totally unaffected this year.
Harold B. White
Corresponding Secretary
November 18, 1987
264 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
MAILING DATES
VOLUME 98, 1987
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Publisher: American Entomological Society, 1900 Race St., Philadelphia,
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Vol. 98, No. 5, November & December 1987
265
INDEX: VOLUME 97
Abrell, D.B. 198
Acrolvtta, restriction of So. Amer. genus
208
A.E.S. meeting reports 34,150,152,263
Akar, H., E.A. Osgood, 35
Emergence trap & collecting apparatus
for capture of insects emerging from
soil
Allen, R.T. 186
Anastrepha striata larva abnormality 217
Announcements 25,30,52,66,139
Ants, Alaska, 74
Aradus robustus, notes on biology & distrib.
183
Araneae, 235
Armitage, B.J., 106
Ban'peithes pellucidus, feeding habits of,
'163
Baumann, R.W., 224
Behningiidae, 253
Belzer, W.R., 230
Vitellogenin disparity in Phormia
re gin a
Bowker, B.D., 135
Brachymeria ovata, new host for, 5 1
Brown, H.P., 1 1 1
Stenelmis cheryl, new name for well
known riffle beetle
Buprestidae, 1
Burger, J.F., L.A. Pistrang, 53
Is Simulium tuberosum a pest of
humans?
Calandrino, F., 180
New color pattern & morphological
variation in Tomocerus flavescens
Calliphoridae, 230
Calvert prize awarded, 151
Capniidae, 21 1
Cave, R.D., G.L. Miller, 211
Notes on A. melanoneura & C.
mellicornis parasitizing M. posticus
Chalcididae, 5 1
Cheetham, T., R. Lewis, 31
Notes on reproductive system in
Ctenophthalmus
Chironomidae, 159
Cicindelidae, 117
Clausen, P.J., 10
N. sp. Pelina from Neotropical region
Cokendolpher, J.C., 153
Coleoptera, 1,111,117,163,208
Collembola, 180
Copromyzinae, lectotype designations for
sp. described by Haliday, 46
Cryptic coloration in Schizura ipomoeae,
17
Ctenophthalmus, reproductive system in,
31
Curculionidae, 163
Dietz, J.M., 189
Dipogon genus in Rocky Mts., 41
Diptera, 10,19,46.53.135,159,161,165.
205,217,230
Disclaimer of co-authorship, 52
Dolania americana mayfly in Alabama,
253
Dolichopodidae, 19
Durden, L.A., 26
Ectoparasites & other associates of some
mammals from Brazil, 189
266
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Ectoparasites from some mammals of
Paraguay, 198
Ectoparasitic mites from mammals from
Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia, 26
Elmidae, 1 1 1
Endomychobius flavipes, range extension
& biology, 186
English, W.R., 171
Three inexpensive aquatic invertebrate
samplers for benthic, drift, & emergent
fauna
Entomobryidae, 180
Ephemeroptera, 159,253
Ephydridae, 10, 165
Evans, H.E., 41
Genus Dipogon in Rocky Mts.
Fidalgo, P.; D.R. Smith, 63
A fossil Siricidae from Argentina
Figitidae, 211
Folkerts, G.W., 253
Foote, B.A., B.D. Bowker, B.A. McMichael
135
.Host plants for No. Amer. sp. ofRivellia
Formicidae, 74,153
Francke, O.F., 153
Galford, J.R, 163
Feeding habits of weevil, Barypeithes
pellucidus
Gelhaus, J.K., 161
Detritivore Tipula as secondary host of
Poecilogonalos costalis
Halstead, J.A., 51
New host for Brachymeria ovata:
Harrisina brillians
Harris, S.C., 255
Harris, S.C., B.J. Armitage, 106
New Hydroptilidae from Florida
Harrisina brillians, new host for B. ovata,
51
Hermerobiidae, 211
Hemiptera, 183
Hilton, D.F.J., 221
Terminology for females with color
patterns that mimic males
Homoptera, 140
Hoopes, R.L., K.C. Kim, 89
Life stages & biology of Limnephilus
rhombicus
Homer, N.V., 235
Hydroptilidae, 106
Hymenoptera, 41,51,63,74,140,153,161,
186,211
Ichneumonidae, 21 1
Internat'l. Commiss. Zool. Nomen., 40
Jones, S.R., K.C. Kim, 217
Spiracular abnormality mAnastrepha
striata larva from Costa Rica
Kim, K.C., 89,217
Kondratieff, B.C., J.V. Ward, 13
Taeniopteryx burksi'm Colorado, with
notes on aquatic insects of plains states
Lago, P.K., S.C. Harris, 255
Annotated list of Curvipalpia in
Alabama
Lamb, R.Y., R.B. Willey, 147
Maintaining cave crickets in laboratory
Lambdin, P.L., 140
Lenat, D.R., D.L. Penrose, 67
New distrib. records for No. Carolina
macroinvertebrates
Lepidoptera, 17,51
Leschen, R.A.B., R.T. Allen, 186
Range extension & biology of Endo-
mychobius flavipes
Vol. 98. No. 5, November & December 1987
267
Leschen, R.A.B., S.J. Taylor, 183
Notes on biology & distrib. ofAradus
robustus
Lewis. R... 31
Light trap, underwater, for collecting
bottom dwelling aquatic insects. 246
Limnephilus rhombicus, life stages &
biology, 89
Lisowski, E., 165
Macroinvertebraes, No. Carolina, new
distrib. records. 67
Mailing dates, 263
Manley. G.V., 1
N. sp. Mastogenins from Cent. Amer.,
with notes & key to sp. Cent. & So.
Amer.
Marshall. S.A., 205
Telomerina beringiensis, n. sp. of
Sphaeroceridae from Yukon & Alaska
Mastogenius, n. sp. of from Cent. Amer.,
with notes & key to sp. Cent. & So.
Amer.. 1
McMichael. B.A.. 135
Meloidae. 208
Miller. G.L.. 21 1
Nelson. C.R.. R.W. Baumann. 224
Gynandromorphism in winter stonefly
genus Capnia
Neuroptera. 21 1
Nielsen. M.G.. 74
Norrbom, A.L.. 46
Lectotype designations for sp. of
Copromyzinae described by Haliday
Notodontidae. 17
Orthoptera. 147
Osgood, E.A.. 35
Pelina, n.sp. from Neotropical region. 10
Penrose, D.L.. 67
Phillippi, M.A., G.A. Schuster, 113
New records of caddisflies from
Kentucky
Phoresy between Rheotanytarsus sp. &
Tricorythodes sp. in a So. Carolina
stream, 159
Phormia regina, vitellogenin disparity in,
230
Pistrang, L.A., 53
Platystomatidae, 135
Plecoptera, 13.224
Pompilidae. 41
Pteromalidae, 186
Rathman. R.J., 17
Cryptic coloration in Schizura ipomoea
with new host plant & distrib record
Rhaphidophoridae. 147
Rivacindela, review of Australian. 1 1 7
Rivellia, host plants for No. Amer. sp. of.
135
Salticidae, 235
Samplers, three inexpensive aquatic inver-
tebrate, for benthos, drift. & emergent
fauna, 1 7 1
Schizura ipomoea, cryptic coloration in.
with new host plant & distrib. record.
17
Schuster. G.A.. 113
Selander. R.B.. 208
Restriction of So. Amer. genus Acro-
lylta
Shore flies in Illinois, distrib. of. 165
Simulium tuberosum, a pest of humans?.
53
Siphonaptera. 31
Siricidae fossil from Argentina. 63
Smith. D.R.. 63
268
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Society meeting reports. 34.150.152,263
Solenopsis inricla, supercooling points of.
153
Sphaeroceridae. 46.205
Steinly. B.A.. E. Lisowski. D. Wehh. 165
Distrib. of shore flies in Illinois
Stenclmis c fiery I. new name for well known
riffle beetle. 1 1 1
Stietenroth. C.L.. N.V. Homer, 235
Jumping spiders of Virginia peninsula
Sumlin, W.D.. III. 117
Review subgenus Rivacindela from
Australia
Taber, S.W.. J.C. Cokendolpher. O.F.
Francke. 153
Supercooling points of red imported
fire ants, Solenopsis invicta from
Lubbock, TX
Taeniopteryx burksi in Colorado, w. notes
on aquatic insects of plains states, 13
Taylor, S.J.. 183
Telomerina beringiensis, n. sp. of Sphae-
roceridae from Yukon & Alaska, 205
Tephritidae. 217
Tipula, a detritivore, as a secondary host of
Poecilogonalos costalis, 161
Tomocerus flavescens, new color pattern
& morphological variation, 180
Trap, emergence. & collecting apparatus
for capture of insects emerging from
soil, 35
Trap, light, underwater, for collecting
bottom-dwelling aquatic insects, 246
Trichoptera. 89.106.113,255
Tricorythidae, 159
Trigonalidae, 161
Turner. W.J.. 19
New distrib. records & synonymy for
little known Dolichopodidae of Pacific
northwest
Ward. J.V.. 13
Webb. D.. 165
Weber. R.G.. 246
Underwater light trap for collecting
bottom dwelling aquatic insects
Wester. E.E.. G.W. Folkerts, 253
Mayfly Dolania americana in Alabama
Whitaker. J.O.. Jr.. D.B. Abrell. 198
Notes on some extoparasites from
mammals of Paraguay
Whitaker. J.O.. Jr.. J.M. Dietz. 189
Ectoparasites & other associates of
some mammals from Brazil
Whitaker, J.O.. Jr.. L.A. Durden, 26
Some ectoparasitic mites from mam-
mals from Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia
Wilda. T.J., 159
Phoresy between Rheotanytarsus sp.
& Tricorythodes sp. in a So. Carolina
stream
Willey. R.B.. 147
Wilson, G.B.. P.L. Lambdin. 140
Suitability of B. brassicae & M.
persicae as hosts of Diaeretiella rapae
Zygaenidae, 51
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where not pertinent. Following the title there should be a short informative abstract (not a
descriptive abstract) of not over 1 50 words. The abstract is the key to how an article is cited in
abstracting journals and should be carefully written. The author's complete mailing address,
including zip code number, should be given as a footnote to the article. All papers describing
new taxa should include enough information to make them useful to the nonspecialist.
Generally this requires a key and a short review or discussion of the group, plus references to
existing revisions or monographs. Illustrations nearly always are needed. All measurements
shall be given using the metric system or, if in the standard system, comparable equivalent
metric values shall be included. Authors can be very helpful by indicating, in pencil in the
margin of the manuscript, approximate desired locations within the text of accompanying
figures, tables and other illustrations.
Illustrations: For maximum size and definition, full page figures, including legends, should
be submitted as nearly as possible in a proportion of 4/6. Maximum size of printed illustration,
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tones at the rate of $7.50 each, regardless of size.
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P. Boyd. For address, see under "manuscripts" above. Literature notices, books received and
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insect life and related arthropods. Books on applied, economic and regulatory entomology, on
toxicology and related subjects will not be considered.
Short notes will be published promptly in The Entomologist's Record.
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all illustrations. If any charges are not paid within 120 days of date of billing, authors will be
charged an additional $5.00 per page. Papers may be published ahead of their regularly
scheduled time at a cost of $35.00 per page.
Unemployed and retired amateur and scientist members of the American Entomological
Society who are without institutional support or are not subsidized by grants and who are
without funds for publishing may apply for financial assistance at the time their manuscript is
submitted. Such application must include an explanation of the author's status (unemployed or
retired). Page charges for these individuals are negotiable, with a minimum of $7. 00 per page.
Reprints: (without covers) may be ordered when corrected page proofs are returned to the
editor. Schedule of reprint costs will appear on order form.
This publication is available
in microform from University
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wanted notices are included here and may be referred to by box numbers. All
insertions are continued from month to month, the new ones are added at the
end of the column, and, when necessary, the older ones at the top are
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Inc., 182 Chestnut Rd., Lexington Park, MD 20653. Phone (301) 863-9253.
TRANSACTIONS WANTED: Bishop Museum library needs Transactions of ' he
American Entomological Society, vols. 1-83. Prefer tax deductable donation, we pay
shipping. Please write before shipping. Scott Miller, Bishop Museum, Box 19000- A,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96817-0916.
WANTED: Old stereoscopic microscope lights, parabolic reflector style. Will pay
$75.00 for reflectors with bulb socket and cord. Also $50 for accompanying transformers
and $10 for stands. Up to six wanted. Henry Townes, 3005 SW 56th Ave., Gainesville,
FL 32608. Phone (904) 377-6458.
WANTED: Collection data and reprints on insects collected in thermal areas (hot
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Position Announcement
ENTOMOLOGIST-TECHNICIAN: Insect rearing and display maint. position at Insect
World exhibit. B.S. in Ent. req'd. with insect rearing experience, broad background in
entomol. pref. with emphasis on butterflies. Pos. avail. Dec. 1987 or when suitable applicant is
found. Send resume and copies of transcripts to Curator of Invertebrates, Insect World,
Cincinnati Zoo, 3400 Vine St., Cincinnati, Ohio 45220.
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