Skip to main content

Full text of "The Entomologist"

See other formats 


<s:     ^ 


LIBRARY     OF 


1685- 1056 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST 

OP 

GENERAL    ENTOMOLOGY. 

EpiTED    BY    RICHARD    SOUTH,    F.E.S. 


WITH    THE    ASSISTANCE    OF 


ROBERT   ADKIN,  F.E.S. 

T.   R.   BILLUPS,   F.E.S. 

W.   LUCAS   DISTANT,   F.E.S.,   &c. 

EDWARD  A.  FITCH,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 

F.   W.   FROHAWK,   F.E.S. 


MARTIN   JACOBY,   F.E.S. 
W.   F.   KIRBY,   F.L.S.,   F.E.S. 
J.  H.  LEECH,   B.A.,   F.L.S.,   F.E.S. 
Dk.  D.  sharp,  F.R.S.,  F.E.S.,   &c. 
G.   H.   VERRALL,   F.E.S. 


W.  WARREN,   M.A.,  F.E.S. 


"By  mutual  confidence  and  mutual  aid 
Great  deeds  are  done  and  great  discoveries  made." 


VOLUME    THE    THIRTY-THIRD. 


LONDON: 

WEST,   NEWMAN   &   CO.,   54,   HATTON   GARDEN, 

SIMPKIN,    MARSHALL,    HAMILTON,    KENT   &    CO.,    Limited. 

1900. 


LIST    OF    CONTKIBUTORS. 


Adkin,  Egbert,  F.E.S.,  128,  313 

Alderson,  E.  G.,  233,  273 

Alderson,  Miss  E.  M.,  248,  311 

Anderson, Joseph, 177, 182, 250, 279, 354 

Andrews,  T.  B.,  268 

Annett,  H.  E.,  275,  278 

Arkle,   J.,  10,   13,   14,    49,    181,    183, 

203,  273 
Baker,  George,  269 
Bankes,  Eustace  E.,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  349 
Barraud,  p.  J.,  93,  131,  355 
Barton,  W.  H.,  250,  277,  354 
Bastow,  W.  H.,  273 
Battersby,  Frances  J.,  226 
Beadnell,  Herbert,  249,  270,  279 
Beauland,  J.,  13 

Bell,  Eev.  John  W.  B.,  249,  250,  277 
Bellamy,  F.  &  C,  17,  157 
Bellamy,  Fred.  G.,  228 
Birch,  Frederick,  22,  99,  319 
Bird,  J.  F.,  224 
Bishop,  E.  B.,  268 
Bishop,  H.  S.,  278 
Blakeborough,  Thos.  B.,  181 
Blathwayt,  F.  D.,  278 
Blenkarn,  Stanley  A.,  50,  91,  225 
Bostock,  W.,  303,  311 
Briggs,  C.  a.,  F.E.S.,  52 
Brown,  Henry  H.,  14,  351 
Browne,  G.  B.,  248 
Burr,  Malcolm,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.,  89 
Butler,  A.  G.,  Ph.D.,F.L.S., F.Z.S.,  &c., 

1,  124,  168,  189 
Butler,  W.  E.,  275 
Calvert,  Philip  P.,  350 
Cansdale,  W.  D.,  272 
Cant,  A.,  F.E.S.,  228 
Cardinall,  Allan  W.,  92,  307 
Carr,  F.  M.  B.,  12,  49,  130,  204,  228, 

274,  277 
Carter,  C.  E.  O.,  248,  249 
Carter,  William  A.,  158,  203,  313 
Chapman,  T.  A.,  M.D.,  F.E.S.,  69,  82, 

224,  282 
Chawner,  Miss  E.  F.,  F.E.S.,  248 
Christy,  W.  M.,  F.E.S.,  88 
Chittenden,  D.,  273,  276,  304,  307 
Clark,  Fred.  Noad,  225 
Claxton,  Eev.  W.,  271,  306 
Cockayne,  E.  A.,  305 
Cockerell,   T.   D.   a.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S., 

40,  61,  85,  173,  201,  217,  243,  302 
CoLTHRUP,  C.  W.,   10,  13,  50,  92,  276, 

278,  307 
Conquest,  G.  Harold,  353 
Corder,  Henry,  304,  312 
Cornell,  Ernest,  275 


CoTTAM,  Arthur,  276,  278,  303 

Court,  T.  H.,  92 

Crewe,  Hugo  Harper,  308 

Dadd,  Edward  Martin,  161,  283,  340 

Dale,  C.  W.,  F.E.S.,  75,  180,  351 

DALTBY,Eev.T.W.,M.A.,F.L.S.,F.E.S., 

305,  312 
Dannatt,  Walter,  F.E.S.,  203,  251,  299 
Day,  Eev.  Archibald,  268,  270,  273 
Distant,  W.  L.,  F.E.S.,  92,  209,  261 
Dixon,  Henry  J.,  307 
Donovan,  E.  J.  F.,  143 
Douglas,  Alfred  E.,  250 
Druitt,  a.,  202 

East,  Eev.  Arthur,  88,  211,  257 
Edwards,  Miss  A.  D.,  14 
Edwards,  W.,  304,  313 
Elwes,  Henry  J.,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S.,  &c., 

223 
Evans,  J.  J.  0.,  352 
Fairchild,  W.,  312 
Fitch,  E.  A.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  274 
FiNzi,  J.  A.,  F.E.S.,  250 
Fisher,  T.  H.,  225 
Fletcher,    T.   B.,    E.N.,   F.E.S.,   129, 

228 
Fowler,  J.  H.,  267,  269,  272,  275 
Freeman,  E.,  247,  248 
Freke,  Percy  E.,  F.E.S.,  352 
Fremlin,  H.  S.,  F.E.S.,  37 
Frohawk,  F.  W.,  M.B.O.U.,  F.E.S.,  101, 

130,  300,  303,  304,  306 
Frohawk,  Margaret,  130 
Gahan,  C.  J.,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  18,  97,  132, 

159,  205,  253,  314,  361 
Garrett,  Henry  E.,  279,  351 
Giles,  Lewis  S.,  249 
GiLLES,  W.  S.,  191,  308 
Graham,  S.,  306 
Grosvenor,  T.  H.,  277 
Grote,  a.  Eadcliffe,  A.M.,  120 
Haggart,  James  C,  46,  92 
Hamlin,  C,  305 
Hamm,  a.  H.,  88,  274,  277 
Hansen,  Dr.  H.  J.,  116,  169,  334 
Harcoubt-Bath,  W.,  199,  223 
Harris,  W.  T.,  269,  277,  352 
Henderson,  G.,  353,  355 
Howe,  T.  L.,  49,  50 
Hudson,  G.  V.,  F.E.S.,  186 
Hutchinson,  C.  W.,  267 
Hyde,  P.,  91 
Imms,  a.  D.,  250 
Jackson,  F.  W.  J.,  305 
Jager,  J.,  326 

James,  Eussell  E.,  279,  359 
Jefferys,  T.  B.,  15,  202 


IV 


LIST    OF    CONTRIBUTORS. 


Kane,  W.  F.  de  Vismes,  M.A.,  M.B.I.A., 
&c.,  29,  79,  125,  152,  192,  197,  328 

Kemp,  S.  K.,  181 

Kemp,  S.  W.,  269,  277 

King,  H.  A.,  269,  270,  278 

KiKBY,  W.  F.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  51,  280, 
324 

KiRKALDY,  G.  W.,  F.E.S.,  &c.,  10,  24, 
25,  52,  70,  77,  87,  100,  134,  135,  136, 
148,  169,  175,  177,  183,  184,  207,  232, 
238,  254,  256,  262,  266,  293,  296,  301, 
321,  322,  334,  349,  355,  361,  362,  363 

Knaggs,  H.  Guard,  M.D.,  F.L.S.,  109 

Laddiman,  E.,  12,  13,  269 

La  Chard,  H.,  310 

Lane,  E.  W.,  95 

Lang,  H.  C,  M.D.,  F.E.S.,  104 

Lathy,  Percy  L.,  213 

Lawbance,  a.  J.,  271,  306 

Leigh,  G.  F.,  229,  302 

LiTTLEWooD,  Frank,  355 

Lowther,  E.  C,  310 

Lucas,  W.  J.,  B.A.,  F.E.S.,  2,  12,  41, 
43,  49,  74,  89,  90,  129,  137,  158,  174, 
181,  201  .202,  210,  215,  225,  259,  266, 
267,  271,  272,  274,  275,  279,  297,  301, 
338,  350,  354,  355 

Mackenzie,  Vivian  St.  Clare,  245 

MacKinnon,  F.  M.  A.,  177 

Marshall,  Guy  A.  K.,  F.Z.S.,  218 

Masefield,  John,  E.  13.,  18 

Mann,  A.  J.,  248,  275 

May,  Albert,  129,  131,  275,  307 

MELDOLA,Prof.E.,F.E.S.,F.C.S.,F.E.S., 

249,  306,  354,  355 
Merrifield,  F.,  F.E.S.,  232 
Mitford,  E.  S.,  277,  310 
Mockler-Ferryman,   Lieut.-Col.   A.   F., 

308 
More,  Egbert  Schaw,  351,  353 
Morley,  Claude,  F.E.S.,  247 
Moss,  Eev.  A.  Miles,  21,  270,  280,  307, 

354 
Nash,  Eev.  A.,  269,  270,  271,  275,  352 
Nash,  W.  Gifford,  304,  309,  310,  312 
Nix,  John  A.,  354 
Oldaker,  F.  a.,  311 
Oldfield,   George   W.,    M.A.,    F.L.S., 

F.Z.S. ,  &c.,  276 
Oldham  Charles,  309 
Peachell,  G.  Ernest,  276,  304 
Phillips,  Eev.  W.  J.  Leigh,  43,  274 
Piffard,  Bernard,  249 
PiLLEY,  J.  B.,  269,  271,  275 
PoBRiTT,  Geo.  T.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  247, 

250,  301 
Prideaux,  E.  M.,  249 

Prout,  Louis  B.,  F.E.S.,  11,  53 

PUCKRIDGE,    J.    S.,    311 

Quail,  Ambrose,  F.E.S.,  5,  221,  225 

Eansom,  Edward,  13 

Raynor,  Eev.  Gilbert  H.,  91,  225,  272, 

275 
Eaynor,  L,  G.  S.,  274,  275,  280 


Eeece,  E.  T.  B.,  94 

Reid,  Capt.  S.  G.,  F.E.S.,  305 

Eobertshaw,  Arthur,  304 

EOLLASON,   W.  A.,   310 

Romer,  T.,  311 

Rosa,  A.  F.,  33 

Rothschild,  Hon.  N.  Charles,  352,  353 

Eodtledge,  G.  B.,  F.E.S.,  20 

Eowntree,  J.  H.,  313 

Eowland-Brown,  H.,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  132, 

159,  205,  253,  314,  361 
EussELL,  A.,  129 
Eussell,  G.  M.,  310 
Eydon,  Arthur  H.,  43,  226 
Sabine,  E.,  303,  304,  353 
Saxby,  J.  L.,  129,  269,  276 
Seth-Smith,  L,  M.,  305 
Shepheard-Walwyn,  H.  W.,  16,  269 
SicH,  Alfred,  130 

SiMMONDS,   A.,   353 

Sladen,  Eev.  C.  A.,  274,  275 

Smallpeice,  a.  Molineux,  268 

Smith,  E.  J.  Singleton,  268 

Smith,  T.  Percival,  249 

Smith,  W.  W.,  11,  202 

South,  Eichard,  F.E.S.,  10,  43,  68,  92, 
99,  103,  104,  136,  155,  178,  180,  181, 
184,  208,  266,  271,  272,  273,  276,  281, 
303,  305,  313,  322,  323,  325,  348,  349 

Sparke,  E.  G.  J.,  B.A.,  F.E.S.,  39,  268, 
270,  272,  278 

Standen,  E.  S.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  350 

Standfuss,  Prof.  Dr.  Max,  161,  283,  340 

Studd,  E.  F.,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  130 

Tapp,  W.  H.,  353 

Tetley,  J.  B.,  274,  276 

Thompson,  Harold  P.,  268,  270,  273, 
277 

Thompson,  Herbert,  304 

Thornewill,  Eev.  Chas.  F.,  278,  307 

Trollops,  Mrs.  Alice,  157 

Turner,  D.  P.,  177,  273,  275,  278,  309 

Turner,   Hy.   J.,   F.E.S.,   20,  97,  133, 

160,  206,  230,  317 

Turner,  Lewis  L.,  267,  270,  279,  351 

Tutt,  J.  W.,  F.E.S.,  42 

Urquhart,  Miss,  267 

Urwick,  W.  F.,  266 

Vaughan,  J.  Williams,  224 

Waldegrave,  Et.  Hon.  Earl,  305,  312 

Walker,  J.  J.,  F.E.S.,  18 

Walker,  Eev.  F.  A.,  D.D.,  F.L.S.,  &c., 

236,  273,  275,  277 
Wainwright,   Colbran   J.,   F.E.S.,   21, 

98,  133,  160,  230,  319 
Watkins  &  Doncaster,  304,  310 
Warburg,  J.  C,  89,  278 
Wells,  H.  0.,  202,  272,  274,  308 
Whittaker,  Oscar,  95,  278,  356 
Whittle,  F.  G.,  308 
Williams,  T.  Goddard,  274,  305 
woodforde,  f.  c,  12 
Woolhouse,  J.  W.,  203,  269 

WORSLEY-WOOD,    H.,    279 


INDEX. 


GENERAL. 


Aberrations  of  British  Lepidoptera,  101 
Aberration  of  Argynnis  adippe  (tig.),  281 ; 

of  Vanessa  iirticffi,  177 
Abnormal  emergence  of  Smerintlius  po- 

puli,  12 
Abundance  of  Plusia  gamma,  307 
Acherontia  atropos  in  Bucks,    250 ;    at 
Chichester,  250 ;    in  Gloucestershire, 
269  ;    in  Hampshire,    269,    351  ;    in 
Herefordshire,    269 ;    in  Kendal  dis- 
trict, 353  ;  in  Kent,  269  ;  in  London, 
304 ;  in  Norfolk,  269  ;  in  Northampton, 
250 ;  in  Oxfordshire,  269  ;  at  Penarth, 
49 ;  in  Suffolk,  270 ;  in  Surrey,  270 ; 
in    Sussex,    270  ;    in   Westmoreland, 
270 ;  in  Worcestershire,  270,  304 ;  in 
1899, 13  ;  in  October,  351 ;  and  Colias 
in  1900,  348 
Acronycta  alni  in  Herefordshire,  271 
iEschna  cyanea  abundant  in  1899,  91 ; 
at  Paddington,  225 ;    grandis  on  the 
wing  at  dusk,  88 
Aleucis  pictaria  in  Kent,  307 
Anthills  at  the  Paris  Exhibition,  248 
Anticlea  sinuata  in  Dorset,  225 
Apatura  iris  in  Northamptonshire,  303 
Aplecta  occulta  in  Norfolk,  271 
Argynnis  adippe  in  Surrey,  249 ;  aglaia 
var.   at  Dover,   303 :   var.   charlotta, 
350 
Aromia  moschata  and  Rhagium  bifascia- 

tum  near  Chester,  181 
Asphondylia  mentzelia;,  sp.  n.,  302 
Assembling,  202 

A  winter-day's  sport  with  the  net  in  Na- 
tal, 228 

Bees  from  Juarez,  Mexico,  on  a  small 

collection  of,  217 
Bibliographical  and  nomenclatorial  notes 

on  the  Rhynchota — No.  1,  238 
Black  varieties  on  a  South  Lancashire 

Moss,  248 
British  dragonfiies  of  the  older  English 

authors,  41,  74,  174,  215,  259,  297,  338 
British  Odonata,  new  work  on,  43 
British  Orthoptera,  89 
'  Butterflies  and  Moths  of  Malvern,'  the 

42 


Butterflies  collected  in  the  South  of 
France  and  in  Corsica,  104  ;  observed 
in  Switzerland,  33 

Butterfly  hunter's  holiday,  233 

Captures  and  Field  Reports,  13,  44,  91, 
i30,  181,  202,  225,  248,  267,  302,  351 

Captures  at  electric  light  in  Chester  dis- 
trict, 92  ;  at  light  in  1899,  130 

Captures  of  Odonata,  50 

Caradrina  ambigua  in  Hampshire,  272  ; 
at  Pagham,  355 

Catalogue  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  Ireland, 
a,29, 79, 125, 152, 192;  Supplement,328 

Catocala  fraxini  in  the  Isle  of   Wight, 

308  ;  in  Norfolk,  306  ;  nupta  in  1899, 
13,  50 ;  on  tarred  posts,  271 

Choerocampa  elpenor  on  wild  balsam, 
270  ;    nerii   in  Kent,  305 ;    at  Teign- 
mouth,  352 
— Cicadidfe  from  China,  description  of  a 
new  species  (fig.),  209 
CirrhcEdia  xerampelina  in  Notts,  355 
Ccenonympha  pamphilus  var.,  248 
Colias  edusa  in  June,  in  Devonshire,  228 ; 
at  Eastbourne,  225 ;  at  Ringwood,  228 ; 
in  Somersetshire,  228  ;  in  October,  352 
Colias  edusa  in  1900,  250  ;  in  Berkshire, 
273  ;    in    Brecknockshire,    273  ;     in 
Bucks,  273 ;  in  Cambs,  273,  309 ;  in 
Cheshire,    273  ;    in     Cornwall,    274, 

309  ;  in  Devon,  274 ;  in  Dorset,  274 ; 
in  Essex,  274 ;  in  Gloucestershire, 
275 ;  in  Hants,  275,  310  ;  in  Here- 
fordshire, 275  ;  in  Herts,  275,  353 ; 
in  Kendal  district,  353  ;  in  Kent, 
276,  277,  310;  in  Lanes,  310,  in 
Leicestershire,  310;  in  London,  310; 
in  Middlesex,  277;    in  Norfolk,  27?', 

310  ;  in  Northamptonshire,  311 ;  in 
N.  Wales,  311;  in  Nottinghamshire, 
353 ;  in  Oxfordshire,  277 ;  in  Scotland, 
354  ;  in  Shropshire,  278  ;  in  Somerset, 
278,  311,  312, 353 ;  in  South  Pembroke- 
shire, 311;  in  Staffs,  312;  in  Suffolk, 
312;  in  Surrey,  278,  279,  312,  353 ;  in 
Sussex,  279,  312  ;  in  Westmoreland. 
279  ;  in  Wilts,  280 ;  in  Worcestershire, 
313  ;  in  Yorks,  313 


VI 


INDEX. 


Colias  hyale  in  1899,  91 

Colias  hyale  in  June,  at  Eastbourne, 
225  ;  in'May  and  June,  313 

Colias  hyale  in  1900,  in  Berks,  273; 
in  Bucks,  273  ;  in  Cambs.  273,  309  ;  in 
Dorset,  274  ;  in  Essex,  274,  252  ;  in 
Gloucestershire,  275  ;  in  Hants,  275, 
310  ;  in  Herts,  275,  353 ;  in  Kent,  276, 
277,  310,  353  ;  in  Leicestershire,  310  ; 
in  Middlesex,  277 ;  in  Norfolk,  277  ; 
in  Northamptonshire,  311;  in  Notting- 
hamshire, 353;  in  Oxfordshire,  277  ; 
in  Somerset,  278,  311,  312,  353;  in 
Suffolk,  278,  312;  in  Surrey,  278, 
279;  in  Sussex,  279,  312;  in  Wilts, 
280  ;  in  Worcestershire,  313 

Collecting  at  Deal,  three  days',  356  ;  in 
Hayward's  Heath  district,  225  ;  in 
the  Isle  of  Lewis,  37  ;  at  Sidmouth, 
307;  in  South  Devon,  326 

Collecting  and  rearing  dragonfiies,  89 

Collective  enquiry  as  to  Progressive  Me- 
lanism in  moths,  185 

Correction,  a,  129 

Coreniia  quadrifasciaria  at  Bexley,  130; 
in  Essex,  225, 249,  272 ;  in  Suffolk,  272 

Cossus  ligniperda  larva,  128 

Cymatophora  ocularis  at  Chingford,  306 

Dasycampa  rubigineaat  Cambridge,  308 ; 

in  Dorsetshire,  249 
Deilephila  galii  in  Gloucestershire,  270 ; 

livornica  in  N.  Staff ordslure,  305 
Description  of  certain  varieties  of  Pero- 
nea  cristana,  179  ;  of  a  new  species  of 
Dircenna  from  Peru  (fig.),  299;  of  the 
egg  of  Polyommatus  corydon,  300 
Dianthoecia  cucubali  in  August,  305 
Dicycla  oo  in  Surrey,  249 
Diphyletism  in  the  Lepidoptera,  120,  221 
Diphthera  aprilina  in  Moray,  14 
Diplosis  partheniicola,  201 
Diptera  of  Nottinghamshire,  180 
Dircenna  barrettii,  sp.  n.  (fig-).  299 
Dragonfly,  season  of,  1899,  137 
Dwarf  Lepidoptera,  129  ;  Vanessa  ata- 
lanta,  92 

Early  and  late  dates  for  Euchloe  carda- 

mines  and  other  butterflies,  351 
Early  appearance  of  Pieris  rapas,  130 
Early  occurrence  of  Anisopteryx  £escu- 

laria,  91 
Earwigs  beneficial,  87 
Editorial,  325 

Eggs  of  Ceroplastes  irregularis,  201 
Emergence  of  Clostera  reclusa,  12 
Ennomos  alniaria  at  Bognor,  306 
Entomology  in  New  Zealand,  5,  186 
Epinephele  (Hipparchia)  hyperanthes  in 

Fifeshu-e,  351 ;  tithonus  in  abundance, 

350 
Epunda  nigra  at   Cambridge,   308;   in 

Kent,  271,  306 


Eretmoptera,  a  new  dipterous  genus,  349 

Errata,  202,  859 

Euplexia  lucipara  in  February,  131 

Field  Cricket  (Gryllus  campestris)  near 

Hastings,  49 
Flavour  of  caterpillars,  the,  87 
Flatoides,  a  remarkable  instance  of,  301 
-Food-plants  of  Homoptera,  302 
Formalin  as  a  preservative  of  insects,  90 

Gerris  lacustris  nymph  in  October,  355 
Great  destruction  of  injurious  beetles,  11 
Guide  to  the  Study  of  British  Water- 
bugs,  a,  148 
Gynandromorphous — Argynnis  paphia, 
266 ;  Colias  edusa,  157  ;  Lyctena  ica- 
rus,  157  ;  Thecla  quercus,  157 

Habits  of  Cossus  ligniperda,  128,  224 
Halias  prasinana  audible.  247 
Heliothis  armigera  in  New  Zealand,  201 ; 

scutosa  in  South  Devon,  3n6 
Hemerobius  limbatus  in  January,  49 
Humming  sound  of  Macroglossa  stella- 

tarum,  129 
Hybernating  two  winters,  larva  of  Odo- 

nestis  potatoria,  10 
Hymenoptera  of  Nottinghamshire,  180 

Insect  fauna  of  Hampshire,  the,  349 
Ischnura  elegaus  in  Loudon,  225 ;  pu- 
milio,  201 

Larva  of  Acronycta  alni  at  Tunbridge 
Wells,  249  ;  of  Arctia  caia  and  Odo- 
nestes  potatoria  at  Chester,  181 
Larvffi-beating  in   1899    compared  with 

1898,  94 
Late  grasshopper,  355 
Lepidoptera,  &c.,  in  1899,   14,   93  ;    at 
light  in  1899, 92 ;  in  County  Cork,  143, 
197  ;  at  Winchester  in  1899,  15 
Lepidopterous  eggs  on  sallow,  14,  49 
Leucania  albipuncta  at  Bexhill,  250 ;  vi- 
tellina  at  Bognor,  306  ;  in  Essex,  306 
Libellula  quadnmaculata,  248 
Liparis  chrysorrhcea  abundant  at  Hove, 

307 
Limenitis  sibylla  in  Surrey,  272 
Local  scarcity  of  Taaniocampa  incerta,349 
Lyca-ua  argiolus,  303  ;  in  North  London, 
269  ;  in  S.  England,  351  ;  bellargus, 
aberration  figured,  281 ;  in  Hertford- 
shire, 303,  352  ;  b(etica  bred  in  Guern- 
sey,  268;    corydon  var.  fowleri,  104, 
157 ;  pheretes   and  its   allies  in   the 
Sikim  Himalayas,  199,  223 

Macrocephalus  arizonicus  =  uhleri,  201 

Macroglossa  stellatarum,  304  ;  in  April, 

182  ;  in  Gloucestershire,  352  ;  at  Hud- 

dersfield,  249;  in  Kent,   352;   in   S, 

England,   351 


INDEX. 


VU 


Macro-lepidoptera  of  the  Galashiels  dis- 
trict 44  ;  of  Hull,  43 

Male  Bupalus  piniaria  partly  of  female 
coloration,  266 

Mamestra  furva,  corrected  date,  92 

Melanippe  procellata  in  Essex,  249, 272  ; 
tristata,  307 

Monograph  of  the  Membracidae,  301 

Mosquitos  and  malai'ia,  218 

Mould  in  relaxing-box,  12 

Moults  in  the  Odonata,  350 

Migration  of  Libellula  quadrimacuiata, 
247 

Migrations  of  dragonflies,  210 

Miscellaneous  notes,  308 

Naturalized  cockroaches,  129 

New  African  dragonflies,  43 

New  Forest  notes,  202,  226;  Easter  in 
the,  203 

New  genus  of  Coccidfe  injuring  the  root 
of  the  grape-vine  in  S.  Africa,  173 

New  insects  from  Arizona,  and  a  new 
bee  from  Mexico,  61 

Neuropteron  at  sugar,  354 

Noctua  castanea  in  the  New  Forest,  270, 
305 

Note  on  Anthocharis,  69  ;  on  a  pupa  of 
Gonoptera  libatrix,  305,  355 ;  on  a 
spider,  226  ;  on  Ligdia  adustata,  10 ; 
on  the  Coccid  genus  Oudablis,  Signo- 
ret,  85 ;  on  the  oviposition  of  Parnas- 
sius  apollo,  282  ;  on  Xanthia  ferru- 
ginea  and  X.  gilvago,  307 

Notes  from  Chester  and  Delamere  Forest, 
182  ;  from  the  Lake  district,  355 ;  from 
Natal,  302  ;  from  North  Staffordshire, 
17;  from  North  Wales,  308;  from 
Nottingham,  95  ;  from  Southend,  308  ; 
on  certain  Scopariffi  (figs.),  109;  on 
Jamaican  Ehyhchota,  70 ;  on  some 
Tuddenham  Lepidoptera,  39  ;  on  some 
Sinhalese  Khynchota,  293 ;  on  the 
great  earwig  and  other  British  Forficu- 
lidsB,  75;  on  the  nymph  of  ^schna 
cyanea,  88 ;  on  the  season  of  1899  in 
Kent,  46  ;  on  Triecphora  sanguino- 
lenta.  Marsh,  236,  266 

Notodonta  chaonia,  202  ;  dictaeoides 
double-brooded,  305 

Obituaries  : — 

W.  C.  Blatch,  136 

William  Watkins,  208 

Dr.  Otto  Staudinger,  328 

Josef  Mik,  364 
Odonata  in  Kent,  307 
On  iEgaleus  bechuana,  a  new  species  of 

Cimicidse,   reported   to  injure  coffee- 
berries,  77 
On  a  new  genus  of  LycaenidEe  hitherto 

confounded  with  Catochrysops,  1 
On  a  small  collection  of  insects,  chiefly 

Lepidoptera,  from  Nicaragua,  189 


On  a  small  collection  of  Lepidoptera 
from  Pemba  Island,  261 

On  the  Morphology  and  Classification  of 
the  Auchenorrhynchous  Homoptera, 
116,  169,  334 

On  the  moult  to  pupa  of  Pterophorus, 
82 

On  the  Nomenclature  of  the  Genera  of 
the  Rhynchota,  Heteroptera,  and  Au- 
chenorrhynchous Homoptera,  25 

Oporabia  autuinnata  from  Eannoch, 
with  reference  to  several  other  re- 
lated forms,  53,  83 

Orthoptera  at  sugar,  266,  301 

Orthoptera  localities,  11 

Orthopterous  Fauna  of  the  British  Isles, 
Belgium,  and  Holland  (fig.),  2 

Oviposition  of  Gonopteryx  rhamni,  177 

Oviposition  of  Polygonia  c-album,  224 

Pairing  of  Vanessa  urticae  with  Epine- 

phele  tithonus,  224 
Papilio  machaon  in  Kent,  248,  267 ;  at 

Eingwood,   267 ;   in   Surrey,  303 ;  in 

Sussex,  267  ;  in  Worcestershire,  303 
Parasite   in  Lepidopterous  ovum,  224, 

247 
Phigalia  pedaria  in  December,  13 
Phlogophora  meticulosa  in  December, 

13,  92 
Photo-micrography  for  Entomology,  177 
Pieris  daplidice,  &c.,  at  Bognor,  306 
Plusia  festucse  at  Bognor,  306 
Plusia  festucffi  with  confluent  spots,  11 
Plusia  gamma  abundant,  203 
Plusia  moneta  at   Merstham,    305 ;    at 

Norwood,  272  ;  in  Oxfordshire,  249 
Protective  coloration,  301 
Proctotrypids  ex  lepidopterous  ova,  247 
Pyrameis  atalanta  swarming,  268 

Eanatra  linearis,  181 

Eange  in  Britain  of  Epichnopteryx  pulla, 

Sterrhopteryx     hirsutella,     Acantho- 

pryche  opacella,  and  Pachythelia  vil- 

losella,  42 
Recent  Literatuee : — 

Fauna  Hawaiiensis ;  or,  the  Zoology 
of  the  Sandwich  (Hawaiian)  Isles, 
vol.  i,  Hymenoptera  Aculeata,  by  E. 
C.  L.  Perkins  and  A.  Forel.  Vol.  ii, 
Orthoptera  and  Neuroptera,  by  R. 
C.  L.  Perkins,  23 

The  Hymenoptera  of  Suffolk,  pt.  I,  by 
Claude  Morley,  50 

British  Dragonflies  (Odonata),  by  W. 
J.  Lucas,  51 

Enumeratio  operum  opusculorumque 
ad  faunam  Hemipterorum  Heterop- 
terorum  Imperii  Eossici  pertinentem 
1798-1897,  by  V.  Bianchi,  52 

General  Index  to  Miss  Ormerod's 
Eeports  on  Injurious  Insects,  1877- 
1898,  by  R.  Newstead,  52 


Vlll 


INDEX. 


Transactions  of  the  City  of  London 
Entomological  and  Natural  History- 
Society  for  the  year  1898,  99 

Fauna  Hawaiiensis :  Macro-Lepido- 
ptera,  by  E.  Meyrick,  99 

Eemarks  on  the  Epidemiology  and 
Prophylaxis  of  Malaria  in  the  light 
of  recent  Eesearches,  by  A.  Celli, 
133 

Hemiptera  Cryptocerata.  S.  Fam.  Mo- 
nonychinsB,  by  A.  L.  Montandon, 
134 

The  egg-carrying  habit  of  Zaitha,  by 
F.  W.  Slater,  135 

Second  Annual  Eeport  of  the  Kendal 
Entomological  Society,  136 

Essai  sur  les  Eumastacides,  tribu  des 
Acridiodea,  by  M.  Burr,  183 

La  Chasse  aux  Insectes  aquatiques, 
by  Paul  Noel,  184 

Report  of  Injurious  Insects  and  Com- 
mon Farm  Pests  during  the  year 
1899,  by  Eleanor  A.  Ormerod,  184 

Eine  neue  Plataspidinen-Gattung  aus 
Deutsch  Ost-Afrika,  by  Kuhlgatz, 
206 

The  Spring  Elm  Caterpillar,  by  C.  M. 
Weed,  207 

Wie  vielen  Stigmen  haben  die  Rhyn- 
choten?,  by  Anton  Handlirsch,  207 

Proceedings  of  the  South  London 
Entomological  and  Natural  History 
Society,  208 

A  Natural  History  of  the  British 
Lepidoptera,  by  J.  W.  Tutt,  231 

Note  on  the  Genital  Organs  of  Zaitha, 
by  T.  H.  Montgomery,  232 

Proceedings  of  the  Eleventh  Annual 
Meeting  of  the  Association  of  Econ- 
omic Entomologists,  232 

Preliminary  Report  on  the  Insect 
Enemies  of  Forests  in  the  North- 
West,  232 

The  Coccid  Genera  Chionaspis  and 
Hemichionaspis,  by  R.  A.  Covley, 
232 

Insects  injurious  to  Forest  Trees,  by 
E.  P.  Felt,  254 

The  Insects  of  Alderney,  by  W.  A. 
Luff,  254 

Occasional  Memoirs  of  the  Chicago 
Entomological  Society,  vol.  i,  255 

Insecta  Transvaaliensia ;  a  Contribu- 
tion to  a  Knowledge  of  the  Entomo- 
logy of  South  Africa,  by  W.  L. 
Distant,  280 

Recent  Work  on  Japanese  Rhynchota, 
320 

Fifteenth  Report — Insects — State  of 
New  York,  by  E.  P.  Felt,  321 

Summary  of  the  Hemiptera  of  Japan, 
by  P.  R.  Uhler,  320 

The  Insect  World, — a  Monthly  Maga- 
zine, 320 


H^mipteres  de  I'ile  de  Yesso  (Japon), 

by  Horvath  Geza,  320 
Uebersicht    der    Fulgoriden    Japans, 

by  Matsumura  Shonen,  320 
The  Lepidoptera  of  the  British  Isles, 

vol.  vi,  by  C.  G.  Barrett,  322 
Catalogue  of  Eastern  and  Australian 
Lepidoptera  Heterocera  in  the  Col- 
lection  of    the    Oxford   University 
Museum,  by  Col.  C.  Swinhoe,  322 
Transactions  of   the  City  of  London 
Entomological  and  Natural  History 
Society  for  the  year  1899,  323 
La  raison  d'etre  des  metamorphoses 
chez  les  Insectes,  by  Aug.  Lameere, 
361 
Notes  pour  la  Classification  des  Coleop- 

t^res,  by  Aug.  Lameere,  361 
Notes  on  the  Mosquitoes  of  the  United 
States  (1900),  by  L.  0.  Howard,  363 
Collecting  in  South  Eastern  Europe, 

by  Malcolm  Burr,  364 
Origin  of   Species  (New  Impression), 
by  C.  Darwin,  364 
Recent  notes  on   Hydrometra   martini, 

iiLir/i;.  =  lineata.  Say,  175 
Relaxing  Lepidoptera,  12 
Remarkable  appearance  of  V.  io  during 

snow,  130 
Respiration   of  the    dragonfly   nymph, 

211 
Retarded  emergence  of  Sphinx  ligustri, 

43 
Rhynchota   genera,   &c.,    177 ;    miscel- 
lanea, 296 
Rhynchota  of  Perthshire,  10 
Rhypai'obia  maderse  in  London,  317 

Satyrus  semele  abundant,  267 
Scotosia  vetulata  at  Hemel  Hempstead, 

249 
Scottish  Rhynchota,  10 
Second  generation  of  Vanessa  io,  a,  87 
Setting  relaxed  insects,  43,  89 
Sirex  gigas  at  Kendal,  307  ;  at  Worksop, 

248  ;  juvencus  at  Chichester,  354 
Societies : — 

Birmingham   Entomological,   20,   97, 
133,  160,  230, 317 

Carlisle  Entomological,  20 

Entomological  Club,  98 

Entomological  of  London,  18,  95,  131, 
158,  204,  251,  313,  359 

Kendal  Entomological,  21 

Lancashire   and  Cheshire  Entomolo- 
gical, 22,  98,  230,  319 

South    London    Entomological     and 
Natural   History,  18,  97,  132,  159, 
205,  229,  314 
Some     additional    Notes     on    ^schna 

cyanea,  257 
Some     bees     visiting    the     flowers    of 

Mesquite,  243 
Some  corrections,  49 


INDEX. 


IX 


South  Eastern  Union  of  Scientific 
Societies,  180 

Sphinx  convolvuli  at  Penarth,  49  ;  in 
1889,  91 :  pinastri  in  Suffolk,  250 

Spilodes  sticticalis  near  Malclon,  272 

Spilosoma  lubricipeda  emerging  in 
August,  250 

Spring  captures,  181 

Stevens  collection,  the,  155,  178 

Stilbia  anomala  in  North  Wales,  14 

Sugaring,  250  ;  in  a  garden,  355 

Sympetrum  flaveolum,  272 

Synopsis  of  Experiments  in  Hybridiza- 
tion and  Temperature  made  with 
Lepidoptera  up  to  the  end  of  1898, 
161,  266,  283,  340 

Thamnotrizon  cinerus  in  the  New  Fo- 
rest, 92 

Thecla  w-album  larvas  abundant,  202  ; 
in  the  Maidstone  district,  269 

The  genera  Cupido  and  Lycaena,  124 

The  pupal  habits  of  Cossus  ligniperda, 
128,  158,  177,  224 

The  type  of  Thecla,  Fahr.,  168 

Three  new  species  of  Nymphalinse  from 
Siam,  213 

The  aberrations  of  British  butterflies,  281 

Universal  list  of  entomologists,  350 
Unusual  pairing  of  Satyrus  semele,  43 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Bucks,  267,  268  ;  in 
Essex,  268,  354  ;  in  Hampshire,  268  ; 
in  Hertfordshire,  304;  at  Huntingdon, 
804  ;  in  Kent,  267,  268,  304  ;  in  Nor- 
folk, 304  ;  in  Oxfordshire,  250 ;  in 
Somersetshire,  304;  in  Suffolk,  268, 
304  ;  in  Surrey,  304  ;  in  Sussex,  267 

Vanessa  atalanta  and  V.  io  abundant, 
13  ;  cardui  in  Bucks,  354  ;  io  at  Toot- 
ing, 68 ;  in  Yorkshire,  304 ;  poly- 
chloros  at  Chichester,  182  ;  at  Heme, 
304;  in  London,  304 

Variation  of  Emydia  cribrum,  L.,  in 
England  (figs.),  67 

Varieties  : — 
Abraxas  grossulariata,  97,  179,  316 
Acronycta  leporina,  248 
Agrotis  cinerea,  18 
Apatura  iris,  156 


Arctia  caia,  103,  178 ;  villica,  178 

Argynnis  adippe,  156,  281  (fig.),  303 ; 
aglaia,  156,  303  ;  euphrosyne,  156  ; 
paphia,  102 

Bombyx  quercus,  103;  rubi,  315 

Bryophila  glandifera,  178 

Callimorpha  dominula,  178 

Cidaria  prunata,  179;  reticulata,  179 

Cleora  glabraria,  317 

Chrysophanus  phloeas,  157,  317 

Coenonympha  pamphilus,  248 

Dianthoecia  carpophaga,  18 
Epinephele  ianira,  157  ;  tithonus,  157 
Euchloe  cardamines,  156 
Forficula  auricularia,  301 
Hesperia  comma,  157 
Limenitis  sibylla,  156 
Luperinus  testacea,  248 
Lycfena  adonis,  157  ;    argiolus,  303  ; 
arion,    102 ;    bsllargus,   281    (fig.)  ; 
corydon,  104,  160;  icarus  (alexis), 
157,  281 
Macaria  liturata,  248 
Melanippe  fluctuata,  97 
Melanargia  galatea,  156,  157 
Melitasa  athalia,  156  ;  cinxia,  156 
Nemeophila  plantaginis,  178,  319 
Nola  centonalis,  178 
Oporabia  dilutata,  157 
Peronea  cristata,  179 
Pieris  rapje,  160 
Polyommatus  (Lycffina)  corydon,  316  ; 

icarus,  315 
Pygffira  curtula  x  pigra,  19 
Saturnia  pavonia,  19 
Sesia  culiciformis,  21 
Smerinthus  populi,  319  ;  tilise,  19 
Spilosoma  mendica,  253 
Strenia  clathrata,  314 
Vanessa     atalanta,     101,    103,    156 ; 
cardui,  156  ;   io,  15G ;    urtic£e,  101, 
103,  177 
Xylophasia  rurea,  248 
Zygsena  filipendulae,  178 

Where  Tteniocampa  gracilis  lays  its  egg  s, 

203 
What  is  the  proper  name  of  Lophyrus, 

Latreillc?  40 

Xanthia  gilvago  in  Surrey,  305 


SPECIAL      INDEX. 


New  Genera  and  Species  are  marked  with  an  asterisk. 


COLEOPTEEA. 


Aleochaia  brevipennis,  133 

Anchomenus  moestus,  133  ;  quadnpunc- 
tatus,  313  ;  vicluus,  133 

Anthia  sexmaculatus,  19  ;  venator,  19 

Apion  aeneum,  20 ;  jethiops,  20 ;  affine, 
20 ;  apricans,  20 ;  assimile,  20 ;  car- 
duoi'um,  20 ;  cerdo,  20 ;  dichroum, 
20 ;  ebeninum,  20  ;  ervi,  20 ;  gyllen- 
hali,  20  ;  hajmalodes,  20 ;  humile,  20  ; 
hydrolapathi,  20 ;  loti,  20  ;  niarchi- 
cum,  20  ;  nigritarse,  20 ;  ononis,  20 ; 
onopordi,  20  ;  punctigeium.  20  ;  radi- 
olus,  20  ;  seniculum,  20  ;  spencei,  20  ; 
stolidum,  20 ;  striatum,  20 ;  ulicis, 
20;  vicife,  20;  violaceum,  20 ;  virens, 
20 

Aromia  moschata,  95,  181,  315 

Callomorpha  wahlbergi,  205 

Calosoma,  132 

Carabus  auratus,  204 

Chrysomela  variens,  319 

Cicindela  campestris,  91,  —  var.  fune- 
bris,  356 

Cistela  luperus,  319 

Clythra  quadripunctata,  96,  253 

Clytiis  arietis,  206,  316  ;  mysticus,  206 ; 
sp.,  230 

Coccinellidffi,  255 

Corymbites  seneus,  356 ;  cupreus,  356  ; 
pectinicornis,  133 

Cossyphodes  bewickii,  253 

Crioceris  asparagi,  316 

Cryptocephalus  bipunctatus,  319  ;  vit- 
tatus,  254 

Curculionidffi,  132 


Dinoderus  minutus,  96 ;  substriatus,  96 

Dytiscus  marginalis,  95 

Elaphidion  villosum,  254 

Endomycliidfe,  131 

Heliocopris,  204 

Hispidfe,  131 

Lampyris  noctiluca,  356 

Leiopiis  nebulosus,  316 

Lochmffia  crataegi,  319 

Magdalis  armigera,  319  ;  pruni,  319 

Megilla  maculata,  132 

Meloloiitha  vulgaris,  356 

Myrmedonia  collaris,  314 

Odontria  striatum,  11 ;  zealandica,  11 

Oodes  helopioides,  319 

Orina  cacaliffi,  96 ;  speciosissima,  96 

Orochares  angustatus,  360 

Pachyta  sexmaculata,  313 

Phyllopertha  horticola,  356 

Phytoecia  cylindrica,  319 

Plagionotus  speciosus,  254 

Ptinus  fur,  133 

Eagium  bifasciatum,  181,   206,  356, — 

var.,  316;  inquisitor,  356 
Rhizotrogus  aestivus,  254 
Sagra,  159 

Saperda  populnea,  206 
Scarabffiidse,  255 
Scarites  striatus,  19 
Sinodendron  cylindricum,  316 
Sitones  cambricus,  113 
Spilopyra  sumptuosa,  205 
Strangalia  armata,  316 
Tenebrionidfe,  131 
Trogophlceus  angiicanus,  313 


DIPTERA. 


Achias  longividens,  96 
Anopheles,  133,  160,  218,  363 
Asilus  crabroniformis,  21 
Asphondylia  mentzelite,*  Cock.,  302 
Ceratitis  frenicillatus,  251 
Chamassyrphus  scaevoides,  314 
Chilosia,  98  ;  chrysocoma,  314 
Culex,  134,  220,  363 
Dioctria  atricapiella,  318 
Eretnioptera.  349 
Eristalis,  160  ;  tenax.  132 


Laphria  flava,  314 

Leptogaster  cylindrica,  21 ;  guttiventris 

318 
Microdon  devius,  314 
Miltogramma  conica,  133 
Piophila  casei,  22 
Stomphastica  flava,  314 
Syrphus,  133 
Trypeta  onotrophes,  318  ;  tussilaginis, 

318 

b 


INDEX. 


HYMENOPTERA. 


Agenia  variegata,  98 

Anachoreta,  40 

Andrena  flessae,  254 ;    pulchella,  217  ; 

retusus,  314 
Anthidium  paioselae,  243 
Anthophora    vallaruin,    218 ;     retusus, 

314 
Calicurgus  hyalinatus,  98 
Calliopsis  coloradensis  coloratipes,  64 ; 

flavifrons,  64 
Centris    hoffmanseggise,   243 ;     lanosa, 

243 ;  rhodopus,  243 
Chelonus  iuanitus,  253 
Cleptes  pallipes,  133 
Colletes  algaiobiaj,*   CocA'.,  244;  dalete, 

245  ;  prosopidis,  244  ;  texana,  244 
Crabro  pubescens,  160 
Dasypida  hirtipes,  50 
Diadasia  rinconis,  245 
Diprion,  40 
Elampus  auiatus,  180 
Eulema  dimidiata,  19 
Formica  fusca,  245,  360  ;  rufa,  96,  230, 

245,  253;  sanguinea,  245,  253,  360 
Halictus  Iffivigatus,  98 ;    pectoraloides, 

217 
Hypomferotera  callops,  64;  persimilis,* 

Cock.,  64 
Lasius  flavus,  245  ;  mixtus,  245 
Leptothorax  acerdorum,  230 
Lithurgus  gibbosus,  244 
Lophyrus,  40,  41 
Megachile    chilopoidis,    243;     cleomis, 

243  ;    fidelis,  244  ;    lippiffi,  243  ;  new- 

berryffi,*     Cock.,    244 ;     occidentalis, 

218  ;    populi,    245  ;    prosopidis,  245  ; 

pugnata,   244 ;     sidalcese,   243,   245 ; 

vallorum,  245 
Megalodontes,  40 
Milissodes  agilis,  217  ;  tristis,  218 


Monoctenus,  40 

Myrmica,  314 

Neoperdita,  62 

Nesoprosopis,  23 

Nycteridium,  40 

Odynerus,  24 

Osmia  fulviventris,  314 

Perdita  albipennis,  217 ;  asteris,  63 
baccharidis,*  Cock.,  61;  bigelovis 
62  ;  cham;Ksarachffi,  62  ;  helianthi 
217;  heliotropii,*  Cock.,  63,  217 
heterothecffi,*  C'ocA-.,  62;  ignota,  63 
mellina,*  Cock.,  62 ;  rhodura,  62 
semicrocea,  62 ;  sida?,  62  ;  sphasralceaj 
217;  stottleri,  62;  townsendi,  62 
zebrata,  62 

Pheidola  megacephala  var.  punctulata 
253 

Podalirius  retusus,  314 

Prestwichia  aquatica,  253 

Prosacantha,  247 

Ptilodontis  palpina,  224 

lihyssa  persuasoria,  313 

Sapyga  clavicornis,  98 

Selandria  atra,  22 

Sirex  gigas,  19,  21,  248,  307,  315,  354 
juvencus,  17,  354  ;  melanocerus,  18 

Bphajrophthalma  arizonica,*  Cock.,  65 
dugesi,  65 ;  foxi,  65  ;  heliophila,* 
Cock.,  65;  heterochroa,  65;  occiden 
talis,  65 

Stelis  aterrima,  314 

Teleas,  247 

Thalessa  lunator,  254 

Trigona,  159 

Xenoglossa  angustior,*  Cock.,  64 ;  pa 
tricia,  64 

Xylocopa  arizonensis,  218 

Xyphidria  camelus,  313 


LEPIDOPTEEA. 


Abraxas  grossulanata,  22,  47,  97,  145, 
316,  356  ;  sylvata,  o56  ;  ulmata,  22 

Acanthopsyche  opacella,  42,  253 

Achasa  lienardi,  205 

Acherontia  atropos,  13,  17,  49,  132,  144, 
247,  250,  269,  270,  302,  304,  306,  318, 
319,  329,  348,  351,353 

Achroia  grisella,  30 

Acidalia  aversata,  146,  185 ;  bisetata 
var.  fimbriolata,  198  ;  dimidiata,  146  ; 
huiiiiliata,  31!) ;  imitaria,  16, 146,  357; 
immutata,  16 ;  inornata,  16 ;  mar- 
ginepunctata,  146,  327  ;  reniutata,  16, 
227  ;  rubricata,  39  ;  subsericeata,  146 ; 
trigeminata,  146,  198 


Aciptilia  peutadactyla,  130,  147 

Acontia  catena,  322 ;  luctuosa,  16,  48, 
326 ;  Solaris,  322 

Acraea  buxtoni,  229  ;  doubledayi,  229  ; 
nohara,  229  ;  petrsea,  229 

Acrolepia  granitella,  193 

Acronycta  aceris,  16,  49,  318,  332 ;  alni, 
22,  248,  249,  271,  319 ;  euphorbiae 
var.  montivaga,  332 :  leporina,  144, 
248,  332,  356 ;  ligustri,  15,  16,  45  ; 
megacephala,  16,  48,  332 ;  menyan- 
thidis,  44,  332;  psi,  16,  45,  93,  95, 
130,  144,  186 ;  rumicis,  16,  45,  144, 
308,  327  ;  tridens,  16,  332 

Actias  isabellae,  340 


INDEX. 


Ill 


Adela  cuprella,    153 ;    degeerella,  153 ; 

rufimitrella,  153  ;  viridella,  153 
Adelpha  iphicla,  190 
Agapetidffi,  122 
Agdistis,  84 

Agerceonia  glauconome,  190 
Aglais  urticffi,  316 
Aglossa  cuprealis,  19 
Agriopis  aprilina,  14,  46,  145 
Agrophila  sulphuralis,  19,  39  ;  trabealis, 

19,39 
Agrotides,  120 
Agrotis,  100 

Agrotis  agathina,  17,  204 ;  amatura, 
205  ;  aquilina,  317  ;  ashworthii,  319 ; 
cinerea,  16,  18,  21  ;  corticea,  16,  48, 
145, 186, 198, 319  ;  cursoria,  319,  357  ; 
decipiens,  205  ;  exclamationis,  15, 16, 
21,  45,  48,  92,  94,  145,  306,  308; 
lunigera,  94,  319  ;  munda,  205  ;  nigri- 
cans, 357 ;  porphyrea,  46  ;  prtecox, 
94;  puta,  16,  327;  pyrophila,  319; 
rimosa,  205 ;  ripfe,  319 ;  saucia,  145, 
327,355;  segetum,  94,  145,  205,  327; 
spinifera,  205  ;  strigula,  145  ;  suffusa, 
.   17,  45,  94,  145,  327,  357 ;  tritiei,  94. 

357 ;  upsilon,  6 ;  valligera,  357 
Aleucis  pictaria,  307 
Alucita  hexadactyla,  147,  227 
Amauriss  echeria,  229 
Aniblyptilia  acanthodactylus,  357 
Amphidasys  betulana,    16,   22,  47,   94, 
146,  185,  227  ;  prodromaria,  47,  182, 
202,  227  ;  strataria,  146,  182,  198 
Ampliipyra  pyramidea,  145,  198,  227  ; 

tragopogonis,  48,  145,  327,  357 
Amphysa  gerningana,  31 ;  prodromana, 

31 
Amynthia  clorinde,  191 
Anacampsis  anthyllidella,  192 ;    tsenio- 

lella,  192 
Anaitis  plagiata,  147,  227 
Anarsia  spartiella,  193 
Anarta  myrtilli,  44 
Anartta  fatima,  190  ;  iatroplias,  190 
Anchinia,  85 

Anchocelis  litura,  46,  355  ;  lunosa,  46, 
93,  145,327;  pistacina,  21,  93,  145, 
355  ;  rufina,  327 
Anevastia  lotella,  30 
Angerona  prunaria,  315 
Anisopteryx  aescularia,  46,  47,  91,  147, 

182 
Anosia  bolina,  7  ;  erippus,  7 
Anthocharis  belemia,  69  ;  belia,  69, 105  ; 
cardamines,  69,  91, 105,  226  ;  euphen- 
oides,    105;    simplonia,    105;    tages, 
105 
Anthrocera  filipendulse,  19 
Anticlea  badiata,  182,  204 ;    berberata, 
16  ;  derivata,  47,  92,  182  ;  nigrofasci- 
aria,  92  ;  rubidata,  16,  307,  319  ;  sinu- 
ata,  225,  319 
Antithesia  salicella,  32 


Apamea  basilinea,  15,  45,  48, 145  ;  didy- 
ma,  48,  145 ;  fibrosa,  358  ;  gemina, 
45,  145  ;  occulea,  45 ;  ophiogramma, 
48,  49,  333  :  unanimis,  15 

Apatura  iris,  20,  226,  233,  234,  236,  303 

Aphomia  sociella,  30 

Aplecta  herbida,  16 ;  nebulosa,  15,  16, 
4s,  145,  186 ;  occulta,  271,  308,  316 ; 
prasina,  145 

Aporia  crata^gi,  19,  33,  42,  43,  45,  251 

Aporophila  lutulenta  var.  luneburgen- 
sis,  18,— var.  sedi,  18 

Arctia  caia,  16,  19,  47,  90,  93,  103,  144, 
181,  319;  fuliginosa,  16,  44,  45;  lu- 
bricipeda,  132  ;  menthastri,  16,  46, 
132 ;  plantaginis,  319 

Ar-ynnis  adippe,  35,  69,  107,  249,  281 ; 
aglaia,  35,  49,  107,  143,  234,  235,281, 
303,  317,  319,  358,— var.  charlotta, 
350 ;  amathnsia,  107  ;  artonis,  256  ; 
clio,  256  ;  cybele,  256  ;  daphne,  107  ; 
dia,  107,  360  ;  diana,  256  ;  edwardsi, 
256  ;  elisa,  107,  165  ;  euphrosyne,  35, 
47,  107,  226,  355 ;  eurynome,  256 ; 
lathonia,  35,  107  ;  latonia,  107,  155  ; 
monticola,  256  ;  myrina,  256  ;  niobe, 
35, 155  ;  pales,  35, 159  ;  pandora,  107  ; 
paphia,  14,  19,  35,  69,  93,  94,  102, 
103,  107,  143,  233,  234,  308,— var. 
valesina,  17,  235,  266  ;  selene,  107, 
355  ;  semiraniis,  256 

Argyresthia  albistria,  193 ;  arceuthina, 
194;  brochella,  194  ;  conjungella,  193; 
curvella,  194  ;  ephippella,  193  ;  goe- 
dartella,  194 ;  mendica,  193  ;  nitidella, 
193  ;  pygmaeella,  194  ;  retinella,  194  ; 
semitestacella,  193 

Argyritis  pictella,  1!)2  ;  tarqniniella,  192 

Argyrolepia  cnicana,  126  ;  hartmanni- 
ana, 126 

Argyrotoza  conwayana,  32 

Asphalia  flavicornis,  182,  332  ;  ridens, 
17,  21,  47,  227 

Aspilates  citraria,  327,  359 

Asjjis  udmanniana,  32 

Asteroscopus  sphinx,  93,  130 

Asthena  candidata,  47 

Asychna  niodestella,  196 

Atella  i^halanta,  229 

Audea  ochripennis,  205 

Aventia  fiexula,  16,  93 

Axylia  interstriata,  205  ;  putris,  16. 130, 
144,  323 

Bracotia  sejjium,  18 

Bactra  furfurana,  SO  ;  lanceolana,  80 

Bankia  argentula,  19 

Bapta  taniinata,  47,  227  ;  temerata,  47, 

226,  227 
Basiana  postica,  302 
Batodes  angustiorana,  81 
Batrachedra  prseangusta,  195 
Biston  hirtarius,  342  ;  pomonarius,  342  ; 

hybr.  pilzii,  342 

b2 


iv 


INDEX. 


Blapophanes  ferruginella,    127 ;    rusti- 

cella,  127 
Boavmia  cinetaria,  17, 146  ;  consortaria, 

229  ;  repaudata,  18,  U,  146,  185,  317, 

356;  loboiaria,  16,  95,  217 
Boletobia  fuliginaria,  179 
Bombycides,  121 
Bombyx  calluiiffi,  205;    castrensis  var. 

venata,  340 ;  franconia,  340  ;  neustria, 

93,  94,  198,  331,  340  ;  rubi,  44,  45,  48, 

144,  315;  trifolii,  17,  319;    quercus, 

103,  206,  316 
Botys  urticalis,  356 
Brachmia  mouffetella,  155 
Brachycrossata  cinerella,  193 
Brephos  parthenias,  182,  204 
Bryophila  alg£e,   178,  322  ;    glandifera, 

178  ;  muralis,  327  ;  perla,  93,  358 
Bryotropha  affinis,  192  ;  desertella,  155  ; 

domestica,  192  ;  mundella,  192  ;  poli- 

tella,  192 ;  terrella,  155 ;  umbrosella, 

192 
Bucculatrix  cratfegifoliella,  197  ;  mari- 

tima,  197 
Bupalus  piniaria,  130,  266,  317,  356 
Butalis  fuscosenea,  193  ;   grandipennis, 

193 

Cabera  pusaiia,  45,  146,  226,  227,  356  ; 

xanthemaria,  206,  227,  356 
Calamia  phragmitidis,  357 
Caligo  prometheus,  190 
Callinaga,  22 
Callarctia,  252 
Callicore  pitheas,  190 
Callidryas  philea,  191  ;  senns,  191 
Calligenia  miniata,  16,  17,  48,  234 
Callimorpha  dominula,  206,  252,  342, — 

var.  persona,  342  ;  hera,  252,  326 
Calocampa  exoleta,  44,  46,  :J27  ;  vetusta, 

145 
Calophasia   linariiv,    322 ;     platyptera, 

322 
Calpodes  nyctelius,  191 
Calymnia  pyralina,  93 ;  trapezina,  93, 

145 
Camptogramma  bilineata,   38,   39,   45, 

147,  185,  356  ;  fluviata,  147 
Camptopleura  thrasybulus,  191 
Caradrina  alsines,  17,  93  ;  ambigua,  17, 

272,  327,  328,  355,  357 ;  blanda,  16 ; 

cubicularis,  16,  46  ;  morplieus,  16,  17, 

93  ;    quadripunctata,   145  ;    taraxaci, 

17,  145 
Carpocapsa  pomonella,  15,  82  ;  splen- 

dana,  82 
Carsia  imbutata,  319 
Castnia  futilis,  191 
Catochrysops   mahallokoasna,   2 ;    stra- 

bo,  1 
Catoptria  albersana,  125  ;    cana,   125 ; 

fulvana,  125  ;  hypericana,  125 ;  scopo- 

liana,  125  ;  ulicetana,  125 
Cebrene  cheli,  228  ;  junonia,  228 


Celffina  haworthii,  198 
Cemiostoma  spartifoliella,  197 
Cerastis     erithrocephala,     179 ;     ligula 
(simdicea),  355  ;  vaccinii,  40,  47,  49, 
94,  145,  182,  203,  204,  355 
Cerigo  cytherea,  16,21,  93,  357  ;  matura, 

93 
Cerostoma  costella,  153 ;  radiatella,  153  ; 

vittella,  153 
Cerura  vinula,  48 
Cethosia  cyanea,  359 
Charjeas  graminis,  46,  145 
Charaxes,  121 ;  nanthes,  229  ;  varanes, 

229 
Chariclea  delphini,  322 ;  umbra,  146, 198 
Charis  argyrodines,  190 
Chauliodus  chsrophyllellus,  195 
Cheimatobia  boreata,  130  ;  brumata,  47, 

93,  94,  147 
Chelaria  hiibnerella,  193 
Chelonia  villica,  308 
Chesias  spartiata,  49 
Chilades  trochilus,  2 
Chlorippe  laure,  190 
Chlosyne  callianira,  190 ;  hyperia,  190 ; 

melanarge,  190  ;  saundersi,  190 
Chcerocampa  celerio,  178  ;  elpenor,  17, 
93,    144,  270;    porcellus,    144,    319; 
■    nerii,  305,  352 
Choreutes  mylerana,  125 
Cliortodes  arcnosa,  16 
Chrysocoris  festaliella,  196 
Chrysoclysta    aurifrontella,    196;     lin- 

neella,  196  ;  schrankella,  196 
Chrysophanus  dispar,   155 ;  phloeas,  8, 
132,  268,  317,  351  ;  salustius,  8  ;  vir- 
gaurte,  8  (see  also  Polyommatus) 
Cidaria  associata,  93, 184  ;  corylata,  16, 
47,   227,   308;  dotata,  184;   fulvata, 
46  ;  immanata,  46 ;  miata,  44,  147  ; 
piceata,  44,  327  ;  populata,  147  ;  pru- 
nata,  147  ;  pyraliata,  184  ;  reticulata, 
179  ;  russata,  48  ;  siderata,  147  ;  sila- 
ceata,    44,  308;  suffumata,  44,  147, 
182  ;  testata,  46,  147  ;  truncata,  147 
Cilix  glaucata,  47,  227  ;  spinula,  16,  47, 

92,  226,  227 
Cirrhoedia  xeranipelina,  92,  355 
Cleoceris  (Epunda)  viminalis,  47 
Cleodora  cytisella,  193 
Cleora  glabraria,  22,  317 
Clepsis  rusticana,  80 
Clisiocampa  castrensis,    231 ;    disstria, 

254,  321 ;  neustria,  231 
Clostera  reclusa,  12 

Cnephasia  musculana,  79 ;  politana,  79 
Cnethocampa  pityocampa,  317 
Coccyx  tffidella,  81  ;  ustomaculana,  81 ; 

vacciniana,  81 
Ccenobia  despecta,  357  ;  rufa,  333 
Coenonymphaarcania,  36,  108  ;  corinna, 
108  ;  davus,  38,  108,  169  ;  pamphilus, 
36,   46,  47,  108,  143,  226,  248,  268, 
356  ;  typbon,  21,  329 


INDEX. 


Coleophora  alcyonipennella,  195  ;  albi- 
costella,  195 ;  anatipennella,  195 ; 
apicella,  195 ;  argentula,  195  ;  arte- 
misicollela,  195 ;  cffispititiella,  195 ; 
deauratella,  195  ;  diseordella,  195  ; 
fabriciella,  195  ;  gryphipenuella,  195  ; 
laricella,  195  ;  laripennella,  195 ;  lin- 
eola,  205 ;  lutipennella,  130 ;  nigri- 
cella,  195  ;  olivaceella,  195  ;  vibicella, 
195  ;  viminetella,  195  ;  virgaureella, 
195 ;  vitisella,  195 

Colias  edusa,  14,  34,  94,  105,  143,  225, 
228,  229,  234,  235,  250,  273-280,  306, 
308-313,  315-319,  327,  328,  348,  352, 
353,  354,  356,  358 ;  hyale,  18,  33,  91, 
105,  225,  250,  273-280,  306,  309,  313, 
315,  316,  327,  34.s,  352,  353,  358; 
marnoana,  18 ;  nilgherriensis,  18 ; 
phicomone,  33  ;  simoda,  18 

Conchylis  francillana,  126  ;  straminea, 
126 

Coremia  designata,  160  ;  ferrugata,  99, 
227  ;  propugnata,  227,  308  ;  quadri- 
fasciaria,  130,  225,  249,  272;  uni- 
dentaria,  93,  147,  227,  308 

Coriscium  brongniartellum,  194  ;  cuculi- 
pennella,  194  ;  sulphurellum,  194 

Corycia  temerata,  308 

Cosmia  affinis,  48,  93,  327  ;  diffinis,  93, 
327  ;  pyralina,  315 ;  trapezina,  16, 
227 

Cosmodes  elegans,  6 

Cosmophila  erosa,  205  ;  xanthyndyna, 
205 

Cosmotriche  potatoria,  315,  316 

Cossus  ligniperda,  17,  48,  95,  97,  99, 
128,  132,  158,  177,  224,  236,  331 ; 
pyrini,  225;  robiniae,  221 

Crambus  contaminellus,  358 ;  culmellus, 
30  ;  dumetellus,  29  ;  geniculeus,  30  ; 
hamellus,  29  ;  hortuellus,  30  ;  inqui- 
natellus,  30  ;  margaritellus,  29  ;  pas- 
cuellus,  29 ;  peiiellus,  29,  358  ;  pi- 
nellus,  130  ;  selasellus,  29  ;  sylvellus, 
29  ;  tristellus,  29  ;  warringtonellus, 
29,  358 

Crenis  natalensis,  229 

Crocallis  elinguaria,  94,  146 

CucuUia  abrotani,  322  ;  absinthii,  179  ; 
asteris,  308 ;  chamomillae,  16,  19, 
318:  gnaphalii,  179;  lychnitis,  16; 
umbratica,  15,  16,  146,  323 ;  verbasci, 
16,44 

Cupido,  1,  124 

Cyaniris  argiolus,  199,  230,  315,  317 

Cycnus  aufidena.  191 

Cymatophora,  22 ;  dujilaria,  15,  332 ; 
fluctuosa,  21,  332 ;  occularis,  306 ; 
octogesima,  21  ;  or,  332 

Cynthia  (Vanessa)  cardui,  47,  48 

Cythasrias,  168 

Danaidffi,  122 

Danais  chrysippus,  228 


Dasycampa  lubiginea,  249,  308 

Dasycera  sulphurella,  193 

Dasychira  fascilina,  17,  45,  331 ;  pudi- 
bunda,  16,  46, 144  (see  also  Orgyia) 

Dasypodia  selenophora,  6 

Deilephila  euphorbiae,  178,  342 ;  galii, 
98,  178,  270  ;  lineata,  178  ;  livornica, 
19,  305,  329  ;  vespertilio,  342 

Deiopeia  pulchella,  178 

Demas  coryli,  16,  95,  130, 144 

Depiessaria  alstrcemeriana,  154  ;  angeli- 
cella,  154  ;  applanella,  154  ;  arenella, 
154 ;  assimilella,  154 ;  badiella,  130, 
154;  capreolella,  154;  ciliella,  154; 
conterminella,  154  ;  costosella,  154  ; 
discipunctella,  154  ;  douglasella,  154 ; 
fiavella,  154 ;  heracleana,  154 ;  ner- 
vosella,  154 ;  ocellana,  154  ;  pallor- 
ella,  154 ;  propinquella,  154 ;  pur- 
purea, 154  ;  rhodochrella,  154  ;  ro- 
tundella,  154 ;  scopariella,  154 ;  sub- 
propinquella,  154 ;  umbella,  154 ; 
yeatiana,  154 

Deva  natalensis,  205 

Diacrissia  russula,  252 

Dianthcecia  caesia,  198 ;  capsincola,  16, 
145 ;  capsophila,  145 ;  carpophaga, 
16,  18;  conspersa,  16;  cucubali,  16, 
45,  145,  305  ;  luteago  var.  ficklini,  18, 
96, — var.  lowei,  18  ;  irregularis,  40, 
96 

Dichelia  grotiana,  31 

Dicranura  bifida,  332 ;  furcula,  332 ; 
vinula,  95,  144,  184 

Dicrorampha  aeuminatana,  82 ;  alpi- 
nana,  82  ;  herbosana,  82  ;  petivorana, 
82  ;  plumbagana,  82 ;  plumbana,  82 

Dictyopteryx  bergmanniana,  32  ;  forska- 
leana,  32 ;  holmiana,  32 ;  loeflingi- 
ana,  32 

Dieycla  oo,  249,  250 

Didonis  aganissa,  190 

Dione  juno,  190  ;  vanillffl,  190 

Diloba  csTuleocephala,  94,  227,  333 

Dioryctria  abietella,  30 

Diphthera  aprilina,  14 

Diplodoma  marginepunctella,  126 

Dipterygia  pinastri,  16,  17,  47,  48,  93 ; 
scabriuscula,  17,  29 

*Dircenna  barrettii,  sp.  n.,  299  (fig.)  ; 
euchytma,  189 

Dismorphiadffi,  122 

Diurnea  fagella,  126,  182 

Dordura  retracta,  205  ;  tegulata,  205 

Drepana  falcataria,  47,  227,  331 ;  harpa- 
gula,  179 ;  laeertinaria,  227  ;  lacer- 
tula,  93 ;  sieula,  179 

Drymonia  chaonia,  19,  227 

Dysgona  faber,  205 

Dysthymia  (Acontia)  luctuosa,  16 

Earias  chlorana,  19 

Elachista  argentella,  atricomella,  bed- 
ellella,  dispunctella,  flavicomella,  kil- 


VI 


INDEX. 


munella,  luticomella,  monticola,  ni- 
giella,  obscurella,  perplexella,  polli- 
nariella,  rhynchosporella,  rufoeinerea, 
subalbidella,  subnigi-ella,  ta?niatella, 
196 

Ellopia  fasciaria,  46  ;  piosapiaria,  146 

Ematurga  atomaria,  146 

Emmelesia  affinitata,  308 ;  albulata, 
147  ;  alchemillata,  147,  308  ;  decolor- 
ata,  48  ;  unifasciata,  147 

Emydia  cribrum,  17,  67,  309, — var.  bi- 
vittata,  68, — var.  Candida,  68, — var. 
rippertii,  68  (see  also  Eulepia) 

Endopisa  nigricana,  82 

Endrosis  fenestrella,  193 

Ennomos  alniavia,  92,  306  ;  augularia, 
227  ;  erosaria,  92  ;  fuscantaria,  48,  92 ; 
tiliaria,  16,  49,  93  (see  also  Eugonia) 

Ephestia  elutella,  30 ;  kiiliniella,  184 ; 
splendidella,  22 

Ephippiphora  brunnichiana.  cirsiana, 
inopiana,  pflugiana,  populana,  simu- 
lana,  trigeminana,  81 

Ephyra  omicronaria  (Epione),  15,  226, 
227,  308;  porata  (Epione),  15,  47, 
227;  punctaria,  47,  227;  trilinearia, 
226,  227,  308 

Epichnopteryx  pulla,  42 

Epinephele  hyperanthes.  36,  108,  143, 
308,  319,  351 ;  lanira,  :J6,  38, 108, 143, 
224,  308,  356 ;  ida,  108  ;  lycaon,  36, 
108 ;  pasiphaij,  108 ;  tithonus,  14, 
108,  143,  198,  227,  350 

Epione  apiciaria,  93,  146 

Epirrita  (Oporabia)  autuninata,  323 

Epunda  lichenea,  317  ;  lutulenta,  92, 
96,  160,  306,  327,  360 ;  nigra,  17,  46, 
271,  306,  308,  327 

Erastria  fuscula,  19 

Erebia  fethiops,  19  ;  blandina,  20,  46, 
157,  319;  cassiope,  319,  329;  ceto, 
35,  97  ;  christi,  19;  ephiphron,  19,  97, 
329 ;  epistygne,  107 ;  erynis,  36 ; 
euryale,  35,  97,  107;  evias,  107; 
flavofasciata,  19,  97  ;  glacialis,  19,  36, 
359  ;  goante,  36,  97  ;  gorge,  19,  36, 
97  ;  gorgone,  159  ;  ligea,  36,  97  ;  lap- 
pona,  19,  36,  97  ;  manto,  35 ;  me- 
dusa, 97  ;  melas,  359  ;  melampus,  35, 
97  ;  mnestra,  19, 97  ;  oeme,  35  ;  pharte, 
35  ;  pronoe,  97  ;  jDyrrha,  35 ;  spodea, 
36;  stygne,  36, 107 ;  tyndarus,  36,  97 

Eremobia  ochroleuca,  359 

Ericeia  unangulata,  205 

Eriocephala  aruncella,  127  ;  aureatella, 
127  ;  calthella,  127  ;  seppella,  127 

Eriogaster  lanestris,  230 

Eriopsela  fractifasciana,  79 

Eronia  cleodora,  229 

Eubagis  mylitta,  190 

Eubolia  bipunctaria,  16,  359 ;  cervi- 
naria,  21 ;  limitata,  147  :  lineolata, 
327  ;  palumbaria,  16,  147,  227,  356  ; 
pcribolata,  254  ;  plumbaria,  147,  356 


Euchelia  jacobfese,  91,  144,  160,  227, 
308 

Euchloe  belia  var.  simplonia,  33  ;  car- 
damines,  19,  33,  47,  129,  143,  226, 
230,  355  (see  also  Anthocharis) 

Euchromia  purpurana,  79 

*Euchrysops,  gen.  nov.  1 

Euchrysops  cnejus,  contracta,  cyclop- 
teris,  ella,  hapalina,  hippocrates, 
lochina,  lois,  naidina,  nicola,  pan- 
dava,  theseus,  trifracta,  2 

Euclidia  glyphica,  356  ;  mi,  45,  48, 146, 
226 

Eucosmia  undulata,  130,  147 

Eucymatoge  monticolans,  100 

Eugonia  alniaria,  17, 146  ;  autumnaria, 
160  ;  fuscantaria,  17,  205,  206  ;  quer- 
cinaria,  146  (see  also  Ennomos) 

Eulaphygma  abyssinia,  205 

Eulepia  cribrum,  319 

Eupisteria  heparata,  16  ;  obliterata,  130 

Eupithecia  abbreviata,  16,  147,  203,  204, 
227  ;  absinthiata,  16, 147  ;  assimilata, 
16,  147;  castigata,  147;  centaureata, 
16  ;  coronata,  16,  147,  313  ;  debiliata, 
147,  198  ;  dodoneata,  16 ;  exiguata, 
16;  indigata,  16;  isogrammata,  16; 
lariciata,  45,  147 ;  linariata,  16  ;  na- 
nata,  16,  44,  147 ;  oblongata,  130, 
"  147  ;  oxydata,  147  ;  plumbeolata,  16, 
147, 198  ;  pulchellata,  16, 147  ;  pumi- 
lata.  147  ;  pusillata,  16,  147 ;  rect- 
angulata,  16.  147 ;  satyrata,  147 ; 
scabiosata,  147  ;  subfulvata,  16,  147 ; 
subnotata,  16  ;  sobrinata,  16,  47  ;  sub- 
umbrata,  16;  valerianata,  147  ;  veno- 
sata,  16,  147  ;  virgaureata,  147  ;  vul- 
gata,  16 

Euplexia  lucipara,  16,  45,  48,  131,  145, 
226, 356 

EupcBcilia  angustana,  125  ;  atricapitana, 
125;  ciliella,  126;  dubitana,  125; 
impiicitana,  125;  maculosana,  125; 
mussehliana,  125 ;  nana,  125  ;  jDalli- 
dana,  125  ;  roseana,  125 

Euralia  tarquinia,  229 

Eurrhypara  urticata,  160 

Eurymene  dolobraria,  16,  146 

Eurytela  hiarbas,  228 

Euvanessa  antiopa,  207,  320 

Everes  argiades,  317 

Fidonia  atomaria,  44,  47,  227 ;  piniaria, 

45,  47 
Fumea  betulina,  18  ;  intermediella,  126 ; 

salicolella,  18 ;  sepium,  18 

Galleria  mellonella,  30 

Gelechia  diffinis,  ericetella,   mulinella, 

sororculella,  155 
Geometra   paijilionaria,  16  ;    pruinata, 

146 ;  vernaria,  17,  205,  356 
Glutophrissa    ilaire    var.    neumoegenii, 

191 


INDEX. 


vn 


Glyphipteryx  cladiella,  equitella,  fislier- 
iella,  haworthana,  thrasonella,  193 

Gnophos  obscuraria,  146.  186,  317,  327 

Gnophria  quadra,  144,  198,  227,  331; 
rubricollis,  144,  331 

Gonitis  sabulifera,  205 

Gonoptera  libatrix,  93,  130,  146,  305, 
355 

Gonopteryx   (Gonepteryx)  rhamni,   34, 

91,  94,  177,  204,  206,  226,  235,  319, 
329, — var.  farinosa,  314  (see  also  Eho- 
docera) 

Gortyna  ochracea,  333 

Gracilaria  alchimiella,  auroguttella, 
elongella,  phasianipennella,  stigma- 
tella,  syringella,  tringipennella,  194 

Grammesia  trigrammica,  21,  48,  145 ; 
trilinea,  16 

Graphium,  168 

Grapholitha  geminana,  naevana,  nigro- 
maculana,  nisella,  penkleriana,  ra- 
mella,  subocellana,  trimaculana,  80 

Grapta  c-album,  20,  318,  351 

Gynfficia  dirce,  190 

Habrostola  tripartita,  146  ;  triplasia, 
146 ;  urticse,  16 

Hadena  adusta,  16  dentina,  15,  16,  45, 
48,  93,  145 ;  dissimilis,  145 ;  cheno- 
podii,  16  ,48,  358  ;  gemina,  10  ;  genis- 
tas, 16,  47,  48,  230 ;  oleracea,  15,  45, 
48,  93,  145 ;  pisi,  15  ;  protea,  17,  46, 
355  ;  thalassina,  15, 145 

Halia  wavaria,  93 

Halias  bicolorana,  227;  prasinana,  15, 
47,  95,  144,  227,  247  ;  quercana,  94, 
227 

Harpella  geoffrella,  193 

Harpipteryx  nemorella,  xylostella,  153 

Hecatera  serena,  16,  46,  105,  130,  198 

Hedya  aceriana,  dealbana,  neglectana, 
ocellana,  32 

Heliconidae,  122 

Heliconius  cliaritonia,  petiverana,  zule- 
ika,  190 

Heliodes  arbuti,  21 

Heliophobus  popularis,  327 

Heliothis  armigera,  201,  317,  327;  dip- 
saceus,  40 ;  marginatus,  16 ;  pelti- 
gera,  198  ;  scutosa,  306 

Hemerophila  abruptaria,  92,  186 

Hemithea  strigata,  91  ;  thymiaria,  16, 
47,  204,  227 

Hepialus  hectus,  37,  48 ;  hethlandiea, 
8;  humuli,  8,  38, 144,356;  lupulinus, 

92,  144,  227,  331,— var.  fuscus,  331 ; 
velleda,  37,  91,  144 ;  virescens,  8,  9, 
188 

Hetsera,  168 

Himera  pennaria,  17,  47,  94,  146,  227 
Hipparchia  semele,  19 
Homcesoma  nimbella,  30 ;  senecionis,  30 
Homoptera  edusina,  205  ;   glaucinans, 
205 


Hybernia  aurantiaria,  47,  227;  defoli- 
aria,  94,  227 ;  leucophjearia,  44,  46, 
160,  227 ;  progemmaria,  44,  47,  182, 
183,  186,  227;  marginaria,  93,  147, 
182,  204  ;  rupieapraria,  44,  91,  227 

Hybocala  defiorata,  205 

Hydrelia  uncula,  19 

Hydrocampa  stagnalis,  360 

Hydrcecia  micacea,  144 ;  nictitans,  16, 
48,  93,  144,  327,  357 

Hylophila  prasinana,  227 

Hymenitis  oto,  189 

Hypanis  ilithyia,  229 

Hypercallia,  85 

Hypermecia  cruciana,  81 

Hypenaprobocidalis,  146  ;  obsitalis,  322 

Hypenodesalbistrigalis,  130;  altivolans, 
100 

Hypolycaena  buxtoni,  229 

Hyponomeuta  cognatella,  153 ;  evony- 
mella,  153  ;  padellus,  153 

Hypsipetes  elutata,  46,  47,  48  ;  fureata, 
56 ;  impluviata,  37,  45,  182  ;  sordi- 
data,  56,  147 ;  trifasciata,  147 

Ilythyia  semirubella,  30 

Ineurvaria  muscalella,  127 ;   pectinea, 

127 
Ino  statices,  144,  308 
lodis  lactearia,  146,  227,  356  ;  vernaria, 

16,  19,  48 

Kricogonia  lyside,  191 

Lffilia  ccenosa,  178 

Lachis  (I'aiogaster)  lanestris,  231 

Lampronia  luzella,  praelatella,  quadri- 
punctella,  rubiella,  127 

Lamprotes  atrella,  192 

Laphygma  exigua,  144,  198,  205,  317, 
327,  333 ;  orbicularis,  205 

Larentia  cassiata,  46 ;  didymata,  46, 147 ; 
multistrigaria,  44,  46,  147,  182 ;  oli- 
varia,  327;  pectinitaria,  37,  45,  47, 
226,  227,  356 :  viridaria,  147,  356 

Lasiocampa  ilicifolia,  178 ;  quercifolia, 
16  ;  quercus,  19,  316 

Laverna  atra,  ejDilobiella,  hellerella,  sub- 
bistriella,  195 

Lematophila  phryganella,  126 

Leptogramma  literana,  31 

Leucania  albipuncta,  250,  317,  327  ;  al- 
bovitta,  205  ;  aniens,  205  ;  comma,  15, 
16,  21,  45,  93,  144;  conigera,  357; 
extranea,  144,  198,  333 ;  impura,  48, 
144,  357;  interciliata,  205;  lithar- 
gyria,  15,  16,  45,  48,  93,  144 ;  littora- 
lis,  336;  loryi,  205  ;  monosticta,  205; 
pallens,  15,  45,  93,  144;  putrescens, 
39,  326;  rhabdophora,  205;  stram- 
inea,  20,  333  ;  tacuna,  205  ;  torren- 
tium,  205 ;  turca,  17,  234,  333  ;  uni- 
puncta,  333 ;  vitellina,  178,  306,  317, 
327 


Vlll 


INDEX. 


Leucoma  salicis  (Liparis),  1(5,  4H,  331, 
;J58 

Leucophasia  duponcheli,  105;  sinapis, 
19,  33,  105,  129,  '229,  307,  319,  328 

Libythea  celtis,  106 

Libytheidse,  122 

Ligdia  adustata,  10,  15,  48,  226,  227, 
308 

Limacodes  testudo,  48 

Limenitis  Camilla,  35,  106  ;  sibylla,  17, 
35,  43,  93,  227,  228,  233,  234,  235, 
272 

Limnadidse,  122 

Liparis  auriflua,  227  ;  chrysorrhcpa,  16, 
307,  356,  358;  monacha,  94,  236; 
salicis,  16 

Lipoeta  epaphrus,  190 

Lita  artimisiella,  fraternella,  instabi- 
lella,  leucomelanella,  maculella,  mar- 
morea,  plantaginella,  tricolorella,  192 

Lithosia  aureola,  16  ;  caniola,  317,  326  ; 
complana,  48  ;  griseola  var.  strami- 
neola,  17,  19,  49 ;  helveola,  49  ;  luri- 
deola,  48,  93,  331 ;  pygmseola,  356, 
357 ;  quadra,  236  ;  sericea,  178 

Lithostege  griseata,  40 

Lithocolletisalnifoliella,  197;  bremiella, 
196;  coryli,  196;  corylifoliella,  197; 
cramerella,  197  ;  faginella,  196  ;  hee- 
geriella,  197 ;  irradiella,  196  ;  messa- 
niella,  197  ;  nicellii,  197  ;  pomifoli- 
ella,  196  ;  quercifoliella,  197  ;  salici- 
colella,  196 ;  schreberella,  197 ;  spini- 
colella,  196 ;  trifasciella,  197 ;  ulmi- 
foliella,  197 

Lobophora  lobulata,  204 ;  viretata,  16, 
147 

Lomaspilis  marginata,  47,  93,  146,  226, 
227,  356 

Lophopteryx  camelina,  48,  93 

Lozopera  francillonana,  252 

Luperina  cespitis,  145,  333 ;  testacea, 
93,  145,  248 

Lycasna  acis,  43,  155;  ffigon,  34,  106, 
309,  319  ;  agestis,  46  ;  alexis,  46,  356  ; 
alsus,  47 ;  altissima,  200,  223  ;  argi- 
ades,  105,  317 ;  argiolus,  14,  47,  106, 
202,  20S,  226,  229,  269,  303,  809,  351, 
358 ;  argus,  34,  106  ;  arion,  34,  102, 
106,  156 ;  artaxerxes,  46 ;  asiatica, 
223 ;  astrarche,  34,  106,  130,  358  ; 
bajtica  (bcetica),  20,  229,  268 ;  baton, 
106 ;  bellargus,  34,  106,  160,  281,  303, 
352;  corydon,  17,  34,  49,  104,  106, 
157,  358,  359  ;  cyllarus,  106  ;  damon, 
34 ;  eros,  34,  106 ;  escheri,  106  ;  eu- 
medon,  34,  106;  hylas,  34,  106; 
Icarus,  14,  34,  38,  47,  48,  91,  106, 143, 
226,281,356;  lehana,  199,223;  me- 
don,  49;  melanops,  105,  106;  me- 
leager,  106 ;  minima,  34,  106,  143, 
318 ;  ottomanus,  314  ;  orion,  106 ; 
pheretes,  199,  223;  ripartii,  106; 
sebrus,  106 ;  semiargus,  34,  106,  314 ; 


sikhima,  199,  223  ;  telicanus,  105  (see 
also  Cyaniris,  Everas,  Plebius,  and 
Polyommatus) 

Lycffinidffi,  122 

Lycorea  atergatis,  189 

Lymantria  monacha,  315 

Lymnas  cephisa,  120  ;  pixe,  190 

Lyoneta  clerckella,  197 

Macaria  liturata,  16,  146,  227,  248 

Macrogaster  castaneaj,  331 

Macroglossa  bombyliformis,  144,  227, 
330 ;  fuciformis,  226  ;  stellatarum,  14, 
17,  44,  45,  93,  94,  129,  132,  144,  181, 
182,  249,  304,  308,  319,  351,  352,  357  ; 
trochilus,  229 

Malcosoma  (Clisiocampa)  castrensis, 
323;  neustria,  231 

Mamestra,  6,  22 ;  abjecta,  333  ;  albi- 
colon,  333;  brassicte,  45,  48,  145, 
327  ;  furva,  31, 44,  92,  145,  333 ;  persi- 
cariffi,  16,  48,  145,  198 ;  sordida,  33-"5 

Mania  maura,  6,  48,  93 ;  typica,  45, 
145 

Meganostoma  cesonia,  191 

Megathymidi>?,  122 

Melanargia  galatea,  35,  107,234,  358; 
lachesis,  107  ;  syllinus,  107 

Alelanchra,  6 

Melanippe  fluctuata,  19,  20,  58,  92,  97, 
132, 147,  315,  316  ;  galiata,  16,  49, 94, 
308,  327,  359 ;  hastata,  21,  319  ; 
montanata,  37,  39,  45,  47,  147,  226, 
356  ;  procellata,  16,  249,  272  ;  rivata, 
16,  45,  308,  359  ;  sociata,  147,  356  ; 
subtristata,  45,  227 ;  tristata,  46, 
307 ;  unangulata,  16 

Melanitis  leda,  229 

Melanthia  albicillata,  16, 147,  319  ;  ocel-' 
lata,  45,  93,  147,  226,  308,  356 

Melita?a  athalia,  35,  91,  107,  143,  315  ; 
aurinia,  107,  329 ;  deione,  107  ;  dic- 
tynna,  35 ;  didyma,  35,  107  ;  cinxia, 
107,  319  ;  parthenie,  35,  107  ;  phoebe, 
35,  107 

Mesosemia  lamaehus,  190 

Mesotype  lineolata,  316  ;  virgata,  316, 
357 

Metacrias,  7 

Metrocampa  margaritata,  15,  46,  146 

Miana  ffithiops,  48 ;  bicoloria,  145,  333  ; 
fasciuncula,  16,  45 ;  furuncula,  16, 
48,  327,  357  ;  literosa,  45,  145  ;  stri- 
gilis,  16,  45,  48,  145 

Micropteryx  semipurpurella,  sparman- 
nella,  subpurpurella,  unimaculella. 
152 

Microtia  elva,  190 

Mimseseoptilus  bipunctidactylus,  359 

Miselia  (Physelia)  oxyacanthse,  47,  855 

Moma  orion,  316 

Morphidffi,  122 

Morpho  hyacinthus,  189 ;  montezuma, 
189 


INDEX. 


IX 


Mycalesis  safitza,  229 
Mylothris  agathina,  228 
Myrina  dermaptera,  229 
Myscelia  pattenia,  190 
Mysoria  Venezuela,  191 

Nffinia  typica,  48 

Nannodia  stipella,  192 

Nemeobius  lucina,  21,  22,  106,  226,  318 

Nemeophila  russula,  331 

Nemophoia  metaxella,  sehwarziella, 
swammerdammella,  152 

Nemoria  viridata,  17 

Neolycfena,  2 

Nephele  argentifera,  229  ;  hespeius,  229 
302 

Nephopteryx  spissicella,  30 

Nepticula  acetosae,  anomalella,  argenti- 
pedella,  aurella,  gratiosella,  ignobi- 
lella,  marginicoleila,  oxyacanthella, 
plagicolella,  septembrella,  197 

Neptis  marpessa,  229 

Neuria  saponariffi,  16,  20 

Neuronia  popularis,  144,  205 

Nisoniades  tages,  329,  356 

Noctua  augur,  16,  93 ;  baia,  15,  44,  46, 
48,  94,  145 ;  biunnea,  15,  17,  44,  46, 
145  ;  eastanea,  17,  270,  305,  317,  327  ; 
c-nigrum,  15,  16,  45,  94,  145,  327  ; 
dahlii,  15  ;  depuncta,  46  ;  festiva,  15, 
46,  92 ;  glareosa,  145,  327 ;  neglecta, 
226,  227,  271,  317,  327 ;  plecta,  45, 
145,  327  ;  ihomboidea,  15,  250  ;  rubi, 
16,  145,  327 ;  stigmatica,  17 ;  sub- 
rosea,  179 ;  triangulum,  15,  16,  17, 
44, 145  ;  umbrosa,  17, 94, 145 ;  xantho- 
grapha,  46,  145,  327 

Nola  centonalis,  178  ;  conf  usalis,  330 ; 
strigula,  48,  227 

Nonagria  arundinis,  17,  144;  lutosa, 
327,  333  (Calamia),  357 

Notodonta  bicolor,  178 ;  camelina,  16, 
94,  144  ;  chaonia,  202,  227,  332  ;  eu- 
cullina,  319 ;  dictfea,  16,  247  ;  dictfe- 
oides,  16,  130,  305,  332 ;  dodouea, 
16 ;  dromedarius,  95,  332 ;  tiepida, 
19,  47,  95  ;  ziczac,  144,  247 

Notolophus  leucostigma,  254 

Nudaria  mundana,  16,  144;  senex,  16, 
330,  357 

Numeria  pulveraria,  308 

Nyctemera,  252 ;  annulata,  7  ;  double- 
dayi,  7 

Nymphalidse,  122 

Nyssia  hispidaria,  158,  182  ;  zonaiia, 
315 

Ochsenheimeria  birdella,  126 
Ocneiastoma  piniaiiella,  194 
Odonestis  potatoria,  10, 14,  49, 181,  315, 

."516  (see  also  Cosmotiiche) 
Odontopera  bidentata,  16,  37,  39,  45, 92, 

94,  146,  227 
GUcogenia  quadripunctata,  193 


(Ecophora  f  ulviguttella,  f  uscescens,lamb- 

della,  minutella,  pseudospretella,  193 
CEnis  aello,  21 
CEnophlla  v-flava,  195 
Oligostigma  arsealis,  252 
Olindia  ulmana,  81 
Ophiodes  lunaris,  179 
Ophiusa    griseimargo,    melicerta,  mor- 

moides,  selenaiis,  205 
Opoiabia,  22  ;  autumnata,  53,  88,  323  ; 

chiistyi,  59,  60 ;  dilutata,  21,  47,  49, 

54,  147,  227  ;  filigrammavia,  54,  88  ; 

gueneata,  54,   57,  60;  inscripta,    60; 

melana,  60  ;  nebulata,  57  ;  obscurata, 

58,   60 ;    sandbergi,    57 ;    schneideri, 

58  ;  typica,  58  ;  virgata,  57 
Oporina  croceago,  21 
Oresia  argyrostigma,  emarginata,  provo- 

cans,  205 
Orgyia  antiqua,  17,  48,  91,  97,  144,  227, 

229  ;  (Dasychira)  fascelina,  45  ;  gono- 

stigma,  91  ;    (Dasychira)  pudibunda, 

16 
Ornix   anglicella,    194  ;  betulie,  guttea, 

seoticella,  195 
Orthosia  lota,  21,  47,  49,  145,  355 ;  maci- 

lenta,  145  ;  suspecta,    92 ;    (Cerastis) 

vaccinii,  202 
Orthotsenia  antiquana,  ericetana,  79 
Orthotelia  sparganella,  154 

Pachetra  leucophrea,  19 

Pachnobia  rubricosa,  145,  182,  203, 
204 

Pachythelia  (Psyche)  villosella,  42 

Pcedisca  bilunana,  corticana,  oj)hthal- 
micana,  semifuscana,  solandriana, 
81 

Pamplusia  mercuriana,  81 

Pamphila  hottentota,  mohopaani,  229 

Panagra  petraria,  146,  226,  227 

Pandesma  fugitiva,  umbrina,  205 

Panolis  piniperda,  182,  202,  204 

Panthiades,  191 

Papilio,  22  ;  ajax,  162  ;  alcamedes,  191 ; 
alexanor,  104 ;  belesis,  191 ;  cenea, 
229;  epidaus,  191;  hospiton,  165, 
166  ;  machaon,  33,  105, — var.  auran- 
tiaca,  105  ;  numitor,  191 ;  panares, 
191 ;  podalirius,  104,  164,  165,  166, 
288, — var.  zanclaeus,  165  ;  thoas,  191 ; 
thymbrasus,  191 

Pararge  achine,  36 ;  egeria,  108,  143, 
163,  226,  319,  351;  egerides,  319; 
hiera,  359 ;  msera,  36,  108,  359  ;  me- 
gsera,  36,  108,  143,  226,  359 ;  xiphia, 
319 ;  xiphiodes,  319 

Parasia  carlinella,  metzneriella,  193 

Parnassiidst,  122 

Parnassius  apollo,  33,  105,  165,  282  ; 
delius,  33,  105 

Pechypogon  barbalis,  226,  227 

Pelurga  comitata,  48,  93,  147 

Penthina   betulaetana,   dimidiana,  mar- 


INDEX. 


ginaua,  ochroleucaua,  pnmiana,  sau- 
ciana,  sororculana,  vaiiegana,  32 

Pempelia  palumbella,  'SO 

Pericallia  syringaria,  48,  216 

Peridi'omia  guatemalena,  190 

Peronea  aspeisana,caledoniana,  comari- 
ana,  comparana,  31 ;  ciistana,  31, 
179 ;  feiTugana,  hastiana,  maccana, 
mixtana,  permutana,  perplexana, 
shepherdana,  sponsana,  variegana,  31 

Phalera  bucephala,  49,  93,  95,  144,  227 
356 

Phaloesia  saucia,  191 

Phibalapteryx  polygrammata,  179  ;  ter- 
sata,  16,  48  ;  vitalbata,  16 ;  vittata,  147 

Phibaloceia  quercana,  154 

Phigalia  pedaria,  13,  46,  146,  182,  186, 
227  ;  pilosaria,  13,  182,  227 

Phlogophora  meticulosa,  13,  46,  48,  92, 
94,  145,  355 

Phcebis  argante,  cipris,  191 

Phorodesma  bajulaiia,  227  ;  smaiag- 
dai'ia,  319 

Phyciodes  ptolyea,  190  ;  theona,  190 

Phycis  dilutella,  30  ;  fusca,  30 

Phytometra  senea,  44, 226  ;  viridaria,  146 

Pierididffi,  122 

Pieris  alba,  229 ;  brassicfe,  33,  46,  47, 
105,  143,  184,  351,  355  ;  callidice,  33  ; 
calydonia,  191  ;  chaiina,  229 ;  dapli- 
dice,  42,  69,  105,  155,  164,  306,  328 ; 
feronia,  191  ;  gidica,  229 ;  josepha, 
191  ;  krueperi,  314  ;  napi,  19,  33,  47, 
105,  129,  143,  162,  181,  226,  355,— 
var.  bryonias,  19, — ab.  flava,  328  ;  phi- 
leta,  191  ;  lapa;,  19,  33,  47,  105,  130, 
143,  203,  220,  268,  316,  351,  355,  360, 
— var.  metra,  328  ;  severina,  229 

Platypteryx  falcula,  95 ;  lacertula,  95  ; 
unguicula,  15,  95 

Platyptilia  acanthodactyla,  19  ;  ochro- 
dactyla,  147 

Plebius  ffigon,  217 

Pleurota  bicostella,  193 

Plodia  interpunctella,  30 

Plusia  aurifera,  322  ;  biactea,  146  ;  chal- 
cites,  6 ;  chrysitis,  6,  146  ;  festuciB,  , 
10,  146,  306;  gamma,  6,  130,  146, 
202,  250,  273,  307,  315,  318,  356,  358, 
359,  360 ;  iota,  6  ;  moneta,  16, 19,  93, 
249,  272,  305,  318,  319;  pulchrina, 
14:1,  356  ;  verticillata,  322 

Plutella  annulatella,  cruciferarum,  dal- 
ella,  porrectella,  153 

Pcecilocampa  populi,  144,  227,  231 

Polia  chi,  186,  327;  flavicincta,  327, 
355 

Polygonia  c-album,  224 

Polyommatus  adonis,  10 ;  ffigon,  234, 
317  ;  agestis,  235  ;  alciphron,  34,  105  ; 
amphidamus,  164,  188,  189  ;  argia, 
317 ;  argiolus,  235,  269 ;  bellargus, 
19 ;  corydon,  300,  316  ;  dorilis,  105  ; 
hippothoe,  34,  105 ;  icarus,  19,  315, 


316,  317;  phloeas,  14,  34,  46,  105, 
143,  163,  226,  358,  858;  virgaurea, 
34,  105 

Pontia  alceata,  229 

Poiina,    6,    188 ;     cervinata,    despecta, 

uinbraculata,  signata,  8 
Porthesia    (Liparis)    clnysorrhoea,    16, 

307,  356,  358 ;  similis  (Liparis)  auri- 

flua,  227 
Prays  cnrtisella,  153 
Precis  elgiva,  229 ;  genoveva,  190 ;  tuk- 

uoa,  229 
Prorilia  betulina,  18;  salicolella,  18 
Protogonius  cecrops,  190 
Pseudophia  tirrhoea,  205 
Pseudoterpna  pruinata,  146 
Psilura  monacha,    227,    315    (see    also 

Liparis) 
Psychoides  verhuellella,  126 
Pterophorus,   82  ;    galactodactylus,  83  ; 

monodactylus,  147,  359 
Pterourus,  168 

Ptilodontis  palpina,  16,  224,  332 
Ptycholnma  lecheana,  32 
Pygwra  curtula,  pigra,  reclusa,  19 
Pyrameis  atalanta,  268,  316 ;  cardui,  20, 

315,  316,  319,  358 
Pyrausta,  100 :  purpuralis,  227,  359 
Pyrgus  vindex,  229 
Pyrisitia  proterpia,  191 
Pyrodes  rheediella,  82 

Recurvaria  leucatella,  192 

Retinia  buoliana,  81  ;  pinivorana,  82 

Rhacodia  caudaua,  32 

Rhodocera  cleopatra.  105  ;  rhamni,  105, 

165 
Rhodophjea  consociella,  30 
Riodinidre,  122 
Rumiacratiegata,45,  92,  227  ;  luteolata, 

47,  146,  204,  356 
Rusina  tenebrosa,  16, 17,  93,  145 

Salamis  anacardii,  229 

Satnrnia  pavonia,  19,  317,  340,  341, 
343  ;  pyri,  340,  341,  343 ;  schaufussi 
(hybr.),  345 ;  schlumbergeri  (hybr.), 
345  ;  spini,  340,  341,  343 

Saturniades,  121 

Satyridffi,  122 

Satyrus  abdelkader,  198  ;  actsea,  36  ; 
alcyone,  21,  36  ;  anthelea,  97  ;  aris- 
tffius,  108;  aurantiaca,  98  ;  bischoijfi, 
97 ;  circe,  21,  108  :  fidia,  108  ;  hermi- 
one,  21,  36,  108  ;  ianira,  46 ;  josephi, 
97  ;  neomiris,  108,  165  ;  pamirus,  98  ; 
parisatis,  98  ;  semele,  36,  43,  97, 108, 
143,  235,  267  ;  staudingeri,  97 

Scardia  arcella,  cloacella,  granetella,  127 

Schcenobius  forficellus,  mucronellus,  29 

Sciaphila  chrysantheana,  79;  colqu- 
hounana,  80  ;  consiDersana,  79  ;  hybri- 
dana,  79  ;  subjectana,  79  ;  virgaure- 
ana,  79 


INDEX. 


XI 


Scodiona  belgiaria,  17 

Scoparia,  100  ;  alpina,  110;  ambigualis, 
109-114;  atomalis,  109,  110,  111,  113, 
114;  basistrigalis,  109-113  ;  conspicu- 
alis,  109,  113,  114;  eratffisalis,  110, 
112  ;  delunella,  114  ;  dubrella.  111  ; 
dubitalis,  113,  114  ;  ingratella,  113  ; 
mercurella,  110,  112-114 ;  pallida, 
114;  phueoleuca,  113;  resinea,  114; 
ulmella,  109,  110,  113,  114 

Scopelosoma  satellitia,  46,  145,  204, 
227 

Selenia   bilunaria,  146  ;    illunaria,   93, 

94,  182,  183 ;  illustraria,  45  ;  (Enno- 
mos),  16  ;  lunaria,  48,  94 ;  juliaria, 
93 

Selidosoma  ericetaria,  146 

Semasia  ianthinana,  rufillana,  wceberi- 
ana,  81 

Seraioscopis  avellaiiella,  126 

Sericoris  cespitana,  flugiana,  lacunana, 
rivulana,  urticana,  79 

Serrodes  inara,  205 

Sesia  andreniformis,  178 ;  asiliformis, 
203,  315  ;  culieifoimis,  254,  330  ;  cyni- 
piformis,  303, 315  ;  ichneumonifonnis, 
315 ;  myopiformis,  330  ;  philantlii- 
formis,  319  ;  scoliifoimis,  315,  330  ; 
sphegiformis,  21,  178,  •"J15 ;  tabani- 
formis,  178  ;  vespiformis,  178 

Setina  irrorella,  331 

Sisyrophyta,  100 

Smeiinthus  ocellatus,  19,  93,  95,  144, 
329,  340,  342  ;  popnli.  12,  19,  47,  48, 

95,  144,  234,  340,  342  ;  tilia;,  19,  48, 
202,  319,  330 

Smyrna  blomfildia,  190 

Solenobia  inconspicuella,  wockii,  20 

Sphajnogona  boisduvaliana,  191 

Sphaleroptera  ictericana,  80 

Sphingides,  121 

Sphingomorpha  monteironis,  205 

Sphinx  convolvuli,  6,  49, 91,  270  ;  ligus- 

tri,  43  ;  pinastii,  250 
Spilodes  palealis,   308  ;    sticticalis,  40, 

272,  308 
Spilonota  incarnatana,  roborana,  rosfe- 

colana,  trimaculaua,  32 
Spilosoma,  7  ;  dorsalis,  131 ;  fuliginosa, 

144  ;  lubricipeda,  49,  131,   144,  250, 

316,  323, — var.  radiata,  316  ;  mendica, 

47,    144,    227,    253,    331,    342,— var. 

rustica,  331,  342;  menthastri,  21,  92, 

144,  356;  urticse,  323,  331  (see  also 

Arctia) 
Spilothyrus  althsa,  108 ;  lavaterse,  36, 

108 
Stauropus  fagi,  16,  308,  332 
Sterrha  sacraria,  146,  198 
Stilbia  anomala,  14,  17,  46,  145,  317, 

327 
Stigmonota    compositella,    germarana, 

perlepidana,  ravulana,  regiana,  82 
Strenia  clathrata,  314 


Swanimerdammia  combinella,  griseocap- 
itella,  pyiella,  spiniella,  153 

Symsethis  oxyacanthella,  125 

Synia  maculosa,  178 

Syrichthus  alveolus,  314 ;  alveus,  36, 
108  ;  andromeda,  36  ;  carthami,  36, 
108;  cirsii,  108  ;  fritillum,  36  ;  lineo- 
la,  37  ;  malvre,  37,  47,  226,  329  ;  sao, 
37,  108 ;  seriatuke,  37  ;  tages,  37  ; 
thaumas,  37 

Tachyptilia  populella,  temerella,  192 
Tffiniocampa  cruda,  44,  182,  204,  227 ; 
gothiea,   44,  92,   145,   182,  183,  202, 
319 ;    gothicina,    319  ;    gracilis,    145, 

203,  204  ;  incerta,  145,  204,  349 ;  iu- 
stabilis,  44,  182,  349  ;  miniosa,  202, 

204,  227  ;  munda,  204 ;  pulverulenta, 
145,  182,  198  ;  rubricosa,  44  ;  stabilis, 
46,  92, 93, 145, 182,  202, 203, 204,  227 

Tanagra  atrata  (chaerophyllata),  356 
Tapinostola  bondii,  113  ;  concolor,  179  ; 

fulva,  144,  198 
Tasitia  eresimus,  189 
Teinopalpidfe,  122 
Teleia  dodecella,  humeralis,  proximella, 

triparella,  vulgella,  192 
Tephrosia  biundularia,  202  ;  crepuscu- 

laria,  47,    182,  203 ;  extensaria,  20  ; 

punctularia  (ata),  47 
Teracolus  anns,  229 ;  evippe,  228 ;  jo- 

bina,  228  ;  theogone,  228 
Teras  contaminana,  32 
Terias  regularis,  zoe,  229 
Tethea  retusa,  20 
Thais  canteneri,  166,  167 ;  cerisyi,  166, 

288  ;  deyrollei,  166,  288  ;  medesicaste, 

105;  ochracea,    167;  polymnia,   167; 

polyxena,  166,  167 ;  rumina,  166 
Thalpochares  ostrina,  parva,  179 
Thanaos  tages,  226 
Thecla,   191 ;  betulfe,   17,  94,  95,  168  ; 

ilicis,  34,  104 ;  pruni,  168 ;  quercus, 

94,  143,  168,  198,  227,  229,  235,  319, 

329;  roboris,  105;  rubi,  47,  48,  105, 

143,  226,  308;    spini,  34,    105,  168; 

w-album,  20,  202,  269,  308 
Thera  juniperata,  49,  356  ;  variata,  44, 

45,  47, 49,  147 
Thyatira  batis,  15,  46  ;  derasa,  15,  144 
Timetes  chiron,  190 
Tinea  confusella,  fuscipunctella,  lapella, 

merdella,  misella,  nigripunctella,  pal- 

lescentella,   pellionella,    semifulvella, 

tapetzella,  127 
Tineola  biselHella,  127 
Tischeria  complaiiella,  marginea,  196 
Tortrix  costana,  30  ;  donelana,  31 ;  fos- 

terana,    31;    heparana,    30;     minis- 

trana,  31 ;  palleana,  31 ;  podana,  31 ; 

ribeana,  30  ;  rosana,  30  ;  unifasciana, 

30 ;    viburnana,    31 ;    viridana,    31 ; 

xylosteana,  30 
Trichiuva  cratasgi,  94,  231,  331 


Xll 


INDEX. 


Trigonodes  obtusans,  205 

Triphiena  comes,  327, — var.  curtisii,  18  ; 
fimbria,  15,  17,  44,  46,  48,  97,  204, 
236,  251,  318,  357;  ianthina,  17,  44, 
48,  93 ;  interjecta,  16,  20  ;  oibona, 
15,  44,  46,  182,  183;  pronuba,  J5,  45, 

f^48,i204,  327,  357  ;  subsequa,  15, 17,  44 

Triphosa  dubitata,  227,  316 

Trochilium  crabronifoimis,  330 

Tiycheiis  auiana,  125 

Tyiia  jacobaj^,  252 

Uropteryx  sambucaria,  16,  47,  94,  99, 
146 

Vanessa  antiopa,  107, 155. 166,  167,  250, 
267,  268,  283,  288,  304,  354,— var. 
hygiasa,  288 ;  atalanta,  7,  13,  14,  17, 
20,  -iS,  38,  44,  46,  48,  49,  92,  94,  101, 
103.  129,  188,  290,  304,  351,  355 ; 
c-album,  35, 107, 164, 167,  290  ;  cardui, 
7,  14,  107,  143,  229,  250,  283,  288. 
290,  304,  308,  351,  354  ;  egea,  106 ; 
gonerilla,  7,  188;  io,  13,  14,  17,  35, 
48,  87, 107, 130, 143, 166, 198,  268,  283, 
304,  316,  329  ;  levana,  162,  164,  286, 
289,- — ab.  porima,  289, — var.  prorsa, 
288  ;  polychloros,  20,  35, 93,  107,  166, 
182.  203,  226,  235,  283,  289,  304,— ab. 
testudo,  289 :  urticre,  17,  35.  46,  lOl, 
103,  107,  143,  164,  166,  167,  181,  224, 
283,  288,  2'.)0,  316, 355,— var.  ichnusa, 
164, — ab.  ichnusoides.  288, — var.  po- 
lans,  164  (see  also  Aglais,  Cynthia, 
Euvanessa,  Polygonia,  and  Pyrameis) 


Venilia  i.iaculata,  47, 146, 179, 198,  227  ; 

quadrimaculata,  179 
Venusia  cambrica,  186 
Victorina  steneles,  190 

Xanthia  aurago,  308 ;  cerago,  47 ;  cir- 
cellaris,  145,  327;  ferruginea,  307, 
355  ;  flavago,  145 ;  gilvago,  305, 
307 

Xanthosetia  hamana,  zcEgana,  126 

Xyiina  ornithopus,  145  ;  soeia,  145 ; 
zinckenii,  179 

Xylocampa  areola,  145 ;  lithorhiza,  47, 
93,  202,  203,  204 

Xylophasia  alopecurus,  45 ;  combusta, 
248 ;  hepatica,  15 ;  infuscata,  45  ; 
lithoxylea,  16,  45,  48, 144,  204  ;  mono- 
glypha,  92,  144,  308,  356 ;  polyodon, 
15,  45,  92,  186,  356,  357 :  rurea,  45, 
144,  248 ;  sublustris,  16,  333 

Zanclognatha  grisealis,  146;  tarsipen- 
nalis,  146 

Zaretes  isidora,  190 

Zelleria  phillyrella,  194 

Zephyrus,  168 

Zei-itis  thysbe,  360 

Zeuzera  ssculi,  16 ;  d'urvillei,  221  ; 
pyrina,  254 

Zonilia  accentifera,  302 

Zonosoma  porata,  317  ;  punctaria  317 

Zygffina  filipendulae,  17,  94,  144,  178, 
340.  343 ;  lonicerse,  178,  330  ;  pilo- 
sellffi,  330 ;  trifolii,  17,  178,  316,  330, 
340,  343  (see  also  Anthrocera) 


ODONATA    (Neuropteea,  Linn,  partim). 

Many  of  the  following  references  to  Odonata  occur  under  iittle-known  synonyms, 
for  which  see  pp.  41,  74,  174,  215,  259,  388. 


iEschna,  350 ;  affinis,  52  ;  casrulea  (bore- 
alis),  41,  51,  138,  338,339;  cyanea, 
41,  74,  88,  91,  138,  142,  206,  211,  212, 
216,  225,  257,  258,  259,  298,  338,  339, 
350;  dolobrata,  43;  grandis,  41,  74, 
88,  137,  174,  175,  216,  298,  316,  338, 
339  ;  isosceles  (rufescens),  51,  216, 298, 
338,  339 ; juncea, 41, 88, 139, 141,  216, 
298,  338,  339 ;  mixta,  19,  41,  50,  138, 
140,  216,  298,  307,  316,  317,  338,  339 

Agriocnemis  inversa,  43 

Agrion,  142,  174,  183,  259;  hastulatum, 
52,  339;  mercuriale,  141,  142,  201, 
228,  339  ;  puella,  41,  74,  88,  137,  212, 

215,  228,  260,  297,  298,  339  ;  pulchel- 
lum,  50,  137,  141,  215,  260,  297,  298, 
339 

Anax  imperator,  51,  88,  140,  174,  175, 

216,  258,  298,  338,  339 
Atoconeura,  43  ;  biordinata,  43 
Brachytron  pratense,  41,  140,  216,  228, 

298,  316,  338,  339 


Calopteryx,  52,  142,174;  sjDlendens,  42, 

137,  141,  216,  298,   338,  339 ;    virgo, 

42,  74,  141,  175,  216,  228,  298,  3.38, 

339  ;  virgo  var.  anceps,  42,  216,  298 
Cordulegaster   annulatus,  41,   75,  138, 

140,  174,  175,  216,  228,  298,  316,  338, 

339 
Cordulia,  259 ;  senea,  41,  74,  137,  141, 

174,  175,  216,  260,  298,  338,  339 
Enallagma  cyathigerum,  41,   137,  138, 

139,  141,  158,  215,  260,  298,  339 
Epitheca  bimaculata,  350 
Erythromma  naias,  137,  141,  212,  216, 

230,  260.  298,  339 
Gomphus,  255;  flavipes,  216,  298,  338  ; 

vulgatissimus,  74,  132,  141,  174,  175, 

216,  228,  298, 316,  338,  339 
Ischnura  elegans,  50,  137,  139,  141,215, 

225,    228,    230,   260,    297,   298,    339; 

piimilio,  201,  215,  228,  260,  297,  298, 

315,  317,  339 ;  pumilio  var.  aurantiaca, 

201,  215,  260,  315 


INDEX. 


Xlll 


Lestes,  174 ;  barbara,  339  ;  dryab  (nym- 
pha),  51,  298,  339  ;  sponsa,  137,  138, 
141,  142,  143,  175,  216,  298,  339; 
uncifer,  43  ;  virens,  339  ;  viridis,  339 

Leuconhinia  dubia,  137,  138,  260,  299, 
338,  339 

Libellago  consueta,  43  ;  trifaria,  43 

Libellula,  259 ;  depressa,  74,  174,  175, 
217,  227,  259,  298,  316,  318,  338,  339  ; 
fulva,  42,  75,  174,  217,  260,  298,  338, 
339 ;  pulchella,  350 ;  quadrimaculata, 
42,  74,  137,  139,  174,  206,  210,  217, 
227,  247,  248,  259,  298,  316,  338,  339, 
350  ;  quadrimaculata  var.  praenubila, 
217,  259,  298 

Lindenia  forcipata,  338 

Mecistogaster  ornatus,  191 

Notogomphus  stuhlmanni,  43 

Orthetrum  caerulescens.  50,  75,  140, 174, 
217,  228,  260,  298,  316,  338,  339  ; 
cancellatum,  75,  140,  174,  217,  260, 
298,  315,  338,  339 ;  pollinosum,  43 

Oxygastra  curtisii,  216,  260,  298,  338, 
339 


Pantala  flavescens,  260 

Platycnemis  pennipes,  142,  143,  216, 
228,  260,  298,  338,  339  ;  pennipes 
var.  albicans,  216 

Pseudagrion  gerstjeckeri,  43 

Pyrrhosoma  nymphula  (minium),  41,  51, 
74,  137,  138,  139,  141,  175,  215,  228, 
260,  298,  315,  339  ;  tenellum,  141, 
215,  297,  317,  339 

Khinocyphea  fulgidipennis,  204 

Somatochlora  alpestris,  52 ;  arctica,  138, 
338,  339 ;  metallica,  19,  97,  138,  216, 
260,  298,  388,  339 

Sympetrum  flaveolum,  139,  217,  260, 
272,  299,  338,  339  ;  fonscolombii,  338, 
339  ;  meridionale,  338  ;  sanguineum, 
42,  139,  217,  260,  272,  299,  316,  338, 
339  ;  scoticum,  75,  137,  138,  139, 140, 
174,  217,  260,  299,  316,  338,  339; 
striolatum,  42,  50,  74,  132,  137,  138, 
139, 140,  142,  143,  157,  174,  217,  260, 
272,  299,  307,  316,  338,  339  ;  vicinum, 
350  ;  vulgatum,  140,  206,  338,  339 

Trithemis  furva,  43  ;  pruinata,  43 


PLANIPENNIA    (Neuroptera,  Linn,  partim). 
Chrysopa  flavifrons,  354  |    Hemerobius  stigma  (limbatus)  49 


ORTHOPTERA. 


Acridium  aegypticum  (tartaricum),  4 
Anisolabis  annulipes,  2,  158,  301 ;    co- 

lossa,  360 ;  maritima,  2 
Apterygida   albipennis,    2,    4,    76,    77 ; 

arachidis,  2,  158 
Barbitistes  serricauda,  4 
Blabera  gigantea,  3 
Blatta  americana,  3,  97,  129, 160  ;  aus- 

tralasiae,  3,  160 ;  orientalis,  3 
Capnoptera  quadrimaculata,  159 
Chelidura  acanthopygia,  2 
Chelisoches  morio,  2 
Conocephalus,  4 
Copiophora,  4  ;  brevirostris,  4 
Decticus  albifrons,  4  ;  verrucivorus,  4 
Ectobia  lapponica,  2,  266  ;     livida,  2 ; 

panzeri  (ericetorum),  2,  11,  301 
Ephippigera  vitium,  4 
Forficula   auricularia,  2,  87,  301,  317; 

decipiens,  76,  77 ;   lesnei,  2,  76,  77 ; 

pubescens,  76 
Gampsocleis  glabra,  4 
Gomphocerus  maculatus,  4  ;   rufus,  4  ; 

sibiricus,  4 
Gryllus  bimaculatus,   4 ;    brunneri,  4  ; 


campestris,  4,  49,  132  ;    capensis,  4  ; 

domesticus,  4 
Gryllotalpa  didactyla,  4  ;  vulgaris,  4 
Idolium  diabolicum,  18 
Labia  minor,  2 
Labidura  riparia,  2,  4,  75 
Leptophyes  punctatissima,  4,  12,  266, 

301,  315 
Leucophaea  surinamensis,  3 
Locusta  viridissima,  4,  19,  301,  316 
Mantis  religiosa,  3 
Meconema  varium,  4,  12,  301 
Mecostethus  grossus,  4 
Melanoplus  femurrubrum,  256 
Nemobius    fasciatus,    225 ;     sylvestris, 

4 
Nyctibora  holosericea,  3 
ffidipoda  Cffirulescens,  4 
Pachytylus    danicus    (cinerascens),    4  ; 

migratorius,  4 
Phaneroptera  falcata,  4  ;  privata,  4 
Phyllodromia  germanica,  3,  129,  160 
Platycleis  spp.,  364 ;  bicolor,  4  ;  brachy- 

ptera,   4,    11;    grisea,   4,   315,    316; 

roeselii,  4 


XIV 


INDEX. 


Psophus  stridulus,  4 
Ehyparobia  maderse,  3,  307 
Schistocerca  peregiina,  4 
Stenobothrus  bicolor,  4,  301,  355;    bi- 
^uttulus,  4  ;  dorsatus,  4  ;  elegans,  4  ; 


lelus,  4  ;   rutipes,  4 ;    stigmaticus,  4  ; 

vagans,  4  ;  viridulus,  4 
Tettigonia,  262 

Tettix  bipunctatus,  4  :  subulatus,  4,  316 
Thamnotrizon  cinereus,  4,  92,  315,  316 


hsemorrhoidalis,  4  ;  lineatus,  4 ;  paral-        Xiphidium  dorsale,  4,  11,  158,  301 


EHYNCHOTA. 


Acanonicus,  240 

Acanthaspis,  241 

Acanthia,    148,    262,    263 ;    saltatorius, 

264  ;  zosteras,  264 
Acanthie,  265 

Acanthoceius,  264  ;  sanctus,  240 
Acanthosoma,  265  ;  dentatum,  10 ;  hffi- 

morrhoidale,  265  ;  inteistinctum,  10 
Achilus  flammeus,  264 
Acocephalus  striatus,  118 
Aciilla  adipata,  242 
><Acutalis  dorsalis,  302 
iEgaleus   bechuana,*    Kirk.,    77,    131; 

inermiventris,  78 
^Elia  acuminata,  263 
yElie,  265 

jEthalion,  334  ;  reticulatum,  118,  264 
yEtalia,  264 
Agapophyta,  240 
Agenia  laniii,  265 

Alcletha,*  Kirk.,  241;  tricornis,  241 
Aleria  asopoides,  242 
Alyde,  265 

Alydus  calcaratus,  263 
Amorgius,  232 
Amyotea,  240 
Aneui'us  Ifevis,  265 
Anisops  pallipes,  72 
Anisoscele,  265 
wAnotia  bonnetii,  26,  265 
Antestia  cruciata,  77 
Antilochus  coquebertii,  295 
Anthocoris,  264 
Aphana  farinosa,  336 
Aphanopneuma  biloba,  240 
Aphanus  rolandi,  241 
Apheloclieirus  jestivalis,  151 ;   montan- 

doni,  151 
Aphrophoia,  265  ;  alni,  117,  265  ;   spu- 

maria,  265 
Aprophore,  265 
Aptus,  242 

Aquarius  canalium,  263  ;  paludum,  263 
Arade,  265 
'Aradus  betula;,  263 
Araeopus  crassicornis,  169 
Aretocorisa  carinata,  28 
Asiraca,  263  ;  clavicornis,  264 
Asiraque,  265 
Asopus   anchorage,   239  ;    argus,   239 ; 

cayenneusis,  239;  dianaj,  239;  gibbus, 

239;  uialabaricus,  239 
Aspongopus  nepalensis,  251 
Astemma,  265 


Atella  peracuta,  242 

Autonoe  albigera,  243 

Bagrada  picta,  77 

Balclutha,*  Kirk.,  243 

Basileocorixa,  28 

Belostoma,  232,  256  ;  testaceopallidum, 

264 
Belostome,  265 

Berytinus,*  Kirk.,  241 ;  clavipes,  241 
Berytus  clavipes,   26,  241 ;    tipularius, 

26, 263 
Blissus,  241 
Boisduvalia,  85 
Bothriocera,  169 
Bothronotus  grandis,  10 
Callidie,  265 
Calliscelis  bonellii,  169 
Calyptopnotus  rolandri,  241 
Calyptoproctus  stigma,  169,  172 
Canopus  obtectus,  263 
Cantao  ocellatus,  131 
Cantharodes  ca?uosa,  240 
Canthecona   cognata,    295 ;    furcellata, 

295 ;  insularis,  295 
Capse,  265 
Capsus  ater,  263 
Carystus  viiidicans,  243 
Castra,*  Kirk.,  242;  productus,  242 
Cenestra  circulata,  296 
Centroproctus,  243 
Centrote,  265 

Centrotus,  263;  cornutus,  118,  264 
i^entruchus  perdita,  302 
Ceratocoris  bucephalus,  240 
Cercopis,  262  ;  atra,  237  ;  carnifex,  263 ; 

nigra,  237  ;  sanguinolenta,  236  ;  spu- 

maria,  27,  263 ;  vulnerata,  236 
rCeresa  turbida,  302 
Ceroplastes  irregularis,  201 
Cerynia  albata,  296  ;  deplana,  296 
Cetalion,  264 
Chionaspis,  232 
Chiroleptes,  241 
Chlorochroa,  240 
Cicada,  262  ;  aurifera,  242  ;  laternaria, 

262 ;     marginata,    242 ;     orni,    263 ; 

plebeja,  263  ;  pruinosa,  117  ;  septen- 

decim,  321 
Cimbus  productus,  242 
Cimex,  262  ;  bidens,  263 
Cixius  nervosus,  199,  264 
Cobax  stollii,  265 ;  winthemi,  265 
Coelidia,  205 
Coleopterodes,  241 


INDEX. 


XV 


Colgar,*  Kirk.,  242  ;  peracuta,  2-i2 

Conorhinus,  241 

Copicerus  irroratus,  2G3 

Copium,  265 

Copius  cornutus,  265 

Corseus,  264 

Coree,  265 

Coreus,  240  ;  scapha,  263 

Coriomeris  denticulatus,  241 ;  pilicornis, 

241 
Coriscus  calcaratus,  263 ;  dauci.  263 
Corise,  265 
Corixa  geoft'royi,  28, 262;  hieroglyphica, 

10 ;    koUarii,  72  ;    lateralis,  10  ;   pyg- 

mjea,   72 ;    striata,   262 ;    substriata, 

320 
Corizus  hyoscyami.  264 
Craspedura  phyllomorphum,  242 
Crinocerus,  240 
Cryptinglisia,*  Cock.,  173;  louiisburyi, 

173 
Cydnus  tristis,  263 
Cylindrostethus  productus,  241 
Gyrene  guttulata,  242 
Dactylopius,  87 
Darbanus,  242 
Darnis,  335 ;  lateralis,  263 
Darthula,*  Kirk.,  242  ;  hardwickii,  242 
Dedra,  264 

Deinostoma  dilatatum,  135,  152 
Delphax,  263  ;  striata,  264 
•Deltocephalus  fusconervosus.  302 
Derba  264 

Derbe  hsmorrhoidalis,  263 
Derephysia  foliacea,  316 
Dictyonota  crassicornis,    241 ;    eryngii, 

241 ;  strichnoeera,  241  ;  tricornis,  241 
Dictyophara  europsea,  169 
Diedrocephala  kalidasa,*  Kirk.,  294 
Diospolis  elongatus,  243 
Diplacodus,*  Kirk.,  242 
Diplodus,  242 

Diplosis  partheniicola,*  Cock.,  201 
Discocera,  239 
Distantidea  vedda,  131 
Dolichomerium,'  Kirk.,  242 
Dolichomerus,  242 
Dolycoris  baccarum,  10 
Domitia  basistriella,  243 
Dryptocephala,  240 
Dundubia,  363  ;  mannifera,  297  ;  mina- 

hassffi,  297 
Dysdercus  cingulatus,  295 
Dysodius  lunatus,  241,  265  ;  lunulatus, 

241,  265 
Ectrichodia   cruciata,    239,    242,   265  ; 

crux,  239,  242 
Ectrychotes,  241 
Edessa  ceruus,  263 
Edesse,  265 

Edwardsiastes,*  Kirk.,  243 ;  proceps,  243 
Elapheozygum  goetzei,  206 
Emesa  precatorius,  263 
Enithares  brasiliensis,  lu  ;  indica,  10  ; 

templetonii,  10 ;  triangularis,  10 


Epiclines,  243  ;  plauata,  336 
Epirodera,  241 
Euagoras  speciosus,  242 
Eumenotes,  240 
Eupelix  cuspidata,  265 
Eurybrachys  westwoodii,  294 
Eurydema  ornatum,  77 
Eurymela  fenestrata,  265 
v^Eutettix  pulchella,  302 
Evacanthus  interruptus,  265 
Evagoras,  242 

Eysarcoris  melanocephalus,  315 
Flata,  294  ;  ocellata,  263 
Plate,  265 

Flatoides  dealbatus,  301 
Flosshilda,*  Kirk.,  243;  albigera,  243 
Fulgora,    334 ;     ocellata,    169  ;     phos- 

phorea,  262  ;  laternaria,  262,  263 
Fulgore,  265 
Galgule,  265 
Galgulus  oculata,  263 
Geisha,*  A'i;7c.,296  ;  distinctissima,  296 
Gelastocoris,  149 
Geocoris,  264 
Germaria  cucuUata,  243 
Gerris   caraiba,    176 ;    elongatus,    320 ; 

guerini,  72 ;  jankowskii,  176 ;  lacus- 

tris,  26,  263,   355 ;  marginatus,   72 ; 

productus,  241 
Glaeonocorisa,  28 

Globiceps  capito,  265 ;  sphaegiformis,  265 
Globocoris,  243 
Glyptocephalus  proceps,  243 
Gnathodus,  243 
Gonocere,  265 

Graphocrierus  ventralis,  315 
Gypona,    265;    glauca,    265;    Kirbyi,* 

Kirk.,  294;  ijrasina,  294;  Walkeri,* 

Kirk.,  294;  striata,  294 
Gypone,  265 
Halobates,  265 
Halys  dentata,  263 
Harpactor  angulosus,  242 
Hebrus,  241 
Hecalus,  293 
Hemichionaspis,  232 
Hemityphlus,  264 
Hepa,  262 
Heteroscele,  265 
Heterotoma,  265 
Heterotome  spissicornis,  265 
Hilda,*  Kirk.,  243  ;  undata,  243 
Hindola,*  Kirk.,  243;  viridicans,  243 
Holbymenia  latreillei,  265 
Holhymenie,  265 
Holoptile  16 
Holoptilus-ursus,  265 
Hydrobates  fieberi,  241 
Hydrometra   cariaba,  176  ;   jankowskii, 

176;   lineata,    175;   martini,"  Kirk., 

175;  stagnorum,176, 263;  vittata,  176 
Hydrometre,  20 
Hydroessa,  28 
Hymeniphera  crucifer,  240 
Hymenopliora,  24U 


XVI 


INDEX. 


Hypselonotus,  243 

lassus  neruosus,  263  J 

-Idiocerus  albicans,  316 ;  alternatus,  802 ; 

confusus,  316 ;  laminatus,  316 ;  jjoj^uli, 

118,  316  ;  tremulffi,  316  ;  vitreus,  316 
Ilyocoris,  150 
Inglisia,  173 
Ischnorhynchus,  239 
Issus  coleoptratus,  169,  263 
Isthmia  unclata,  243 
Jamaicastes,"   Kirk.,   2-43 ;   basistriella, 

243 
Kalidasa,*  Kirk.,  243;  sanguinalis,  243 
Kleidocerus,  239 
Kleidocerys,  239 

Krisna,*  Kirk.,  243;  strigicollis,  243 
Larymna,  241 
Laternaria  pliosphorea,  262 
Ledra  aurita,  118,  172,  263,  336 
Ledre,  265 
Leptocorise,  265 
Leptomeris  picta,  242 
Leptope,  265 

Leptopus,  242;  littoralis,  264 
Liburnia  limbata,  169 
Limnotrechus  elongatus,  320 
Lioderma,  240 
Listre,  265 

Loricerus  haematogaster,  241 
Lybas,  240 

Lybastes,*  Kirk.,  240;  annulipes,  240 
Lydda  elongatus,  243 
LygSBOsoma  reticulata,  241 ;  sardea,  241 
Lygffius  punctatoguttatus,  254 ;  valgus, 

263 
Lystra  lanata,  263 
Machferota,  117,  171 
Macrocephale,  265 
Macrocephalus,  241,  262;  aiiznnicus,* 

Cock,  66  [uhleri,  201] ;  cimicoides,  262 ; 

insequalis,  66 ;   lepidus,  66  ;   prehen- 

silis,  66  ;  pulchellus,  66  ;  uhleri,  201 
Macrocorisa  geoffroyi,  28 
Macrophthalmus,  241 
Macrops,  241 
Macrothyreus,  241 
Matinus,  135 
Mecomma  ambulans,  315 
Meganulus  notula,  169 
Megymenum,  240 
Melicharia,*    Kirk.,    294 ;    sinhalana,* 

Kirk.,  295 
Membracis,  262;  atrata,  27,  263;  cor- 

nuta,  263  ;  foliata,  264  ;  tectigera,  118 
Merocoris,  240 
Messena  westwoodii,  294 
Microvelia,  27 

Mictis  crucifera,  264  ;  profana,  264 
Mindura  hemerobii,  10 
Miris  dolabratus,  263 
Monanthia,265;  amplicata,315;  cardui, 

315 ;  ciliata,  317 
Monecphora,  117,  266 
Mononyx,  135,  149 
Murgantia  histrionica,  77  ;  munda,  77 


Myetis,  264 

Myodocha,   241 ;  serripes,  264 ;   tipuli- 

oides,  264 
Myodochus,  264 
Myodoque,  265 
Nabicula,  242 

Nabis,  263 ;  guttula,  242,  264 
Nftjogaeus,  241 
Najogeus,  241 
Naucore,  265 
Naucoris,  150;  cimicoides,  262:  macu- 

lata,  262 
Neides,  263 ;  clavipes,  26, 241 ;  tipularius, 

26,  264  ;  stripularius,  264 
Nepa,  262  ;  cinerea,  263 
Nepe,  265 
Nertha,  135 
Nirvana,*  Kirk.,  293  ;  ^jseudommatos,* 

Kirk.,  293 
Notocyrtus,  264 
Notonecia,  263 
Notonecta  262  ;  abbreviata,  10  ;   ameri- 

cana,  10;  albida,*  Kirk.,  70;    glauca, 

70,  263;  indica,    10;    maculata,    70; 

selene,*  Kirk.,  70;  simplex,  10;  tem- 

pletonii,  10;    triangularis,  10;   undu- 

lata,  70,  72  ;  unifasciata,  10 
Notonecte,  265 
Ochtherus,  264 

Ochterus,  264  ;  marginatus.  149 
Odontoptera  spectabilis,  336 
Oliarus  panzeri,  315 
Oncomeris  tlavicornis,  240 
Opinus.  241 
Ormenis,  295 
Orthotylus  marginalis,  10 
Otiocere,  265 
Otiocerus,  265 
Oudablis  lauri,  85 ;  parietarife,  85 ;  picese, 

86  ;  quadricaudata,  85 
Pachlyde,  265 
Pachylis,  265 
Pachymerus,  265 
Pfficiloptere,  265 
Parlatoria  victrix,  131 
Paropia  scanica,  118 
Paroudablis,*  Cock.,  87;  heliantlii,  87; 

picese,  87 
Pelogone,  265 

Pelogonus,  264  ;  marginatus,  149 
Peltophora,  240 
Peltopterus,  135 
Pendulinus  hasticornis,  265 
Pentatoma,  240,  262 ;  rufipes,  263 ;  bac- 

carum,  10 
Pentatome,  265 

Penthima  atra,  265  ;  nigra,  265 
Penthimie,  265 
Petalocera  bohemanni,  336 
Petalochere,  265 
Petalocheire,  265 

Petalocheirus,  264  ;  variegatus,  265 
Phenacoccus  aceris,  87  ;  helianthi,  86 ; 

nivalis,  86 ;   mespili,     7  ;   pruni,  87  ; 

socius,  87  ;  yuccee,  87 


INDEX. 


XVll 


Philfenus,  337;  spumarins,  117,  263 

Phintius,  135 

Phlffia  cassidioides,  265 ;  eorticata,  265  ; 

livida,  240 
Phorastes,*  Kirk.,  243  ;  femoratus,  243 
Phoronastes,*  Kirk.,  242  ;  crassifemur, 

242 
Phoroneus,  242 
Phoronis,  243 
Phorus,  243 
Phromnia  flaccida,  296 
Phymata   crassipes,    26,  263 ;   fasciata, 

66  ;  salicis,*  Cock.,  66 
Physoderes,  241 
Physorhynchus,  242 
Phytocoris,  264 
Piesma,  265 

Pilophorus,  243  ;  perplexus,  317 
Plataspis,  206  ;  biloba,  204  ;  cffinosa,  240 
Platymeris  horrida,  297 
Plea  leachi,  264 ;  minutissima,  264 
Plinthisus,  241 
Ploiaria,  262  ;  domestica,  262 
Ploiera,  264 
Ploiere,  265 

Podicerus  tipulaire,  265 
Poecilloptera,  265 
Poeciloptera,    264 ;    distinctissma,    296, 

321 ;  quadrata,  295 ;  phalaenoides,  169, 

172,  321 
Poekilloptera,   263,    296  ;    phalaenoides, 

264 
Proconia,  265 
Promecopsis,  264 

Proranus,  243  ;  adspersipennis,  336 
Prostemma,  242 
Ptyelus,  265  ;  eburneus,  297  ;  flavescens, 

297 ;  grossus,  297 
Pulvinaria  innumerabilis,  254  ;  ribesise, 

230 
Punaise,  265 
Pycna  limbata,  297 
Pygolampis  bidentata,  264  ;  denticulata, 

264 
Pyrops  tenebrosus,  296 
Pyrrhocoris  apterus,  264 
Ranatva,  263 ;  linearis,  181,  230,  253,  263 
Eanatre,  265 
Beduve,  265 

Reduviolus  inscriptus,  242 
Reduvius,  262  ;  cruciatus,  239  ;  person- 

atus,  263 
Ehagovelia  angustipes,  71 ;  collaris,  73  ; 

femoralis,  71 ;  distincta,  73 ;  plumbea, 

72;  tayloriella,*/ii?'/i;.,72;  tenuipes,71 
Rhiginia,  241 
Ehynocoris  cruentus,    242 ;   iracundus, 

242 
Rhytidolomia  senilis,  240 
Eicane,  265 

Eicania,  169,  264 ;  fenestrata,  295 
Eiptortus,  321 
Salda,  248  ;  zosteife,  263 
Salde,  265 


Sassula  hemerobii,  10 

Scaris  ferruginea,  265 

Scarpanta  latipennis,  295;  tennentina, 
295 

Schyzops,  240 

Scraulia,  241 

Scutellere,  265 

Scutellei-a  nobilis,  263  ;  perplexa,  263 

Scutiphora,  240 

ScylsBCUs,  135 

Serphus  dilatatum,  135 

Sigara  geoffroyi,  262 ;  striata,  262 

Sigera,  263 

Siva,  243 

Sminthus,  241 

Solenostoma,  241 

Sorglana,*  Kirk.,  241;  pallens,  241 

Spangbergiella,  293 

Spartocerus,  240 

Sronachlachar,*  Kirk.,  24^2;  asopoides, 
242 

Staliastes,*  Kirk.,  241;  rufus,  241 

Stenocephale,  265 

Stenocranus  minutus,  321 

Stenotoma,  240 

Sthienera,  242 

Stiretrus,  239,  240 

Storthia  livida,  240 

Strachia  geometrica,  77 

Syromaste,  265 

Syrtis  erosa,  263 

Talainga  blnghami,  210 ;  chinensis,* 
Dist.,  209- 

Tapeinus  pictus,  241 ;  rufus,  241 

Tapiuus,  241 

Tessaratome  papillosa,  265 

Tetigonia,  262  ;  albida,  294 ;  cornuta, 
263  ;  ferruginea,  118,  296;  kalidasa,* 
Kirk.,  294;  obtusa,  118;  spumaria, 
263  ;  tibicen,  263  ;  viridis,  265 

Tetigometra,  264,  334  ;  acephala,  264  ; 
costulata,  169  ;  virescens,  264 

Tetrura,  86 

Tetroxia,  241 

Tettigonia,  Tettigone,  Tettigometra,  and 
Tettigometre  (see  Tetigonia  and  Teti- 
gometra) 

Tetyra  arcuata,  263 
k^hamnotettix  coquiletti,  302 

Thaumastopsaltria,*/iirfc.,  242 ;  adipata, 
242 

Thomsoniella  kirschbaumii,  294 

Thraeia,  242 

Thyreocoris,  263  ;  globus,  264 

Tibicen  plebeia,  265  ;  septendecim,  321, 
363 

Tingis  cardui,  263 

Titia,  294 

Tomaspis  sanguinolenta,  266 

Tonga,*  Kirk.,  242;  guttulata,  242 

Tongorma,*  Kirk.,  242  ;  phyllomor- 
phum,  242 

Trepobates,  pictus,  71 

Triatoma,  241 


xviu 


INDEX. 


Triecphora,  117 ;  aicuata,  287  ;  mactata, 
237,  266  ;  sanguinolenta,  236,  266 ; 
vulnerata,  236,  266 

Trochopus  marinus,  70;  plumbeus,  70 

Typhlocyba  candidula,  317  ;  losas,  118, 
172 

Tyreocoris,  264 


Ulopa,  264,  265  ;  reticulata,  118 

Urophora,  242 

Velia,  264  ;   rivulorum.  264 

Zaitha,  152,  232,  256 ;  fluminea,  135 

Zelus  longipes,  263  ;  speciosus,  242 

Zoraida, '  Kirk.,  242;  sinuosa,  242 

Zyzza,*  Kirk.,  243;  cucuUata,  243 


Varieties  of   Lepidoptera,  chiefly   British,   figured  in  the  '  Ento- 
mologist ■    SINCE    ITS    FOUNDATION    IN    1840. 


Abraxas   grossulariata,   xix.   43 ;    xxvi. 

145 ;  XXX.  25 
Agrotis  cursoria,  xvii.   3,  pi.  i.  figs.  2, 

3 
Argynnis  euphrosyne  (Melitffia),  vi.  497  ; 

xxvii.  1,  181  ;  xxxi.  1 
A.    adippe,    vii.   49 ;    (aglaia   in  error), 

XV.  50,  142,  pi.  i.  figs.  2,  2a;    xxxiii. 

281 
A.  aglaia,  v.  447 ;    vi.  369 ;    (adippe  in 

error),  xv.  49;  xxvii.  182,  329 
A.  latonia,  vi.  392  ;  xiv.  25 
A.  paphia,  vi.  1,  145  ;  xv.  50,  pi.  i.  figs. 

3,  4,  5  ;  xxvi.  97  ;    xxix.  317  ;    xxxiii. 

102,    pi.    iii.    fig.    3 ;    (valesina    ab.), 

xxxi.  25 
A.  selene  (Melitaea),  vii.  97 ;  viii.  25 
Acidalia  contiguaria,  xii.  65 
AdopsBa  thaumas  (gynandromorphous), 

xxxi.  51 
Arctia  caia,  xxi.  73 ;    xxv.   1 ;    xxix.  1 ; 

xxxiii.  103,  ]A.  iii.  fig.  9 

A.  villica  (Chelonia),  vi.  297 ;  xi.  73 

Boarmia  cinctaria,  xxix.  145 

B.  repandata  var.  conversaria,  xiv.  304, 
pi.  i.  fig.  14 ;  var.  sodorensium,  xiv. 
304,  pi.  i.  figs.  12,  13 

Bombyx   quercus,    xxxiii.    103,   pi.    iii. 

fig.  8 
Bryophila  muralis  (par.),  xiv.  304,  pi.  i. 

fig.  18 

Callimorpha  dominula,  vi.  321 ;  xvi.  1 

C.  hera,  vi.  33 ;  ix.  25 
Camptogramma  bilineata,  xiii.  291,  pi.  iv. 

fig.  8 
Chcerocampa  elpenor,  vi.  81 
C.  porellus,  xi.  170,  pi.  ii.  fig.  3 
Chrysophanus  phloeas   (Polyommatus), 

xi.  25  ;    xxvi.  305  ;    xxix.  191 
Cidaria  fulvata,  x.  120 
C.  suffumata,  xi.  97 
Cleora  glabraria,  x.  289 
Clostera  curtula,  xi.  170,  pi.  ii.  fig.  1 ; 

(hybrids),  xxxiii.  pi.  viii. 
Colias  edusa,  xi.  52  (col.  plate) 
Coremia   munitata,    xiii.    290,    pi.    iv. 

fig.  9 


Dianthoecia  nana  (conspersa),  xiii.  290, 

pi.  IV.  figs.  12.  13 
Drepana  (hybrids),  xxxiii.  pi.  viii. 

Emmelesia    albulata   var.    thules,    xiii. 

290,  pi.  iv.  figs.  4,5;    var.  hebudium 

(hebridium),  xiv.  304,  pi.  i.  fig.  17 
Emydia  cribrum,  xxxiii.  67,  68 
Ennomos  angularia,  ix.  49 
Epinephelehyperanthes(-tlius),  vi.  417  ; 

xxiv.  281 ;  xxx.  49 
E.  ianira  (Satyrus),  xi.  1 
E.  tithonus,  vi.  441 ;  xxx.  253 
Epione  vespertaria,  xi.  170,  pi.  ii.  figs. 
■    8,  9 

Erebia  sethiops,  xxvii.  301 
Eucosmia  undulata,  xix.  200 
Eupithecia   angelicata,   xi.  170,  pi.  ii. 

fig.  4 
E.  satyrata  var.  curzoni,  xiv.  303,  pi.  i. 

figs.  2,  3  ;  (nanata  var.),  xvii.  3 
E.  venosata,  xiii.  290,  pi.  iv.  fig.  7 
Eupoecilia  thuliana  (ciliella  var.),   xiii. 

292,  pi.  iv.  fig.  3 

Hadena  exulis,  xvii.  2,  pi.  i.  figs.  5,  6,  7 

(Unst),  4  (Rannoch) 
Hepialus  hamuli,  xiii.  292  (col.  plate) 
H.  velleda,   xiii.  289,   pi.   iv.  figs.  16, 

17 
Hydrcecia  nictitans,  xxi.  289  (col.  plate) 

Leucania  conigera,  xi.  170,  pi.  ii.  fig.  2 
Lomaspilis  marginata,  xiii.  169 
Lyca-na  arion,  xxxiii.  102,  pi.  iii.   figs. 

6,  7 
L.  astrarche  (agestis),  xii.  185 
L.  bellargus,  corydon,  and  icarus,  xx. 

(two  col.  plates) ;    bellargus,   xxxiii. 

281 
L.  corydon  var.  fowleri,  xxxiii.  104,  pi. 

iii.  figs.  4,  5 ;    var.  lucretia,  xx.  73, 

pi.  i.  fig.  1 

Melanargia   galatea,   vi.   57 ;    ix.    192 ; 

X.  265 
Melanippe   fluctuata,    xiii.   291,  pi.  iv. 

fig.  6 
M.  hastata,  xiv.  1 


INDEX. 


XIX 


M.  montanata  var.  shetlandica,  xiii.  290, 
pi.  iv.  figs.  10,  11 ;  (melanic  var.)  xiv. 
304,  pi.  i.  fig.  20 

M.  sociata  var.  obscurata,  xxi.  27 

Melanthia  albicillata,  xiv.  73 

Melitaa  aurinia  (artemis),x.  193 ;  xxvii.  1 

M.  athalia,  x.  145 

M.  cinxia,  xxix,  225 

Noctua  festiva,  xvii.  2,  pi.  i.  figs.  8,  9, 10 
N.  glareosa,  xvii.  2,  pi.  i.  fig.  1 

Ocneria  (Liparis)  dispar,  xi.  170,  pi.  ii. 

fig- 7 
Oporabia  autumnata,  xxxiii.  pis.  i.  ii. 
0.  dilutata,  xxxiii.  pi.  ii. 
0.  filigramraaria,  xxxiii.  pi.  ii. 

Pachnobia  alpina  (hyperborea),  xiii.  290, 

pi.  iv.  figs.  14,  15 
Papilio  hospton.  xxxiii.  165,  pi.  v.  fig.  1 
P.  podalirius,  xxxiii.  288,  pi.  v.  fig.  7 
Pararge  mega3ra,  vi.  129 ;  xxii.  289 
Polia  nigricincta,  xii.  161 
Polyommatus  amphidamus,  xxxiii.  288, 

pi.  V.  fig.  10;  pi.  vi.  figs.  2,  3 
Psilura  (Liparis)  monacha,  vi.  145 
Pterophorus  nenroralis?,  xiv.  3(14,  pi.  i. 

fig.  19 
Pygfena  (Clostera)  curtula,  xi.  170,  pi.  ii. 

fig.  1 

Saturnia  carpini,  x.  1 ;  pavonia  x  spiui, 

pavonia  x  pyri  (hybrids),  xxxiii.  345, 

pis.  vii.  viii 
Scoparia  alpina,  xiii.  291,  pi.  iv.  fig.  12 
Sraerinthus  populi  x  ocellatus  (hybrid), 

xiv.  217 
S.  tiliae,  viii.  193  ;  xxvii.  50 
Spilosoma  (Arctia)  lubricipeda,  vii.  169  ; 

xxvi.  257 ;  xxvii.  205 


S.  (Arctia)  mendica,  vi.  321 
S.  urticse,  xxi.  97 
Strenia  clathrata,  x.  241 

Tephrosia  biundularia,  xxxii.  241 
Thais  cerysyi,  xxxiii.  166,  288,  pis.  v.  vi. 
T.  rumina,  xxxiii.  166,  288,  pis.  v.  vi. 
T.  polyxena,  xxxiii.  166,  288,  pis.  v.  vi. 
Triphfena  comes,  xxii.  145  (col.  plate) 

Uropteryx  sambucaria,  xxix.  25 

Vanessa  autiopa,  v.  423  ;  (ab.  hygisea), 

xxii.  219,  pi.  viii.  fig.  4 ;    xxxiii.  288, 

pi.  vi.  figs.  5,  6 
V.  atalanta,   ix.  170,  pi.  ii.  figs.  5,  6 ; 

xxvi.   27;    xxxiii.   101,  pi.   iii.   fig.  2; 

(ab.  klemensiewiczi),  288,  pi.  vi.  fig. 

8 
V.  c-album,  xxii.  217,  pi.  viii.  figs.  5,  6 
V.  (Pyrameis)  cardui,  vi.  345  ;  xiii.  73  ; 

xxvii.  277;    (ab.  elymi),  xxxiii.  288, 

pi.  vi.  fig.  7 
V.  io,  vi.  105  ;  xxii.  218,  pi.  viii.  figs.  7, 

8;  (ab.  belisaria),  xxxiii.  288,  pi.  vi. 

fig.  11 
V.  levana,   xxxiii.    288,  pi.   v.    fig.    11 ; 

pi.  vi.  fig.  4;  (prorsa  ab.),  289,  pi.  vi. 

figs.  13,  14 
V.  polychloros  (ab.  testudo),  xxiii.  289, 

pi.  vi.  fig.  12 
V.  urticas,  xiv.  169  ;   xxii.  217,  pi.  viii., 

ichnusoides  ab.,  fig.  2,   ab.  connexa, 

fig.  3 ;    xxix.  73 ;    xxxiii.   101,   pi.  iii. 

fig.  1 ;    (ab.  ichnusoides),  288,  pi.  vi. 

figs.  9,  10 

Zonosoma  (Ephyra)  pendularia,  ix.  217 
Zygffina  filipendulse  var.  hippocrepidis, 

XXX.  181 
Z.  trifolii,  xxvii.  253 ;  xxix.  341 


EEEATA,    &c. 

Page     99,  fourth  line  from  bottom,  for  "  50  "  species  read  "  57." 
,,     100,  delete  first  line. 

,,     133,  third  line  from  bottom,  for  "  sypical "  read  "  typical." 
,,     206,  third    line    from    bottom,    for  "an    hermaphrodite"    read   "gynandro- 

morphous." 
,,     2.32,  footnote,  lines  2  and  4,  for  "  Montaudon  "  read  "  Montandon." 
,,     238,  line  15  of  third  paragraph,  for  "  avirous  "  read  "  avirons." 
,,     238,  first  footnote,  line  3,  for  "  devous  ''  read  "  devons." 
,,     238,  second  footnote,  line  I,  for  "  pratiquerous  "  read  "  pratiquerons." 
,,     239,  line  4  of  third  paragraph,  for  "  avous  "  read  "  avons." 
„     239,  footnote.       N.B.  —  Tliis   refers    to    the    "  Iconographie,"    not   to    the 

"Hemipteres." 
,,     264,  footnotes   12,    13,   and   14   have   been   transposed ;    12  should   be  13, 

13  should  be  14,  and  14  should  be  12. 


PLATES. 

I. — Oporabia  autumnata. 
II. —         ,,  .,  filigrammaria,  and  dilutata. 

III. — Aberrations  of  British  Lepidoptera  (coloured). 
IV. — A.  Sympetrum  striolatdm.    B.  Platycnemis  pennipes. 

C.  Lestes  sponsa.     (Structural  details.) 
V. — Standfuss'  Temperature  Experiments. 
VI.— 
VII. —        ,,  Experiments  in  Hybridzation. 

VIII.— 


ILLUSTRATIONS    IN 


Nyctiboka  holosericea 
Emydia  cribrum  vars. 

SCOPARIA    AMBIGUALIS 

,,         atomalis  . 

,,  BASISTRIGALIS 

,,  ULMELLA    . 

Talainga  chinensis,  sp. 
Argynnis  adippe     . 
Lyc.«!na  bellargus 

DiRCENNA   BARRETTII 


THE  TEXT. 

page 
3 
67,  68 
109,  112,  114,  115 
.  110,  115 
.   112,  114,  115 
.   114,  115 
.  209 
.  281 
.  281 
.  299 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIII.l  JANUARY,    1900.  [No.  440. 


ON   A   NEW    GENUS    OF    LYCMNIDM    HITHERTO 
CONFOUNDED    WITH    CATOCHRYSOPS. 

By  A.  G.  Butler,  Ph.D. 

Whilst  re-arranging  the  Museum  collection  of  Lyccenidcs  of 
the  genus  Catochrysops  (type  C.  strabo) ,  my  attention  was  called 
to  the  fact  that,  apart  from  the  tailed  or  tailless  character 
of  the  species,  which  appears  in  that  genus  only  to  have  a 
specific  value,  many  of  the  forms  are  separable  from  the  type 
and  its  congeners  by  having  smooth  eyes,  those  of  typical 
Catochrysops  being  hairy. 

I  am  well  aware  that,  in  his  recent  '  Catalogue  of  Rhopalo- 
cera  of  the  Ethiopian  Region,'  my  friend  Prof.  Aurivillius 
regards  Catochrysops  and  many  other  genera  as  mere  sections  or 
groups  of  one  huge  genus — Cupido.  I  fail,  however,  to  see  why 
characters,  which  in  other  portions  of  the  Rhopalocera  are 
generally  regarded  as  of  generic  value — such  as  the  absence  of 
a  vein  in  the  primaries,  the  partial  anastomosis  of  certain  veins, 
or  the  absence  of  hair  on  the  eyes — should  be  ignored  in  the 
present  family.  The  question  as  to  whether  secondary  sexual 
characters  should  be  used  for  the  separation  of  genera  is  one 
which  does  not  concern  the  present  case ;  personally,  I  see  no 
profit  in  calling  groups,  based  upon  well-defined  male  characters, 
sections  or  subgenera ;  it  appears  to  me  to  be  far  better  to  regard 
them  as  genera.  But  to  refuse  constant  structural  characters 
common  to  both  sexes  and  accompanied  by  even  slight  differ- 
ences of  form  or  pattern,  seems  to  me  to  be  unscientific  and 
retrograde. 

EucHRYSOPS,  gen.  nov. 

Primaries  somewhat  less  acuminate  than  in  Catochrysops ; 
secondaries    invariably  tailed,   with    similarly  placed    ocelloid 

ENTOM. — JANUABY,   1900,  B 


a  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

spots  sprinkled  with  metallic  scales  towards  anal  angle  on  under 
surface ;  eyes  quite  smooth  instead  of  hairy.     Type,  E.  cnejus. 

Of  the  species  at  present  in  the  Museum  collection,  the 
following  should  be  placed  in  Euchrysops  : — 

E.  cnejus  =  E.  theseus=^E.  hapalina,  E.  contracta,  E.  ella, 
E.  pandava  (of  which  E.  nicola  seems  to  be  an  intermediate 
form),  E.  trifracta,  E.  cyclopteris,  E.  naidina,  E.  lochias, 
E.  hippocrates,  E.  lois. 

Wallengren's  beautiful  little  species,  which  I  have  recently 
quoted  as  "  Catochrysops  mahallokocena,'"  has  smooth  eyes,  but 
may  at  once  be  separated  from  Euchrysops  by  the  close 
approximation  of  first  subcostal  branch  and  costal  nervure 
(veins  11  and  12),  and  lack  of  tails  to  hind  wings;  it  is  nearly 
related  to  Chilades  trochilus.  In  Neolyccsna,  which  has  smooth 
eyes,  the  third  subcostal  branch  (vein  9)  is  wholly  absent,  so 
that  the  vein  is  trifurcate. 


THE    ORTHOPTEROUS    FAUNA   OF   THE    BRITISH    ISLES, 
BELGIUM    AND   HOLLAND. 

By    W.    J.    Lucas,    B.A.,    F.E.S. 

In  the  'Annales  de  la  Societe  Entomologique  de  Belgique,' 
October,  1899,  appears  an  article  by  the  veteran  Belgian  entomo- 
logist, M.  le  baron  Ed.  de  Selys-Longchamps,  comparing  the 
orthopterous  fauna  of  the  British  Isles,  Belgium,  and  Holland. 
A  summary  of  the  results  arrived  at,  together  with  a  few  notes 
that  seem  to  be  called  for  in  connection  with  some  of  the 
British  species,  cannot  but  be  of  interest  to  orthopterists  in  this 
country  also. 

Of  the  Forficulidse,  six  species — Labidura  riparia,  Anisolahis 
maritima,  A.  annulipes,  Forficula  lesnei,  Apterygida  arachidis,  and 
Chelisoches  morio — are  British,  or  have  occurred  in  Britain,  but 
do  not  appear  to  have  been  observed  in  Belgium  or  Holland. 
Labia  minor,  Forficula  auricularia,  and  Apterygida  albipennis  are 
common  to  the  three  countries ;  while  Chelidura  acanthopygia 
occurs  in  Belgium  and  Holland,  but  has  not  been  recorded  as 
British. 

Of  these  nine  species  set  down  as  British,  L.  riparia,  A. 
maritima, and  A.  albipennis  have  not  been  taken  for  some  years; 
A.  annulipes  and  A.  arachidis,  although  they  certainly  breed 
here,  do  so  only  under  artificial  conditions  as  regards  tempera- 
ture ;  of  C.  morio  but  two  specimens  have  occurred — a  pair 
which  came  to  Kew  in  sugar-cane  from  Mauritius  in  August, 
1894  {ante,  vol.  xxxi.  p.  50). 

Six  species  of  Blattidae  are  found  in  all  three  countries. 
These  are  Ectobia  lapponica,  E.  livida,  E .  pan^eri  {ericetorum) , 


ORTHOPTEROUS    FAUNA    OF    THE    BRITISH    ISLES,    ETC.  6 

Blatta  americana,  B.  orientalis,  and  Phyllodromia  germanica. 
B.  australasicE  is  now  well  known  in  Britain ;  it  has  been 
recorded  from  Belgium,  but  it  does  not  appear  in  the  Dutch  list. 
In  addition  to  these,  Rhyparobia  maderce,  LeucophcBa  surinam- 
ensis,  Blabera  gigantea,  and  Nyctihora  holosericea  have  been  acci- 
dentally introduced  with  more  or  less  frequency  into  Britain,  but 
have  not  been  noticed  in  Belgium  or  Holland. 


NTCTIBORA    HOLOSERICEA. 


Eleven  species  are  in  this  family  set  down  as  British,  of 
which  the  three  Ectobias  only  are  indigenous.  The  three 
Blattas  and  Phyllodromia  germanica  breed  here  profusely  where 
they  are  established,  but  require  warmth.  It  is  just  possible 
that  L.  surinamensis  breeds,  or  has  bred,  in  Kew  Gardens.  The 
others  are  merely  "  casual  visitors  "  due  to  foreign  trade.  Of 
the  last,  N.  holosericea  has  been  but  once  noticed  ;  the  single 
specimen  was  taken  at  Covent  Garden,  and  sent  to  Messrs. 
Watkins  and  Doncaster,  July  6th,  1897.  They  sent  it  alive  to 
Mr.  Burr,  who  wishes  me  to  record  it.  It  is  a  large  insect, 
measuring  90  mm.  in  expanse  of  wings,  of  a  fairly  uniform  rich 
dark  chestnut  colour,  except  the  wings,  which  are  to  a  great 
extent  transparent ;  the  flat  dorsal  surface  of  the  abdomen  is 
very  dark,  with  much  lighter  irregular  margins.  The  pronotum 
and  elytra  are  covered  with  a  fine  yellowish  pubescence,  which 
in  some  positions  gives  them  the  appearance  of  emitting  a  faint 
phosphorescent  light.  [Fig.  1.  The  tarsi  of  hind  legs,  cerci, 
and  antennae  are  restored.] 

None  of  the  Mantidae  are  native  in  either  country,  though 
Mantis  religiosa  has  occurred  accidentally  in  Belgium. 


4  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

In  all  three  countries  there  occur  of  the  Acridiidse,  Meco- 
stethus  grossus,  Stenobothrus  viriduliis,  S.  rufipes,  S.  hicolor,  S. 
elegans,  Gomphocerus  maculafus,  CEdipoda  caridescens  (only  as  a 
very  casual  visitor  in  Britain),  Tettix  bipimctatus,  and  T.  siihdatiis, 
while  Pachytylus  migratorius  is  a  casual  visitor  to  each.  Steno- 
bothrus lineatus,  S.  parallelus,  and  Gomjyhocerus  rufus  are  com- 
mon to  Britain  and  Belgium ;  while  Stenobothrus  biguttidus, 
Pachytylus  danicus  {cinerascens),  and  Psophus  stridulus  are 
common  to  Belgium  and  Holland.  Gomphocerus  sibiricus, 
Ac7'idium  agypticum  (tartaricum),  and  Schistocerca  j^ere^jfriwa 
have  occurred  casually  in  Britain  alone;  Stenobothrus  stig- 
maticus,  S.  hcemorrhoidalis,  S.  vagans,  and  S.  dorsatus  are  found 
in  Belgium  only ;  Holland  possesses  none  that  are  peculiar  to 
itself. 

One  specimen  only  of  Gomphocerus  sibiricus  was  captured 
some  years  since  "  on  the  hills  at  Netley  "  ;  it  is  difficult  to 
imagine  how  a  single  specimen  could  have  got  there. 

Of  the  fifteen  Locustidse  enumerated  by  De  Selys-Long- 
champs,  Leptophyes  punctatissima,  Meconema  varium,  Xiphidium 
dorsale,  Locusta  viridissima,  Platycleis  grisca,  P.  brachyptera,  and 
Decticus  verrucivorus  are  found  in  all  three  countries.  Thamno- 
trizon  cinereus  and  Platycleis  rceselii  are  found  in  Britain  and 
Belgium ;  Ephippigera  vitium  occurs  in  Belgium  and  Holland. 
Barbitistes  serricauda,  Gampsocleis  glabra,  and  Platycleis  bicolor 
are  peculiar  to  Belgium ;  while  Phaneroptera  fcdcata  has  occurred 
casually  once  and  Decticus  albifrons  very  rarely,  in  Britain 
alone. 

Four  species  of  the  Gryllidse — Neinobius  sylvestris,  Gryllus 
campestris,  G.  domesticus,  and  Gryllotalpa  vidgar is  —  occur  in  all 
three  countries.  Gryllus  capensis  is  found  in  Holland  only, 
while  G  bimaculatus,  G.  brunneri,  and  Gryllotalpa  didactyla  are 
casuals  in  Belgium  alone. 

To  sum  up  as  far  as  Britain  is  concerned,  there  are  twenty- 
nine  (or  twenty-eight  if  Decticus  verrucivorus  is  omitted)  Ortho- 
ptera  that  appear  to  be  natives ;  *  seven  (two  earwigs,  with  but 
a  slight  foothold,  four  cockroaches,  and  the  common  cricket), 
which  breed  here  in  warm  houses ;  three  earwigs  that  are  more 
or  less  historic  ;  the  rest  are  casuals.  These  last  might  no  doubt 
be  added  to  considerably.  Burr  states  that  some  species  of  the 
Conocephalides,  especially  of  the  genera  Copiophora  and  Cono- 
cephalus,  have  been  taken  in  London.  A  specimen  of  Phane- 
roptera privata  has  been  found  at  Merton  Hall,  in  Norfolk.  I 
have  in  my  own  possession  five  Orthoptera  from  Kew  Gardens 
not  included  in  the  list.  One  of  them  is  probably  Copiophora 
brevirostris ;  the  others  are  not  yet  identified,  but  the  presence 
of  all  is  of  a  most  casual  nature. 

''•'  Burr  considers  D,  verrucivorus,  A.  alhipennis,  and  h.  ri^aria  to  be 
indigenous, 


ENTOMOLOGY    IN    NEW    ZEALAND. 
By  Ambrose  Quail,  F.E.S. 

I  ARRIVED  in  this  colony  three  years  ago  from  London,  and 
soon  found  that  entomologists  were  scarce  and  scattered;  in 
consequence  I  had  to  depend  on  my  own  resources  for  prosecuting 
entomological  study,  there  being  little  or  no  literary  work — at 
least  get-at-able.  When  one  is  thus  thrown  upon  his  own 
knowledge,  with  an  entirely  unknown  fauna  to  deal  with,  it  is 
surprising  what  little  headway  can  be  made. 

Again,  locality  is  an  important  factor.  In  this  respect  I  have 
been  unfortunate.  First,  in  Auckland  the  district  is  volcanic  and 
comparatively  sterile,  hence  a  dearth  of  Insecta  ;  next,  I  became 
located  in  an  inland  town,  wherefrom  it  is  almost  impossible  to 
get  away  for  collecting  purposes,  the  district  being  more  or  less 
under  cultivation,  all  bush  having  been  burnt  off — the  usual 
plan.  Doubtless  bush  land  would  be  an  "  El  Dorado  "  to  an 
entomologist. 

Eecently  I  discovered  that  Professor  F.  W.  Hutton  is  the 
author  of  descriptive  catalogues  of  New  Zealand  Diptera, 
Hymenoptera,  Orthoptera,  and  Neuroptera ;  and,  of  course,  the 
late  W.  M.  Haskell's  special  work  on  the  Coccidae  (Homoptera) 
has  a  world-wide  reputation,  and  is  of  scientific  importance. 
E.  Meyrick  seems  to  have  been  the  most  prominent  writer  on 
the  Lepidoptera,  his  work  being  scattered  amongst  scientific 
publications ;  and  G.  V.  Hudson,  already  the  author  of  an 
elementary  text-book  on  New  Zealand  entomology,  has,  during 
the  last  few  months,  published  a  work  on  the  "  Macro  "-Lepi- 
doptera of  New  Zealand,  based  upon  the  scattered  work  of 
Meyrick. 

Under  these  circumstances,  one  can  realize  what  Stainton 
has  done  for  British  lepidopterists.  Cavil  as  we  may  at  Newman, 
they  both  popularized  the  study  of  Lepidoptera  in  England,  and 
laid  the  foundation  stones  upon  which  the  present  generation 
has  raised,  at  any  rate,  this  branch  of  entomology  to  the  level  of 
botany,  and  the  rank  of  a  science.  From  this  point  of  view  great 
credit  is  due  to  a  "pioneer"  author,  and  G.  V.  Hudson's  work 
will  be  a  useful  volume  to  local  entomologists,  though  it  does 
not  rank  with  the  high-class  scientific  work  of  many  recent 
writers — Scudder,  Packard,  Dyar,  Comstock,  Chapman,  Hamp- 
son,  Tutt,  and  others — with  which  the  writer  seems  to  be 
unacquainted.  In  the  following  notes  I  propose  to  make  com- 
ments, which  may  induce  the  author  to  pay  more  attention  to 
contemporary  literature,  and  place  less  dependence  upon  the 
work  of  one  man,  a,nd  that  man  not  himself,  in  any  further 
publication  he  undertakes. 

Among  the  first  Lepidoptera  taken  by  myself  was  a  specimen 


b  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

of  Sphinx  convolvuli  in  Auckland,  February,  1897.  This  species 
is  the  only  representative  of  the  Sphingidae  in  New  Zealand. 
Considering  that  February  is  summer  in  this  part  of  the  world, 
and  winter  in  England,  the  distribution  of  such  a  species  is  an 
interesting  subject.  Judging  from  Hudson's  figure  (plate  xiii.), 
in  respect  to  markings  and  colour,  one  might  assume  it  a  local 
race  due  to  extreme  of  distribution ;  my  Auckland  specimen, 
however,  differs  in  no  respect  as  to  colour  and  markings  from 
European  and  Australian  S.  convolvuli,  proving  this  is  not  so 
(the  species  is  well  figured  in  Kirby's  "European") ;  and  though 
I  am  well  acquainted  with  the  species,  I  cannot  remember  ever 
having  seen  any  example  like  that  figure  of  Hudson's,  which,  if  like 
the  insect  it  represents,  is  not  typical,  but  a  rare  variety.  I 
am  inclined  to  doubt  the  figure.  Another  interesting  species, 
Cosmodes  elegans,  is  obtained  in  Auckland,  which  differs  in  no 
respect,  so  far  as  my  memory  serves  me,  from  a  series  of  this 
species  which  my  friend  Culpin  sent  to  me  some  years  ago  from 
Queensland,  having  confluent  pale  green  markings  finely  edged 
with  silvery,  and  towards  the  outer  margin  of  fore  wings  a 
broken  pinkish  brown  bar  edged  both  sides  with  silvery,  two 
white  dots  on  costa  towards  apex,  and  ground  colour  bright 
brown.  On  plate  vi.  Hudson's  figure  has  some  circular  and 
elongated  dull  green  spots,  with  curved  lines  in  place  of  the  bar. 
Only  one  species  of  Plusia  is  stated  to  occur.  I  have  an  Auckland 
specimen  which  certainly  does  not  agree  with  Hudson's  figure 
(plate  vi.)  of  Plusia  chalcites,  which  looks  like  an  overgrown 
P.  gamma;  mine  has  the  metallic  spots  exactly  as  those  of 
P.  iota,  but  the  ground  colour  of  the  fore  wings  is  as  dark  as 
P.  gamma,  with  metallic  lines  near  the  base,  and  the  hind  wings 
are  very  like  in  colour  to  P.  chrysitis.  Agrotis  ypsilon  occurs 
commonly  in  New  Zealand,  being  amongst  the  largest  of  the 
Noctuse;  the  largest  species  in  this  group  being  Dasypodia 
selenophora,  nearly  the  size  of  Mania  maura.  I  felt  the  excite- 
ment of  the  old  M.  maura  days  when  I  saw  this  insect  at  my 
sugars.  Hudson's  figures  of  the  Caradrinina  (Noctuae)  are  very 
poor  ;  the  Notodontina  (Geometr£e)  are  well  figured ;  and  the 
Papilionina  (Ehopalocera)  are  perhaps  the  best  in  the  book. 
Alas !  the  old  landmarks — Noctuse,  Geometrae,  Ehopalocera — 
are  no  more;  and  the  old  familiar  genus  Mamestra  becomes 
Melanchra  {a  la  Meyrick).  Entomological  nomenclature  is  like 
the  sand  at  the  seaside,  shifting  at  every  tide.  Keferring  to 
sugar,  I  may  mention  I  had  good  success  last  season,  until  the 
grass  began  to  flower ;  then  I  gave  it  up,  as  Lepidoptera  were 
conspicuously  absent ;  also  I  notice  that  warm,  rainy  evenings 
are  good  for  collecting  at  light ;  at  such  times,  mostly  small  fry ; 
but  among  them  several  species  of  Hepialidae — and  curiously  of 
the  latter  all  females  in  the  genus  Porina — come  in  dozens.  I 
have  the  same  report  from  South  Africa  in  regard  to  light. 


ENTOMOLOGY   IN   NEW   ZEALAND.  7 

Reverting  to  my  subject.  When  in  Sydney,  N.S.W.,  a  species 
of  Nyctemera  was  very  plentiful,  and,  as  I  received  a  lengthy 
series  from  my  friend  Culpin,  evidently  extends  through  to  Queens- 
land. In  New  Zealand  we  have  a  species  of  Nyctemera  which,  so 
far  as  I  can  see,  differs  in  no  respect  from  the  species  I  took  in 
Sydney,  and  received  from  Queensland,  There  is,  of  course,  a 
certain  amount  of  variation  inter  se  ,-  I  therefore  believe  there  is 
only  the  one  species,  but  should  be  glad  to  co-operate  with  any 
Australian  entomologist  in  describing  the  whole  life-history  of 
the  Australian  and  the  New  Zealand  representatives.  Curiously 
Hudson  gives  the  name  N.  annulata  (Boisd.),  with  N.  doubledayi 
(Walk.),  as  a  synonym ;  Kirby  gives  N.  annulata  (Boisd.)  as  the 
name  of  the  Australian  species,  and  mentions  that  a  very  similar 
species,  N.  doubledayi,  occurs  in  New  Zealand  (*  Text  Book,' 
1885).  This  supports  my  belief  for  sinking  the  one  name  as 
a  synonym  of  the  other.  Hudson  identifies  the  New  Zealand 
Nyctemera  with  the  Australian,  though  he  says,  "  this  moth  is 
confined  to  New  Zealand,  but  two  closely  allied  species  .  .  .  are 
found  in  Australia."  The  insect  has  black  wings  with  white 
band,  sometimes  broken  on  fore  wings,  and  a  white  circular  spot 
on  hind  wings  ;  the  thorax  marked  with  yellow  and  brown  ;  male 
and  female  both  with  pectinated  antennae,  male  more  conspicu- 
ously so.  Also  a  comparison  of  lengthy  series  of  the  New  Zealand 
species  of  the  genus  Metacrias,  with  certain  Australian  Spilosoma{?), 
will  reveal  duplication  of  species.  My  study  of  the  neuration 
always  led  me  to  believe  Arctiadse  to  be  somewhere  about  the 
lower  Noctuae  in  phylogeny,  with  Bombycid  affinities  (structural 
characters)  ;  but  on  what  logical  grounds  Hudson  can  assign  to 
the  Arctid  group  (Nyctemera)  the  position  of  specialized  Noctuae, 
I  cannot  conceive ;  in  placing  them  as  the  first  genus  in  the 
Caradrinina,  he  gives  them  the  position  of  the  most  specialized 
(recent)  of  that  division. 

Anosia  erippus  and  A.  holina  (both  excellently  figured  by 
Hudson)  are  also  Queensland  species.  Vanessa  cardui  I  have 
not  yet  met  with,  but  the  blue-centered  black  spots  of  hind 
wings  show  kinship  with  the  Australian  V.  cardui,  as  the  Euro- 
pean specimens  are  without  the  blue  centres ;  this  has,  I  believe, 
been  pointed  out  by  Anderson  in  his  '  Victorian  Butterflies.'  I 
soon,  however,  met  with  the  common  and  very  handsome  V. 
gonerilla,  which  dififers  from  the  European  V.  atalanta  in  the 
band  of  the  fore  wings  being  smaller,  and  the  band  of  the  hind 
wings  more  central  and  not  bordering  the  fringe  as  it  does  in 
V.  atalanta;  the  colour  of  these  bands  is  also  more  vivid.  I 
never  found  the  larvae  of  V.  gonerilla,  but  it  is  interesting  to 
learn  that  the  habits  approximate  closely  to  V.  atalanta.  It  feeds 
on  shrub  and  tree-nettles,  concealed  under  a  tent  of  leaves,  and 
pupates  in  the  tent.  I  have  often  collected  larvae  of  V.  atalanta 
in  England,  and  cannot  help  remarking  upon  the  habits  of  these 


8  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

species  being  so  close,  though  the  localities  are  so  far  apart. 
Chrysophanus  salustius  is  a  common  species,  about  the  size  of 
C.  virgoura,  and  not  greatly  dissimilar ;  but  the  male  has  spots 
on  the  upper  side ;  it  has  the  flitting  flight  so  familiar  in  C. 
phloeas. 

Here  I  would  enter  a  protest  against  commencing  a  book 
with  specialized  groups  (most  recent),  and  finishing  with  the 
most  generalized  groups  (most  ancient).  Mathematics  advance 
from  simple  calculation  to  complex  j)roblems ;  chemistry  from 
simple  principles  to  analysis  :  why  not  zoology  from  generalized 
to  specialized  organisms,  the  latter  admittedly  having  evolved 
from  organisms  similar  to  the  former  ?  The  result  in  Hudson's 
work  is  that  we  turn  from  the  Rhopalocera  (Papilionina)  to  the 
Micropterygina :  from  one  of  the  most  specialized  divisions  of 
the  Lepidoptera  to  the  most  generalized.  We  read :  "  The 
Micropterygina  are  the  ancestral  group  of  Lepidoptera,  from 
which  all  others  have  descended."  This  is  rather  rich,  consider- 
ing the  present  state  of  our  knowledge  of  the  groups  of  smaller 
Lepidoptera,  and  the  fact  that  the  Micropterygina  (including 
Hepialidae  !)  alone  possess  the  jugum,  this  statement  is  without 
parallel  in  science.  That  Frenatse  and  Jugatae  were  derived 
from  Trichoptera  is  undoubtedly  true,  but  the  one  from  the 
other  I  do  not  think  can  even  be  assumed  upon  any  existing 
knowledge  of  structure  in  the  Lepidoptera. 

The  home  of  the  Hepialidse  is,  I  think,  the  Australasian 
region ;  my  lists  show  twenty-nine  species — possibly  thirty-one 
species — already  described  in  Australia,  and  nine  species  described 
in  New  Zealand — a  total  of  possibly  forty  species,  against  eight 
species  in  Europe,  of  which  five  are  British.  The  great  interest 
attaching  to  this  group  of  the  Lepidoptera  requires  very  special 
treatment  of  the  descriptions  of  all  stages ;  unfortunately, 
Hudson's  figures  of  the  Porinas  (plate  xiii.),  with  which  I  am 
acquainted,  are  bad ;  so  much  so,  that  a  correspondent  wrote, 
asking  me  whether  the  North  Island  forms  differ  from  the  South 
Island  forms  of  certain  species,  as  he  was  unable  to  recognize 
the  species  (by  the  figures)  with  Southern  forms  which  he 
collected.  I  possess  good  series  of  four  species — Porina  urn- 
■  braculata,  signata,  despecta,  cervinata,  from  North  and  South,  and 
cannot  observe  any  local  variation;  they  are,  in  fact,  remarkably 
constant,  except  P.  cervinata,  which  is  most  variable,  and  I  have 
one  from  the  South  very  black  in  ground  colour,  offering  almost 
a  parallel  with  the  var.  hethlandica  of  Hepialus  liumuli.  The 
figures  of  imagos,  male  and  female,  of  Hepialus  virescens  (plate 
xiii.),  are  excellent ;  this  is  one  of  the  handsomest  of  the  Hepia- 
lidse with  which  I  am  acquainted,  the  only  species  in  the  genus, 
and  the  largest  of  the  group  in  New  Zealand.  Hudson  figures 
the  adult  larva  (plate  iii.),  and  places  the  position  of  the 
spiracles  correctly,  although  he  does  not  indicate  the  position  of 


ENTOMOLOGY   IN   NEW    ZEALAND.  9 

the  tubercles  ;  this  is  not  easy  to  do  with  this  species,  owing  to 
the  tubercles  being  scarcely  distinguishable  upon  the  segments. 
The  position  of  the  tubercles  on  the  abdominal  segments  is — 
anterior  trapezoidals  on  large  swollen  areas  of  the  principal  sub- 
segment,  dorsal,  close  together,  with  one  hair  each  ;  posterior 
trapezoidals  small  and  remote  on  the  posterior  edge  of  the  next  i 
subsegment,  with  one  hair  each;  spiracle  two-thirds  down  from 
median  line  (dorsal)  on  the  intersegmental  membrane  of  anterior 
edge  of  principal  subsegment ;  above  spiracle,  slightly  posterior, 
is  a  tubercle  bearing  one  long,  one  short,  hairs  (supra-spira- ' 
cular)  ;  immediately  posterior  to  the  spiracle  are  two  small 
tubercles,  each  with  one  hair ;  below  spiracle  is  a  large  tubercle 
with  one  anterior  hair ;  prolegs  have  four  hairs  at  base ;  and  one 
hair  on  inner  side  of  prolegs.  Hudson  gives  no  hint  as  to  the 
time  occupied  in  its  transformations,  but  I  found  half-grown 
larva  at  the  time  this  species  is  in  pupa  (September),  proving 
at  least  two  years  from  ovum  to  imago.  Porina  larvae  which 
I  have  examined  agree  with  Hepialus  virescens  in  the  number  of 
hairs  on  tubercles  and  prolegs,  but  the  spiracles  are  moved  to 
the  central  area  of  segments,  and  consequently  the  position  of 
the  tubercles  does  not  correspond  with  the  latter.  I  hope  to  give 
details  of  the  structural  characters  of  all  stages  of  New  Zealand 
Hepialidse  at  a  later  date.  In  the  letterpress  we  observe  the 
following : — "  The  larvae  always  consist  of  thirteen  segments, 
number  one  being  the  head."  We  find  this  is  almost  a  repeti- 
tion of  Kirby's  words  ("European"),  and  is  an  error  which 
very  little  use  of  the  microscope  would  reveal.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  lepidopterous  larvae  consist  of  fourteen  segments.  Again, 
"  usually  segments  7  to  9  and  13,  each  have — fleshy — prolegs." 
What  about  10  (technically  6th  abdominal)  ?  ;  and  13  should  be 
14.  Moreover,  the  author  is  not  consistent,  for  we  read— Hepi- 
alus virescens  larva — *'  The  head  is  large,  dark  brown,  very  irre- 
gularly striated,  and  covered  with  a  few  short  bristles.  The  first 
segment  is  hard  and  shining,"  meaning  thereby  the  1st  thoracic, 
otherwise  the  prothorax,  or,  consistently,  the  second  segment. 
Errors  in  colour  may  be  the  lithogra]3her's,  but  errors  in  letter- 
press must  be  the  author's,  and  by  a  man's  writings  so  we 
must  judge  his  capacity  as  a  student. 

Palmerston  North,  New  Zealand. 


10  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

NOTES    AND     OBSERVATIONS. 

Scottish  Rhynchota. — The  following  captures  of  Scottish  Rhyn- 
cbota,  now — through  the  kindness  of  the  captors — in  my  collection, 
appear  worthy  of  record  : — (a)  Acanthosuma  dentatum  (De  Geer),  Saund., 
A.  interstinctntn  (Linn.),  Saund.,  and  Orthotylns  marginalis,  Reut., 
Saund. — all  from  Ethie  Burn,  Black  Isle,  South  Sutor  of  Cromarty, 
Sept.  20th,  1899,  Mr.  W.  R.  Ogilvie-Grant ;  and  {/3)  Dolycoris  {Penta- 
toma)  baccanim  (Linn.),'''  on  Achillea  millefolia,  at  KinnouU  Hill,  Perth, 
Sept.  21st,  1899,  Mr.  T.  M.  McGregor.— G.  W.  Kirkaldy. 

Synonymy  :  Rhynchota. — 
^^"^  1.   Mindura  hemerobii  (Walker),  Melichar,  is  a  Sassula. 

2.  Corixa  Interalis,  Leach,  1818  =  hierogli/p}iica,  Dufour,  1833. 

3.  Notonecta  templetonii,  Kirby,  1891,  is  an  Enithares. 

4.  Notonecta  triangularis,  Guerin,  1830-4,  is  an  Enithares,  and 
=  Notonecta.  simplex,  Kirby,  1891. 

5.  Enithares  indica  (Fabr. ),  8taX=  Notonecta  abbreviata,  Kirby,  1891. 

6.  Enithares  brasiliensis,  S^in. ,  18d7  =  Bothronotus  grandis,  Fieber, 
1851. 

7.  Notonecta  indica,  Linn.,  Vlll  =  americana,  Fabr.,  1115  — imi- 
fasciata,  Guerin,  1858. — G.  W.  Kirkaldy. 

Rhynchota  of  Perthshire. — In  the  '  Transactions  '  of  the  Perth- 
shire Society  of  Natural  Science  (vol.  iii.  pt.  i.  1898-1899)  there  is  a 
list  of  the  Rhynchota  known  to  occur  in  Perthshire ;  this  has  been 
compiled  by  Messrs.  McGregor  and  Kirkaldy.  Altogether  some  fifty- 
two  species  belonging  to  the  nine  families  considered  are  enumerated, 
and  of  these  six  are  recorded  from  Perthshire  for  the  first  time,  two  of 
the  latter  being  new  to  Scotland.  The  authors  are  of  opinion  that  this 
total  does  not  adequately  represent  the  Rhynchota  fauna  of  Perthshire, 
as  some  of  the  most  promising  localities  m  the  county  have  so  far  not 
been  explored.  The  remaining  families  will  be  treated  in  a  second 
paper,  which  it  is  proposed  to  publish  at  an  early  date. 

Odonestis  potatoria  Larva  hybernating  through  Two  Winters. — 
In  May  last  I  took  a  number  of  half-grown  larvfe  of  O.  potatoria  at 
Chicliester,  which  had  already  hybernated  through  one  winter.  One 
or  two  died  ;  the  others  fed  up  and  duly  pupated,  and  the  imagines 
emerged  with  the  exception  of  one  caterpillar,  which  fed  very  slowly, 
and  since  Sept.  28th  has  eaten  nothing,  and  is  now  hybernating 
a  second  time.  Is  not  this  unusual  ? — C.  W.  Colthrup  ;  127,  Barry 
Road,  East  Dulwich,  S.E. 

Plusia  festuc^  with  confluent  Spots. — Among  twenty  to  thirty 
specimens  that  I  bred  this  season  from  collected  pups  (second  brood), 
there  is  one  with  the  gold  spots  confluent  on  the  right  fore  wing.  On 
the  left  fore  wing  the  spots  are  separated  by  the  thinnest  possible  line. 
The  pupae  were  all  taken  within  a  couple  of  miles  from  Chester. — 
J.  Arkle  ;  Chester. 

Note  on  Ligdia  adustata. — Following  up  Mr.  Carr's  interesting 
note  (Entom.  xxxii.  308),  I  may  say  that  Ligdia  adustata  has  always 

*  This  species  has  been  taken  in  the  same  place  previously  on  Hesjperis 
and  Verbascum  (see  Trans.  Perth.  Soc.  Nat.  Sci.  1899,  iii.  p.  2). 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  11 

struck  me  as  being  a  somewhat  erratic  species,  and  one  which  the  col- 
lector may  reasonably  hope  to  come  across  at  almost  any  time  during 
the  summer  mouths.  I  can  add  some  later  dates  than  Mr.  Carr's  for 
specimens  taken  at  large,  namely,  Aug.  24th  and  Sept.  10th,  1891  (in 
the  Isle  of  Wight),  and  1  believe  some  others  quite  at  the  end  of 
August  a  year  or  two  previous.  On  the  other  hand,  I  have  no  earlier 
date  than  April  25th,  and  that  was  in  1893;  but,  as  I  do  very  little 
field-work  in  April,  this  is  not  altogether  surprising.  I  have  bred  the 
species  (without  forcing)  from  March  25th  onwards,  but  certainly  had 
no  late  autumn  emergences. — Louis  B.  Prout  ;  246,  Richmond  Road, 
N.E.,  Dec.  7th,  1899. 

Great  Destruction  of  Injurious  Beetles. — While  recently  on  a 
visit  to  Alford  House,  near  Springburn  Bush,  twenty-five  miles  from 
Ashburton,  I  was  informed  by  Mr.  Herring  of  the  prodigious  destruction 
of  two  indigenous  species  of  Odontria  {zealandica  and  striatum),  both  of 
which  are  very  injurious  to  vegetation,  especially  grasses.  Tlie  larvae 
are  both  root-feeders,  and  commit  serious  havoc  in  paddocks  sown  down 
in  English  grasses.  The  perfect  beetles  appear  in  the  months  of  November 
and  December,  and  swarm  in  myriads  on  calm  sultry  evenings ;  they 
settle  in  the  grass  to  deposit  their  eggs,  which  hatch  in  a  fortnight, 
and  the  larvae  burrow  into  the  ground  to  commence  their  depredations. 
On  Dec.  16th,  1897,  a  north-west  gale  of  wind  of  exceptional  severity 
blew  on  the  upper  parts  of  the  Canterbury  Plains  near  the  ranges. 
Although  it  was  felt  at  Ashburton,  no  damage  was  done  to  property 
excepting  to  cover  everything  in  the  houses  with  very  fine  dust. 
Through  the  day  the  sun  was  obscured  lower  down  the  Plains  by  the 
dense  clouds  of  dust  which  the  strong  wind  had  scoured  o£f  the  newly- 
sown  paddocks  near  the  ranges.  Close  to  the  latter  are  considerable 
areas  of  tussock-grass  [Poa  australis),  in  which  the  Odontria  or  cock- 
chafer beetles  shelter  during  the  day.  On  part  of  Mr.  Herring's  pro- 
perty, two  and  a  half  miles  from  the  base  of  the  ranges,  a  gorse  fence 
grew  at  a  right  angle  with  the  wind.  At  one  end  of  the  fence,  where 
a  five-foot  gate  is  placed,  the  wind  during  the  gale  had  produced  an 
eddy.  Here  the  soil  and  the  myriads  of  dead  bodies  of  the  brown 
beetles  were  deposited  in  a  drift  to  the  depth  of  two  and  a  half  feet. 
The  soil-drift  to  the  same  depth  was  deposited  the  whole  length  of  the 
gorse  fence,  extending  about  a  mile.  The  tierce  low-blowing  wind 
leeching  through  the  tussocks  had  blown  the  beetles  out,  and,  carrying 
their  shattered  bodies  along  with  the  soil  scoured  off  the  freshly-sown 
fields,  deposited  both  together  on  the  low  side  of  the  fence.  Parallel 
with  the  gorse  fence,  but  a  chain  from  it,  there  is  a  belt  of  mixed  pines, 
which  also,  at  the  present  time,  show  the  effects  of  the  wind-driven 
soil  beating  against  them  two  years  ago. — W.  W.  Smith  ;  Ashburton 
N.Z.,  Sept.  25th,  1899. 

Orthoptera  Localities.  —  Mr.  C.  W.  Dale,  in  reference  to  note 
in  'Entomologist'  (vol.  xxxii.  289),  tells  me  that  Ectobia  panzeri 
occurs  on  the  Chesil  Beach,  and  at  Glanvilles  Wootton,  in  Dorset,  as 
well  as  at  Studland.  He  has  also  found  Xiphidium  dorsale  commonly 
near  Studland,  and  in  the  marshes  between  Freshwater  and  Yarmouth, 
in  the  Isle  of  Wight ;  and  Platydeis  brachyptera  common  at  Bourne- 
mouth, and  on  the  Purbeck  heaths.    He  further  states  that  Leptophyes 


12  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

punctatissivia  and  Meconema  varkim  occur  at  Glanvilles  Wootton  late  in 
November ;  the  former,  indeed,  has  been  noticed  as  late  as  Dec.  5th. — 
W.  J.  Lucas. 

Emergence  of  Clostera  reclusa. — A  few  larvae  of  various  sizes  of 
the  above  were  taken  from  dwarf  sallow  in  Wicken  Fen  in  the  third 
week  of  June,  1899  ;  also  four  larvae  from  Oxshott,  nearly  full-grown, 
on  July  20th.  The  following  are  the  dates  of  emergence  from  pupae 
kept  in  a  cold  north  room  without  a  fire  : — July  11th,  one  female  ;  13th, 
one  female.  Sept.  8th,  one  male ;  16th,  one  male.  Nov.  30th,  one 
male.  Dec.  7th,  one  female.  With  regard  to  the  last  three,  I  am 
unable  to  say  whether  they  came  from  the  June  or  July  larvae  ;  but  in 
any  case  the  last  two  dates  seem  very  extraordinary  even  for  bred 
specimens.— F.  M.  B.  Carr;  Dec.  12th,  1899. 

Abnormal  Emergence  of  Smerinthus  populi,  &c.  —  Referring  to 
Mr.  Cardinall's  note  on  <S'.  populi  [ante,  p.  284) :  It  does  not  appear 
unusual  for  individuals  of  this  species  to  emerge  from  the  same  year's 
pupae.  I  have  had  similar  experience  with  this,  as  well  as  S.  ocellattcs, 
in  past  seasons.  This  year  I  reared  an  early  brood  of  the  larvae  of  the 
latter  species,  which  had  all  attained  the  pupa  state  by  the  end  of  July. 
One  imago  emerged  on  Aug.  19th  ;  the  remainder  are  still  in  the  pupa 
state. — R.  Laddiman  ;   25,  Drayton  Road,  Norwich,  Nov.  23rd,  1899. 

Mould  inRelaxingBoxes. — I  think  relaxing  may  be  atleast  one  cause 
of  mould  appearing  on  insects  in  the  "cabinet,  since  spores  may  become 
attached  to  the  insects  in  a  mouldy  box,  and  these  spores  may  lie  dor- 
mant and  only  develop  into  mould  a  long  time  afterwards,  even  though 
there  be  no  appearance  of  mould  itself  on  the  insect  when  set  and  taken 
off  the  boards.  Boxes  may  be  effectually  preserved  from  becoming 
mouldy  by  taking  the  following  precautions : — To  half  a  pint  of  water 
boiling  in  a  saucepan  add  a  tablespoonful  of  Calvert's  No.  5  carbolic 
acid.  Let  the  mixture  boil  for  two  or  three  minutes,  and  then  pour  it 
into  the  box.  Let  it  stand  till  cold,  then  pour  off  and  drain  the  box 
thoroughly.  Leave  it  open  until  surface  appears  thoroughly  dry.  It 
will  then  be  in  a  sufficiently  moist  state  to  keep  insects  relaxed,  and 
they  will  keep  sweet  and  fit  to  set  in  it  for  at  least  two  or  three  weeks. 
— F.  C,  WooDFORDE  ;   Market  Drayton,  Salop. 

Relaxing  Lepidoptera. — A  year  or  two  ago  one  of  my  friends  told 
me  of  a  method  of  relaxing  insects  by  applying  rectified  spirits  of 
naphtha  to  the  thorax,  antennae,  and  legs  of  the  specimens,  and  in  a 
few  minutes  they  were  ready  for  setting.  This  I  tried,  but  the  draw- 
back of  the  method  proved  to  be  that  the  naphtha  had  a  strong  ten- 
dency to  run  up  the  wings,  and  in  many  cases  spoil  the  appearance  of 
the  insect ;  but  it  suggested  another  mode  of  using  naphtha  that  I 
have  since  tried  with  success,  and  particulars  of  which  I  now  give  for 
the  benefit  of  Mr.  Rydon  and  other  readers.  Make  an  ordinary  tin 
box  into  a  relaxing  box  by  lining  with  cork,  and  put  two  or  three 
narrow  strips  of  cork  down  the  longest  length  to  elevate  the  insect  when 
pinned  in.  When  about  to  use  pour  in  hot  water  to  saturate  the  cork, 
and,  after  throwing  out  the  water,  put  a  few  drops  of  carbolic  acid  on 
to  keep  mould  down.  Now  add  sufficient  naphtha  to  run  over  the 
cork  without  waste,  pin  in  the  insects,  and  the  most  perfect  relaxing 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  18 

box  will  be  the  result.  Geometers  are  ready  for  setting  next  morning 
if  put  in  the  night  before  ;  Noetuae  not  more  than  twenty-four  hours. 
Eepeat  the  process  every  time  of  using. — J.  Beauland.  [See  Entom. 
xxviii.  56. — Ed.] 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS. 

Vanessa  atalanta  and  V.  lo  abundant  at  Sudbury,  Suffolk,  in 
1899. — During  the  past  season  V.  atalanta  was  very  abundant  here. 
It  was  on  the  wing  as  late  as  October  29th.  The  larvsB  of  V.  to  were 
also  exceedinglv  plentiful  here  in  July  ;  in  some  places  the  nettles  were 
quite  black  with  them,  for  they  simply  swarmed.  They  pupated  about 
July  2lst,  and  the  butterflies  emerged  about  August  3rd.  As  a  rule,  V.  io 
is  not  common  with  us. — Edward  Ransom;  Sudbury,  Suffolk,  Nov.  16th, 
1899. 

Abundance  of  Vanessa  atalanta  in  1899.— This  lovely  butterfly 
has  been  unusually  plentiful  here  during  the  past  season.  I  captured  a 
number  in  my  garden  during  the  latter  half  of  August.  The  flowers  of 
the  garden  scabious  proved  the  chief  attraction,  and  they  were  easily  netted 
while  engaged  in  imbibing  the  nectar  from  these  flowers.  All  those  I  saw 
and  captured  were  rather  under  the  average  in  size.  It  would  be  interest- 
ing to  know  if  this  fact  has  been  noted  elsewhere. — R.  Laddiman  ; 
25,  Drayton  Road,  Norwich,  Nov.  23rd,  1899. 

.AcHERONTiA  ATROPOS  IN  1899. — Since  my  note  (xxxii.  p.  255)  on  the 
appearance  of  A.  atropos  in  Suffolk,  three  pupae  have  been  found  here  and 
imagines  emerged  therefrom  about  the  middle  of  October.  I  have  also 
seen  a  pupa  which  was  found  at  Long  Melford,  Suffolk. — Edward  Ransom; 
Sudbury,  Suffolk,  Nov.  1 6th,  1899. 

On  Oct.  7th  a  female  specimen  of  A.  atropos  emerged  from  pupa,  and 
another  example  on  the  18th  of  the  same  month.  Both  were  perfect ; 
they  were  reared  from  caterpillars  taken  at  Dover.  —  C,  VV.  Colthrup  ; 
127,  Barry  Road,  East  Dulwich,  S.E. 

On  Sept.  22nd  a  full-fed  larva  of  A.  atropos  was  brought  to  me  which 
was  found  crawling  on  a  road  near  this  city.  This  is  now  in  the  pupa 
state. —  R.  Laddiman;  25,  Drayton  Road,  Norwich,  Nov.  20th,  1899. 

Catocala  ncpta  in  1899.  —  J  have  found  C.  nupta  very  plentiful  this 
year,  on  tree-trunks  in  theFinchley  Road,at  Peckham  Rye  and  East  Dulwich; 
and  on  stone  pillars  at  Broadstairs  and  at  Ryde,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  thev 
were  particularlv  common. — C.  W.  Colthrup;  127,  Barrv  Road,  East 
Dulwich,  S.E.,  Nov.  22nd,  1899. 

Phigalia  pedaria  (pilosaria)  in  December. — I  took  a  fine  fresh 
male  from  a  Chester  electric  lamp  on  Dec.  6th.  The  editorial  note  upon 
this  eccentric  species  (xxiii.  p.  134)  will,  I  think,  bear  repeating: — "  The 
usual  time  for  the  appearance  of  this  species  is  perhaps  between  the  middle 
of  March  and  the  middle  of  April,  but  it  has  been  observed  as  early  as 
November  and  December,  and  so  late  as  the  middle  of  June.  Fi^e  Entom. 
XX.  pp.  64,  110  ;  xxi.  p.  91  ;  xxii.  p.  113." — J.  Arkle  ;  Chester. 

Phlogophora  meticulosa  in  December. — I  captured  fine  and  un- 
usually dark  specimens  at  the  Chester  electric  lamps,  on  Dec.  4th,  6th,  anjj 


14  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

7th.  The  nights  were  very  mild.  Winter  set  in  on  the  8th,  with  the 
Snowdon  range  covered  with  snow — snow  falling  on  the  adjacent  lowlands 
and  sharp  frost  at  Chester.  Mr,  South  writes  (xxxi.  p.  293):  "A  speci- 
men was  taken  at  Putney  on  Dec.  26th,  1895  (Entom.  xix.  65);  and  Mr, 
Armstrong  tells  me  that  he  saw  one  on  the  last  day  of  the  year  1872,  at 
Sandown  Park."  The  late  moths  will  hyberoate,  I  suppose,  as  the  species 
has  been  taken  in  B^ebruary  (Entom.  xxxiii.  p.  73)  and  March  (p.  133).  The 
first  general  appearance  would  seem  to  occur  in  June  (p.  187),  the  second 
in  August  (p.  167),  and  a  third  in  November  (p.  19). — J.  Arkle  ;  Chester. 

Lepidopterous  Eggs  on  Sallow,  &c. — The  eggs  described  by  Mr.  J. 
Arkle  (Entom.  xxxii.  p.  307),  in  his  notes  on  "  Lepidoptera  in  the  Chester 
District,"  are,  T  should  say,  those  of  Odonestis  potatoria.  I  have  frequently 
found  them  on  the  under  sides  of  the  leaves  of  dwarf  sallows,  and  hazel 
also,  laid  singly  and  in  small  clusters,  and  once  in  a  compact  little  ring 
round  a  twig.  It  seems  a  peculiarity  oji  the  part  of  the  female  to  almost 
always  deposit  the  ova  on  anything  rather  than  the  natural  food-plant, 
although  I  did  once  find  a  small  batch  on  a  stem  of  grass.  Possibly,  her 
weight  prevents  her  getting  a  firm  hold  on  the  latter,  and  so  she  chooses 
something  more  substantial.  I  have  noticed  that  there  is  always  longish 
grass  to  be  found  close  to  the  bush  selected.  The  larvae  are  very  active 
and  strong  directly  they  are  hatched,  and  do  not  appear  to  suffer  at  all  by 
wandering  about  in  search  of  food  for  a  day  or  two. — (Miss)  A.  D.  Edwards  ; 
55,  Gildredge  Road,  Eastbourne,  Dec.  12th,  1899. 

Stilbia  anomala  in  North  Wales. — I  beg  to  record  the  capture,  in 
August  last,  of  a  freshly  emerged  specimen  of  S.  anomala,  at  Morfa 
Nevin,  North  Wales,  and  should  be  glad  to  know  if  any  other  reader  of  the 
•  Entomologist'  has  taken  the  species  in  this  locality. — Mark  A,  Rollason  ; 
29,  Hickman  Road,  Sparkbrook,  Birmingham,  Dec.  7th,  1899. 

Diphthera  (Agriopis)  apriltna  in  Moray. — I  picked  up  a  fine  speci- 
men of  this  moth,  which  had  been  stupefied  by  cold,  on  Nov.  8th,  on  the 
road  at  Darnaway  Wood,  Brodie. — Henry  H.  Brown  ;  Rosefield,  Elgin. 

Lepidoptera,  etc.,  in  1899. — The  past  season,  which  will  long  be 
remembered  for  its  great  heat  during  the  summer  months  and  the  long 
spell  of  dry  weather,  has  been  somewhat  a  varied  one  entomologically, 
according  to  my  experience  in  different  parts  of  the  country. 

I  have  generally  found  the  Rhopalocera  in  good  numbers,  some  espe- 
ciallv  80,  and  this  remark  particularly  refers  to  the  "whites."  LyccBna 
argiolus  was  again  locally  plentiful  :  in  August,  L.  icarus  and  Epinephele 
tithonus  were  very  abundant  in  some  parts  of  Somersetshire.  Early  in  May, 
on  hills  near  Bath,  I  noticed  a  few  specimens  of  Vanessa  cardui ;  but  I  only 
saw  one  other  specimen  later  in  the  season,  even  though  I  visited  several 
other  districts,  Colias  edusa  I  observed  on  very  few  occasions  only  in  South 
Devon  on  the  borders  of  Dartmoor,  and  not  a  dozen  specimens  altogether. 
F.  atalanta  was  generally  abundant,  and  F.  io  fairly  so,  in  the  same  district. 
Argynnis  paphia  occurred  freely  in  the  woods.  The  last  brood  of  Polyom- 
matus  pklceas  occurred  frequently  also,  in  September,  in  Devonshire. 

With  regard  to  the  Heterocera,  their  appearance  varied  throughout  the 
season,  the  most  noticeable  fact  being  the  frequent  occurrence  oi Macroglossa 
stellatarum,  both  in  town  and  country.     I  noticed  the  first  specimen  iu 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  15 

Breconshire  on  June  15th,  and  the  last  in  South  Devon  in  September. 
I  should  like  to  mention  an  instance  of  how  these  moths,  like  many  others, 
rely  on  their  protective  resemblance.  On  one  occasion  I  watched  for  some 
time  two  specimens  flying  up  and  down  an  old  wall  on  the  borders  of  Dart- 
moor, the  day  being  bright,  with  clouds  occasionally  only  passing  over.  The 
insects  occasionally  settled  ;  at  last  one  alighted  near  me,  and  appeared  in- 
clined to  remain  at  rest.  Cautiously  approaching,  I  was  able  to  place  my 
hand  completely  over  the  moth,  which  remained  perfectly  still  until  I 
touched  it  with  my  fingers,  when  of  course  there  was  a  great  buzzing,  until 
I  allowed  it  to  escape.  In  June  some  Noctuae  came  freely  to  the  blossoms 
of  shrubs  in  Breconshire.  Among  these  were  Hadena  dentina,  H.  oleracea, 
Apamea  unanimis,  A.  basUinea,  Leucania  pallens,  L.  comma,  Cucullia  um- 
bratica,  &g.  ;  one  specimen  of  Aplecta  tincta  and  H.  pisi  also  came  ;  H.  den- 
tina was  extremely  abundant.  I  did  not  try  sugaring  throughout  the  season, 
but  a  friend  in  Somersetshire  complained  of  it  not  being  at  all  productive. 
The  Geometrse  appeared  fairly  abundant. 

Of  other  insects,  wasps,  so  commonly  seen  last  year,  I  did  not  observe  a 
score  of  individuals,  and  on  no  occasion  came  across  a  nest ;  the  common 
house-fly,  on  the  contrary,  was  quite  a  plague  in  many  places.  Much  injury 
was  done  in  some  parts  by  the  larvae  of  white  butterflies  ;  and  I  have  heard 
complaints  of  that  of  Carpocapsa  pomonella  (the  codlin  moth). — T.  B. 
Jefferts  ;  Bath. 

Lepidoptera  at  Winchester  in  1899. — Lepidoptera  were  particularly 
abundant  last  season  in  the  Winchester  district ;  at  any  rate  that  was  my 
experience,  though  I  have  not  compared  notes  with  other  collectors  there. 
Sugaring  at  Crabbe  Wood,  which  I  found  such  a  failure  in  1898,  was  much 
more  productive  this  season,  the  following  coming  freely  : — Noctua  baia, 
A',  brunnea,  N.  rhomboidea,  N. /estiva  (including  many  beautiful  varieties), 
Aplecta  nebulosa,  Xylophasia  hepatica,  X.  polyodon,  Thyatira  derasa, 
Rusina  tenebrosa,  Leucania  lithargyria,  Agrotis  exclamationis,  Hadena 
thalassina  ;  and  less  commonly,  Triphcena  fimbria,  T.  subsequa,  T.  orbona, 
T.  pronuba,  Acronycta  ligustri,  Noctua  dahlii,  ISf.  c-nigrum,  N.  triangulum, 
Thyatira  batis,  Cymatophora  duplaris,  Epionc  omicronaria,  E.  porata, 
Ligdia  adustata,  Platypteryx  unguicula,  Metrocampa  margaritata,  Halias 
prasinana.  Doubtless,  if  I  had  gone  oftener,  my  list  would  have  been  con- 
siderably swelled  ;  but  I  only  went  sugaring  sotne  ten  or  twelve  times  in 
all  (and  it  was  only  thoughts  of  Triphcena  subsequa  that  tempted  me  to  go 
as  often  as  I  did),  for  I  found  that  my  nights  were  far  more  profitably  spent 
collecting  at  the  street  lamps.  Winchester  has,  within  the  last  three  or  four 
years,  discarded  the  oil  lamps,  with  which  she  formerly  used  to  "  make 
darkness  visible  "  in  her  streets ;  and  by  a  great  leap  has  arrived  at  very 
decent  incandescent  gas  lamps.  There  is  one  lamp  in  particular  which  is 
most  favourably  situated  on  the  outskirts  of  the  town,  and  commands  the 
view  of  a  well-wooded  valley.  To  this  lamp  I  would  repair  every  night 
during  June  and  July  (with  the  exception  of  the  few  occasions  on  which  I 
went  sugaring  to  Crabbe  Wood),  as  soon  as  it  was  dark,  armed  with  a  chair, 
net,  and  killing  bottles,  besides  the  usual  pocketful  of  pill  boxes  ;  and  it 
was  often  past  1.30  or  2  a.m.  before  I  could  drag  myself  home  to  bed,  so 
fascinated  was  I  with  my  occupation,  and  so  remunerative  was  the  time 
spent  in  this  manner.  During  those  two  months  I  took  no  less  than  two 
hundred  and  sixteen  species  (exclusive  of  Micros)  at  that  one  lamp,  besides 
many  beautiful  and  valuable  varieties.     I  have  kept  a  careful  record  of  all 


16  THE   ENTOMOLOGIST. 

my  captures,  though  I  shall  not  enumerate  here  all  the  common  species 
which  visited  the  lamp.  By  far  my  best  capture  was  a  grand  form  of 
Euchelia  jacobcecB,  in  which  the  usual  crimson  was  entirely  absent,  and  re- 
placed by  a  brilliant  golden  yellow.  The  specimen,  which  is  a  large  female, 
was  evidently  freshly  emerged,  and  in  absolutely  perfect  condition,  the 
whole  colouring  being  particularly  rich  ;  and  a  merely  superficial  examina- 
tion of  the  insect  would  suffice  to  dispel  any  idea  of  its  having  undergone 
some  "  fading  "  process.  In  1898  I  was  fortunate  in  taking  a  beautiful 
variety  of  this  species  at  the  same  lamp,  and  recorded  the  capture  in  the 
'  Entomologist' ;  but  this  specimen  puts  it  entirely  in  the  shade.  Next  to 
this,  my  best  captures  were: — Stauropus  fagi  (1),  Notodonta  dodonea  (1), 
N.  dict(Boides  [1),  Plusia  moneta  \1),  Cucullia  lychnitis  {]  ,  C.  chamomillcB 
{I},  Aventla  Jieanda  {i),  and  Triphcsna  interjecta  (1).  I  also  took  in  fair 
numbers: — Neuria  saponarice,  Agrolis  cinerea,  A.corticea,  Hadena  genistce, 
Dysthymia  luctuosa,  Dianthoecia  conspersa,  D.  carpophaga  (including  one 
almost  pure  white),  Xylophasia  sublustris,  Hecatera  serena,  Addalia 
imitaria,  Eupithecia  venosata,  Anticlea  rubidata;  and  less  commonly — 
Sphinx  ligustri,  Svierinthus  populi,  Acronycta  liguslri,  A.rumicis,  A.  mega- 
cephala,  A.  aceris,  A.  tridens,  A.  psi,  Demas  coryli,  Agrotis  puta  {'very 
variable!,  Noctua  triangulum,  N.  c-nigrum,  N.  rubi,  N.  augur,  Axylia 
putris,  Dianthoecia  cucubali,  D.  capsincola,  Hadena  chenopodii,  Habrostola 
urticcB,  Mamestra  persicaricB,  Caradrina  blanda.  C.  moipheus.  C.cnbiculans, 
Dipterygia  pinastri,  Cosmia  trapeziaa,  Heliothis  marginatus,  Hydrcecia 
nictitans,  Chortodes  arcuosa,  Grammesia  trilinea  {yi'ith  a  few  of  the  var. 
bilinea),  Cucullia  umbratica,  C.verbasci,  Cerigo  cytherea,  Euplexia  lucipara, 
Aplecta  herbida,  A.  nebulosa,  Zeuzera  CESCidi,  Xylophasia  lithoxylea,  Miana 
furuncula,  M.  fasciuncula,  M.  stngilis,  Leucania  conigera,  L.  comma, 
Hadena  adusta,  H.  gemina,  Notodonta  dictma,  N.  camelina,  Ptilodontis 
palpina,  Arctia  fuliginosa,  A.  caia,  Liparis  chrysorrhcea,  L.  salicis,  Nolu 
cuculatella,  Nudaria  mundana,  N.  senex,  Lasiocampa  quercifolia,  Calli- 
genia  miniata,  Lithosia  aureola,  Platypteryx  falcula,  P.  hamula,  P.  ungui- 
cula,  Ennomos  illustraria,  E.  tiliaria,  Eurymene  dolobraria,  Acidalia 
inornata,  A.  remutata,  A.  immutata,  Eupithecia  coronata,  E.  subfulvata, 
E.  abbreviata,  E.  nanata,  E.  exiguata,  E.  linariata,  E.  subumbrata,  E.  iso- 
grammata,  E.  sobrinata,  E.  subnotata,  E.  assimilata,  E  phtmbeolata,  E.  cen- 
taureata,  E.  vulgata  (very  common),  E.  absinthiata,  E.  indigata,  E.  pul- 
chellata,  E.  dodoneata  (1).  E.  pusillata  (li,  E.  rectangulata,  Tephrosia 
extersaria,  Macaria  liturata,  Phibalapteryx  vitalbota,  P.  tersata,  Geometra 
papilionaria,  Amphidasys  betularia,  Bonrmia  roboraria,  Melanlhia  albicil- 
lata,  Melanippe  galiata,  M.  rivata,  M.  unangula.  M.  procellata,  Cilix 
spinula,  Lobophora  viretata.  Anticlea  berberata,  Cidaria  corylata.  Scotosia 
rhamnata,  S.  vetidata,  Eubolia  mensuraria,  E.  bipunctaria,  E.  jmlumbaria, 
Urapteryx  sambucata,  Hemithea  thymiaria,  Eupistera  heparata,  lodis  ver- 
naria,  besides  very  many  other  commoner  species  in  more  or  less  abundance. 
The  insect  which  appeared  in  the  greatest  abundance  was  undoubtedly 
Agrotis  exclamationis,  with  Noctua  /estiva  and  Arctia  menthastri  as  good 
seconds.  These  three  species  were  perfect  nuisances,  as  also  were  Hadena 
dentina,  Rusina  tenebrosa,  Leucania  lithargyria,  Orgyia  pudibunda,  and 
Odontopera  bidentata,  all  of  which  absolutely  swarmed.  On  the  whole,  I 
consider  that  the  season  must  have  been  an  exceptionally  good  one  ;  and  I 
have  every  reason  to  be  more  than  satisfied  with  my  list  of  captures. — H. 
W.  ShephearP'Walwyn  ;  Glensyde,  Bidborough,  near  Tunbridge  Wells. 


CAPTURES   AND   FIELD   REPORTS.  17 

Lepidoptera  in  1899. — In  summarising  the  past  season,  we  are  inclined 
to  tliink,  judging  from  our  own  experience,  that  it  has  been  fairly  productive 
as  regards  Lepidoptera  in  the  perfect  state  ;  but  the  same  cannot  be  said  of 
larvae,  except  as  regards  Vanessa  atalanta.  Sugar  was  rather  uncertain,  as 
throughout  July  scarcely  an  insect  of  note  appeared  ;  while  June  and  August 
were  decidedly  better.  We  may  remark  that  Macroglossa  stellatarum  was 
unusually  abundant;  we  saw  as  many  as  five  at  one  time  hovering  over 
Phlox.  The  following  are  the  chief  insects  met  with  :  — Argynnis  paphia  var. 
valesina  ;  Limenitis  sihylla,  plentiful  at  Holmesley,  but  soon  became  worn  ; 
Thecla  betulcB,  bred  ;  nice  variety  of  a  male  Lyccena  corydon,  with  the  usual 
black  border  replaced  with  white,  similar  to  those  described  by  Mr.  Fowler 
{vide  Entom.  xxxii.  269) ;  Hesperia  actmon,  common  at  Swauage,  in  poor 
condition  ;  aberrations  of  Zygmia  trifolii  and  Z.  JilipendulcB,  previously 
described  by  our  friend  Mr.  Corbin  [vide  Entom.  xxxii.  910) ;  Lithosia 
grueola  var.  stramineola,  a  few  (this  species  was  abundant  in  1898)  ; 
Euiydia  cribrum,  took  a  number  at  Verwood,  also  a  fine  series  from  the  New 
Forest  locality,  lately  discovered  by  Mr.  Fowler,  to  whom  we  are  indebted 
for  showing  us  the  exact  spot ;  a  specimen  of  Cossus  ligniperda  was  brought 
to  us  in  a  tin,  with  the  inevitable  cabbage  leaf  for  its  food ;  three  males  and 
a  female  Stilhia  anomala ;  about  twenty  Caradrina  ambigua,  netted,  flying 
over  heather ;  one  Agrotis  agathina ;  three  Epunda  nigra,  best  insect  at 
ivy  ;  Boannia  cinctaria  and  Cleora  lichenaria,  common  at  rest ;  Geometra 
vernaria,  Nemoria  viridata,  and  Scodiona  belgiaria,  rather  plentiful ; 
Eugo)da  alniaria,  E.  fuscantaria,  and  Himera  pennaria,  at  gas  lamps. 
Sugar  produced: — Calligenia  miniata,  Dipterygia  scabriuscula,  Caradrina 
morpheits,  C.  alsines,  C.  taraxaci,  Leucania  turca,  Rusina  tenebrosa,  Agrotis 
sujfusa,  Noctua  triangulum,  N.  stigmati.ca,  N.  brunnea,  N.  umbrosa,  N.  cas- 
tanea,  Triphcena  ianthina,  T.  fimbria  (3),  T.  subsequa,  Hadena  protea,  and 
Catocala  sponsa.  The  latter  was  not  plentiful;  a  tattered  specimen  occurred 
as  late  as  September  9th.  Of  larvae  we  may  name  :  —  Bombyx  trifolii,  three, 
all  of  which  unfortunately  died  before  pupating  ;  a  few  Asphalia  ridetis, 
Thecla  betulce,  and  Dasycldra  fascelina  ;  one  Agrotis  agathina,  one  Clicero- 
campa  elpenor;  and  Nonagria  arundinis,  common.  Of  the  latter  at  least 
sixty  per  cent,  were  destroyed  by  some  aquatic  bird,  probably  moorhens 
and  coots.  Two  Achero7itia  atropos  were  taken  here  during  October. 
— F.  &  C.  Bellamy:   Ringwood,  November  7th,  1899. 

Notes  from  North  Staffordshire.— Macro^/iossa  stellatarum  appears 
to  have  been  abundant  everywhere  this  season,  and  in  North  Staffordshire 
there  were  two  broods.  The  first  appeared  in  June,  as  on  the  3rd  of  that 
month  I  saw  at  least  half  a  dozen  of  these  moths  flying  along  under  the 
sunny  side  of  a  stone  wall  in  the  moorlands  in  the  extreme  north  of  the 
county,  and  one  specimen  was  netted  by  my  friend  Mr.  E.  D.  Bostock. 
The  second  brood  appeared  about  the  middle  of  August,  and  most  of  my 
friends  reported  specimens  as  seen  in  their  gardens  about  that  time  and 
into  September.  A  specimen  found  its  way  into  my  conservatory  in 
October.  Orgyia  antiqua  I  have  never  seen  so  far  north  in  this  county 
before,  several  larvae  and  one  imago  having  been  taken  near  here,  and  one 
imago  is  reported  to  me  as  having  been  taken  near  Leek ;  these  larvae 
were  all  taken  singly.  Vanessa  atalanta  has  swarmed  this  autumn,  and 
I  counted  no  less  than  thirty-five  specimens  of  this  beautiful  insect  close 
around  me  on  flowers  of  scabious  {Scabiosa  succisa)  ac  one  time,  and  with 
them  were  five  V.  io,  several  V.  urticce,  and  innumerable  Pierids.  A  female 
Sirex  juvencus  was   given   to   me  in   October,  taken  at   Madeley,  in  this 

ENTOM. JANUARY,    1900.  C 


18  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

county,  and  this  is  the  first  living  Staffordshire  specimen  I  have  seen. 
Madeley  is  a  colliery  district,  and  this  insect  may  have  been  imported  with 
pit  props.  A  male  of  this  species,  or  of  the  closely  allied  S.  melanocerus 
(Thoms)  was  brought  to  me  iu  July,  1897,  taken  in  a  cottage  window  here. 
— John  R.  B.  Masefield  ;  Rosehill,  Cheadle,  Staffordshire,  Nov.  7th. 


SOCIETIES. 


Entomological  Society  of  London. — December  6th,  1899. — Mr. 
G.  H.  Verrall,  President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  Francis  Gayner,  of  20, 
Queen  Square,  W.C,  and  Mr.  F.  B.  Jennings,  of  152,  Silver  Street, 
Upper  Edmonton,  N.,  were  elected  Fellows  of  the  Society.  Mr.  J.  J. 
Walker  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Colias  marnoana,  Rogenh.,  taken,  with 
other  examples,  by  Lieut.  Constable,  R.N.,  at  Massowah,  on  the  Red 
Sea.  He  considered  this  form  to  be  only  a  dwarfed  race  of  C.  hyale, 
Linn. ;  and  for  comparison  with  it  he  showed  specimens  of  the  var. 
nilgherriensis,  Feld.,  from  Central  India,  and  of  the  var.  simoda,  De 
rOrza,  from  Japan.  Dr.  Chapman  exhibited  a  series  of  specimens, 
selected  from  various  English  collections,  together  with  a  few  foreign 
examples,  in  order  to  illustrate  the  English  forms  found  within  the  genus 
Fumea.  He  also  showed  specimens  of  sepium,  betulina,  and  saiicolella, 
and  remarked  that  the  first  of  these  species  was  very  properly  placed 
by  Mr.  Tutt  in  a  new  genus  (Bacotia),  since  it  is  a  transitional  form, 
having  as  great  affinities  with  Solenobia  as  with  Fumea ;  while  the 
other  two  species,  though  perhaps  not  distantly  allied  to  Fumea,  did 
not  truly  belong  to  that  genus,  and  were  well  placed  by  Tutt  in  a  new 
genus,  Prorilia.  Dr.  Chapman  then  read  some  notes  relating  to  the 
genus  Fumea,  and  to  characters,  chiefly  drawn  from  structure,  by 
which  the  different  species  may  be  distinguished.  Mr.  Malcolm  Burr 
called  attention  to  Dr.  Sharp's  paper  on  "The  modification  and  attitude 
of  Idolum  diabolicum,"  recently  published  in  the  '  Proceedings  of  the 
Cambridge  Philosophical  Society  "  (vol.  x.,  part  iii.).  He  exhibited 
the  plate,  drawn  after  nature  by  Mr.  Muir,  which  illustrates  the  paper, 
pointing  out  that  no  drawing  of  this  kind,  showing  a  Mautid,  in  its 
natural  colours  simulating  the  petals  of  a  flower,  had  hitherto  been 
published.  He  also  exhibited  species  of  Mantodea  of  various  genera, 
to  show  the  different  modifications  by  means  of  which  insects  of  this 
group  are  made  to  resemble  leaves  and  flowers.  Mr.  Kenneth  J.  Morton 
communicated  a  paper  entitled  "  Descriptions  of  new  species  of  Oriental 
Rhyacophilffi." — J.  J.  Walker  and  C.  J.  Gahan,  Hon.  Sees. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. — 
November  9th,  1899.— Mr.  A.  Harrison,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  President, 
in  the  chair.  (A  Special  Pocket-box  Exhibition.) — Mr.  McArthur 
exhibited  series  of  Ttiphmna  comes  var.  curtidi,  from  Hoy,  Aporophila 
lutulenta  var.  luneburgensis  and  var.  sedi,  from  Orkney ;  an  extremely 
dark  Ayrotis  cinerea  and  Dianthoecia  carpophaga,  with  snowy  ground 
tint.  Mr.  Adkin,  a  long  and  extensively  varied  series  of  Boarmia 
repandata.  Major  Ficklin,  series  of  Dianthcecia  luteago  var.  JickUni, 
showing  a  tendency  to  the  tint  of  var.  lowei.  Mr.  Kaye,  long  and  varied 
series  of  numerous  species  of  Sphingidae,  collected  by  himself  in  Jamaica, 


SOCIETIES.  19 

Trinidad,  and  South  America,  and  representative  of  the  chief  sub- 
families. Mr.  H.  Moore,  specimens  of  the  tropical  American  bee  Eulema 
dimidiata,  and  read  notes  on  its  relation  to  the  fertilisation  of  the  orchid 
Catasetum  tridentatum.  Mr.  Chittenden,  a  very  large  number  of  striking 
varieties  and  local  species  of  Lepidoptera  taken  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Ashford,  Kent,  during  the  last  quarter  of  a  century,  including  Aporia 
cratcegi,  Deilephila  livornica,  Plusia  nioneta,  and  Pachetra  leucophaa.  Mr. 
Lucas,  two  scarce  species  of  dragonflies,  Mschna  mixta,  from  Esher, 
and  Somatochlora  metallica,  taken  by  Mr.  C.  A.  Briggs  in  Inverness- 
shire  ;  also  three  species  of  Coleoptera  from  Tripoli,  Anthia  venator, 
A.  6-maculatus,  and  Scarites  striatiis,  large  coast-frequenting  Carabidse. 
Mr.  Colthrup,  a  very  blue  female  of  Polyommatus  icarus,  and  a  series 
of  very  dark  Melanippe  fiuctuata.  Mr.  F.  M.  B.  Carr,  bred  specimens 
of  Lithosia  grisela  and  var.  stramineola,  from  Wicken  ;  Notodonta 
trepida,  from  New  Forest ;  Drymonia  chaonia,  from  Bexley ;  and 
lodis  vernaria,  from  Shoreham.  Dr.  Chapman,  seventeen  species  of 
the  genus  Erehia,  taken  during  some  two  months  spent  in  Switzer- 
land this  year,  including  E.  epiphron,  E.  mnestra,  E.  fiavofasciata, 
E.  glacialis,  E.  lappona,  E.  christi,  E.  ligea,  E.  athiops,  and  E.  gorge. 
Mr.  Mitchell,  Locusta  viridissima,  from  Folkestone  Warren  ;  the 
Coleopteron  Priomis  coriarius,  from  Richmond  ;  and  a  smoky  suffused 
example  of  Smerinthus  ocellatus.  Mr.  Buckstone,  exceedingly  small 
specimens  of  Pieris  rapa,  P.  napi,  Hipparchia  semele,  Polyommatus 
(adonis)  bellargus,  Anthrocera  Jilipendula,  and  Arctia  caia,  the  last  being 
one  of  fifteen  similar  ones  bred  from  larvae  fed  on  black  currant  leaves. 
He  also  showed  numerous  aberrations.  Mr.  Harrison,  varied  series  of 
Aporia  cratagi,  Pieris  napi  var.  bryouKB,  Euchlo'e  cardamines,  and  Leuco- 
phasia  sinapis,  all  from  Meiringen,  Switzerland.  Mr.  F.  M.  B.  Carr, 
short  series  of  Agrophila  trabealis  {sulphur alis),  from  Tuddenham  ; 
Erastria  fuscula  and  Bankia  argentula,  from  Chippenham ;  Hydrelia 
uncula  and  Earias  chlorana,  from  Wicken ;  together  with  various 
species  and  varieties. 

November  2drd. — The  President  in  the  chair. — Mr.  Sich  exhibited  two 
specimens  of  Platyptilia  acanthodactyla,  bred  from  larvae  taken  off  Gera- 
nium rotundifolium  at  Chiswick ;  Aglossa  cuprealis,  showing  extremes  in 
size ;  and  CucuUia  chamomillcB,  Chiswick,  1899.  Mr.  F.  M.  B.  Carr, 
Sirex  gigas,  from  Boldrewood,  where  several  others  had  been  seen,  and 
numerous  species  taken  at  sugar  at  Wicken  in  June,  and  at  Hailsham 
in  August,  at  both  of  which  times  Lepidoptera  were  plentiful.  Mr.  R. 
Adkin,  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Newman,  a  series  of  remarkable  varieties : — 
Argynnis  paphia,  suffused  with  black  ;  Smerinthus  tilicB,  specimens  with 
the  central  band  reduced  to  a  triangular  blotch,  and  pale  ground 
colour ;  S.  populi,  pinkish  and  dark  forms ;  Saturnia  pavonia,  sub- 
diaphanous,  bred,  the  third  year  in  pupas ;  Pygara  hybrid  curtula  x 
pigra  (reclusa),  bred  (out  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  specimens  only 
three  were  males) ;  and  aberrant  forms  of  Arctia  caia,  Lasiocampa 
quercus,  &c.  Mr.  R.  Adkin  read  a  paper  entitled  "  More  Lazy  Days 
by  the  Sea,"  being  stray  notes  on  a  short  holiday  at  Eastbourne.  He 
touched  upon  many  subjects  that  had  come  under  his  notice,  including 
the  comparative  abundance  and  scarcity  respectively  of  the  commoner 
species  of  butterflies ;  the  effect  of  the  unusually  warm  summer  on 
some  of  the  moths  ;  an  immigration  of  Piens  rapes ;  a  collection  of  land 


20  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

and  freshwater  snails  that  was  made ;  and  various  other  matters  of 
interest.  He  exhibited  series  of  some  of  the  Lepidoptera  and  shells 
taken,  in  illustration  of  his  remarks.  Mr.  Carpenter  stated  that 
he  had  examined  numerous  specimens  of  Pyrameis  cardui  in  the 
spring,  and  found  they  were  invariably  females.  He  suggested,  since 
he  found  no  developed  ova  in  them,  that  they  were  infertile,  and  that 
had  they  been  paired  they  would  not  have  emigrated. — Hy.  J.  Turner, 
Hon.  Report  Sec. 

Carlisle  Entomological  Society. — December  1th,  1899. — Mr.  G. 
B.  Routledge  in  the  chair. — The  evening  was  devoted  to  the  study  of 
the  genus  Apion.  Twenty-five  species  have  been  taken  by  the  members 
of  this  Society  round  Carhsle.  The  following  species  were  common  : — 
apne,  apricans,  dichronm,  ebeninum,  crvi,  luematodes,  humile,  niyritame, 
senicnhim,  ulicis,  violaceitm,  virens.  Locally  common  : — athiops,  car- 
d7iorum,  ononis  (at  Silloth),  punctvjerum,  striatum.  Scarce: — rjyllenhali, 
loti,  stolidiim,  vicicB.  Also  radiolm,  spencei,  marchicum,  and  assiimle  have 
been  taken  in  the  neighbourhood.  The  following  have  also  been 
recorded : — Apion  cerdo,  banks  of  Irthing  (Bold) ;  cmeum  (Stephens, 
lUust.) ;  onopordi,  lake  district  (Blackburn)  ;  hydrolapathi  (Stephens, 
Illust.) ;  but  have  not  yet  been  taken  by  members  of  this  Society. — 
G.  B.  Routledge. 

Birmingham  Entomological  Society. — October  IQth,  1899. — Mr.  G. 
T.  Bethune-Baker,  President,  in  the.chair.— Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley  exhibited 
two  specimens  of  a  Soleuobia  which  he  had  previously  exhibited  as  S. 
icockii,  to  which  species  they  had  been  assigned  by  Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett. 
Recently,  however,  they  had  been  sent  to  Mr.  J.  W.  Tutt,  who  thought 
they  were  a  variety  of  incunspicueUa,  and  by  him  had  been  sent  on  to 
Lord  Walsingham  and  Mr.  Durrant,  who  said  they  were  certainly  not 
uwckii,  but  they  did  not  quite  know  what  to  assign  them  to.  Mr.  Bradley 
also  showed  a  number  of  Brazilian  butterflies.  Mr.  J.  T.  Fountain, 
Lepidoptera  obtained  in  the  Valley  of  the  Wye  at  the  beginning  of  last 
August.  Amongst  other  species  he  found  Apatnra  iris,  not  uncommonly ; 
Thecla  iv-alhum,  common,  but  worn ;  Vanessa  polychloros ;  Grapta 
c-alhum,  common;  Triphcena  interjecta  ;  Tethea  retusa  ;  Catocala  nupta  ; 
&c.  Mr.  Colbran  J.  Wainwright,  a  short  series  of  Tephrosia  extersaria, 
from  Wyre  Forest,  where  he  said  the  species  had  been  quite  abundant 
this  year,  although  in  previous  years  only  odd  specimens  had  been 
taken  by  various  members;  also  a  specimen  of  ]'a7iessa  atalanta,  from 
Cornwall,  and  one  of  Melanippe  Jiuctuata,  from  Handsworth,  both  of 
which  were  remarkably  small  examples  of  their  species.  Mr.  G.  T. 
Bethune-Baker,  a  number  of  Erebias,  including  many  examples  of 
E.  blandina,  from  Britain  and  the  Continent,  and  pointed  out  that  the 
Scotch  ones  showed  more  red  than  the  Swiss  ones. 

In  the  report  of  the  meeting  of  August  21st  (Entom.  xxxii.  262), 
it  was  stated  that  Lencania  straminea  had  been  bred  for  the  first  time  ; 
this  of  course  is  a  mistake,  as  there  is  a  full  description  of  the  larva  in 
Buckler's.     At  p.  288,  line  16,  the  date  1884  should  be  1894. 

November  20«/i.— The  President  in  the  chair.— Rev.  C.  F.  Thorne- 
will  exhibited  specimens  of  Lycana  bmtica,  taken  by  Mr.  Lowe,  in 
Guernsey,  this  year  ;  and  said  that  there  had  apparently  been  a  long 
immigration  of  the  species  this  year,  as  Mr.  Lowe  had  taken  about 


SOCIETIES.  21 

eighty,  and  seen  many  others ;  also  specimens  of  Oporahia  dilutata, 
from  Calverhall,  Salop,  where  he  said  all  the  specimens  were  of  the 
same  dark  leaden  colour,  with  slight  traces  of  markings,  and  were 
much  darker  than  he  had  been  in  the  habit  of  getting  them  at  Burton- 
on-Trent ;  also  a  series  of  Ccenonympha  tijphon,  from  Calverhall.  Mr, 
R.  C.  Bradley,  a  long  series  of  Bombus  hortorum,  taken  this  year, 
and  showing  a  wide  range  of  variation  ;  var  harriseUus  in  all  sexes, 
from  Droitwich  ;  var.  Hubtemmeus,  from  his  garden  at  Moseley,  and 
various  intermediate  forms.  Mr.  J.  T.  Fountain,  a  number  of  insects 
taken  during  the  year  at  Acocks  Green,  close  to  the  town,  including 
Leucania  comma,  Agrotis  exclamationis  (a  variable  series),  Anchocelis 
pistacina,  Orthosia  lota,  Grammesia  trigrammica,  &c.  Mr.  P.  W.  Abbott, 
a  box  full  of  Lepidoptera,  including  Agrotis  cinerea,  dark  forms  from 
Wyre  Forest ;  Sesia  culiciformis,  with  one  white-banded  specimen 
caught  last  year,  and  an  orange-banded  one  caught  this  year ;  Oporina 
croceayo,  including  two  specimens  which  were  light  brown  in  colour, 
no  trace  of  the  usual  orange  coloration ;  one  specimen  of  Ne^uia 
saponaria,  new  to  the  district ;  bred  series  of  Asphalia  ridens,  including 
a  black  one  ;  a  series  of  Cymatophora  fluctuosa,  and  a  bred  series  of 
Sesia  sphegifonnis,  all  from  Wyre  Forest.  He  said  that  C.Jiuctnosa  was 
comparatively  common  this  year,  though  he  had  only  taken  odd  speci- 
mens in  previous  years ;  also  that  he  had  caught  one  specimen  of 
C.  octogesima  at  Wyre  Forest  this  year,  thus  completing  the  list  of  the 
Cymatophorid^e,  all  of  which  were  to  be  obtained  at  this  one  locality 
in  Wyre  Forest.  Mr.  J.  T.  Fountain,  Spilosoma  menthastri,  bred  as 
recently  as  Nov.  17th  ;  also  Sirex  gigas  (male),  from  a  colliery  at 
Walsall,  where  it  had  emerged  from  some  wood  about  eight  hundred 
yards  beneath  the  surface,  at  the  beginning  of  October.  Mr.  G.  T. 
Bethune-Baker,  his  collection  of  the  genus  CEneis  and  part  of  Satgnis ; 
there  was  a  nice  series  of  (Eneis  oello,  and  various  good  Turkestan 
species,  Satyrus  alcyone,  S.  hermiune  and  S.  circe,  in  nice  series,  &c.  Mr. 
C.  J.  Wainwright,  a  series  of  the  handsome  dipterou,  Asilus  crabro- 
niformis,  taken  in  Cornwall  this  year ;  a  fine  series  of  Leptogaster 
cylindrica  from  Herefordshire,  where  he  had  found  it  commonly  ;  and 
various  other  Asilids. — Colbran  J.  Wainwright,  Hon.  Sec. 

Kendal  Entomological  Society.  —  November  IBth,  1899.  —  The 
President  in  the  chair. — Mr.  Littlewood  read  a  very  excellent  paper  on 
the  ever-important  subject  of  "  setting."  The  lecture  was  thoroughly 
practical  and  comprehensive,  and  showed  that  no  pains  had  been 
spared  in  its  preparation.  Mr.  Littlewood  showed  an  exhibition  case 
of  butterflies  and  moths,  set  in  every  conceivable  position  and  carefully 
ticketed,  illustrative  of  his  remarks  as  to  good  and  bad  methods.  He 
also  showed  a  small  appliance  of  tin,  to  secure  uniformity  of  height 
in  setting.  He  was  heartily  tlianked  for  his  efforts,  and  an  interest- 
ing discussion  followed.  Mr.  Cragg  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Melanippe 
hastata,  caught  near  '  Derby  Arms,'  Witherslack.  Mr.  Holmes,  series 
of  bred  Nemeobius  liicina  and  others,  Rev.  A.  M.  Moss,  two  drawers 
of  Geometrse — the  Fidoniidas,  Zerenidas,  Hyberniidae,  and  Larentiidas. 
Mr.  Smith,  Heliodes  arbuti  and  two  specimens  of  Eubolia  cervinaria, 
bred  from  heather.  Mr.  Wright,  Mamestra  furva  and  Cerigo  cytherea, 
taken  at  sugar, — A.  M.  Moss,  Sec. 


22  THE   ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society. — November  13th, 
1899.  The  President  in  the  chair.  Messrs.  Tyerman,  Harrison, 
Ackerby,  Tonkin,  and  Dr.  Chaster  were  elected  members.  Messrs. 
C.  E.  Stott,  of  Bolton  ;  Clias.  Farrar,  of  Liverpool;  and  Dr.  Dobie,  of 
Chester,  were  proposed  for  membership.  Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett,  F.E.S., 
of  London,  gave  an  address  on  "  The  hairy  eyes  and  abdominal  tufts 
of  Lepidoptera."  In  it  he  showed  that  though  other  characters  must 
be  relied  upon  for  families,  yet  these  features  might  be  used  to  classify 
genera.  In  following  out  this  plan  he  had  found  it  necessary  to 
divide  the  genera  Cymatophora  and  Mamestra  (amongst  others)  into 
hairy-eyed  and  smooth-eyed  groups.  He  further  found  that  in  the 
latter  genus  the  hairy-eyed  species  were  produced  from  hairy  larvae, 
and  the  smooth-eyed  from  smooth  larv^.  This  was  afterwards  shortly 
discussed.  He  then  referred  to  the  ornamental  and  other  tufts  as 
being  also  useful  for  distinguishing  genera,  and  showed  by  sketches 
how  the  abdominal  tufts  were  in  many  cases  of  great  use  in  keeping 
the  spiracles  free  from  dust.  Mr.  Barrett  concluded  his  interesting 
address  with  a  reference  to  Mr.  Capper's  magnificent  collection  of 
varieties,  and  the  benefit  he  had  derived  from  the  study  of  them. 
Mr.  John  E.  Eobson,  F.E.S.,  of  Hartlepool,  then  addressed  the  meet- 
ing on  the  subject  of  "  Arrangement."  He  spoke  of  the  value  of 
Stainton's  Manual,  and  considered  that  his  placing  of  Papilio  at  the 
head  of  the  Rhopalocera  was  justifiable,  as  the  genus  possesses  a  greater 
degree  of  all-round  perfection  than  "any  other.  He  thought  that  no 
system  of  classification  could  be  perfect  which  was  not  based  on  total 
characteristics.  How  unreliable  external  characters  often  are  he 
shoAved  by  reference  to  the  close  mimetic  resemblances  of  many  exotic 
butterflies  belonging  in  reality  to  widely  separated  families.  Mr. 
Robson  concluded  his  remarks  with  a  warm  testimony  to  the  value  of 
the  value  of  the  work  of  the  older  entomologists.  Mr.  Newstead 
expressed  his  surprise  at  the  attempt  ever  having  been  made  to  classify 
Lepidoptera  by  their  wing-markings  only,  and  thought  that  such  an 
attempt  was  bound  to  prove  futile.  He  referred  to  Mr.  John  Watson's 
Monograph  of  the  Asiatic  genus  Calinaya,  which  the  society  had  just 
received,  as  a  step  in  the  right  direction.  Mr.  Newstead  then  detailed 
the  interesting  life-history  of  Selandria  atra,  the  pear-tree  sawfly,  as 
observed  by  himself,  and  exhibited  a  case  of  specimens  illustrating  it 
throughout.  To  destroy  them  he  recommended  the  use  of  Paris-green. 
He  also  communicated  notes  on  Piophila  casei,  the  cheese-hopper, 
showing  how  very  tenacious  of  life  it  was,  by  the  fact  of  larvfe  which 
had  been  subjected  to  water,  methylated  spirit,  glycerine,  and  absolute 
alcohol  producing  perfect  insects !  The  following  exhibits  were  made : — 
Species  of  the  genus  Oporabia  with  genitalia  photographs,  by  Mr.  F.  N. 
Pierce ;  eleven  drawers  of  Lepidoptera  taken  at  the  Chester  electric 
lamps,  including  Amphidasys  betularia  (type,  black  and  intermediate 
vars.),  Acronycta  alni,  Ephestia  splendideLla,  &c.,  by  Dr.  Dobie  ;  vars.  of 
Abraxas  ulmata  and  A.  grossulariata,  by  Mr.  B.  H.  Crabtree  ;  spring 
captures  in  the  New  Forest,  by  Dr.  Cotton  ;  an  ingenious  device  for 
setting  Lepidoptera  with  greater  accuracy,  by  Mr.  Geo.  0.  Day ;  a  case 
of  Lepidoptera,  by  Mr.  J.  Collins;  pupte  of  Nemeobius  lucina,  by  Mr. 
Prince ;  a  box  of  insects  for  distribution,  by  Mr.  John  Robson  ;  Cleora 
glabraria,  a  new  record  for  North  Wales,  by  Mr.  F.  Birch,  Hon.  Sec. 


23 


RECENT    LITERATURE. 

Fauna  Hawaiiensis ;  or,  the  Zoolocjy  of  the  Sandwich  [Hawaiian)  Isles. 
Vol.  I.  Hymenoptera  Acuieata,  pp.  1-122 ;  two  Plates  and 
Map.  By  R.  G.  L.  Perkins  and  A.  Forel  (March  20th,  1899). 
Vol.  11.  Orthoptera,  pp.  1-30,  and  two  Plates  (August  19th, 
1899) ;  and  Neuroptera,  pp.  31-89,  and  three  Plates  (September 
25th,  1899).     By  R.  G.  L.  Perkins.     Edited  by  Dr.  D.  Sharp. 

Isolated  in  the  midst  of  the  vast  North  Pacific  Ocean,  2350  miles 
from  San  Francisco  and  3500  miles  from  Kamtchatka — the  nearest 
continental  points  east  and  west — and  separated  from  them  by  some 
of  the  profoundest  depths  of  ocean  ;  a  little  nearer  to,  but  still  far 
away  from,  the  coral  islands  and  reefs  of  the  South  Pacific,  connected 
with  them  only  by  scattered  islets  and  atolls — almost  or  entirely  unin- 
habited,— the  Saudwich  Islands,  or  Hawaiian  group,  undoubtedly  form 
to  the  student  of  the  geographical  distribution  of  animals  the  most  in- 
teresting country  in  the  world. 

Ghiefly  through  the  collections  made  by  Blackburn,  some  know- 
ledge has  been  acquired,  during  the  last  quarter  of  a  century,  of  the 
salient  characteristics  of  the  insect  fauna ;  but,  having  regard  to  the 
increasingly  numerous  importations  into  the  country,  a  renewed 
survey  was  very  desirable  before  the  extinction  or  farther  differentia- 
tion of  the  existing  fauna  took  place.  This  has  been  efiected  by  the 
explorations  of  Mr.  Perkius  during  a  period  of  several  years,  and  his 
collections  are  now  being  systematically  worked  out  by  a  number  of 
zoologists.  One  naturally  reserves  a  final  summary  of  the  character- 
istics of  the  insect  fauna  till  the  last  entomological  contribution  has 
appeared ;  meanwhile  some  notices  from  time  to  time  of  the  various 
parts  may  be  interesting. 

Of  Aculeate  Hymenoptera  one  hundred  and  ninety-eight  species 
are  recorded,  though  of  these  twenty-eight  are  importations,  all  the 
main  divisions  of  the  group,  except  the  ants,  being  well  represented 
by  endemic  forms.  The  Fossores  embrace  six  genera  and  thirty-four 
species,  thirty-one  of  the  latter  being  endemic.  The  wasps  comprehend 
two  genera  and  eighty-eight  species  (eighty-six  species  endemic).  The 
bees  comprise  three  genera  and  fifty-six  species,  of  which  fifty-two 
species  are  indigenous.  Of  ants  twenty  species  (belonging  to  twelve 
genera)  are  recorded,  of  which  only  one  "  has  any  claim  to  be  con- 
sidered endemic."  "  So  far  as  one  can  judge  from  a  study  of  the 
relationship  of  the  endemic  species  to  one  another,  all  the  Mimesidae, 
CrabronidsB,  Eumenidge,  and  the  bees  of  the  genus  Nesoprosopis  could 
have  been  evolved  from  four  species  which  reached  the  islands  at  some 
very  remote  period,  one  of  the  four  species  of  course  representing  each 
group.  The  total  absence  of  any  representative  of  so  many  groups  of 
the  Acuieata,  certainly  not  less  fitted  to  pass  over  the  great  distances 
between  the  islands  and  other  lands,  and  for  which  the  country  is  ad- 
mirably adapted,  is  a  point  greatly  in  favour  of  the  view  that  the 
numerous  species  of  each  of  the  families  represented  arose  from  a 
single  immigrant  species,  and  the  examination  of  the  structures  of  the 
species  themselves  greatly  supports  this  view.     How  rarely  an  immi- 


24  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

grant  can  have  arrived  from  without  can  be  judged  from  the  great 
number  of  species  which  fail  to  cross  the  short  distances  between  the 
islands  themselves."* 

"An  important  fact  in  connection  with  the  Hawaiian  species  is 
their  variability.  This  is  most  noticeable  in  the  bees,  Crabronidje,  and 
Mimesidfe,  a  great  many  of  the  species  in  these  groups  being  in  a  very 
unstable  condition.  The  variation  is  not  confined  to  differences  in 
size,  colour,  &c.,  but  affects  important  structures,  in  which  it  is 
unusual  to  find  any  noticeable  variability ;  and  to  this  is  due  the 
extreme  difficulty  of  determining  and  describing  the  numerous  species, 
the  specific  characters  frequently  having  to  be  taken  from  structures 
which  are  obviously  variable.  In  striking  contrast  with  the  groups 
above  mentioned  are  the  species  of  ( hlt/nerus.  Very  few  of  the  eighty- 
six  species  exhibit  any  variation  of  note,  and  this,  when  it  occurs,  is 
nearly  always  of  an  unimportant  character  {e.g.,  colour).  From  this 
one  would  infer  that  the  Odyneri  have  now  reached  the  maximum  of 
species  that  the  islands  can  support  in  the  present  condition  of  the 
lepidopterous  fauna,  on  which,  as  they  prey  on  caterpillars,  they  are 
dependent.  The  bees,  on  the  other  hand,  are  not  similarly  restricted ; 
for,  with  flowers  abundant  at  all  seasons,  the  islands,  so  far  as  one  can 
see,  are  capable  of  supporting  much  greater  numbers  of  these  than  of 
wasps." 

The  Orthoptera  are  very  remarkable.  Seventy-three  species  are 
known,  of  which  six  belong  to  the  earwigs,  cockroaches,  Mantids,  and 
short-horned  grasshoppers  ;  t  the  other  forty-nine  belonging  to  the 
loug-horned  grasshoppers  and  crickets.  Of  the  former  group  one 
species  only  "has  any  claim  to  be  considered  indigenous";  of  the 
latter,  forty- three  (nearly  eighty-eight  per  cent.)  are  endemic.  The 
Phasmatids  are  entirely  unrepresented. 

Of  the  Neuroptera  (sens,  lat.),  one  hundred  and  eleven  species  are 
present:  fifty-four  being  Hemerobiidae  (lacewings  and  antlions),  of 
which  about  fifty  are  indigenous ;  twenty-nine  dragonflies  (about 
twenty-five  endemic)  and  twenty-five  Psocids  (nearly  all  confined  to 
these  islands) ;  one  Embiid  and  two  Termites  complete  the  list, 
caddisflies  and  mayflies  being  unrepresented. 

Exigencies  of  space  will  not  permit  a  longer  notice ;  but  enough 
has  been  written  to  show  that  the  work  is  one  of  exceptional  interest 
and  value.  As  for  the  paper,  printing,  and  illustrations,  it  is  sufficient 
to  say  that  the  Cambridge  University  Press  is  the  publisher. 

G.   W.   KlRKAIiDY. 

=•=  Percentage  of  peciTliar  species  in  the  different  islands : — 

Hymenoptera  aculeata  Hemerobiidce.                      Drayonjlies. 

Kauai      90*9     87-5  77-7 

Oahu 66-6     60  40 

Molokai 26-3     75  12-5 

Maui  31-6     75  10 

Lanai 7"6     —  — 

Hawaii   81-4     80  11-1 

f  Seven  earwigs  are  known,  all  introduced — some  probably  at  an  early 
date,  as  Bloxham  notices,  in  1825,  a  "  black  earwig  "  ('  Voy.  Blonde,'  p.  252). 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIIL]  FEBEUARY,    1900.  [No.  441. 


ON  THE  NOMENCLATURE  OF  THE  GENERA  OF  THE  RHYN- 
CHOTA,  HETEROPTERA  AND  AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS 
HOMOPTERA. 

By  G.  W.  Kikkaldy,  F.E.S. 

The  present  memoir  consists  of  a  chronological  catalogue  of 
the  works  in  which  new  genera  have  been  proposed,  or  genotypes 
fixed,  or  which  are  connected  with  the  settlement  of  the  generic 
nomenclature  of  the  Heteroptera  and  Auchenorrhynchous  Homo- 
ptera.  I  have  indicated  synonymy  where  the  genera  are  homo- 
typical,  and  have  also  adjoined  the  latest  authoritative  synonymy, 
in  most  instances  in  footnotes.  The  memoir  will  be  divided  into 
four  parts,  viz. : — 

1.  A  list  of  works  from  1758-1843  (terminating  with  Amyot 
and  Audinet-Serville's  '  Suites  a  Buffon,  Hemipteres,'  the 
foundation  of  modern  Rhynchotal  science),  with  the  genera,  geno- 
types, &c.,  therein  contained. 

2.  1844-1876,  concluding  with  the  fifth  volume  of  Stal's 
monumental  '  Enumeratio  Hemipterorum.' 

3.  1877-1900,  finishing  with  the  last  year  of  the  present 
century. 

4.  An  alphabetical  recapitulation  of  all  the  genera  from 
1758-1900,  and  their  types. 

This  is,  as  I  believe,  the  first  time  that  these  Rhynchota  have 
been  taken  in  hand  as  a  whole  in  such  a  manner ;  and  as  I 
cannot  hope  that  I  have  succeeded  to  a  greater  extent  than  other 
entomologists  who  have  essayed  work  on  similar  lines,  in  alto- 
gether avoiding  errors  of  omission  and  commission,  I  beg  my 
colleagues  who  discover  any  mistakes  to  inform  me,  either  per- 
sonally or  through  the  press,  so  that  they  may  be  amended  in  a 
subsequent  part  of  the  work.  To  enable  them  to  check  my 
results  as  readily  as  possible,  a  summary  of  the  "rules"  that  I 
held  in  view  while  conducting  my  researches  are  annexed. 

BNTOM. FEBRUARY,    1900.  D 


26  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

A.  Strict  Priority  without  exception. 

The  majority  of  existing  nomenclatorial  systems  seem  to  me 
to  fail  in  their  object  on  account  of  their  complexity.  Although 
most  authors  now  profess  to  conform  to  the  "  rule  of  priority," 
they  admit  so  many  exceptions,  on  one  plea  or  another,  that  the 
original  idea  is  entirely  lost  sight  of.  'The  chief  end  of  nomen- 
clatorial systems  is  stability ;  and  though  complete  stability  is 
neither  possible  nor  desirable,  an  approximate  attainment  should 
be  possible,  but  only — as  I  believe — by  a  rigid  and  scrupulous 
adherence  to  the  "  rule  of  priority — without  exception." 

So-called  "  Classical  Emendations  "  have  been  entirely  dis- 
regarded ;  while  tautonyms,  names  geographically  or  descriptively 
misleading  or  incorrect,  and  politically  or  theologically  offensive, 
have  been  strictly  adhered  to,  the  original  orthography  of  the 
author  being  in  every  case  retained,  unless,  of  course,  pre- 
occupied.* 

B.  Formation  of  Genotypes. 
I  have  considered  that  a  species  may  be  fixed  as  the  type  of  a 
genus  by  any  of  the  following  methods  : — 

1.  By  being  the  only  species  described  (or,  in  the  case  of  a 
species  previously  described,  by  a  reference  to  the  species  and  its 
author)  at  the  foundation  of  the  genus. 

Ex.  1.'^  Anotia,  W.  Kirby,  1819,  ^type  bonnetii,  W.  Kirby, 
1819. 

Ex.  2.  Phymata,  Latreille,  1802,  type  crassipes  (Fabr.,  1775). 

2.  By  being  indicated  as  the  type  by  the  author  of  the  genus  at 
its  foundation. 

Ex.  Gerris,  Fabricius,  1794,  type  lacustris  (Linn.),  Fabr. 
1794.  This  method  was  instituted  by  Fabricius  (as  far  as 
Khynchota  are  concerned)  in  1794. 

These  two  principles  appear  to  me  indisputable. 

3.  By  the  subsequent  removal  of  one  or  more  species  to  other 
genera,  tlius  indirectly  fixing  the  type.  An  exception  is  made  of 
course  in  the  removal  of  species  to  genera  with  the  definition  of 
which  (as  at  that  time  accepted)  they  did  not  accord,  or  by  their 
removal  back  again  into  a  compound  genus. 

Ex  1.  Neides  was  founded  by  Latreille  in  1802  for  two 
species,  viz.  tipularius  and  clavipes.  In  1803  Fabricius  erected 
a  genus  Berytus  with  type  tipularius ;  thus  indirectly  fixing 
clavipes  as  the  type  of  Neides.  In  the  second  volume  of 
Lethierry  and  Severin's  General  Catalogue,  clavipes  is  placed  in 
Berytus  and  tipularius  in  Neides  ! 

Ex.  2.  Fabricius  used  Tettigonia  (recte  Tetigonia)  for  Cicada 

*  Emendations  to  displace  names  already  in  existence — unless  emended 
for  the  express  purpose  of  replacing  a  preoccupied  name — are  not  here 
considered  as  separate  names,  e.g.  ^'Apha7ia,"  Burm.  is  not  considered  as  a 
name  separate  from  Aphcena,  Guer. 


NOMENCLATURE  OF  THE  RHYNCHOTA,  ETC.         27 

Linn.  Geoffr.,  ana  Cicada  for  Tetigonia,  Geoffr. ;  this  reverse- 
ment  does  not  affect  the  type-fixations  in  either  of  these,  or  in 
any  other,  genera. 

4.  By  the  statement  of  any  subsequent  author  that  "X"  is 
the  type  of  a  certain  genus,  provided  that  it  he  one  of  the  original 
species  of  that  genus,  and  that  such  fixation  be  permissible  by  the 
previous  operations  of  other  authors,    q 

Ex.  iP  Cercopis,  Fabr.,  1775,  ty \)espumaria  (Linn.,  1758), 
Latr.,  1802. 

Ex.  2.  The  type  oi  Memhracis,  Fabr.,  1775,  is  stated  by  its 
author  (in  1803)  to  be  atrata,  but  this  statement  is  invalid,  as 
/atrata  was  not  an  original  species. 

N.B.  The  description  (or  mention  with  sufficient  reference)  of 
one  species  only  in  a  genus,  in  a  general  systematic  work  [such 
as  Amyot  and  Serville's  *  Suites  a  Buffon,  Hemipteres  '1 ,  is  a 
valid  indication  of  the  type  ;  this  does  not  hold  however  in  a 
faunistic  work,  nor  in  works  published  previous  to  1794.  When 
two  or  more  species  have  been  described  or  indicated  in  such  a 
work,  the  type  should  be  subsequently  founded  on  one  of  those 
species.  Where  (as  for  example  in  Amyot  and  Serville)  one 
species,  (say)  't striata,''  is  described,  and  the  authors  say  "add 
t  macidata,''  '  venusta,'  'Jrrorata,'  &c.,"  {^striata  '  should  be  the 
type. 

The  following  considerations  also  come  under  this  heading : — 

a.  Many  authors  consider  that  a  name  only  (or  even  a 
figure !)  is  sufficient  to  establish  a  genus.  This  does  not  appear 
to  me  to  be  reasonable.  The  essential  for  the  establishment  of 
the  validity  of  a  genus  is  surely  a  description,  however  short, 
displaying  the  salient  characteristics  whereby  it  differs  from  its 
nearest  allies.  Now  take  the  case  of  {^•A.y)^Laternaria,  Linn., 
1764  ;  a  naroe  only,  without  a  line  of  description.  To  find  out 
in  what  way  Laternaria  essentially  differs  from  "^Cicada,  1758, 
one  would  then  have  had  to  prepare  a  table  of  the  species  of  the 
former  and  compare  it  with  a  similar  one  of  the  remaining 
species  of  the  latter !  This,  I  contend,  is  not  the  establishment 
of  a  genus.  In  the  second  case,  a  figure  in  the  Atlas  of 
Belanger's  Voyage  to  the  East  Indies  (Insects  by  Guerin)  is  the 
warrant  for  the  genuV ''  Euryptera"  (dropped  in  the  letterpress 
by  Guerin  himself).* 

/3.  Subgenera  are  here  treated  for  nomenclatorial  purposes 
as  genera — that  is  to  say,  a  subgenus  on  being  raised  to  full  rank 
dates  from  its  first  proposal  as  a  subgenus.  The  typical  sub- 
genus [i.e.  that  which  contains  the  type  of  the  genus)  should 
bear  the  same  name  as  the  genus. 

Ex.  1.  Microvelia,  erected  by  Westwood,  1834,  as  a  subgenus 

*  I  also  refuse  to  acknowledge  the  validity  of  a  species  based  upon  a 
figure  only,  even  though  detailed. 

d2 


28 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of  Velia,  has  priority  as  a  genus  over  Hydroessa,  Burmeister  (full 
genus  1835).* 

Ex.  2.  Corixa,  Geoffr.,  1762,  has  type  geqfroyi,  Leach.  The 
typical  subgenus  is  therefore  the  section  containing  geoffroyi, 
Leach  (i.  e.  Macrocorisa,  Thomson,  which  ought  to  be  known  as 
Corixa,  Geoffr.,  in  sp.),  and  not  that  containing  striata  (Linn.), 
which  is  not  the  type  of  the  genus.  I  have  previously  rectified 
the  synonymy  of  the  subgenera  of  Corixa  in  the  Entom.,  1898, 
p.  252.t 

7  If  a  genus,  having  no  type  assigned,  be  divided  into  two 
or  more  subgenera  (none  of  the  latter  bearing  the  generic  name), 
the  fixation  of  the  genotype  (and  of  the  typical  subgenus)  may 
be  determined  subsequently  as  follows  :  — 

(a)  Any  subsequent  author  has  the  right  to  fix  the  type  of 
the  genus  out  of  any  one  of  the  subgenera,  the  name  of  that 
subgenus  then  becoming  a  true  synonym  of  the  genus.  If  all 
the  subgenera  be  raised  to  full  rank  at  the  same  time,  the  above 
procedure  takes  place.  N.B.  If  a  genus,  having  no  type  assigned, 
be  divided  into  two  or  more  subgenera,  one  of  which  bears  the 
generic  name,  the  type  must  subsequently  be  fixed  from  that  sub- 
genus. 

(S)  If  some  of  the  subgenera  be  raised  to  generic  rank,  the 
remaining  one  falls  as  a  synonym  of  the  genus  if  one  be  left,  or 
a  comes  into  operation  if  two  or  more  be  left. 

All  these  unavoidably  complicated  methods  of  type-fixation 
would  have  been  obviated,  had  authors  always  unmistakably 
indicated  (since  1794)  the  types  of  their  new  genera ;  unfor- 
tunately, many  modern  authors  still  continue  this  neglect. 

(^.)  Many  genera  which  were  undoubtedly  strictly  co-extensive, 

each  with  some  other  genus  or  genera,  originally ,  have  been, 

through  the  operations  of  later  authors,  made  heterotypical  and 
used  separately yv^,  c.^.  (1)  Asiraca,  Latr.,  1796.  and  Delphax, 
Fabr.,  1798;  {if  Poekilloptera,  Latr.,  ^796,  diuA' Flata,  Fabr., 
1798  ;^(3)  Laternaria,  Linn.,  1764,  anh'^ Fulgora,  Linn.,  1767 ; 
(4)  Ploiaria,  Scop.,  1786,  and  Emesa,  Fabr.,  1803 ;  (5)  Neides, 
Latr.,  1802,  and  Berytus,  Fabr.,  1803 ;  and  many  others. 

*  This  is  in  direct  opposition  to  the  opinion  given  in  my  "  Guide  to  the 
Study  of  British  Waterbugs  "  (Entom.  1898-1900),  when  treating  of  the  genus. 
\  I  was  wrong,  however,  in  proposing  "  Basileocorixa"  for  the  "  striata  " 
group  ;  amend  as  follows : — 

Subgenus  3.  Arctocorisa,  Wallengr.,  1894,  type  carinata  (Sahib.),  Kirk, 
1900. 
=  Corixa  (Corisa)  [coextensive,  but  heterotypical]  auctt.,  nee  GeoflEr. 

in  sp. 
=  Glaenocorisa  (p)  and  Corisa,  Puton,  1880. 
=  Glaenocorisa  and  Corixa,  Saund.,  1892. 
=  Basileocorixa,  Kirk.,  1898. 

(To  be  continued.) 


29 


A   CATALOGUE    OF   THE   LEPIDOPTEEA  OF  lEELAND. 

By  W.  F.  de  Vismes  Kane,  M.A.,  M.E.I.A.,  F.E.S. 

(Continued  from  vol.  xxxi.  p.  211.) 

Ceambites.* 

ScH(ENOBius  FORFicELLUS,  Thnb. — Ballincar,  Co.  Donegal 
(R.)  :  Mayo  and  Cork  (S.) ;  Killarney  (J3.) ;  Kilkerran  Bay, 
Galway  {J.  J.  W.).     Phcenix  Park,  Dublin  (K.). 

S.  MucRONBLLUs,  ScMff. — One  at  Favour  Eoyal,  Tyrone  {K.). 

Crambus  pratellus,  L. — Common  everywhere.  A  white 
female,  Clonbrock  {R.  E.  D.). 

C.  DUMETELLus,  Hb. — Favour  Eoyal,  Tyrone;  Markree  Castle, 
Sligo. 

C.  SYLVBLLus,  Hb. — Killarney  by  Bouchard  (B.). 

C.  HAMELLUS,  Thnb. — Killarney  by  Bouchard  (B.). 

G.  pascuellus,  L. — Common,  and  widely  spread.  Mr.  Watts 
reports  it  scarce,  however,  in  the  district  about  Belfast. 

C.  margaritellus,  Hb. — Dalyston  near  Loughrea,  Co.  Gal- 
way; Markree  Castle,  and  near  Sligo  {K.). 

C.  piNELLus,  L.  —  Killarney,  Ardtully,  and  Sneem,  Co. 
Kerry  {K.) ;  Blarney,  Co.  Cork  {Mr.  Hogan)  ;  Favour  Eoyal, 
Tyrone  {K.) ;  Belfast,  local  (IF.). 

C.  PERLELLus,  Scop. — Throughout  Ireland  very  abundant, 
sometimes  with  the  variety  ivarringtonellus. 

C.  selasellus,  Hb. — Belfast  {Mr.  Hogan) ;  Armagh  {J.)  ; 
Favour  Eoyal,  Tyrone ;  Markree  Castle,  Sligo ;  Cork  {Mc Arthur) . 

C.  TRiSTELLUs,  Fb. — Very  common. 

*  The  following  portion  of  this  Catalogue  is  virtually  a  reprint  of  the  list 
of  Irish  Micro-lepidoptera  furnished  to  Mr.  Birchall,  many  years  ago,  by  Mr. 
Charles  G.  Barrett,  who  has  now  carefully  revised  it,  and  assisted  in  adding 
records  of  more  recent  captures,  nearly  all  of  which  have  been  submitted  to 
him  from  time  to  time  for  identification.  The  localities  with  the  initial  R. 
appended  have  been  kindly  furnished  me  by  Mr.  G.  Carpenter,  of  the  Science 
and  Art  Museum,  Dublin,  from  a  collection  made  by  Mr.  Euss.  It  is  possible 
that  in  some  cases,  however,  the  captures  were  made  about  Ballincar,  Co. 
Donegal,  rather  than  in  the  county  of  Sligo.  The  localities  given  without 
any  following  initials  represent  the  original  records  of  Mr.  Barrett, 
without  whose  valued  assistance  it  would  have  been  impossible  for  me  to 
have  compiled  a  reliable  list.  Those  with  the  initial  K.  are  captures  of  my 
own,  and  have  been  submitted  to  Mr.  Barrett.  I  have  also  to  thank  the  few 
workers  in  this  group  who  have  collected  in  Ireland  and  have  assisted  me 
with  lists  of  localities,  especially  Messrs.  Watts,  Campbell,  and  Hart.  It  is 
regrettable  that  we  are  still  in  ignorance  of  the  resources  of  Ireland  as  regards 
this  large  section  of  our  fauna,  the  present  Catalogue  being  meagre  in  the 
extreme  in  every  respect,  and  should  not  be  taken  as  other  than  an  instalment, 
which  it  is  to  be  hoped  the  investigations  of  subsequent  entomologists  will 
render  more  complete  and  representative  of  the  Irish  Micro-lepidopterous 
fauna. 


30  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Crambus  inquinatellus,  Schiff. — Glengarriff  (K.). 

C.  GENicuLEUS,  Haiv.  —  Abundant  on  the  Dublin  coast : 
Newcastle,  Co.  Down  (W.) ;  Sligo  {McC.) ;  Donegal  (G.  V.  H.)  ; 
Dursey  I.,  Co.  Kerry  (K.)  ;  Roches  Pt.,  Co.  Cork  (K.) ;  Cork  {S.). 

C.  cuLMELLUs,  L. — Common  everywhere. 

C.  hortuellus,  Hb. — Common  everywhere. 

Phycid^. 

Anerastia  lotella,  Hb. — Malahide  (Portmarnock),  abun- 
dant; Co.Dublm(B.);  Belfast.  Crossfarnoge  Point,  Wexford  (J^.). 

Ilythyia  semirubella.  Scop. — Dursey  1.,  Kerry  {K.). 

HoMGEosoMA  NiMBELLA,  Zell. — Malahide  and  Howth,  Co. 
Dublin,  Wicklow  coast  {B.) ;  Shgo  (R.). 

H.  senecionis,  Vaughan. — Newcastle,  Co.  Down,  one  (W.); 
Magilligan,  Co.  Derry  {Curzon). 

Ephestia  elutella,  Hb. — Very  common. 

Plodia  interpunctella,  Hb. — Dublin  (S.). 

Phycis  fusca,  Hmv. — Generally  distributed,  and  common. 

P.  DiLUTELLA,  Hub. — Galway  and  Howth,  June,  July,  August 
(B.);  Island  Magee,  Co.  Down,  one  (IF.). 

DioRYCTRiA  ABiETELLA,  Zttick. — Cloubrock,  Co.  Galway,  one 
{R.  E.  D.)  ;  Sligo  (R.). 

Nephopteryx  spissicella,  F6.— Ardtully  near  Kenmare,  Co. 
Kerry  {K.) :  Clonbrock,  Co.  Galway  {R.  E.  D.). 

Pempelia  palumbella,  Schiff. — Howth,  taken  by  Mr.  Sinclair. 
Specimen  confirmed  (C.  G.  B.). 

Ehodoph^a  consociella.  Hub. — Co.  Cork  (McArthur). 

Galleria  mellonella,  L. — Common. 

Aphomia  sociELiiA,  L. — Common. 

AcHROiA  GRiSELLA,  Fb. — Common. 

Tortrices. 

Tortrix  podana,  Scop. — Co.  Dublin,  common  (B.) ;  Sligo  (R.). 
Favour  Eoyal,  Tyrone  (K.). 

T.  xylosteana,  L. — Cos.  Dublin  and  Wicklow,  plentiful  (B.)  ; 
one  near  Belfast  {W.). 

T.  robana,  L. — Cos.  Dublin  and  Wicklow,  plentiful;  Sligo  (R.). 

T.  HEPARANA,  Scliiff. — Cos.  Dublin  and  Wicklow ;  Derry  (C) ; 
Sligo  {R.). 

T.  RiBEANA,  Hb. — Generally  common. 

T.  uNiFASCiANA,  Dup. — Co.  Wicklow,  common  ;  Belfast,  com- 
mon {W.) ;  Coolmore,  Co.  Donegal,  and  Armagh  {J.) ;  Sligo. 

T.  costana. — Sligo  {R.). 


A   CATALOGUE    OF    THE    LEPIDOPTEEA    OF    lEELAND.  31 

ToRTEix  viBURNANA,  Fb. — Killarnej  (B.) ;  Belfast,  abundant 
(W.)  ;  Markree  Castle,  and  near  Sligo. 

Var.  donellana. — Carpenter.  Tuam,  feeding  on  pine,  Ent. 
xxiv.  253. 

T.  PALLEANA,  Hh. — Howth,  Co.  Dublin  (J5.)  ;  common  about 
Belfast  district  {W.)  ;  Armagh  {J.)  ;  Sligo  (R.). 

T.  viRiDANA,  L.  —  Common  about  Belfast  district  {W.) ; 
Sligo  (R.). 

T.  MiNisTRANA,  L. — Limavady,  Co.  Berry  (B.)  ;  Favour 
Eoyal,  Tyrone,  common;  Markree  Castle,  &c.,  Sligo  {K.). 

T.  FORSTERANA,  i^6.— Howth  (B.) ;  Sligo  {R). 

DiCHELiA  GROTiANA,  Fb. — Powerscourt,  Co.  Wicklow,  common 
(B.) ;  Berry  (O.)  ;  Sligo  {R.). 

Amphysa  GERNiNGANA,*Sc/ii^.— Wicklow  Mts.?(-B.);  Churchill, 
Co.  Armagh  (J.) ;  Sligo  {R.). 

A.  PEODROMANA,  Hb.SUgo  {R.) ;  Enniskillen  (P.). 

Leptogramma  literana,  L. — Killarney  (B.). 

Peronea  sponsana,  Fb. — Howth  {B.);  Sligo  (R.). 

P.  RUFANA,  W.  F.— Sligo  {R.]. 

P.  mixtana,  Hb. — Powerscourt,  Co.  Wicklow  (B.) ;  Belfast 
(W.);  Sligo  (R.). 

P.  scHALLERiANA,  L. — Wicklow  Mts.  ?  (B.) ;  Armagh  (J.) ; 
Island  Magee,  Co.  Down  (IF.);  SHgo  {R.).     Enniskillen  {P.). 

P.  coMPAEANA,  Hb. — Armagh  (J.).     Enniskillen  (P.). 

P.  PEEPLEXANA,  Bar. — Armagh,  abundant  [J.) ;  Sligo  (R.). 
Enniskillen  (P.). 

P.  coMAEiANA,  Zell. — Limerick  (Ent.  vol.  viii.  p.  89)  ;  Armagh 
(J.);  Mayo(S.). 

P.  permutana,  Diip. — Howth,  on  the  cliffs  (B.). 

P.  VAEiKGANA,  5'c/ii^. — Howth,  ou  the  cliffs;  Belfast,  abun- 
dant (IF.) ;  Armagh  (J.) ;  Sligo  (R.).     Enniskillen  (P.). 

P.  CEiSTANA,  Fab. — Co.  Cork  {Mc Arthur). 

P.  HASTiANA,  L. — Macgilligan,  Co.  Derry  {R.  C.) ;  Belfast, 
one  (IF.);  Mayo  (*S.) ;  Cromlyn,  Co.  Westmeath,  Clonbrock, 
Co.  Galway  {R.  E.  D.) ;  Sligo  [R.).  Armagh  {J.) ;  Ennis- 
killen (P.). 

P.  MACCANA,  Tr. — Mayo  (S.). 

P.  FEEEUGANA,  Tr. — Wicklow  Mts.  and  Killarney  (B.)  ; 
Sligo  {R.).     Enniskillen  (P.). 

P.  CALEDONiANA,  St. — Local  in  the  Belfast  district  (I^F.). 

P.  ASPEESANA,  Hb. — Howth  (B.)  ;  Armagh  (J.) ;  Sligo  (R.). 
Enniskillen  (P.). 

P.  SHEPEEDANA,  St. SHgO  (-R.) 


32  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Rhacodia  caudana,  Fb. — Blarney,  Co.  Cork,  Belfast  {B.) ; 
Favour  Eoyal,  Tyrone  (K.) ;  Inishowen,  Co.  Donegal  {W.  E.  H.) ; 
Sligo  {R.) ;  Cappagh,  Co.  Waterford  {K.). 

Teras  contaminana,  Hh. — Belfast  {B.  dc  W.) ;  Howth  {B.) ; 
Armagh  (J.)  ;   Sligo  (Ji.) ;  Cappagh,  Co.  Waterford  {K.). 

DiCTYOPTERYX    LOEFLINGIANA,  L. — Galway  [B.). 

D.  HOLMiANA,  L.— Belfast  {B.  &  IF.) ;   Sligo  {R). 
D.  BERGMANNiANA,  L. — Common  everywhere. 

D.  FORSKALEANA,  L. — SHgO   {B.). 

Argyrotoza  conwayana,  Fh.  —  Abundant  in  Galway  and 
Wicklow  {B.) ;  Favour  Royal,  Tyrone,  abundant  (A".)  ;  Belfast, 
abundant  (JF.)  ;  Armagh  (J.) ;   Sligo  (McC.) ;   &c. 

Ptycholoma  lecheana,  L. — Killarney  {B.). 

Penthina  BETULiETANA,  Kaw. — Wicklow  Mts.,  Holywood,  Co. 
Down  (B.) ;   Sligo  {B.). 

P.  soRORCULANA,  Zett. — Killarney  {B.). 

P.  PRUNiANA,  FLb. — Abundant  everywhere. 

P.  ocHROLEUCANA,  Hiib. — Co.  Cork  (McArthur). 

P.  VARiEGANA,  Hb. — Dublin,  and  Cork?  (B.). ;  Armagh  (J.)- 

P.  DiMiDiANA,  Tr. — Killarney  (B.) ;   Enniskillen  (P.). 

P.  sAuciANA,  H5.— Killarney  (B.) ;  Belfast  (IF.). 

P.  MARGiNANA,  Haiv. — Clonbrock,  Co.  Galway  {R.  E.  D.). 

Antithesia  salicella,  L. — Sligo  {R.). 

Hedta  ocellana,  Fb. — Sligo  {R.). 

H.  ACERIANA,  Dup. — SHgO  (R.). 
H.  DEALBANA,  Fvol. — SligO  (R.). 

H.  neglectana,  Dup. — Sligo  (R.). 

Spilonota  incarnatana,  Hb. — Howth,  abundant,  and  on  the 
sandhills  (B.) ;  Derry  (C). 

S.  trimaculana,  Haw. — Sligo  {R.) ;  Clonbrock,  Co.  Galway 
(R.E.D.). 

S.  ROS^COLANA,  Z)6L  — SligO  (R.). 

S.  ROBORANA,  Tr. — Howth,  common  {B.) ;  Derry  (C). 
Pardia  tripunctana,  Fb. — Counties  of  Dublin  and  Wicklow, 
common  (B.) ;  Sligo  (McC.) ;  Armagh  (J.). 

Aspis  udmanniana,  L. — Dublin  coast,  common  (B.). 

(To  be  continued.) 


33 


A  LIST  OF  BUTTEEFLIES  OBSERVED  IN  SWITZERLAND 

IN   JULY,   1899. 

By  a.  F.  Rosa. 

The  following  species  of  butterflies  and  varieties  were  met 
with  between  the  1st  and  13th  July  last  summer,  during  a  tour 
in  the  Valais  and  adjacent  Bernese  Alps,  the  exact  districts 
visited  being  the  Visp  Valley,  Zermatt  and  neighbourhood 
(seven  days) ;  between  Leuk  and  Kandersteg,  over  the  Gemmi 
(three  days)  ;  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Aigle  (two  days). 

The  weather  was  very  cold  nnd  unsettled  at  the  beginning  of 
the  month,  and  afterwards  inclined  to  remain  dull  for  several 
days.     The  last  few  days  were,  however,  bright  and  warm. 

Papilionid^e. 

Papilio  machaon. — Occasionally  seen  in  all  the  districts  visited,  as 
Zmutt,  St.  Niklaus,  Leuk,  Leukerbad,  Kandersteg,  Aigle  (frequently), 
and  Le  Sepey  ;  several  fine  specimens  being  secured. 

Parnassius  apollo. — Very  common  in  the  Nicolai  Thai  and  Zmutt 
Thai ;  also  between  Aigle  and  Le  Sepey. 

P.  deliiis. — A  few  taken  flying  languidly  along  the  sides  of  the 
Visp  at  Zermatt ;  also  a  good  many  found  lying  on  a  marshy  bank,  on 
the  ground  among  the  grass. 

PlERID^. 

Aporia  cratcegi. — Very  common  in  the  Zmutt  and  Nicolai  Thais  ; 
also  at  Leukerbad,  Kandersteg,  Aigle,  &c. 

Pieris  brassicce. — Abundant  at  Leukerbad  ;  seldom  seen  elsewhere. 

P.  rapes. — Only  one  or  two  seen. 

P.  napi. — A  few  at  Stalden,  and  plentiful  on  the  Gemmi  in  the 
pine  forest  above  Gastern-Thal.  —  Var.  bryonia.  Very  fine  specimens 
from  the  Gemmi ;  also  one  or  two  at  Stalden. 

P.  callidice. — A  short  series  of  this  fast  flier  on  the  Riffelberg  and 
Gorner  Grat ;  also  taken  on  the  Gemmi  Pass. 

Euchloe  belia  var.  simplonia. — Turned  up  occasionally  at  Tasch, 
Stalden,  Zmutt,  and  on  the  Gemmi. 

E.  cardamines. — Two  males  and  several  females  taken,  and  others 
seen. 

Leucophasia  sinapis. — Common  in  the  neighbourhood  of  trees  and 
bushes  between  Zermatt  and  Visp  ;  also  taken  at  Aigle,  &c. —  Ab. 
erysimi.  Three  specimens  of  this  variety  at  Randa,  Leuk,  and  Aigle 
respectively  ;  also  a  few  between  this  and  the  type. 

Colias  phicomone.  —  Not  rare,  and  in  first-class  condition  at  St. 
Niklaus,  Zmutt,  and  on  the  Gemmi  Pass  ;  the  depth  of  the  yellow 
ground  colour  varying  considerably,  one  about  as  deep  as  G.  rhamni 
male,  and  from  this  seem  to  vary  to  the  very  palest  yellow  ;  none  of 
the  males,  however,  are  as  white  as  the  female  [phicomone). 

C.  hyale. — Pretty  common,  but  seldom  in  good  condition.  Zmutt, 
Leukerbad,  and  on  the  Gemmi  near  Kandersteg  ;  also  at  Le  Sepey. 


34  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

C.  edusa. — One  seen  flying  swiftly  up  the  valley  at  Stalden,  and 
another  seen  near  Zermatt ;  neither  captured. 

Gunoptenjx  rhamni. — ^Several  of  both  sexes  seen  ;  those  captured 
were  worn,  evidently  hybernated. 

Lyc^nid^. 

Thecla  spini. — Eather  common  in  the  same  localities,  and  along 
with  the  next  species. 

T.  ilicis. — Common,  sportin»  about  the  road  between  Aigle  and 
Le  Sepey,  and  flying  round  the  tops  of  trees,  which  at  some  parts 
reach  conveniently  from  a  lower  level  within  easy  striking  distance. 
Like  the  last  species,  difficult  to  get  in  anything  like  good  condition. 
Usually  minus  a  tail  or  rubbed  on  upper  side. 

Polyonunatus  vir<jmtrea. — This  fine  copper  was  common  in  some 
fields  at  St.  Niklaus,  and  in  Zmutt  Thai,  &c.     All  males. 

P.  hippotho'e. — The  crimson  copper,  scarce  at  the  same  places  as 
the  last ;  also  one  at  Stalden ;  all  these  being  males.  One  worn 
female  was  taken  at  Le  Sepey. 

P.  alciphron  var.  gordius.  Two  fresh  specimens  taken  at  St.  Nicklaus. 

P.  phlaas. — One  seen  on  the  wing  at  the  same  place,  but  not  taken. 

Lycana  ayon. — At  Tasch,  Randa,  Visp,  &c. 

L.  argils. — Hanging  to  grasses  and  reeds  on  marshy  ground  beside 
the  road  at  Tasch.     Seemed  to  be  plentiful. 

L.  astrarche. — Turned  up  now  and  then,  never  common,  and  always 
in  indifferent  condition. 

L.  eros. — This  pretty  little  blue  occurred  in  the  same  localities  as 
L.  corydon,  but  not  commonly.  One  specimen  captured  is  not  of  the 
usual  pale  glossy  greenish  colour,  but  a  decided  pale  blue. 

L.  icarus. — Not  very  many  seen,  but  was  occasionally  met  with  in 
all  the  three  districts  visited. 

L.  eM?nedo7i.— Single  specimens  captured  at  St.  Nicklaus,  Tasch, 
Stalden,  and  Le  Sepey. 

L.  bdJargus.  Several,  mostly  worn  males  and  one  female,  at 
Zmutt,  St.  Nicklaus,  &c. 

L.  corydon. — With  the  exception  of  L.  minima,  probably  the  most 
common  blue,  all  males,  and  mostly  in  grand  condition,  as  at  Tasch, 
Zmutt,  and  Le  Sepey  (very  abundant). 

L.  hylas. — In  the  same  localities  as  L.  bellargus,  but  more  common. 
Appeared  to  be  going  over  also. 

L.  damon. — Very  common  on  the  road  to  Ormont  Dessous.  The 
blue  upper  contrasts  strongly  with  the  brown  under  side  when  in 
flight.     Freshly  emerged,  and  all  males. 

L.  minima. — Very  abundant,  and  sometimes  at  high  elevations,  as 
near  the  summit  of  the  GemmiPass,  probably  7600  ft.  above  sea-level. 

L.  semiargus. — Worn,  at  St.  Niklaus  on  the  3rd.  I  was  surprised 
to  find  many  fresh  specimens  at  the  same  locality  on  the  7th.  Taken 
elsewhere  also,  as  at  Visp,  Kandersteg,  Aigle. 

L.  avion. — Only  one  specimen  of  the  type,  taken  at  St.  Niklaus. — 
Var.  obscura.  Not  uncommon  on  a  rocky  slope  near  Tasch.  Several 
in  a  meadow  at  St.  Niklaus,  also  at  Zmutt ;  one  also  taken  at  Aigle  on 
a  path  in  the  valley. 


LIST    OF   BUTTERFLIES    OBSERVED    IN    SWITZERLAND.  35 

Nymphalid^. 

Limenitis  Camilla. — On  the  road  at  Aigle,  just  emerging. 

L.  Sibylla. — One  very  small-sized  specimen  taken  at  Aigle. 

Va7iessa  c-album. — Two  seen,  but  neither  captured  ;  one  on  a  teasel- 
head,  the  other  settled  on  the  road,  both  near  the  same  spot  between 
Aigle  and  Le  Sepey. 

V.  polychloros. — One  very  bright  individual  captured  at  Visp. 

F.  urtic(B. — Not  common,  but  occasionally  at  highish  elevations  ; 
some  fresh,  some  almost  scaleless. 

F.  io. — Two  very  much  worn  specimens  at  Stalden. 

F.  atalanta. — Several  hybernated  individuals  in  the  Visp  Valley. 

Melitcea  phcebe. — Not  uncommon  at  Zmutt,  Stalden,  Eanda,  &c. 
One  with  the  submarginal  row  of  fulvous  spaces,  upper  side,  hind 
wings  centred  black  ;  under  side  normal. 

M.  didyrna. — Common;  specimens  from  Zmutt,  St.  Niklaus,  Eanda, 
Stalden,  and  Le  Sepey. 

M.  dictynna. — Common  from  Tasch  to  Visp  ;  also  taken  on  the 
Gemmi,  and  at  Leukerbad. 

M.  athalia. — Pretty  common  at  Eanda,  Tasch,  and  Le  Sepey. 

M.  jparthenie  var.  varia. — Eanda  and  Visp  ;  three  specimens  only. 
One  has  the  ground  colour  of  the  central  area  of  the  upper  side  fore 
wings  pale  (whitish). 

Argynnis  euphrusyne. — A  few  at  Tasch,  and  on  the  Gemmi  Pass 
above  Kandersteg. 

A.  pales. — A  few  on  the  Eiffelalp  ;  also  in  Zmutt  Thai,  and  on  the 
Gemmi  Pass. 

A.  lathonia. — Single  specimens  taken  at  St.  Niklaus,  Zmutt  Thai, 
Stalden,  and  Leukerbad.  Eather  common  at  Zermatt,  unfortunately, 
however,  difficult  to  capture  flying  with  the  wind,  but  quite  recog- 
nisable. One  was  netted  here,  and  another  found  floating  alive  in  a 
mountain  stream. 

A.  aglaia. — One  specimen  taken  at  Stalden,  and  in  the  Zmutt  Thai 
quite  commonly. 

A.  niobe. — Common  in  the  Nicolai  and  Zmutt  Thais.  Most  speci- 
mens approach  the  var.  eris,  of  which  several  were  taken. 

A.  adippe. — Not  uncommon  in  all  the  districts  visited. 

A.  paphia. — This  species  was  just  beginning  to  make  its  appearance 
at  Aigle,  &c.,  when  I  was  leaving. 

Satyrid^. 

Melanargia  galatea. — Very  abundant,  especially  in  the  Visp  Valley 
below  St.  Niklaus,  and  at  Aigle. 

Erehia  melampus. — Several  taken  on  the  Gemmi ;  also  at  Leuker- 
bad and  Kandersteg. 

E.  pharte. — A  few  on  the  Gemmi,  and  at  Kandersteg. 

E.  manto  (pyrrha). — One  at  Kandersteg  behind  the  Bear  Hotel. 

E.  ceto. — Common  in  the  Zmutt  and  Nicolai  Thais. 

E.  ceme. — Not  uncommon  at  Kandersteg,  and  on  the  Gemmi.  Of 
this  variable  species  I  have  one  without  any  trace  of  ocelli  or  rusty 
markings  on  the  upper  side,  and  with  only  one  minute  pupilled  spot  on 
the  under  side  of  the  hind  wings.     Another  has  two  ocellated  spots  at 


36  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

the  apex  of  the  fore  wings,  upper  and  under  side,  and  a  series  of  five  on 
the  under  side  of  hind  wing,  represented  above  by  two.  Most  speci- 
mens are  intermediate  between  these  two.  I  also  took  several  which 
are  very  strongly  marked,  so  as  to  be  quite  distinct  from  any  of  the 
above,  and  which  appear  to  be  identical  to  the  var.  spodea  of  the 
Austrian  and  Styriau  Alps.  The  best  of  these  has,  fore  wing  above 
and  below,  two  well-marked  apical  spots,  and  another  lower  down. 
Hind  wing  (upper  side)  has  a  series  of  six,  and  underneath  seven  well- 
marked  ocelli,  all  pupilled  white. 

E.  styyne. — Not  uncommon ;  Kandersteg,  Gemmi  Pass,  and  Leuker- 
bad. 

E.  glacialis. — One  specimen  taken  on  the  Gemmi,  and  others  seen. 
One  seen  also  near  the  top  of  the  Gorner  Grat,  probably  2000  ft.  above 
the  snow-line. — Ab.  alecto.     One  netted  on  the  Eiffelberg. 

E.  lappona. — Very  common  on  the  Eiffelberg,  and  at  the  summit 
of  the  Gemmi. 

E.  tyndarus. — Single  specimens  at  St.  Niklaus  and  Tasch. 

E.  gorge. — Eiffelalp,  Gemmi  Pass,  and  Kandersteg  ;  not  uncom- 
mon.— Ab.  erytiis.     One  or  two  very  closely  approaching  this  form. 

E.  goante. — One  at  Stalden,  and  another  at  St.  Niklaus. 

E.  ligea. — Several  of  this  fine  Erebia  were  taken  flying  about  the 
road  at  Le  Sepey. 

E.  euryale. — Kandersteg  and  Zmiitt  Thai. 

Satynis  hermione. — Common  about  rocky  places  from  Stalden  to 
Visp  ;  also  between  Leuk  and  Leukerbad,  and  at  Aigle. 

S.  alcyone. — One  or  two  at  Stalden. 

S.  semele. — Very  large  specimens,  only  males,  at  Visp,  Stalden, 
Aigle,  &c. 

S.  actma  var.  cordula. — Common  in  the  Ehone  Valley,  Nicolai  Thai, 
Zmutt  Thai,  and  at  Aigle,  &c. 

Pararge  mcBra. — Abundant  about  stones  and  rocks  between  Tasch 
and  Stalden ;  also  seen  at  Aigle  on  the  road. — Ab.  adrasta.  One  at 
St.  Niklaus. 

P.  mega;ra. — One  battered  specimen  at  Visp. 

P.  achine. — Several  of  this  curious  butterfly  taken  at  Le  Sepey. 

Epinephele  lycaon. — Single  specimens  from  Inden  and  Stalden. 

E.  ianira. — Visp,  Aigle,  &c. 

E.  hyperanthiis, — Only  a  few  worn  specimens  seen  at  Visp,  &c. 

Ccenonympha  arcania  var.  danviniana. — Several  taken  at  St.  Niklaus, 
Zmutt,  &c. — Var.  satyrion.     St.  Niklaus. 

C.  pamphilus. — Common  at  St.  Niklaus,  &c. 

HESPEEIIDiE. 

Spilothyrus  lavatera.  —  One  taken  and  another  seen  at  Stalden  ; 
conspicuous  among  the  swarms  of  H.  thaumas  and  H.  lineola,  settling 
on  the  ground  at  the  puddles. 

Syrichthus  carthami. — One  or  two  at  St.  Niklaus. 

S.  fritiUum  var.  alveus. — Common. — Var.  serratul(B,  Tasch. — Var. 
carlina.     Leukerbad. 

S.  andromedce. — Two  fine  specimens  near  the  Schwarzbach,  on  the 
Gemmi  Pass. 


COLLECTING    IN    THE    ISLE    OF    LEWIS.  37 

S.  malvcB. — Leukerbad. 
S.  sao. — Le  Sepey. 

Nisoniades  tages. — One  worn  specimen  at  Visp. 
Hesperia  thaumas. — Swarmed  about  damp  ground  at  the  sides  of 
roads  and  paths. 

H.  lineola. — More  abundant  than  the  preceding. 
H.  sylvanus. — Also  rather  common. 

20,  Dundonald  Street,  Edinburgh. 


COLLECTING    IN    THE    ISLE    OF    LEWIS. 
By  H.  Stuart  Fremlin,  F.E.S. 

I  HAD  some  three  weeks'  collecting  last  summer  in  the  Isle  of 
Lewis,  being  there  from  the  middle  of  June  to  the  end  of  the 
first  week  in  July.  Insects  were  fairly  numerous,  but  the  species 
were  limited  in  number.  The  weather  was  fine  generally, 
exceedingly  fine  even,  for  the  district,  although  usually  overcast 
until  about  1  p.m.  The  chief  part  of  my  collecting  was  confined 
to  the  neighbourhood  of  Stornoway,  although  I  searched  a  little 
in  other  parts  of  the  island. 

To  those  of  my  readers  who  do  not  know  the  Lewis,  a  short 
description  may  be  of  interest.  The  island  consists  almost 
entirely  of  moorland,  mountains,  and  small  lakes ;  the  soil  is 
peaty,  and  very  little  cultivation  is  carried  on.  The  only  trees 
on  the  island  grow  on  the  Matheson  estate  at  Stornoway,  where 
they  have  been  planted.  (This  wooded  part  formed  my  chief  col- 
lecting centre.)  Stornoway  itself  is  the  chief  town,  and  lies  on 
the  coast ;  it  is  mainly  interested  in  herring  fisheries,  and  in  the 
month  of  June  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  obtain  lodgings,  on 
account  of  influx  of  people  interested  in  the  fishing  trade. 

I  commenced  collecting  very  soon  after  my  arrival.  The 
first  species  that  I  took  was  Hypsipetes  impluviata,  and  this 
occurred  commonly  in  the  neighbourhood  of  trees ;  I  found  some 
at  rest  on  the  tree-trunks  during  the  day,  and  netted  others  in 
the  evening. 

Melanippe  montanata  soon  made  its  appearance,  and  was  very 
generally  distributed  ;  I  continued  to  take  freshly  emerged  speci- 
mens during  the  remainder  of  my  stay.  I  took  a  few  Odontopera 
hidentata,  which  were  attracted  by  my  lamp.  Larentia  pectini- 
taria  made  its  appearance  about  the  end  of  June  ;  it  was  very 
common  in  certain  spots  ;  on  one  evening  I  saw  practically  no 
other  species  ;  they  appeared  to  be  the  only  moths  about  in  that 
particular  place,  and  could  be  seen  crawling  up  grass-stems  and 
flying  about  everywhere. 

Hepialus  velleda  was  common  everywhere,  but  difficult  to 
catch.     H.  hectus  occurred  in  one  or  two  glades,  but  I  did  not 


38  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

find  it  at  all  common.  H.  hamuli  appeared  about  the  latter  end 
of  June,  and  occurred  in  every  place  that  I  worked  at  all ;  it  was 
the  only  moth  that  I  took  on  Little  Bernera  Island. 

Camptogramma  hilineata  apparently  emerged  two  or  three 
days  before  I  left,  and  I  did  not  find  it  in  any  numbers  until  the 
last  few  hours  of  my  stay  in  the  Lewis.  It  appeared  to  be  local, 
occurring  on  rocks  and  in  the  growth  surrounding  them,  but 
only  in  certain  places ;  one  might  search  for  an  hour  in  the 
heather  around  the  base  of  rocks  without  seeing  a  single  speci- 
men, then  suddenly  one  would  find  eight  or  ten  together. 
Possibly  it  is  more  generally  distributed  later  in  the  season. 

Sugaring  was  a  failure  ;  I  do  not  know  if  it  was  from  the 
absence  of  sugar-loving  moths,  bad  nights,  or  bad  sugar.  Who- 
ever wishes  to  sugar  in  that  neighbourhood  had  better  bring  his 
own  rum.  I  thought  I  could  buy  any  form  of  alcohol  easily 
there,  but  rum  does  not  appear  to  be  a  very  coveted  liquor,  as  it 
is  not  retailed  out,  and  I  had  to  buy  a  bottle.  This  bottle  was 
sealed  and  marked  "  rum,"  and  contained  some  sort  of  spirit,  but 
what  it  really  was  I  do  not  know,  and  the  moths  could  not  make 
it  out  either,  I  suppose,  as  they  didn't  turn  up. 

I  saw  very  few  species  of  butterflies.  Lycceiia  {Polyommatas) 
icarus  occurred  sparingly,  the  males  being  much  the  more 
common. 

Coenonympha  davus  was  abundant  on  the  moors,  and  gave 
me  a  rare  chase  over  the  boggy  ground.  Epinephele  ianira  was 
fairly  common.  The  only  Vanessid  I  saw  was  one  Vanessa 
atalanta. 

Besides  the  insects  above  mentioned  I  took  a  few  dragonflies, 
which  I  gave  to  Mr.  Lucas,  who,  I  believe,  finds  them  of  some 
interest. 

Any  collector  from  the  South  of  England  coming  for  the  first 
time  to  this  northern  region  must,  like  myself,  have  noticed 
many  things  that  were  quite  new  to  him.  The  short  night 
threw  me  out  entirely  with  regard  to  time.  I  would  see  the  sun 
in  the  afternoon  fairly  high  in  the  heavens,  and  think  it  must  be 
about  6  o'clock,  and  then  find  to  my  astonishment  that  it  was 
8  p.m.  Evening  commenced  at  about  9.30,  and  then  velleda 
would  fly  for  an  hour  or  so,  after  which  time  it  would  be  dark 
enough  for  the  small  Geometers  to  show  themselves,  and  I  could 
net  these  and  other  moths  until  11  p.m.  I  usually  collected 
until  midnight,  and  on  returning  home  could  see  the  time  by  my 
watch,  as  the  whole  northern  sky  had  a  yellow  glow  which  lit  up 
the  surrounding  country  and  made  all  objects  distinctly  visible. 
This  twilight  was  the  nearest  approach  to  night,  for  in  an  hour 
the  light  would  shine  more  strongly  in  the  east,  a  lark  commence 
to  sing,  and  the  morning  break.  The  chief  annoyances  to 
collecting  were  clegs  during  the  day  and  midges  in  the  evening. 
Of  the  two  I  prefer  clegs,  as  they  can  easily  be  seen  and  only 


NOTES    ON    SOME    TUDDENHAM   LEPIDOPTERA.  39 

occur  in  dozens,  but  the  midges  are  almost  invisible,  and  occur 
in  clouds  over  the  moor.  They  bite  every  part  not  protected, 
and  I  found  it  quite  impossible  to  stand  still  for  five  minutes 
when  they  were  about ;  even  whilst  walking  I  used  my  handker- 
chief continuously  to  my  face,  neck,  and  hands.  Happily  both 
of  these  torments  only  occurred  on  the  moors,  the  wood  was 
quite  free  from  them. 

I  was  fairly  satisfied  with  the  result  of  my  collecting,  and, 
although  I  took  no  rarities,  yet  most  of  the  insects  were  variable. 
The  best  forms  occurred  in  C.  hilineata  and  O.  hidentata.  The 
M.  montanata  were  of  the  Northern  type,  but  yielded  few  striking 
varieties. 


NOTES     ON     SOME     TUDDENHAM     LEPIDOPTERA. 
By  E.  G.  J.  Sparke,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

I  HAVE  heard  it  said,  and  seen  it  written,  that  the  special 
Lepidoptera  of  Tuddenham  and  the  surrounding  district  are 
getting  scarcer  year  by  year.  Having  had  good  opportunities  of 
testing  this  by  two  annual  visits  for  some  years  past  to  the  late 
venerable  rector  of  Tuddenham,  a  near  relative  of  mine,  I  would 
assert  generally  that  this  is  not  the  case. 

Take  Agrophila  trabealis  (sidphuralis) ,  for  instance.  By  making 
a  close  search  of  Tuddenham  for  one  whole  day  in  June,  I  found 
certain  places  where  they  almost  swarmed  if  looked  for  at  the 
right  time.  In  1897  they  were  especially  plentiful,  and  I  had  the 
pleasure  of  circulating  nearly  two  hundred  specimens  amongst 
friends  in  various  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom.  Last  year 
(leaving  them  quite  alone  in  1898)  I  again  had  the  pleasure  of 
distributing  over  one  hundred  good  specimens,  taken  from  a 
small  rough  patch  of  ground  not  larger  than  the  garden  of  a 
suburban  villa.  I  could  easily  have  made  it  five  hundred  if  I 
had  gone  into  a  field  of  stunted  rye-grass  of  many  acres  close 
by,  growing  or  trying  to  grow  against  rabbits  and  drought.  It 
has  struck  me  as  very  curious  that  there  should  be  a  small 
grasshopper  on  these  wastes  which  flies  almost  exactly  like 
A.  trabealis  — the  one  seems  to  imitate  the  other.  A.  trabealis 
is  also  fond  of  flying  on  to  the  bare  field,  and  while  sitting  on  a 
clod  or  a  stone  is  only  visible  to  a  trained  eye ;  I  only  once  have 
boxed  one  on  the  ground. 

Acidalia  rubricata  certainly  seems  scarcer  than  formerly, 
though  still  plentiful  in  other  places,  and  in  Norfolk ;  but  still 
in  certain  spots  I  found  it  still  possible  to  get  a  fair  series  in  one 
afternoon,  This  year  the  first  brood  was  late — there  were  sharp 
frosts  at  Tuddenham  in  June ;  I  caught  several  beautiful  ruddy 
specimens  the  first  week  in  July.     This  insect  does  not  fly  as  a 


40  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

rule  till  about  4  p.m.  I  have  never  seen  it  at  rest,  though  I 
looked  very  closely  for  it.  Its  red  colour  no  doubt  protects  it, 
as  many  of  the  wastes  are  distinctly  red-coloured  from  the  scanty 
herbage  on  them. 

With  regard  to  Lithostege  griseata,  I  would  say  that  this  moth 
depends  more  than  the  others  on  its  restricted  food-plant,  the 
flixweed  {Sisymbrium  sophia).  I  have  taken  it  in  ten  different 
places  in  Tuddenham  by  observing  closely  and  making  note  of 
where  the  food-plant  grew  the  year  previously.  I  have  hardly 
touched  it  for  two  years,  as  it  is  a  scheduled  insect.  The  larvae 
are  plentiful,  but  in  confinement  many  emerge  crippled. 

I  now  come  to  Dianthcecia  irregularis.  The  larvee  are  still 
plentiful  at  the  right  time,  but  I  consider  it  useless  and  destruc- 
tive to  try  and  breed  them  unless  you  are  on  the  spot  to  get 
fresh  food  {Silene  otites).  I  take  a  few  of  the  best  specimens  by 
walking  the  banks  where  the  food  grows,  using  a  good  lantern, 
which  you  can  set  down  on  the  ground  when  a  capture  is  made, 
and  a  black  gauze  net,  in  which  you  can  see  to  box  or  bottle  a 
light  insect  like  D.  irregularis  easily. 

I  found  Heliothis  dij)saceus  the  year  before  last  quite  plentiful 
on  the  wing,  and  later  I  saw  a  good  many  larvae  about  on  various 
plants,  especially  on  Silene  inflata. 

I  do  not  collect  micros ;  but  in  conclusion  I  would  say  that  I 
saw  Spilodes  sticticalis  in  great  numbers  at  light,  though  a  few 
are  put  up  in  the  daytime  as  one  walks  along  the  waste  places. 

Finally,  I  would  add  a  word  of  warning  to  those  who  wish  to 
collect  in  this  interesting  district.  Get  leave  from  the  head 
keeper,  or  someone  in  authority,  as  the  whole  neighbourhood  is 
now  swarming  with  game,  and  a  lon^  journey  there  may  only 
end,  unless  one  is  very  fortunate,  in  being  sent  back  empty- 
handed  and  angry. 

1,  Christchurch  Villas,  Tooting  Bee  Eoad,  S.W. 


WHAT  IS  THE   PROPER  NAME    OF  LOPHYRUS,  Lateeille  ? 

By  T.  D.  a.  Cockerell,  N.M.,  Agr.Exp.Sta. 

Through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  T.  S.  Palmer  I  have  been  able 
to  see  Gistel's  '  Naturgeschichte  des  Thierreichs,'  in  which  Ana- 
choreta  is  proposed  as  a  new  name  for  Lophyrus,  Latr.,  1802, 
which  is  preoccupied  in  Zoology  {Lophyrus,  Poli,  1791).  Gistel's 
new  name  dates  from  1848,  and,  even  if  we  abandon  Lophyrus, 
is  not  required.  Dlprion,  Schrank,  1802,  apparently  included  a 
species  of  Lophyrus,  but  the  first  species  is  a  Megalodontes,  and 
the  second  a  Monoctenus.   Nycteridium,  Fischer- Waldheim,  1806, 


BEITISH  DEAGONFLIES  OF  THE  OLDER  ENGLISH  AUTHORS.  41 

was  based  exclusively  on  a  Lophyrus,  and  should  apparently  be 
adopted.  The  name  Nycteridium,  Giinther,  1864,  as  applied  to  a 
genus  of  reptiles,  will  have  to  be  changed. 

In  this  same  work  of  Gistel's  we  have  Caliendra  proposed 
for  Chrysantheda,  Perty,  Matella  for  the  geometrid  Ephyra  (not 
Epkyra,  Peron,  1809),  Marmaryga  for  Hypoderma,  Latr.,  Gyra 
for  Phycis,  Fab.,  and  a  number  of  other  substitutions  which 
should  be  critically  examined  by  someone  who  has  the  leisure 
and  opportunity. 

Mesilla  Park,  New  Mexico,  U.S.A. 


BEITISH    DRAGONFLIES    OF    THE    OLDER    ENGLISH 

AUTHORS. 

By  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

1.  Moses  Harris's  '  Exposition  of  English  Insects,''  1782. 

In  this  book,  which  consists  of  a  number  of  plates,  moderately 
well  printed  and  hand-coloured,  together  with  descriptive  letter- 
press  in   English    and   French,    seven   plates    are   devoted    to 
dragonflies. 
Plate  XII. 
Large  Brown  =  ^'sc/ma  ^mwtZis  (fig.  1,  <^  ;  2,  ?  ;  3,  nymph  (very 
poor) ;  4,  face). 
Plate  XVI. 

Large  Green.^ Mschna  cyanea  (fig.  1  ^  and   ?  ;  2,  eggs). 
Plate  XXIII. 

Forcipata   ?    =  Corduleyaster  annulatus   ?    (fig.  3). 
Anguis  (?  =Mschna  cyanea  $  (fig.  4). 
Plate  XXVII. 

Coluberculus=  ?  (fig.  1).  [JE.  mixta,  M.  juncea,  and  M.  ca^ndea 
have  all  been  suggested  as  the  insect  described  by  Harris  under 
the  name  of  culuberculus ;  but  it  does  not  seem  possible  to 
decide  which  he  intended,  or  whether  it  might  not  have  been 
B.  pratense,  the  female  of  which  is  figured  on  the  same  plate, 
and  which  also  would  be  on  the  wing  in  June.] 
?eueB.=  Cordulia  anea  (fig.  2).      [There  seems  no  good  reason  for 

supposing  that  this  is  S.  metallica  as  some  have  suggested.] 
Sisi)is  =  Bracliytron  pratense  2   (fig.  3).      [The  thorax  is  too  red.] 
Plate  XXIX. 

in.im.\xs=  Pyrrhosomanymphula  {6g.l,  ?  ;  2,  ,3^ ).  [The  description  is 
better  than  the  figures,  the  male  being  especially  poorly  coloured.] 
sereus  =  Ena I h(gma  cyathigenim  possibly  (fig.  3,  ?  ;  4:,^). 
lucifugus  =  ^f/rio«  2^^^Ma  possibly  (fig.  5,  <?  ;  6,  $  ,  ft,  nymph). 
[With  about  equal  probability  (ereus  might  be  cyathigerum;  and 
lucifugus,  puella.  The  red  eyes  must  be  a  mistake,  except  for 
minius.     The  nymph  is  very  poor.] 

ENTOM. FEBRUARY,    1900.  E 


42  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Plate  XXX. 

splendens  2  =Caloptenjx  spleyidens,  S  (fig.  1). 
,,  2  —C.  Virgo,  ^  (var.  anceps),  (fig.  2). 

„  ^  =C.  splendens,   ?   (fig.  3). 

splendeo     ?  =C  virgo,  g-  (var.  anceps),  fig.  4. 

jj  (?  =  (7.  virgo,   or   splendens,    ?  ,  fig.  5  ;    nympli   of  this 

class,  fig.  6.  [In  fig.  4  the  body  is  that  of  a  female,  but  the 
appendages  look  like  those  of  a  male.  As  the  white  speck  is 
specially  referred  to  in  fig.  5,  it  can  hardly  have  been  over- 
looked in  fig.  4,  so  the  specimen  must  be  looked  on  as  a  male. 
The  description  of  fig.  5  seems  to  suit  a  female  C.  splendens,  but 
the  colour  of  the  wings  is  brown,  pointing  to  ?   C.  virgo.] 

Plate  XLVI. 

'M.a.cul3i.ia,=  Libellula  quadriviaculata,    ^  (fig.  1). 

Pugax=  Libellula  fulva  g  (fig.  2).  [It  has  dark  tips  to  the  wings, 
however,  as  is  customary  in  the  female.] 

'^vilgdXdi.  —  Sgmpetrum  sanguineum,  3'  (fig.  3).  [The  shape  and 
description — deep  blood-coloured  scarlet — of  the  abdomen  are 
sufiicient  to  point  this  insect  out  as  sanguineum  <?  .] 

Flaveola=-S'(/»!/>etrM»i  striolatum,  g,  immature  (fig.  4).  [Apart 
from  the  fact  that  the  wings  are  practically  without  saffron 
coloration,  Harris  speaking  about  the  insect  as  if  it  were 
common  points  it  out  as  S.  striolatum.] 

Kingston-on-Thames. 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS. 
The  Range  in  Britain   of  Epichnopteryx   pulla,    Sterrhoptekyx 

HIRSUTELLA,  AcANTHOPSYCHE    OPACELLA,    AND    PaCHYTHELIA    VILLOSELLA. 

I  find  it  quite  impossible  to  obtain  satisfactory  evidence  of  the  range 
of  these  species  in  Britain,  more  particularly  of  E.  ptdla.  It  is 
recorded  from  Kent,  Somerset  and  Cambridgeshire,  and  is  exceedingly 
abundant  in  some  years  in  Kent  and  Essex  (in  one  or  two  localities). 
Yet  there  are  whole  counties — southern,  midland  and  eastern — for 
which  no  record  exists.  It  must  exist  fairly  abundantly  in  Surrey, 
Sussex,  Suffolk,  Bucks,  Berks,  Norfolk,  Herts,  Middlesex,  one  would 
suspect,  yet  there  are  either  only  single  records  traceable  or  none  at  all 
for  these  counties.  Will  those  lepidopterists  who  have  captured  any 
of  these  species,  or  who  possess  local  lists  in  which  they  are  mentioned, 
please  be  kind  enough  to  send  me  the  records  ?  I  shall  be  extremely 
grateful.  I  need  hardly  add  that  I  want  the  localities  for  insertion  in 
the  second  volume  of  '  British  Lepidoptera '  now  in  press. — J.  W. 
Tutt;  Westcombe  Hill,  S.E.,  Jan.  16th,  1900. 

District  Lists  of  Lepidoptera. — A  useful  addition  to  the  local  lists 
of  British  Lepidoptera  is  '  The  Butterflies  and  Moths  of  Malvern,'  by 
Messrs.  W.  Edwards  and  R.  F.  Towndrow.  The  species  included  in 
this  list  are  only  those  that  have  been  actually  found  within  a  six- 
mile  radius  of  Malvern.  Rhopalocera  show  a  total  of  forty-seven 
species,   among  which  we  note  Aporia  cratagi  (1858),  Piens  daplidice 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  43 

(inserted  doubtfully),  Limenitis  sibylla  (1861),  Apatura  iris  (1864-66), 
Folyommatus  {Lyccena)  acis  (1885).  None  of  these  butterflies  have 
been  observed  in  the  district  since  the  years  quoted,  but  Mr.  Edwards 
states  that  he  found  a  brood  of  the  larvae  of  A.  cratcegi,  feeding  upon 
hawthorn,  in  1876.  The  Sphingina  number  twenty-four  species ; 
Bombycina,  about  seventy  species  ;  Noctuina,  upwards  of  one  hundred 
and  eighty  species ;  Geometrina,  over  one  hundred  and  sixty  species ; 
Pyralidina,  forty-seven  species.  The  "  Micro-Lepidoptera  "  appear  to 
have  received  but  little  attention,  as  only  fifty-one  species  of  Tortri- 
cina  are  mentioned,  and  the  Tineina  are  omitted  altogether. 

In  the  '  Transactions '  of  the  Hull  Scientific  and  Field  Naturalists' 
Club,  vol.  i.  pt.  2,  pp.  55-64)  is  a  hst,  drawn  up  by  Mr.  J.  W,  Boult, 
of  the  Macro-Lepidoptera  collected  within  eight  miles  of  Hull.  The 
compiler  has  only  included  species  obtained  by  himself  or  other 
members  of  the  Club  during  the  past  twenty-five  years.  Two  hundred 
species  are  catalogued,  and  of  these  twenty-five  are  butterflies. 

Retarded  Emergence  of  Sphinx  ligustri. — I  took  some  full-grown 
larvas  of  S.  ligustri,  which  soon  entered  the  pupa  state,  in  September, 
1898.  All  these,  except  one,  attained  the  perfect  state  in  the  following 
June.  The  imago  from  the  remaining  pupa  did  not  emerge  until 
Aug.  22th,  1899.  Is  not  this  rather  unusual  ?  The  conditions  in 
which  the  pupae  were  kept  favoured  a  much  earlier  appearance  of  the 
moths. — (Rev.)  W.  J.  Leigh  Phillips  ;  The  Cottage,  Parkwood  Road, 
Tavistock,  Jan.  11th. 

Unusual  Pairing  of  Satyrus  semele. — This  year  I  captured  a  fine 
female  of  S.  semele  with,  two  males  "in  coitu."  This  struck  me  as 
worth  recording. — (Rev.)  W.  J.  Leigh  Phillips. 

New  African  Dragonflies.— Dr.  F.  Karsch  ('  Entomologische  Nach- 
richten,'  No.  24,  December,  1899)  gives  a  lengthy  account  of  a  new 
genus,  Atoconeura,  of  African  dragonflies,  and  of  eleven  new  species  : — 
Trithemis  pruinata,  T.  furva,  Atoconeura  biordinata,  Orthetrum  polli- 
nosum,  jEscIma  dolobrata,  Notogomphus  stuhlmanni,  Libellago  consueta, 
L,  trifaria,  Pseudagrion  gerstackeri,  Agriocnemis  inversa,  and  Lestes 
uncifer. — W.  J.  Lucas. 

New  Work  on  British  Odonata. — The  publication  of  '  British 
Dragonflies  '  (L.  Upcott  Gill)  at  the  commencement  of  the  year  affords 
an  opportunity  for  those  who  secure  a  copy  to  thoroughly  digest  the 
contents  before  the  active  season  begins.  The  study  of  our  native 
dragonflies  has  probably  been  neglected  by  collectors  because  of  diffi- 
culty in  the  way  of  readily  determining  the  species.  With  the  aid, 
however,  of  the  clear  descriptions  and  admirable  figures  given  in  this 
book  by  the  author  and  artist  (Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas),  the  correct  identifi- 
cation of  captures  becomes  a  comparatively  easy  matter. 

Setting  Relaxed  Insects. — Relative  to  the  above  (Entom.  xxxii. 
307),  I  mentioned  I  had  been  using  (unsuccessfully)  cement,  which  I 
bought  of  Messrs.  Watkins  and  Doncaster.  I  think,  in  justice  to  that 
firm,  I  should  state  that  the  cement  was  not  sold  to  me  for  the  purpose 
for  which  I  used  it,  and  that  in  other  respects  I  have  found  it  an 
excellent  cement. — Arthur  H.  Rydon  ;  Awbrook,  Lindfield,  Sussex 
Jan.  3rd,  1900. 


44  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

CAPTURES   AND   FIELD  REPORTS. 

Macro-Lepidoptera  of  the  Galashiels  District  in  1899.  —  The 
entomological  year  of  1899  has  now  almost  drawn  to  a  close,  and  it  has  not 
been  without  its  surprises  as  well  as  its  disappointments.  The  chief  features 
of  the  season  in  this  district  may  be  summed  up  as  follows  : — 1st,  the  abso- 
lute failure  of  sallowing  in  spring  ;  2nd,  the  extraordinary  abundance  of 
Macroglossa  stellatarum  in  June;  3rd,  the  great  attractiveness  of  sugar  to 
the  summer  noctuids  in  June  and  the  first  half  of  July  ;  4th,  the  exceeding 
commonness  of  Vanessa  atalanta  in  August  and  September ;  5th,  the 
unusual  paucity  of  noctuids  at  sugar  from  the  middle  of  July  up  to  date. 

The  first  captures  of  the  season  were  made  on  Feb.  19th.  when  I  took 
Hyhernia  progemmaria  and  H.  leucophcBaria  at  rest  on  a  paling.  On  the 
22nd,  searching  a  whitethorn  hedge  in  the  evening  produced  a  quantity  of 
H.  rupicapraria  males,  but  no  females  were  found.  Cucullia  verbasci 
began  to  emerge  in  my  breeding-cage  on  Feb.  27th,  and  continued  to  do  so 
until  March  12th.  My  breeding-cage  was  kept  in  a  room  in  which  there 
wa8  always  a  fire  burning,  and  the  pupae  were  damped  in  open  weather  only 
during  the  winter. 

March  12th  was  a  bright  sunny  day,  and  I  ventured  to  go  in  search  of 
the  hybernated  larvae  of  Bombyx  rubi,  which  I  thought  might  be  enticed 
from  their  winter  quarters  by  the  warmth  of  the  sun  ;  in  this  I  was  not 
disappointed,  and  had  the  satisfaction. of  picking  up  eight  larvae,  six  of  which 
subsequently  proved  to  have  been  ichneumoned  ;  the  other  two  pupated  suc- 
cessfully after  having  wandered  about  in  my  breeding-cage  for  more  than  a 
fortnight.  A  few  cocoons  of  Arctia  fuUginosa  were  picked  up  from  amongst 
the  heather. 

On  March  13th,  searching  the  undergrowth  on  the  outskirts  of  a  wood 
with  a  lantern,  about  8  p.m.,  was  productive  of  Larentia  multistrigaria 
males  in  any  quantity  ;  females  much  scarcer.  From  March  28th  to 
April  4th  Acronycta  menyanthidis  emerged  in  my  breeding-cage,  all  fine 
perfect  specimens. 

Sallowing  was  tried  for  the  first  time  on  March  30th,  and  several  times 
afterwards  up  to  April  29th,  but  proved  quite  a  failure.  The  only  species 
obtained  were  one  each  of  the  following:  —  Cidaria  niiata,  Calocampa  exo- 
leta,  TcBniocampa  gothica,  T.  rubricosa,  T.  instabilis,  and  T.  crada. 

On  April  Ist  I  obtained  the  larvae  of  Thera  variata  by  beating  Scotch 
fir ;  these  did  well  in  confinement,  and  the  imagines  emerged  about  the 
beginning  of  June.  Towards  the  end  of  the  month  the  imagines  of 
Cidaria  suffumata  and  var.  piceata,  also  C.  silaceata,  were  netted  at  dusk. 
Larvae  collecting  was  also  indulged  in  about  this  time  after  dark,  and  the 
following  species  were  bred  from  them  in  June  and  July  : —  Boarmia 
repandata,  Noctua  tnangulum,  N.  brunnea,  N.  baia,  Triphmia  fimbria 
(few  this  year),  T.  ianthina,  T.  orbona.  One  lovely  specimen  of  T.  subsequa 
emerged  about  the  beginning  of  July,  and  a  correspondent  to  whom  I  sent 
some  pupae  of  T.  orbona  told  me  that  he  had  bred  a  specimen  of  subsequa 
from  amongst  them. 

On  May  13th  Anarta  myrtilli,  Phytometra  miea,  Eupithecia  nanata, 
Fidonia  atomaria  were  taken.  One  night  during  the  end  of  the  month  I 
sugared  the  posts  of  a  wire  fence  crossing  a  moor,  and  captured  about  sixteen 
specimens  of  a  moth  which  I  took  to  be  small  examples  of  the  grey  var.  of 
gemina.  It  was  the  only  visitor  to  sugar  that  night.  I  was  rather  pleasantly 
surprised  the  other  day  when  I  was  told  by  an  undoubted  authority  that  my 
gemina  were  Mamestra  furva. 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  46 

On  May  2l8t  an  excursion  to  the  habitat  of  Orgyia  fasceUna  resulted  in 
the  finding  of  only  three  larvae,  which,  along  with  a  cocoon  of  Arctiafaligi- 
nosa  and  a  single  specimen  of  EucUdia  mi,  made  up  the  bag  for  the  day. 

In  June  things  began  to  look  more  lively,  and  this  was  certainlv  my 
busiest  month  of  the  year.  I  frequently  had  as  many  as  two  hundred 
specimens  on  my  blocks  at  one  time.  About  the  beginning  of  the  month 
the  imagines  of  Them  variata  were  very  plentiful  dancing  round  the  tops 
of  young  pines  at  dusk.  I  succeeded  in  getting  a  very  variable  series  of 
this  species.  Other  species  taken  at  the  same  time  were  Sele7ila  illunaria, 
Odontopera  bidentata,  Cabera  pusaria,  Fklonia  piniaria,  Larentia  pectini- 
taria,  Eupithecia  lariciata,  Melcmthia  ocellata,  Melanippe  rivata,  M.  sub- 
tristata,M.  montanata,  Rumiacrat<sffata,  and  Camptogramma,  bilineata ;  Hyp- 
sipetes  imjduv lata  was  obtained  from  the  alders.  On  June  11th  a  ma]e  Bombyx 
rubi  emerged  from  one  of  my  two  pupae,  and  on  June  19th,  to  my  great  joy, 
a  female  made  her  appearance.  The  following  evening  ray  friend  Mr.  Lait 
and  myself  visited  the  habitat  of  the  species  for  the  purpose  of  assembling 
the  males  with  her,  and,  to  make  sure  that  if  we  failed  in  one  object  we 
might  succeed  in  another,  we  took  our  sugaring  kit  with  us.  The  ground 
was  reached  about  7  p.m.,  and  my  friend  volunteered  to  sugar  the  alders 
while  I  made  a  reconnaissance  across  the  heath  with  madame.  Matters 
looked  rather  serious  ;  having  wandered  about  in  every  direction  of  the 
compass  for  an  hour  and  a  half  without  seeing  a  trace  of  anything,  I  sug- 
gested to  my  friend,  who  had  again  joined  me,  that  we  give  it  up.  The 
suggestion  had  hardly  been  made  when  a  male  B.  rubi  came  sailing  over  a 
clump  of  whins,  and  promptly  settled  down  on  the  box  containing  the 
female ;  this  made  an  easy  capture.  Then  the  fun  grew  fast  and  furious  ; 
there  were  sometimes  four  males  dashing  about  at  the  same  moment.  It 
was  exactly  8.30  p.m.  when  the  first  capture  was  made,  and  by  9.15  there 
were  thirty  specimens  in  the  cyanide  bottles,  and  every  one  of  them  in  as 
good  condition  as  if  bred.  A  soft  undulating  wind  was  blowing,  and  I 
noticed  that  each  time  this  wave  of  air  occurred  it  was  invariably  followed 
almost  immediately  by  fresh  arrivals,  thus  proving  that  the  scent  must  be 
carried  a  good  distance  by  the  wind.  We  lit  up  about  9.45  for  the  round 
of  the  sugared  trees,  and  1  confess  that  I  was  fairly  staggered  by  the  swarms 
of  insects  that  were  attracted  by  the  sweets.  On  some  trees  where  the 
treacle  had  run  down  to  the  base  as  many  as  one  hundred  and  fifty  insects 
were  counted.  Leucania  comma  took  the  lead  in  point  of  numbers,  Agrotis 
exclamationis  making  a  good  second;  Hadena  dentina  was  third,  and 
H.  oleracea  fourth.  The  following  were  also  taken  coramonlv  where  not 
marked  otherwise  : — Noctua  plecta,  Mamestra  brassica,  N.  c-idgrum  (a  few), 
Triph(Bna  pronuba,  Xylophasia  rurea  var.  alopecurus,  X.  lithoxylea,  X. 
polyodon  var.  infuscata,  Miana  slrigilis,  M.fasciuncula,  M.  Jiterosa{a  few), 
Rusina  tenebrosa,  Hadena  adusta  (a  few),  H.  thalassina  (a  few),  H.  pisi 
(one),  Apamea  bas'dinea  (a  few),  A.  gemina  (two;  grey  var.  common),  A. 
oculea,  Eupleoda  lucipara  (scarce),  L.  pallens,  L.  lithargyria  ,(four), 
Acronycta  ligustri  (this  species  was  commoner  in  July),  A.  rumicis  (a  few), 
A.  psi  (one  seen  on  the  sugar,  but  not  secured).  Mania  typica  (one),  Dian- 
thcecia  cucubali  (one),  Agrotis  sujfusa  (in  ribbons,  three),  making  a  grand  total 
of  thirty  species  seen  at  sugar,  and  twenty  nine  taken. 

During  June  Macroglossa  stellatarum  created  a  flutter  among  entomolo- 
gists in  the  district  by  its  appearance  in  extraordinary  numbers,  attracted 
principally  to  the  blossom  of  wallflower  and  lilac.  Up  to  the  present 
geason  it  has  occurred  here  very  sparingly — in  gome  years  never  beinf» 


46  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

observed  at  all — and  its  sudden  appearance  in  such  large  numbers  is  quite 
unaccountable.  On  June  23rd  the  larvae  of  Hypsipetes  elutata  were  found 
very  common,  rolled  up  in  the  leaves  of  sallow.  On  the  24th  I  had  a  fore- 
noon after  that  nimble  little  fellow  Melanippe  tristata,  and  found  him  as 
abundant  and  as  lively  as  usual.  Several  Arctia  menthastri  were  taken  at 
rest  durino  the  month,  but  all  typical  ;   also  one  Hecatera  serena. 

Suoariuo  in  July  was  only  productive  up  till  the  middle  of  the  month, 
when  'it  suddenly  stopped,  and  did  not  improve  again  throughout  the 
season.  In  addition  to  most  of  those  before  mentioned  in  June,  the  following 
species  were  taken  in  July: — Noctua  depuncta  (scarce),  T.  subsequa  (one 
fine  specimen),  T.  fimbria  (one),  T.  orbona,  N.  baia,  N.  brunyiea,  N.xantho- 
arapha,  N- /estiva,  Caradrina  cubicidaris,  Charaas  graminis,  Thyatira  batis 
(one  aeew,  uot  tnken),  Agrotis  porphyrea.     The  following  were   also  netted 

at  dusk  : Metrocampa  margmitata,  Ellopia  fasciaria,  CUlaria  immanata, 

G  testata,  C-  fulvata,  Larentia  didymata,  and  L.  ccBsiata. 

Butterflies  observed  during  July  were  Pieris  brassica,  Vanessa  urticcs, 
Satyrus  ianira,  S.  hyperanthus,  Ccenonympha  pamphilus,  Polyommatus 
phlceas,  Lyccena  alexis,  L.  agestis  var.  artaxerxes. 

In  August  Erebia  blandina  occurred,  and  Vanessa  atalanta  was  very 
abundant,  being  commoner  than  its  congener  V.  urticcB. 

The  only  species  taken  at  sugar  up  till  November  were  Agnopis  aprilina 
few),  Phlogophora  meticulosa  (one),  Hadena  proteus  (few),  Stilbia  anomala 
(one)',  Anchocelis  litura,  A.  lunosa  (one  taken  from  the  clutches  of  a  centi- 
pede)', Scopelosoma  satellitia,  Cerastis  vaccinii,  and  Calocampa  exoleta.  On 
some' evenings  not  a  single  insect  turned  up,  and  whereas  last  season  I  took 
upwards  of  tiftv  Epunda  nigra  in  September,  this  year  I  never  even  had  a 
sight  of  the  insect.  However,  all  things  considered,  I  have  not  much 
reason  to  grumble,  as  I  have  had  a  very  pleasant  season's  collecting. — 
James  C.  Haggart  ;  Galashiels,  Nov.  14th,  1899. 

Notes  on  the  Season  of  1899  in  Kent. — Personally,  I  have  little 
to  complain  of  during  the  past  season,  and  think  that  the  summer 
collecting  was  far  better  than  in  the  two  previous  years.  From  the  end  of 
May  to  the  beginning  of  September  wonderful  weather  prevailed.  Spring 
collecting  was  somewhat  late,  and,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  very 
enjoyable  days  at  the  New  Forest  at  Easter,  sallows  were  not  worked 
(ante,  p.  13a).  Treacle  and  light  are  not  very  easily  managed,  except 
when  one  is  staying  near  the  field  of  operations,  but  a  week  at  the  fens  in 
June  {ante,  pp'  196-9)  and  another  at  Hailsham  in  August  were  very- 
successful,  'especially  with  regards  to  the  "sweets."  Most  of  the  collecting 
referred  to  in  these  notes  is  therefore  day-work. 

January  was  mild  and  wet  up  to  the  last  week,  when  it  became  finer 
and  colder.     Larentia  multistrigaria  came  out  indoors  in  a  warm  room. 

In  February  nothing  was  seen  until  the  26th,  when  a  single  Hybernia 
leucophaaria  was  taken  at  Be.xley.  A  fine  female  Dasychira  pudibimda 
was  bred  on  the  7th,  and  another  L.  multistrigaria  on  the  16th.  As  to 
weather,  there  were  scarcely  two  days  together  alike. 

In  March  weather  was  mild  enough  up  to  the  18th  ;  but  there  was  then 
a  very  severe  week  of  cold.  A  visit  to  Bexley  on  the  5th  produced  a  lovely 
male  Phigalia  pedaria,  and  three  H.  leucophcearia ;  and  a  second  visit  on 
the  12th,  a  really  hot  day,  produced  P.  pedaria,  Anisopteryx  ascularia,  H. 
leucophcearia,  and  Tceniocampa  stabilis.  Treacle  produced  twenty-five 
Cerastis  vaccinii  and  nineteen  Scopelosoma  satellitia,  some  of  the  latter 
being  very  fair  specimens.     On  the  18th  I  went  a  third  time,  but  it  turned 


CAPTURES    AND    FIELD   REPORTS.  47 

out  horribly  cold,  aud  one  Anisopteryx  (Bscularia  was  the  only  insect  seen. 
On  the  26th  it  was  again  beautifully  warm  and  fine,  and  a  walk  to  Chisle- 
hurst  in  the  afternoon  produced  nine  A.  ascularia  and  one  Hybernia 
progemmaria.  A  crippled  specimen  of  Aniphidasys  prodromaria  was  bred. 
Xylocampa  Uthorhiza  and  Cerastis  vaccinii  were  the  only  insects  noticed  at 
Bexley  on  the  '29th.  Smermthus  popuH,  Notodonta  trepida,  Halias 
prasinana,  Asphalia  ridens,  Amphidasys  betularia,  and  Lomaspilis  margi- 
nata  emerged  during  the  month  from  pupae  kept  in  a  warm  room. 

Common  larvae  swarmed  in  the  hedges  during  May.  Imagines  were, 
however,  scarce  till  nearly  the  end  of  the  month.  On  the  3rd  I  went  down 
to  Orpington  for  about  two  hours,  walking  from  there  to  Chelsfield  railway 
station.  Tiny  "loops"  were  abundant,  Uropteryx  sambucaria,  Abraxas 
grossulariata,  Cheimatobia  brumata,  Hybernia  aurantiaria,  and  Physelia 
oxyacanth(B  being  noticed.  On  the  7th  we  took  another  afternoon  walk  to 
Chislehurst  aud  Paul's  Cray,  obtaining  Drepana  falcataria  and  larvae  of 
Cerastis  vaccinii,  Orthosia  lota,  Xanthia  cerago,  and  Hypsipetes  elutata. 
Larvae  of  Arctia  caia  and  Abraxas  grossulariata  were  now  abundant  in  the 
garden.  On  the  afternoon  of  the  24th  my  sister  and  I  walked  to  Chisle- 
hurst, taking  Tephrosia  pimctulata  aud  larvae  of  Orthosia  lota.  The  28th 
I  spent  at  Hayes,  Keston,  and  West  Wickham.  The  weather  looked  very 
unpromising  when  we  started,  but  about  10.30  the  suu  came  out,  and  it 
became  beautifully  warm.  Palings  yielded  Tephrosia  crepuscularia  [?  biun- 
dularia),  T.  punctulata,  Anticlea  derivata,  and  Hadena  genistce,  one  of  the 
latter  having  the  hot  sun  full  on  it.  Fidonia  atomaria  was  very  abundant, 
especially  on  West  Wickham  Common.  A  very  fine  male  of  F.piniaria 
was  beaten  from  pine,  and  Cilix  spinula  (glaucata)  from  hawthorn.  Larvae 
were  abundant,  and  included  the  following :  Oporabia  dilutata,  Himera 
pennaria,  Hemithea  thyiniaria,  Riimia  luteolata,  Epunda  viminalis,  and 
many  others.  We  were  rather  surprised  at  taking  one  larva  of  Eupithecia 
sobrinata  on  the  only  juniper  seen,  a  very  small  bush. 

Our  old  collecting  ground  at  Bexley  was  visited  on  June  4th.  Euchlo'e 
cardamines  (male),  Argyrmis  euphrosyne,  Lycana  argiolus  (worn),  Pieris 
brassiccB,  P.  rapm,  and  P.  napi  were  seen ;  and  about  7  p.m.,  at  a  small 
place  which  consists  of  a  "  pub  "  and  a  few  cottages,  and  rejoices  in  the 
name  of  Puddle  Dock,  two  specimens  of  Cynthia  [Vanessa)  cardiii  were 
careering  madly  round  a  haystack,  more  wily  than  ever  in  their  old  age. 
Turning  to  the  moths,  a  specimen  of  Spilosoma  mendica  was  beaten  from 
oak,  and  a  few  Ephyra  punctaria  and  one  E.porata  from  birch.  Tephrosia 
punctulata  (oak-trunks),  Melanippe  montanata,  and  Cidaria  corylata  [owe] 
were  noticed,  whilst  Venilia  maculata  was  flying  freely  in  tiie  sunshine. 
Asthena  candidata  was  very  abundant  on  the  borders  of  the  wood  at  dusk. 
Treacle  only  produced  Gonoptera  libatrix  (three)  and  one  Dipterygia 
pinastri.  A  most  enjoyable  week-end  at  Shoreham  (June  lOth  to  11th) 
was  our  next  expedition.  A  male  Euchlo'e  cardamines  was  seen  immedi- 
ately on  leaving  the  station.  The  three  Pierids,  Ccenonymyha  piamphilus, 
LyccBna  icarus,  Hesperia  sylvanus,  H.  thaumas,  and  Syrichthus  malvcB  were 
all  more  or  less  plentiful.  A  few  Thecla  riibi  and  one  Lyccena  alsiis  were 
also  seen.  Among  a  host  of  commoner  moths  Bapta  taminata  was  beaten 
in  some  numbers,  and  was  much  more  plentiful  than  B.  temerata.  Fidonia 
piniaria,  Thera  variata,  Larentia  pectinitaria,  &c.,  were  also  taken.  On 
the  11th  a  rather  curious  thing  happened.  Whilst  my  father  was  beating 
a  yew-tree,  he  saw  something  drop  which  he  at  first  thought  to  be  a  pebble, 
but  on  picking  it  up  he  found  it  was  an  egg  of  the  gold-crest ;  the  nest  was 


48  THE   ENTOMOLOGIST. 

discovered  ueatly  attached  to  the  under  side  of  the  hough ;  but  what 
astonished  us  was  that  the  egg  did  not  break,  or  even  crack,  though  it  fell 
some  six  feet.  On  arriving  at  an  uncukivated  grassy  field  surrounded  by 
woods,  Thecla  rubi  was  seen  flitting  over  the  blackthorns.  Presently  a 
small  Noctua  started  up,  but  owing  to  the  wind  I  had  some  difficulty  in 
netting  it;  however,  I  was  rewarded  with  a  specimen  of  Acontia  luctuosa. 
I  searched  for  some  time  in  vain  for  others,  but.  meanwhile,  my  father  and 
other  members  of  the  party  found  it  plentiful  on  the  sheltered  side  of  the 
field,  and  twenty  were  taken  in  about  half  an  hour.  Emmelesia  decolorata, 
Cidaria  russata,  Agrotis  exclamationis,  Hadena  dentina,  H.  genistce,  and 
Euclidia  mi  were  also  taken.  Of  larvae,  lodis  vernaria,  of  which  we  took 
ten,  was  the  best.  As  there  is  a  tremendous  quantity  of  Clematis  vitalba 
all  round  Shoreham,  this  insect  should  be  common :  the  larvae  were 
scattered  over  a  rather  large  area.  Treacle  produced  Grammesia  trigram- 
mica,  Miana  strigilis,  Apamea  basilinea,  Agrotis  exclamationis,  A.  corticea, 
Hadena  genistce.,  and  a  good  female  Selenia  lunaria.  In  the  station,  a  fine 
female  Bombyx  rubi,  also  Dipterygia  pi7iastri  and  Apamea  basilinea  were 
taken  at  the  lamp.  We  failed  to  find  any  other  B.  rubi,  though  my  father 
had  observed  the  males  flying  in  profusion  at  Shoreham  in  1897. 

On  July  4th,  while  treacling  in  the  garden  at  Lee,  I  was  surprised  to 
see  an  enormous  moth  on  the  treacle,  which  proved  to  be  a  female  Cossus 
ligniperda.  I  had  never  taken  this  insect  before,  and  had  always  under- 
stood that  it  was  seldom  taken  in  the  perfect  state.  A  fortnight  later, 
however,  a  second  specimen  was  taken,  flying  round  a  poplar-tree  in  the 
garden.  The  larva  has  been  unpleasantly  abundant  in  a  garden  in  Lee, 
where  every  tree  was  full  of  them,  and  the  smell  was  terrific.  They  also 
attacked  the  fence  to  such  an  extent  that  a  fresh  one  has  been  put  up. 
Other  insects  taken  at  treacle  at  Lee  during  July  were  Leucania  impura, 
L.  lithargyria,  Miana  strigilis  var.  cetJiiops,  Xylophasia  lithoxylea,  X.  poly- 
odon,  Diptergyia  pinastri,  Agrotis  exclamationis,  Apamea  ophiogramvia,  A. 
didyma,  Mamestra  brassica,  M.  persicarice,  Hadena  oleracea,  Triphcena 
pronuba,  Cosmia  ajjinis,  Euplexia  lucipara,  NcBida  typica,  Amphipyra 
tragopogonis.  Mania  maura  and  Acronycta  megacephala.  Of  moths  taken 
by  other  means,  single  specimens  of  Smerinthus  popxdi  (July  26th), 
Leucoma  salicis,  Phibalapteryx  tersata,  and  Triphana  fimbria  were  the 
principal  ones.  I  have  never  seen  the  last  named  in  Lee  before ;  it  was 
taken  by  Mr.  J.  Wilson,  in  his  garden,  at  rest  on  an  elm-tree.  Larvae  of 
Smerinthus  pojmli,  S.  tilice,  Cerura  vinida,  and  Acronycta  megacephala 
turned  up  as  usual.  Of  butterflies,  Vanessa  atalanta  favoured  us  in  large 
numbers,  and  several  Cynthia  (Vanessa)  cardui  and  one  V.  io  were  also 
seen.  We  spent  the  evening  of  July  6th  at  Bexley.  Nola  strigula  was 
taken  on  a  tree-trunk,  Hepialus  hectus  at  dusk,  and  Aplecta  nebulosa  at 
treacle.  Ten  days  later  we  travelled  to  the  same  locality  for  the  afternoon, 
my  father  staying  for  the  evening.  Beating  produced  ten  CalUgenia 
niiniata,  and  single  specimens  of  Lithosia  lurideola,  Limacodes  testudo,  and 
Lophopteryx  camelina ;  also  larvae  of  Ligdia  adustata  and  Ennomos  fus- 
cantaria  (one).  Among  other  things  at  dusk,  Vericallia  syringaria,  and  a 
brown-suffused  specimen  of  Hypsipetes  elutata  were  taken.  Treacle  at 
Paul's  Cray,  on  July  9th,  produced  Lithosia  complana  (one),  H.  elutata, 
Noctua  baia,  and  Hydrcecia  nictitans. 

The  additions  to  the  Lee  insects  during  August  were  Lycmia  icarus, 
Orgyia  antiqua,  Felurga  comitata,  Miana  furuncula,  Triphcena  ianthina, 
Catocala  nupta,  Hadena  chenopodii,  and  Fhlogophora  meticulosa.     Larva^ 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  49 

of  Spilosoma  lubricipeda,  Phalera  bucephala.  aud  Acronycta  aceris  were 
noticed.  Some  friends  who  spent  Aug.  7th  at  Shoreham  took,  among 
other  things,  HespeHa  comma  (in  beautiful  condition),  Melanargia  galatea, 
Argynnis  aglaia,  Lyccena  corydon,  and  L.  medon  (one). 

Autumn  collecting  has  been  practically  nil,  Ennomos  tiliaria  has  been 
seen  at  a  street-lamp  on  Sydenham  Hill,  and  I  saw  a  full-grown  larva  of 
Vanessa  atalanta  at  Lee  on  Sept.  23rd. 

During  October  Oporabia  dilutata  is  the  only  moth  I  noticed. 

Chesias  spartiata  hegSLU  coming  out  indoors  on  Sept.  25th,  and  kept  od 
till  Oct.  18th;  Cerastis  vaccmii,  Aug.  23rd  till  Sept.  9th;  and  Orthosia 
lota,  Sept.  9th  to  27th.  Surely  the  C  vaccinii  were  rather  early,  even  for 
bred  specimens,  especially  as  they  were  kept  under  the  same  conditions  as 
the  other  two  species,  in  a  room  facing  north,  with  no  artificial  heat. 

A  great  many  more  insects  were  bred  during  the  season,  and  taking  it 
all  round  it  has  been  one  of  the  most  enjoyable  I  have  experienced. 

Some  Corrections. — T  must  apologize  for  the  following  mistakes  : — Entom. 
xxxi.  p.  295,  line  10,  Thera  juniperata  should  be  T.  variata  var.  obeliscata  ; 
p.  296,  line  8,  Lithosia  griseola  and  var.  stramineola  should  be  Lithosia 
helveola  (males);  line  10  (females).  Entom.  xxxii.  p.  277,  line  14  from 
bottom  of  page,  delete  A.  ophiogramma.  I  am  exceedingly  sorry  for 
having  recorded  the  above  without  previously  making  their  identification 
certain. — J.  M.  B.  Carr  ;  46,  Handen  Road,  Lee,  S.E. 

Field  Cricket  (Gryllus  campestris)  near  Hastings. — Rev.  E.  N* 
Bloomfield  has  sent  me  a  fine  specimen  of  G.  campestris,  perfect  except  for 
the  antennae.  It  was  taken  in  1899,  at  Pett,  near  Hastings,  under  a  slab 
of  wood  in  a  temporary  bathing-shed  erected  on  the  beach.  It  betrayed 
itself  b\'  its  shrill  cry.  To  judge  by  the  records,  this  fine  insect  is  seldom 
taken  in  England. — W.  J.  Lucas;  Kingston-on-Thames. 

Hemerobius  limbatus  in  January.  — On  Jan.  6th  last  I  beat  a  single 
specimen  of  H.  limbatus  from  Pinus  sylvestris  on  Esher  Common.  The 
earliest  noted  in  1899  was  March  3rd,  in  the  same  locality,  when  it  was 
taken  on  the  wing. — W.  J.  Lucas  ;   Kingston-on-Thames. 

Lepidopterous  Eggs  on  Sallow,  &c. — I  am  much  obliged  to  Miss 
A.  D.  Edwards  {ante,  p.  14)  and  other  entomologists,  for  their  assistance  in 
defining  the  species  of  the  eggs  alluded  to  by  me  (Entom.  xxxii.  p.  307). 
There  is  no  doubt  they  were  those  of  Odonestis  potatoria,  a  very  common 
moth  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Chester.  Miss  Edwards  accurately  de- 
scribed the  general  position  of  the  eggs,  as  there  was  always  plenty  of  long 
grass  immediately  below  them,  upon  which  the  larvae  could  feed.  I  find 
the  description  I  gave  of  the  caterpillars  agrees  with  that  in  Wilson's 
'Larvae '(p.  75),  allowing  for  usual  diflferences  in  the  stage  of  growth. — 
J.  Arkle  ;  Chester. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  at  Penarth. — A  schoolboy  brought  me  a  full- 
grown  larva  of  S.  convolvuli  on  Sept.  Ist,  1899.  I  have  also  captured  three 
specimens  of  this  beautiful  moth  at  Penarth. — T.  L.  Howe. 

AcHERONTiA  ATROPOs  AT  Penarth. — Two  fine  pupas  of  A.  atropos 
were  brought  to  me  by  the  station-master.  They  were  obtained  when 
digging  potatoes  on  the  railway  bank,  Sept.  12th.  I  put  them  in  my 
breeding-cage,  and  four  days  after  I  found  one  imago  had  emerged  ;  the 

F 


50  ■  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Other  followed  two  days  later  on.     I  did  not  force  them. — T.  L.  Howe  ; 
Beaufort  Howe,  Penarth. 

Catocala  ndpta  in  1899. — Seeing  Mr.  Colthrup's  note  on  C.  nupta 
{ajite,  p.  13),  I  thought  that  my  own  captures  of  this  insect  might  be  of  some 
use.  I  first  took  C.  nupta  at  sugar  in  my  garden  about  five  years  ago. 
Since  then  the  species  has  become  more  and  more  common.  In  1898  I 
took  it  as  late  as  Nov.  3rd.  Last  year  I  took  twenty-four  specimens 
between  Aug.  7th  and  Sept.  15th,  although  it  was  less  common  at  Dulwich 
than  usual. — S.  A.  Blenkarn  ;  Clifton  House.  East  Dulwich  Road,  S.E., 
Jan.  7th,  1900. 

Captures  of  Odonata. — I  have  taken  the  following  dragonflies  at 
various  times,  and  Mr.  Lucas  has  very  kindly  identified  them  for  me.  He 
also  informs  me  that  the  first-named  has  occurred  only  very  infrequently 
in  England.  It  was  found  dead,  on  the  library  steps,  Folkestone,  by  Mr. 
S.  G.  Hills,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  the  specimen : — 

JEschna  mixta.     Folkestone,  Oct.  3rd,  1899. 

Orthetrum  ccerulescens.  Three  males  and  one  female;  New  Forest, 
July  4th,  1899. 

Sympetrum  striolatum.     Two  specimens  ;  Ramsgate,  Sept.  21st,  1899. 

Ischnura  elegans.     Very  plentiful ;  Leatherhead,  June  '22nd,  1897. 

Agrion  pulchellum.  Ramsgate,  July  27th,  1898. — C.  W.  Colthrup  ; 
127,  Barry  Road,  East  Dulwich,  S.E.,  Jan.  12th,  1900. 


RECENT    LITERATURE. 


The  Hymenoptera  of  Suffolk.  Part  I. — Aculeata.  By  Claude  Morley, 
F.E.S.,  &c.  "Pp.viii,  22;  map.  Plymouth :  James  H.  Keys.    1899. 

The  present  instalment  of  Mr.  Morley's  catalogues  of  the  insects 
of  "  that  best  of  entomological  counties,  Suffolk,"  according  to  Wratis- 
law,  "whose  remark  is  quoted  on  the  title-page,  deals  with  the  Aculeate 
Hymenoptera.  Most  of  the  comparatively  few  entomologists  who  have 
studied  this  very  interesting,  but  still  somewhat  neglected  group  of 
insects,  have  collected  more  or  less  in  this  county,  from  the  time  of 
the  Rev.  William  Kirby,  who  published  one  of  his  most  important 
works,  the  '  Monographia  Apum  Anglise,'  as  long  ago  as  1802,  to  the 
present  day. 

The  Aculeata  are  not  a  very  extensive  group ;  but  out  of  the  three 
hundred  and  seventy-four  British  species  recognized  by  Mr.  E.  Saunders 
(our  best  living  authority)  in  1896,  Mr.  Morley  is  enabled  to  enumerate 
no  less  than  two  hundred  and  eighty- two  as  indigenous  to  Suffolk, 
though  a  glance  at  the  map  will  show  that  only  a  comparatively  small 
portion  of  the  county  has  yet  been  explored  by  hymenopterists.  Ten 
years  ago  only  two  hundred  and  thirty-one  species  were  recorded  for 
the  adjoining  county  of  Norfolk.  We  may  quote  the  entry  of  one 
species,  taken  at  random,  as  an  illustration  of  Mr.  Morley's  method  : — 

DASYPmA. 

1.  Hirtipes,  Latr.  Barhamise,  declivia  graminosa  frequentans. 
In  floribus  etiam  JacobacB  uterque  sexus  baud  infrequens  (Kirby). — 


RECENT    LITERATURE.  51 

Lowestoft  in  1862  (Smith), — Not  rare  in  the  Brandon  District  (Perkins). 
—One  fine  3^  at  Mill  Heath,  Rougham,  7-7-99  (Tuck). 

We  should  like  to  see  similar  lists  of  the  insects  of  all  our  British 
counties.  ^    p^  j^ 

British  Dragonfiles  {Odonata).  By  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S.  Pp.  1-350, 
with  figures  and  thirty-seven  coloured  plates.  London :  Upcott 
Gill  &  Co.     1900.     31s.  6d. 

Neuropterists  will  rejoice  at  the  appearance  of  this  fine  work,  in 
which  the  author,  an  enthusiastic  field  naturalist  as  well  as  an  earnest 
student,  has  succeeded  in  giving  us  a  monograph  of  this  group  interest- 
ing and  useful  as  well  to  the  tyro  as  to  the  more  veteran  odonatist. 

Prefixed  by  separate  lists  of  the  figures  and  plates,  and  a  table  of 
contents,  the  book  commences  with  a  short  general  introduction, 
followed  by  chapters  on  the  life-history  and  classification,  illustrated 
by  figures  showing  various  stages  of  the  life-history  and  a  figure  of 
that  singular  hymenopterous  parasite  on  the  eggs,  AiuKjrus  incamatus. 

The  classification  adopted  runs,  for  the  most  part,  on  familiar 
lines,  though  not  absolutely  following  any  previous  system.  The 
author  divides  the  Odonata  into  two  "  superfamilies ; "  the  first, 
called  Anisopterides,  or  unequal-winged  species,  consisting  of  the 
families  (1)  LibelhdidcE,,  containing  the  subfamilies  LibellulincB  and 
CorduliincB,  and  (2)  JEschnidce,  containing  the  subfamilies  Gomphina', 
Cordidegusterince,  and  ^3Lschnin(B ;  the  second  superfamily,  called  Zygo- 
PTERiDEs,  consisting  of  the  species  with  equal  wings  and  a  transversely 
broad  head,  forming  the  single  family  AgrionidcB,  containing  the  sub- 
families CalopteryffiiKB  and  AffHonincB.  There  are  a  few  changes  in 
specific  names,  chiefly  adopted  from  Kirby's  '  Synonymic  Catalogue  of 
the  Odonata,'  1890,  but  those  who  deprecate  change  will  be  glad  that 
the  author  has  not  followed  Mr.  Kirby  in  every  case.  The  specific 
name  of  Anax  form.osus,lAn.di.,  is  replaced  by  A.  imperator,  Leach; 
Mschna  borealis,  Zett.,  by  ^.  ccerulea,  Strom.  ;  JE.  rufescens,  Lind.,  by 
yE.  isoscelea,  Miill. ;  Lestes  nympha,  Selys,  by  L.  dryas,  Kirby ;  and 
Pyrrhosoma  minium,  Charp.,  by  P.  nymphula,  Sulz. 

Chapters  iv.  and  v.  are  devoted  to  the  nymph  and  imago  stages,  and 
from  a  scientific  point  of  view  are  perhaps  the  most  important  in  the 
book.  Too  little  attention  has  been  paid  by  British  entomologists 
generally  to  the  early  stages  of  these  insects,  and  the  fine  papers  by 
Mr.  Cabot  are  unfortunately  not  so  well-known  as  they  should  be.  In 
these  chapters,  which  are  copiously  illustrated,  the  diagrams  showing 
the  structure  and  the  technical  terms  used  in  the  book  for  the  various 
parts  are  most  complete  and  useful,  while  the  analytical  tables  should 
enable  any  neuropterist  to  name  any  imago  and  even  most  of  the  nymphs. 

Chapter  vi.  deals  with  the  genera  and  species  at  considerable  length. 
In  each  case  the  description  is  divided  by  subheadings,  which  greatly 
assist  the  reader  in  finding  any  particular  portion  that  may  be  wanted. 
These  commence  with  the  synonymy,  followed  by  the  original  descrip- 
tion of  the  insect — the  size ;  a  full  description  of  both  sexes,  and, 
when  necessary,  the  immature  condition  ;  the  variation  ;  the  nymph  ; 
the  time  of  appearance  ;  the  habits  and  the  distribution.  The  de- 
scriptions are  ample  and  very  clear,  and  the  value  of  the  work  is 


52  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

greatly  increased  by  the  careful  way  in  which  the  references  are  given 
when  quotations  are  made. 

The  plates  as  a  whole  are  excellent,  but  in  some  instances  the 
printing  of  the  pterostigma  is  a  little  faulty,  and  in  plate  xx.  the 
figures  of  CaJopteryx  are  not  sufficiently  robust.  Some  of  the  figures 
of  anal  appendages,  magnified,  are  so  beautifully  done  as  to  make  us 
wish  that  similar  figures  of  the  anal  appendages  of  all  the  species 
were  given. 

Should  a  new  edition,  or  a  supplement,  be  issued,  it  would  be 
useful  if  a  few  plates  were  inserted  showing  the  immature  condition  of 
the  commoner  Agn<min(E,  which,  though  fully  described  in  the  book, 
are  not  figured,  and  are  too  often  a  stumbling-block  to  beginners. 
Plates  also  of  a  few  allied  species  not  as  yet  discovered  in  the  British 
Isles,  but  from  their  distribution  not  unlikely  to  occur  here — such  as 
Somatochlora  alpestiis,  j^schna  a  finis,  Agrion  Juistulatuiii,  and  a  few 
others — would  be  useful,  and  might  serve  to  enrich  our  fauna  by  enabling 
species  hitherto  undetected  to  be  recognized,  in  which  case  our  author's 
gloomy  forecast  of  a  decrease  in  our  list  would  be  falsified. 

The  remaining  chapters  deal  with  the  reputed  species ;  breeding 
from  the  nympli ;  preparing  for  the  cabinet ;  addenda  ;  reference  to 
the  full  titles  of  books  quoted ;   and  a  very  carefully  compiled  index. 

The  book  should  certainly  be  in  the  library  of  everyone  interested 
in  the  group,  and  Mr.  Lucas  is  to  be  congratulated  on  having  so 
successfully  demonstrated  the  error  of  the  often  expressed  idea  that  a 
book  on  British  dragonflies  could  be  nothing  more  than  a  translation 
of  extracts  from  De  Selys  Longchamps'  '  Revue  des  Odonates.' 

C.  A.  B. 

V.    BiANCHi.       Knumeratlo    openim    opuscidorumque    ad    fnunani    Hemi- 

pterorum   tieteropteroruni  Imperii  Rossici  pertinentem  1798-1897 . 

(Ann.  Mus.  Zool.  Petersb.  1898  [publ.  1899] ,  pp.  289-323.) 

The  author  has  rendered  good  service  to  his  colleagues  by  the 

preparation  of  this  Catalogue,  which  enumerates  the  works  treating, 

during  the  periods  included,  of  the  Heteroptera  of  the  Russian  Empire. 

Nearly  sixty  authors  (and  about  three  hundred  and  fifty  works)  are 

recorded,  and  further  help  is  afforded  by  a  faunistic  summary,  nineteen 

divisions   being  adopted ;    neighbouring  countries   (as,   for  example, 

Galicia,  the  Danubian  Principalities,  and  Corea)  are  also  included — 

placed  under  smaller  headings.     It  is  to  be  hoped  that  Dr.  Bianchi 

will  prepare  a  similar  catalogue  of  the  works  dealing  with  Homoptera. 

G.  W.  K. 

General  Index  to  Miss  Ormerod's  Reports  on  Injurious  Insects,  1877-1898. 

By  R.  Newstead.     With  Preface  by  the  Author  of  the  Reports. 

8vo,  pp.  58.  London  :  Simpkin,  Marshall  &  Co.  1899. 
This  comprehensive  Index  will  considerably  enhance  the  value  of 
the  series  of  Annual  Reports  presented  to  the  public  by  Miss  Ormerod 
during  the  past  twenty-two  years.  In  addition  to  the  index  to  general 
subjects,  there  are  also  a  Plant  Index,  an  Animal  Index,  and  an  Index 
to  Unclassified  Hosts ;  these  further  facilitate  reference  to  the  various 
Reports. 


The  Entomologist,  March.  1900. 


Plate  I 


^ 


""l.„BN#' 


F?*?, 


9 


West^  Newman  lith 


Oporabia    a"ulumnata. 


The  Entornolog,ist,  Maroli.  1900. 


Plate  11. 


■x^ 


%«;»/"    0       '«^<vSs((«^ 


Westj  Newman  Hth 

Oporatia   autumnata,iiligraTnmaria,  and  diI"Qi,aLa. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIII.i  MARCH.    1900.  [No.  442. 


OPORABIA  AUTUMN  ATA   FROM  RANNOCH,  WITH  REFER- 
ENCE   TO    SEVERAL    OTHER    RELATED    FORMS. 

By  Louis  B.  Pkout,  F.E.S. 
(Plates  I.  &  II.) 

Geometra  §  nebalata,  Thnb.,  Diss.  i.  p.  12  (1784). 

G.  autumnata,  Bork.  v.  pp.  293,  565  (1794), 

?  Phalcena  ventilata  (Schneider,  N.  Cat.),  Fb.,  Ent.  Syst.  iii.  pars  2, 
p.  191  (1794). 

Acidalia  dilatata  var.  *quadrifasciata,  Tr.  vi.  2,  p.  26  (1828). 

Oporabia  autumnaria  (Dbld.,  N.  Cat.),  Weav.,  Zool.  p.  3495  (1852). 

0.  approximaria,  Weav.,  Zool.  p.  3496  (1852). 

0.  autumnata  (Bdv.  MS.),  Gn.,  Ur.  et  Phal.  ii.  p.  264,  No.  1334  ; 
Atlas,  pi.  18,  7  (1857). 

0.  filigrammaria  varr.  autumnaria  et  approximaria,  Gn.,  torn.  cit. 
p.  265,"  No.  1335,  A  et  B  (1857). 

0.  autumnaria,  Sta.,  Man.  li.  p.  77  (1859). 

Cidaria  dilutata  var.  autumnata,  Stgr.,  Cat.  p.  187,  No.  2642,  b 
(1871). 

C .  Jili(irammaria  ab.  autumnaria,  loc.  cit.  No.  2643,  a  (1871). 

Oporabia  addendaria,  White,  Scot,  Nat.  iv.  p.  160  (1878). 

?  0.  dilutata  palleseens,  Ckll.,  Ent.  xxii,  p,  3  (1889). 

0.  (jueneata,  Prout,  Ent.  Rec.  x.  p.  95  (1898). 

The  above  citations  will  give  a  sufficient  bibliography  of  this 
very  interesting  though  much  overlooked  species.  It  is  some- 
what fortunate  that  the  name  nebulata  was  a  homonym  on  its 
inception,  and  that  thus  the  generally  used  name  of  autumnata 
{■aria)  is  the  oldest  which  is  valid. 

The  present  article  is  written  at  the  instigation  of  my  kind 
correspondent,  Mr,  W.  M.  Christy,  of  Emsworth,  who  has  been 
interesting  himself  in  the  genus  Oporabia  for  the  past  few  years, 
and  has  been  fortunate  in  obtaining — partly  by  capture  and 

BNTOM. — MARCH,    1900.  G 


54  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

partly  by  breeding — a  grand  series  of  0.  autumnata,  of  which 
it  is  highly  desirable  that  a  selection  should  be  figured  and 
discussed.  Mr.  Christy  suggested  to  me  that  this  would  form 
an  appropriate  opportunity  for  clearing  up  some  of  the  confusion 
which  still  exists  regarding  this  species  and  its  allies,  and  that, 
as  I  have  been  studying  them  very  closely  for  some  time,  I 
should  be  a  suitable  person  to  take  the  task  in  hand.  This  I 
have  great  pleasure  in  doing  ;  and  at  the  same  time  I  am 
following  a  further  suggestion,  both  from  him  and  from  Mr. 
South,  in  figuring,  for  comparison,  some  examples  of  the  allied 
filigrammaria,  H.-S.,  and  dilutata,  Bork. 

A  few  preliminary  remarks  appear  necessary  in  view  of  the 
confusion  just  alluded  to.  In  the  first  place,  I  may  perhaps  be 
allowed  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  I  read  before  the  City 
of  London  Entomological  Society  on  May  4th,  1897,  a  paper  on 
"  The  Genus  Oporahia,"  which  was  mainly  historical,  and  that 
the  more  important  parts  of  this  were  published  in  the  '  Ento- 
mologist's Kecord  '  for  1897,  pp.  247,  282,  and  315.  Readers 
who  want  to  see  a  summary  of  the  writings  and  opinions  of 
Doubleday,  "Weaver,  Gregson,  Stainton,  and  others  should  consult 
that  paper.  x\fter  further  investigations,  I  sent  to  the  '  Ento- 
mologist's Record  '  for  April,  1898  (vol.  x.  p.  93),  a  supplemen- 
tary note,  in  which  I  showed  that  the  aidiimnaria  of  our  English 
writers  was  also  indisjDutably  the  autumnata,  of  Borkhausen,  and 
left  the  question  open  whether  autumnata,  Gn.,  No.  1334,  was  or 
was  not  a  form  of  the  same  species ;  proposing  for  this  last  the  pro- 
visional name  of  gueneata,  in  order  to  avoid  collision  with  autum- 
nata, Bork.  I  have  since  worked  out  the  life-history  of  0.  autumnata, 
my  good  friend  Mr,  A.  Home,  of  Aberdeen,  having  kindly  supplied 
me  with  eggs  in  the  first  instance,  while  the  results  arrived  at 
were  further  verified  in  1899  upon  eggs  supplied  by  Mr.  Christy, 
and  by  Mr.  J.  E.  R.  Allen,  of  Enniskillen,  who  is  also  following 
up  this  species  with  interest,  and  to  whom  my  thanks  are  due 
for  much  valuable  information.  I  wrote  an  exhaustive  paper  on 
the  life-history  of  the  species,  and  read  it  at  a  meeting  of  the 
City  of  London  Entomological  Society  last  spring  ;  as  this  will 
shortly  appear  in  their  '  Transactions,'  I  need  not  go  into  the 
subject  here,  but  will  merely  indicate  as  concisely  as  possible 
the  most  important  results  of  my  voluminous  notes,  my  hardly 
less  voluminous  correspondence,  my  omnivorous  reading  of  the 
literature  of  the  genus,  and  my  study  of  material  in  such  collec- 
tions as  the  old  Stephensian  collection  at  Cromwell  Road,  the 
Doubleday  collection,  the  Zeller  collection,  those  of  Messrs.  J. 
H.  Leech,  Sidney  Webb,  W.  M.  Christy,  J.  E.  R.  Allen,  and 
others. 

In  the  first  place,  I  can  positively  assert  that  there  are  two 
totally  distinct  species  of  Oporahia,  both  common  in  Northern 
and  Central  Europe,  which  are  nearly  always  confused  as  one, 


OPORABIA    AUTUMNATA.  55 

notwithstanding  their  great  structural  differences.  There  is  also 
a  third  form,  which  may  be  termed  a  '*  sub-species,"  which 
deserves  to  be  kept  carefully  distinct  from  the  others  by  the 
systematist,  though  not  differing  structurally  from  No.  2.  I  will 
return  to  this  third  form  when  I  have  differentiated  the  two 
indisputably  valid  species  :  — 

No.  1. — Dilutata,  Bork.  No.  2. — Aiitumnata,  Bork. 

Ova. — Highly  polished,  hardly  Much     less     poHshed,     deeply 

perceptibly  pitted.  pitted. 

Larva. — Never  with   couspicu-  With  conspicuous  yellow  longi- 

ous  longitudinal  yellow  striping.  tudinal  lines,  though  often  becom- 

Very    generally   with    brown    or  ing  indistinct  in  a(/(i/i  larva.    Never 

reddish  blotches.  with  brown  or  reddish  blotches. 

Imago. — Male  genitalia  with  a  Male   genitalia   with    no   hook 

hook  on  the  harpes.  Male  antennae  on   the  harpes.      Male   antennae 

decidedly  thickened.  slender. 

Ground  colour  always  with   a  Ground  colour  clean   white  or 

dirty  ochreous  or  brownish  tinge,  grey,  or  even  blackish,  or  with  a 

violet  tinge,  never  ochreous-tinted. 

Fore  wings  not  very  glossy.  Fore  wings  very  glossy. 

"Elbowed  line"  rarely   angu-  "  Elbowed  line  "  nearly  always 

lated  near  the  costa.  angulated  near  the  costa. 

I  have  omitted  in  this  tabulation  a  large  number  of  less 
important  points,  which  are  nevertheless  very  interesting  to  the 
close  student  of  these  species. 

The  third  principal  form  is  our  moorland  filigrammaria,  and 
though  this  is  such  a  specialized  race  that  nearly  all  entomo- 
logists can  easily  distinguish  it  from  both  Nos.  1  and  2  of  the 
above,  even  while  failing  to  distinguish  No.  2  from  No.  1,  yet 
when  we  come  to  an  analysis  of  the  differential  characters  we 
find  that  it  agrees  almost  precisely  with  those  given  for  aiitumnata 
in  the  tabulation,  and  those  entomologists  who  are  averse  to 
multiplying  species  may  like  to  sink  it  as  "  autumnata  vox.  fili- 
grammaria." To  treat  filigrammaria  as  the  type  and  autumnata 
as  the  variety,  as  Doubleday  ultimately  did,  is  absolutely  inde- 
fensible on  any  and  every  ground ;  from  the  bibliographer's 
point  of  view,  aiitumnata,  Bkh.,  is  long  prior  to  filigrammaria, 
H.-S. ;  while  the  student  of  distribution  will  lay  more  emphasis 
on  the  fact  that,  whereas  autumnata  is  widely  distributed  through 
a  great  part  of  the  palaearctic  region,  filigrammaria  seems  to  be 
restricted  to  a  few  limited  moorland  and  mountain  localities  in 
certain  parts  of  the  British  Isles. 

The  chief  differences  between  autumnata  and  filigrammaria 
are  the  smaller  size  of  the  latter,  its  differently  shaped  female 
(the  fore  wings  more  cut  off  at  the  anal  angle),  its  generally 
browner  tone  (hardly  ever  with  really  white  forms)  and  its  usually 
sharper  markings,  particularly  the  somewhat  better  defined  sub- 

G  2 


56 


THE    EKTOMOLOGIST. 


marginal  band  on  both  i^airs  of  wings — see  especially  Plate  II. 
fig.  6.  It  also  generally  appears  earlier  in  the  season  (August 
to  early  September),  but  autumnata  fluctuates  greatly  in  this 
respect.  But,  as  Mr.  South  remarked  to  me  in  conversation  on 
the  subject,  some  of  these  distinctions  are  closely  paralleled  by 
those  observable  between  Hypsipetes  sordidata  {furcata,  Thnb.) 
and  its  bilberry  variety,  to  the  latter  of  which  specific  rank  has 
never  been  accorded.  It  is  only  right  to  add  that  the  forms 
from  the  Isle  of  Lewis  appear  somewhat  intermediate  between 
autumnata  and  filigrammaria,  and  Mr.  Christy  has  a  similar 
form  from  Argyllshire. 

A  few  further  points  of  interest  will  be  brought  out  when  we 
come  to  the  consideration  of  the  specimens  figured.  I  may  say 
that,  although  seventeen  of  the  twenty-nine  were  taken  or  bred 
by  Mr.  Christy,  and  two  others  were  reared  from  ova  with  which 
he  kindly  supplied  me,  I  myself  am  entirely  responsible  for  the 
selection  of  the  specimens  which  are  figured.  It  has  not  been 
easy  to  choose  from  amongst  the  many  beautiful  and  interesting 
forms  of  autumnata  which  Mr.  Christy  has  lent  me,  and  I  should 
have  liked  to  devote  both  the  plates  to  these,  but  for  the  desira- 
bility of  showing  a  number  of  forms  of  its  allies  for  comparison. 
Plate  I.  contains  nothing  but  autumnata,  all  being  Kannoch  ex- 
amples;  Plate  II.  shows  two  more  autumnata,  iowv  fiUgrammaria, 
and  eight  dilutata. 

Up  to  the  present,  I  believe  that  0.  autumnata  has  only  twice 
ostensibly  been  figured,  namely,  in  Westwood's  Supplement  to 
Wood's  'Index  Entomologicus,'  at  fig.  1727,  and  in  Guenee's 
'Atlas,'  pi.  18,  fig.  7-  The  former  figuie  is  very  satisfactory, 
the  latter  somewhat  the  reverse,  and  ruined  in  many  copies  by 
the  chemical  change  which  has  taken  place  in  the  whitish  ground 
colour.  Newman's  "pale  variety  of  this  common  moth"  {dilu- 
tata) is  apparently  in  reality  an  autumnata,  probably  also  Freyer's 
pi.  426,  2  (likewise  a  supposed  aberration  of  dilutata),  is  really 
a  strange  form  of  this  very  variable  species.  I  ought  further  to 
mention  an  interesting  plate  (Ent.  Eec.  vii.  pi.  iii.),  by  my  friend 
Mr.  J.  A.  Clark,  of  Kannoch  specimens,  unfortunately  figured 
and  described  as  filigrammaria,  but  unquestionably  referable  to 
autumnata.  It  has  remained  to  Mr.  Christy  to  first  furnish  the 
material  for  a  plate  of  examples  called  by  their  right  name,  and 
such  should  certainly  be  of  great  use  to  our  working  lepidopterists. 

Plate  I.  figs.  2  and  3  represent  the  type  forms  of  autumnata, 
Bkh.,  and  are  practically  the  same  form  which  the  German 
entomologists  send  out  as  "  dilutata  \nr.  autumnata,  Gn."  Fig.  2, 
the  male,  has  the  groups  of  lines  (two  and  three  respectively) 
which  traverse  the  fore  wings  almost  united  into  bands ;  fig.  3, 
the  female,  has  them  a  little  weaker  than  usual,  and  the  precise 
type-form  would  stand  just  mid- way  between  these  two  figures. 
The  hind  wings  also,  in  the  German  type,  are  often  as  devoid  of 


OPORABIA   AUTUMNATA. 


57 


markings  as  in  fig.  4.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  true  aiUumnata, 
Gn.,  is  a  somewhat  different  form,  and  I  have  not  seen  any 
exactly  hke  it  from  anywhere  excepting  Central  France,  where, 
curiously,  it  hardly  varies  at  all,  as  Guenee  says.  Until 
quite  lately  I  had  only  seen  the  four  worn  examples  which 
Doubleday  received  from  Guenee^  but  the  other  day,  when  I 
was  looking  through  Mr.  Leech's' series  of  dilutata,  I  detected 
several  nice  examples  of  the  same  form ;  it  is  very  interesting, 
as  showing  a  specialized  local  race  in  that  district,  that  I 
kept  pointing  to  the  examples  scattered  in  this  series,  and 
saying  "that  is  like  the  French  form,"  and  "that  is  another,|| 
and  each  time,  on  looking  at  the  label,  finding  "Central  France" 
given  as  the  locality.  Under  these  circumstances,  I  retam 
gueneata  as  a  varietal  name  for  autumnata,  Bkh.  It  may  be 
roughly  indicated  as  a  combination  of  the  characters  of  Plate  I. 
figs.  3  and  6  and  Plate  II.  fig.  1— the  white  ground  colour  and 
weakness  of  bands  of  the  first-named,  the  paucity  of  markings 
of  Plate  11.  fig.  1,  with  the  general  character  of  markings  of 
Plate  I.  fig.  6 — i.  e.  the  transverse  bands  strongly  and  coarsely 
dark-marked  on  the  costa  and  the  central  nervure. 

Figs.  2  and  3  are  both  captured  specimen?,  the  former  taken 
at  the  end  of  September,  1897,  the  latter  in  early  October,  1898. 
Figs.  4  and  5  show  a  more  extreme  development  of  the  tendency 
shown  in  fig.  2,  and  the  bands  can  here  no  longer  be  described 
as  consisting  of  lines  at  all,  but  are  veritable  dark  bars.  This 
handsome  form  was  named  nebulata  var.  sandbergi  by  Lampa 
(Ent.  Tids.  vi.  p.  Ill),  who  believed  it  to  be  a  variety  of  the 
species  usually  called  dilutata;  we  may  also  cite  here,  as  a 
synonym,  Clark' sjiligrammaria  ab.  virgata  (Ent.  Eec.  vii.  pi.  iii. 
figs.  9-10),  and  may  regard  Wood's  figure  of  autiimnaria  (fig. 
1727)  as  representing  somewhat  the  same.  I  bred  the  two 
examples  which  we  are  figuring,  together  with  four  others 
equally  striking,  in  a  small  brood  reared  from  a  worn  pale 
female  which  Mr.  Christy  sent  me  last  autumn.  The  male 
figured  emerged  on  July  30th,  1899,  the  female  on  Sept.  27th, 
the  last  of  the  batch  not  until  Nov.  14th ! 

The  rest  of  the  figures  on  Plate  I.  show  varieties  of  all  kinds, 
and  are  very  difficult  to  classify.  Without  pretending  to  have 
arranged  them  in  any  very  systematic  way,  I  may  call  attention 
to  the  placing  of  the  darkest  specimens  at  the  bottom,  and,  on 
the  whole,  the  most  strongly  banded  ones  on  the  right-hand 
side.  The  notes  which  follow  will  bring  out  the  chief  points  of 
interest. 

In  1898  Mr.  Christy  bred  a  very  variable  and  interesting 
series  (though  mostly  somewhat  undersized)  from  mixed  ova 
obtained  at  Kannoch  in  1897.  Of  these  we  are  figuring  three. 
Plate  I.  fig.  1  is  unique  as  far  as  our  material  goes,  the 
abnormal  broadening  and  shortening  of  the  fore  wings  having 


58  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

resulted  in  the  reduction  of  the  central  area  to  an  extreme 
degree.  I  have  seen  a  figure  of  a  parallel  form  of  Melmiippe 
fluctuata  by  Wiskott,  in  '  Iris,'  x.  393,  pi.  xii.  fig.  12,  and 
it  occasionally  exhibits  itself  in  other  species.  Fig.  15  is  the 
darkest  bred  on  that  occasion,  and  one  of  the  darkest  I  have 
seen  ;  the  transverse  bands  are,  however,  fairly  well  marked,  and 
are  unusually  broad,  with  the  space  between  them  narrow.  The 
specimen  is  intermediate  between  the  aberrations  ohscurata 
(Plate  I.  fig.  13)  and  schneideri  (Plate  II.  fig.  2),  as  described  by 
Lampa.  Plate  II.,  fig.  1,  is  also  very  interesting  ;  it  seems  to 
be  extremely  rarely  that  autumnata  produces  specimens  in  which 
the  central  area  shows  any  definite  approach  to  the  single- 
banded  type  of  markings  which  I  describe  as  "  carpet  "  banded, 
as  it  is  normal  in  such  genera  as  Melanippe,  Coremia,  &c. ; 
Jiligrammaria,  on  the  other  hand,  very  frequently  has  well- 
marked  carpet  band  in  the  female  (Plate  II.  fig.  6). 

Plate  I.  fig.  12  shows  a  darkened  specimen  in  which  the 
transverse  bands  are  but  little  more  strongly  expressed  than  the 
numerous  other  waved  transverse  lines  ;  this  form  is  the  fill- 
grammaria  ab.  typica  of  Clark  (Ent.  Eec.  vii.  p.  289).  The  speci- 
men was  taken  at  large  in  1898. 

In  1899  Mr.  Christy  bred  four  broods  from  eggs,  keeping 
them  carefully  distinct,  and  the  specimens  obtained  show  rather 
curious  results  in  the  matter  of  the  influence  of  heredity ;  the 
parent  females  were  taken  wild  in  1898.  One  parent  was  a 
striking  specimen  with  slightly  darkened  ground  colour,  and  two 
unusually  narrow  very  dark  bands,  rather  widely  separated. 
From  this  twenty-seven  moths  were  bred,  not  one  of  which 
followed  the  parent  form  very  closely  ;  they  varied  greatly, 
though  all  were  of  medium  colour  or  dark,  some  having  more  or 
less  distinct  bands  (Plate  I.  figs.  9,  11,  and  13),  others  quite 
the  reverse  (Plate  I.  figs.  10  and  14).  Plate  I.  fig.  13  is  per- 
haps the  most  striking ;  it  is  unusual  to  find  a  melanic  specimen 
with  the  bands  so  very. well  pronounced. 

A  second  1898  female  was  much  like  the  example  figured  at 
Plate  I.  fig.  7 — one  of  her  progeny  ;  the  whole  brood  of  fifteen 
specimens  (seven  males,  eight  females)  follow  the  parent  very 
closely,  and  hardly  vary  at  all — a  great  contrast  in  this  respect 
to  the  brood  last  noticed. 

A  third  female  was  paler,  nearly  but  not  quite  as  white  as 
the  type  form  (Plate  I.  fig.  3).  Thirteen  specimens  were  bred 
from  her,  and  they  again  vary  exceedingly,  some  being  quite 
light,  others  quite  melanic  ;  while  some  have  the  bands  much 
better  expressed  than  others.  Plate  I.  fig.  8,  and  Plate  II. 
fig.  2,  show  two  extremes  of  this  brood  ;  the  latter  is  practically 
without  markings,  and  were  it  not  for  the  tone  of  colour  and  the 
intensely  glossy  appearance  it  could  hardly  be  distinguished 
from  an  extreme  melanic  diluiata  {e.g.  Plate  I.I.  fig.  14). 


OPOEABIA    AUTUMNATA.  59 

The  fourth  female  from  which  any  specimens  were  bred  was 
the  one  figured  on  Plate  I.  fig.  12  (ab.  tyjnca,  Clark),  but  as  only 
three  emerged  it  would  be  rash  to  generalise  from  them  ;  all  the 
three  agree  pretty  well  together,  being  rather  weakly  marked, 
and  rather  paler  than  the  parent,  which  they  do  not  in  any 
respect  incline  to  follow  at  all  closely. 

The  very  fine  large  male  figured  on  Plate  I.  fig.  6  was  taken 
at  Eannoch  in  1897  ;  those  who  hesitate  to  acknowledge  fili- 
grammaria  as  a  form  worth  keeping  distinct  from  aiUnmnata 
should  consider  such  specimens  as  this  before  deciding  to 
abandon  the  latter  name.  It  would  only  increase  the  confusion 
which  already  exists  to  begin  to  write  of  these  great  woodland 
forms  as  " jUigi-ammaria.'"  There  is  an  unnamed  Oporabia 
species  from  Esquimalt  in  our  National  Collection,  of  which  this 
specimen  much  reminds  me  in  the  rugged  appearance  of  its 
markings. 

The  examples  of  filigrammaria  and  of  dilutata  figured  on 
Plate  11.  may  to  a  large  extent  be  left  to  speak  for  themselves. 
Figs.  3,  5,  and  6  were  all  bred  by  me  from  the  same  female, 
from  Bolton ;  fig.  6  is  Herrich-Schsfier's  type  form  of  Jili- 
grammaria,  fig.  4  a  female  aberration  ;  figs.  3  and  5  (the  latter 
bred  by  me  in  1899  from  Huddersfield  ova)  represent  two  fairly 
representative  males,  and  may  be  useful  for  comparison  with 
some  of  the  autumnata  males. 

Figs.  7  and  8  show  the  male  and  female  of  a  form  of  dilutata 
which  has  interested  me  immensely,  and  for  which  I  have  pro- 
posed (Ent.  Eec.  xi.  p.  122)  the  name  of  ab.  (?var.)  christyi. 
Mr.  Christy  brought  ten  of  the  form  (eight  males,  two  females) 
from  a  birch  wood  at  Eannoch  in  1897,  including  the  male  which 
is  figured ;  and  eight  more  (four  males,  four  females)  in  1898, 
including  the  figured  female.  Except  that  four  of  the  1897 
specimens  (three  males,  one  female)  were  slightly  infuscated,  the 
form  hardly  varies  appreciably,  and  it  is  in  many  respects  so 
closely  parallel  to  duenee's  autumnata  (var.  gueneata,  mihi), 
especially  to  his  figure  (Atlas,  pi.  18,  fig.  7),  that  for  a  long 
while  it  greatly  mystified  me.  The  respects  in  which  it  agrees 
with  autumnata  var.  gueneata  are:  — 

1st.  The  comparative  absence  of  sexual  dimorphism,  and  the 
approximately  equal  size  of  the  sexes. 

2nd.  The  weakness  of  the  markings,  except  at  the  costa  and 
on  the  nervures. 

3rd.  The  tendency  to  angulation  of  the  "elbowed  line" 
(extremely  rare  in  ordinary  dilutata). 

4th.  Its  attachment  to  birch. 

The  proofs,  however,  that  it  is  not  a  form  of  autumnata  are  : — 

1st.  The  male  genitalia  agree  with  those  of  dilutata. 

2nd.  The  ground  colour  has  somewhat  of  the  dirty  yellowish 
tinge  which  is  wanting  in  autumnata. 


60  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

3rd.  The  egg  is  apparently  even  more  highly  polished  and 
brightly  orange-tinted  than  typical  dilutata,  instead  of  much  less 
so,  as  in  autumnata. 

4th.  The  larva  often  has  reddish  dorsal  blotches. 

Unfortunately  neither  of  us  has  yet  succeeded  in  breeding 
this  form  right  through,  though  fertile  ova  have  been  obtained  ; 
at  one  time  I  fancied  it  might  be  a  distinct  species.  As  stated 
in  the  'Entomologist's  Eecord'  {loc.  cit.),  Doubleday  was  also 
puzzled  by  the  resemblance  of  "  christyi  "  io  gueneata,  for  he  has 
left  specimens  of  it  in  his  collection  labelled  "  autumnata  V  (i.  e. 
autumnata,  Gn.  ?). 

Ab.  christyi  also  has  a  remarkably  small  central  spot—  often 
practically  obsolete  ;  whereas  the  normal  Scotch  dilutata  (figs. 
9  and  10)  has  the  central  spot  well  developed,  in  the  female 
often  opened  out  into  a  small  ring  (as  in  the  ab.  inscriptata  of 
Donovan). 

Plate  II.  fig.  11  was  bred  from  Glasgow,  and  shows  the  true 
ab.  ohscurata  of  Staudinger.  Fig.  14  is  even  more  extreme,  and 
is  my  ab.  melana  (Ent.  Eec.  xi.  p.  122)  ;  it  was  bred  from  a 
Chingford  larva. 

Plate  II.  fig.  12  is  a  handsome  female,  which  I  believe  came 
from  Wheeler's  collection,  and  represents  the  form  which  I  call 
"carpet  banded"  (ab.  latifasciata,  mihi).  The  remaining  figure 
(fig.  13)  is  interesting  as  having  been  bred  from  Chingford, 
where  these  pale  forms  are  of  extremely  rare  occurrence  ;  it  may 
be  profitably  used  for  comparison  with  the  equally  pale  ab. 
chriatyi  (Plate  II.  fig.  8),  and  with  the  pale  type  of  autumnata 
(Plate  I.  fig.  3),  from  both  of  which  it  differs  materially,  though 
perhaps  the  actual  specimens  need  to  be  seen  in  order  that  the 
differences  in  tone  may  be  fully  realized. 

In  conclusion,  I  should  like  to  urge  our  entomologists, 
especially  those  residing  in  the  north,  to  make  a  careful  study  of 
this  fascinating  genus ;  and  to  say  how  pleased  I  shall  be  to  de- 
termine their  specimens,  or  render  any  assistance  in  my  power. 


Explanation  of  Plates. 
FIG.  Plate  I. 


1.  ( 

Iporahia  autw) 

2-3. 

)»                 )) 

4-5. 

)»                 » 

6, 

5!                                 ) 

7-11. 

5»                                 ) 

12. 

»)                                 5 

13. 

))                                 ) 

14-15. 

SJ                                  ) 

Bkh.,  type,  <y   ?  (1897,  1898). 

ab.  sandhergi,  ^   ?   (bred  1899). 

ab.  ^  (1897). 

varied  forms  (bred  1899). 

ab.  ty:pica,  $  (1898). 

ab.  ohscurata,  J  (bred  1899). 

other  dark  aberrations,  <?  ?  (bred  1899, 1898). 


NEW    INSECTS   FROM    ARIZONA,    ETC.  61 


FIG.  Plate   II. 

1.  Oporahia  autumnata,  ab.  ^  (bred  1898). 

2.  ,,  ,,  ab.  schneideri,    2  (bred  1899). 
3-4.  Oporahia filigram77iaria,  $   $   (bred  1897,  Bolton). 

5.  „  „  $  (bred  1899,  Huddersfield). 

6.  „  „  type,  ?   (bred  1897,  Bolton). 

7-8.  Oporahia  dilutata  ab.  christyi,  g-  5   (Rannoch,  1897,  1898). 
9-10.  „  „         <?    ?  (Aberdeen,  1893). 

11.  ,,  ,,         ab.  ohscurata,  $   (bred  1898,  Glasgow). 

12.  ,,  ,,         ab.  latifasciata,   $   (?  Norfolk). 
18.           „               „         pale  2   (bred  1896,  Chingford). 
14.           ,,  5,         ab.  melana,  J  (bred,  Chingford). 


NEW    INSECTS    FEOM    AKIZONA,    AND    A    NEW    BEE 
FKOM    MEXICO. 

By  T.  D.  a.  Cockerell,  N.M.  Agr.Exp.  Sta. 

The  following  insects  were  taken  on  a  recent  trip  to  Arizona  ; 
the  main  result  of  the  trip  will  be  set  forth  in  a  Bulletin  of  the 
Arizona  Experiment  Station,  but  it  is  thought  expedient  to 
present  the  descriptions  of  the  new  species  in  an  entomological 
journal.  The  Perdita  from  Juarez  was  taken  on  the  same  trip, 
and  so  is  included. 

Apid^. 
Perdita  haccharidis,  sp.  n, 

$  .  Length  not  quite  6  millim. ;  head  and  thorax  dark  green,  with 
yellow  markings  ;  abdomen  banded.  Cheeks  hairy,  but  face  nearly 
bare  ;  front  and  vertex  strongly  granular  ;  frontal  fovea  elongate ; 
maxillary  palpi  6-jointed ;  labial  palpi  4-jointed,  the  first  joint  not 
greatly  longer  than  the  other  three  together ;  tlagellum  dark  brown 
above,  except  at  apex,  yellow  beneath  ;  scape  yellow,  with  a  dark  spot 
at  apex  ;  mandibles  yellow,  the  tips  rnfous  ;  labrum  yellow,  a  dark 
mark  at  base  ;  clypeus  yellow,  the  usual  dots  small  and  very  near  the 
margin  ;  supraclypeal  mark  well-developed,  a  little  more  than  semi- 
circular ;  no  dog-ear  marks ;  lateral  marks  broad  below,  ending  at  a 
point  above,  angulate  opposite  the  antennal  sockets,  owing  to  the  inter- 
ference of  the  fovea.  Mesothorax  almost  entirely  nude,  very  shiny, 
with  distinct  but  very  sparse  punctures  ;  pleura  all  dark ;  prothorax, 
except  a  subtriangular  lateral  area,  entirely  yellow  ;  tegulae  hyaline, 
with  a  yellow  spot  ;  wings  perfectly  hyaline,  nervures  very  pale 
brownish,  subcostal  nervure  and  margin  of  stigma  rather  dark:  stigma 
hyaline ;  marginal  cell  almost  squarely  truncate,  the  substigmatal 
portion  a  trifle  longer  than  the  poststigmatal ;  second  submarginal 
narrower  fully  one  half  to  marginal ;  third  discoidal  distinct.  Femora 
all  yellow  ;  anterior  legs  entirely  yellow ;  middle  tibiae  dark  brown  on 
the  outer  side  ;  hind  tibiae  and  tarsi  entirely  dark  brown  ;  claws  cleft. 
Abdomen  yellow,  with  four  broad  dark  brown  bands,  about  as  broad  as 
the  intervals  between  them  ;  basal  part  of  first  segment  mostly  dark ; 


62  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

hind  margin  of  fifth  segment  darkened ;  venter  yellow.     The  abdominal 
bands  do  not  unite  on  the  lateral  margins. 

Hah.  Tempe,  Arizona,  Oct.  28th,  1899  {CklL).  Two  females 
at  flowers  of  Baccharis  at  the  foot  of  Tempe  butte.  The  types 
are  nnfortimately  somewhat  discoloured  by  cj^anide. 

Allied  very  closely  to  R.  toicnscndi,  but  differs  by  its  smaller 
size,  nude  or  nearly  nude  mesothorax,  and  the  entire  supra- 
clypeal  mark.  From  P.  stottleri  it  differs  by  its  entirely  yellow 
femora,  the  entire  supraclypeal  mark,  and  the  marginal  cell  less 
obliquely  truncate.  From  P.  bigelovia  it  differs  by  the  yellow 
femora,  shape  of  face-marks,  &c. ;  from  P.  zehrata  by  the  details 
of  the  face-marks,  markings  of  the  legs,  &c. 

This  insect  finds  no  place  in  Mr.  Ashmead's  generic  tables, 
having  the  mouth-parts  of  Perdita,  with  the  abdominal  markings 
of  Neoperdita. 

Perdita  rnellina,  sp.  n. 

<3^.  Length  about  4^  millim. ;  head  and  thorax  very  dark  green, 
almost  black ;  nietathorax  dark  blue  ;  abdomen  brownish  orange,  the 
first  two  segments  strongly  suffused  with  black.  Labial  palpi  with  the 
first  joint  longer  than  in  typical  Perdita  ;  clypeus  with  the  median 
(upper)  portion  small  and  hemispherical ;  clypeus,  labrum,  lateral  face- 
marks,  and  dog-ear  marks,  yellowish  white  or  very  pale  yellowish  :  no 
supraclypeal  mark  ;  lateral  marks  nearly  equilateral  triangles,  with 
the  upper  angle  at  the  level  of  the  antennal  sockets  ;  mandibles  white, 
with  dark  tips ;  cheeks  simple,  tbe  extreme  lower  part  white  ;  face 
moderately  hairy ;  head  large,  subquadrate  ;  antennae  yellow  beneath, 
yellowish  brown  above ;  vertex  shining,  minutely  and  obscurely 
granular ;  mesothorax  shiny,  fairly  pubescent  ;  tubercles,  and  two 
transverse  marks  on  upper  border  of  protborax,  cream-colour ;  pleura 
entirely  dark ;  wings  slightly  milky,  iridescent ;  nervures  and  stigma 
yellowish  white  ;  marginal  cell  fairly  long,  nearly  squarely  truncate  ; 
second  recurrent  nervure  rudimentary ;  femora  black,  with  yellow 
ends ;  tibiae  yellow,  tbe  hind  tibiae  suffused  with  blackish ;  tarsi 
yellowish  white ;  abdomen  rather  short  and  broad,  hairy  at  tip,  venter 
immaculate. 

Hah.  One  at  flowers  of  Heterotheca  suhaxillaris,  Phoenix, 
Arizona,  Oct.  15th,  1899  {CklL).  P.  mellina  differs  from  P. 
chamcesaraclm  by  the  smooth  front,  differently-shaped  clypeus, 
&e. ;  from  P.  sides  by  the  colour  of  the  abdomen,  shorter 
marginal  cell,  &c. ;  from  P.  semicrocea  by  the  colour  of  head  and 
thorax,  rather  longer  marginal  cell,  &c. ;  from  P.  rhodura  by  the 
pale  nervures,  dark  femora,  colour  and  markings  of  head,  &c. 

Perdita  heterotheca',  sp.  n. 
2 .  Length  about  ^\  millim.  ;  head  and  thorax  black,  with  a 
metallic  lustre;  mesothorax  rather  brassy,  metathorax  bluish;  head 
ordinary,  cheeks  and  occiput  with  abundant  white  hair,  face  hairy  at 
sides ;  mandibles  yellowish  white,  with  ferruginous  tips ;  labial  palpi 
with  the  first  joint  longer  than  the  other  three  combined,  but  not  twice 


NEW  INSECTS  FROM  ARIZONA,  ETC.  63 

as  long  ;  clypeus  (except  the  usual  dots,  which  are  very  near  the 
margin)  and  lateral  face-marks  dull  white,  the  latter  triangular,  with 
the  upper  angle  on  the  orbital  margin  about  on  a  level  with  the 
antennal  sockets ;  no  supraclypeal  or  dog-ear  marks ;  antennae  dark 
brown  above  (yellowish  brown  towards  the  tips),  yellowish  beneath; 
vertex  minutely  granular,  but  still  shiny;  mesothorax  shining,  sparsely 
punctured,  rather  hairy ;  tubercles,  and  two  transverse  marks  on  hind 
border  of  prothorax,  white  ;  wings  opaline,  nervures  colourless,  stigma 
faintly  yellowish,  marginal  cell  moderately  long,  nearly  squarely 
truncate ;  second  submargiual  large,  narrowed  at  least  one-half  to 
marginal ;  third  discoidal  distinct.  Femora  black,  knees  light ;  tibiae 
(very  hairy)  dark  brown  or  black,  anterior  tibiae  cream-colour  in  front ; 
tarsi  yellowish  white.  Abdomen  broad  and  flat,  very  dark  brown,  with 
straight  yellowish  white  bands  at  extreme  bases  of  segments  2  to  4, 
each  band  with  a  linear  median  interruption,  the  bands  all  abruptly 
ending  some  distance  before  the  lateral  margins.  The  band  on  the 
fourth  segment  is  absent  in  one  specimen.  Tip  of  abdomen  hairy, 
pygidial  plate  long,  orange-brown  ;  venter  dark  brown,  the  margins  of 
the  segments  hyaline. 

<? .  Like  the  female,  but  there  is  a  minute  supraclypeal  mark,  and 
the  abdomen  is  hardly  so  dark,  while  the  bands  are  browner  and  less 
well  defined. 

Hah.  At  flowers  of  Heterotheca  subaxillaris,  three  females, 
one  male,  Tempe,  Ariz.,  October,  and  Phoenix,  Ariz.,  Oct.  15th, 
1899  (CklL).  At  both  places,  and  on  the  same  flowers,  I  also 
took  P.  astei-is,  Ckll. 

P.  JieterothecfB  (?)  is  very  like  P.  icpiota,  Ckll.,  but  differs  in 
the  shape  of  the  lateral  face-marks,  and  the  second  submarginal 
cell  less  narrowed  above. 

Perdita  heliotropii,  sp.  n. 

?  .  Length  about  Ah  millim.  ;  head  and  thorax  dark  brassy  green; 
abdomen  lemon-yellow,  with  four  broad  entire  dark-brown  bands. 
Head  ordinary ;  face  almost  free  from  hair,  but  a  good  deal  of  hair  above 
the  antenna;  labial  palpi,  with  the  last  three  joints  together  some- 
what more  than  half  the  length  of  the  first ;  vertex  strongly  granular ; 
labrum  dark  brown  ;  clypeus,  two  spots  representing  the  supraclypeal 
mark,  and  lateral  marks,  pale  lemon-yellow  ;  no  dog-ear  marks  ;  clypeus 
with  the  usual  dots,  and  also  two  brown  spots  on  its  upper  portion ; 
lateral  face-marks  narrow,  tapering  to  a  point  a  little  above  the  level 
of  the  antennal  sockets,  slightly  angulate  a  little  before  the  point  ; 
cheeks  wholly  dark ;  antennae  dark  brown  above,  yellow  beneath  ; 
mesothorax  shining,  with  scattered  punctures  and  sparse  hairs ; 
tubercles,  and  both  borders  of  prothorax  anteriorly,  lemon-yellow ; 
nervures  and  stigma  very  pale  brown  ;  marginal  cell  nearly  squarely 
truncate  ;  third  discoidal  distinct ;  femora  black,  with  yellow  apices ; 
front  and  middle  tibi^  and  tarsi  yellow  ;  hind  tibiae  and  tarsi  dark 
brown  ;  venter  of  abdomen  yellow. 

(? .  Length  4  millim. ;  labrum  yellow ;  clypeus  yellow,  without 
the   two   brown   spots  ;    supraclypeal  mark  transversely   hour-glass- 


64  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

shaped ;  no  dog-ear  marks ;  lateral  face-marks  ending  in  an  emar- 
ginate  truncation  at  about  the  level  of  the  antennal  sockets ;  first  four 
tibiae  dark  behind  ;  abdomen  very  dark  brown,  with  obscure  transverse 
yellow  bands,  not  reaching  the  lateral  margins,  at  bases  of  segments 
2  to  4 ;  venter  dark  brown,  becoming  pale  reddish  apically ;  second 
recurrent  nervnre  scarcely  visible. 

Var.  a.  (? ,  Upper  part  of  clypeus  occupied  by  a  quadrate  dark 
brown  patch,  emarginate  on  its  lower  edge ;  supraclypeal  mark  divided 
into  two  spots  ;  abdomen  with  only  the  bands  on  the  second  and  third 
segments,  these  very  obscure,  and  interrupted  in  the  middle. 

Hah.  Juarez,  State  of  Cbihnahua,  Mexico,  Oct.  6th,  1899 
(Ckll.) ;  two  females,  five  males,  all  at  flowers  of  HeUotroimim 
curassaviciun.  P.  heliotropii  2  is  close  to  P.  stottleri,  but 
smaller,  with  the  light  jDarts  of  the  abdomen  much  yellower  ;  the 
male  has  face-markings  a  good  deal  like  those  of  P.  higelovia. 

Hypomaerotera  callops,  Ckll.  &  Porter,  subsp.  nov.  pei'similis. 

Both  sexes  a  trifle  smaller  than  the  type  ;  female  with  the  spot  at 
the  apex  of  the  wings  usually  distinct.  Male  with  the  flagellum  clear 
cream-colour  beneath  ;  the  legs  with  the  black  rather  less  developed, 
and  the  light  part  of  the  face  slightly  tinged  with  yellow.  There  is 
also  a  well-developed  supraclypeal  mark,  and  the  marginal  cell  (male) 
is  considerably  shorter  than  in  catlaps.  Face  not  so  hairy  in  male  as  in 
type. 

Hab.  One  male  at  flowers  of  Trihulus  cirandiflorus,  Oct.  7th  ; 
many  females  at  flowers  of  Physalis,  Oct.  9th.  All  at  Phoenix, 
Arizona  {Ckll.).  I  should  hardly  separate  this  on  the  female, 
but  the  male  is  palpablj^  distinct. 

Calliopsis  coloradensis  coloratipes  (Ckll.). 

This  was  described  as  a  variety  of  C.  jJavifrons,  but  it  is  really  a 
subspecies  of  C.  coloradensis.  The  female,  not  before  described,  re- 
sembles that  of  coloradensis,  but  is  easily  distinguished  by  the  clypeus 
having  only  two  minute  dots,  instead  of  two  black  bars,  and  by  the 
presence  of  the  dog-ear  marks. 

Hab.  Mesilla  Park,  N.  M.,  Sept.  1st,  at  flowers  of  Isocoma 
icriglitn,  two  males,  two  females,  in  cop.  (Cldl.)  ;  Phoenix, 
Arizona,  Oct.  7th,  at  flowers  of  Isocoma  harticegi,  also  rolling  in 
the  dust,  many  males  and  females  in  cop.  {Ckll.).  Compared  with 
the  typical  (N.  M.)  form,  the  Arizona  male  has  the  face-markings 
yellower,  and  the  female  has  the  dog-ear  marks  smaller,  and  the 
clypeus  often  vrith  rudimentary  bars,  thus  approaching  true 
coloradensis. 

Xeiwglossa  patricia,  Ckll.,  subsp.  nov.  angustior. 

(? .  A  little  smaller  and  less  stout,  hind  legs  noticeably  smaller 
and  more  slender ;  apical  plate  of  abdomen  narrower,  and  rounded  at 
the  tip,  like  the  end  of  a  finger,  instead  of  truncate. 


NEW  INSECTS  FROM  ARIZONA,  ETC.  65 

Hah.  Buckeye,  Arizona,  at  flowers  of  Ciicurbita  palniata, 
October  (CklL). 

MUTILLID^. 

Sphcerophthalma  foxi,  Ckll.  {^leterochroa) ,  var.  n.  arizonica. 
?  .     Similar  to  die  type,  but  in  place  of  red  hair  on  the  head  and 
thorax  it  is  pale  ochreous ;  the  scarlet  on  the  second  abdominal  seg- 
ment is  very  vivid.     The  colour-contrast  is  very  striking,  and  gives  the 
insect  a  great  superficial  resemblance  to  S.  diujesi. 

Hah.     Phoenix,  Arizona,  Oct.  15th,  1899  {GUI.). 

Sphcerophthalma  heliophila,  sp.  n. 

?  .  Length  not  quite  8  millim.,  rather  slender,  ferruginous.  Head 
large,  a  little  wider  than  thorax,  subquadrate  seen  from  in  front,  but 
the  vertex  rounded  and  large  ;  cheeks  ample,  rounded,  not  keeled  or 
spined ;  eyes  small,  facetted,  slightly  oval,  very  convex ;  antennal 
fovae  bounded  above  by  a  ridge ;  mandibles  long,  the  apical  half  or 
more  black,  slender,  a  well-developed  tooth  a  little  beyond  the  middle  ; 
antenna  ferruginous,  tips  a  little  darkened,  scape  bent ;  punctures  of 
front  and  vertex  strong  ;  upper  part  of  head  with  scanty  appressed 
shining  orange  hair,  and  upright  black  hairs,  some  quite  long ;  scape 
and  lower  parts  of  head  with  scanty  white  hair.  Thorax  seen  from 
above  pyriform,  the  dorsal  surface  rough,  becoming  reticulate  on  the 
hinder  part,  with  the  same  appressed  shining  orange  hairs,  and  erect  black 
hairs,  as  on  the  head,  except  that  on  the  metathorax  (middle  segment) 
the  orange-fulvous  hairs  are  wanting,  and  there  is  a  median  longi- 
tudinal band  of  appressed  silver  hair.  Sides  of  thorax  with  very 
scanty  white  hair,  and  a  dense  band  of  silver  hairs  extending  from  the 
hind  end  as  far  forwards  as  the  middle  coxae.  Legs  slender,  ferru- 
ginous, with  scanty  white  hairs  ;  spurs  white  ;  tibial  and  tarsal  spines 
and  bristles  black.  First  segment  of  abdomen  small,  nodose,  con- 
stricted at  its  junction  with  the  second,  ornamented  above  with  a  broad 
longitudinal  baud  of  dense  silver-white  hair,  basal  projections  thorn- 
like seen  from  above,  pyramidal  seen  from  behind ;  second  segment 
yellowish  ferruginous,  with  strong  but  sparse  punctures,  a  central  oval 
blackish  patch,  due  to  black  hairs,  connected  vaguely  with  a  broad 
band  of  black  hairs  on  the  hind  margin,  extreme  sides  with  a  band  of 
silvery  white ;  segments  3  to  5  with  silvery-white  hair  in  the  middle 
and  at  the  sides,  but  black  in  the  subdorsal  region  ;  apex  with  black 
hair ;  ventral  segments  2-i  fringed  with  white.  The  tibial  spurs  are 
serrated. 

Hab.  Glendale,  Arizona,  running  on  the  railroad  track, 
Oct.  31st,  1899  {Cockerell}. 

In  Ashmead's  table  this  runs  into  the  restricted  genus 
Sphcerophthalma.  It  does  not  fall  exactly  in  any  of  Fox's  groups ; 
the  facetted  eyes  throw  it  out  of  group  occidentalis,  and  the 
serrated  spurs  out  of  the  three  following  groups.  From  the 
other  groups  it  is  excluded  by  the  non-emarginate  eyes  and  the 
non-tridentate  mandibles.  It  is  a  pretty  species,  known  by  its 
slender  form  and  the  silver-white  bands  as  described. 


66  the  entomologist. 

Phymatid^. 

Macrocephalus  arizonicus,  sp.  n. 

(? .  Length  8  millim.  ;  breadth  of  abdomen  4,  of  scutellam  2^, 
length  of  scutelhim  4,  breadth  of  thorax  3i-  milHm.  Enth'e  insect 
orange-brown,  the  colour  of  dried  apricots  ;  abdomen  somewhat  redder ; 
antennae  pale,  terminal  half  of  last  joint  bright  green  ;  anterior  tibiae 
blackish  ;  four  hind  legs  with  the  coxae,  trochanters,  and  femora 
blackish  with  small  white  warts,  tibiae  pale  yellowish,  tarsi  darker  and 
greenish.  Abdomen  broad,  heart-shaped,  the  lateral  margins  visible 
nearly  to  the  end  of  the  scutellum  ;  thorax  with  the  usual  lateral 
angular  projections  quite  large,  and  the  two  longitudinal  keels  distinct, 
though  concolorous  with  the  rest  of  the  surface ;  keel  on  scutellum 
distinct,  reaching  the  apex,  broadened  on  the  basal  fifth,  but  nowhere 
at  all  bullate  ;  sides  of  scutellum  presenting  the  usual  gentle  double 
curve  ;  upper  surface  of  head  and  thorax  rough,  with  minute  pallid 
pimples  ;  hinder  part  of  thorax  irregularly  and  confusedly  cancellate ; 
scutellum  distinctly  cancellate  basally,  otherwise  rough  and  sub- 
cancellate,  with  innumerable  punctures.  Antennae  with  the  first  joint 
stout,  cylindrical,  ,'a  little  longer  than  the  third ;  second  short  and 
more  or  less  heart-shaped ;  third  a  little  longer  and  more  slender ; 
fourth  large,  larger  than  the  second  and  third  together. 

Hah.  Tucson,  Arizona,  in  the  region  of  Larrea  and  Mesquite, 
Nov.  7th,  1899  {Ckll).  Allied  to  M.  prehensilis,  Fab.,  and 
M.  lepidus  Stal.  The  antennae  are  rather  like  those  of  M.  pul- 
chellus,  and  the  colour  is  nearest  to  that  of  M.  incequalis. 

Phymata  salicis,  sp.  n. 
Length  8  to  9  millim.;  breadth  of  abdomen  3|-  to  4  millim. 
Similar  in  most  respects  to  P.  fascUita,  Gray,  but  smaller  than  that 
species  usually  is,  and  narrower,  with  the  frontal  process  always 
longer,  so  that  the  lateral  profile  of  the  face  is  quite  concave.  The 
hinder  lateral  angle  of  the  thorax  is  also  less  prominent,  the  margin 
between  the  lateral  angles  being  almost  or  quite  straight,  instead  of 
concave.  The  colouration  is  markedly  different  from  that  oi  fasciata, 
being  a  mixture  of  very  pale  yellow  and  light  green,  the  dark  abdominal 
band  merely  nebulous,  and  all  the  markings  suffused.  The  green 
becomes  quite  bright  on  the  middle  of  the  thorax,  and  on  the  legs  and 
antennae ;  the  anterior  lateral  angles  of  the  thorax  are  stained  with  dark 
fuscous,  and  the  top  of  the  head  is  in  some  specimens  marked  with 
the  same  colour. 

Hah.  Phcenix,  Arizona,  numerous  {^  ?  )  on  twigs  of  Salix 
Jiuviatilis,  preying  upon  butterflies  (Lyccena)  and  flies  (Syritta), 
Oct.  7th,  1899  {Ckll).  This  could  be  considered  a  race  of 
P.  fasciata,  but  in  a  long  series  its  characters  are  perfectly  con- 
stant, and  distinct  from  those  seen  in  fasciata,  in  the  manner 
described.  P.  fasciata  is  a  flower-inhabiting  species,  whereas 
P.  salicis  is  adapted  for  life  upon  the  twigs  of  the  willow. 


67 


VARIATION    OF  EMYDIA   CBIBRUM,  L.,  IN   ENGLAND. 

Eiilepia  cribnini,  Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  ii.  pi.  Ivi.  (1825) ;  Stephens,  111. 
Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  ii.  p.  92  (1829) ;  Stainton,  Manual,  i.  p.  149  (1857) ; 
Newman,  Brit.  Moths,  p.  30  (1869). 

Emydia  crihrum,  Boisd.,  Ind.  Meth.  p.  39  (1829) ;  Guen.  Ind.  Meth. 
p.  56  (i840). 

Spiris  crihrum,  Walker,  Cat.  Lep,  Het.  ii.  p.  472  (1854). 

Coscinia  cribraria,  Kirby,  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  p.  343  (1892). 


Mr,  Fowler,  of  Eingwood,  has  been  good  enough  to  send  me, 
for  examination,  the  whole  of  his  extensive  collection  of  Emydia 
crihrum.  The  majority  of  the  specimens  are  from  the  Eingwood 
locality,  and  others  are  from  the  New  Forest.  Although  it 
might  possibly  be  a  difficult  matter  to  say  from  which  locality 
individuals  came  if  all  the  examples  had  been  mixed  together, 
the  two  series  as  arranged  show  certain  differences.  The  most 
striking  feature  of  the  New  Forest  contingent  appears  to  be  the 
generally  clearer  ground  colour ;  whilst  among  the  Eingwood  speci- 
mens there  is  a  tendency  to  fuscous  suffusion,  chiefly  in  the  males, 
and  to  greater  prominence  of  the  transverse  bands  and  the  longi- 
tudinal streaks  in  both  sexes  (figs.  2  and  d  3"  ^  )■  Fig.  6  represents 
a  suft'used  male  specimen,  but  this  is  not  the  darkest  in  the  series. 
In  five  female  examples  and  one  male  from  the  New  Forest,  and 
in  three  females  from  Eingwood,  the  transverse  markings  are 
only  faintly  indicated  (fig.  5  ?  ).  Most  of  the  female  specimens 
from  the  last-named  locality  are  strongly  marked  (fig.  4),  but  two 
examples  have  the  spots  rather  small  (fig.  7).  In  the  large 
proportion  of  the  specimens,  the  transverse  markings  referred  to 
as  bands  are  series  of  more  or  less  confluent  spots,  but  in  several 
examples  the  sub-basal,  ante-medial,  and  post-medial  bands  are 


68  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

entire  or  almost  so  (fig.  1).  The  spots  forming  the  submarginal 
series  are  often  linear  or  cuneiform,  but  rarely  round ;  in  some 
specimens  the  submarginal  spots  unite  with  those  of  the  marginal 
series,  forming  internervular  streaks  (figs.  3  <?  and  4  ?  ).  Some- 
times the  area  between  the  base  of  the  wing  and  the  sub-basal 
band  is  blackish  (fig.  2  J"). 


i'ig.  6.  Fig.  7. 

Comparing  the  series  of  E.  crihrum  under  consideration  with 
continental  representatives  of  the  species,  I  find  that  the  English 
specimens  differ  from  all  foreign  examples  that  I  have  seen  in 
the  matter  of  the  longitudinal  streaks.  None  of  the  continental 
specimens  in  the  National  Collection  at  South  Kensington,  or  in 
Mr.  Leech's  collection,  have  these  streaks;  there  is  no  mention 
of  these  characters  in  the  original  description,  neither  does 
Esper's  figure  exhibit  them.  On  the  other  hand,  in  not  one  of 
the  one  hundred  and  seventy  odd  specimens  in  Mr.  Eowler's 
series  are  the  streaks  absent.  There  is  nothing  in  the  variation 
of  the  English  specimens  tending  in  the  direction  of  var.  Candida, 
Cyr.,  beyond  the  form  represented  by  fig.  5,  but  the  continental 
named  form  has  white  lore  wings,  and  is  devoid  of  marking 
except  two  black  dots  at  the  outer  extremity  of  the  discoidal  cell. 
Some  of  the  sufi'used  specimens  from  Eingwood  approach  var. 
rippertii,  Boisd.,  but  cannot  be  correctly  referred  to  that  form. 

The  streaks  referred  to  are  certainly  not  typical  of  E. 
crihrum,  it  might  therefore  be  well  that  the  forms  in  which 
they  are  present  should  have  a  varietal  name,  and  I  would 
propose  hivittata  as  being  a  suitable  one.  All  the  other  characters 
are  so  exceedingly  variable  that  it  would  seem  to  be  useless  to 
suggest  names  for  the  numerous  modifications. 

KicHAED  South. 

Note. — The  antennae  in  figs.  1,  2,  and  3  have  not  been  correctly 
drawn ;  this  was,  unfortunately,  only  noticed  when  too  late  for 
alteration. 


69 

NOTE    ON    ANTHOCHARIS. 
By    T.    a.    Chapman,    M.D.,    F.E.S. 

Having  obtained  a  few  pupae  of  Anihocharis  helemia,  and  so 
had  the  opportunity  of  observin.j  the  butterfly  ahve  at  leisure,  I 
observed  one  little  fact  that  is  probably  well  known,  but  may  be 
new  to  others  as  it  was  to  me,  and  is  interesting  in  connection 
with  the  protective  colouration  in  the  genus.  We  are  all  familiar 
with  the  green  and  white  spotting  of  the  under  side  of  ^.  car- 
damines  and  its  nearest  allies,  and  how  the  insect  at  rest 
assimilates  closely  to  white  flowers  over  green  foliage  both  in 
general  and  detailed  effect.  No  doubt  the  flowers  contemplated 
are  such  white  Cruciferge  as  Erysimum  alliaria  (garlic  mustard), 
the  most  frequent  food-plant  of  the  species  with  us,  but  not  at 
all  out  of  harmony  with  many  Umbelliferae  and  other  flowers. 

The  colours  are  the  same  in  helemia,  but  they  are  here 
disposed  in  irregular  stripes  crossing  the  wings  at  an  angle, 
irregular  both  as  to  width  and  intersection,  but  still  distinct 
transverse  stripes  instead  of  spots.  Now  my  one  little  fact  is,  as 
to  the  resting  attitude  of  the  butterfly,  which  sits  with  the  wings 
closed  in  the  usual  way,  the  head  close  down  to  the  surface  in 
which  the  butterfly  is  seated,  and  the  antennae  porrected  so  as 
to  lie  close  together  and  appressed  to  the  resting  surface.  The 
abdomen  and  the  inner  margin  of  the  hind  wings  between  which 
it  is  hidden  are  raised  from  the  surface  at  a  considerable  angle 
(30'^-4:0°),  with  the  result  that  the  stripes  of  green  and  white  are 
exactly  parallel  in  general  direction  with  that  surface.  Supposing 
this  to  be  a  blade  of  grass  or  a  petiole  of  a  flower,  amongst  others 
all  substantially  parallel,  then  the  green  stripes  would  accord 
with  these.  Someone  who  has  seen  the  butterfly  at  home  may 
be  able  to  tell  us  with  what  the  white  stripes  agree.  Probably 
the  white  really  agrees  with  those  portions  of  foliage  that  strongly 
reflect  light  and  look  white  and  glistening,  the  green  portions 
according  with  the  general  tone.  I  should  imagine,  however, 
that  this  insect  rests  amongst  foliage  of  a  spiked  or  grassy 
character  and  not  close  to  the  flowers,  as  in  the  case  of  car- 
damiues,  bella,  daplidice,  &c. 

In  these  there  is  little  doubt  that  the  white  does  refer  to  the 
flowers,  when  we  see  in  eaplienoldes,  a  species  that  is  attached, 
I  fancy  exclusively,  to  Biscutella,  with  yellow  flowers,  that  the 
surface  that  is  white  in  the  other  species  is  here  yellow. 

We  can  hardly  help  comparing  this  case  with  that  of  the 
tiger  and  the  leopard,  where  striping  and  spotting  are  co-related 
with  hiding  in  grassy  jungle  and  leafy  forest,  and  with  the 
parallel  difference  in  marking  between  paphia,  &c. — and  adippe, 
&c.,  which  has  not,  so  far  as  I  know,  been  attributed  to  any 
differences  as  to  their  preference  in  hiding-places. 

Betula,  Eeigate  :  February,  1900. 

ENTOM. — MARCH,    1900.  H 


70  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

NOTES    ON    JAMAICAN    RHYNCHOTA.— No.  2.* 

By  G.  W.  K1RKA1.DY,  F.E.S 

Corrections,   &c.,   to  No.    1. 

6.  Notonecta  uiidulata,  Say. 

It  is  not  this  species  which  comes  to  "  light,"  but  a  small 
Corixa,  which  will  be  noticed  later  on. 

New  localities. — "  Eain-water  tank,  Yardley  Chase,  Oct.  31st, 
1899  "  (leucochroic  forms).  Mr.  Taylor  writes  me  : — "  Owing  to 
the  peculiar  geological  formation  of  the  district  there  are  abso- 
lutely no  rivers  or  streams  of  any  kind  in  the  Santa  Cruz  Mts., 
the  inhabitants  depending  entirely  on  rain  water  for  all  their 
needs.  For  this  purpose  large  tanks  are  constructed,  the  water 
being  conveyed  from  the  roofs  of  the  houses  and  from  the 
'  barbecues '—as  the  cemented  terraces  used  for  drying  coffee 
and  pimento  are  termed — by  gutters  of  various  constructions.  I 
did  not  therefore  expect  to  get  any  bugs,  especially  as  owing  to 
the  severe  and  protracted  drought  most  of  the  water  sujjply  had 
been  used  up,  and  the  tanks  were  very  low  in  consequence. 
About  a  week  before  my  return  home,  however,  the  island  was 
visited  by  a  hurricane  and  series  of  floods  that  filled  up  all  the 
tanks,  but  wrought  incalculable  damage  to  property  all  over  the 
country.  .  .  .  Some  idea  of  the  extent  of  the  downpour  may  be 
gathered  from  the  fact  that  a  large  lake  some  miles  in  extent  has 
formed  among  the  mountains  to  the  west  of  the  Santa  Cruz 
range,  and  at  the  present  moment  is  increasing  to  the  great 
consternation  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  surrounding  district.  In 
parts  this  body  of  water  is  seventy  feet  deep.  ...  I  went  the 
round  of  the  tanks.  .  .  .  Some  plants  (known  here  as  the  water 
hyacinth)  have  almost  entirely  covered  the  whole  surface,  but  a 
small  space  of  clear  water  at  one  end  was  occupied  by  quite 
a  large  number  of  Notonectas."  (C.  B.  Taylor,  Dec.  5th,  1899, 
in  litt.)f 

9.  "  Trochopus  plumbem  (Uhler) "  =  ?Hari/ms,  Carpenter. 

This  species  was  included  on  the  authority  of  Mr.  Carpenter's 
descrii^tion.  Since  writing  the  first  note  I  have  examined  the 
types  of  Prof.  Uhler's  and  Mr.  Carpenter's  insects,  as  well  as 

■■'  See  "On  some  Aquatic  Ehynchota  from  Jamaica,"  Entom.  xxxii. 
pp.  28-30  (1899). 

f  I  admitted  the  name  '•  maculata"  for  a  var.  of  N.  undulata  in  my 
revision  of  the  genus  (1897,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  410)  :  as,  however, 
the  name  was  previously  used  for  a  var.  of  N.  glauca  (p.  419),  it  must  be 
altered,  and  I  now  propose  "  selene."  For  the  cream-coloured  forms  (head, 
pronotum,  scutellum,  elytra,  &c.)  common  in  Jamaica,  it  may  be  useful  to 
use  the  name  "  albida.'" 


NOTES    ON   JAMAICAN    RHYNCHOTA.  71 

fresh  material  sent  by  Mr.  Taylor,  which  confirms  my  opinion 
expressed  in  the  'Bolletino  Mus.  Torino,'  xiv.  No.  350,  pp.  5-6 
(1899),  vis,  that  Trochopus  is  not  generically  distinct  from 
Rhagovelia. 

It  may  be  useful  to  discuss  the  matter  again  briefly,  and, 
first  of  all,  to  reproduce  a  portion  of  the  paper  mentioned  above, 
which  is  possibly  not  very  accessible  to  British  entomologists : — 

"  The  chief  differences  between  Rhagovelia  and  Trochopus 
appear  to  be  {teste  Carpenter  and  Champion)  that : 

"  (1)  In  Trochopus  the  tarsi  are  (according  to  these  authors) 
3,  2,  2-segmentate ;  in  Rhagovelia  3,  3,  3. 

"  (2)  The  pronotum  in  Trochopus  is  sutured  off  from  the 
mesonotum  ;  in  Rhagovelia  (except  R.  teniiipes,  Champion,  I.  c. 
p.  137)  these  nota  are  fused  together. 

"  (1)  Now  I  have  elsewhere  expressed  my  opinion  of  the 
unsatisfactory  character  of  these  minute  tarsal  '  segments.'  I 
think  I  may  say  that  in  average  '  good '  museum  specimens  pre- 
served in  the  ordinary  way  they  are  very  difficult  to  observe  with 
any  degree  of  certainty  without  a  certain  amount  of  preparation, 
which  is  very  undesirable,  if  not  improper,  in  dealing  with 
borrowed  material,  especially  types,  and  examination  under  a 
compound  microscope.  The  fact  that  such  a  careful  worker  and 
able  entomologist  as  Mr.  Carpenter  failed — in  working  with 
material  preserved  in  alcohol— in  his  original  description  {I.  c. 
p.  78)  to  detect  more  than  two  segments  in  each  anterior  tarsus 
shows  the  undesirability  of  employing  such  a  character.  More- 
over, these  minute  segments  (or  *  nodes,'  as  they  may  preferably 
be  termed)  are  apparently  not  always  constant  in  the  Gerridge, 
for  Prof.  Uhler,  in  describing  Trepohates  pictus  (Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 
Lond.  1894,  p.  214),  writes  : — '  In  two  specimens  the  basal  joint 
of  tarsi  was  present  on  one  side,  and  not  on  the  other.' 

"  (2)  The  exception  to  the  fused  pro-  and  mesonota  (in  the 
apterous  R.  teniiipes  female)  can  scarcely  be  deemed  to  prove  the 
rule ;  indeed,  it  appears  almost  to  render  further  discussion  un- 
necessary. Moreover,  a  species  from  Venezuela  in  the  Turin 
Museum,  which  I  have  determined  as  R.femoralis,  Champion, 
and  another  from  Venezuela  and  Darien,  referred  by  me  to 
R.  angustipes,  Uhl.,  noticed  in  the  first  part  of  this  paper),  have 
distinctly  separated  pro-  and  mesonota  in  both  sexes,  and  at  the 
same  time  there  are  three  distinct  (as  seen  with  a  compound 
microscope)  segments  in  each  tarsus.  In  short,  Trochopus  may 
perhaps  be  on  the  way  to  developing  into  a  new  genus  or  sub- 
genus, but  it  cannot  be  said,  in  my  opinion,  to  have  attained  as 
yet  to  that  point." 

In  examining  the  material  sent  by  Mr.  Taylor  from  the  spot 
where  the  original  captures  were  made,  differences  in  the  seg- 
mentation  of  the  tarsi,   similar  to  those  mentioned   by   Prof. 

h2 


72  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Uhler  in  Trepobates,  are  observable  in  a  few  examples.  In 
reviewing  the  subject,  I  have  little  hesitation  in  writing  "  Tro- 
chopus"  as  a  synonym  of  ''  Rhagovelia,"  and  the  Jamaican 
species  as : 

Rhagovelia  plumhm,  Uhler  ==  Trochopus  marinus,  Carpenter  = 
Taochopus  plumheus  (Uhler),  Carp,  and  Champ. 

New  locality. — Eock  Fort,  St.  Andrew  (C.  B.  Taylor). 

Additions  to  the  Aquatic  Fauna. 

11.  Corixa  kollarii,  Fieber. 

I  recorded  this  species  doubtfully  from  females  in  Part  I.     I 

can  now  confirm  its  presence  from  specimens  sent  by  Mr.  Taylor 

from  Yardley  Chase,  Santa  Cruz  Mts.,  St.  Elizabeth  (Oct.  31st, 

1899) ;  taken  at  light  (C.  B.  Taylor-). 

12.  Corixa  pygmcea,  Fieber. 

Same  locality  as  the  preceding,  and  also  from  Rae  Town, 
Kingston  ;  at  light  {C.  B.  Taylor).  This  is  the  species  referred 
to  previously  under  N.  undulata. 

13.  Anisops  palliycs  (Fabr.) 

One  female  from  rain-tanks,  Yardley  Chase  (C.  B.  Taylor). 

14.  Gerris  guerini,  Leth.  &  Sev.   (=  marginatus,  Guer.  nee  Say). 

Macropterous  and  apterous  females  and  nymphs  from  (a) 
Yardley  Chase,  Southfield  District  of  Santa  Cruz  Mts.,  St.  Eliza- 
beth (altitude  1500  ft.),  Oct.  31st,  1899,  from  rain-water  tank  ; 
and  (^)  Rock  Fort  Road,  St.  Andrew,  four  miles  east  of  Kingston, 
April  16th,  1892  ;  shallow  pool  at  roadside  under  limestone  bank 
{C.  B.  Taylor). 

15.  Rhagovelia  tayloriella,  sp.  nov. 

Elongate  ;  head  above  distinctly  sulculate  [?  generic  character] . 
Basal  segments  of  antennas  and  the  legs  with  long  scattered  bristly 
hairs.  First  antennal  segment  one-half  longer  than  second,  which  is 
very  slightly  longer  than  the  third,  the  latter  a  trifle  longer  than  the 
fourth.  Rostrum  reaching  to  the  middle  of  the  mesosternum.  Inter- 
mediate femora  two-fifths  longer  than  tibife,  not  constricted  medially  ; 
tibiae  subequal  to  the  tarsi,  armed  with  a  short  straight  spine  at  apex ; 
third  tarsal  segment  one-seventh  longer  than  the  second.  Posterior 
femora  very  slightly  longer  than  the  tibiae,  which  are  nearly  three 
times  as  long  as  the  tarsi ;  second  tarsal  segment  three-j5fths  longer 
than  the  first ;  posterior  tibiae  straight.  Macropteroiis  form :  pronotum 
somewhat  obsoletely  carinate  longitudinally.     Long.  6  mill. 

$  .  Third  antennal  segment  noticeably  incrassate  ;  anterior  tibiae 
considerably  dilated  (especially  towards  the  apex),  and  excavated 
beneath.  Posterior  femora  considerably  incrassate,  and  armed  beneath 
with  ten  to  eleven  strong  teeth,  from  the  centre  to  the  apex,  diminish- 
ing regularly  in  size  towards  the  apex  ;  tibi*  conspicuously  denticu- 
late ;  trochanters  denticulate.     Sixth  (?  seventh)  abdominal  segment 


NOTES    ON   JAMAICAN   RHYNCHOTA.  73 

greatly  depressed  beneath  on  its  apical  half  (except  at  the  lateral  mar- 
gins), apical  margin  slightly  excavated  ;  first  three  segments  longi- 
tudinally carinate  ;  connexivum  semivertical.  Macropterom  form  : 
pronotum  produced  basally  into  a  short  acute  porrect  spine ;  elytral 
neuration  distinct. 

2  .  Third  antennal  segment  and  anterior  tibiae  not  so  strongly 
dilated  as  in  the  male,  but  more  so  than  in  the  other  species  of  the 
genus.  Posterior  femora  incrassate  (similarly  to  the  same  sex  of 
R.  distincta),  armed  beneath  with  one  large  and  two  or  three  small 
teeth.  Sixth  (?  seventh)  abdominal  segment  very  long,  nearly  twice 
as  long  as  the  fifth,  slightly  biexcavate  apically ;  abdomen  scarcely 
(except  slightly  towards  the  base)  carinate  ventrally.  Connexiva 
vertical  in  apterous  form,  and  much  narrowed  in  from  the  base  at  first, 
afterwards  continuing  subparallel.  Macropterous  form :  pronotum 
produced  basally  in  a  long  stout  process,  which  is  about  equal  in 
length  to  the  space  between  its  origin  and  the  humeral  angles  of  the 
pronotum.  It  arises  at  an  angle  of  about  45°,  curves  around  near  its 
apex,  and  is  then  deflected  downwards  slightly.  Elytral  neuration 
feebler  than  in  the  male. 

Habitat,  (a)  Rio  Cobre,  Spanish  Town,  St.  Catharine,  Nov. 
7th,  1892  ;  clear  water— no  surface  growth — sluggish  current; 
taken  close  to  bank  of  river.  (/S)  Black  Eiver,  Elysium  Estate, 
Portland,  April  4th,  1899  (C.  B.  Taylor). 

Black ;  the  posterior  and  intermediate  femora  and  tibire  slightly 
greenish  blue  (metallic  lustre),  furnished  somewhat  sparsely  (more 
densely  on  the  nota)  with  pale  gold  pubescence.  Base  of  first  antennal 
segment,  base  of  anterior  femora  and  anterior  margin  of  pronotum, 
ventral  surface  of  ambulacra,  coxae,  trochanters  (usually),  &c.,  pallid 
testaceous.  Teeth  of  posterior  femora  pallid  except  at  apex.  Dorsum 
of  abdomen  shining  black,  connexivum  rufo-testaceous;  ventral  surface 
usually  bluish  grey  (often  greatly  rufescent),  except  the  brownish 
genital  segments. 

The  male  of  this  tine  little  species,  which  I  have  much 
pleasure  in  naming  after  its  discoverer,  is  readily  distinguishable 
from  the  same  sex  of  all  the  other  American  species  of  the  genus 
by  the  dilated  anterior  tibise,  except  R.  collaris  (Burm.),  in  which 
the  posterior  tibife  are  notably  sinuate.  I  think  also  that  the 
form  of  the  sixth  (?  seventh)  abdominal  segment  in  the  male  is 
different  from  that  of  any  other  species. 

The  type  of  R.  tayloriella  is  the  winged  male  individual.  The 
species  is  probably  that  recorded  by  Johnson  and  Fox  as  R. 
collaris  (Burm.)  in  1892,  Ent.  News,  iii.  p.  60.  [See  alsoEntom. 
1899,  p.  30,  No.  10.] 

16.  Microvelia  sp. 

A  macropterous  individual  and  two  nymphs  of  a  species  I 
have  not  yet  been  able  to  identify. 


74  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

BKITISH    DRA.GONFLIES     OF    THE    OLDER    ENGLISH 

AUTHORS. 
By  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

(Continued  from  p.  42.) 

2.  E.  Donovan:    '  The  Natural  History  of  British  Insects,' 
1792-1813. 

In  the  sixteen  volumes  comprising  this  work  we  have  pre- 
sented to  us  a  large  number  of  generally  well-executed  hand- 
coloured  plates  of  British  Insects,  with  accompanying  letterpress 
in  English.  It  is  got  up  somewhat  in  the  same  manner  as 
Curtis's  later  and  well-known  work,  and  is  a  decided  advance  on 
that  of  Harris. 
Vol.  I.     Pl.  XXIV.    P.  53. 

Libellula  depressa  ?  =  Lihellula  depressa  $  . 
Plate  XXXVI.     P.  79. 

Libellula  virgo   (fig.  1)  =  Calopteryx  virgo  ^.      [It  is  called   Lib. 
puella ;  but  this  is  evidently  a  misprint  for  virgo,  under  which 
designation  it  appears  in  the  index.] 
Libellula  puella  (fig.  2)  =  Pyrrhosoma  nymphula.      [By  the  figure 
apparently  a  male.] 
Vol.  II.     Pl.  XLIV.     P.  21. 

Larva  of  Libellula  depressa  =  nymph  of  one  of  the  JEschnidce. 
Vol.  hi.     Pl.  LXXXI.     P.  23. 

Libellula  depressa  ^  =  Libellula  depressa  ^ . 
Vol.  V.     Pl.  CLXVI.     P.  77. 

Libellula  grandis  =  jEsckna  cymiea  (  $  apparently).      [This  insect 
cannot  be  M.  grandis,  for  it  is  a  blue-spotted  species,  and  has 
hyaline  wings.     In  some  respects  it  bears  a  little  resemblance 
to  M.  pincm :  but,  judging  by  the  small  pterostigma  and  other 
points,  there  is  little  doubt  that  it  is  intended  for  ^.  cyanea.] 
Vol.  X.     Pl.  CCCXXXVII.     P.  29. 
Libellula  vulgata  (fig.  1)  =  Sympetrnm  striolatiim  2  •      [No  doubt 
it  is  intended  for  this  species  of  the  gemis  Sympetrum,  if  only 
because  it  is  described  as  very  common.] 
Libellula  grandis   (fig.  2)  =  JEschna  grandis  $ .      [The  insect  is 
figured  with  safi'ron  wings.] 
Vol.  XII.     Pl.  CCCCVII.     P.  39. 

Libellula  quadrimaculata  =  Libellula  quadrimaculata  5  .  [The 
unsuffused,  Scotch  form.] 
Pl.  CCCCXV.  p.  61. 
Libellula  senea  =  Cordidia  cenea  (  2  ,  apparently).  [There  are  two 
figures,  the  lower  one  with  yellow  wings,  Donovan  calls  the 
latter  a  variety ;  but  the  variation  is  probably  due  to  the  figure 
being  taken  from  an  immature  specimen.] 

Pl.  CCCCXXIII.     P.  81. 
Libellula    forcipata  =  Gomplms    vidgatissimus   (  $  ,    apparently). 
[Below  the  figure  of  the  imago  is  one  of  a  pupa,  as  Donovan 


NOTES  ON  THE  GREAT  EARWIG,  ETC.  75 

calls  it.     It  is  perhaps  intended  for  a  nymph  of  this  species,  but 
does  not  resemble  it  in  shape.     The  eyes  are  like  round  beads 
at  the  fore  corners  of  the  head,  which  ends  in  a  point  in  front. 
The   distal  edge  of  the  mask  is  round.      The  wing-cases  are 
small.] 
Pl.  CCCCXXV.     p.  85. 
Libellula  quadrifasciata  =  Libellula  falva  (  2  ,  apparently).      [The 
abdomen  is  not  blue,  and  there  is  a  fuscous  band  at  the  tip  of 
all  the  wings.] 
Pl.  CCCCXXX.     P.  97. 

Libellula  boltonii  =  C or diileg aster  annulatus  g  . 
Vol.  XIII.     Pl.  CCCCXLIX.     P.  35. 

Libellula  biguttata  =  Orthetrum  carulescens  $  .      [The  abdomen  is 
blue.] 
Vol.  XIV.     Pl.  CCCCLXXII.     P.  17. 

Libellula  cancellata  =  Orthetrum  cancellatum.      [The  sex  is  some- 
what doubtful ;  by  shape  the  insect  is  perhaps  a  male,  but  the 
abdomen  is  yellow.] 
Vol.  XV.     Pl.  DXXIII.     P.  39. 

Libellula  scotica  =  Sympetrum  scoticum  {  g- ,  2  ).  [This  insect 
Donovan  was  the  first  to  describe.  He  gives  two  figures — one 
of  each  sex.] 


NOTES   ON   THE    GREA.T    EARWIG   AND   OTHER   BRITISH 

FORFICULIDiE. 

By  C.  W.  Dale. 

Labidura  riparia,  Pall.  =  gigantea,  Fab. — This  fine  species  of 
earwig  has  hitherto  been  found  only  in  the  vicinity  of  Bourne- 
mouth, where  examples  were  secured  by  the  Eev.  W.  Bingley, 
on  the  7th  of  July,  1808;  these  were  exhibited  the  following 
November  by  IVIr.  G.  B.  Sowerby  at  a  meeting  of  the  old  Ento- 
mological Society.  IVIr.  Bingley,  in  a  letter  to  the  Treasurer  of 
the  Liunean  Society,  states  that  as  he  was  walking  on  the  beach 
west  of  Christchurch,  just  at  the  close  of  the  evening,  he  saw  two 
or  three  large  insects  running  along  the  sand,  about  or  rather 
below  high-water  mark,  and  from  their  size  and  manner  he  took 
them  to  be  young  mole  crickets.  Surprised  at  seeing  such 
insects  in  that  situation,  he  examined  them  as  well  as  the  light 
would  permit,  and,  by  their  immense  forceps  and  size,  found 
them  to  be  a  species  of  Forficnla  hitherto  undescribed  as  British. 
He  took  home  some  specimens,  and  ascertained  them  to  be  the 
Forficnla  gigantea  of  Fabricius.  Mr.  Sloman,  a  friend  of  Mr. 
Bingley,  sought  for  them  afterwards  in  the  same  place,  and 
found  a  great  number  concealed  under  large  stones  on  the  sands. 
Mr.  Bingley  put  three  or  four  together  into  his  box ;  and  the 
consequence  was  that  one  of  them  was  devoured  by  the  rest, 


76  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

In  their  habits  these  insects  greatly  resemble  the  common 
earwig;  but  when  approached  they  turn  up  their  abdomen 
in  the  manner  of  the  large  Staphylini,  bending  the  extremity 
quite  over  the  head,  which  they  defend  by  means  of  their 
enormous  forceps.  The  largest  he  could  procure  was  nearly 
fifteen  lines  in  length  (  =  about  30  mm.),  exclusive  of  the  antennse, 
which  measured  somewhat  more  than  half  an  inch. 

Mr.  Sloman,  who  lived  at  Wick,  and  old  Lochyer,  of  Christ- 
church,  accompanied  my  father  and  Mr.  Dash  wood  to  the  same 
spot — Mount  Misery — in  1818,  but  with  no  success. 

Upon  what  was  once  a  most  dreary  and  desolate  spot  now 
stands  the  rising  seaside  resort  of  Southbourne-upon-Sea. 

This  earwig  came  to  be  reckoned  amongst  the  extinct  British 
species  (its  native  origin  being  actuallj^  questioned  by  the  Eev. 
W.  Kirby  in  his  'Introduction  to  Entomology')  until  1865,  when 
a  few  were  taken  on  the  shore  close  to  Hengisbury  Head  by  Mr. 
Dossetor.  The  next  was  taken  near  the  pier  at  Bournemouth,  by 
Mr.  E.  Saunders,  in  1874. 

Mr.  Kemp-Welch,  in  an  article  on  the  great  earwig  ('  Trans- 
actions '  of  Dorset  Field  Club,  vol.  viii.  p.  61),  records  and  figures 
a  specimen  in  his  possession  as  having  been  taken  on  the  beach 
under  Branksome  Park,  some  two  miles  westward  from  Bourne- 
mouth, within  the  limits  of  Dorsetshire,  on  the  27th  of  May, 
1886,  by  Mr.  E.  Lovett,  of  Croydon.  The  Eev.  J.  G.  Wood,  in 
his  '  Insects  at  Home,'  mentions  one  as  having  been  taken,  also 
on  the  beach,  at  Folkestone,  but  gives  no  date. 

Like  the  common  earwig,  the  large  one  appears  to  conceal 
itself  as  much  as  possible  in  the  daytime,  probably  in  chinks 
and  crannies  of  the  cliffs,  and  only  emerges  at  the  approach  of 
evening  to  seek  its  food,  which  consists  probably  of  the  various 
small  animals,  molluscous  and  otherw^ise,  that  are  left  on  the 
shore  by  the  tide. 

It  is  widely  distributed  on  the  Continent,  and  has  been  taken 
as  far  north  as  Brittany  and  Berlin,  but  appears  always  to 
frequent  the  sea-shore  or  the  banks  of  rivers.  It  also  occurs  in 
Asia,  Africa,  and  America. 

Chelidura  alhipennis,  Meg. — The  only  examples  of  this  species 
were  taken  in  a  nursery  garden  at  Ashford,  in  Kent,  in  June, 
1832,  by  Professor  Westwood. 

Forjicula  lesnei,  Finot. — Under  the  two  names  of  j)nhescens, 
Gene,  and  dccipiens,  Gene,  this  species  first  appeared  as  British 
in  a  'List  of  British  Euplexoptera,  Orthoptera,  Thysanoptera, 
and  Hemiptera,'  compiled  by  Mr.  Walker  in  1860.  It  was  hrst 
taken  by  my  father  at  Charmouth  in  September,  1837.  He  also 
found  it  near  Weymouth  and  at  Bonchurch  in  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
and  I  have  found  it  besides  at  Bournemouth,  Sidmouth,  Falmouth, 
and  in  the  Scilly  Isles.  It  hibernates  in  the  stems  of  the  common 
reed.     Under  the  name  decipiens,  Gene  (Weekly  Entomologist, 


ON    ^GALEUS    BECHUANA.  77 

1863,  p.  11),  my  father  states  that  Mr.  Curtis  took  a  specimen 
near  Salisbury,  at  Wilton,  in  May,  1852,  and  that  he  "took  one 
in  the  middle  of  November,  1860,  from  laurels  here  close  to  our 
house,  and  as  no  reeds  were  in  either  place  he  considered  that 
those  examples  might  have  been  referable  to  decipiens.'"  Although 
F.  lesnei  has  not  been  a  rare  species,  still  no  one  else  appears  to 
have  met  with  it  until  Mr.  Burr  took  a  specimen  at  Folkestone, 
in  the  Warren,  in  1896,  and  Mr.  Donisthorpe  one  at  Wallingford 
in  Berkshire.  (See  '  British  Naturalist  '  for  December,  1897, 
where  Mr.  Burr  first  announced  its  right  name.)  Judging  by 
the  recent  captures  at  Leatherhead,  it  appears  to  be  as  much  an 
inland  as  a  coast  species,  although  apparently  confined  to  the 
southern  counties. 

[Chelidura  {=^Apterygida)  albipennia  has  also  been  taken  in 
Norfolk.  Only  last  year  Mr.  J.  Edwards  sent  to  Mr.  Burr,  for 
inspection,  a  pair  which  he  took  near  Norwich  some  ten  years 
ago.  F.  lesnei  is,  in  Surrey,  by  no  means  confined  to  Leather- 
head.— W.  J.  L.J 


ON  MGALEUS  BECHUANA,  A  NEW  SPECIES  OF  CIMI- 
Cm^,  REPOETED  TO  INJURE  COFFEE-BERRIES  IN 
BRITISH    CENTRAL    AFRICA. 

By  G.  W.  Kirkaldy,  F.E.S.      ^ 

The  Strachia  group  is  perhaps  the  most  injurious,  economi- 
cally, of  the  Cimicidge.  Usually  conspicuously  coloured,  some 
of  the  species  do  immense  damage,  particularly  to  Cruciferous 
and  Rubiaceous  plants  in  both  hemispheres.  In  America, 
Murgantia  Jiistrionica  (Hahn)  ravages  cabbages,  mustard,  radish, 
turnips,  grapes,  corn,  sunflowers,  and  Cucurbitaceae !  *  while 
the  closely-allied  M.  munda  (Dallas)  also  infests  cabbage ;  and 
in  Europe  similar  reports  have  been  circulated  as  to  Eurydema 
ornatum  (Linn.).  In  the  Oriental  region,  two  species,  v'tz. 
Antestia  cruciata  (Fabr.)  f  and  Bagrada  picta  (Fabr.),  have  been 
sent  to  me  by  my  friend  Mr.  E.  E.  Green,  Government  Ento- 
mologist of  Ceylon,  as  injurious  to  coffee-berries.  The  genus 
Antestia  has  also  a  similar  evil  reputation  in  Africa. 

A  pair  of  bugs  ( (?  ?  )  have  recently  been  sent  me  from  British 
Central  Africa  through  Mr.  Green,  with  the  report  that  they 
were  puncturing  coffee-berries.  Closely  related  to  Antestia,  a 
detailed   examination    shows    that    they   belong    to    the    genus 

*  See  especially  Lintner's  '  First  New  Yotk  Keport  for  1882  '  (1883), 
pp.  264-71 ;  aud  U.S.  Dept.  Agriculture's  Tenth  Circular  (2nd  series),  1895, 
pp.  1,  2. 

f  Quoted  in  Nietner's  '  Enemies  of  Coffee  Tree  '  (1861),  p.  18  [revised 
edition,  p.  13J ,  under  the  name  of  Strachia  geometrica,  Motsch. 


78  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Mgaleus,  Stal  (of  which  four  species,  all  from  Africa,  were 
previously  known),  and  are  apparently  as  yet  undescribed.  The 
details  upon  which  ^Egaleus  has  been  separated  from  Antestia 
appear  trivial  enough,  even  in  the  much  discerpted  Cimicidae, 
but  as  Lethierry  and  Severin  (Cat.  Hem.  i.  175)  follow  Stal,  I 
have  also  fallen  into  line. 

Mgalens  hechuana,  sp.  n. 

Densely  punctured.  Head  longitudinally  somewhat  convex.  Tylus 
passing  a  little  beyond  the  juga.  Second  segment  of  abdomen  desti- 
tute ventrally  of  a  spine  or  tubercle.  Thorax  with  the  antero-lateral 
margins  slightly  rounded.  Scutellum  somewhat  wide  at  the  base 
("apex,"  auctt. !). 

g' .  Sixth  segment  beneath  roundly  excavated,  the  apical  margin 
continuing  in  a  curve  to  the  lateral  margin ;  apical  margin  of  fifth 
segment  distinctly  angular  in  the  centre. 

$ .  Sixth  segment  deeply  roundly  excavated,  apical  margin 
turning  off  at  an  angle  at  the  connexivum ;  apical  margin  of  fifth 
almost  angular  in  the  centre. 

Long.  S'  7f  mm.,   ?  8  mm. ;  lat.  S^  4i,   ?  5  mm. 

British  Central  Africa  (through  E.  E.  Green),  on  coffee  [No.  49] . 

Shining  black ;  juga,  antero-lateral  margins  of  pronotum  (except 
posteriorly),  a  central  anterior  spot  on  the  pronotum,  two  large  spots 
near  the  base  of  tbe  scutellum,  base  of  exocorium,  apical  margin  and 
an  elongate  spot  near  tbe  middle  of  the  exterior  margin  of  tbe  corium 
proper,  greater  part  of  under  side  of  bead,  apices  of  femora  broadly, 
basal  segment  [others  broken]  of  antennae,  &c.,  orange  yellow.  An 
interrupted  longitudinal  line  on  tylus,  basal  margin  of  head,  sublateral 
margin  posteriorly  of  tbe  antero-lateral  margin  of  pronotum,  four 
longitudinal  abbreviated  lines  on  pronotum,  a  central  longitudinal 
thin  streak  on  tbe  middle  of  tiie  pronotum  (tbe  anterior  part  cutting 
through  tbe  orange  yellow  round  spot  before-mentioned) ;  tbe  lateral 
margin  (basally),  a  short  line  in  tbe  middle  close  to  tbe  anterior 
margin,  and  the  whole  of  tbe  base  ("apex,"  Stal)  of  the  scutellum  ; 
base  of  corium  and  a  spot  in  tbe  middle  of  exocorium  ;  apical  half  of 
each  counexival  segment  above;  venter  (ground  colour);  basal  balf 
of  femora — luteostramiueous.  [Ground  colour  of  elytra  black,  with  a 
reddish  tinge.]  Apical  half  of  membrane  hyaline,  wings  infuscate 
with  a  greenish  tinge.  Femora  with  a  black  spot  between  tbe  apical 
orange  yellow  and  the  stramineous  basal  part ;  tibiae  and  tarsi  infus- 
cate. Lateral  margins  of  abdomen  beneath  irregularly  chequered  with 
black  (or  dark  green),  stramineous  (tinged  partly  with  luteous),  and 
fuscous ;  tbe  second  to  sixth  segments  each  have  an  elongate  orange 
yellow  spot  sublaterally,  terminated  interiorly  and  exteriorly  by  brown 
spots. 

Closely  allied  to  JE,  inermiventris  (Stal)  and  ^E.  sparmanni 
(Stal),  but  differing  by  the  colour,  and  probably  by  tbe  structure; 
but  of  the  latter  Stal  has  given  very  meagre  details. 


79 


A   CATALOG-UE    OF   THE    LEPIDOPTERA   OF   IRELAND. 
By  W.  F.  de  Vismes  Kane,  M.A.,  M.R.I.A.,  F.E.S. 

(Continued  from  p.  32.) 

Sericoris  littoralis,  Curt. — Howth,  plentiful  at  the  foot  of 
the  cliflfs.  Mr.  Barrett  found  a  second  brood  in  September  of 
the  true  Irish  type — light  ground  colour,  with  rich  dark  mark- 
ings. Co.  Cork  {McA.);  Sligo  {R.)  ;  Tramore,  Co.  Water  ford 
{K.)  ;  Belfast  (W.). 

S.  FULiGANA,  Haiv. — Minehead,  Co.  Waterford  {K.). 

S.  CESPiTANA,  Hh. — Howth,  abundant  on  the  top  of  the  cliffs 
{B.),  Minehead,  Co.  Waterford  {K.),  Sligo  {R.),  Bundoran  (J.) 

S.  RivuLANA,  Scop. — Howth  {B.),  Armagh  {J.). 

S.  URTiCANA,  Hh. — Everywhere  common. 

S.  LACUNANA,  Dup. — Everywhere  common. 

MixoDiA  scHULziANA,  Fh. — Howth,  Mourne  Mts.,  Co.  Down 
(B.),  Carlingford,  Armagh  {J.),  Belfast  Hills,  locally  abundant 
{W.).     On  Lugduff,  Co.  Wicklow  {G.  V.  H.),  Galway  {R.  E.  D.). 

M.  PALusTRANA,  Zell.  —  Lugduff,  Co.  Wicklow  {G.  V.  H.) ; 
Enniskillen  {P.). 

EucHROMiA  PURPURANA,  Haiv. — Howth  {B.),  Eoches  Point,  Co. 
Cork  {K.). 

Orthot^nia  antiquana,  Hh. — Howth,  and  Wicklow  Mts.  {B.), 
Eoches  Point,  Co.  Cork  (7i.),  Valentine's  Glen,  Belfast  [W.), 
Armagh  {J.),  Sligo  {R.). 

0.  ericetana,  Westiv.— Co.  Cork  (McArthur). 

Eriopsela  fractifasciana,  Haiv. — Galway  (R.  E.  D.). 

Cnephasia  politana,  Haw.  —  Galway  (B.),  Favour  Eoyal, 
Tyrone  (K.),  Sligo  (R.),  Belfast  (IF.). 

C.  musculana,  Hh. — Wicklow  Mts.,  Favour  Eoyal,  Tyrone 
(K.),  Armagh  [J.),  Belfast,  locally  common  (IF.)  ;  L.  Gill,  and 
Glengarriff  (Z.). 

SciAPHiLA  conspersana,  Dougl. — Belfast  (IF.),  Clonbrock,  Co. 
Galway,  very  dark  form  {R.  E.  D.).  Minehead,  Co.  Waterford  {K.) ; 
Coolmore,  Donegal  (J.)  ;  Portrush,  Favour  Eoyal,  Tyrone  (/i.) ; 
Sligo  (R.),  Howth  (H.). 

S.  suBJECTANA,  Gn. — Commou  everywhere.  The  ?  var.  passi- 
vana  is  common  at  Howth. 

S.  viRGAUREANA,  Tr. — Dublin  Coast,  common.  Derry  (C), 
Belfast  (TF.),  Armagh  (J.),  Enniskillen  (P.),  Sligo  {R.)  ;  Tyrone 

S.  CHRYSANTHEANA,  Dup. — Famham,  Cavan  (K.). 
S.  HYBRiDANA,  JjTft.^—Dublin ;  Killough,  Co.  Down, 


80  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

S.  COLQUHOUNANA,  S'to— Howfch,  on  the  cliffs.  Magilligan, 
abundant,  Roches  Point,  Co.  Cork,  and  other  localities  on  the 
rock-bound  southern  coasts  of  Cork  and  Kerry  ;  as  well  as  on 
the  rock  islands  lying  three  to  six  miles  in  the  of&ng,  such  as 
the  Blaskets,  &c.  Flies  towards  midnight,  and  is  attracted  by 
light  {K.). 

Sphaleroptera  ictericana,  Haiv.  —  Killarney.  Sligo  (R.)  ; 
Belfast  (W.). 

Capua  favillaceana,  Hb. — Killarney,  Wicklow  Mts. 

Clepsis  rusticana,  Tr. — Killarney.  Belfast,  local  {W.},  Clon- 
brock,  Co.  Galway  {R.E.D.i;  Enniskillen  (P.). 

Bactra  lanceolana,  Hh. — Howth,  abundant.  Favour  Royal, 
Tyrone  {K.),  Armagh  {J.),  Belfast  (IF.),  Berry  (C),  Sligo  {R.), 
Clonbrock,  Co.  Galway  (R.E.D.),  near  Belleek  (J.). 

B.  furfurana,  Hatv. — Killarney.  Roches  Point,  Co.  Cork, 
one  (K.). 

Phoxopteryx  siculana,  Hb. — Killarney. 

P.  UNGUICELLA,  L. — Glcndalough,  Co.  Wicklow  {G.  V.H.); 
Favour  Royal,  Tyrone  (K.). 

P.  UNCANA,  Hb.-  Belfast.  Sligo  (R.),  Clonbrock,  Co.  Galway 
{R.  E.  D.),  Co.  Cork  {Mc Arthur),  Armagh  [W.  F.  J.). 

P.  BiARCUANA,  St. — Galway  (C.  G.  B.),  and  Clonbrock  {R.  E.  D.) , 
Sligo  {R.)  ;  Favour  Royal,  Tyrone  {K.). 

P.  comptana,  Frol. — Sligo  {R.). 

P.  myrtillana,  Tr. — "Wicklow  Mts.,  Belfast. 

P.  LUNDANA,  Fb. — Common  everywhere. 

P.  mitterpacheriana,  Schiff. — Roebuck,  near  Dublin,  Belfast, 
Galway. 

Grapholitha  ramella,  L. — Wicklow  Mts.,  Favour  Royal, 
Tyrone  {K.),  Westport,  Mayo  (T^.),  Enniskillen  {P.). 

G.  NisELLA,  C/ercA:.  —  Wicklow  {G.  V.  H.) ;  Enniskillen  (P.) ; 
Hollybrook  near  Boyle,  and  Favour  Royal,  Tyrone  (K.). 

G.  NiGROMAcuLANA,  Haw. — Sligo  (R.),  Donegal  (J.). 

G.  suBocELLANA,  Dou. — Killarney  [Meek),  Belfast,  abundant 
(IF.),  Sligo  {R.). 

G.  TRiMACULANA,  Don. — Dublin,  Wicklow?  Belfast,  abundant 
(W.). 

G.  PENKLERiANA,  Fiscli. — Belfast,  Armagh  (J.),  Sligo  {R.), 
Powerscourt  [K.). 

G.  N.EVANA,  iJ6.— Belfast,  Derry  (C\),  Sligo  {R.),  Enniskillen 

(P.). 

G.  GEMiNANA,  St. — Wicklow  Mts.,  Sligo  {R.). 

PHLiEODES  TETRAQUETRANA,  /fa^t?,— Generally  common. 


A    CATALOGUE    OF    THE    LEPIDOPTERA    OF    IRELAND.  81 

P.  iMMUNDANA,  Fisch. — Wicklow  Mts.,  Clonbrock,  Co.  Galway 
{R.E.D.),  Sligo  {R.),  Enniskillen  {P.). 

Hypermecia  cruciana,  L. — Enniskillen  (P.).  Dublin,  Killar- 
ney,  common,  Sligo  {R.)  :  Portrush  (C). 

Batodes  angustiorana.  Haw. — Killarney,  Belfast  ( W.),  Ennis- 
killen {P.). 

P^DiscA  BiLUNANA,  Haw. — Killarney  (K.),  Armagh  {J.),  Clon- 
brock, Galway  {R.  E.  D.),  Sligo  {R.),  Enniskillen  (P.),  Belfast  ( W.). 

P.  corticana,  Hb. — Howth,  Belfast  (W.),  Sligo  {R.},  Ennis- 
killen (P.). 

P.  ophthalmicana,  Hb. — Enniskillen  (P.). 

P.  semifuscana,  St. — Enniskillen  (P.),  Sligo  (P.). 

P.  soLANDRiANA,  L.  —  Killarney,  Enniskillen  (P.),  Sligo  (R.), 
Favour  Royal,  Tyrone  (K.). 

Ephippiphora  similana,  Hb. — Belfast,  Killarney,  and  Favour 
Royal,  Tyrone  {K.). 

E.  ciRsiANA,  Zell. — Coast  near  Dublin,  Sligo  (R.),  Clonbrock, 
Ga>hYSiy  {R.  E.D.),  Collin  Glen,  near  Belfast,  abundant  {W.), 
Armagh  (J.). 

E.  PFLUGiANA,  Haw. — Dublin,  Galway,  Sligo  (R.),  Killynon, 
Westmeath(i!r.),  and  Killarney,  Galway  {R.E.D.)  ;  Donegal  (J.). 

E.  BRUNNicHiANA,  Frol. — Wicklow  Mts.,  Howth,  abundant, 
Belfast,  abundant  {W.),  Armagh  (J.),  Sligo  (R.),  Clonbrock, 
Galway  (R.  E.  D.),  Dingle,  Kerry  (O.  G.  B.). 

E.  iNOPiANA,  Haw. — Armagh  (./.). 

E.  trigeminava,  St. — Howth,  plentiful,  also  at  Favour  Royal, 
Tyrone;  near  Donegal,  and  at  Glengariff  {K);  Belfast  iW.), 
Bundoran  (/.),  Sligo  {R.). 

E.  POPULANA,  Fb. — Enniskillen  (P.). 

Olindia  ulmana,  Hb. — Galway,  Newcastle,  Co.  Down,  and 
Westport,  scarce  {W.). 

Semasia  ianthinana,  Dup. — Cork?  and  Wicklow  Mts.?  (C. 
Q.B.),  Sligo  {R.). 

S.  RUFiLLANA,  WUk. — Galway,  Howth,  and  Favour  Royal, 
Tyrone  {K.). 

S.  wgeberiana,  Schiff. — Belfast. 

Coccyx  t^della,  Clerck.  —  Clonbrock,  Galway  {R.  E.  D.), 
Sligo  {R.). 

C.  usTOMACULANA,  Curt. — Sligo  (R.). 

C.  VACCiNiANA,  Fisch. — Raheny,  Co.  Dublin  {G.  V.  H.) ;  Derry 
{W.H.C.). 

Pamplusia  mbrcuriana,  Hb. — Slieve  Bingian,  Mourne  Mts., 
2500  ft.,  abundant  {W.)  ;  Dublin  Mts.  {G.  V.  H.). 

Retinia  buoliana,  Schiff. — Belfast  {W.). 


82  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

E.  PiNivoKANA,  Zell. — Holywood,  Co.  Down ;  Galway  ;  and 
Clonbrock  {R.  E.  /).)• 

Carpocapsa  pomonella,  L. — Cork?  Sligo  {R.). 

C.  SPLENDANA,  Haio. — Donegal  («/.). 
Endopisa  nigricana,  St. — Wicklow  Mts.  ? 
Stigmonota  ravulana,  H.-S. — Killarney  [Salvage). 

S.  perlepidana,  Haw. — Eaheny,  near  Dublin,  Armagh  (</.), 
Collin  Glen,  near  Belfast,  abundant  (W.),  Enniskillen  (P.), 
Sligo  {R). 

S.  COMPOSITELLA,  Fb. SHgO  (R.). 

S.  REGiANA,  Zell. — Koebuck,  near  Dublin,  and  at  the  Kocka- 
bill  lighthouse,  two  miles  off  Skerries  shore  (K.),  Armagh  (J.). 
S.  GERMARANA,  Hb. — Killarney. 

DiCRORAMPHA  ALPINANA,   Tr. SHgO  (it!.). 

D.  PETivERELLA,  L. — Howtli,  abundant.  Cork  ?  Minehead, 
Co.  Waterford  (A'.).     Sligo  {R.). 

D.  PLUMBANA,  Scop. — Ou  the  slopes  of  G.N.E.,  near  Dublin, 
Howth;  Knockagh,  Co.  Down  (IF.),  Sligo  {R.),  Ardrahan,  Galway 
(K.),  abundant. 

D.  PLUMBAGANA,   2V. SHgO  {R.). 

D.  HERBOSANA,  Bar. — Donegal  (J.)  ;  Belfast  Hills. 
D.  ACUMiNATANA,  Zell. — Howth,  Sligo  (R.). 
Pyrodes  rheediella,  Clerck. — Dublin,  Holywood,  Co.  Down, 
Armagh  (J.). 

(To  be  continued.) 


ON    THE    MOULT   TO   PUPA   IN   PTEROPHORUS. 

By  T.  a.  Chapman,  M.D.,  F.E.S. 

The  pupae  in  the  Pterophorina  are  suspended  by  the  cre- 
master  only,  and  are  suspended  in  all  attitudes,  as,  for  example, 
with  head  upwards  or  downwards  on  a  vertical  surface,  or  even 
back  downwards  under  a  horizontal  one.  Being  quite  ignorant 
on  the  point,  I  desired  to  see  how  the  hold  on  the  cremaster  was 
obtained,  and  how  the  pupa  was  sustained  at  the  critical  moment 
of  quitting  the  larval  hold  of  the  silken  carpet.  Incidentally,  I 
desired  to  learn  the  precise  arrangement  of  the  cremaster,  which 
in  this  family  consists  of  two  portions — a  forward  portion  and  a 
terminal  one.  I  have  usually  considered  the  forward  portion  as 
springing  from  the  eighth  abdominal  segment,  and  this  proves 
to  be  correct ;  the  doubt  arises  from  the  fact  that  in  many 
species  the  tenth  segment  appears  to  stretch  forwards  anteriorly — 
does,  in  fact,  so  stretch  forwards  that  it  almost  appears  to  reach 


ON    THE    MOULT    TO    PUPA    IN    PTEROPHORUS.  83 

the  anterior  group  of  hooks,  and  one  cannot  help  a  suspicion  that 
it  reaches  further  and  actually  carries  them ;  in  the  mature  pupa 
or  in  the  empty  case  it  is  not  easy  to  be  satisfied  that  this  is  not 
the  fact.  At  the  period  of  the  moult  it  was  abundantly  plain 
that  the  anterior  hooks  belonged  to  segment  eighth  abdominal. 

I  obtained  some  larvae  of  Pterophorus  galactodactylus,  and  was 
fortunate  enough  to  observe  three  individuals  moulting  to  pupa. 
This  is  a  species  that  pupates  beneath  a  leaf,  and  therefore  often 
inverted.  The  moult  took  place  in  all  three  examples  about 
1  p.m.,  after  some  two  days'  quiescence.  The  larva  spins  a 
slight  silken  carpet,  on  which  it  rests,  and  which  extends  about 
one-twentieth  of  an  inch  all  round  the  larva  beyond  it,  and  is  no 
thicker  at  the  critical  position  under  the  anal  segments  than 
elsewhere. 

When  the  moult  takes  place  the  larva  holds  on  by  the  anal 
prolegs  only ;  the  props  of  the  ventral  legs  stand  out  stiffly,  but 
the  hooks  now  take  no  hold  of  the  silk ;  how  this  happens  I  did 
not  ascertain.  In  many  Pierids  the  body  hangs  arched  away 
from  the  silken  pad,  preventing  the  ventral  prolegs  from  touch- 
ing it ;  but  I  do  not  know  how  this  is  managed  in  the  Pierids, 
Papilionids,  and  Lycaenids,  where  the  prolegs  touch  the  pad,  as 
they  certainly  do  in  P.  galactodactylus.  The  anal  prolegs  hold 
well,  so  that  they  must  be  managed  differently  from  the  ventral 
ones.  It  is  less  difficult  to  understand  how  all  the  prolegs  take 
no  hold,  as  in  pupse  in  cocoons,  &c. 

The  moulting  is  done  rather  rapidly — within,  that  is,  about 
fifteen  minutes  from  the  first  efforts  noticed.  The  rhythmic 
movements,  beginning  at  the  last  segments,  at  first  push  the 
abdominal  segments,  about  the  second  to  sixth,  forwards  within 
the  larva  skin,  as  evidenced  by  the  tracheal  threads  very  plainly 
seen  through  the  transparent  skin  being  withdrawn  from  the 
pupal  spiracles.  When  these  have  passed  forwards  about  one 
segment,  or  rather  when  the  larval  skin  has  passed  backwards 
so  far,  all  the  abdominal  tracheae  are  withdrawn  more  or  less, 
the  first  not  quite  a  full  segment's  length.  The  thoracic  seg- 
ments are  now  crowded  forwards,  and  the  stretching  of  the 
larva  skin  raises  the  front  part  of  the  larva  from  the  surface  in 
a  curve.  Shortly  it  is  seen  that  the  anal  segments  of  the  pupa 
still  occupy  those  of  the  larva,  and  the  skin,  as  it  is  pushed 
backwards,  gathers  in  a  roll  on  the  eighth  abdominal  segment. 
The  skin  splits  dorsally  down  the  head  and  thoracic  segments, 
but  not  quite  to  the  hind  margin  of  the  third  one.  The  uncoil- 
ing of  the  antennae  from  within  the  larval  head  is  easily  seen. 
The  crest  of  hairs  on  the  pupal  wing  enables  it  to  be  seen 
occupying  its  own  segment  in  the  larva,  and  rapidly  expanding 
as  it  assumes  its  pupal  direction  and  position.  When  once  the 
skin  splits  it  slips  back  rather  rapidly,  and  one  has  to  be  alert 
to  see  what  is  happening.     It  continues  to  form  a  roll  round  the 


84  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

eighth  abdominal  segment.  Just  before  the  posterior  margin  of 
the  opening  reaches  here,  the  ninth  and  tenth  segments  are  seen 
within  the  larva  skin  to  be  actively  directing  the  extremity  of  the 
pupa  dorsally,  and  pushing  the  dorsal  part  of  the  roll  of  larva 
skin  backwards.  The  pupal  extremity  thus  curls  forwards,  with 
a  definite  step  at  each  vermicular  movement,  and,  before  one 
quite  expects  it,  it  appears  through  the  opening  dorsally.  It  is 
not  the  stiff  spike  one  knows  in  the  mature  pupa,  but  contorts 
itself  as  actively  as  the  same  segments  in  the  most  lively  Tortrix 
or  Tinea  larva,  bending  not  only  at  the  incisions  of  segments, 
but  in  their  length.  It  then  stretches  and  pushes  over  the  side 
of  the  larva  skin,  and  reaches  the  silken  carpet.  The  remainder 
of  the  pupa  then  leaves  the  larval  skin,  and  pushes  it  away. 

The  larva  of  galactodactylus  has  many  stiff  hairs,  and  it 
seemed  that  the  larva,  when  inverted,  maintained  its  position, 
and  did  not  swing  free,  like  a  Vdnessa,  by  the  pressure  of  the 
hairs  of  the  last  segments  posterior  to  the  prolegs  against  the 
surface  of  suspension.  This  does  not  ex^Dlain  how  the  problem 
is  met  in  the  smoother  larvas,  if,  indeed,  these  do  assume  so 
difficult  a  position.  Agdistis,  for  instance,  takes  usually  a 
vertical  attitude,  with  head  downwards. 

The  larval  skin  accumulates  round  the  eighth  abdominal  seg- 
ment and  ventrally  remains  there,  whilst  dorsally  it  is  pushed 
further  back  by  the  ninth  and  tenth  segments,  which,  as  I  have 
noted  above,  thus  escape  from  the  dorsal  slit  in  the  larval  skin, 
and  find  the  silken  pad  to  which  the  cremastral  hooks  on  ten 
become  fixed.  What  prevents  the  skin  going  further  back 
ventrally,  and  what  supports  the  pupa  after  the  cremaster  is 
withdrawn  from  the  larval  skin '?  The  same  answer  solves  these 
two  questions.  The  cremastral  hooks  on  the  under  side  of  eighth 
(abdominal)  segment,  which,  like  the  anal  ones,  are  already 
stiff  and  chitinised,  stand  out  like  a  brush  and  form  an  obstacle 
to  the  further  progress  of  the  larval  skin  backwards.  One 
specimen  which  I  arrested,  at  the  critical  moment  when  the 
cremaster  was  freed,  had  these  hooks  in  a  sort  of  pocket  of  the 
larval  skin,  of  which  the  anterior  lip  was  the  roll  of  larval  skin, 
the  posterior  the  margin  of  the  slit  in  the  larval  skin,  and  in  some 
degree  the  roll  of  dorsal  skin  behind  this  and  the  inside  of  the 
bases  of  the  anal  prolegs  of  the  larva. 

I  have  remarked  that  the  last  segments  are  very  soft  and 
mobile,  and  the  under  surface  of  eighth  being  sharply  curved  and 
made  very  convex  by  the  dorsal  movements  of  ninth  and  tenth, 
will  spread  the  cremastral  hooks  of  its  armature  in  a  radiating 
manner,  so  that  taken  together  they  form  a  sort  of  a  knob  in  the 
pocket  of  larva  skin,  and  hold  the  pupa  firmly  and  safely.  It  is 
evident  that  when  the  end  of  the  pupa  seizes  the  pad  of  silk, 
and  the  pupa  then  straightens  itself,  the  radiating  hooks  will 
fall  together  and  easily  free  themselves  from  the  pocket.     There 


NOTE    ON    THE    COCCID    GENUS    OUDABLIS.  85 

is,  however,  a  second  string  to  the  bow.  I  so  interfered  with 
one  pupa  that  it  did  not  secure  a  grip  with  the  hooks  of  tenth 
segment,  and  then  got  the  hooks  under  eighth  from  their  pocket. 
The  pupa  nevertheless  did  not  fall,  but  was  sustained  by  the 
adhesion  of  the  thoracic  larval  skin  to  the  front  of  the  fifth  and 
sixth  abdominal  segments,  and  was  so  sustained  for  a  considerable 
time  till  the  pupa  reached  the  silk.  It  did  not,  however,  do  so 
very  satisfactorily,  and  the  hooks  of  eighth  failed  to  get  a  proper 
hold.  It  would  seem  that  the  proper  use  of  this  adhesion  is  to 
increase  the  pressure  of  the  hooks  of  eighth  segment  against  the 
margin  of  the  pocket,  and,  after  the  terminal  hooks  are  engaged 
in  the  silk,  to  steady  the  pupa,  whilst  those  of  eighth  segment  are 
freed  from  the  larva  skin  and  fixed  on  the  silken  carpet. 

In  Hypercallia  and  Anchinia  the  method  of  pupal  suspension 
is  precisely  the  same  as  in  Pterophorus ;  and  in  these  the  anal 
hooks  are  supplemented  by  some  on  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  eighth 
abdominal  segment  in  like  manner.  There  can  be  little  doubt 
that  their  use  is  the  same  as  in  Pterophorus,  both  to  secure 
safety  at  the  time  of  moult  and  stiffness  in  the  pupal  position 
afterwards.  Are  these  instances  of  the  separate  origin  of  com- 
plex apparatus  and  functions,  in  unrelated  species,  or  is  there 
any  possible  relationship  ?  The  pupae  are  certainly  otherwise 
so  very  different  that  such  relationship  must  be  distant. 

Betula,  Keigate  :  June,  1899. 


NOTE    ON    THE    COCCID    GENUS    OUDABLIS,    Signoret. 
-    By  T.  D.  a.  Cockerell,  N.M.Agr.Exp.Sta. 

SiGNORET  in  1875  proposed  the  name  Boisduvalia  for  Coccids 
resembling  Dactylopius,  but  having  four  white  caudal  filaments 
in  the  male,  instead  of  only  two.  Later,  he  changed  this  name 
to  Oadablis,  because  he  had  himself  used  Boisduvalia  in  1868  for 
a  genus  of  Aphididse.  Loew  (Wien.  Ent.  Zeit.,  1883)  objected  to 
this  substitution,  on  the  ground  that  the  Boisduvalia  of  1868  was 
a  nomen  nudum;  but  this  objection  cannot  bold,  since  there  were 
already  genera  named  Boisduvalia,  Desv.,  1830  (Diptera).  and 
Boisduvalia,  Montr.,  1855  (Coleoptera). 

Signoret  in  1875  recognised  two  species  of  Oadablis,  both 
found  in  France — namely,  0.  lauri  (Boisduval)  and  0.  quadri- 
caudata  (Sign.).  Both  of  these  resembled  Dactylopius  in  the 
female  having  8-jointed  antennae.  Lichtenstein  in  1881  added 
a  third  species,  0.  parietarice  (Licht.),  but  unfortunately  never 
published  a  full  diagnosis  of  it. 

In  1882  Lichtenstein  (Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  Ixxv)  re- 
corded an  insect  found  on  the  leaves  of  Rubus  discolor,  proposing 

ENTOM. — MARCH,  1900.  I 


86  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

for  it  a  new  generic  name,  Tetrura.  The  female  was  of  a  dark 
red  purple,  much  like  the  Mexican  cochineal ;  and  the  male, 
appearing  in  March,  was  red,  with  four  white  caudal  filaments, 
as  in  Oudahlis.  Lichtenstein  called  the  insect  Tetrura  rubi, 
erroneously  supposing  it  to  be  the  Coccus  rubi  of  Schrank.  Since 
the  latter  is  in  reality  a  Lecanium,  it  is  herewith  proposed  to 
employ  the  name  mhi  for  the  Tetrura,  since  no  confusion  will  be 
caused  thereby. 

So  far  as  Lichtenstein's  account  goes,  Tetrura  is  not  separable 
from  Oudahlis,  but  he  says  it  is  easily  separated  from  that  genus 
by  the  form  of  the  female,  as  he  intended  to  explain  in  detail  in 
a  subsequent  work,  which  unhappily  never  appeared.  European 
coccidologists  should  have  no  trouble  in  recognising  the  insect 
when  found,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  before  long  we  may  hear 
of  its  rediscovery. 

The  next  contribution  to  the  subject  of  Oudahlis  was  an  im- 
portant one  by  Loew  in  the  '  Wiener  Entomologische  Zeitung ' 
for  1883.  Loew  described  a  new  species  (0.  inceee)  found  on 
Abies  excelsa  in  the  country  about  Vienna.  This  insect  had  in 
the  male  the  four  caudal  filaments  of  Oudahlis,  the  posterior 
ones  the  longer;  but  the  female  had  9-jointed  antennae,  like  a 
Phenacoccus. 

So  far,  all  the  species  found  were  European.  In  1899 
M.  d'Emmerez  de  Charmoy  published  (Proc.  Soc.  Amicale  Scien- 
tique,  p.  42,  pi.  iii.  figs.  3,  3  a)  an  insect  found  in  the  island  of 
Mauritius  on  Solanum,  calling  it  Phenacoccus  nivalis,  Maskell. 
The  description  of  the  female  given  by  De  Charmoy  is  practically 
a  translation  from  that  of  Maskell;  but  the  figures  of  both  sexes, 
and  the  description  of  the  male,  pertain  to  the  Mauritius  insect, 
which  is  evidently  distinct  from  that  found  by  Koebele  in 
Australia,  and  described  by  Maskell. 

Maskell  says  the  male  of  his  P.  nivalis  has  the  two  usual 
cottony  tails,  and  two  shorter  median  setae.  The  latter,  I  imagine, 
were  mere  naked  bristles.  The  Mauritius  insect  (male)  is  figured 
with  four  long  tails,  which  are  stated  in  the  description  to  be 
cottony — that  is,  the  male  is  that  of  an  Oudahlis.  The  female, 
however,  has  9-jointed  antennae,  as  in  Loew's  O.  picece. 

On  October  8th,  1899,  at  8.15  a.m.,  I  found  some  females  of 
Phenacoccus  helianthi  (Ckll.)  on  Helianthus  annuus  at  Phoenix, 
Arizona.  Flying  round  the  plants  were  what  seemed  to  be  a 
number  of  little  midges,  but  on  capturing  some  I  found  they 
were  the  hitherto  unknown  males  of  P.  helianthi.  These  males 
were  pale  grey;  mesosternum  shining  yellowish;  eyes  purplish; 
wings  mealy  white,  iridescent.  But  I  was  surprised  to  see  that 
they  had  four  white  caudal  filaments,  the  outer  ones  shorter  than 
the  inner,  but  still  long. 

Thus  it  appears  that  both  Dactylopius  and  Phenacoccus  are  to 
be  divided  into  two  groups,  a  normal  one  with  two  cottony  fila- 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  87 

ments  in  the  male,  and  one  in  which  the  male  has  four  filaments. 
If  it  is  worth  while  to  recognise  Oiidahlis  as  distinct  from  Dacty- 
lopius,  the  parallel  forms  in  Phenacoccus  should  similarly  be 
separated,  and  it  is  here  proposed  to  call  them  Paroudahlis. 
Typical  Phenacoccus  will  include  such  species  as  P.  aceris,  and 
even,  so  far  as  the  filaments  of  the  male  go,  the  otherwise 
peenlin.!  P.  yucccB.  Paroudahlis  vfiW  include  Loew's  pic(?(«;  De 
Charmoy's  Mauritius  insect,  which  is  at  present  nameless ;  and 
my  helianthi.  For  the  present,  however,  I  would  treat  it 'only  as 
a  subgenus  of  Phenacoccus  ;  and  OudahUs  may  be  considered  a 
subgenus  of  Dactylopius. 

A  word  should  be  added  regarding  Phenacoccus  socius  (New- 
stead),  found  at  Wakefield,  Yorkshire.  The  male  is  said  to  have 
"  two  long  and  two  short  white  filaments,  the  latter  not  reaching 
beyond  the  closed  wings."  This  points  to  a  Paroudahlis.  The 
species  is  stated  to  be  near  P.  mespili,  but  to  differ  in  being 
greenish-yellow.  This  is  almost  exactly  what  might  be  said  of 
P.  pruni  (Burmeister),  but  in  view  of  Burmeister's  inadequate 
description,  the  identity  of  pruni  with  socius  could  only  be  sur- 
mised, hardly  proved. 

Mesilla  Park,  New  Mexico  :   Dec.  14th,  1899. 


NOTES    AND    OBSEEVATIONS. 

A  Second  Generation  of  Vanessa  io,  Linn.  —  M.  Ude  records 
(Entom.  Nachrichten,  1899,  xxv.  366)  that  on  Sept.  20th  last  he 
found  at  Eehberge,  near  Berlin,  a  number  of  half-grown  larvae  of  V.  io 
(found  as  a  rule  only  in  May  or  June,  sometimes  in  July),  which  pro- 
duced normal  butterflies  in  due  course.  The  author  remarks  that  in 
the  course  of  twelve  years'  collecting  he  has  never  before  found  a 
second  generation  of  this  species. — G.  W.  K. 

Eaewigs  Beneficial.  —  Forficula  auricular ia,  Liun.,  is  reported 
('  Rovartani  Lapok,'  1899,  p.  175,  and  appendix,  p.  16)  to  be  beneficial 
by  exterminating  larvae  of  Conchilis  anibujuella.  This  supports  Kiihl's 
opinion  as  to  the  normal  diet  of  the  earwig  being  carnivorous  (1887, 
M.T.  Schweiz.  Ges.  vii.  310).— G.  W.  K. 

The  Flavour  of  Caterpillars. — "  De  La  Lande — the  celebrated 
astronomer,"  says  d'Isjonvalle,  "often  supped  with  me  on  Saturdays, 
and  found  nothmg  more  to  his  liking  than  to  eat  caterpillars  and 
spiders  when  in  season.  As  my  room  opened  directly  on  to  a  fine 
garden,  he  easily  found  the  wherewithal  to  satisfy  his  first  hunger; 
but  as  Madame  d'Isjonvalle  hkes  to  do  things  well,  she  used  to  collect 
some  during  the  afternoon,  to  offer  him  on  his  arrival.  As  I  always 
decbned  my  share  of  this  relish,  I  can  only  trust  to  hearsay  for  the 
difference  in  flavour  between  a  spider  and  a  caterpillar.  The  first,  says 
our  astronomer,  has  a  nutty  taste,  the  second  a  taste  exactly  like  that  of 
stone-fruit."     (A.  Daguin, "in  '  Le  Naturaliste,'  1899,  p.  25).— G.  W.  K. 

i2 


88  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Oporabia  autumnata. — All  the  specimens  of  0.  mitumnata  that  I 
have  taken  at  Rannoch  were  obtained  iu  woods,  chiefly  birch,  and  the 
species  appeared  to  be  confined  to  such  places.  I  did  not  observe  it  on 
the  moors,  even  on  portions  adjoining  the  woods.  If  disturbed  in  the 
woods  and  carried  by  the  wind  on  to  the  moorland,  they  quickly  make 
their  way  back  to  the  shelter  of  the  trees.  In  this  habit  they  seem  to 
differ  horn.  Jilifjrammaria. — William  M.  Cheisty. 

Notes  on  the  Nymph  of  iEsoHNA  cyanea. — From  a  pond  about 
thirty  yards  long  by  four  yards  wide  were  taken,  last  year,  seventy-four 
nymphs  of  Mschna  cyanea,  of  which  sixty-one  managed  successfully 
their  final  change,  and  were  set  free.  Of  this  number  thirty-one  were 
females  and  thirty  males.  Quite  forty  or  fifty  more  nymphs  emerged 
from  this  same  pond,  as  the  empty  skins  clingiug  tp  the  rushes  fringing 
the  pond  remained  to  testify.  The  year  before  last  one  hundred  and 
fourteen  nymphs  were  taken  from  the  same  small  pond,  all  of  the 
same  species.  Of  the  sixty-one  nymphs  observed  last  year,  a  very 
large  proportion  changed  by  night,  viz.  fifty- four,  as  against  seven  tliat 
changed  during  the  day.  Of  those  observed  in  1898,  the  complete 
record  has  unfortunately  been  lost ;  but  of  thirty-five  emergences, 
twenty-five  were  by  night  and  ten  by  day.  The  earliest  emergence 
last  year  was  that  of  three  females  on  June  25th  ;  in  1898  the  earliest 
emergence  was  July  9th.  Of  the  sixty-one  insects  set  free  last  year 
from  the  first  emergence  on  June  25th  to  the  last  on  July  28th,  every 
one  went  right  away,  and  not  one  was  seen  near  the  pond  or  garden 
for  more  than  a  month.  In  the  autumn,  however,  the  usual  number, 
about  five  or  six  perhaps,  appeared,  but  at  no  time  did  more  than  one 
pair  frequent  the  pond  at  the  same  time.  On  August  (5tli  a  nymph 
of  Msckna  cyanea  was  found,  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long, 
together  with  its  cast  skin,  but  whether  this  nymph  came  from  an  egg 
laid  by  one  of  the  earlier  emergences  in  June  could  not  be  determined. 
This  particular  pond  at  South  Leigh,  Oxfordshire,  appears  to  be 
entirely  monopolised  by  jEscIdki  cyanea  and  Ayrion  puella.  The  latter, 
owing  probably  to  their  invisibility  on  the  weed  and  their  habit  of 
lying  very  still,  do  not  seem  to  be  molested  by  /E.  cyanea.  I  shall  be 
glad  to  exchange  ^.  cyanea  for  any  other  nymphs  at  any  time  from 
now  to  July.  The  length  of  the  nymphs  now  (Jan.  25th)  varies  from 
half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  quarter. — Arthur  East  ;  South  Leigh 
Vicarage,  Witney,  Oxon. 

^SCHNA    GRANDIS    ON    THE     WiNG     AT    DuSK.  —  Ou     the    CVCningS    of 

July  12th,  13th,  and  15th,  from  about  half-past  eight  until  almost 
dark,  I  was  much  interested  tn  watching  a  specimen  of  JEschna 
grandis  busily  hawking  round  several  apple  trees  in  my  garden  and  in 
a  neighbour's  adjoining.  It  was  evidently  in  quest  of  Garpocapsa 
pomonella,  Linn.,  which  was  unusually  abundant  at  the  time,  as  I  saw 
it  catch  them  several  times.  At  Reading,  several  years  ago,  whilst 
netting  Lepidoptera  at  dusk,  I  unexpectedly  caught  a  male  of  the  same 
species  of  dragonfly,  which  in  the  uncertain  light  I  had  mistaken  for 
a  large  moth.— A.  H.  Hamm  ;  52,  St,  Mary's  Road,  Oxford. 

[jEschna  grandis  has  often  been  noticed  hunting  long  after  the 
usual  time  for  dragonflies  to  retire.  It  appears  also  that  ^.  juncea 
and  A7iax  imperator  have  an  inclination  iu  the  same  direction.     It 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  89 

would  be  interesting  to  hear  if  a  similar  habit  has  been  noticed  in  any 
subfamily  other  than  the  ^Slschninfe. — W.  J.  L.] 

Setting  Relaxed  Insects. — In  the  last  volume  of  the  '  Entomologist ' 
(xxxii.  307)  Mr.  A.  H.  Rydon  asked  a  question  as  to  the  use  of  cement 
in  setting  relaxed  insects  to  avoid  springing.  The  method  I  have 
always  adopted — and  I  have  set  many  hundreds  of  relaxed  insects — is 
to  let  well  alone.  If  they  are  well  relaxed,  and  allowed  to  dry 
thoroughly  on  the  boards,  I  do  not  think  Mr.  Rydon  will  find  any 
trouble  from  springing. — J.  C.  Warburg. 

British  Orthoptera. — I  am  engaged  in  collecting  material  for  a 
detailed  account  of  the  Orthoptera  of  Great  Britain  and  the  Channel 
Islands,  and  would  very  gratefully  receive  notes  as  to  localities,  habits, 
dates  of  appearance,  &c.,  from  different  parts.  List  of  captures  from 
Ireland  would  be  especially  welcome.  —  Malcolm  Burr;  Dormans 
Park,  East  Grinstead  ;   February,  1900. 

Collecting  and  Rearing  Dragonflies,  &c. — In  a  short  paper,  pub- 
lished during  1899  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  U.S.A., 
Dr.  J.  G.  Needham  gives  some  interesting  directions  for  collecting  and 
rearing  dragonflies,  stoneflies,  and  mayflies  from  the  nymph.  For 
this  purpose  he  divides  the  nymphs  into  three  groups — (a)  those  that 
live  on  the  bottom  ;  (b)  those  living  above  the  bottom  in  still  or  slowly 
flowing  water ;  and  (c)  those  living  in  the  rapids  of  streams — and 
naturally  considers  that  special  methods  of  collecting  are  required  for 
each  group. 

For  those  living  on  the  bottom  a  garden-rake  is  suggested  to  bring 
to  the  bank  the  loose  material  contauiing  them,  especially  in  small 
bays  and  eddies  or  similar  spots ;  but  for  mud-loving  species  a  sieve 
fastened  to  the  end  of  a  long  handle  is  better.  Members  of  the 
second  group  may  be  taken  in  ordinary  dredging  nets ;  but  for  those 
inhabiting  rapid  streams  a  large  net  is  to  be  used,  and  in  conjunction 
with  it  an  instrument  consisting  of  a  long  handle,  terminated  at  one 
end  by  a  brush  having  on  its  back  two  hooks.  This  instrument  is  used 
to  overturn  stones  and  then  brush  off  the  insects,  which  are  carried 
by  the  stream  into  the  net  held  just  below.  The  captures  are  to  be 
taken  home  in  wet  water-weed  in  a  pail.  Should  imagines  be  found 
emerging  or  on  the  point  of  doing  so,  they  and  the  nymphs  are  to  be 
placed  in  distended  paper  bags,  to  contain  which,  as  each  nymph  will 
require  a  separate  bag,  a  basket  is  to  be  taken  to  the  collecting-ground. 
No  doubt  these  suggestions  are  admirable ;  but  unless  the  ditch  or 
pond  is  situated  near  one's  back  garden  the  transportation  of  the 
impedimenta  would  be  a  serious  undertaking. 

Dr.  Needham  suggests  breeding  nymphs  under  their  natural  con- 
ditions by  pressing  down  into  the  mud,  in  shallow  water,  a  cylinder, 
about  fifteen  inches  high,  made  of  close-meshed  galvanised  wire.  The 
cylinder  must  be  closed  at  the  top  with  a  lid  of  the  same  material,  and 
of  course  the  cage  must  be  hidden  "away  from  the  eyes  of  the  untutored 
and  irreverent."  But  something  of  this  kind,  to  be  used  in  a  somewhat 
different  manner,  has  been  suggested  before  by  Mr.  Marshman  Wattson, 
who,  in  England,  has  paid  a  good  deal  of  attention  to  breeding  some 
of  the  dragonfly  nymphs.     He  has  contrived  a  smaller  cylinder  of 


90  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

perforated  zinc,  with  a  layer  of  plaster  of  Paris  at  the  bottom,  and 
covered  at  the  top,  if  necessary,  with  a  sheet  of  glass.  It  is  intended 
to  be  used  in  aquaria,  and  particularly  for  eggs  or  very  young  nymphs. 
These  are  to  be  placed  in  the  cylinder,  while  the  food  supply  is  outside 
in  the  body  of  the  aquarium,  and,  the  perforations  being  small,  animals 
likely  to  prey  on  the  little  nymphs  are  not  able  to  get  in. 

Not  every  one  will  agree  with  Dr.  Needham  when  he  says  that  to 
get  good  specimens  of  the  largest  dragonflies  it  is  easiest  to  breed 
them.  They  will  not  feed  in  captivity,  and  therefore  die  before  their 
colours  are  matured. 

Besides  the  points  called  attention  to  above,  this  interesting  paper 
contains  many  other  hints  on  collecting,  breeding,  and  preserving 
Neuroptera  with  aquatic  nymphs. — W.  J.  Lucas  ;  Kingston-on-Thames, 
February  10th,  1900. 

The  use  of  "Formalin"  as  a  Preservative  of  Insects. — Now  that 
this  liquid  is  coming  so  much  to  the  front  as  a  universal  antiseptic,  it 
behoves  entomologists  to  ascertain  how  far  they  can  apply  it  to  their 
own  ends  with  advantage.  There  appears  to  be  some  doubt  as  to  its 
suitability  for  preserving  museum  specimens  in  place  of  spirit  (see 
'Nature,'  61,  204),  and,  on  account  of  the  rigidity  imparted  to  the 
insects,  formalin  would  be  an  obviously  unsuitable  medium  in  which 
to  collect  Coleoptera,  or  for  killing  purposes  either.  On  referring  to 
past  volumes  of  the  '  Entomologist,'  I  find  that  formalin  has  been 
used  with  success  to  retain  the  natural  form  and  colour  of  larvae  and 
pupje  after  death  (xxxii.  132,  188),  but  no  account  is  given  of 
employment  as  a  preservative  for  the  collection,  although  suggested 
by  Mr.  Blandford  (xxx.  21).  Having  myself  had  some  acquaintance 
with  the  remarkable  germicidal  property  of  formalin,  which  is  stated 
by  some  of  the  best  authorities  to  be  second  only  to  sublimate,  I  have 
used  it  to  destroy  mould  among  my  insects,  with  results  which  are  to 
me  quite  satisfactory.  Every  entomologist  living  in  a  damp  locality 
will  know  how  easily  boxes  of  insects  become  infested  with  this  plague, 
and  when  once  established  how  difficult  to  eradicate.  Painting  with 
sublimate  solution  is  sure  but  troublesome,  and  does  not  add  to  the 
beauty  of  the  specimens  ;  carbolic  acid  also  must  be  applied  directly  to 
the  insect.  As  far  as  my  experience  goes,  formaldehyde  (of  which 
formalin  is  a  forty  per  cent,  solution  in  water)  is  the  only  substance 
completely  efficacious  as  a  vapour.  The  method  I  employ  is  to  render 
the  infested  box  or  drawer  as  nearly  as  possible  air-tiyht,  and  to  enclose 
in  it  a  piece  of  cotton-wool  on  which  are  poured  from  six  to  twelve 
drops  of  formalin  according  to  size.  This  is  then  set  on  one  side  for  a 
week,  when  the  spores  should  all  be  killed.  If  any  mouldy  insect  is 
then  examined,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  mycelium  has  shrivelled  up, 
and,  in  the  case  of  Coleoptera,  may  be  removed  with  a  brush.  As  it 
is  generally  more  satisfactory  to  destroy  at  once  Lepidoptera  which  are 
attacked  to  any  extent,  it  is  rather  as  a  preventive  than  a  cure  that 
I  would  suggest  its  use  to  collectors  of  this  order.  By  treating  all 
drawers  and  boxes  two  or  three  times  a  year  in  the  way  recommended, 
and  submittmg  all  fresh  specimens  to  a  dose,  one  may,  I  think,  be 
reasonably  sure  of  not  seeing  mould  or  mites  either,  though  ordinary 
care  is  sufficient  to  prevent  the  appearance  of  the  latter.     A  natural 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  91 

question  at  once  presents  itself,  viz.  what  is  the  effect  on  the  colonrs 
of  specimens?  I  have  made  several  experiments  to  ascertain  this,  and 
can  return  a  satisfactory  answer  in  all  cases  except  greens.  Several 
species  of  Coleoptera  have  been  2^ainted  with  the  solution,  and  no 
alteration  could  be  detected  in  any  except  Cicindela  compestris ;  this 
was  slightly  darkened  in  colour,  but  the  vapour  in  a  dilute  form  does 
not  even  effect  this.  The  following  species  of  Lepidoptera,  among 
others,  were  subjected  to  a  strong  dose  of  the  vapour: — Go»optenjx 
rliamni,  Anthocharis  cardamiyies,  Lyccsna  icarus,  Melitcea  athalia,  Arctia 
caia,  Orgyia  antiqna,  O.  gonostigma,  Hepialus  velleda,  Euchelia  jacohcea, 
Hemithea  atrigata.  There  was  not  the  slightest  alteration  visible  in  any 
except  the  last  named,  which  was  distinctly  darkened.  The  precaution 
must  therefore  be  taken  of  removing  green  Lepidoptera  before  applying 
the  reagent.  Formalin  has  the  advantages  of  being  cheap  and  readily 
procurable  ;  it  is  not  a  strong  poison,  and  although  the  vapour  has  an 
irritating  effect  on  the  eyes  and  mucous  membrane,  it  is  quite  harmless 
and  hardly  noticeable  in  the  quantity  which  it  is  necessary  to  use  ;  an 
occasional  sneeze  when  examining  one's  collection  will  alone  remind 
us  of  its  presence.  It  has  no  appreciable  action  on  pins,  in  the  form 
of  vapour. — W.  S.  Gilles  ;  Bocking,  Braintree,  Essex. 


CAPTURES   AND  FIELD  REPORTS. 

CoLiAS  HYALE  IN  1899. — A  friend  of  mine  has  just  given  me  a  fine 
male  specimen  of  C.  hyale,  which  he  took  near  Ashford  on  August  3 let 
last.  I  think  it  must  have  been  a  stray  specimen. — S.  A.  Blenkarn  ; 
Clifton  House,  East  Dulwich  Road,  Jan.  18th,  1900. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  in  1899. — During  last  season  I  captured  twenty 
specimens  of  8.  convolvuli  here.  These  were  taken  between  August  25th 
and  September  '-iOth.  The  weather  here  was  unfavourable  for  this  insect, 
which  probably  accounts  for  none  being  seen  after  the  latter  date. — John 
P.  Hyde  ;  The  Grove,  Portland,  Jan.  20th,  1900. 

Karly  Occurrence  of  Anisopteryx  ^scularia.  —  This  evening, 
January  23rd,  a  Geometer  flew  to  light  at  my  dining-room  window  at 
half-past  nine.  I  went  outside,  just  for  the  pleasure,  as  I  thought,  of  once 
more  seeing  Hybernia  rupicapraria,  vrhen,  to  my  surprise,  I  discovered 
the  moth  to  be  A.  ascularia.  During  the  many  years  I  have  kept  a  look- 
out, I  have  been  able  to  record  no  earlier  date  than  February  6th,  just  a 
fortnight  later  than  in  the  present  instance.  It  has  been  exceptionallv 
mild  all  day  (the  thermometer  standing  at  50°),  a  fact  which  no  doubt 
accounts  for  this  premature  emergence. — (Rev.)  Gilbert  H.  Raynor; 
Hazeleigh  Rectory,  Maldon,  Essex,  Jan.  23rd,  1900. 

^scHNA  cyanea.  —  This  dragonfly  was  apparently  very  abundant 
during  the  last  summer  (1899).  Though  I  observed  many  specimens 
flying  about,  I  only  secured  two:  one  taken  on  glass  in  the  green- 
house; and  the  second  flying  in  through  the  verandah  doors  ami  over 
the  dinner-table  was  there  promptly  bottled.  These  seem  unusual  visits 
for  such  insects.  There  is  little  water  at  this  somewhat  high  elevation 
(clay),  save  a  few  small  ponds;  and  I  have  previously  reported  the  species 


92  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

from  the  valley  at  Purlev,  which  is  a  similarly  waterless  spot  (chalk). — 
W.  L.  Distant  ;  Upper  Warlingham,  Surrey. 

Mamestra  furva. — The  specimens  of  M.  furva  recorded  by  me  in  my 
notes  on  the  "  Macro-Lepidoptera  of  the  Galashiels  District  in  1899  "  {ante, 
p.  44)  were  taken  at  the  end  of  July,  not  in  May,  as  there  stated.  —  James 
C.  Haggart. 

Dwarf  Vanessa  atalanta. — In  September,  last  year,  I  captured  a 
couple  of  V.  atalanta,  both  of  which  are  very  much  smaller  than  the  usual 
size.  One  measures  one  inch  and  a  half  (37  millim.)  in  expanse,  and  the 
other  is  only  a  little  larger.  Both  were  captured  in  a  garden  at  Tendring, 
near  Colchester. — Alan  W.  Cardinall  ;  18,  Cromwell  Road,  Brighton. 

[Such  small  e.Kamples  of  V.  atalanta  are  not  perhaps  often  met  with  on 
the  wing,  but  dwarf  specimens  are  not  infrequently  produced  from  larvae 
reared  in  confinement. — Ed.] 

Thamnotrizon  cinerds  in  the  New  Forest. — I  took  a  specimen  of 
this  grasshopper  in  the  New  Forest,  Sept.  20th,  1898.— C.  W.  Colthrup  ; 
127,  Barry  Road,  East  Dulwich,  S.E.,  Jan.  12th,  1900. 

Note  on  Phlogophora  meticulosa. — I  obtained  two  female  P.  meti- 
cidosa  at  Portsmouth,  at  rest  on  a  wall  near  electric-light  lamps,  on 
Dec.  6th  last.  They  both  laid  eggs  on  the  following  day,  from  all  of  which 
caterpillars  emerged  on  Jan.  1st,  1900,  and  which  are  still  feeding  up  on 
cabbage  and  wallflower  leaves.  Both  the  moths  were  in  good  condition. — 
C.  W.  Colthrup;  127,  Barry  Road,  East  Dulwich,  S.E.,  Jan.  12th,  1900. 

Captures  at  Electric  Light  in  Chester  District. — During  last 
year  I  took  the  following  species,  among  others,  at  the  electric  lights 
here: — September  3rd,  one  example  of  Cirrhoedia  xerampelina,  and  one  of 
Epunda  lutitlenta ;  the  latter  had  settled  on  the  ground  and  been  trodden 
on  by  someone  passing  by,  but,  strange  to  say,  was  practically  none  the 
worse.  Ennomos  fuscantaria  and  E.  alniaria  [tiliaria)  were  both  extremely 
common.  I  also  secured  one  specimen  o(  E.  erosaria.  Xylophasia  viono- 
glypha  (polyodoti)  occurred  in  hundreds  ;  two  of  the  examples  I  captured 
were  of  the  dark  form,  without  any  light  markings  whatever  on  the  fore 
wings. — T.  H.  Court  ;  7,  Cambrian  View,  Chester. 

Lepidoptera  at  Light  in  1899. — During  the  greater  part  of  last 
season  I  used  a  light  trap  in  our  garden  for  the  first  time  ;  and  on  the 
whole  the  result  has  proved  very  satisfactory.  Excluding  Micros,  I 
captured  sixty-one  species.  The  first  captures  were  made  on  April  28th, 
when  1  obtained  single  specimens  of  Taniocami^a  gothica  and  T.  stabilis. 
In  May  I  took,  in  addition  to  several  more  specimens  of  the  above  species, 
Spilosoma  menthastri  and  Anticlea  nigrofasciaria  [derivata).  Captures 
became  somewhat  more  frequent  in  June:  Spilosoma  menthastri  turned 
up  in  some  numbers  ;  and  Hepialus  lupuUnus,  Cilix  spinula,  Agrotis 
exclamationis,  Noctua  /estiva,  Rumia  crategata,  Odonoptera  bidentata, 
Hemerophila  abrnptaria,  and  Melanippe  fluctuata  also  occurred.  July 
proved  a  very  productive  month,  and  on  favourable  nights  moths  came  to 
the  trap  in  large  numbers.  On  the  30th  of  the  mouth  I  captured  a 
specimen  of  Orthosia  suspecta  in  the  trap ;  and  on  August  2nd  another 
specimen  came  to  light  at  my  window.  These  have  been  kindly  identified 
by  Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett,  to  whom  they  were  shown  by  Mr.  Arthur  Cottam. 
Is  not  this  a  new  species  for  Hertfordshire?     On  July  21st  I  obtained  a 


CAPTURES   AND    FIELD   REPORTS.  93 

specimen  of  Calymnia  pyralina ;  and  on  the  18th  a  fine  Plusia  moneta 
(previously  recorded,  Entora.  xxxii.  212).  Other  trap  captures  during  the 
month  included : — Lithosia  lurideola  (plentiful),  Arctia  caia,  Bombyx 
neustria,  Drepana  lacertula,  Phalera  bucephala  (common),  Bryophila 
perla,  Acronycta  pisi,  Leucania  lithargyria,  L.  comma,  L.  pallens, 
Dipterygia  scabriuscula  [pinastri],  Cerigo  matura,  Caradrina  morpheus, 
C  alsines,  Rusina  teuehrosa,  Noctua  augur,  Hadena  oleracea,  Selenia 
juliaria,  Halia  xvavaria,  Lomaspilis  marginata,  Melanthia  ocellata, 
Cidaria  associata,  Pelurga  comitata,  and  Aventia  Jiexula.  A  few  addi- 
tional species  were  taken  in  the  trap  in  August :  Luperina  testacea  suddenly 
appeared  about  the  8th,  and  was  common  for  a  few  nights  ;  and  Lopho- 
pteryx  camelina,  Triphcena  ianthina,  and  Epione  apiciaria  were  also 
noticed.  From  the  middle  of  August  to  the  end  of  September  I  was 
away  from  home,  and,  consequently,  was  unable  to  do  anything  with  the 
trap  during  that  period.  In  October  Anchocelis  pistacina,  A.  lunosa,  and 
Miselia  oxyacanthce  were  captured  ;  and  in  November  Asteroscopus  sphinx 
(one  male)  and  Cheimatobia  brumata.  Several  additional  species  came  to 
light  at  my  window  during  the  season,  of  which  may  be  mentioned : — 
Hybernia  marginaria  (common  in  March),  Xylocampa  lithoriza,  Hadena 
dentina,  Calymnia  trapezina,  Ennomos  tiliaria,  Coremia  unidentaria,  and 
Hydrcecia  nlctitans. — Philip  J.  Barrard  ;  Bushey  Heath,  Herts,  Feb. 
2nd,  1900. 

Lepidoptera  in  1899. — During  the  exceedingly  mild  and  open  winter 
and  early  spring  which  we  experienced  last  year,  the  common  Geometrse 
which  put  in  an  appearance  at  that  season  were  very  abundant  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Reading.  The  sallows  in  that  district  were  mostly  in  full 
bloom  during  the  latter  part  of  March,  but  nightly  attention  failed  to 
produce  anything  worth  having.  The  most  curious  thing  about  the  early 
Noctuge  was  the  extraordinary  abundance  of  TcBiiiocampa  stabilis,  which 
outnumbered  all  the  other  common  moths  by  at  least  six  to  one.  About 
this  time  a  few  nice  specimens  of  Selenia  illunaria  were  attracted  by  the 
lamp  in  a  room. 

Early  in  April  a  fine  specimen  of  Vanessa  polychloros  was  found  hyber- 
nating  in  a  greenhouse.  This  butterfly,  which  appears  to  be  getting 
scarce,  was  in  remarkably  fine  condition  for  the  time  of  year. 

The  results  of  collecting  during  May  and  the  earlier  part  of  June  were 
decidedly  disappointing,  and,  indeed,  the  only  decent  insects  taken  during 
this  period  were  three  Chcerocampa  elpenor,  which  were  captured  while 
hovering  over  honeysuckle  in  the  garden.  About  June  13th,  when  the 
weather  was  beautifully  fine,  Macroglossa  stellatarum  was  abundant,  but 
seemed  to  disappear  again  until  the  end  of  July.  Sugaring  produced 
scarcely  anything  until  the  middle  of  July,  when  Cosmia  diffinis,  C.  affinis, 
Mania  maura,  and  Cerigo  cytherea  were  plentiful.  I  also  took  several 
Oonoptera  libatrix  at  sugar  about  July  20th,  which  seems  to  be  rather  an 
early  date  for  this  species.  On  July  23rd  a  full-fed  larva  of  Sinerinthus 
ocellatus  was  brought  to  me,  and  on  being  placed  in  the  breeding-cage 
immediately  disappeared  beneath  the  soil.  Kather  earlier  than  this  date 
Pamber  Wood  was  visited  with  small  success,  although  several  Vanessa 
polychloros  and  one  beautiful  Limenitis  sibylla  were  seen.  Argynnis 
paphia  was  also  very  plentiful. 

Aug.  8th  found  me  at  Bude,  in  Cornwall.  The  best  locality  for  insects 
there  is  the  small  strip  of  sand-dunes  near  the  mouth  of  the  haven.     As  no 


94  THE   ENTOMOLOGIST. 

posts  or  trees  were  available,  sugar  was  applied  to  the  flowers  of  thistles 
with  good  effect.  By  this  method  swarms  of  common  Agrotidse  were 
attracted,  especially  A.  tridci,  and  Geoinetrae,  particularly  Melanippe 
galiata,  were  common.  Among  other  insects  taken  in  this  way  were 
A.  suffusa,  A.  exclamationis,  A.  lunigera  (two),  A.  se^e^Mw.  (numerous),  and 
A.  pracox  (two  beauiies).  Noctua  c-nigrum,  N.  baia,  N.  ximhrosa,  and 
numerous  Apameas  which  hung  about  vory  late.  The  most  abundant 
insect  durin"  the  day  was  Macroglossa  stellatanim,  which  swarmed  every- 
where. Many  came  into  the  house  and  were  captured  on  the  window- 
frames  and  many  more  were  released.  I  remember  counting  fifteen  of 
them,  hovering  over  a  strip  of  valerian  on  the  roadside  leading  down  into 
Boscastle.  Only  one  specimen  of  CoUas  edusa  was  seen,  but  other  butter- 
flies were  verv  plentiful ;  indeed,  I  never  remember  having  seen  so  many 
in  one  dav  as'l  did  on  Aug.  13th,  on  the  road  between  Bude  and  Morweu- 
stow.  Gonopteryx  rharnniw&s,  abundant,  and  Argynnis  paphia  was  still  in 
aood  condition.  The  common  Vanessse,  and  especially  V.  atalanta, 
swarmed.  I  also  noticed  several  specimens  of  Zygcena  JilipenduloR  flying 
on  the  Bude  sandhills  during  the  early  part  of  August.  The  weather 
throughout  this  month  was  remarkably  fine  and  hot. 

Having  returned  to  Reading  in  September,  I  resumed  collecting  in 
that  district,  The  autumn  butterflies  were  plentiful,  as  was  also  Macro- 
glossa stellatarum.  No  sugaring  was  done  in  the  autumn,  but  attention 
was  paid  to  the  ivy-bloom.  Insects  were  extremely  scarce,  owing  to  cold 
fogoy  nights.  The  only  moth  which  was  at  all  common  was  the  ever- 
present  FhlogopJiora  meticulosa,  while  Cerastis  vaccinii  came  next.  Vanessa 
atalanta  was  on  the  wing  as  late  as  Nov.  5th,  and  about  this  date  swarms 
of  Cheimatobia  brumata  and  Hybemia  defoliaria  made  their  appearance  in 
the  orchard  at  night.  These  moths  appear  to  defy  cold,  and  may  be  seen 
flvinc  freely  anv  frosty  night.  No  more  insects  were  captured  during  the 
year.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  on  the  whole  the  season  did  not  produce 
much  here,  though  I  have  heard  of  others  who  had  better  luck. — E.  T.  B. 
Reece. 

LARViE-BEATiNG  IN  1899  COMPARED  WITH  1898. — It  may  be  interesting 
to  lepidopterists  living  in  the  London  district,  and  who  use  the  beating- 
tray,  to  compare  the  following  rough  notes  on  the  past  two  years  with  their 
own  experiences.  Speaking  generally,  1899  must  be  considered,  if  not 
better,  at  least  an  equal  of  its  predecessor.  The  localities  visited  were,  with 
the  exception  of  a  iew  days  spent  m  the  New  Forest,  within  the  twelve 
mile  radius.  Halias  quercana  was  scarcer  in  the  generally  worked 
localities,  but  in  a  favourite  haunt,  which  I  believe  is  little  known  and  less 
worked,  it  was  quite  as  abundant  as  in  1898,  being  as  usual  attended  with 
many  common  larvae.  Thecla  betula;,  which  in  the  former  year  had  been 
exceedujgly  scarce  (only  four  larvae  being  taken],  was  decidedly  plentiful, 
during  four  or  five  excursions  upwards  of  four  dozen  falling  to  the  tray ; 
the  first  day,  June  10th  (when  the  larvae  were  very  small),  being  the  most 
successful. '  T.  qiiercus  was  more  plentiful  in  the  New  Forest  during  the 
past  year,  but  larvae  of  this  species  very  few  and  far  i)etween  in  the  London 
district.  Liparis  monacha,  Bombyx  neustria,  Trichiura  cratagi,  Amphi- 
dasys  betularia,  Odontopera  bidentata,  and  Cleora  Uchenaria  were  scarcer 
than  in  1898 ;  the  latter  of  course  really  requires  searching  for.  Diloba 
ccB'ruleocephala,  I^otodonta  camellna,  Miselia  oxyacanthcB,  Himera  pennaria, 
Uropteryx  sambucata,  Crocallis  elinguaria,  Selenia  lunaria,  S.    Ulunaria, 


SOCIETIES.  95 

were  all  to  be  had  in  moderate  numbers,  the  first  five  being  decidedly 
commoner.  Notodonta  dromedarius,  Platypteryx  lacertula,  P.  falcula, 
P.  unguicida,  and  Demas  coryli  were  in  sufficient  quantities  to  be  worth 
working  for,  but  were  rarer.  Halias  prasinana  and  Catocala  sponsa  were 
conspicuous  bv  their  absence,  althougb  in  1898  the  former  was  quite  the 
commonest  thing  on  birch.  Among  other  good  larvae  taken  were  single 
specimens  of  Notodonta  trepida  and  Boarmia  roboraria.  With  regard  to 
Thecia  hetula,  I  may  add  that  this  species  seems  to  become  decidedly 
common  every  fourth  year,  although  I  have  certainly  met  with  not  less  than 
three  or  four  larvae  every  season. — E.  W.  Lane  ;  9,  Teesdale  Street, 
Hackney  Road,  N.E. 

Notes  from  Nottingham. — During  the  month  of  August,  1897,  I 
spent  two  or  three  weeks  at  West  Bridgford,  Nottingham,  and  while  there 
noted  the  following: — The  larvae  of  Phalera  hucephala  were  exceedingly 
plentiful,  and  one  morning,  before  breakfast,  my  cousin  and  I  took  over  fifty 
in  about  five  minutes,  oflf  a  small  poplar.  I  noticed  this  larva  feeding  on 
willow,  poplar,  lime,  and  many  other  trees,  including  sweet  chestnut  and 
rose.  I  found  a  few  larvae  of  Acronycta  psi  feeding  on  lime.  On  willows 
(poUaid)  growing  by  the  river  the  larvae  of  Smerinthus  ocellatus  and 
S.  popuU  were  found,  tiie  former  being  much  commoner  than  the  latter. 
Here  I  also  picked  up  a  full-fed  larva  of  Cossus  ligniperda,  and  saw,  but 
did  not  trouble  to  take,  hundreds  of  P.  hucephala  larvae  and  an  occasional 
Dicronura  vinula  larva.  The  space  in  which  I  found  the  ocellatus  and 
populi  larvae  was  about  fifty  or  sixty  yards  long,  and  beyond  this  not  one 
was  to  be  seen.  There,  however,  Aromia  moschata  was  very  plentiful.  I 
obtained  more  than  twenty  in  the  space  of  one  hour.  This  separation  of 
the  beetles  and  larvae  struck  me  as  very  curious.  Common  as  this  beetle 
was  in  1897,  my  cousin  did  not  see  any  at  all  during  the  following  summer. 
A  specimen  of  Dytiscus  marginalis  was  noted  in  a  rain  puddle  barely  three 
feet  wide  and  six  inches  deep.  —  Oscar  Whittaker;  Morelands,  Heaton, 
Bolton-le-Moors. 


SOCIETIES. 


Entomological  Society  of  London. — Sixty-seventh  Anmcal  Meeting, 
January  11th,  1900. — Mr.  G.  H.  Verrall,  President,  in  the  chair. — It  was 
announced  that  the  following  had  been  elected  as  officers  and  members 
of  Council  for  1900-1901 :  President,  Mr.  G.  H.  Verrall ;  Treasurer, 
Mr.  E.  McLachlan,  F.E.S. ;  Secretary,  Mr.  C.  J.  Gahan,  M.A. ; 
Librarian,  Mr.  G.  C.  Champion,  F.Z.S.  ;  and  as  other  members  of  the 
Council:  Mr.  Charles  G.  Barrett;  Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman,  M.D.,  F.Z.S. ; 
Messrs.  W.  L.  Distant ;  H.  St.  J.  K.  Donisthofpe,  F.Z.S. ;  F.  D. 
Godman,  D.C.L.,  F.E.S. ;  A.  H.  Jones,  and  E.  W.  Lloyd;  the  Hon. 
Walter  Eothschild,  D.Sc,  M.P.,  and  Messrs.  E.  Saunders,  F.L.S.,  and 
C.  0.  Waterhouse.  The  election  to  fill  the  vacancy  on  the  Council  and 
in  the  office  of  secretary,  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Mr.  J.  J. 
Walker,  R.N.,  was  adjourned  to  March  7th,  the  Council  having  signi- 
fied their  intention  to  announce  at  the  meeting  on  Feb.  7th  the  name 
of  the  candidate  whom  they  recommend  to  be  elected.  The  President 
delivered  an  address,  in  which  he  reviewed  the  advantages  and  dis- 
advantages under  which  entomologists  and  other  men  of  science  now 


96  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

labour,  as  compared  with  the  conditions  existing  at  the  beginning  of 
the  nineteenth  century.  He  called  attention  to  certain  abuses  pre- 
valent, instancing,  among  others,  the  hasty  and  ill-digested  nature  of 
much  of  the  work  now  published,  the  result,  as  he  believed,  of  the 
facilities  that  are  given  for  publication.  Having  referred  also  to  the 
vast  increase  in  the  number  and  variety  of  the  publications  which  a 
student  must  consult  in  order  to  be  fully  acquainted  with  the  work 
done  in  his  special  branch  of  study,  Mr.  Verrall  proceeded  to  suggest 
that  there  should  be  an  international  agreement  for  the  purpose,  not 
only  of  restricting  the  immber  of  the  publications  to  be  recognized,  but 
of  exercising  some  control  over  their  contents,  in  order  that  worthless 
papers  might  be  excluded.  In  conclusion,  he  briefly  summarised  the 
reforms  which  he  considered  most  essential  to  be  effected  at  the 
beginning  of  the  new  century.  A  vote  of  thanks,  proposed  by  Prof. 
Meldola,  and  seconded  by  Mr.  Blandford,  was  unanimously  accorded 
to  the  President  for  his  address,  and  to  the  President  and  the  other 
officers  for  their  services  to  the  Society  during  the  past  year.  Messrs. 
Verrall,  McLachlan,  Gahan,  and  Cliampion  spoke  in  reply,  and  the 
proceedings  terminated. 

February  1th. — Mr.  G.  H.  Verrall,  President,  in  the  chair. — The 
President  announced  that  he  had  appointed  Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman,  F.Z.S., 
Mr.  W.  L.  Distant,  and  Mr.  C.  0.  Waterhouse  as  Vice-Presidents.  He 
announced  the  death  of  William  Blundell  Spence,  who  had  been  a 
member  of  the  Society  since  its  foundation  in  1833,  and  who  was  for 
i  some  years  past  the  only  surviving  original  member.  Mrs.  M.  de  la 
B.  Nicholl,  of  Merthyr  Mawr,  Bridgend,  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Society.  Mr.  0.  E.  Jauson  exhibited  examples  of  Addas  longivideiis, 
Walk.,  a  remarkable  fly  from  New  Guinea,  in  which  the  eyes  are  set 
at  the  end  of  very  long  stalk-like  processes.  The  specimens  showed 
great  variation  in  the  length  of  the  eye-stalks,  which  in  the  most  fully 
developed  males  considerably  exceeded  the  length  of  the  wings.  Mr. 
J.  W.  Tutt  exhibited  a  series  of  specimens  of  Epunda  lutulenta,  in- 
cluding those  remarkable  variations  to  which  he  had  referred  in  his 
notes  on  the  species,  read  at  a  previous  meeting.  Mr.  Champion  ex- 
hibited a  large  number  of  Coleoptera  collected  by  Dr.  Chapman,  Mr. 
Edwards,  and  himself,  in  July  last,  in  Switzerland.  He  called  atten- 
tion to  the  great  variation  in  colour  of  one  or  two  common  species  of 
the  Chrysomelid  genus  Orina,  and  said  he  believed  that  the  forms 
known  as  0.  cacaluB,  Schrank,  0.  specinsissima,  Scop.,  and  under  other 
names,  all  belonged  to  one  extremely  variable  species.  Prof.  T. 
Hudson  Beare  showed  specimens  of  Dinoderus  jninutus,  Fab.,  obtained 
from  a  bamboo  basket  in  his  house  at  Richmond.  They  were  speci- 
fically identical  with  the  Dinoderus  substriatus  of  Stephens.  Mr.  H. 
Donisthorpe  exhibited  a  larva-case  of  Clythra  quadripunctata  taken 
from  a  nest  of  the  red  wood-ant,  Formica  rufa.  He  commented  upon 
the  unsatisfactory  state  of  our  knowledge  as  to  the  food-habits  of  the 
larvae  of  Clythra,  and  said  he  believed  the  larvae  fed  upon  the  eggs  of 
the  ant.  The  President  remarked  that  there  was  a  species  of  Microdon 
of  which  the  pupa-case  had  an  obvious  similarity  to  the  larva-case  of 
Clythra,  and  was,  he  believed,  found  in  the  nest  of  the  same  species  of 
ant.  Mr.  Gahan  mentioned,  in  connection  with  the  genus  Clythra, 
that  these  beetles  possess  a  stridulating  organ  on  the  mesonotum,  not 


SOCIETIES.  97 

along  the  middle,  as  in  Longicorns  and  Megalopidfe,  but  towards  the 
lateviil  edges,  and  consisting  of  two  widely  separated  striated  areas 
over  which  the  edge  of  the  prouotum  moves.  The  stridulating  areas 
were  present,  he  said,  in  nearly  all  the  genera  of  Clythridte,  and  might 
almost  be  regarded  as  a  characteristic  of  the  family.  The  fact  that 
these  beetles  stridulate  was  apparently  known  to  Darwin,  who,  in  the 
'  Descent  of  Man,'  erroneously  stated  that  the  stridulating  area  was 
situated  on  the  pygidium. — C.  J.  Gahan,  Hon.  Sec. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society.  — 
December  Uth,  1899.— Dr.  Chapman,  F.E.S.,  in  the  chair.  Mr. 
Kobson  exhibited  a  bred  species  of  unusually  large  specimens  of 
Diunthcecia  irregularis,  from  Tuddenham.  Major  Ficklin,  a  specimen 
of  D.  luteayo  \a,v.jickliiii,  which  he  presented  to  the  Society's  collection. 
Mr.  Lucas,  a  specimen  of  Suinatochlura  utetalUca,  a  rare  dragonfly,  taken 
by  Mr.  C.  A.  Briggs,  and  presented  by  him  to  the  Society's  collection. 
Mr.  Adkin,  examples  of  L'rambus  (jeniculeiis,  taken  in  his  garden,  of  a 
much  less  robust  appearance  than  usual,  and  with  very  faintly  indi- 
cated markings.  Mr.  Edwards,  long  series  of  the  following  species  of 
Erebiii,  taken  by  himself  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Fusio,  the  Simplon, 
and  the  Macunagno  :—E.  cetu,  E.  lappona,  E.  goante,  E.  tyndurus,  E. 
eurgale,  E.  Jiavofasciata,  E.  melampus,  E.  epiphron,  E.  mnestra,  and  a 
few  specimens  of  E.  ligea,  E.  pronoe,  E.  medusa,  and   E.  gorge.     Mr. 

F.  M.  B.  Carr,  a  series  of  insects  taken  at  sugar,  including  two  Cossiis 
ligniperda,  and  about  a  dozen  Macrogaster  arundinis  from  Wicken. 

January  11th,  1900. — Mr.  A.  Harrison,  F.L.S.,  President,  in  the 
chair.— Mr.  Buckstone  exhibited  larvae  of  Triphaua  fimbria,  some  of 
which  were  of  a  light  form  and  others  of  a  dark  form  ;  and  read  notes 
on  their  growth,  mortality,  and  pupation.  Mr.  Turner,  (1)  a  speci- 
men of  Periplaneta  americanu  from  the  Zoological  Gardens,  (2)  a  var. 
of  J\[elanippe  fiuctuata  with  the  central  band  only  represented  by  a 
narrow  costal  fascia,  (3)  a  specimen  of  Abraxas  grossulariata  with  a 
large  black  spot  surrounded  by  a  white  ring,  outside  of  which  the 
black  was  nearly  continuous.  Mr.  Lucas,  several  lantern-slides  of 
well-known  scenery  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Esher.  Mr.  F.  Clarke 
exhibited  a  large  number  of  very  admirable  photomicrographic  slides 
of  insect  anatomy,  including  a  long  series  of  Orgyia  antiqua ;  antennae 
of  various  orders  ;  a  few  of  tongues,  feet,  &c. ;  a  curious  water  hymeno- 
pterou ;  numerous  ova  of  various  species  of  Lepidpotera ;  a  few 
Desraids ;  and  livmg  examples  of  Argulus  foUaceus,  the  parasite  of  the 
stickleback. — Hy.  J.  Turner,  Hun.  Report  Sec. 

Birmingham   Entomological   Society. — December  18th,   1899. — Mr, 

G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  President,  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Chas.  Pumphrey, 
5,  Park  Road,  Moseley,  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Society.  Mr. 
Coibran  J.  Wainwright  showed  Physocephala  riifipes  from  Cornwall, 
and  other  Conopid*  and  Syrphids.  Mr.  P.  W.  Abbott,  a  series  of 
Nola  cucullatella  from  London,  including  two  very  dark  ones.  Mr. 
G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  a  number  of  Palaearctic  insects  of  the  genus 
Satyrus — S.  semele  and  var.  bischofii  from  Asia  Minor ;  S.  staudi7igeri 
from  Samarcand,  S.  anthelea  from  Asia  Minor,  and  S.  josephi  from  the 
Pamirs,  &c. 


98  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

January  15th,  1900, — The  President  in  the  chair. — Mr.  R.  C. 
Bradley  showed  Halictus  Imviyatus  from  Sutton,  and  said  that  it  was 
not  a  common  species  locally.  Mr.  A.  H.  xMartineau,  a  boxful  of 
Aculeata  Hymeuoptera,  chiefly  Pompilid^e,  includmg,  among  other 
rarities,  Ayenia  varieyata^  from  Selsley,  Glos.,  and  Nevin,  North  Wales  ; 
Sapyya  clavicornU,  a  species  which  was  regarded  as  extremely  rare  a 
short  time  ago,  but  which  he  had  found  at  Solihull  and  various  other 
midland  localities,  and  which  appeared  to  be  a  more  common  insect  in 
the  midlands  than  was  supposed ;  also  Calicuryus  hyalinutus,  one  from 
Wyre  Forest.  Mr.  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker  showed  two  drawers  of 
Satyrus,  including,  among  other  good  species,  IS.  paininis  and  S.  parisatis 
from  Turkestan  ;  S.  aurantiaca  from  the  Caspian  ;  and  a  very  fine 
series  of  S.  abdelkader  from  Algeria.  Mr.  C.  J.  Wainwright,  a  box 
containing  Chelosia  and  allied  genera  of  Diptera. — Colbran  J.  Wain- 
wright, Hon.  Sec. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society. — Annual  Mcetiny, 
January  15th,  1900. — The  President  in  the  chair.  The  Treasurer, 
Mr.  H.  Locke,  presented  his  Report,  which  showed  a  balance  on  the 
right  side.  The  election  of  officers  resulted  as  follows : — President, 
S.  J.  Capper,  F.E.S. ;  Vice-Presidents,  B.  H.  Crabtree,  F.E.S.,  and 
E.  J.  Burgess  Sopp,  F.E.S. ;  Hon.  Secretaries,  F.  N.  Pierce,  F.E.S., 
and  Fredk.  Birch  ;  Hon.  Treasurer,  Dr.  J.  Cotton ;  Hon.  Librarian, 
Fred.  C.  Thompson;  Council,  Dr.  J.  W.  Ellis,  F.E.S.,  Herbert 
Massey,  Rev.  R.  Freeman,  R.  Wilding,  and  H.  Locke.  The  President 
gave  an  interesting  address  on  his  entomological  experiences  from 
boyhood.  At  his  first  school  his  passion  for  insects  got  him  into 
scrapes,  but  when  he  removed  to  the  Friends'  School  at  Epping  this 
same  passion  was  fostered  by  some  of  the  masters  until  it  grew  into  a 
determined  study.  On  coming  to  Liverpool  he  had  very  little  time  for 
collectnig,  but  he  became  acquainted  with  Mr.  Nicholas  Cooke,  Mr. 
C.  S.  Gregson,  and  other  eminent  entomologists.  His  (for  a  youth) 
exceptionally  good  collection  of  southern  insects  filled  Mr.  Cooke  with 
delight,  and  was  the  means  of  increasing  their  friendship.  Thus, 
when  Mr.  Capper  at  length  found  time  for  collecting,  they  made 
frequent  excursions  together  to  all  the  noted  "localities"  of  the 
district,  their  chief  rendezvous  being  Delamere  Forest.  His  New 
Forest  experiences  next  occupied  Mr.  Capper's  attention.  These  and 
his  friendship  with  the  two  Gullivers,  father  and  son,  he  dw^elt  upon 
with  much  pleasure,  telling  some  amusing  anecdotes  about  the  latter. 
He  then  mentioned  his  acquaintance  with  Mr,  Alfred  Owen,  and  tlie 
acquisition  of  that  gentleman's  collection,  thus  making  his  own  one 
of  the  richest  in  England,  Mr,  Capper  referred  to  the  years  1855, 
1870,  and  1888,  as  having  been  made  memorable  by  the  appearance 
of  Deilephila  yalii  on  the  Wallasey  sandhills.  The  last  occurrence  was 
further  commemorated  by  a  clever  sketch  by  Mr,  C,  H.  H,  Walker, 
entitled  "Liverpool  Entomologists  on  the  War  Path."  This  the 
President  described  at  some  length.  In  conclusion,  he  referred 
warmly  to  the  valuable  friendships  he  had  formed  through  the  study 
of  entomology,  and  the  happiness  he  had  derived  from  it  personally, 
A  vote  of  thanks  to  the  President  was  proposed  by  Mr.  H.  Locke,  and 
seconded  by  Mr.  R.  Wilding,     Mr.  H.  B.  Prince  sent  for  exhibition  an 


RECENT    LITERATURE.  99 

interesting  case  with  the  imago,  cocoon,  and  pupal  skin  of  Cossjis 
ligniperda,  and  the  lianging  puparium  of  Uropteryx  sambucata  ;  also  a 
box  of  sandhill  Lepidoptera. — Fredk.  Birch,  Joint  Sec. 

The  Entomological  Club. — Since  our  last  Report  (Entom.  xxxii. 
49),  meetings  were  held  as  follows  :— December  4th,  1899,  at  Wellfield, 
Lingard's  Road,  Lewisham,  the  residence  of  Mr.  Robert  Adkin. 
January  16th,  1900,  at  the  Holborn  Restaurant ;  Mr.  G.  H.  Verrall  in 
the  chair. — R.  South,  Hoji.  Sec. 


RECENT    LITERATURE. 


Transactions  af  the  City  of  London  Entonioloffical  and  Natui'al  History 
Society  for  the  year  1898.  Pp.  68.  Published  by  the  Society, 
November,  1899. 
Although  rather  late  in  appearance,  the  '  Transactions  '  of  this 
Society  just  to  baud  are  in  no  way  behind  previous  volumes  in  the 
matter  of  interest.  Besides  the  Reports  of  Meetings  and  the  Presi- 
dent's Address  there  are  five  papers,  four  of  which  deal  with  insects, 
and  the  first  instalment  of  "The  Fauna  of  the  London  District." 
The  entomological  papers  are  as  follows  : — "  Some  Cicadides,"  by 
Ambrose  Quail  (3  pp.)  ;  "  On  some  Heredity  Experiments  with 
Coremiaferruyata,"  by  Louis  B.  Prout  (9  pp.);  "Beetle  Coloration," 
by  H.  Heasler  (8  pp.) ;  "  Notes  on  the  Broads,"  by  H.  Fuller  (3^  pp.). 
The  district  list  of  Lepidoptera  is  that  of  Dr.  F.  J.  Buckell,  edited, 
with  additions  subsequent  to  1893,  by  L.  B.  Prout.  The  present 
portion  extends  to  thn'teeu  pages,  and  enumerates  one  hundred  and 
seventy-one  species.  Tlic  arrangement,  except  as  regards  the  butter- 
flies, is  that  of  the  'Entom.  Syn,  List,'  but  the  generic  nomenclature 
is  not  in  accordance  with  that  list  or  any  work  on  British  Lepidoptera. 


Fauna  Hawaiiensis.  By  E.  Meyrick.  Vol.  i.  pp.  123-275,  plates  iii-vii. 
Macro-Lepidoptera.     June  8th  ,1899.* 

In  this  Part  are  included  all  the  Lepidoptera,  "  except  the  Ptero- 
phoridfe,  Tortricina,  and  Tineina."  292  species  (arranged  under 
forty-nine  genera)  are  described,  of  which  200  are  new;  of  the  former, 
261  {—  89  per  cent.)  are  endemic. 

The  geographical  distribution  of  the  genera  and  species  is  dealt 
with  at  some  length,  but  although  such  considerations — particularly 
from  a  specialist — should  receive  every  attention,  due  caution  in  the 
acceptance  of  the  results  is  very  necessary.  Distant  exposed,!  several 
years  ago,  tlie  empiricism  of  drawing  "great  conclusions  in  geogra- 
phical distribution  from  generic  calculations  alone."  The  specific 
constitution  of  the  islands  is  as  follows  : — 

Caradrinina    61  species. 

Notodontina   60       ,, 

-  See  also  Entom.  1900,  pp.  23-4. 

f  1878,  Trans.  Ent.  See.  Lond.  p.  173,  "  Notes  on  Some  Hemiptera 
Homoptera." 


100  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

SphingidfB  7  species. 

Papilionina     7       ,, 

Pyralidma  178       „ 

The  general  resemblance  of  the  Hawaiian  fauna  to  that  of  New 
Zealand  is  very  marked,  and  its  origin  seems  to  have  been  mainly 
South  Pacific,  with  admixture  of  Asiatic  and  American  forms.  The 
author  considers  that  the  genera  may  be  grouped  under  four  successive 
periods  of  time,  viz.  : — 

(1.)  South  Pacific  in  origin,  Sisyrophyta  and  Scoparia  being  re- 
presentative. 

(2.)  Possibly  coincident  "  in  time  with  the  considerable  extension 
of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  to  tlie  north-west,  which  seems  to  have  once 
existed,"  with  Agrotis,  Pyrausta,  &c. 

(3.)  Under  "circumstances  much  as  at  present,"  with  18  genera. 

(4.)  Due  probably  "  to  the  influence  of  the  north-east  trade  winds," 
mainly  consisting  of  wholly  apodemic  genera. 

Of  the  257  endemic  species  (261,  less  4  whose  distribution  is  un- 
known), 173  (=  67  per  cent.)  are  confined  each  to  a  single  island  *; 
"  of  the  remaining  84  species,  36  have  been  taken  both  in  Hawaii  and 
Kauai,  at  opposite  ends  of  the  group,"  and  may  therefore  be  counted 
as  ranging  throughout. 

The  author  echoes  the  opinion  of  everyone  who  has  dealt  with  any 
part  of  this  fauna  in  noting  the  extraordinary  variability,  structurally 
and  in  colouration,  of  the  species.  "  An  unusual  proportion  of  species 
show  strong  variability,  which  in  perhaps  15  or  more  species  becomes 
excessive.  .  .  .  The  variation  of  such  insects  as  Hypenodes  altivolans 
and  hAicyniatoye  monticolans  is  quite  phenomenal,  and  the  proportion 
of  highly  variable  forms  is  certainly  much  larger  than  in  an  ordinary 
fauna."  A  tendency  to  dull  colouring  is  noted,  as  also  the  fact  that 
"  in  many  of  tlie  Pyraustidte  there  is  an  unusual  tendency  to  increased 
development  of  the  dorsal  scale-projection  towards  the  base  of  the  foi-e 
wings,  which  is  normally  inconspicuous."  Mr.  Meyrick  is  of  opinion, 
however,  that  the  latter  is  of  no  importance  as  a  test  of  relationship. 

The  endemic  genera,  that  is  to  say,  those  whose  species  appear  to 
be  entirely  confined  to  the  Hawaiian  Isles,  contain  two  very  remark- 
able forms,  viz.  Scotorythra,  Butler,  and  "its  derivate  "  Sisyrophyta, 
Meyrick.  They  are  distinguished  from  the  other  genera  of  the 
Selidosematidaj  by  their  peculiar  antennae,  which,  in  the  males,  are 
bipectinate,  simple  towards  the  base  and  on  the  apical  third ;  in  the 
same  sex  the  posterior  tibiae  are  more  or  less  "  dilated,  containing  hair- 
pencil  in  groove."  Of  Sisyrophyta  2  species  are  known,  of  Scotorythra 
30  species.  Lastly,  we  call  attention  to  the  genus  Scoparia,  Haw., 
of  which  no  less  than  57  species — 26  figured — all  (according  to  the 
author)  remarkably  constant,  are  found  in  the  Hawaiian  group. 

G.  W.  K. 

Total  No.     Peculiar  Species.     Percentage. 

■''•  Hawaii     128  65  51 

Maui     66  26  39 

Lanai    32  5  16 

Molokai    49  12  24 

Oahu     51  17  33 

Kauai  97  48  49 


The  Entomologist,  Aid-  1900. 


Plate  111, 


F.W.F-roh-awk  del  etlith. 

Aberrations    of  British  lepidoptera. 


West, Newman  chromo . 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIIL]  APRIL,    1900.  [No.  443. 

ABERRATIONS     OF    BRITISH    LEPIDOPTERA. 

By  P.  W.  Frohawk,  M.B.O.U.,  F.E.S. 

Plate  III. 

Fig.  1. —  Vanessa  urticce,  ?  .  The  fine  example  figured  is  one 
of  two  bred  in  July,  1896,  from  a  brood  of  larvae  taken  the 
previous  month  at  Heathfield,  Sussex,  by  Mr.  A.  W.  Peach  ;  both 
specimens  are  very  similar  in  pattern.  The  whole  of  the 
remainder  of  the  brood  were  normal.  The  one  figured,  now  in 
the  collection  of  Mr.  A.  B.  Farn,  has  no  trace  of  the  usual  blue 
marginal  spots.  The  second  and  third  costal  spots  of  the 
primaries  are  united,  forming  a  large  black  blotch,  and  the  two 
usual  central  black  dots  are  missing ;  the  secondaries  are  un- 
usually dark,  having  the  upper  central  area  black,  and  sprinkled 
with  a  few  red  scales  in  the  centre  of  the  wing  ;  the  basal 
half  is  clothed  with  fulvous  down.  On  the  under  side  the 
primaries  are  fairly  normal,  but  the  secondaries  are  uniformly 
dusky. 

Fig.  2. — Vanessa  atalanta,  ?  .  As  variation  in  this  species  is 
of  rare  occurrence,  I  am  pleased  to  be  able  to  give  a  figure  of 
such  a  handsome  example  as  the  one  represented  ;  it  will  at 
once  be  noticed  that  the  character  of  the  apical  white  markings 
is  very  unusual.  The  first  costal  blotch,  which  in  normal  speci- 
mens is  by  far  the  largest,  is  in  this  aberration  narrowed  and  cut 
up  into  three  small  spots,  the  central  one  being  reduced  to  a  few 
white  scales.  The  amount  of  white  which  should  occupy  this 
portion  of  the  wing  has  apparently  shifted  its  position  lower 
down,  forming  a  large  white  spreading  blotch  occupying  the 
whole  width  between  the  lower  radial  nervure  and  second  median 
nervule ;  below  this  on  the  red  band  is  a  comparatively  large 
white  spot  spreading  outwards  into  the  black  margin;  at  the 

ENTOM. — APRIL,    1900,  K 


102  THE   ENTOMOLOGIST. 

extremity  of  the  red  there  are  a  few  white  scales  forming  an 
additional  spot ;  surrounding  the  white  apical  blotches  are 
patches  of  lavender-coloured  suffusions,  obliterating  much  of  the 
black  ground  colouring.  The  secondaries  are  equally  remark- 
able, or  even  more  so,  as  they  have  a  clearly  defined  white  spot 
situated  between  the  subcostal  and  upper  radial,  and  the  red 
marginal  band  is  without  the  usual  black  spots.  The  under  side 
exhibits  even  more  beautiful  variation  than  the  upper.  The 
costal  third  of  the  primary  has  a  bright  blue  suffusion  bordered 
with  black,  and  most  of  the  lower  half  of  the  wing  is  of  a  bright 
rose-red  ;  the  white  of  the  apex  is  of  much  the  same  pattern  as 
on  the  upper  side,  the  great  central  area  of  the  secondary  is 
clouded  with  purple-brown  and  lilac,  and  towards  the  anal  angle 
with  various  shades  of  lilac,  metallic  green,  and  blue  ;  the  mar- 
ginal band  is  pink  shaded  with  lilac  over  the  apical  third,  and 
greenish  over  the  anal  fourth.  This  splendid  specimen  is  un- 
fortunately rather  undersized,  probably  from  the  larva  having 
had  insufficient  food  in  the  last  stage.  It  was  bred  by  Mr.  B.  P. 
Kemp  from  one  of  only  three  larvse  casually  found  at  Erith,  and 
is  now  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  E.  Sabine,  to  whom  I  must  offer 
my  thanks  for  the  loan  of  such  a  handsome  specimen  for 
figuring.  I  should  add  that  he  informs  me  that  he  bred  over 
six  hundred  specimens  of  V.  atalanta  last  autumn  without 
obtaining  anything  special  in  the  way  of  variation  among 
them. 

Fig.  3. — Argynnis  paphia,  ?  .  As  will  be  seen  by  the  figure, 
the  ground  colouring  is  richer  than  in  the  normal  female 
A.  paphia,  and  more  resembles  the  colouring  of  a  male  in  this 
respect.  The  submarginal  series  of  black  spots  are  confluent, 
forming  a  conspicuous  band  of  markings  which  become  suffused 
into  a  large  subapical  blotch  on  the  primaries ;  the  markings 
over  the  median  area  of  the  wings,  which  in  normal  specimens 
are  the  boldest,  are  in  this  example  much  reduced  in  size.  The 
under  side  presents  no  striking  variation,  excepting  that  the 
black  markings  on  the  primaries  are  considerably  reduced.  This 
fine  butterfly,  which  is  in  very  perfect  condition,  was  captured 
on  July  11th,  1897,  in  New  Park  Enclosure,  New  Forest,  by 
Mr.  A.  W.  Peach,  who  has  kindly  placed  it  at  my  disposal  for 
figuring. 

Figs.  6,  7.  —  Lycana  arion,  ?  ?  .  These  two  handsome 
specimens  have  both  been  lent  me  by  Mr.  A.  B.  Farn,  selected 
for  the  purpose  of  figuring  from  his  superb  series  of  the  species 
captured  by  himself  in  Cornwall  in  1896-7.  These  specimens, 
from  their  large  size  and  bold  markings,  resemble  a  form  of 
frequent  occurrence  in  Germany  ;  the  markings  on  the  primaries 
form  a  broad  median  bapd,     The  marginal  series  of  spots  on  the 


ABERRATIONS    OF    BRITISH    LEPIDOPTERA.  103 

secondaries  in  normal  examples  are  absent  in  those  figured,  and 
the  dusky  margins  blend  into  the  blue,  especially  in  fig.  7,  which 
is  without  the  central  dots  on  the  right  secondary.  The  under 
sides  do  not  show  any  noteworthy  variation. 

Fig.  8. — Bomhyx  querciis,  ^  .  This  extraordinary  aberration 
is  also  in  the  rich  collection  of  Mr.  Farn.  It  bears  a  label, 
"Bred  by  Purbrook,  Brighton."  The  median  pale  band  is  of  a 
light  greenish  olive,  and  gradually  blends  into  the  marone  or 
purple-brown  margin.  The  under  side  is  similarly  coloured  to 
the  upper,  but  somewhat  paler. 

YiG.^.—Arctia  caia,  ^.  I  am  again  indebted  to  Mr.  Farn 
for  the  loan  of  this  splendid  insect,  which  he  bred  on  Oct.  18th, 
1899,  from  the  ovum  ;  the  female  parent  was  taken  in  July  last 
at  Greenhithe,  Kent.  The  ground  colour  of  the  primaries  is 
pale  brown  with  an  indistinct  pattern  of  rusty  brown,  and  dusky 
markings.  The  secondaries  have  the  ground  colour  of  a  smoky 
grey-brown,  darkest  on  the  margins,  and  ochreous  buff  at  the 
base  along  the  inner  margin  ;  the  metallic  blue-black  spots  are 
normal,  which  give  a  peculiar  and  beautiful  harmony  of  colour- 
ing to  the  specimen.  On  p.  33  of  Newman's  '  British  Moths  '  a 
variety  of  A.  caia  is  figured,  apparently  agreeing  closely  to  the 
above. 

January,  1900. 

[Specimens  of  V.  urticce  with  the  markings  on  the  primaries 
somewhat  resembling  those  in  the  example  represented  by  Mr. 
Frohawk  are  figured  in  Newman's  '  British  Moths,'  p.  52,  and  in 
the  '  Entomologist '  for  1896  (vol.  xxix.  p.  73) ;  while  a  very 
similar  aberration  is  depicted  in  the  '  Iris '  for  1890,  pi.  ii. 
fig.  6. 

i  The  extremely  pretty  aberration  of  V.  atalanta  from  Mr. 
Sabine's  collection  very  closely  resembles  an  example  of  the 
same  species  from  Jersey  which  was  figured  in  the  '  Entomolo- 
gist '  for  1893  (vol.  xxvi.  p.  27) ;  but  it  still  more  nearly  corre- 
sponds with  a  specimen  figured  in  the  volume  of  the  '  Iris,' 
cited  above  (pi.  ii.  fig.  3).  Neither  of  the  last  mentioned,  how- 
ever, have  the  white  spot  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  secondaries, 
and  the  under  surface  of  each  of  them  is  far  less  variegated. 

A  male  specimen  of  A.  paphia  from  Germany  in  Mr.  Leech's 
collection  agrees  very  closely  with  the  female  aberration  now 
figured  by  Mr.  Frohawk. — Ed.] 


k2 


104  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

LYOjENA    CORYDON  var.    FOWLERI,   NOV. 

Plate  III.,  figs.  5  <? ,  4  ?  . 

By  Eichard  South. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Fowler  (Entom.  xxxii.  269)  recorded  the  capture, 
on  the  Dorset  coast  in  1899,  of  some  forms  of  L.  cort/don.  As 
the  descriptions  of  these  varieties  did  not  accord  with  any  modi- 
fication of  the  species  with  which  I  was  acquainted,  I  wrote  to 
him  about  them.  In  reply  he  most  kindly  sent  me  a  fine  series 
for  examination,  and  for  this  courtesy  I  am  very  greatly  obliged 
to  him,  as  I  am  thereby  enabled  to  have  figured  an  exceedingly 
interesting  form  of  L.  corydon.  The  male  examples  with  orange 
markings  on  the  outer  margin  of  hind  wings  are  curious,  but 
the  most  striking  form  is  that  represented  by  figures  4  and  5  on 
Plate  III.  In  this  form,  of  which  there  are  six  males  and  one 
female  in  the  series,  the  remarkable  feature  is  that  the  border  of 
the  outer  margin  is  white  instead  of  the  usual  black  ;  the  inner 
limit  of  this  border  is,  on  the  fore  wings,  defined  by  a  dusky 
shade,  and  the  black  nervules  break  up  the  border  into  six  spots  ; 
on  the  hind  wings  four  or  five  of  the  white  spots  are  centred  with 
black  dots.  Three  other  male  examples  and  two  females  exhibit 
gradations  between  the  form  figured  and  typical  L.  corydon. 


BUTTERFLIES  COLLECTED   IN   THE  SOUTH   OF  FEANCE, 

AND   IN   COESICA. 

By  Henry  Charles  Lang,  M.D.,  &c. 

The  places  collected  in  last  year  were  Avignon,  near  the  Pont 
de  Gard  (one  day  only,  June  16th)  ;  Digne,  from  June  18th  to 
23rd,  and  again  from  July  18th  to  20th  ;  Saint  Martin  Vesubie, 
from  June  28th  to  July  7th;  Corsica  (Vizzavona  and  Bastia), 
from  July  9th  to  14th  ;  Nice  (Vallon  obscur),  June  25th  and  on 
July  15th  ;  Annot,  Basses-Alpes,  one  day,  July  17th.  I  have 
referred  occasionally  to  species  taken  in  the  spring  of  1898. 

Papilionid^. 

Papilio  podaliritis.  —  Generally  common  ;  Digne,  abundant  on  Col 
de  St.  Vincent,  St.  Martin,  Nice,  Avignon,     Not  seen  in  Corsica. 

P.  alexanor.  —  First  taken  at  Digne,  June  20th;  right  bank  of 
Bleone  ;  afterwards,  July  18th  to  20tb,  abundant  in  a  valley  opposite 
the  thermal  springs.  (Some  specimens  very  large.)  Three  only  at 
St.  Martin. 


BUTTERFLIES    COLLECTED    IN    SOUTH    OF    FRANCE.  105 

P.  machaon. — Digne,  common  in  the  same  locality  as  P.  podalirius; 
Nice,  St.  Martin. — Var.  aarantiaca.     Once  at  Vizzavona. 

Thais  medesicaste. — One  specimen  at  St.  Martin,  June.  A  very  late 
appearance. 

Paniassius  apollo.  —  Digne,  common  ;  St.  Martin  Vesubie,  on  the 
route  de  Madoue.     The  commonest  butterfly  in  many  places. 

P.  delius.—St.  Martin,  at  the  Madone  de  Fenestre,  6000  ft. 

PlERIDiE. 

Aporia  cratccijL — Not  rare  at  Digne,  St.  Martin,  and  Nice. 

Pieris  brasdcoR. — Found  in  all  the  localities. 

P.  rapce. — Found  in  all  the  localities. 

P.  napi. — Digne  and  St.  Martin. 

P.  daplidice. — Digne  and  St.  Martin. 

Anthocharis  cardcwiines. — Three  or  four  at  St.  Martin. 

A.  euphenoides. — One  specimen  at  Nice  on  June  25th.  Late  appear- 
ance.    I  found  it  at  Digne,  Nice,  and  St.  Martin  in  May,  1898. 

A.  belici. — Too  late  for  type,  but  it  was  common  at  Nice  and  Digne 
in  May,*;1898. 

A,  belia  var.  aiisonia. — -One  at  Digne,  July  18th. 

A.  siiiiplonia. — St.  Martin,  April  and  May,  1898  ;  common. 

A.  tai/is  var.  heUezina. — Over;  it  is  locally  common  at  Digne  in 
April  and  May,  1898. 

Leucophasia  dnapis. — Found  in  all  the  localities. 

L.  duponcheli  var.  cf.stiva. — Digne,  July  1st.  The  spring  brood 
common  at  Digne,  May,  1898. 

Colias  hyale. — In  all  the  localities. 

C.  edusa. — In  all  the  localities. 

Ehodocera  rhaiimi. — Digne  and  St.  Martin. 

R.  Cleopatra.  —  In  all  the  localities  but  Corsica,  where  I  did  not 


see  it. 


Lyc^nid^. 


Thecla  spini. — Digne  and  St.  Martin  ;  common. 

T.  ilicis. — St.  Martin,  Digne  ;  very  common;  at  Avignon  abundant. 

T.  ruhi.  —  Digne  and  St.  Martin,  abundant.  (In  April,  1898,  I 
found  this  species  and  Lycana  melanops  the  commonest  butterflies  at 
Digne.) 

T.  roboiis, — I  took  one  specimen  of  this  rare  insect  at  St.  Martin, 
and  saw  several  others  at  the  beginning  of  July.  It  was  also  taken  by 
Miss  M.  Fountaine  and  Mr.  Rowland  Brown  at  Digne  (Eaux-chaudes). 

Polyonunatiis  virgaurece. — Common  at  St.  Martin. 

P.  hippotho'e  var.  eurybia.  —  Frequent  in  elevated  meadows  at  St. 
Martin  ;  route  de  Madone. 

P.  dorilis. — Digne  and  St.  Martin  ;  not  very  common. 

P.  alciphron  var.  gordiiis. — Digne,  St.  Martin,  Annot ;  common. 

P.  phlceas. — In  all  the  localities ;  in  Corsica  as  a  dark  form  ap- 
proaching var.  eleus. 

Lyccena  telicanus. — A  male  and  female  at  Nice,  near  the  entrance  of 
the  "  Vallon  obscur,"  June  25th. 

L.  aryiades. — Three  specimens  at  Digne,  June. 


i06 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


L.  agon. — In  all  the  localities;  generally  common.  At  Vizzavona, 
Corsica,  a  small  local  form. 

L.  argus. — In  all  the  localities. 

L.  orion. — Two  at  Nice.     Commoner  earlier  in  the  season. 

L.  baton.  —  Digne  and  St.  Martin  ;  a  few  good  specimens,  but 
generally  passe.  It  was  very  abundant  at  Digne  in  April  and  May, 
1898. 

L.  eros. — One  specimen  at  St.  Martin. 

L.  icariis. — Common  in  all  the  localities.  In  Corsica  with  a  light 
under  side,  and  a  very  bright  ante-marginal  orange  band  on  hind  wings. 

L.  astrarche. — Digne,  a  few  only. 

L.  eumedon. — One  specimen  at  St.  Martin. 

L.  amandus. — Fairly  common  at  St.  Martin,  and  two  or  three  at 
Annot.     Only  one  female. 

L.  escheri.  —  Abundant  at  Digne  and  St.  Martin  ;  settling  in  num- 
bers on  puddles  in  company  with  Sijrichthus  carthami  and  Melanargia 
procida. 

L.  bellargus. — Digne,  St.  Martin,  Nice  ;  not  common. 

L.  hylas. — Digne,  St.  Martin  ;  fairly  common. 

L.  corydon. — Digne,  Avignon,  St.  Martin. 

L.  meleager. — Common  at  St.  Martin  in  some  localities  off  the  Nice 
road.  At  Digne  the  male  abundant,  female  rare. — Var.  steevenii.  One 
taken  on  the  Nice  road  between  St.  Martin  and  Eoquebilliere. 

L.  ripartii. — One  at  Digne,  July  19th  (hardly  out). 

L.  argiolus. — Digne  and  St.  Martin  ;  not  very  common.  At  Vizza- 
vona with  a  very  light  under  side  and  small  spots. 

L.  sebrus. — Only  at  Digne  (getting  worn),  June  ;  commoner  earlier 
in  the  year. 

L.  semiargm.  —  Digne,  St.  Martin  ;  common.  A  few  at  Nice  and 
one  in  Corsica. 

L.  minima. — Digne  and  St.  Martin  ;  not  common. — Var.  lorquinii. 
Two  males  at  Digne. 

L.  cyllarus. — Only  at  Digne,  June ;  common  earlier. 

L.  melanops. — A  few  at  Digne  at  the  beginning  of  my  visit  (it  is 
very  abundant  at  the  end  of  April  and  in  May). 

L.  avion. — Digne  and  St.  Martin  ;  locally  abundant. — Var.  obscura. 
Occasionally  at  Digne  and  St.  Martin. 

Erycinid^. 
Nemeobins  lucina. — Only  three  at  Digne  ;  rather  worn. 

LlBYTHEm^E. 

None  seen.     L.  celtis  occurs  at  Digne,  probably  on  cherry. 

APATUKIDiE. 

None  seen, 

Nymphalidje. 

Limenitis  Camilla. — Common  near  the  Pont  de  Gard,  Avignon  ;  also 
at  Digne,  flying  near  streams  ;  none  elsewhere. 

Vanessa  egea. — One  at  Digne,  near  baths;  one  at  St.  Martin, 
Venanson  Road  ;  and  one  at  Vizzavona. 


BUTTEKFLIES    COLLECTED    IN    SOUTH    OF   FRANCE.  107 

V.  c-album. — Digne,  St.  Martin,  Vizzavona. 

V.  polychloros. — Digne  and  St.  Martin  ;  not  common. 

V.  urticcB. — In  all  the  localities  except  Corsica.  I  was  too  early  for 
ichnum,  which  appeal's  at  Vizzavona  about  July  20th. 

V.  aiitiopa. — None  on  this  occasion ;  hybernated  specimens  com- 
mon at  Digne,  April,  1898. 

V.  io. — Not  common  ;  a  few  at  Digne,  and  also  at  Vizzavona. 

V.  atalanta. — Digne,  St.  Martin,  Vizzavona.  At  Digne  it  seems  to 
emerge  early  in  the  season,  as  I  found  it  fresh  there  in  April,  1898. 

F.  cardui. — I  only  saw  this  once,  at  Vizzavona  ;  probably  too  early 
for  it. 

Melitma  didyma.  —  Digne,  St.  Martin.  One  remarkable  aberration 
at  Digne,  July  19th. 

M.  aurinia.  —  Was  common  at  St.  Martin  in  May,  1898  (var. 
iberica) ;  a  few  worn  specimens  at  Digne. 

M.  cinxia. — Three  at  St.  Martin. 

M.  phoebe. — Digne  and  St.  Martin  ;  common.     Annot  (abundant). 

M.  parthenie. — Digne  and  St.  Martin  ;  not  rare. 

M.  athalia. — Digne  and  St.  Martin. 

M.  deione. — Digne  and  St.  Martin  ;  three  or  four. 

Argynnis  euphrosy?ie. — A  few  in  the  above  two  localities. 

A.  selene. — A  few  in  the  above  two  localities. 

A.  dia. — Only  at  St.  Martin  ;  not  common. 

A.  amathiisia. — St.  Martin,  above  the  Boreon  waterfall,  and  Madone 
de  Fenestre. 

A.  daphne. — Digne,  near  the  baths  ;  St.  Martin,  on  the  route  de 
Madone,  and  Venanson  Road  ;  not  common. 

A.  latonia. — Digne,  Avignon,  St.  Martin,  and  at  Vizzavona. 

A.  elisa. — At  Vizzavona  ;  fairly  common  in  the  pine  forest,  and  on 
the  road  to  Tattone. 

A.  (tglaia.— Only  at  St.  Martin,  at  high  elevations. 

A.  adippe.  —  St.  Martin  ;  very  large  and  bright  at  Digne.  No 
cleodoxa  seen. 

A.  paphia. — Digne,  St.  Martin,  Vizzavona. 

A.  pandora. — One  fine  green-coloured  female  at  Vizzavona,  another 
at  the  railway  station  at  the  same  place,  a  third  seen  on  the  station 
platform  at  Vivario. 

SaTYRIDjE. 

Melanargia  galatea. — Digne  and  Avignon  ;  mostly  very  common.— 
Var.  procida.     At  St.  Martin,  where  it  is  abundant,  replacing  type. 

M.  iachesis.  —  Six  fine  specimens  at  Avignon,  near  Pont  de  Gard, 
June  16th. 

M.  syllias — Too  late  for  this  species,  which  I  found  in  profusion  on 
Mount  Boreon,  and  Villefranche,  Nice,  in  May,  1898. 

Erebia  evias.  —  Only  at  St.  Martin,  at  about  4000  ft.  ;  locally 
common. 

E.  ceto. — In  same  localities. 

E.  euryale. — St.  Martin  ;  common  locally. 

E.  stygne. — St.  Martin  ;  only  one  specimen. 

E.  epistygne. — Too  late  for  this  ;  common  at  Digue  in  April,  1898, 
on  the  Montague  de  St.  Vincent. 


108  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Satyrus  hermione. — Digne  and  St.  Martin  ;  common. 

S.  circe. — Avignon,  Digne,  Annot ;  very  common  in  the  last  locality. 

S.  neomiris. — Common  between  Vizzavona  and  Tattone,  and  in 
fresh  condition. 

S.  semele. — In  all  the  localities  except  Corsica,  where  it  is  replaced 
by  var.  aristtBus.     Vizzavona  ;  not  very  common.     Two  at  Bastia. 

8.  cordula. — Abundant  at  Digne,  in  same  locality  as  P.  alexanor. 

S.fidia. — Digne  ;  one  line  specimen  on  outskirts  of  town,  July  18th. 

Pararge  nmra. — St.  Martin,  common  ;  in  chestnut  woods,  &c. 

P.  megara.  —  Common  in  all  the  localities  except  Corsica,  where  it 
is  replaced  by  var.  tigelius ;  common  at  Tattone  and  Bastia,  a  few 
seen  at  Vizzavona.     Seems  to  prefer  lower  elevations. 

P.  egeria.  —  The  typical  form  taken  at  Digne  and  in  Corsica.  At 
Nice  and  St.  Martin  it  is  much  lighter,  intermediate  between  egeria 
and  egerides. 

Epinephele  ianira. — In  all  the  localities. — Var.  hispulla.  At  Digne, 
Nice,  and  in  Corsica. 

E.  lycaon. — Digne;  locally  common. 

E.  ida. — Avignon, common ;  Nice  ("  Vallon  obscur"),  and  at  Bastia. 

E.  pasipha'e.  —  Only  at  Avignon,  where  it  was  common  near  the 
Pont  de  Gard. 

E.  tithonus. — Digne  and  Bastia. 

E.  hyperanthus. — Only  at  St.  Martin. 

Ccenonympha  arccmius. — Digne  and  St.  Martin  ;  common. 

C.  dorus. — St.  Martin,  but  more  abundant  at  Digne. 

C.  corinna. — Very  abundant  in  Corsica  between  Vizzavona  and 
Tattone.     I  did  not  seen  it  near  the  coast. 

C.  pamphilus. — Digne,  St.  Martin,  and  Corsica. 

Hespeeid^. 

Spilothyrus  althcea, — One  specimen  of  this  not  very  common  butter- 
fly on  the  bank  of  the  Khone  at  Avignon. 

S.  lavatercB.  —  Digne,  St.  Martin,  Nice;  common  on  mountain 
paths,     Annot. 

Syrichthns  carthami. — Common  at  Digne  and  St.  Martin. 

S.  serratidcB. — Digne  and  St.  Martin  ;  rare. 

S.  alveus  var.  cirsii. — One  at  Annot. 

S.  sao. — Digne  and  St.  Martin  ;  fairly  common. 

Niso7iiades  tages. — A  few  seen  at  Digne. 

Hesperia  thauvias. — Digne  and  St.  Martin  ;  common. 

H.  lineola. — Digne  and  St.  Martin  ;  common. 

H.  actcBon. — Nice  ;  abundant  in  "  Vallon  obscur  "  ;  St.  Martin. 

H.  sylvanus. — Digne  and  St.  Martin. 


109 


NOTES     ON     CERTAIN     SCOPARI^. 
By  H.  Guard  Knaggs,  M.D.,  F.L.S. 

Though  our  best  entomologists  have,  for  considerably  more 
than  a  quarter  of  a  century,  recognised  Scoparia  atomalis,  Dbld., 
basistrigalis,  Knaggs,  and  ulmella,  Knaggs  (Dale  MS.)  ^-  con- 
spicualis,  Hodgkinson,  as  species  distinct  from  amhigualis,  Tr., 
there  are  still  several  who  fail  to  distinguish  the  characters 
which  separate  them,  the  difficulty,  as  I  pointed  out  many  years 
ago,  probably  arising  from  the  retention  of  poor  specimens,  and 
the  mixing  up  of  species  in  collections.  It  is  therefore  my  pur- 
purpose  further  on  in  these  notes  to  suggest  a  method  of  regard- 
ing them  which  was  found,  in  years  gone  by,  to  be  very  service- 
able to  my  friends  and  myself,  and  which  may  in  the  future  be 
useful  to  others  ;  but  first  let  us  compare  each  separately  with 
amhigualis,  T.,  and  begin  with  atomalis,  Dbld.,  which  most  nearly 
approaches  that  species. 

I  am  aware  that  those  observant  entomologists,  Messrs. 
Bankes  and  Briggs,  for  whose  opinion  I  entertain  the  greatest 

respect,  having  satisfied  themselves  as 
to  connecting  links  between  amhigualis 
and  atomalis,  regard  them  as  identical ; 
and  certainly,  in  the  gradations  of  their 
sombre  tints,  and  the  inconspicuity  of 
their  markings,  their  examination  is  very 
perplexing  ;  but  neither  of  these  gentle- 
men makes  any  reference  to  the  shape  of 
N  the  fore  wings,  which  to  my  eye  is,  in 

'  '  amhigualis,  broader  transversely  between 

the  costa  and  anal  angle,  giving  the 
wing  a  somewhat  triangular  form  ;  while 
in  atomalis  the  corresponding  part  is 
narrower,  and  consequently  the  wing 
appears  to  be  proportionately  longer. 
There  also  seems  to  be  a  greater  differ- 
ence between  the  respective  fore  wings 
of  the  sexes  of  amhigualis  than  in  those 
of  atomalis.  To  my  fancy  these  insects, 
even  when  occurring  in  the  same  locality, 
whether  in  England  (as  Cumberland), 
Scotland  (as  Eannoch),  or  Ireland  (as 
Sligo),  may  be  separated  by  this  cha- 
racter, not  to  mention,  as  a  corroboration,  the  relation  of  the 
claviform  stigma  to  the  first  line ;  for  I  quite  agree  with  Mr. 
Bankes  that,  although  it  is  about  as  unusual  to  find  the  claviform 
stigma  attached  to  the  first  line  in  amhigualis  as  it  is  to  find  it 
detached  in  atomalis,  the  occurrence   is   not   of  a   sufficiently 


»S.  ambiyualis,  ^  and  J 


110 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


constant  nature,  alone,  to  constitute  a  specific  distinction.  This 
character  is  much  more  rehable  in  such  species  as  murana,  and 
in  less  degree  in  crakegalis,  though  Mr.  Meyrick  applies  it  to 
basistrigalis  and  ulmella,  which  looks  as  if  he  had  never  seen 
these  species,  for  in  the  former  the  detached  claviform  occurs  so 
seldom  (four  or  five  per  cent.,  say,  and  then  perhaps  only  on  one 
side),  while  in  the  latter  it  never  occurs,  so  far  as  I  am  aware. 

Perhaps  it  should  here  be  mentioned 
parenthetically  that  some  time  ago  my 
friend  Mr.  Sidney  Webb  kindly  lent  me 
the  whole  of  his  collection  of  this  group, 
thus  enabling  me  to  compare  hundreds  of 
l  \7'  specimens  from  all  parts  of  the  United 

I  Kingdom. 

f  Then,  again,  ambigualis  seems  to  be 

more  variable  in  size  than  atomalis,  south- 
ern specimens  running  larger,  northern 
ones  about  the  same  size  ;  but  S.  duhiella, 
Gregson,  which  I  take  to  be  a  diminutive 
form  of  arnbigualis,  is  much  smaller  than 
the  least  atomalis  I  have  ever  seen,  its 
alar  expanse  reaching  only  seven  lines. 
There  are  half  a  dozen  of  this  dwarf 
form,  with  its  dull  and  undefined  mark- 
ings and  detached  claviform  stigma,  in 
Mr.  Webb's  collection,  but  he  is  unfortu- 
nately unable  to  furnish  positive  informa- 
tion as  to  the  locality  in  which  they  were  captured,  though  he 
believes  that  the  late  Mr.  Gregson  probably  took  them  in  one 
of  his  favourite  hunting-grounds,  such  as  Cumberland,  North 
Lancashire,  Isle  of  Man,  or  North  Wales.  It  would  be  very 
interesting  to  accurately  locate  the  precise  haunts  of  these 
puzzling  little  pigmies. 

But  if  I  am  right  in  saying  that  ambigualis  is  the  more 
variable  in  size,  atomalis  would  appear  to  be  the  more  variable 
in  markings  ;  the  strongly  marked  specimens  here  figured  hailed 
from  Scotland,  but  the  most  striking  varieties,  in  Mr.  Webb's 
collection,  are  from  the  North  of  Ireland.  In  these  the  basal 
and  apical  areas  are  very  dark,  the  medial  area  being  of  quite  a 
light  colour ;  whilst  the  tendency  to  leucomelanic  variation  in 
ambigualis  is  just  the  reverse,  namely,  dark  in  the  medial  area, 
light  in  the  others.  We  also  sometimes  find  a  similar  kind  of 
variation  in  basistrigalis,  mercurella,  ulmella,  alpina,  &c. 

Again,  ambigualis  has  a  much  wider  range  of  distribution 
than  atomalis,  the  former  being  ubiquitous  from  the  northern- 
most Shetland  isle  to  North  and  Central  Europe  ;  while  of  the 
latter,  Cumberland  is,  I  believe,  the  most  southern  limit.  I 
throw  out  these  hints  for  what  they  are  worth,  for,  though  I  do 


<S'.  atomalis,   5  and  ^  . 


NOTES    ON   CERTAIN    SCOPARI^.  Ill 

not  deny  the  possibility  or  even  probability  of  these  (let  us  say 
"forms")  being  identical,  it  does  not  at  present  seem  to  me 
advisable  that  my  good  friend  the  late  Henry  Doubleday's 
specific  name  "atomalis"  should  be  drojDped  until  something 
definite  respecting  their  earlier  stages  has  been  worked  out. 

The  figures  here  given  are  reproduced  by  shadowless  photo- 
graphy, talc  having  been  substituted  in  place  of  glass,  which  I 
recommended  in  a  recent  suggestion  (Entom.  vol.  xxx.  p.  265) ; 
the  enlargement  of  all  the  figures  is  the  same,  namely,  about 
two  and  a  half  diameters. 

A  comparison  between  hasistrigalis,  Knaggs,  and  amhigualis, 
Tr.,  is  our  next  consideration.  Your  older  readers  will  probably 
remember  that  in  1866  I  described  the  former  species  in  the 
pages  of  the  E.  M.  M.  (vol.  iii.  p.  1),  and  that  I  then  drew  atten- 
tion to  the  greater  width  of  the  fore  wing,  its  rounded  apex  and 
vertical  hind  margin ;  also  to  the  oblique  commencement  of  the 
angulated  first  line,  the  denticulated  second  line,  the  distinct 
basal  streaks,  the  cilia  neatly  intersected  with  black  squares,  &c. 

Messrs.  Bankes  (E.M.M.  n.  s.  vol.  i.  p.  7)  and  Briggs  (Entom. 
vol.  xxii.  p.  17  ;  E.  M.  M.  n.  s.  vol.  i.  p.  51),  in  their  revisions  of 
the  Scoparise,  have  not  yet  offered  an  opinion  as  to  the  identity 
of  hasistrigalis  with,  or  its  distinctness  from,  amhigualis,  but 
suspend  their  judgment  until  they  have  seen  the  insect  in  a  state 
of  nature.  Since  then  some  very  strong  evidence  in  favour  of 
the  specific  status  of  hasistrigalis  has  been  recorded  ;  in  fact,  in 
the  very  next  number  of  the  E  M.  M.  after  my  friend  Mr.  Briggs's 
communication,  my  old  correspondent,  Mr,  G.  T.  Porritt,  of 
Huddersfield,  contributed  a  most  interesting  note  (E.  M.  M.  n.  s. 
vol.  i.  p.  88)  on  the  subject,  from  which  I  extract  the  following : 
"  If  Mr.  Tutt,  or  any  of  your  other  correspondents  who  doubt 
the  distinctness  of  hasistrigalis  from  amhigualis,  had  seen  the 
former  in  the  numbers  I  and  several  other  lepidopterists  saw  it 
in  Edlington  Wood,  near  Doncaster,  on  Aug.  4th,  1879,  I  fancy 
their  doubts  would  have  for  ever  been  dissipated.  ...  I  remem- 
ber distinctly  that  on  seeing  the  first  specimen  on  that  occasion, 
although  I  had  never  seen  the  insect  alive  before,  I  at  once 
recognised  it  as  hasistrigalis  ;  and,  on  calling  the  late  William 
Brest,  of  York,  who  was  working  some  distance  from  me,  he,  on 
coming  up  and  seeing  the  specimen  on  the  tree,  instantly  said, 
'  hasistrigalis.'  .  .  .  Although  I  suppose  I  have  seen  thousands  of 
amhigualis  in  all  sorts  of  localities,  I  have  never  seen  any  I  was 
inclined  to  suspect  might  he  hasistrigalis.''  Mr.  Porritt  refers 
also  to  its  broader  fore  wings,  as  compared  with  allied  species, 
and  mentions  its  erratic  disappearance  from  Edlington  Wood. 
He  adds  that  Mr.  Prest  subsequently  took  it  in  Bishop's  Wood, 
near  Selby. 

About  five  years  after  this  Mr.  B.  A.  Bower,  a  gentleman  who 
seems   to  have    made   hasistrigalis  one  of  his   special   studies, 


112 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


exhibited,  at  the  Entomological  Society  of  London,  a  wonderful 
series  of  varieties  of  this  insect,  which  created  great  interest ; 
and  later  on  he  contributed  an  excellent  paper  on  the  subject  to 
the  E.M.M.  (vol.  vi.  n.  s.  p.  273).  Mr.  Bower  has  had  plenty  of 
experience  with  hasistrigalis,  and  says : — "  The  shape  of  this 
species  will  always  distinguish  it  from  ambigualis,  its  fore  wings, 

though  narrow  at  the  base,  being  de- 
cidedly broader  than  in  that  species, 
with  a  greatly  arched  costa,  especially 
so  in  females.  And,  again,  the  time  of 
its  occurring  would  tend  to  prove  it 
distinct,  as,  although  there  is  actually 
no  definite  period  between  its  emerg- 
ence and  the  disappearance  of  ambigu- 
alis, the  latter  has  become  greatly 
diminished  in  numbers  and  in  a  dilapi- 
dated condition  before  hasistrigalis  puts 
in  an  appearance.  Added  to  which 
anyone  having  seen  the  species  in 
nature  cannot  but  have  been  struck 
with  the  peculiarly  robust  look  of  the 
insect,  due  to  the  width  of  the  united 
fore  wings."  Mr.  Bower  says  that  the 
moths  are  not  uncommon  in  one  or 
two  Kentish  woods,  but  in  these  are 
restricted  to  a  very  small  area,  and 
even  then  show  a  partiality  for  certain 
trees.  He  believes  it  not  to  be  a  moss- 
feeder,  for  the  reason  that  he  has  failed 
to  breed  it  by  placing  females  in  pots  of 
growing  moss,  whereas  mercurella  and 
cratcegalis,  thus  treated,  breed  freely. 
He  does  not  agree  with  the  theory  that 
the  variation  is  solely  due  to  more 
succulent  food  or  damp  situation,  be- 
cause most  of  his  captures,  dark  as  well 
as  light,  were  made  in  an  abnormally 
dry  locality  —  sand  on  a  chalk  subsoil. 
At  the  end  of  his  paper  Mr.  Bower 
gives  a  very  interesting  enumeration  of  the  variations  of  this 
species. 

Such  testimony  from  two  eminent  lepidopterists,  given  quite 
independently  of  each  other,  ought  surely  to  satisfy  all  who  are 
open  to  conviction,  but  I  do  not  despair  of  eventually  bringing 
home  to  the  minds  of  the  most  sceptical  the  fact  that  hasistrigalis 
and  amhigualis  are  distinct  species.  Ah  me  !  I  wish  I  could  feel 
as  I  did  twenty  years  ago,  just  for  a  season  or  two,  that  I  might 
experience  the  delight  of  collecting  the  insect,  and  distributing  it 


basistrigalis,  <y  and  5 


ivnhUjualis,   J 


NOTES    ON    CERTAIN    SCOPARI^.  113 

to  all  who  cared  to  accept  it,  so  that  everybody  should  know  it ; 
as  I  did  with  T.  bondii  in  days  of  yore  ;  but,  as  I  cannot  do  this,  it 
will  give  me  much  pleasure  to  express  an  opinion  upon  any  sup- 
posed specimens  of  basistrigalis  which  may  be  forwarded  to  me, 
for  the  purpose,  although  no  doubt  it  is  better  for  the  instruction 
of  entomologists  that  they  should  each  collect,  and  name  their 
own  captures. 

To  those  who  would  prefer  to  make  their  own  comparisons 
between  basistrigalis  and  ambigualis,  I  would  draw  attention  to 
the  following  points :  The  greater  alar  expanse,  particularly  of 
the  females  of  the  former  ;  the  more  rhomboidal  shape  of  the 
fore  wings,  with  their  rounded  tips  and  more  vertical  hind  mar- 
gins ;  the  richer  clothing  of  scales  ;  the  more  ample  hind  wings, 
and  their  whiter,  more  pearly,  and  translucent  appearance 
(through  which,  in  a  favourable  light,  you  can  distinguish  the 
label  beneath),  as  compared  with  the  decidedly  fuscous  tone  of 
those  of  ambigualis ;  this  is  very  distinctive  when  a  series  of 
each,  side  by  side,  is  inspected ;  the  distinct  basal  streaks ;  the 
oblique  commencement  of  the  first  line,  from  costa  to  orbicular 
stigma,  which  if  continued  would  about  bisect  the  anal  angle,  as 
compared  with  the  less  oblique  commencement  of  the  same  in 
ambigualis,  which  if  produced  would  arrive  about  the  dorsal  end 
of  the  second  line ;  then  the  greater  angulation  of  the  first  line, 
especially  the  middle  angulation,  which  almost  invariably  meets 
the  dash-like  claviform  stigma,  is  deeper  and  more  acute  than  in 
ambigualis  ;  the  renal  stigma  more  clouded  with  ochreous  brown, 
the  inner  lower  cornu  of  the  x  mark  generally  projecting  base- 
wards — not  so  in  ambigualis :  the  more  distinct  denticulation  of 
the  second  line,  which  is  less  inclined  to  conform  to  the  lines 
which  enclose  an  angle  than  in  ambigualis  ;  the  neatly  intersected 
cilia,  and  other  little  matters  which  I  shall  attempt  to  explain 
by  and  by,  which  should  enable  anyone  "in  the  know"  to 
separate  these  species  at  a  glance. 

As  for  ulmella,  Knaggs  (Dale  MS.)  =  conspicmdis,  Hodgkinson, 
I  do  not  think  that  anyone  but  Mr.  Meyrick  has  been  bold 
enough  to  assert  that  it  is  identical  with  basistrigalis  and  the 
others.  It  has  always  appeared  to  me  that  the  sleek  natty  little 
ulmella  was  not  very  closely  allied  to  any  of  our  Scoparise,  but 
that  on  the  whole  it  came  nearest  to  duhitalis  ;  and  in  my  original 
description  (E.M.  M.  vol.  iii.  p.  217,  1867)  I  placed  it  between 
that  species  and  mercurella  (and  fine  specimens  certainly  bear  a 
remarkable  though  superficial  resemblance  to  the  "  plioeoleuca  " 
var.  of  the  latter),  while  my  old  correspondent  the  late  Mr. 
Hodgkinson,  who  described  it  quite  separately  from  me,  and 
many  years  afterwards  (Entom.  vol.  xiv.  p.  223,  1881)  under  the 
name  conspicualis,  also  remarked  its  affinity  to  ingratella  (now 
considered  to  be  a  variety  of  dubitalis),  and  placed  it  between  that 
species  and  atomalis,     Mr.  Hodgkinson  made  some  interesting 


114 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


S.  ulmella,  ^  and  J 


remarks  as  to  its  appearance  in  a  state  of  nature.     He  noted 
"  its  peculiar  light  appearance  when  on  the  wing,  which  readily 

distinguishes  it  from  any  Scoparia  but 
S.  pallida.  This  may  be  easily  under- 
stood by  laying  a  specimen  on  its  back. 
The  under  side  is  all  alike,  of  a  creamy 
satiny  spotless  white."    Again:  "  It  sits 

(triangularly,  nnd  may  be  known  from 
any  other  of  the  genus,  when  at  rest,  by 
the  peculiarly  distinct  light  first  sj)ace, 
standing  out  as  a  white  dot  on  the  tree 
the  insect  is  resting  on  "  ;  hence,  I  pre- 
sume, the  name  conspicualis.  The  imago 
appears  July  and  August.  Mr.  Hodgkin- 
son's  captures  were  made  at  Windermere. 
On  a  former  occasion  (E.  M.  M.  vol. 
vi,  p.  41,  1869),  Mr.  Hodgkinson  men- 
t  tions  that,  fifteen  years  previous  to  his 

I  note,  he  took   some    Scoparise  on    elm 

trees  in  Brockholes  Wood,  near  Preston, 
which  agreed  with  ulmella.  They  were, 
however,  returned  to  him  as  deliinella=^ 
resinea  ;  but  he  was  at  the  time  satisfied 
that  they  were  not  that  species.  He 
adds  that  the  trees  were  cut  down  after 
he  made  his  captures,  so  that  I  suppose 
he  did  not  meet  with  it  again  in  that 
locality.  It  may  be  remembered  that 
Mr.  Dale's  original  specimens  were  taken 
off  the  trunk  of  a  wych-elm  in  a  thick 
wood  at  East  Meon,  adjoining  Bordean 
Hanger,  in  July. 

I  do  not  know  that  I  need  refer 
further  to  the  peculiarities  of  idmella, 
except  to  observe  that  it  is  the  first  line 
which  partakes  of  the  character  of  that 
of  mercurella  ,•  while  it  is  the  stigmata,  and 
particularly  the  reniform  and  claviform, 
which,  with  their  ochreous  arrangements, 
remind  one  of  dahitalis,  and  this  is  more 
especially  observable  in  some  specimens 
than  in  others.  Unfortunately  photo- 
graphy does  not  afford  an  accurate  re- 
cord of  ochreous  marks,  and  so  we  must 
do  without  them  ;  but  that  does  not  mat- 
ter, as  we  have  ample  evidence  without 
them  to  show  that  ulmella  is  neither  basi- 
strigalis,  nor  amhigualis,  nor  atomalis.  In  comparing  two  or  more 
species  with  one  another,  the  same  sex  should  be  selected. 


S.  basistrigalis.   $ 


avibigualis,   2 


NOTES    ON    CERTAIN    SCOPARI^. 


115 


T  now  propose  to  view  these  four  insects  as  a  group,  and  in 
doing  so  trust  that  your  readers  will  take  me  seriously,  for  I  can 
assure  them  that  I  am  very  much  in  earnest,  though  my  methods 
may  appear  to  be  grotesque.  If  the  student  will  look  at  the  fore 
wing  of  either  of  these  Scoparige  he  will  find  that  the  middle  and 
apical  areas  (that  is,  the  space  bounded  by  the  first  line,  the 
costa  (in  part),  the  hind  margin,  and  the  dorsal  margin  (in  part) ) 
present  the  similitude  of  a  human  head,  the  features  looking 
basewards ;  humanity,  it  is  true,  of  a  low  type,  with  very 
receding  forehead  and  deficient  cranial  development,  but  still 
sufficiently  appreciable  for  the  purpose  we  have  in  hand.  The 
reader  will  see,  by  my  rough  caricatures  below,  to  which  I  have 
got  Mr.  Victor  Prout  to  put  respectable  bodies  and  limbs,  the 
portion  of  the  wing  to  which  reference  is  made,  and  will  be  able 
to  clearly  define  the  forehead,  eyebrow,  bridge  of  the  nose,  lower 
border  or  septum  of  the  nose,  wing  or  ala  of  the  nose,  upper  lip, 
mouth,  lower  lip,  chin,  jaw,  and  cranium,  encased  in  head-gear. 
I  have  considered  it  enough  to  indicate  the  position  of  the  eye 
(renal  stigma)  with  a  cross.     The  long  narrow  head  of  atomelis 


S.  atomalis. 


ambigualis. 


N 

basistngalis.  ulmella. 


will  be  noted ;  the  sharp  nose,  compressed  lips,  mouth  projecting 
forwards,  and  the  angulated  chin  of  basistrigaUs  compared  with 
ambigualis  ,-  and  the  short  upper  lip,  the  small  mouth,  and  long 
straightish  projecting  chin  of  ulmella  will  be  remarked  ;  but  of 
course,  in  their  examinations,  a  little  allowance  must  be  made 
for  individual  variation,  since  no  two  animals  or  plants  are  ever 
exactly  alike  in  every  respect ;  the  shepherd  knows  every  sheep 
in  his  flock  by  the  expressions  of  their  faces  ;  the  striped  ribbon 
fescue  grass  of  our  gardens,  in  some  parts,  goes  by  the  name  of 
"  match-me-if-youcan."  Now,  what  I  want  the  student  to  do  is 
carefully  to  compare,  at  first,  the  photographs  accompanying 
this  paper  by  the  light  of  the  suggestions  made,  and  afterwards 
to  examine  actual  specimens  (decent,  recognisable  ones,  mind), 
when  I  shall  be  very  much  surprised  if  he  does  not  in  future 
come  to  regard  the  Scopariae  with  a  new  interest,  and  find  these 


116  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

physiognomies  of  great  use  in  rapidly  determining  the  various 
species  of  these  insects. 

In  conclusion,  I  have  to  thank  Messrs.  Auld,  Farn,  and 
Gardner  for  kindly  assistance  with  specimens. 

Folkestone :  February,  1900. 


ON    THE    MORPHOLOGY    AND    CLASSIFICATION    OF    THE 
AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS    HOMOPTERA. 

By  Dr.   H.  J.  Hansen.* 

Antenna. 

It  is  evident  that  in  all  the  Auchenorrhynchous  Homoptera, 
the  antennae  are  composed  of  a  shaft  (or  peduncle)  and  a  whip 
(or  flagellum).  The  peduncle  always  consists  of  two  considerable 
segments,  of  which  the  first  at  least  is  always  destitute  of  sensory 
organs  ;  the  flagellum — its  base  included — is  always  much  thinner 
than  the  second  segment  of  the  peduncle,  and  usually  consists  of 
several  segments,  but  by  amalgamation  it  sometimes  appears  to 
consist  of  a  thicker  short  basal  part,  with  a  long  thin  tapering 
non-segmented  apical  bristle.  There  does  not  appear  to  be  any 
noteworthy  distinction  between  the  two  sexes  in  the  sensory 
organs. 

-    1.  Stridulantia. 

The  antennae  are  set  in  pits  between  the  eyes  right  under  the 
upper  margin  of  the  forehead  (frons) ;  they  seem  to  be  singularly 
uniform  in  all  the  species.  The  segments  of  the  peduncle  are 
simple;  the  first  is  more  or  less  concealed,  roofed  over  in  the 
antennal  pit,  and  is,  at  least  usually,  the  longest ;  the  second  is 
2vithout  sensory  organs,  and  is  always  considerably  thicker  than 
the  first  segment  of  the  flagellum.     The  flagellum  is  fairly  long, 

*  This  very  important  work  was  published  in  Danish  in  1890,  in  the 
'  Entomologisk  Tidskrift  '  (xi.  pp.  19-76,  two  plates),  under  the  title  of 
"  Gamle  og  nye  Hovedmonienter  til  Cicadariernes  Morphologi  og  Syste- 
matik,"  but  scarcely  any  notice  having  been  taken  of  it,  among  English- 
speaking  rhynchotists  at  least,  a  free  translation  of  the  third,  fourth,  and 
fifth  parts  is  now  offered  to  the  'Entomologist.'  The  learned  author,  whose 
knowledge  of  English  is  almost  as  thorough  as  that  of  his  native  language, 
has  been  so  kind  as  to  look  over  my  manuscript.  The  original  paper,  to 
which  the  interested  reader  is  referred,  was  accompanied  by  two  finely 
executed  plates,  containing  more  than  fifty  figures,  illustrating  the  antennae, 
claws,  &c.,  of  a  number  of  forms.  The  more  original  portion  of  the  paper 
which  is  now  translated  was  preceded  by  a  short  personal  introduction 
(pp.  19-22),  and  an  historical  resume  of  the  classification  of  the  Auchenor- 
rhynchous Homoptera  (pp.  22-34).  Dr.  Hansen's  new  considerations  are 
drawn  principally  from  the  structure  of  the  antennas  and  legs,  and  from  the 
position  of  the  spiracles.  The  generic  and  specific  nomenclatm-e  used  in 
this  translation  is  identical  with  that  in  the  original  work. — G.  W.  Kirkaldy. 


THE  AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS  HOMOPTERA.  117 

rather  thick  at  the  base,  and  tapering  to  the  apex  ;  it  consists 
(see  pi.  i.  f.  1,*  representing  Cicada  prumosa,  Say)  of  Jive  long, 
mutually  almost  equally  long,  segments  ;  with  a  lens  one  can 
easily  perceive  the  two  or  three  basal  {alwaijs  mutually  long) 
flagellum-segments,  but  in  dried  specimens  the  fifth  is  not  always 
distinguishable  separately. 

On  the  under  side  of  the  first  and  second  segments  of  the 
fiagellum  there  is  a  very  large  number  of  sensory  organs.  Each  of 
these  consists  of  a  pit,  from  the  bottom  of  which  sticks  up  a 
blunt  S23ike ;  these  organs  are  of  two  somewhat  different  forms. 
Some  are  considerable  (fig.  la,  m),  the  pits  being  remarkably 
wide  in  proportion  to  their  depth ;  the  spikes  are  stout,  and  pro- 
ject somewhat  out  from  the  pits.  The  others  (tig.  1  a,  n)  are 
much  smaller,  the  pits  being  narrow  and  proportionately  deep  ; 
the  spikes  are  slender,  and  scarcely  project  beyond  the  orifices 
of  the  pits. 

On  the  three  last  segments  of  the  fiagellum  I  have  found  a  few 
of  the  smaller  kind  of  these  organs. 

v' 

"^2.  CercopidcB. 

y/  I  have  microscopically  examined  the  antennae  of  a  Brazilian 

^^  MonecphorayTriecphora  sanguinolenta}'^  Aphrophora  alni,  and 
'^Philcenus  spumarius,  that  is  to  say,  representatives  of  the  three 
groups  into  which  the  Cercopidae  were  divided  by  Stal  ('  Hemi- 
ptera  africana,' iv.  5^).  I  have  also  examined  with  a  strong 
lens  two  examples  ofMachcBrota  (representing  Stal's  third  group), 
and  a  large  number  of  examples  belonging  to  various  genera  of 
the  first  two  groups.  The  antennae  have  a  very  close  mutual 
resemblance,  both  superficially  and  in  their  detailed  structure, 
while  at  the  same  time  differing  considering  from  the  other 
families.  They  are  always  placed  in  front  of  the  eyes  in  pits  on 
the  forehead  close  beneath  the  margin,  which,  at  least  just  at 
this  place,  projects  freely,  separating  the  vertex  from  the  fore- 
head. The  second  segment  of  the  peduncle  (pi.  i.  f.  2  and  3)  is 
subequal  to  the  first,  approximately  cylindric,  ivithout  sensory 
organs,  its  broad  distal  end  being  cup-shaped.  The  fiagellum 
consists  of  a  single,  very  thick  basal  segment,  and  an  extremely  fine 
tolerably  long  bristle,  which  is  not  separated  from  the  basal  seg- 
ment by  any  articulation  in" Monecphora,  while  it  is  somewhat 
indistinctly  articulated  in'- Aphrophora.  The  basal  segment  is 
short  and  obliquely  oviform  (or  almost  spherical),  its  basal  part 
prolonged  in  a  short  thin  stalk,  by  which  it  is  fastened  to  the 
concave  part  of  the  second  segment  of  the  peduncle.  It  has  a 
small  number  (from  six  to  nine),  near  the  apex  on  the  one  side, 
of  simple  proportionately  very  large  sensory  pits,  each  with  a 

'■-  These  references  are  to  the  plates  in  the  original  paper,  which  should 
be  compared  with  this  translation. — G.  W.  K. 

KNTOM. — APRIL,    1900.  L 


118  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

simple  short  spike ;  and  one  generally  finds  close  to  the  apex 
two  more  or  less  short  {Triecpliora  and  Philcenus)  or  long 
[Monecphora)  thorns,  which  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  in 
V  Aphrophora  alni,  in  which  I  found,  however,  two  big  pits  (f.  3  s), 
one  on  each  side  of  the  segment,  resembling  the  fastening-place 
of  the  thorns,  but  of  whose  nature,  however,  I  cannot  say  any- 
thing. 

The  flagellum  has  an  absolutely  different  structui^e  in  the 
nymph  stages  from  what  obtains  in  the  imagines.  In  Philcenus 
spiimarius,  Linn.,  it  consists  of  seven  segments  (pi.  i.  f.  4),  which, 
with  the  excej)tion  of  the  shorter  penultimate  segment,  are  nearly 
subequal  in  length  ;  the  first  is  very  stout,  the  others  tapering 
towards  the  apex.  The  first  segment  bears  a  number  of  small 
normal  sensory  organs  ;  similar  ones  are  found  also,  but  singly, 
scattered  about  on  the  2nd-5th  segments.  The  antenna  of  the 
adult  is  also  clearly  discernible  within  that  of  the  nymph  ;  the 
thick  basal  segment  of  the  flagellum  of  the  former  occupies  about 
half  of  the  capacity  of  the  same  segment  of  the  nymph,  while  the 
filiform  part  of  the  flagellum  of  the  imago  extends  throughout 
the  far  thicker  nymphal  segment  up. to  the  apex. 

3.  Jassidce. 

Of  this  mighty  family  I  have  examined  microscopically  the 

antennae  oi^Tettigonia  ferruginea,  F.,  and  obtusa,  F .pidiocerus 

ypopuli,  L.,  msdePTyphlocyba  roses,  h.y  Acocephalus  striatus,  F., 

6  Paropia  scanica,  Fsill.^Ledra  aurita,  L.  (imagines  and  nymphs), 

V^Ulopa  reticulata,  F .^  JEthalioii  reticulatum/L.,  Centrotus  cornutus, 

h.YMembracis  tectigera,  Oliv.,  that  is  to  say,  representatives  of 

most  of  the  principal  forms.     I  have  examined  with  a  strong 

lens  all  the  other  notable  genera  known  to  me. 

The  antennae  are  placed  in  more  or  less  distinct  pits,  which 
in  some  foi'ms  {Tettigonia,  &c.)  are  situated  before  the  eyes  ;  but 
in  oi\\QrB-^{Idiocerusl  ALthalion,  &c.)  are  placed  under  the  eyes 
very  much  as  in  many  Fulgoridse.  While  they  differ  very  greatly 
in  the  various  genera,  they  possess  nevertheless  a  certain  family 
likeness  which  distinguishes  them  from  the  other  families  (pi.  i. 
f.  5-10).  The  second  peduncular  segment  is,  as  a  rule,  subequal 
to,  or  a  trifle  less  than,  the  first  in  size.  It  is  often  peculiarly 
sculptured  in  a  scaly-like  manner,  but  is  always  ivithout  sensory 
organs  ;  its  apex  never  presents  such  a  peculiar  cup  as  that  of 
the  Cercopidse.  The  flagellum  is  always  clearly  nmltisegmentate, 
in  the  first  half  oL  its  length  at^ least ;  it  is  sometimes  short  and 
very  thiciy(C/Z6ipa,  Centrotusy^thalion) ,  sometimes  long,  or  very 
long  {Tettigonia,  &c.),  and  very  thin  in  the  greatest  part  of  its 
length ;  but  its  oval^  always  somewhat — sometimes  greatly — 
thickened  basal  part  MJJlopa)  has  numerous  transverse  furroivs 
Cor  at  least  tends  towards  this  owing  to  coalescence  of  some  of 


THE  AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS  HOMOPTERA.  119 

the  segments)  or  consists  of  from  two  to  six  segments  which  are 
provided  ivith  a  few  simple  sensory  organs,  consisting  of  fairly 
deep  small  pits,  which  have  a  sensory-spike  projecting  from 
within.  I  have  never  found  traces  of  sensory  organs  on  the 
remainder  of  the  thin  bristle-like  segment,  except  perhaps  in  the 
male  ^Mdiocerus,  in  which  the  apical  part  of  the  flagellum  forms 
a  large  flat  oval  plate  (pi.  i.  f.  6),  on  which  scattered  points 
appear,  which  are  perhaps  peculiar,  extremely  small  sensory 
organs,  but  of  the  nature  of  which  I  can  say  nothing,  since  my 
strongest  magnifying  power  (600  times)  was  quite  insufficient. 
IrPTettigonia  ferruginea  (f.  5)  the  flagellum  is  very  long  and  fine, 
except  its  somewhat  thicker  Wt  still  proportionately  very  slender 
sensory  basal  part  (f.  5  a),  which  clearly  consists  of  five  seg- 
ments, of  which  the  three  middle  are  the  shortest,  and  the  last — 
probably  formed  by  the  fusion  of  two  segments — long.  The 
remainder  of  the  flagellum  consists  of  a  large  number  of  seg- 
ments, of  which  the  proximal  ones  are  short,  the  others  longer  ; 
each  one,  however,  is  somewhat  irregularly  superficially  divided 
into  several  extremely  short  segments  {false  segmentation).  The 
last  part  of  the  flagellum  is  very  ^bin,  and  in  it  every  trace  of 
segmentation  has  disappeared.  In  ^Idiocerus  populi  <?  (f.  6)  the 
sensory  basal  part  of  the  flagellum  is  of  the  thickness  of  the 
same  part  in  Tettigonia,  and  consists  of  six  segments  ;  the  part 
between  the  basal  segment  and  the  recently  mentioned  "  Palette  " 
is  not  twice  so  long  as  the  sensory  part,  and  consists  of  eighteen 
to  nineteen  rather  strong  and  to  sovip  extent  regular  segments, 
/which  are  not  again  divided  as  in  ^TetUgonia  ferruginea.  In 
^Ledra  aurita  (f.  7)  the  basal  part  is  very  similar  to  that  in 
^^  Tettigonia,  but  consists,  however,  of  only  three  segments,  of 
which  the  last  isyjery  long.  The  apical  section  is  shorter  and 
thicker  than  in  Tettigonia,  but,  however,  tapers,  and  is  divided 
from  the  base  to  about  the  middle  into  numerous  small  segments, 
while  the  remainder  is  quite  without  segmentation.  ItC^Ulopa 
reticulata  (f.  8)  the  sensory  part  is  extraordinarily  thick  through- 
out, and  consists  of  two  segments  only  ;  but  the  apical  one  is 
very  long,  and  certainly  corresponds  with  more  than  one  in  the 
last  mentioned  genera ;  the  rest  of  the  flagellum  is  also  thick, 
though  it  tapers  towards  the  apex  ;  it  is  divided  into  sixteen 
normal  segments,  which  increase  in  length  towards  the  apex.  In 
V-  <P  Centrotiis  cornutus  (f.  9)  the  sensory  portion  is  fairly  thick, 
gradually  tapering  and  badly  separated  from  the  distal  part ;  its 
segmentation  is  not  distinct,  and  is  rendered  more  indistinct 
from  irregular  transverse  stripes  ;  the  rest  of  the  flagellum  is 
^  coarse,  consisting  of  numerous  short  irregular  segments.  In 
^  Mthalionreticidatum  (f.  10)  the  flagellum  is  formed  very  similarly 
to  that  oiCewiro^zts ;  the  sensory  se'ction  is,  however,  separated 
more  distinctly  from  the  rest,  which  is  proportionately  somewhat 
thinner.    In  Membracis  tectigera  the  sensory  parts  are  formed  as 

l2 


120  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

in  Mthalion,  but  are  a  trifle  shorter,  more  oviform,  and  more 
distinctly  separated  from  the  proportionately  longer  and  thinner 
apical  part,  which  con^&ts,  as  in^Ulopa,  pfi  numerous  regularly 
disposed  segments.  In  Paropia  scanica  aha  Acocephalus  striatus 
the  sensory  parts  are  slender  and  clearly.,  divided  into  six  seg- 
ments ;  the  rest  of  the  flagellum  is,  in  Acocephalus,  almost 
identical  vfitrrLedra ;  i^  Paropia  it  is  longer,  and  segmented 
regularly  up  to  the  apex.  j 

In  sexually  immature  forms  (of  which  I  have  examined  Ledra 
and  two  of  our  indigenous  Jassinae  (sens,  lat.) ),  the  antennae 
do  not  deviate  in  structure  to  any  essential  extent  from  the 
sexually  matured. 

(To  be  continued.) 


DIPHXLETISM    IN    THE    LEPIDOPTERA. 
By  a.  Radcliffe  Gkote,  A.M. 

In  letters  to  me  Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman  proposes  to  call  in  the 
future  my  numbered  vein  "  IX."  of  the  fore  wings  in  the 
Papilionides,  "  Grote's  vein,"  since  upon  the  presence  of  this 
vein  I  have  based  a  separation  of  the  swallow-tail  group  from 
the  rest  of  the  butterflies,  and  because  also  a  name  which  is 
noncommittal  is  useful  when  applied  to  an  organ  the  homologies 
of  which  are  doubtful,  as  in  the  present  instance.  At  the  same 
time.  Dr.  Chapman  suggests  that  this  vein  may  be  not  the  third 
anal,  which  from  its  position  it  might  seem  to  be,  but  the  fourth 
in  the  series  of  internal  veins  on  the  primary  wing. 

While  in  my  original  papers  I  disputed  the  homology  of 
"Grote's  vein"  with  the  "fork"  of  the  Hesperiades,  which 
Prof.  Comstock  regards  as  the  remains  of  the  third  pupal  vein, 
it  did  not  occur  to  me  that  it  might  be  the  fourth,  since  there 
seemed  no  space  between  "Grote's  vein"  at  base  and  the 
second  anal  to  admit  of  an  intercalary  longitudinal  vein.  In  my 
paper  on  the  "  Descent  of  the  Pierids,"  I  have  given  a  tentative 
sketch  of  a  genealogical  tree  of  the  Hesperiad  phylum,  deriving 
it  from  an  ancestry  in  which  four  anal  veins  on  either  wing  were 
present,  and  which  would  conform  with  ontogeny.  But  this  four- 
veined  state,  now  observed  in  the  pupal  wing,  represents  in  reality 
a  common  ground  upon  which  the  existing  types  of  lepidopterous 
wings  have  arisen  by  specialization  through  reduction.  That,  in 
the  Hesperiades,  the  fourth  vein  appears  in  the  pupa,  is  no  proof 
that  the  Papilionides  have  the  same  origin,  since  we  have  to  do 
with  a  general  character  shown  also  by  moths  in  ontogeny.  It 
seems  to  indicate  rather  that  the  diurnal  branch  referred  to  sprang 
directly  from  a  hypothetical  Tineid-like  ancestry,  as  I  have  sug- 
gested in  the  paper  already  mentioned.     Thus  the  Hesperiades, 


DIPHYLBTISM   IN    THE    LEPIDOPTERA.  121 

Sphingides,  Saturniades,  Bombycides  (Agrotides)  are  possibly 
converging  groups.  Now  the  hypothetical  ancestor  of  the  Papi- 
lionides  must  have  already  differentiated  in  the  direction  of 
retaining  "Grote's  vein  "  in  the  imago.  But  no  other  offspring 
appears,  except  what  seems  the  probable  culmination  of  the  line 
in  the  existing  swallow-tail  group.  If  the  fourth  anal  vein  in  the 
pupa  of  Pieris  or  Vanessa  were  really  related  to  "  Grote's  vein," 
it  would  be  succeeded  in  the  imago  by  an  arrangement  of  the 
inner  veins,  recalling  that  of  Papilio.  But  it  is  not ;  and  the 
resultant  imaginal  wing  agrees  in  this  respect  with  that  of 
Hesperia.  Perhaps  survivals  of  the  ancestry  of  Papilio  may 
turn  up  among  the  lower  moths  of  the  tropics  in  the  Eastern 
Hemisphere,  where  I  look  for  the  arising  of  the  Papilionides  to 
have  taken  place. 

The  neuration  of  the  swallow-tails,  especially  that  of  the  more 
generalized  Ornithoptera,  has  a  peculiar  impress  when  compared 
with  that  of  other  butterflies.  There  is  not  the  same  tendency 
to  approach  the  Hesperid  type  with  divided  veins,  which  we  find, 
for  instance,  in  Charaxes.  The  shape  of  the  discal  cell  and 
arrangement  of  the  median  branches  is  sid  generis.  The  object 
of  my  studies  on  the  wings  of  the  butterflies  was  really,  however, 
attained  with  a  demonstration  that,  in  a  linear  arrangement,  the 
swallow-tails  cannot  be  intercalated  between  the  "blues"  and 
the  "  skippers,"  as  proposed  by  Mr.  Scudder  and  other  authors. 
Also  that  the  blues  and  skippers  are,  at  whatever  distance,  con- 
nected groups.  To  show  that  the  Lycsenid  wing  was  a  natural 
development  out  of  that  of  Hesperia,  and  that  the  wings  of  the 
Nymphalid  and  Pierid  were  both  related  and  might  have  well 
proceeded  out  of  the  wings  of  ancestral  forms  of  the  Lycseni- 
Hesperid  branch — this  was  the  task  set  before  me.  If  accom- 
plished, it  followed,  without  saying,  that  the  Papilionides  (which 
I  also  showed  to  be  more  specialized  than  commonly  believed) 
should  take  the  lead  in  our  catalogues.  But  the  matter  has  now 
gone  further,  and  out  of  it  has  grown  a  question  of  diphyletism 
in  the  Lepidoptera,  hitherto  unbroached. 

I  do  not  recognize  the  relationship  of  the  Papilionides  to  the 
Pieri-Nymphalidse,  as  urged  by  Dr.  Chapman  or  Mr.  Quail,  either 
on  account  of  the  retention  of  residuary  characters,  i.  e.  the 
cubital  cross  vein  of  primaries,  or  the  first  radial  branch  of 
secondaries  closing  outwardly  the  humeral  cell,  since  these  are 
common  to  the  order ;  or  on  account  of  the  retention  of  fourth 
anal  of  primaries  in  pupal  wing  of  Pieris  and  Nymphalis, 
because  this  is  also  a  common  generalization,  and  in  this  case 
progresses  by  a  disappearance  in  the  imaginal  state,  not  shared 
in  by  the  Papilionides.  The  Nymphalids  and  Papilionides  do 
not  fit  together ;  they  appear  disjointed,  having  attained  diverse 
total  stages  of  specialization.  But  all  the  groups  of  the  Hespe- 
riades  seem  to  fit  together. 


122  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

The  Papilionidae  and  Nymphalidae  are  in  reality  quite  out  of 
focus  with  each  other.  The  specialization  of  the  former  is 
cubital,  of  the  latter  radial.  The  incongruity  between  the  two 
should  be  felt  by  the  naturalist.  The  correspondences  are  due, 
in  my  opinion,  to  convergence. 

My  general  defence  for  my  classification  of  the  diurnals  lies 
in  the  fact  that  we  cannot  interpolate  the  Papilionides  at  any 
point  without  breaking  a  continuous  succession  of  forms  having 
certain  leading  characters  in  common.  My  general  defence  for  a 
diphyletism  of  the  diurnals,  not  previously  urged  by  any  author, 
lies  in  the  fact  that  the  direction  taken  by  the  specialization  of 
the  anal  veins  in  the  Papilionides  is  unique.  The  families  of  the 
Hesperiades  appear  to  converge  in  an  ancestral  type  to  the  ex- 
clusion of  the  Papilionides.  The  convergence  of  the  butterflies 
is  already  assumed  by  Dr.  Chapman. 

In  the  following  table  of  characters,  by  which  I  separate  the 
diurnals  into  two  series,  I  do  not  undertake  to  settle  the  homology 
of  the  retained  anal  veins,  and  Dr.  Chapman  will,  I  hope,  help 
us  here.  As  I  have  pointed  out,  there  is  a  law  of  inequality  in 
specialization,  in  one  and  the  same  organ,  here  the  veining  of 
the  wings.  The  development  of  one  system  of  veins  does  not  keep 
jDace  with  another,  nor  is  the  ratio  of  advance  the  same  as  between 
the  front  and  hind  pair  of  wings. 

In  the  Pseudopontiadse  three  anal  veins  are  retained  on  the 
hind  wings,  otherwise  the  specializations  conform  to  those  of  the 
Hesperiades.  Under  the  term  Nymphalidae  I  include  the  "  brush- 
footed  "  butterflies,  the  Nymphalidae  proper,  the  Agapetidse  (Sa- 
tyridse),  Morphidse,  HeliconidaB,  and  LimnadidaG  (Danaidae). 

IMAGINAL    WING. 
A.   Papilionides.  B.  Hesperiades. 

Fore  wings  with  "  Grote's  vein"  Fore    tvings   with    second   anal 

and  second   anal  persistent ;   traces  only  persistent,  with  a  fork  at  base 

of  first  anal  (submedian  fold)   as  a  vanishing  through  reduction ;  traces 

scar  seldom  wanting.  of  first  anal  as  a  scar  oftenest  wanting. 

Hind  wings  with  one  anal  vein  Hind  tvings  with   at  least   two 

alone  remaining.  anal  veins  persisting. 

Specialization  of  Media.  Specialization  of  Media. 

(Fieri  did  ae 
Nymphalidse 
Libytheid* 
Riodinidae 

Central  Papilionidae        Cubital {MeSthyS^ 

Central  JLycajnidse 

^®*^*^^^ IHesperiad^ 

It  is  hoped  that  the  designations  proposed  by  Prof.  Comstock 
for  the  subcostal  vein,  the  radius,  cubitus,  and  anal  veins  will  be 
permanently  adopted. 


DIPHYLETISM    IN    THE    LEPIDOPTERA. 


123 


The  specialization  of  media  is  determined  by  the  position  of 
the  second  median  branch.  Its  central  position  is  the  original, 
generalized  state ;  it  moves  by  being  either  drawn  upwards  and 
joining  the  radial,  or  downwards  and  then  joining  the  cubital 
system  of  the  wing.  The  specializations  of  the  radius  have  been 
elsewhere  fully  discussed  by  me. 

In  the  genealogical  tree  published  by  Sir  George  Hampson 
(1898)  the  Pierids  are  represented  as  having  given  rise  to  the 
Nymphalids  and  Satyrids.  In  their  present  condition  the  Pierids 
could  not  have  done  so,  since  the  mass  of  forms  have  undergone 
a  reduction  of  the  radius,  and  are  thus  more  specialized  than  the 
brush-footed  butterflies,  in  which  no  such  reduction  has  taken 
place.  It  is  rather  probable  that  the  Pierids  and  Nymphalids 
are  subparallel  converging  groups.  The  Pierids  represent  the 
main  ascending  six-footed  stem,  out  of  which  the  brush-footed 
butterflies  proceeded  probably  as  a  side-issue,  not  as  the  culmi- 
nation depicted  by  Sir  George  Hampson.  The  idea  that  the 
butterflies  are  represented  by  groups  which  run  together,  con- 
verge, we  gather,  with  much  other  which  is  valuable,  from  Dr. 
Chapman.  I  adopt  it  to  the  exclusion  of  the  Papilionides.  I 
must  also  decline  to  accept  the  isolation  of  the  skippers  under  a 
separate  title,  which  would  obscure  their  phyletic  relationship  to 
to  the  Lycsenids.  There  will  probably  be  no  other  differences  in 
our  views,  which  must  be,  to  me,  a  source  of  congratulation. 

In  shortest  phrase :  all  classifications  and  phylogenies,  except 
my  own,  embrace  the  diurnal  Lepidoptera  in  a  single  major 
group,  the  Rhopalocera,  or  separate  from  the  rest  the  Skippers, 
under  some  similar  title,  holding  the  two  as  of  equal  morphological 
value.  Dr.  Chapman  calls  these  same  two  groups — Papilionides 
and  Hesperides ;  Comstock  calls  them  Butterflies  and  Skippers. 
The  only  variation  from  this  course  is  offered  by  those  writers 
who  allow  the  families  of  the  diurnals  to  succeed  each  other,  in 
a  linear  arrangement,  without  dividing  them  off  by  any  special 
term  or  terms  from  the  rest  of  the  Lepidoptera.  I,  alone,  divide 
the  diurnals  by  separating  from  them,  not  the  skippers,  but  the 
swallow-tails  and  the  related  Parnassians,  as  representing  a 
distinct  and  closed  group,  possessing  exclusive  classificational 
and  phyletic  value,  and  which  I  call  the  Papilionides,  or  butter- 
flies proper.  And  I  allow  of  no  separation  of  the  skippers  from 
the  rest  of  the  diurnals,  which,  gathered  together  under  the  name 
Hesperiades,  or  skippers  in  a  wide  sense,  I  regard  as  a  group 
open  to  the  moths,  or  Heterocera,  and  as  not  separable  from 
these  by  any  structural  feature  so  strong  as  that  which  divides 
them  from  the  Papilionides. 


124  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

THE    GENERA    CUPIDO    AND    LYCMNA. 
By  a.  G.  Butler,  Ph.D. 

Amongst  Continental  entomologists  the  genera  Cupido  and 
LyccBna  are  used  indiscriminately,  to  indicate  what  are  known 
popularly  as  blue  butterflies,  and  particularly  for  the  large  un- 
tailed  group. 

When  the  typical  "  blues  "  are  examined  carefully,  it  will  be 
found  that  they  divide  naturally  into  two  genera — Cupido  and 
Lyccena ;  the  first  with  C.  avion  as  type,  the  second  with  L. 
meleager.  In  neuration  these  two  genera  closely  resemble  each 
other ;  but,  when  examined  with  a  platyscopic  lens,  it  will  be 
seen  that,  whereas  Cupido  is  to  all  intents  and  purposes  a 
naked-eyed  genus,  Lyccena  has  distinctly  hairy  eyes. 

The  importance  of  this  character  is  vigorously  insisted  upon 
in  the  Heterocerous  Lepidoptera,  and  doubtless  should  be  equally 
valued  among  the  Rhopalocera.  I  have  therefore  carefully  ex- 
amined the  whole  of  the  true  "blues"  in  the  Museum  collection, 
with  the  following  result : — 

GupiDO,  Schr.  (Eyes  naked,  or  nearly  so*). 
C.  arion,  C.  eiiphemus,  C.  areas,  C.  alcon,  C.  admetus,  C.  sehrus, 
C.  lycea,  C.pardalis,  C.saportce,  C.  celestina,  C.  nycula,  C.galatcea 
(perhaps  a  form  of  the  preceding),  C.  metallica,  C.  omphisa,  C. 
donzelii,  C.  scepiolus,  C.  anteros,  C.  eumedon,  C.  Idas,  C.  astrarche, 
C.  loeivii,  C.  cleohis,  C.  zepliyrus,  C.  triton,  C.  argns,  C.  scudderi, 
C.  argyrotoxus,  C.  micrnrgus,  C.  melissa,  C.  eurypilus,  C.  optilete, 
C.  acmon,  C.  hyrcana,  C.  shasta,  C.  alcedo,  C.  anna,  C.  christopJii, 
C.  sieversi,  C.  allardi,  C.  hracteata,  C.  staudingeri,  C.  psylorita, 
C.  panagea,  C.  anisophfhalma,  G.  cytis,  C.  dcedalus,  C.  eviiis,  C. 
heteronea,  C.  pheres,  C.  pheretes,  C.  asiatica?,  C.  pheretiades,  C. 
podarce,  C.franklini,  C.  orhitulus,  C.  cegagrus. 

Lyc^na,  Fahr.  (Eyes  distinctly  hairy). 
L.  meleager,  L.  corydon,  L.  hellargus,  L.  hylas,  L.  ariana,  L. 
icarus,  L.  persica,  L.  kashgariensis  (the  two  preceding  are  repre- 
sentative forms  of  L.  icarus),  L.  sutleja,  L.  amanda,  L.  eros, 
L.  biliicha,  L.  pseuderos,  L.  candalus,  L.  helena,  L.  cyllarus,  L. 
lycornias,  L.  semiargus,  L.  argiades,  L.  lygdamus  (I  cannot  dis- 
tinguish this  from  L.  antiacis  or  L.  couperi ;  all  three  forms  being 
very  variable  in  tint),  L.  melanops,  L.  erschoffi,,  L.  damon,  L.  dolus, 
L.  menalcas,  L.  hopfferi,  L.  phyllis,  L.  dama?,  L.  admetus,  L. 
posthumus,  L.  poseidon,  L.  damone,  L.  kindernianni,  L.  actis. 

-'-  In  the  C  celestina  and  C.  argus  groups,  when  examined  under  a  fau'ly 
high  power,  a  fine  scattered  short  pile  is  visible  upon  the  front  of  the  eyes, 
but  this  disappears  under  a  lower  power,  leaviug  the  eyes  apparently  smooth. 


A  CATALOGUE  OF  THE  LEPIDOPTERA  OF  IRELAND.      125 

In  the  preceding  lists  of  species  I  have  not  included  the 
recognized  named  varieties,  seasonal  forms,  or  slight  local 
modifications,  many  of  which  are  in  the  collection :  there  are 
also  several  hitherto  unidentified  species  which  I  have  been 
obliged  to  omit. 


A   CATALOGUE    OF   THE    LEPIDOPTERA   OF   IRELAND. 

By  W.  F.  de  Vismes  Kane,  M.A.,  M.R.LA.,  F.E.S. 

(Continued  from  p.  82.) 

Catoptria  albbrsana,  Hb. — Killarney. 

C.  ulicetana,  Hdtv. — Everywhere  abundant. 

C.  HYPERicANA,  Hb. — Wiclilow  Mts.  ;  Belfast  Hills,  locally 
abundant  (IF.). 

C.  CANA,  Haw. — Howth ;  Markree  Castle,  Sligo  (K.)  ;  Black 
Mountain;  Belfast  (W.)  ;  Derry  (C.) ;  Coolmore,  Co.  Donegal; 
and  Armagh  {J.)  ;  Roches  Pt.,  Cork  {K.).  ;  near  Sligo  (R.)  ; 
Letterfrack  {C.  T.  C). 

C.  fulvana,  St. — Armagh  (J.) ;  Sligo  {R.). 

C.  scopoliana,  Haw.  —  Howth,  Killarney  {K.).;  Bundoran, 
and  near Belleek  (J.) ;  Sligo  [R.) ;  Westport,  Mayo  (W.) ;  Ballins- 
kelligs  Bay,  Kerry  {K.)  ;  Favour  Royal,  Tyrone  {K.). 

Trycheris  aurana,  Fb. — Generally  distributed. 

Pyraloidid^e. 
Choreutes  myllerana,  Fb. — Holy  wood,  Co.  Down. 
Sym^ethis  oxyacanthella,  L. — Abundant  everywhere. 

CoNCHYLIDiE. 

EuPCECiLiA  NANA,  Haiv. — Powcrscourt  (B.). 
E.  DUBiTANA,  iJ6.— Belfast  (W.). 

E.  atricapitana,  St. — Howth,  and  elsewhere  on  the  Dublin 
coast,  both  on  cliffs  and  sandhills,  from  mid-June  to  mid-August, 
but  scarce  ;  Belfast  (IF.) ;  Roches  Pt.,  Cork  (K)  ;  Coolmore,  Co. 
Donegal  (J.);  Sligo  {R.). 

E.  PALLiDANA,  Zell.  —  Howth,  N.  Cooke,  June,  1857;  Ma- 
gilligan,  Co.  Derry  {Curzon). 

E.  MACULOSANA,  Haw. — Howth,  Sligo  (R.). 

E.  ANGUSTANA,  Hb. — Generally  distributed. 

E.  MussEHLiANA,  Tv. — Sligo  {R  ).  Five  specimens  of  this  very 
rare  species  taken  in  a  marshy  field. 

E.  RosEANA,  Haiv. — Sligo  (R.). 

E.  iMPLiciTANA,  H.  S, — Belfast  {W.), 


126  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

E.  ciLiELLA,  Hh. — Sligo  {R.) ;  Belfast,  abundant  {W.);  Ennis- 
killen  {P.)',  Favour  Royal,  Tyrone  {K.). 

Xanthosetia  zoegana,  L. — Generally  distributed. 

X.  HAMANA,  L. — Generally  distributed. 

Argyrolepia  hartmanniana,  Clerck. — Belfast  Hills,  locally 
abundant  (W.) ;  Clonbrock,  Galway  {R.  E.  D.) ;  Sligo  {McC.) ; 
Favour  Royal,  Tyrone  (K.) ;  Cromlyn,  Westmeath  {Mrs.  B.) ; 
Coolmore,  Donegal  (J.). 

A.  cnicana,  Dhl. — Howth  ;  Belfast  (W.). 

CoNCHYLis  FRANCiLLANA,  Fb. — Howth,  abundant. 

G.  STRAMiNEA,  Haiv. — Howth,  abundant ;  Belfast ;  Markree  ; 
Sligo  (K.) ;  Roches  Pt.,  Cork  {K.). 

Apheliidze,  Gn. 
Aphblia  osseana,  Scop. — Howth  and  Wicklow  Mts. ;  Armagh 
(J.) ;  Sligo  (R)  ;  Belfast  (TF.);  Portrush  {C.) ;  Connemara  {C.  H.). 
ToRTRicoDES  HYEMANA,  Hb. — Lambay  L,  off  the  Dublin  coast. 

TINEA. 
Epigraphiid^. 
Lbmnatophila  phryganella,  Tib. — Belfast,  abundant  (W.). 
DiuRNEA   FAGELLA,    Fb. — Wicklow  Mts.,   common ;    also  at 
Belfast ;  Favour  Royal,  Tyrone ;  Drumreaske,  Monaghan ;  Killy- 
non,  Westmeath  ;  Tullamore,  King's  Co. ;  Killarney,  &c.  (K.). 
Semioscopis  avellanella,  Hb. — Wicklow  (G.  V.  H.). 

PSYCHIDiE. 

Little  is  known  of  the  Irish  distribution  of  the  members  of 
this  group,  which  has  been  neglected  largely,  no  doubt  on  account 
of  the  difficulties  attending  their  identification.  That  only  two 
species  are  recorded  should  not  be  taken  as  a  proof  of  the  poverty 
of  this  section  of  our  fauna. 

FuMEA  intermediella,  Srrf.— Howth,  the  cases  on  the  rocks 
in  profusion  {G.  C.  B.).  At  Wicklow  Head,  Ballycottin,  Galley 
Head,  and  elsewhere  on  the  cliffs  of  Co.  Cork,  and  the  Saltee  Is. 
I  have  found  immense  numbers  of  what  I  take  to  be  the  cases  of 
this  species  (K.). 

Psychoides  verhuellella,  Heyd. — Killarney, 

TlNEID^. 

Diplodoma  marginepunctella,  St. — Wicklow  Mts.,  Sligo  {R.) ; 
Magilligan,  Co.  Derry  (Salvage). 

OcHSENHEiMERiA  BiRDELLA,  Curt. — Portmamock,  near  Dublin ; 
Dingle  Bay,  Kerry ;  Holywood,  Co.  Down ;  Sligo  {R.) ;  Belfast 
(C.  G.  B.). 


A    CATALOGUE    OF    THE    LEPIDOPTERA   OF   IRELAND.  127 

ScARDiA  GRANELLA,  L. — Dublin  and  Belfast. 

S.  CLOACELLA,  Haw. — Dublin  and  Belfast ;  Markree  Castle, 
Sligo  (K.)  ;  and  near  Sligo  (R.). 

(S.  ARCELLA,  Fh. — Belfast.     Old  doubtful  record.) 

Blabophanes  ferruginella,  Hh. — Howth,  on  the  cliffs; 
Sligo  {R.). 

B.  rusticella,  Hh. — Howth  and  Dublin,  Armagh  (J.) ;  Bel- 
fast {W.);  Sligo  {R.). 

Tinea  tapetzella,  L. — Common  everywhere. 

T.  MiSELLA,  Zell. — Dublin,  in  cellars  and  vaults  among  the 
matted  growth  of  fungus  on  the  walls. 

T.  PELLioNBLLA,  L. — Common  everywhere. 

T.  fuscipunctella,  Haiv. — Dublin,  common. 

T.  pallescentella,  Sta. — Dublin,  Belfast  {W.). 

T.  lapella,  Hh.  —  Belfast  [W.);  Kathowen,  Westmeath 
{Mrs.  B.). 

T.  merdella,  Zell. — Dublin,  in  houses ;  Belfast  {W.). 

T.  confusella,  H.-S.  —  Howth,  the  only  known  British 
locality.  It  flits  among  and  runs  up  the  stems  of  the  grass  on 
cliffs,  and  possibly  feeds  on  fungi  in  the  same  situations.  It  is 
somewhat  remarkable  that  no  other  certain  locality  for  this 
species  should  be  known  in  the  British  Isles,  and  also  that  it 
has  not  for  some  years  been  taken  here. 

T.  nigripungtella,  Haw. — Dublin,  in  houses, 

T.  semifulvella,  Haw. —  Sligo  {R.)',  Clonbrock,  Galway 
{R.  E.  D.) ;  Bray  {R.  E.  D.). 

Tineola  biselliella,  Hml. — Dublin,  in  houses. 

Lampronia  quadripunctblla,  Fh. — Howth. 

L.  LUZELLA,  Hh. — Howth  ;  Belfast,  one  {W.). 

L.  PR^LATELLA,  ScMff. — Killamcy. 

L.  rubiella,  Bjerk. — Killarney  and  Holy  wood,  Co.  Down. 

Incurvaria  muscalella,  Fh. — Malahide,  near  Dublin ;  Wick- 
low  Mts. ;  Belfast  {C.  G.  B.  and  W.). 

I.  pectinea,  Haiv. — Killarney. 

Eriocephala  calthella,  L. — Wicklow  Mts. ;  Armagh  {J.) ; 
Enniskillen  {P.). 

E.  ARUNCELLA,  Scop. — Sugar  Loaf  Mountain,  Wicklow  {K.). 

E.  SEPPELLA,  Fh. — Generally  distributed. 

E.  aureatella,  Scop. — L.  Bray,  Co.  Wicklow;  Blackstones 
and  Killarney,  Kerry  ;  Enniskillen  {P.). 

(To  be  continued.) 


128  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


NOTES    AND     OBSERVATIONS. 

The  Pupal  Habits  of  Cossus  ligniperda. — Cosxns  ligniperda  is  so 
common  a  species  that  one  would  suppose  that  even  the  most 
superficial  among  entomologists  would  be  well  acquainted  with  its 
life-history.  That  this  is  not  the  case  is  only  too  apparent  from  the 
notes  that  have  appeared  from  time  to  time  in  the  entomological 
journals,  and  I  fear  that  on  one  simple  point  alone — namely,  the 
natural  situation  selected  for  pupation — our  knowledge  is  by  no  means 
clear.  The  older  authors  were  unanimous  in  telling  us  that  the  pupal 
cocoon  was  formed  in  the  burrow  in  which  the  larva  had  fed,  but  I 
find  no  evidence  to  support  this  theory  ;  the  most  modern  authors  are 
equally  assertive  that  the  pupa  is  subterranean.  In  this  gloriously 
uncertain  state  of  our  information,  I  was  well  pleased  at  finding,  in 
June  and  July  last,  a  considerable  number  of  imagines,  so  freshly 
emerged  that  their  wings  were  but  parti-illy  expanded,  and  in  almost 
every  case  the  pupae-skins  that  they  had  just  vacated  were  also  found. 
The  trees  in  which  the  larvaB  had  fed,  and  which  I  have  known  for 
some  years  to  be  infested,  grow  just  within  a  low  park  paling  that 
surrounds  a  small  garden.  The  bottom  of  the  paling  having  become 
rotten,  an  oak  skirting  some  six  inches. in  depth  has  been  fixed  along 
the  fence  from  post  to  post.  This  skirting  rests  on  an  asphalt  path 
which  borders  the  paling  on  the  outside,  and  its  bottom  is  also  on  a 
level  with  a  flower-bed  that  traverses  the  inner  side  of  the  paling.  A 
narrow  space  between  the  skirting  and  the  paling  forms  a  sort  of 
pocket,  and  this  has  in  course  of  time  become  filled  with  dust  and 
twigs  and  so  forth,  forming  a  compact  mass  of  dry  rubbish,  and  from 
the  surface  of  this  the  pap^e-skins  were  protruding.  Some  years  ago 
I  found  a  number  of  pupa9  in  a  very  rotten  willow-tree,  not,  however, 
in  the  mines  in  whicli  the  larvfe  had  fed.  By  way  of  experiment,  I 
have  on  several  occasions  placed  full-fed  larvae,  found  in  the  autumn, 
in  holes  bored  for  their  reception  in  a  poplar-tree.  Those  thus  placed 
in  the  dry  stump  of  a  limb,  the  upper  portion  of  which  was  cut  off 
some  years  ago,  have  invariably  produced  imagines  in  the  following 
summer,  but  one  similarly  treated  in  the  growing  wood  died.  These 
facts,  coupled  with  such  other  precise  evidence  as  I  have  been  able  to 
obtain,  suggest  to  my  mind  that  the  pupa  is  not  necessarily  sub- 
terranean, at  any  rate  in  the  sense  that  many  of  the  Sphingidae  and 
Noctuae  are,  but  that  the  larva  is  guided  in  the  selection  of  a  suitable 
situation  for  pupation  rather  by  the  presence  of  light  friable  material, 
be  it  rotten  wood,  dry  turf,  or  other  fibrous  earthy  matter,  that  will 
enable  it  to  form  its  large  tough  cocoon. — Robert  Adkin  ;  Lewisham, 
February,  1900. 

Cossus  LIGNIPERDA  Larva. — In  the  middle  of  February  last  a  man 
brought  to  me  two  larvae  of  C.  ligniperda,  each  about  2f  in.  in  length, 
which  he  had  dug  up  in  his  garden  that  day.  He  told  me  that  they 
were  both  contained  in  the  same  spadeful  of  earth  ;  with  the  larva  was 
brought  one  cocoon  (broken),  formed,  as  usual,  of  silk  and  earth.  It 
contained  fragments  of  a  recently  cast  larval  skin.  One  of  the  larvae 
was  of  a  uniform  canary-yellow  colour,  the  usual  orange  band  on  the 
dorsum   being  absent.     This   was  apparently  the  larva   which  had 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  129 

owned  the  cast  skin.  Is  it  not  very  unusual  for  Ugniperda  larvae  to 
moult  within  the  cocoon  sometime  previous  to  pupation  ?  Is  the  close 
propinquity  of  the  two  larvjB  underground,  each  presumably  occupying 
a  separate  cocoon — one  not  being  observed  by  the  gardener — merely  a 
coincidence,  or  has  that  apparent  display  of  sociability  been  noticed 
before  ? — Dr.  May  ;   Hayling  Island. 

Dwarf  Rhopalocera. — In  the  spring  of  1896,  during  a  stay  in 
Guernsey,  I  captured  a  dwarf  specimen  of  Fieris  napi.  It  measured 
exactly  34  mm.  in  expanse.     It  was  flying  on  low  marshy  land. 

In  a  certain  part  of  the  woods  overlooking  Weston-super-Mare  I 
have  come  across  very  small  male  specimens  of  Euchlo'e  cardawines. 
The  one  I  have  in  my  collection  measui'es  38  mm.  in  expanse.  The 
whole  form  of  the  insect  is  different  from  ordinary  specimens  ;  in  fact, 
except  in  colouring,  the  insect  puts  one  in  mind  of  Leucophasia  sinapis, 
both  in  shape  and  in  delicacy  of  construction.  I  have  seen  several 
flaying  about  the  same  spot. — J.  L.  Saxby  ;  Larkfield,  Kent. 

Referring  to  Mr.  Cardinall's  capture  of  a  couple  of  dwarf  V.  ata- 
lanta  and  the  editorial  note  on  same,  appearing  in  your  last  issue,  it 
may  be  of  interest  to  state  that,  in  August,  1899,  I  discovered  in  a 
solitary  bed  of  nettles,  situated  in  an  exposed  spot,  a  quantity  of  pupfe, 
in  appearance  those  of  V.  atalanta,  but  in  size  resembling  V.  urticcB. 
The  fact  that  hosts  of  small  ichneumons  were  emerging  from  one  of 
the  pupfe  led  me  to  believe  that  the  whole  of  them  were  ichneumoned, 
assuming  them  to  be  V.  atalanta.  I  determined,  however,  to  test  this 
theory,  and  took  all  tlie  pupfe  I  could  find — about  three  dozen.  In  the 
course  of  a  week  or  ten  days  emergences  commenced,  and  from  all  the 
pupte  but  two  ichneumons  were  bred.  The  two  exceptions  produced 
perfect  imagines  of  V.  atalanta,  but  of  the  size  mentioned  by  Mr.  Car- 
dinall.  Probably  similar  attacks  by  ichneumons  result  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  dwarf  specimens  met  with  on  the  wing. — A.  Russell  ; 
The  Limes,  Southend,  Catford,  S.E. 

Naturalized  Cockroaches. —  PhyUodroinia  r/ermanica,  one  of  the 
four  exotic  cockroaches  which  have  established  themselves  in  the 
British  Isles,  swarms  in  an  old  house  at  Blackheath.  This  is  yet 
another  addition  to  the  rather  lengthy  list  of  positions  it  has  seized, 
which  are  usually  hotels  and  restaurants.  Another  of  the  four,  Blatta 
americana,  is  tlioroughly  established  in  a  sugar  refinery  at  Silvertown, 
a  locality  from  which  it  does  not  seem  to  have  been  previously 
announced. — W.  J.  Lucas;  Kingston-on-Thames. 

Humming  Sound  of  Macroglossa  stellatarum.  —  I  was  rather 
interested  in  Mr.  Anderson's  note  on  the  above  (Entom.  xxxii.  306),  as 
I  came  across  an  instance  of  the  same  thing  when  at  Wei-hai-wei  in 
1898.  This,  however,  was  out  of  doors,  the  moth  being  at  the  time 
poised  over  flowers  on  a  hillside.  The  sound  was  very  audible, 
reminding  one  of  a  Bombiis,  but  louder  and  deeper. — T.  B.  Fletcher; 
H.M.S.  '  Centurion,'  Jan.  31st,  1900. 

A  Correction. — In  view  of  the  interest  now  taken  in  the  insect 
fauna  of  the  London  district,  it  may  be  as  well  to  correct  the  following 
error: — In  the  'Entomologist,'   vol.  xxiv.  p.   281,  under    Gonoptera 


130  THE   ENTOMOLOGIST. 

libatrix,  for  ''larvae  on  willow  and  balsam,"  read  "  larvae  on  willow 
and  balsam  poplar." — Alfred  Sich;  Brentwood,  65,  Barrowgate  Eoad, 
Chiswick,  Feb.  21st,  1900. 


CAPTURES  AND   FIELD   REPORTS. 

Remarkable  Appearance  of  Vanessa  id  during  Snow.  —  lu  the 
•  Field  '  of  February  17th,  Mr.  E.  J.  P.  Magor  states  that,  while  woodcock 
shooting  iu  a  small  wooded  valley  at  St.  Tudy,  Cornwall,  on  Feb.  14th,  he 
came  across  a  peacock  butterfly  (F.  io).  "It  was  of  course  one  that  had 
hybernated,  but,  considering  the  fact  that  there  were  four  inches  of  snow 
on  the  ground  at  the  time,  its  appearance  was  remarkable."  In  reply  to 
my  enquiries  under  what  conditions  the  specimen  was  observed,  the  follow- 
ing reply  from  Mr.  Magor  appeared  in  the  '  Field  '  of  March  3rd  : — •'  In 
answer  to  Mr.  Frohawk's  questions  as  to  the  peacock  butterfly  which  I  saw 
in  the  snow  last  month,  I  may  say  that  the  sun  was  shining  brightly  at  the 
time,  and  the  temperature  was,  I  should  think,  comparatively  high.  The 
butterfly  got  up  from  a  bush  and  flew  along  in  front  of  me  as  I  went  up 
the  valley.  I  saw  it  three  times."  I  think  such  a  very  remarkable 
occurrence  as  this  should  be  placed  on  record  in  the  *  Entomologist.' — 
F.  W.  Frohawk;   March,  1900. 

Early  Appearance  of  Pieris  rap^. — My  sister,  Miss  I.  Grant, 
writes  to  me  from  Weston-super-Mare,  that  at  noon,  on  March  10th  last, 
she  observed  a  small  white  butterfly  fly  from  under  the  coping  of  a  wall  in 
her  garden  ;  it  flew  close  up  to  her.  The  sun  was  shining  brightly  at  the 
time  and  very  warm.  The  wall  faces  south,  and  is  fully  exposed  to  the 
sun.  It  had  evidently  just  emerged  from  the  pupa.  Under  the  coping 
she  states  that  there  are  many  remains  of  pupae-cases.  —  Margaret 
Frohawk;  March,  1900. 

CoREMiA  quadrifasgiaria  AT  Bexlet. — As  the  above  insect  is,  I 
believe,  a  somewhat  local  species,  I  thought  it  might  be  of  some  interest  to 
record  a  specimen  taken  by  my  father  at  Bexley,  on  July  16th,  1899.  This 
was  left  out  of  my  notes  (aiite,  p.  48)  by  an  oversight. — F.  M.  B.  Carr  ; 
46,  Handen  Road,  Lee,  S.E.,  March  15th,  1900. 

Captures  at  Light  in  1899. — According  to  custom  I  send  a  list  of 
fresh  records  for  light-trap  during  last  year.  The  last  season  was  an 
exceptionally  bad  one,  only  twelve  Asteroscopus  sphinx  putting  in  an 
appearance,  as  against  one  hundred  and  fifty  to  two  hundred  in  other 
years.  The  following  are  new  : — Lycmna  astrarche,  Acronycta  psi,  Axylia 
putris,  Hecatera  serena,  Eupisteria  obliterata,  Bupalus  piniaria,  Eupithecia 
oblongata,  Eucosrnia  undulata,  Aciptilia  pentadactyla,  Crambus  pinellus, 
Hyponomeuta  padellus,  Depressaria  badiella,  Goleophora  lutipcnnella.  The 
following  were  exceptionally  common,  viz. :  Notodonta  dictcBoides,  Demas 
coryli,  Hypenodes  albistrigalis,  Cheimatobia  boreata.  —  E.  F.  Studd  ; 
Oxton,  Exeter,  March  19th,  1900. 

Plusia  gamma. — A  fact  which  much  impressed  itself  upon  me  during 
last  season  was  the  absence  here  of  P.  gamma.  During  several  years  this 
moth  has  been  so  abundant  in  Hayling  as  to  be  a  perfect  nuisance  to  the 


SOCIETIES. 


131 


collectors.     Last   March  I  did   not   observe   one  specimen.— Dr.    May  ; 
Hayling  Islaud. 

EuPLEXiA  LUCiPARA  IN  FEBRUARY. — On  Feb.  25th,  about  6  p.m.,  I 
found  a  female  of  the  above  species  at  rest  on  a  piano  in  our  drawing-room. 
I  think  this  is  probably  a  hybernated  specimen,  although  the  species  does 
not  usually  pass  the  winter  in  the  perfect  state.  It  is  somewhat  worn,  but 
was  quite  Uvely  when  captured. — Philtp  J.  Barraud  Bushey  ;  Heath, 
Herts,  March  3rd,  1900 


SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London. — March  9th,  1900. — Mr.  G.  H. 
Verrall,  President,  in  the  chair.  Mr.  H.  Eowland-Brown,  M.A.,  was 
elected  into  the  Council,  and  as  joint- Secretary  in  the  place  of  Mr.  J.,  J. 
Walker,  R.N.,  who  had  resigned.  Prof.  Christopher  Aurivillius,  of 
Stockholm,  and  Prof.  Frederick  Moritz  Brauer,  of  Vienna,  were 
elected  Honorary  Fellows  ;  and  W.  D.  Drury,  of  Eocquaine,  West  Hill 
Park,  Woking ;  the  Eev.  W.  Westropp  Flemyng,  of  Coolfin,  Portlaw, 
Waterford ;  and  Prof.  Percy  Groom,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  of  the  Eoyal  Indian 
Engineering  College,  Coopers  Hill,  were  elected  ordinary  Fellows  of 
the  Society.  Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett  exhibited  a  series  of  varieties  of 
Spilosoma  dorsalis  from  South  Africa,  .showing  variation  in  some 
degree  parallel  with  that  of  S.  lubricipeda  in  Great  Britain.  Mr. 
G.  W.  Kirkaldy  exhibited  several  Ehynchota  of  economic  interest, 
from  the  United  States,  Ceylon,  and  British  Central  Africa,  among 
them  being  the  new  JSgaleus  bechuana,  Kirk.,  from  Africa,  which 
attacks  coffee,  and  Parlatoria  victrix,  Ckll.,  from  Phoenix,  Arizona, 
found  on  date-palms.  The  last-named  Coccid  was  originally  introduced 
from  Egypt,  and  all  attempts  at  eradication  had  hitherto  failed.  He 
also  showed  a  series  of  thirteen  colour-varieties  of  the  oriental  Scu- 
tellerine  Cantao  ocellatus  (Thunb.),  and  examples  of  Distantidea  vedda 
(a  new  genus  and  species  of  Lybantinffi)  from  Ceylon,  in  which  the 
rostrum  was  very  long,  extending  as  far  as  to  the  apex  of  the  abdomen. 
Papers  were  communicated,  by  Mr.  W.  L.  Distant  on  "  Undescribed 
genera  and  species  belonging  to  the  Rhynchotal  family  Pentatomidge," 
and  by  Mr.  G.  J.  Arrow  "  On  Pleurostict  Lamellicorns  from  Grenada 
and  St.  Vincent  (West  Indies)."  Mr.  C.  J.  Gahan  read  a  paper  on 
"  Stridulating  organs  in  Coleoptera,"  in  which  he  remarked  that  one 
of  the  best  accounts  of  them  was  to  be  found  in  '  The  Descent  of  Man,' 
but  since  that  work  was  written  several  additional  instances  of  their 
occurrence  had  been  made  known,  showing  that  these  organs  were  less 
uniform  in  structure  and  even  more  wonderfully  diversified  in  position 
than  Darwin  considered  them  to  be ;  while  their  discovery  in  the  larvas 
of  certain  forms  would  lead  to  some  modification  of  the  view  that  they 
have  originated  in  connection  with  sex  and  primarily  serve  the  purpose 
of  attracting  the  sexes  to  one  another.  He  gave  a  detailed  account  of 
their  presence  on  the  head,  prothorax,  mesothorax,  legs,  abdomen,  and 
elytra,  enumerating  several  genera  of  Tenebrionidae,  Endomychid®, 
Hispidse,  &c.,  in  which  they  had  not  previously  been  known  to  occur, 
and  describing  those  of  certain  Hispid^  as  being  the  most  complex  in 


132  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

structure.  He  mentioned  additional  instances  in  which  they  occur  in 
one  sex  only,  or  differ  according  to  sex,  and  pointed  out  that,  contrary 
to  Landois'  opinion,  they  are  frequently  present  in  both  sexes  of 
Curculionidse ;  but  in  several  species  the  striated  area  occupies  a 
different  position  in  each  sex,  being  found  on  the  elytra  in  the  males 
and  on  the  last  dorsal  segment  in  the  females. — H.  Rowland-Brown 
and  C.  J.  Gahan,  Ho7i.  Sees. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. — 
Annual  Meethhj,  January  25th,  1900. — Mr.  A.  Harrison,  F.E.S.,  Presi- 
dent, in  the  cliair.  The  Council's  Report  showed  that  the  Society  was 
in  a  sound  condition,  both  in  membership  and  finances,  as  well  as  in 
usefulness.  The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  as  Officers  and 
Council  for  the  ensuing  year  : — President :  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 
Vice-Presidents:  H.  S.  Fremlin,  M.R.C.S.,  F.E.S.,  and  A.  Harrison, 
F.C.S.,F.L.S.  Treasurer:  T.W.  Hall,  F.E.S.  Librarian:  H.  A.  Sauze. 
Curator:  W.  West.  Hon.  Secretaries:  Stanley  Edwards,  F.L.S., 
F.E.S.,  and  H.  J.  Turner,  F.E.S.  Council:  R.  Adkin,  F.E.S., 
W.  J.  Ashdown,  F.  Noad  Clarke,  Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman,  F.E.S.,  H.  Moore, 
F.E.S.,  A.  M.  Montgomery,  and  J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  The  retiring 
President  read  his  Address,  discussing  at  some  length  the  subjects 
"Recent  experiments  in  Telegony  "  and  the  "Inter-relation  between 
the  Mosquito  and  Malarial  Fever.".  Mr.  Blenkarn,  of  East  Dulwich, 
and  Mr.  Day,  of  Carlisle,  were  elected  members.  Mr.  Brooks  exhibited 
several  specimens  of  Acherontia  atropos,  bred  by  himself,  and  radiated 
varieties  of  both  Aictia  lubricipeda  and  A.  mentliastri. 

February  8th. — Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the 
chair.  Mr.  Ashdown  exhibited,  and  presented  to  the  Society's 
collections,  male  and  female  examples  of  Crouiphiis  vulyatissimun  from 
the  New  Forest.  Mr.  Montgomery,  long  bred  series  of  Chrysophanus 
phlaas,  and  contributed  notes  on  their  life-history  and  variation.  Mr. 
Moore,  some  one  hundred  and  fifty  species  of  Coleoptera  collected  by 
Prof.  Blatchley  in  Indiana,  including  five  species  of  Calosuma:  an 
unnamed  species  taken  at  an  altitude  of  14,500  ft.  on  Mt.  Orizaba, 
Mexico  ;  and  a  Coccinellid,  Meyilla  maculata,  which  congregates  in 
thousands  for  the  winter.  Mr.  Lucas,  a  specimen  of  (J-ryllus  cauipestris, 
from  Hastings  last  year,  and  a  female  dragonfly  taken  by  Mr.  Fremlin 
in  the  Hebrides,  which  was  probably  a  variety  of  Sympetrum  striulatum. 
Mr.  Adkiu,  a  series  of  Melanippe  jiuctuata  taken  at  Lewisham  in  his 
garden  and  in  a  wood  near.  The  latter  were  large  and  dark  specimens. 
Dr.  Chapman,  a  large  number  of  microscopic  slides  of  larval  and 
imagiual  lepidopterous  legs  to  illustrate  his  paper  entitled  "  On  the 
Relation  of  the  Larval  to  the  Imagiual  Legs  in  Lepidoptera." 

February  22/t(/. — The  President  in  the  chair.  Mr.  J.  W.  Enock, 
of  Charlton,  and  Mr.  T.  Kemp,  of  Notting  Hill,  were  elected  members. 
Mr.  Tomlinson  exhibited  a  specimen  of  hUistalis  ffHrt^i;  and  pupa  from  the 
Kingston  sewage  works,  and  suggested  that  the  species  may  eventually 
take  an  important  place  in  the  purification  of  sewage.  Mr.  Lucas, 
several  species  of  exotic  Odonata,  to  show  striking  ornamentation  of 
he  wings.  Mr.  Adkin  read  a  paper  entitled,  "  Notes  on  the  Pupation 
of  Cossus  liyniperda,"  and  exhibited  examples  of  the  species  taken  at 
Lewisham  in  June  and  July  last.     Mr.   Colthrup,  a  sawfly  cocoon 


RECENT    LITERATURE,  133 

tenated  by  a  spider.  Major  Ficklin  reported  the  capture  of  Macro- 
ijlossa  stellatamm  early  in  February  in  the  city. — Hy.  J.  Turner,  Hon. 
Report  Sec. 

Birmingham  Entomological  Society. — February  19th,  1900. — Mr. 
G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  President,  in  the  chair.  Messrs.  F.  A.  Jackson, 
Edmund  Street,  Birmingham,  and  W.  H.  Wilkinson,  F.L.S.,  March- 
mound,  Wylde  Green,  were  elected  members  of  the  Society.  Mr.  E.  C. 
Bradley  showed  the  rare  Chrysid  Cleptes  pall.ipes,  which  had  been  taken 
at  a  window  of  his  house  at  Moseley,  and  the  identification  of  which 
had  been  confirmed  by  Rev.  F.  D.  Morice  ;  also  Miltofjramma  conica, 
a  httle  Tachinid  which  he  had  found  in  abundance  at  Moseley  last 
summer.  Messrs.  H.  Willoughby  Ellis  and  F.  A.  Jackson  showed  the 
following  beetles  from  Knowle  : — AncJwmenns  vidmis  and  var.  mcestus, 
Aleochara  hrevipennis,  Ptinus  fur,  Corymbites  pectinicornis,  and  Sitones 
vmnbricus.  Mr.  C.  J.  Wainwright,  a  box  containing  the  genus  Syrphus 
and  allied  Diptera.  Mr.  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  a  drawer  of  Palrearctic 
Satyrids. — Colbran  Wainwright,  Hon.  Sec. 


RECENT    LITERATURE. 


Celli,  A.  Remarks  on  the  Epidemiology  and  Prophylaxis  of  Malaria  in 
the  Liqht  of  Recent  Researches.  ('British  Medical  Journal,'  1900, 
pp.  301-6.) 

Everyone  is  doubtless  aware  of  the  investigations  upon  the  causes 
of  malaria  which  have  been  conducted  by  some  of  the  most  eminent 
specialists.  The  '  British  Medical  Journal '  for  Feb.  10th  contains 
a  number  of  articles  upon  the  now  proven  relation  of  mosquitos 
[Anopheles)  to  malaria,  the  principal  of  which  is  that  cited  above,  a 
summary  of  three  works  in  Italian  by  the  same  author.  There  are 
also  reports  of  tlie  Malaria  Conference  in  Rome,  and  a  translation  of 
Dr.  Koch's  Second  Report  upon  the  work  of  the  Malaria  Expedition 
in  the  Dutch  East  Indies.  As  no  notice  has  lately  occurred  in  any  of 
the  British  entomological  journals,  some  extracts  and  notes  may  be  of 
interest. 

"  Man  is  the  temporary  host,  and  the  mosquito  the  definitive  host, 
of  the  malarial  parasite.  These  parasites  complete  their  asexual  life 
and  prepare  their  sexual  forms  in  the  human  blood,  while  they  com- 
plete the  sexual  cycle  of  life,  that  by  which  the  species  of  the  parasites 
external  to  man  is  assured,  in  the  middle  intestine  of  the  mosquitos. 
It  follows  therefore  that  man  and  mosquitos  are  the  sources  of  malarial 
infection  which  circulates,  so  to  speak,  from  man  to  mosquito  and 
from  mosquito  to  man,  and  so  on.  In  this  circulation  of  the  contagion 
the  presence  of  malarial  man  is  indispensable,  inasmuch  as  down  to 
the  present  time  the  hereditary  transmission  of  malaria  from  mosquito 
to  mosquito  has  not  been  demonstrated  experimentally  or  morphologi- 
cally, nor  have  resisting  parasitic  forms  been  found  in  the  environment 
external  to  the  body  of  the  mosquito.  Malaria  is  therefore  a  sypical 
contagious  disease.  Where  there  is  malaria  mosquitos  abound,  but 
malaria  does  not  exist  in  every  place  where  mosquitos  abound."     The 

ENTOM. — APRIL,  1900.  M 


134  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

malaria-infesting  genus  is  Anopheles,  which  has  four  Italian  species. 
It  is  improbable  that  Culex  and  other  Diptera  frequenting  malarious 
places  can  transmit  malaria. 

The  species  of  Anopheles  lay  their  eggs  in  clear,  slowly  running  or 
stagnant  water,  where  the  eggs  and  nymphs  of  Culex  are  rarely,  if  ever, 
found.  Sea-water,  very  strong  sulphurous  water,  continuous  ice,  or 
swiftly  moving  water  is  injurious  to  the  immature  forms. 

The  following  parallel  columns  will  succintly  show  the  theory  and 
the  facts  relative  to  the  mode  of  propagation  : — 

1.  The  infection  is  most  rife  1.  Anopheles  issnesiovth.  in  the 
at  sunset  and  during  the  night.          evening  and  night  to  pierce  man, 

but  lies  hidden  during  the  day. 

2.  Is  limited  in  distance  in  2.  Does  not  fly  far  from  native 
horizontal,  oblique,  and  vertical  place,  and  does  not  fly  high  in 
directions.  the  air. 

3.  Is  not  transported  by  wind,  3.  Usually     remains     hidden 
which,  on  the  contrary,  tends  to  when  the  wind  blows, 
diminish  it. 

4.  "Woods,  instead  of  filter-  4.  "Shady  or  damp  woods 
ing  the  malarial  agents,  may  be  and  trees  in  general  are  the  homes 
foci  of  this  infection."  of  mosquitos." 

Water,  as  proved  by  a  long  series  of  direct  experiments,  is  not 
the  vehicle  of  malarial  infection,  neither  are  alimentary  substances. 
In  fact,  the  malarial  parasite  Pruteosoma  is  introduced  in  the  human 
blood  by  the  mouth-parts  of  the  infected  Anopheles.  [Extracts,  &c., 
from  Celli's  paper.]  Dr.  Grassi  is  of  opinion  that  man  cannot  contract 
malaria  without  being  "bitten"  by  Anopheles,  and  "No  man,  no 
malaria  ;  no  mosquito,  no  malaria."  Grassi's  work  on  the  malaria 
parasite,  at  which  he  has  been  labouring  for  sixteen  hours  a  day  for 
eighteen  months,  will  be  published  very  shortly. 

Dr.  Koch  considers  that  the  proposal  recently  made  to  destroy 
Anopheles  larvae  will  meet  with  insuperable  difficulties  in  Java,  since 
the  more  rice  fields  there  are  in  the  neighbourhood  of  a  place  and  the 
nearer  they  are,  the  greater  the  abundance  of  Anopheles;  the  occurrence 
of  the  mosquitos  being  connected  with  the  extension  of  rice  culture. 

It  has  been  possible  only  to  give  a  very  brief  and  disjointed  notice, 
but  the  interested  reader  is  referred  to  the  journal  quoted  (which  is 
published  at  Qd.). 

G.  W.  K. 


MoKTANDON,  A.  L.  Hemiptera  Cryptucerata.  S.  Fam.  Mononychinif . 
Notes  et  Descriptions  d'Especes  Nouvelles.  (Bull.  Soc.  Sci. 
Bucarest,  part  1,  1899,  viii.  Nos.  4  and  5,  pp.  1-18;  part  2, 
1900,  viii.  No.  6,  pp.  1-10.) 

In  this  welcome  revision  of  a  difficult  and  neglected  group.  Dr. 
Montandon  admits  only  three  genera  into  the  subfamily.  The  species 
are  all  extra-British,  and  of  a  more  or  less  undistinguished  appearance ; 
but  they  merit  a  close  examination,  and  should  be  of  interest  to  the 
local  student,  inasmuch  as  they  undoubtedly  provide  information  as  to 
some  of  the  stages  through  which  the  completely  aquatic  Naucorinae 


RECENT    LITERATURE.  135 

have  passed  in  their  evolution  from  land-bugs,  originally  probably 
from  some  form  similar  in  structure  and  appearance  to  Acanthia, 
Fabr.,  Latr.     The  genera  admitted  are  : — 

1.  MoNONYX,  Lap.  =  Phintius,  Stal,  with  18  spp.  (7  new). 

2.  Matinus,  Stal,  with  5  spp.  (3  new). 

3.  Peltopterus,  Guer.  =  ScylcBcus,  Stal,  with  3  spp.  (2  new). 
Mononyx  has  a  very  wide  distribution,  seven  species  occurring  in 

America,  five  each  from  the  Oriental  and  Australian  regions,  and  one 
from  the  Ethiopian  ;  the  other  genera  are  much  restricted,  Matinus 
being  entirely  Australian,  while  Peltopterus  is  insular,  having  been 
recorded  only  from  the  Philippines,  North  Borneo,  Salomons,  Mari- 
annes, Mauritius,  and  a  few  smaller  islands.  The  genus  Nerthra,  Say, 
from  America,  remains  unknown. 

The  value  of  Dr.  Montandon's  precise  and  uniform  descriptions  is 
greatly  enhanced  by  the  synoptic  tables,  in  which  structural  characters 
are  employed  for  the  preliminary  differentiation  of  the  species  ;  but 
there  are  unfortunately  no  figures,  a  want  which  cannot  always  be 
supplied  even  by  the  most  careful  and  detailed  descriptions. 

________  G.  W.  K. 

Slater,  F.  W.     The  Egg-carrying  Habit  of  Zaitha.     ('  The  American 
Naturalist,'  1899,  xxxiii.  pp.  931-3.) 

It  has  been  long  known  that  certain  American  waterbugs  of  the 
family  Belostomatidge,  particularly  Zaitha  flmninea,  Say,  and  Deino- 
stoma  (=  Serphus)  dilatatum,  Say,  have  the  habit  of  carrying  their  eggs 
on  their  back  until  they  are  hatched,  and  it  has  always  been  taken  for 
granted  that  the  female  is  the  egg-carrier.  Miss  Slater,  however,  has 
made  a  study  of  the  sexual  organs  of  Zaitha,  and  finds  that  everyone 
of  the  egg-carrying  individuals  which  she  has  dissected  is  a  male,  and 
that  the  ovipositor  of  the  female  is  so  short  that  it  would  be  impossible 
for  her  to  reach  her  own  back  with  it. 

The  ovipositing  season  lasts  from  June  to  the  end  of  August,  and 
the  eggs,  which  are  comparatively  of  large  size,  number  from  seventy- 
five  to  eighty-five,  "  placed  in  regular  diagonal  rows  on  the  upper  side 
of  the  wings  of  the  male."  The  male  is  an  unwilling  porter,  and  is 
captured  by  the  larger  female  and  compelled  to  endure  the  indignity, 
after  a  series  of  well-contested  combats.  "That  the  male  chafes  under 
the  burden  is  unmistakable;  in  fact,  my  suspicions  as  to  the  sex  of  the 
egg-carrier  were  first  aroused  by  watching  one  in  an  aquarium,  which 
was  trying  to  free  itself  from  its  load  of  eggs,  an  exhibition  of  a  lack 
of  maternal  interest  not  to  be  expected  in  a  female  carrying  her  own 
eggs.  .  .  .  For  five  hours  I  watched  a  silent  unremitting  struggle 
between  the  male  and  the  female.  Her  desire  was  evidently  to  capture 
him  uninjured.  She  crept  quietly  to  within  a  few  inches  of  him,  and 
there  remained  immovable  for  half  an  hour.  Suddenly  she  sprang 
towards  him  ;  but  he  was  on  the  look-out,  and  fought  so  vigorously 
that  she  was  obliged  to  retreat.  After  this  repulse  she  swam  about 
carelessly  for  a  time,  as  if  searching  for  food  was  her  only  thought. 
But  in  ten  or  fifteen  minutes  she  was  back  in  her  first  position  in  front 
of  him.  Again  there  was  the  attack,  and  again  the  repulse.  The 
same  tactics  were  continued  until  midnight,  when,  despairing  of  her 


136  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

success,  I  left  them.  At  six  o'clock  the  next  morning  the  entire 
abdomen  of  the  male  and  half  of  the  thorax  were  covered  with  eggs. 
Those  nearest  the  head  were  quite  yellow,  showing  that  the  struggle 
had  just  ended." 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  fair  American  will  continue  her  observa- 
tions. The  reason  for  this  strange  disposal  of  the  eggs  is  problematical ; 
it  can  scarcely  be  for  their  safety,  since  the  male,  if  attacked,  "meekly 
receives  the  blows,  seemingly  preferring  death,  which  in  several  cases 
was  the  result,  to  the  indignity  of  carrying  and  caring  for  the  eggs." 

G.  W.  K, 


Second  Annual  Report  of  the  Kendal  Entoinoloijical  Society.    Session  1899. 

The  present  Report  of  this  enterprising  and,  we  are  pleased  to  say, 
flourishing  Society,  comprises  twelve  pages.  The  contents  include  the 
President's  Address  and  a  paper  entitled  "Directions  for  Setting 
Lepidoptera."  Tiie  former  is  a  review  of  the  work  done  by  the 
Society  collectively  and  its  members  individually  during  the  year  ;  the 
latter,  which  is  contributed  by  Mr.  Frank  Littlewood,  is  an  instructive 
and  practical  article. 


OBITUARY. 


We  regret  to  announce  that  Mr.  W.  G.  Blatch,  of  Knowle,  near 
Birmingham,  died  on  Feb.  24th  last. 

Mr.  Blatch  was  born  in  London  ;  we  are  unable  to  ascertain  the 
exact  date,  but  we  believe  that  it  was  about  1840.  His  education  as 
a  boy  was  not  framed  on  a  very  liberal  scale,  but  he  appears  to  have 
been  a  great  lover  of  books,  and  quickly  assimilated  their  contents  ;  and 
he  also  instructed  himself  in,  among  other  subjects,  Latin  and  Greek. 
Having  tried  shoemaking,  a  business  that  proved  not  altogether  to  his 
liking,  he  became  a  pupil-teacher  in  a  school  at  Colchester  ;  subse- 
quently, however,  he  relinquished  this  in  favour  of  an  appointment  in 
the  Essex  Hall  Idiot  Asylum.  We  next  hear  of  him  as  one  of  the 
first  of  the  "  Evangelists  "  sent  out  into  the  rural  districts  by  the  late 
Samuel  Morley,  M.P.  Finally,  he  was  appointed  Secretary  to  the 
Midland  Counties  Idiot  Asylum,  on  the  foundation  of  that  institution 
about  thirty-two  years  ago ;  this  office,  combined  with  that  of  Super- 
intendent, he  retained  until  the  date  of  his  death. 

Although  it  was  as  a  coleopterist  that  Mr.  Blatch  was  best  known 
among  entomologists,  he  was  interested  in  all  orders  of  insects,  and  a 
true  lover  of  nature.  Most  of  his  published  entomological  writings 
will  be  found  in  the  '  Entomological  Monthly  Magazine.'  He  also 
wrote  an  article  on  insects  for  the  '  Guide  to  Birmingham,'  which  was 
published  for  the  British  Association  Meeting  in  1886.  For  many  years 
he  had  been  engaged  on  a  list  of  the  Coleoptera  of  the  Midlands,  but 
this,  unfortunately,  has  not  been  published. 

Mr.  Blatch  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  London  Entomological 
Society  in  1890 ;  he  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Birmingham  En- 
/tomological  Society  (established  in  1888),  and  occupied  the  chair  for 
'  the  first  five  years. 


Entomologist,  May,  1900. 


Plate  IV. 


dd. 


ir.  J.  Lucas,  del. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIII.]  MAY,    1900.  [No.  444. 

DKAGONFLY     SEASON     OF     1899. 

By  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

Plate   IV. 

Owing  to  the  ungenial  weather  in  April  and  May  the  dragon- 
fly season,  as  in  1898,  was  late  in  commencing.  In  an  early 
year  several  species  would  be  on  the  wing  in  the  South  of 
England  during  the  last  week  of  April,  but  in  normal  years  they 
might  be  expected  to  appear  during  the  first  week  of  May.  On 
the  3rd  of  that  month  one  or  two  nymph-skins  of  Pijrrhosoma 
nymphula  were  certainly  found  on  Esher  Common  in  Surrey,  but 
no  imagines  were  seen.  At  the  same  place,  on  May  7th,  three 
that  had  but  lately  emerged  were  observed,  one  being  on  the 
wing.  A  single  specimen  of  Enallagma  cyathigeriim  was  also 
found  there  on  the  7th,  which  had  so  recently  emerged  that  the 
abdomen  had  not  attained  its  full  length.  This  latter  species 
was  on  the  wing  to  some  extent  on  Esher  Common  by  May  13th. 
At  the  same  place,  on  May  14th,  a  Cordulia  <Bnea  was  captured  in 
the  teneral  condition,  and  on  May  21st  four  specimens  of  Libellula 
quadrimaculata  were  taken  in  the  same  immature  state.  On  the 
2Brd  Ischnura  elegans,  Eriitkromma  naias,  Pyrrhosoma  nymphula, 
Agrion  puella,  A.  pulchellum,  and  Calopteryx  splendens  were 
obtained  at  the  Byfleet  Canal,  but  most  of  them  were  in  the 
teneral  state.  Indeed,  though  several  species  had  been  met  with 
the  season  cannot  be  said  to  have  well  commenced  previous  to 
the  summer  weather  that  set  in  with  the  last  few  days  of  May. 

After  that  a  normal  state  of  affairs  was  soon  attained,  and  so 
favourable  was  the  weather  that  by  July  some  of  the  summer 
species  were  perhaps  a  little  before  their  time.  Lestes  sponsa 
and  Sympetrum  striolatum  were  appearing  on  Ockham  Common 
by  July  8th,  and  S.  scoticum  and  ^-Eschna  grandis  by  the  15th  ; 
while  Mr.  Arkle  found  Leucorrhinia  diibia  over  on  July  21st  at 

ENTOM. — MAY,   1900.  N 


138  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

the  Delamere  Forest  localities  in  Cheshire,  which  he  knows 
so  well. 

The  fine  autumn  weather  extended  the  season  considerably 
at  its  latter  end.  On  Esher  Common  E.  cyathigerum  was  last 
seen  on  Sept.  17th,  Mschna  mixta  on  Sept.  24th,  S.  scoticum  on 
Oct.  15th,  and  S.  striolatim  on  Nov.  12th  ;  while  Mr.  W.  H. 
Harwood  saw^.  mixta  disporting  over  the  river  Colne,  in  Essex, 
a  few  days  before  Oct.  21st.  ^schna  cyanea  visited  Mr.  Briggs's 
garden  at  Lynmouth  on  Oct.  21st,  and  Mr.  F.  N.  Clarke  sent 
me  a  female,  which  was  taken  alive  from  a  branch  of  ivy  at 
Tetbury,  in  Gloucestershire,  on  Nov.  12th. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  events  of  the  season  was  the  visit 
of  Messrs.  King  and  C.  A.  Briggs  to  Strathglass,  in  Inverness- 
shire,  in  search  of  Somatochlora  metallica.  On  the  death  of  Dr. 
Buchanan  White,  Mr.  King  was  the  sole  entomologist  who  had 
taken  the  insect  in  that  its  only  known  British  habitat— a  dis- 
tinction which  is  now  shared  with  him  by  the  ardent  neuropterist, 
Mr.  C.  A.  Briggs.  S.  metallica  was  met  with  for  two  months 
from  June  15th  in  Strathglass  and  Glen  Affrick.  The  majority 
seen  were  males,  which  were  "  not. uncommon,  but  patience  and 
devotion  in  the  highest  degree  "  were  needed  for  their  capture, 
and,  laconically  adds  Mr.  Briggs,  "  they  got  it."  Somatochlora 
arctica  was  taken  in  Strathglass  in  June,  and  in  Glen  Affrick 
early  in  August,  in  the  latter  locality  at  an  altitude  of  1400  ft. ; 
but  it  was  not  common.  jFjSchna  ccBriilea  was  observed  in  widely 
separated  districts  in  Strathglass  and  Glen  Affrick,  at  altitudes 
varying  from  400  ft.  to  1200  ft.,  the  last  taken  being  a  male  on 
Aug.  12th.  It  was  rare  and  difficult  to  catch.  Strathglass  and 
Glen  Affrick  constitute  a  new  British  locality  for  the  last  species, 
making  the  third,  all  of  which  are  in  Scotland. 

Other  species  of  Odonata  observed  by  Mr.  Briggs  in  Strath- 
glass in  July  were  E.  cyathigermn  and  P.  nymphula,  which  were 
fairly  common ;  L.  dahia,  scarce ;  L.  sponsa,  common,  but 
immature,  at  one  little  pond  at  Invercannick  ;  and  Cordulegaster 
annulatus,  "which  was  not  uncommon,  and  an  easy  capture. 

Unfortunately  neither  Mr.  King  nor  Mr.  Briggs  succeeded  in 
obtaining  nymphs  of  S.  metallica,  S.  arctica,  or  .E.  ccerulea, 
though  the  latter  obtained  eggs  of  S.  metallica,  which  he  removed 
from  outside  the  vulvar  scale  of  a  worn  female  captured  while 
apparently  ovipositing.  Each  egg  was  about  half  a  millimetre 
long,  and  from  a  quarter  to  a  third  of  a  millimetre  wide.  The 
colour  was  pale  yellow,  and  shape  elliptical.  It  possessed  a 
rather  long,  slender,  transparent  pedicel  at  one  end,  which  ap- 
peared to  belong  to  a  thin  transparent  outer  envelope  of  the  egg. 
The  contents  had  a  granular  appearance. 

Another  interesting  expedition  was  one  undertaken  by  Mr. 
H.  S.  Fremlin  to  Stornoway,  in  the  Outer  Hebrides — a  still  more 
distant  hunting-ground.     Though  more  especially  interested  in 


DRAGONFLY   SEASON   OP    1899.  139 

Lepidoptera,  Mr.  Fremlin  brought  home  a  few  dragonflies,  as 
samples  of  what  the  district  was  capable  of  producing  in  that 
direction.  They  were :  I.  elegans,  P.  nymphula,  E.  cyathigerum, 
Msclina  juncea,  L.  quadrimaculata,  and  S.  striolatum.  The  first 
five  call  for  no  special  notice,  except  that  L.  quadrimaculata 
was  small  and  of  the  clearly  marked  but  little  suffused  Scotch 
form;  but  the  two  specimens  (both  females)  of  S.  striolatum 
crave  somewhat  closer  attention.  In  size  each  is  but  little  larger 
than  a  well-grown  S.  scoticimi,  and  in  general  appearance,  espe- 
cially in  the  colouring  of  the  sides  of  the  thorax,  closely  resembles 
that  insect.  In  the  typical  S.  striolatum  the  sides  of  the  thorax 
have  two  well-defined  broad  yellow  oblique  bands,  separated  by  a 
duller  somewhat  interrupted  third  one.  In  the  Stornoway  speci- 
men the  middle  band  is  reduced  to  a  few  spots  (Plate  IV.,  a)  much 
as  in  S.  scoticum.  The  amount  of  black  colouring  on  the  sides  of 
the  abdomen  also  point  a  little  in  the  direction  of  S.  scoticum, 
though  the  arrangement  of  those  markings  on  the  whole  recall 
S.  striolatum.  The  vulvar  scale  appears  to  be  of  a  form  inter- 
mediate between  those  of  the  two  species,  for,  though  not  pointed 
as  in  S.  scoticum,  it  does  not  appear  to  be  at  all  notched  as  in 
S.  striolatum.  On  the  other  hand,  the  pterostigma  (Plate  IV.,  a) 
is  decidedly  that  of  S.  striolatum,  and  the  yellow  mark  on  the 
metasternum  (Plate  IV.,  a  a),  though  rather  sharply  defined, 
resembles  that  of  S.  striolatum  rather  than  of  S.  scoticum. 
Further,  which  is  perhaps  more  important  than  all,  the  legs  are 
clearly  lined  with  yellow  above,  as  in  the  division  of  the  genus 
Sympetrum,  to  which  striolatum  belongs,  whereas  in  the  scoticum 
division  they  are  black.  The  conclusion  to  which  we  must 
come,  seeing  that  there  are  two  specimens,  thus  precluding  an 
aberration,  appears  to  be  that  the  insects  belong  to  a  form  of 
S.  striolatum  somewhat  resembling  S.  scoticum  (possibly  a  local 
race),  or  else  that  both  insects  are  hybrids  between  the  two 
species  ;  Mr.  McLachlan,  who  has  examined  the  insects,  inclines 
to  the  latter  opinion.  Should  any  entomologist  visit  Stornoway 
during  the  coming  season  he  may  perhaps  be  able  to  throw  some 
light  upon  the  subject. 

Sympetrum  flaveolum  was  again  present  in  good  numberson 
Ockham  Common  in  August.  The  locality  was  visited  during 
the  month  by  Mr.  H.  J.  Turner  once,  and  by  myself  twice,  but 
only  males  were  taken  ;  and  we  must  conclude  that  the  presence  of 
the  species  was  due  to  another  migration.  Kev.  J.  E.  Tarbat  took 
a  male  near  Wokingham  about  July  6th,  and  I  probably  saw  one 
near  Christchurch.  It  should  be  stated  that  Mr.  W.  H.  Harwood 
took  a  female  at  St.  Osyth,  in  Essex,  on  a  part  of  the  coast  where 
it  would  be  hardly  likely  to  breed.  With  S.flaveolum,  on  Ock- 
ham Common,  several  specimens  of  Sympetrum  sanguineum  were 
taken,  one  being  a  female.  Mr.  Turner  also  took  a  female  at 
Cliffe  Marshes,  near  Gravesend,  and  Mr.  Harwood  states  that 

N  2 


140  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

the  species  breeds  on  a  part  of  the  Essex  coast.  Numbers  of 
S.  scoticum  were  met  with  by  Mr.  Briggs  and  myself  at  a  large 
pond  on  Exmoor,  where  their  large  size  was  noticeable.  The 
species  is  also  reported  from  Cliobham  Common  and  Chertsey, 
in  Surrey  (E.  Vincent).  On  Sept.  13th  I  for  the  first  time 
noticed  a  dragonfly,  which  appeared  to  be  S.  striolatum,  flying 
backwards ;  moreover,  it  was  not  so  acting  in  order  to  back  out 
of  a  corner,  for  no  obstacle  was  near  it. 

On  Aug.  15th  Mr.  A.  H.  Hamm  took  a  male  Syinpetrum 
vulgaxum  at  Torquay.  It  did  not  appear  to  be  a  solitary  speci- 
men, but  Mr.  Hamm  unfortunately  brought  away  but  one,  not 
recognising  at  the  time  the  importance  of  his  capture.  This  is 
the  second  authenticated  British  specimen. 

Again  Orthetrum  ccerulescens  was  extremely  common  in  the 
New  Forest  in  August ;  it  appeared  to  be  just  coming  on  the 
wing  at  the  beginning  of  June.  There  has  been  a  welcome 
increase  in  the  number  of  known  localities  of  its  congener, 
0.  cancellatum — a  pair  were  taken  in  Sussex,  near  Liphook  (H. 
J.  Turner),  and  the  species  has  been  discovered  on  Chobham 
Common,  Surrey  (E.  Vincent).  Dr.  E.  A.  Walker  also  describes 
an  insect  taken  by  him  near  Byfleet  which  is  in  all  probability 
a  female  of  this  species. 

Mr.  C.  A.  Briggs  reports  Cordulegaster  annulatus  as  present, 
but  not  common,  and  difficult  to  catch,  along  the  East  Lynn 
Kiver  in  North  Devon. 

On  July  29th  a  female  Anax  im'perator,  dull  bluish  in  colour, 
was  observed  hawking,  between  seven  and  eight  in  the  evening, 
very  slowly  over  a  stream  in  the  New  Forest,  reduced  by  the  drought 
to  a  string  of  pools.  When  the  insect  was  held  by  the  legs,  after 
being  knocked  down  by  a  stick,  it  vibrated  its  wings  very  rapidly, 
especially  at  the  tip,  the  base  not  appearing  to  move  at  all. 
On  the  ear  being  brought  near  a  deep  hum  was  heard.  When 
the  finger  touched  the  abdomen  the  vibration  could  be  felt  there. 
Mr.  E.  B.  Bishop  observed  an  insect  on  Crooksbury  Common, 
Surrey,  on  June  28th,  which  by  description  must  be  a  female  of 
this  species,  so  furnishing  yet  another  Surrey  locality  for  this 
handsome  dragonfly.  Mr.  H.  J.  Turner  captured  a  female  in 
Sussex,  near  Liphook.  Its  near  relative,  Brachytron  pratense, 
was  taken  (J.  Brest)  at  the  Broads  near  Lowestoft  in  the  begin- 
ning of  June. 

Males  of  Mschna  mixta  were  rather  plentiful  on  Esher  Com- 
mon in  September.  They  often  flew  low  down  amongst  the  tall 
reeds,  whereas  they  usually  fly  quite  high  round  the  trees  and 
tall  bushes.  Though  no  captures  were  made  in  either  place,  I 
almost  certainly  met  with  the  species  at  Ockham  Common  and 
in  the  New  Forest.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  Colchester,  Mr. 
Harwood  found  the  species  from  August  till  October,  and  more 
generally  distributed,  though  perhaps  on  the  whole  scarcer  than 


DRAGONFLY    SEASON    OF    1899.  141 

last  year.  Mr.  C.  W.  Colthrup  found  one  dead  at  Folkestone  on 
Oct.  3rd.  In  addition  to  the  discovery  of  ^®.  juncea  at  Storno- 
way,  in  Lewis,  by  Mr.  H.  S.  Fremlin,  Mr.  Briggs  and  myself 
found  it  rather  common  on  Aug.  21st  at  a  large  pond  on  Exmoor, 
in  Somerset. 

Calopteri/x  splendens  and  G.  virgo  have  been  reported  from 
Moor  Park,  near  Farnham  (E.  B.  Bishop) ;  C.  virgo  from  Putten- 
ham  Common,  Surrey  (E.  B.  Bishop),  and  North  Devon  (C.  A. 
Briggs) ;  Lestes  sponsa,  Chobham  Common  (E.  Vincent)  ;  E. 
naias,  Virginia  Water  and  Chobham  Common,  Surrey  (E.  Vin- 
cent) ;  Ischnura  elegans,  Exmoor  (W.  J.  L.)  ;  Agrion  pulchellum, 
Broads  near  Lowestoft  (J.  Prest)  ;  and  E.  cyathigerum,  Keswick 
(E.  B.  Bishop),  and  Exmoor  (W.  J.  L.). 

Pyrrhosoma  tenellum  was  captured  in  June  in  a  new  locality — 
in  Sussex,  near  Liphook — and  it  occurred  as  usual  in  numerous 
localities  in  the  New  Forest,  where  also  Agrion  mercuriale  was 
found  in  good  numbers.  In  Richmond  Park  an  aberration  of 
I.  elegans  was  taken  with  two  small  distal  blue  spots  on  the 
dorsal  surface  of  the  seventh  segment  of  the  abdomen. 

Some  nymphs  of  C.  splendens*  dredged  from  the  Byfleet  Canal 
on  March  12th,  were  so  very  small  that  they  could  not  possibly 
have  been  ready  to  emerge  at  their  proper  time  that  season ;  and 
the  same  must  be  said  of  a  tiny  nymph  of  Gomphus  vulgatissimus, 
taken  from  a  stream  in  the  New  Forest  on  June  4th.  We  must 
therefore  assume  that  these  two  species  are,  or  may  be,  more 
than  one  year  in  reaching  maturity.  Empty  nymph-cases  of  the 
latter  dragonfly  found  in  the  New  Forest  were  coated  with  mud, 
and  in  all  cases  were  on  the  grassy  bank  of  the  stream,  not  on 
rushes.  Possibly  their  legs,  which  are  well  adapted  for  burrow- 
ing, are  not  suitable  for  climbing. 

On  April  17th  an  emergence  of  a  female  P.  nymphula,  which 
commenced  about  9.40  a.m.,  was  watched.  The  "rest"  before 
the  extremity  of  the  abdomen  was  withdrawn  lasted  about  twenty 
minutes;  the  head  was  not  thrown  backwards.  The  wings  were 
of  full  size  about  an  hour  before  the  body  was.  Another  female 
that  emerged  on  April  22nd  rested  in  the  same  manner  as  did 
the  former. 

On  May  11th  two  males  of  E.  cyathigerum  emerged  from  the 
nymph-case,  and  the  identity  of  the  nymph  was  by  this  means 
established. 

About  7.35  a.m.  on  May  14th  a  Cordulia  cenea  was  noticed 
partly  out  of  its  nymph-case,  and  then  in  its  "resting  position," 
with  head  and  thorax  thrown  backwards.  At  8  o'clock  it  bent 
itself  upwards,  and  drew  out  the  rest  of  its  abdomen,  showing 
that  it  was  a  female.  An  hour  later  its  wings  were  of  full  size, 
and  dull  grey  in  colour.     The  lengthening  of  the  body  took  place 

*  This  and  the  other  nymphs  referred  to  are  fully  described  in  my 
*  British  Dragonflies,'  and  in  some  cases  figured, 


142  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

almost  entirely  after  the  wings  were  full-grown.  About  1.30  p.m. 
the  insect  had  flown  from  its  support,  the  abdomen  was  bronze- 
coloured,  and  the  wings  were  transparent,  though  suffused  with 
a  yellowish  tint. 

By  collecting  nymph-skins  while  the  species  was  emerging 
the  identity  of  the  nymph  of  S.  striolatum  was  satisfactorily  de- 
termined. It  may  be  recognised  by  the  long  lateral  spines  on 
the  hinder  segments  of  the  abdomen.  Some  of  the  skins  were 
very  dark  in  colour.  S.  scoticum,  which  somewhat  resembles  it, 
is  smaller,  and  has  very  short  lateral  spines. 

Nymph-cases  of  Lestes  sponsa  were  found  on  Ockham  Common 
on  July  8th.  This  nymph  is  an  extremely  interesting  one  from 
the  fact  that  it  holds  an  intermediate  position  between  the 
Calopteryginse  and  the  rest  of  the  Agrionidse.  Its  ladle-shaped 
mask  bears  considerable  resemblance  to  that  of  Calopteryx,  while 
its  banded  lamellse  (Plate  IV.,  b)  are  rather  thick,  and  are  easily 
separated  into  two  layers.  The  outer  lamellae  are  longer  and 
straighter  than  the  middle  one,  which  is  figured.  The  margin 
(Plate  IV.,  h)  is  ornamented  with  stout  spines  two-thousandths 
of  an  inch  long,  separated  in  some  parts  by  two  or  more 
slender  ones. 

Platycnemis  pennipes  was  bred  on  July  10th  from  a  nymph 
obtained  in  the  New  Forest.  In  colour  it  was  yellowish  brown. 
The  mask  was  of  the  usual  ^^now-type,  but  the  lamellae 
(Plate  IV.,  c)  are  again  sufficiently  distinct  to  serve  as  a  means 
of  identifying  the  species.  They  are  long,  and  terminate  in  a 
very  attenuated  point.  The  margin  (Plate  IV.,  c)  is  clothed 
with  hairs,  many  of  which  towards  the  distal  extremity  are  very 
long,  about  one-fiftieth  of  an  inch.  The  lamellae  are  slightly 
mottled  with  brown,  and  the  middle  one  is  a  little  broader  than 
the  outer  ones. 

Amongst  the  nymphs  of  P. pennipes  was  one  of  A.  mercuriale, 
which,  however,  was  not  recognised  till  it  emerged,  when  there 
was  little  in  the  body  of  the  nymph-case  to  distinguish  it  from 
other  Agrions  The  two  lamellas  which  it  possessed  were  ex- 
tremely small,  and,  if  they  did  not  represent  two  renewed  ones 
partly  grown,  would  easily  serve  to  distinguish  the  species. 

I  must  not  conclude  without  referring  to  some  interesting 
observations  that  Eev.  F.  East  has  been  making  on  the  nymphs 
of  Mschna  cyanea.  He  found  that  out  of  sixty-one  emergences, 
thirty-one  were  females  and  thirty  males.  Though  some  emerged 
in  the  daytime,  the  majority  came  out  at  night — by  night  I  con- 
clude we  are  to  understand  the  very  early  morning.  The  nymphs 
were  taken  from  a  pond  in  his  garden,  and  as  the  perfect  insects 
emerged  most — fifty-six — were  set  free.  None  remained  at  the 
time  near  the  pond,  but  later  in  the  summer  some  returned  and 
hawked  round  the  pond  and  the  garden  as  usual. 

As  a  result  of  experiments  made  by  Mr.  East  with  ^.  cyanea 


LEPIDOPTEKA  OCCUKRING  IN  COUNTY  CORK.         143 

and  one  of  the  Agrioninse,  it  seems  that  dragonflies,  so  long  as 
they  are  kept  in  damp  air,  are  able  to  live  for  many  days  out  of 
water.  They  appear  to  remain  in  good  health,  and,  when  put  into 
water  for  a  time,  seem  perfectly  happy,  and  feed  as  if  nothing  had 
happened.  It  will  be  interesting  to  see  if  this  change  in  their 
manner  of  life  has  any  effect  on  their  final  development. 

Explanation  of  Plate  IV. — A.  Sympebmm  striolatum  var.  (x  3)  ;  a, 
pterostigma  ( x  6)  ;  aa,  metasternum  and  first  and  second  segments  of  abdo- 
men (x  6).  B.  Platycnemis  pennipes,  middle  caudal  lamella  (x  7)  ;  b,  por- 
tion of  margin  (highly  miagnified).  C.  Lestes  sponsa,  middle  caudal  lamella 
(X  10) ;  c,  portion  of  margin  (highly  magnified). 


LEPIDOPTERA    OCCUERING    IN    COUNTY    CORK. 

By  R.  J.  F.  Donovan. 

As  I  have  seen  so  few  records  of  Irish  Lepidoptera  in  the 
'Entomologist,'  I  thought  the  following  list,  enumerating  captures 
since  the  autumn  of  1896,  might  be  of  interest.  Except  where 
otherwise  stated,  all  the  species  referred  to  were  taken  in  or 
about  the  Ummera  Woods.  These  woods,  which  are  not  very 
extensive,  consist  mostly  of  larch,  Scotch  fir,  and  oak,  intermixed 
with  elm,  birch,  ash,  and  beech,  and  lie  within  two  miles  of  the 
village  of  Timoleague.  All  doubtful  captures,  comprising  nearly 
all  the  Eupitheciee  and  Acidalise,  were  very  kindly  named  for 
me  by  Mr.  Kane.  As  will  be  seen  on  consulting  Mr.  Kane's 
'Catalogue  of  Irish  Lepidoptera,'  my  best  captures  were  Leucania 
extranea  (second  record  for  Ireland),  Sterrha  sacraria  (also  second 
record  for  Ireland),  and  Laphi/gma  exigua  (first  record  for  Ireland), 
with  Hadena  dissimilis,  Eupithecia  virguareata,  E.  vcderianata,  &c. 

Pieris  brassiccB,  P.  rapes,  P.  napi,  and  Euchloe  cardamines.  All  more 
or  less  common. 

Colias  edusa.      One  or  two  seen  each  year.     Plentiful  in  1899. 

Argynnis  aglaia.  A  few  specimens  seen  each  year.  —  A.  paphia. 
Plentiful  about  the  woods. 

Melitaa  aurinia.     A  colony  near  Inchy  Bridge. 

Vanessa  urticcB.  Common. —  V.  io  and  V.  atalanta.  Not  so  common 
as  F.  urticcB. — V.  car  did.     A  few  in  1897  ;  plentiful  in  1899. 

Pararge  egeria.     Common. — P.  megara.     Somewhat  scarcer. 

Satyrus  semele.     Not  uncommon  along  the  railway. 

Epinephele  ianira,  E.  hyperanthus,  and  E.  tithonus.     Common. 

Coeno7iyi)ipha  pamphilus.     Fairly  common. 

Thecla  quercus.  Not  common. — T.  rubi.  One  specimen  on  May  19th, 
1898. 

Polyommatus  phlceas.     Common. 

Ltjcana  icanis.  Common. — L.  minima.  Two  specimens  near  Cool- 
maine  Castle,  Harbour  View,  June  26th,  1897. 


144  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Acherontia  atropos.  One  larva,  in  1896,  dried  up  in  pupal  state. 
One  dead  imago  from  Butterstown  on  Sept.  20th,  1899. 

Charocampa  porcellus  Two  specimens  at  Harbour  View  in  1897. — 
C.  elpenor.  Two  specimens  in  1898  ;  one  in  1899.  Larvae  were  ob- 
tained in  both  years,  but  they  were  unfortunately  ichneumoned. 

Smerinthus  oceUatus.  A  few  larvse.  One  imago  in  1898. — S.  popidi. 
Larv^  rather  common. 

Macroglossa  stellataium.     A  few  most  years,  common  in  1899. — M. 
hombijliformis.     Scarce  ;  rather  plentiful  in  one  field  in  1897. 
Ino  statices.     Not  common. 
Zyg(EnaJilipendul(B.     Common. 

Halias  prasinana.     Pupfe  common  under  moss  on  oak  trees. 
Nudaria  mundana.     Common. 

Gnophria  quadra.     Seven  specimens  altogether  at  light. — G.  rubri- 
collis.     Pupse   common,   but  almost  all  ichneumoned;  imagines  not 
uncommon  on  road  passing  through  woods. 
Euchelia  jacobcEcB.     Common. 
Arctia  caia.     Larvas  fairly  common. 

Spilosoma  fuliginosa.  One  specimen  on  June  24th,  1899.  —  8. 
mendica.  Five  specimens,  all  referable  to  var.  rustica. — S.  liibricipeda 
and  S.  menthastri.     Common. 

Hepialus  humuli  and  H.  lupulinus.  Common. — H.  velleda.  Four 
specimens. 

Dasychira  pudibunda.     Common. 

Orgyia  antiqua.  Larvse  not  uncommon  ;  imagines  very  plentiful  in 
1899. 

Pcecilocampa  populi.  Two  specimens  in  1897,  one  in  1899  ;  a  few 
pupae  on  tree  trunks. 

Bombyx  rubi.     Common. — B.  quercus.     Larvae  common. 
Dicranura  vinula.     Larvse  common. 

Notodonta  camelina.  Larvre  rather  common.  —  A',  ziczac.  Two 
larvae  in  1899. 

Phalera  bucephala.     Larvse  common. 
Thyatira  derasa.     Common. — T.  batis.     Not  so  common. 
Demas  coryli.     Three  specimens. 

Acronycta  psi.  Five  pupse  in  rotten  branches  of  alder. — A.  leporina. 
One  specimen  on  June  20th,  1898. — A.  rumicis.     Common. 

Leucania  conigera.  Not  uncommon.  —  L.  lithargyria.  Commoner 
than  the  preceding. — L.  extranea.  One  specimen  (see  Entom.  xxx. 
p.  80). — L.  comma,  L.  impiira,  L.  pallens.     More  or  less  common. 

Tapinostola  fulva.  One  specimen  on  Sept.  29th,  1897.  Larvse  of 
perhaps  this  species  at  roots  of  bog-cotton — discovered  by  pulling  the 
reeds  separately,  and  those  that  come  up  easily  mostly  contain  a 
larva  at  the  root. 

No7iagria  arundinis.  Plentiful  at  Grange  Bog,  about  one  and  a 
half  mile  from  Timoleague. 

Hydrcecia  nictitans  and  H.  micacea.     Common. 
Axylia  putris.     Scarce. 

Xylophasia  rurea.  Rather  scarce. — X.  lithoxylea  and  X.monoglypha. 
Common. 

Laphygma  exigua.     One  specimen  on  Sept.  8tb,  1899, 
Neuronia  popularis.     Common. 


LEPIDOPTERA    OCCURRING   IN    COUNTY    CORK.  145 

CharcBas  graminis.     Fairly  common. 

Luperina  testacea.     Rather  common. — L.  cespitis.     Ten  specimens. 
Mamestra  furva.     Scarce,  more  plentiful  than  usual  in  1899. — M. 
brassiccB.     Common.  —  M.  persicarim.     Two  larvfe  low  down  on  birch 
trees.     Two  pupae. 

Apamea  basilinea.  Four  specimens. — A.  gemina.  A  few  in  1899. — 
A.  didyma.     Common. 

Miana  strigilis.  Common.  —  M.  literosa  and  M.  bicoloria.  Not 
uncommon,  the  latter  very  variable. 

Grammesia  trigrammica.     Common. 

Stilbia  anomala.     About  five  specimens  altogether. 

Caradrina  taraxaci.  Not  very  common.  —  C.  quadripunctata. 
Common. 

Puisma  tenebrosa.     Fairly  common. 

Agrotis  suffusa.  Common. — A.  saiicia.  Scarce  ;  plentiful  in  1899. — 
A.  segetum  and  A.  exclamationis.  Common. — A.  corticea.  One  or  two 
each  year. — A.  strigula.     Four  specimens. 

Noctua  glareosa.  Four  specimens.  —  A',  plecta.  Common.  —  N. 
c-nignim.  Not  uncommon.  —  N.  trianguhim.  Four  specimens. — N. 
brunnea?  One  specimen.  —  N.  rubi.  Fairly  common.  —  iV.  iimbrosa. 
Four  specimens. — N.baia.  One  specimen. — N.xanthographa.  Common. 

Triph(Bna  ianthina .  Fairly  common. — T.  fimbria.  Larvae  common 
in  spring. — T.  interjecta.  Three  specimens. — T.  comes  and  T.  pronuba. 
Common. 

Amphipyra  pyramidea?  A  dried-up  pupa  at  root  of  an  elm. — A. 
tragopogonu.     Common. 

Mania  typica.     One  specimen  on  Aug.  11th,  1897. 

Panolis  piniperda.     Three  specimens. 

Pachnobia  rubricosa.     Not  uncommon. 

Tceniocampa  gothica,  T.  incerta,  T.  stabUis,  and  T.  pxdvendenta. 
Common. — T.  gracilis.     Scarce. 

Orthosia  lota.  Two  specimens. — 0.  macilenta.  Several  specimens 
in  1898  ;  one  larva  in  1899. 

Anchocelis  pistacina.     Common. — A.  lunosa.     Eather  scarce. 

Cerastis  vaccinii.     Common  at  sallow. 

Scopelosoma  satellitia.     At  sallow. 

Xanthia  fl.avago.     A  few  specimens. — X.  circellaris.     Common. 

Calynmia  trapezina.     Rather  plentiful. 

Dianthcecia  capsincola.  Common. — D.  cucubali.  A  few  specimens. — 
D.  capsophila.     Common. 

Hecatera  serena.     Scarce. 

MIselia  oxyacanthcB.     Not  common. 

Agriupis  aprilina.     One  specimen  on  Nov.  1st,  1897. 

Euplexia  lucipnra.     A  few  specimens. 

Phlogophora  meticulosa.     Common. 

Aplecta  prasina.     About  four  specimens. — A.  nebulosa.     Common. 

Hadena  dentina  and  H.  oleracea.  Common. — H.  dissimilis.  About 
six  specimens. —  H.pisi.  Two  specimens  in  1899. — H.  thalassina. 
Four  or  five  specimens. 

Xylocampa  areola.     Common. 

C'alocampa  vetusta.    Fairly  common. — C.  exoleta.    Three  specimens. 

Xyliita  ornithopus.  Scarce  at  sallow. — X.  socia.  Fairly  common 
at  sallow  and  ivy. 


146  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Cucullia  umbratica.     Common. 

Gonoptera  libatrix.     Larvas  common. 

Habrostola  tripartita.  One  specimen  on  June  7th,  1899.  —  H. 
triplasia.     Common. 

Plusia  chrysitis.  Eather  common. — P.  bractea.  One  specimen  on 
July  17tli,  1898. — P.  festucts.  Two  specimens,  one  on  October  8th, 
1897,  and  the  other  on  July  11th,  1898.  —  P.  pulchrina.  Not  un- 
common.— P.  gamma.     Common. 

Chariclea  umbra.     A  few  specimens. 

Phytometra  viridaria.     Common. 

Euclidia  mi.     Common. 

Zandognatha  grisealis.  Not  uncommon. — Z.  tarsipennalis.  One 
specimen  on  July  5th,  1898. 

Hypena  proboscidalis.     Common. 

Uropteryx  sambucaria.     Common. 

Epione  apiciaria.     Four  specimens, 

Rumia  luteolata.     Common. 

Venilia  macuiaria.     Not  uncommon. 

Metrocampa  margaritaria.     Fairly  common. 

Ellopia  prosapiaria.     Three  specimens. 

Eurymene  dolobraria.     Seven  specimens. 

Helenia  bilunaria.     Common,  with  a  few  examples  of  var.  juliaria. 

Odontopera  bidentata.     Pupae  and  imagines  common. 

Crocallis  elinguaria.     Rather  scarce. 

Eugonia  alniaria.  One  specimen  on  Aug.  22nd,  1898. — E.  quer- 
cinaria.     Common. 

Rimera  pennaria.     Eather  common. 

Phigalia  pedaria.     A  few  pupae.     One  imago  on  March  7th,  1898. 

Amphidasys  strataria.  Three  specimens  in  1899.  —  A.  betularia. 
Larvae  and  pupae  fairly  common. 

Cleora  lichenaria.     Eather  common. 

Boarmia  repandata.  Common.  —  B.  cinctaria.  One  specimen  in 
moth-trap  on  April  21st,  1898. 

Gnophos  obscuraria.     A  few  specimens. 

Pseudoterpna  pruinata.     Common. 

Geometra  papilionaria.  Two  larvae  on  birch ;  one  imago  on  July 
9th,  1898. 

lodis  lactearia.     Common. 

Acidalia  dimidiata,  A.  subsericeata,  and  A.  aversata.  Common. — 
A.  trigeminata.  Not  uncommon ;  named  by  Mr.  Kane,  which  is 
perhaps  a  slip,  as  he  does  not  include  this  species  in  his  '  Catalogue.' — 
A.  marginepiinctata  and  A.  imitaria.     Not  uncommon. 

Cahera  pusaria.     Common. — C.  exantheviaria.     Not  uncommon. 

Macaria  liturata.  One  specimen  at  light  on  July  11th,  1898.  A 
pupa  in  1899. 

Panagra  petraria.     One  specimen  on  May  29th,  1899. 

Selidosoma  ericetaria.     One  specimen  on  Aug.  5th,  1897. 

Ematurga  atomaria.     Four  specimens. 

Sterrha  sacraria.     One  specimen  on  Aug.  27th,  1898. 

Abraxas  grossulariata.     Common. 

Bomaspiiis  marginata.     Common. 


LEPIDOPTERA  OCCURRING  IN  COUNTY  CORK.         147 

Hyhernia  marginaria.  A  few  at  sallow.  —  H.  defoliaria.  Three 
specimens  and  one  pupa  in  1899. 

Anisopteryx  cBscularia.     Two  specimens  in  1899  ;  one  in  1900. 

Cheimatobia  hrumata.     Common. 

Oporabia  dilutata.     Common. 

Larentia  didymata.  Three  specimens  in  1897.  —  L.  multistrigaria. 
Not  uncommon  at  sallow. — L.  viridaria.     Fairly  common. 

Emmelesia  alchemillata  ?  One  specimen  on  Aug.  10th,  1898. — E. 
albulata.     Plentiful  in  one  spot. — E.  unifasciata.     Four  specimens. 

Enpithecia  venosata.  Not  uncommon. — E.  pxdchellata.  Four  speci- 
mens in  1898;  not  uncommon  in  1899. — E.  oblongata.  A  few  examples. 
Plentiful  at  Coolim  Cliffs,  about  three  miles  beyond  Courtmacsherry. — 
E.  subfulvata.  Five  specimens  ;  also  two  specimens  of  var.  oxydata. — 
E.  ■plumbeolata.  Six  specimens. — E.  satyrata.  Four  specimens.  Larvae 
rather  plentiful  on  flowers  of  IScabiosa  succisa. — E.  scabiosata.  Rather 
plentiful  over  a  heath  in  1899. — E.  castigata.  A  few  of  a  peculiar 
variety  resembling  E.  pusillata. — E.  virgaureata.  Larvae  and  imagines 
plentiful.  —  E.  valerianata.  One  imago.  Larvae  on  almost  every 
flower-head  of  Valeriana  officinalis. — E.  nanata.  Three  specimens. 
Larvffi  common  on  Calluna  vulgaris. — E.  vulgata.  Rather  common. — 
E.  absinthiata.  Common.  —  E.  assimilata.  Two  specimens.  A  few 
larvae. — E.  lariciata.  Three  specimens.  —  E.  abbreviata.  Not  un- 
common.— E.  pumilata.  Common. — E.  coronata.  Three  examples  of 
the  first  and  one  of  the  second  brood. — E.  rectangulata.  One  specimen 
in  1898.  Larvae  common  in  1899. — E.  debiliata.  Larvje  plentiful  in  one 
part  of  the  woods.     Two  specimens  of  a  peculiar  unicolorous  variety. 

Lobophora  viretata.     A  few  in  1899. 

Thera  variata.  Summer  brood  common  in  1899  ;  three  examples 
of  the  autumn  brood  in  1898. 

Hypsipetes  trifasciata.  Sixteen  pupae  in  rotten  stumps  and  branches 
of  alder. — H.  sordidata.     Rather  common. 

Melanthia  oceUata  and  M.  albicillata.     Not  common. 

Melanippe  sociata,  M.  montanata,  and  M.  fluctuata.     Common. 

Coremia  unidentaria.     Common. 

Camptogramma  bilineata.    Common. — C,  fluviata.    A  few  specimens. 

Phibalapteryx  vittata.     Plentiful  over  a  marsh  in  1898. 

Eucosmia  undulata.  One  imago.  Larvae  not  uncommon  on  small 
willow  bushes. 

Cidaria  siderata.  Common. —  C.  miata.  A  few  specimens. —  C. 
truncata.  Common. —  C.  snffumata.  A  few  specimens. —  C.  prunata. 
Two  specimens. —  C.  testata  and  C.  populata.     A  few  of  each. 

Pelurgia  comitata.     A  few  specimens. 

Eubolia  limitata  and  E.  plumbaria.     Common. 

Anaitis  plagiata.     Common. 

Platyptilia  ochrodactyla.     One  specimen. 

MimcBseoptilns  bipunctidactyla.  Common. — M.  pterodactyhis.  One 
specimen. 

Pterophorus  monodactyhis .     Common. 

Aciptilia  pentadactyla.     Fairly  common. 

Alucita  hexadactyla.     Common. 

Ummera  House,  Timpleague, 


148  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

A    GUIDE    TO    THE     STUDY     OF     BRITISH     WATERBUGS 
(AQUATIC   RHYNCHOTA). 

By    G.    \V.    Kirkaldy,    F.E.S. 

(Continued  from  vol.  xxxii.  p.  300.) 

The  true  "waterbugs" — i.e.  those  which  pass  the  greater 
portion  of  their  existence  actually  beneath  the  surface  of  water — 
whether  it  be  running  stream,  stagnant  pond,  or  brine  pool—and 
which  are  considerably  modified  in  their  structure  in  accordance 
with  their  environment — have  been  usually  placed  in  a  single 
division  by  modern  authors,  partly  for  convenience,  and  partly 
from  a  mistaken  idea  of  the  taxonomic  importance  of  one  or  two 
characters,  e.g.  the  great  alteration  in  the  magnitude  and  situa- 
tion of  the  antennae,  which  in  the  majority  of  the  forms  are  con- 
cealed when  at  rest  in  grooves  on  the  under  side  of  the  head, 
whence  the  group  is  usually  termed  Cryptocerata  (or  Krypto- 
kerata).*  This  modification  is,  however,  evidently  not  a  test  of 
relationship,  but  connected  with  the  nature  of  their  habitat.  In 
the  same  way  that  coleopterists  perceived  at  length  that  the 
Dytiscidge,  Gyrinidse,  Hydrophilidae,  &c.,  were  really  not  closely 
allied,  despite  their  common  habitat  and  their  superficial  re- 
semblance, so  have  many  rhynchotists  now  realised  that  there 
are  two  heterophyletic  divisions — probably  very  distantly  related 
— of  aquatic  bugs. 

The  first  of  these — the  Naucoroidea— embraces  the  British 
families  Naucoridae,  Corixidse,  and  Notonectidse,  and  the  exotic 
Mononychidae  (which  should  perhaps  be  included  in  the  Nau- 
coridse)  and  Belostomatidae.  The  second — the  Nepoidea— con- 
tains a  single  family,  the  Nepidae,  with  two  British  genera,  viz. 
Nepa,  Linn.,  and  Ranatra,  Fabr.  The  Gerridae,  which  have 
previously  been  discussed,  are  related  more  nearly  to  the 
Nepoidea  than  to  the  Naucoroidea,  but  have  in  any  case  arisen 
quite  separately,  probably  from  a  proto-Eeduvioid  stock,  from 
which  indeed  the  Nepoidea  also  probably  originated. 

The  first  step  towards  an  aquatic  life  to  which  Notonecta  has 
become  so  admirably  adapted  would  be  represented  by  a  bug  not 
unlike  Acanthia,  Fabr.  Latr.  [Salda,  Saund.],  a  genus  of  which 
we  have  eighteen  species  in  our  islands.  These  are  most  diverse 
in  their  habits,  most  of  them  frequenting  the  margins  of 
streams,  ponds,  salt  marshes,  often  under  stones  :  one  species  is 
to  be  found  in  Sphagnum ;  while  another  occurs  far  away  from 
moisture  on  sandy  commons  or  moors,  under  heather  or  in  sand- 
pits.     Two  species  at  least  move  about  from  plant  to   plant 

*  Greek  xpt^Trroj  (Icruptos),  hidden  ;  «spa;  (keras),  a  horn. 


A    GUIDE    TO    THE    STUDY   OF    BRITISH   WATERBUGS.  149 

under  water,*  although  no  special  modifications  have  apparently 
arisen  in  the  structure  of  these  bugs  in  relation  to  an  incipient 
aquatic  life.  The  next  link  is  indicated  by  a  curious  and  some- 
what isolated  family,  the  Ochteridae,!  which  is  distinguished  from 
Acanthia  at  first  sight  by  the  greater  continuity  of  curve  from 
head  to  abdomen  in  the  lateral  margins.  The  rostrum  is  very 
similar  to  that  of  Acanthia,  and  the  legs  are  simple,  but  the 
antennae  are  very  short,  being  concealed  under  the  head.  Never- 
theless they  are  not  strictly  aquatic,  but  frequent  the  banks  of 
rivers,  feeding  upon  small  insects,  after  the  manner  of  some  of 
the  species  of  Acanthia.  The  nymph  lives  beneath  moist  sand. 
There  are  unfortunately  no  British  species  of  the  family,  but 
Ochteriis  {=^  Pelogotius)  marginatas,  Latr.,  is  found  so  near  as 
France,  Spain,  and  Italy.  + 

With  the  NaucoridsB  we  enter  upon  the  true  aquatic  forms. 
Comparatively  little  adaptation  to  an  aquatic  life  has  been 
effected  even  here,  but  in  the  higher  forms  the  posterior  legs  are 
more  natatorial,  and  the  antennae  more  greatly  modified.  The 
exotic  Belostomatidse  are  superficially  much  like  the  Naucoridse, 
but  may  be  at  once  separated  by  the  peculiarly  shaped  antennae 
and  more  natatorial  posterior  legs.  The  Corixidae  have  un- 
doubtedly originated  from  a  Naucoroid  ancestor,  and  are  all 
strictly  aquatic.  The  Notonectidae  are  also  Naucoroid,  and  are 
perhaps  the  most  specialised  of  all  aquatic  insects  ;  they  certainly 
ought  not — as  in  the  arrangements  of  most  authors — to  be  inter- 
polated between  the  Naucoridae  and  CorixidaB,  but  should  be 
placed  immediately  after  the  latter. 

The  Nepidae  are — apart  from  some  profound  structural  differ- 
ences— readily  distinguished  by  the  fact  that  they  respire  by 
means  of  long  filamentary  tubes  at  the  anal  end  of  the  body,§ 
and,  while  the  Naucoroidea  move  the  opposite  legs  together,  the 
Nepoidea  move  them  alternately.  The  following  table  will 
separate  the  three  families  into  which  the  Naucoroidea  are 
divided  : — 

1.  Somewhat  flat  and  rounded ;  anterior  legs  in- 
serted on  the  anterior  margin  of  the  pro- 
sternum  (fig.  29) 1.  Naucoridae. 

la.  Oval  or  elongate  oval ;  anterior  legs  inserted 
on  the  posterior  margin  of  the  presternum 
(fig.  30) 2. 

*  J.  E.  Mason,  E.  M.  M.  xxv.  p.  236. 

f  Pelogonitlse,  auctt. 

X  The  extra-British  Mononychidae  {Mononyx,  Spin.,  Gelastocoris,  Kirk., 
&c.)  need  not  be  considered  here,  as,  although  they  are  intermediate  between 
the  true  landbugs  and  true  waterbugs — being  riparian  and  kryptokeratous — 
they  do  not  indicate  any  of  the  intermediate  stages  of  evolution. 

§  The  strap-like  processes  in  the  Belostomatidae  are  sexual. 


150  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

2.  Somewhat  flat,  but  elongate  ;  rostrum  short, 
apparently  not  jointed  ;  anterior  tarsi  more 
or  less  spoon-  or  knife-shaped       .         .         .2.  Corixidge. 

2a.  Very  convex  ;  rostrum  long,  with  three  to  four 

segments  ;  anterior  tarsi  simple,  raptorial    .  3.  Notonectidae. 

Naucokid^. 

Of  this  family,  the  British  species  of  which  are  characterised 
by  the  somewhat  flat  broad  oval  form,  we  have  perhaps  three 
genera,  viz.  Aphelocheirus,  Westwood,  Ili/ocoris,  Stal,  a,nd Naucoris, 
Geoffroy ;  but  the  presence  of  the  third  is  doubtful. 

The  following  table  will  separate  the  three  genera : — 

1.  Rostrum  long,  reaching  base  of  mesosternum ; 

head  above  produced  in  front  of  the  eyes, 
and  sensibly  narrowed,  subhorizoutal ;  an- 
tennae reaching  a  little  beyond  the  sides  of 
the  head.  Tarsi  2-segmentate,  with  two  long 
curved  claws  each  ;  posterior  legs  scarcely 
natatorial.  [Always  practically  apterous.] 
Figs.  31-34  .  .  .     '     .  1.  Aphelocheirus,  Westw. 

la.  Rostrum  short,  not  reaching  beyond  base  of 
prosternum  ;  head  not  produced  in  front  of 
eyes,  but  deflected  shortly  downwards ; 
antennae  thickened,  not  reaching  beyond 
sides  of  head.  Anterior  tarsi  unsegmented, 
destitute  of  claws  ;  intermediate  and  pos- 
terior tarsi  2-segmentate,  with  claws ;  pos- 
terior legs  natatorial.  [Macropterous  or 
brachypterous]     ......  2. 

2.  Anterior  femora  very  greatly  incrassate  (beneath 

with  a  small  pad  of  hair  near  the  base),  sud- 
denly ampliated  in  a  right  angle  at  the  base 
beneath,  then  narrowed.  Figs.  35-39  3.  Naucoris,  Geoffr. 
2a.  Anterior  femora  greatly  incrassate  (beneath 
with  broad  pad  of  hair  the  whole  length),  not 
suddenly  ampliated  beneath  in  a  right  angle. 
Figs.  40-45 2.  llyocoris,  Stal. 

Aphelocheirus*  is,  in  many  respects,  a  link  between  the 
Acanthiidae  and  the  Naucorinse,  and  was  indeed  placed  in  the 
former  by  its  founder.  Although  the  subhorizontal  face  and 
long  rostrum  separate  it  from  the  other  genera,  it  clearly  belongs 
to  the  family.  The  head  above  is  elongate  and  horizontal  (or 
nearly  so)  ;  the  rostrum  long,  slender,  narrowing  towards  the 
apex  (fig.  31)  ;  the  antennae  consist  of  four  segments,  and  are 
apparently  destitute  of  sensory  organs,  the  antennal  groove  is 
slight  (figs.  32  and  33).  The  pronotum  is  deeply  excavate 
anteriorly,    greatly    expanded    laterally,   prosternum    carinate, 

•■  «(pe^»!?  {aphUes),  slender  or  simple ;  p^fip  (kheir),  a  hand. 


A    GUIDE    TO    THE    STUDY    OF   BRITISH   WATERBUGS.  151 

mesosterimm  elevated ;  femora  all  incrassate ;  tarsi  2-seg- 
mentate,  not  pilose,  second  segment  longer  than  the  first,  termi- 
nated by  two  long  stout  curved  claws  (fig.  34).  The  connexivum, 
which  is  not  very  clearly  marked  off,  is  spinosely  produced 
posteriorly. 

Until  recently  only  a  single  species  of  the  genus — known  as 
A.  csstivalis  (Fabr.) — was  included  in  the  British  lists.  Dr. 
Horvath,  in  his  recent  monograph  of  the  genus,*  has  added 
another,  which  he  names  A.  montandoni.  These  two  species 
seem  to  be  sufficiently  distinct,  but  I  think  the  learned  Doctor 
has  fallen  into  error  in  maintaining  A.  csstivalis  as  British.  It 
is  true  that  the  figures  given  by  Westwood  and  by  Douglas  and 
Scott  refer  to  the  latter  species,  but  they  were  both  drawn  from 
one  of  the  original  specimens  of  Fabriciust  captured  in  France  ; 
and  I  am  not  aware  of  macropterous  examples  having  been  obtained 
in  the  British  Isles.  All  the  apterous  individuals  I  have  seen — 
including  those  in  my  own  collection — belong  to  A .  montandoni, 
and  we  must  therefore  apparently  erase  cestivalis  from  our  lists. 

The  synonymy  of  the  two  species  should  be  amended  to  :  — 

1.  Aphelocheirus  cestivalis  (Fabr.). 

Westwood  (pp.),  1833,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  vi.  p.  228  ;  1839, 
Modern  Class.  Ins.  i.  frontispiece,  fig.  7,  and  1840,  ii.  p.  466, 
fig.  120 ;  Douglas  and  Scott,  1865,  Brit.  Hem.  pi.  19,  f.  5. 

Habitat.     France,  Germany,  and  Hungary  (not  England). 

2.  A.  montandoni,  Horv. 

=  A.  astivalis,  Dougl.  and  Scott,  I.e.  p.  578.  Saunders, 
1876,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  643,  and  1892,  Hem.-Heter. 
Brit.  Isl.  p.  326,  pi.  30,  fig.  9  {nee  Fabr.). 

Habitat.  England,  France,  Germany,  Switzerland,  Eussia, 
and  Kumania. 

A.  montandoni  is  rather  smaller,  wider,  and  flatter  than 
cestivalis,  narrower  anteriorly  in  proportion,  and  the  head  paler 
and  longer.  The  terminal  segments  in  both  sexes  are  somewhat 
different  in  shape.  Only  the  apterous  form  is  known  so  far.  It 
has  been  recorded  in  England  from  Bagley  Wood,  Oxford  (years 
ago— Mr.  Burr  has  not  been  able  to  find  it  recently) ;  the  Even- 
lode,  near  Eynsham,  Oxford  ;  Sutton  Park,  Warwickshire  ;  Avon, 
near  Bath  ;  Costessey,  near  Norwich  ;  and  Worcester. 

*  1899,  Termesz.  fiizet.,  xxii.  pp.  256-67. 

f  "  My  British  specimens  have  but  short  rudimentary  oval  hemelytra, 
like  those  of  the  bed-bug ;  but  I  possess  one  of  Bosc's  original  specimens, 
described  by  Fabricius,  not  quite  so  large  as  the  others,  in  which  tlie  vikings 
are  fully  developed." — Westwood,  1840,  Mod.  Classif.  Ins.  ii.  p.  466.  Douglas 
and  Scott  borrowed  Westwood's  French  specimen  to  figure  the  macropterous 
form  (which  they  did  not  possess)  in  the  '  British  Hemiptera.' 


152  THE   ENTOMOLOGIST. 

The  genital  segments  of  these  two  species  are  figured  by 
Horvath  in  the  work  quoted  above. 

In  my  own  collection  I  have,  besides  British  examples,  a  good 
series  from  the  Seine,  near  Eouen,  collected  by  my  kind  friend 
M.  Henri  Gadeau  de  Kerville. 

I  have  never  had  the  good  fortune  to  see  this  remarkable  bug 
alive,  but  Westwood  states  that  it  "  swims  very  fast,  using  its 
hind  legs  chiefly,  but  crawls  very  slowly,  using  its  four  fore  feet." 
Gadeau  de  Kerville  has  captured  it  in  great  numbers  in  the 
Seine,  and  notes  its  extreme  agility  in  the  water.  He  has 
observed  it  feeding  upon  the  larvae  of  the  coleopteron  Hamonia, 
and  believes  that  it  also  preys  upon  the  mollusks  Vivipara  vivi- 
para  [Paludma]  and  Bythinia  tentaculata.  The  last  named 
species  deposits  its  transparent  gelatinous  ova  upon  the  back  of 
Aphelocheirus,  and  this  habit  led  at  first  to  the  supposition  that 
Aphelocheirus  carries  its  ova  in  the  same  way  as  is  known  to 
occur  in  Zaitha  and  Deinostoma.* 

J.  L.  Brown  found  it  in  great  numbers  years  ago  at  Costessey  t 
from  June  to  September  among  a  broad-leaved  species  of  Pota- 
mogeton  in  a  running  stream. 

The  nymphs  in  the  ultimate  instar  differ  from  the  practically 
apterous  adults  by  the  non-spinosely  produced  connexiva,  and 
by  the  unsegmented  tarsi,  the  posterior  pair  being  very  long. 

(To  be  continued.) 


A   CATALOGUE    OF   THE    LEPIDOPTERA   OF   IRELAND. 
By  W.  F.  de  Vismes  Kane,  M.A.,  M.R.I.A.,  F.E.S. 

(Continued  from  p.  127.) 

MicROPTEEYx  SEMiPURPURKLLA,  St. — Wicklow  Mts. ;  Clonbrock, 
Galway  {B.  E.  D.). 

M.  UNIMACULELLA,  Zett.—'Wicklow  Mts. 

M.  SPARMANNELLA,  Bosc. — Euniskilleu  (P.). 

M.  suBPURPURELLA,  ilai^.— Wlcklow  Mts. ;  Clonbrock,  Galway 
(B.  E.D.). 

Nemophora  swammerdammella,  L. — Wicklow  Mts. ;  Clonbrock, 
Galway  {B.  E.  D.) ;  Sligo  (B.). 

N.  schwarziella,  Zell. — Enniskillen  (P.). ;  do. ;  L.  Bray, 
Co.  Wicklow;  Belfast  (IF.). 

(N.  metaxella,  Hb. — Belfast.     Doubtful  record.) 

*  Gadeau  de  Kerville,  1887,  '  Le  Naturaliste,'  pp.  199-201.  See  also 
Bull.  Soc.  Eut.  France,  1884,  pp.  83,  96,  112,  and  128  (various  communica- 
tions by  de  Kerville  and  Belle voye). 

I  See  E.  M.  M.  xi.  pp.  16,  92,  and  117. 


a  catalogue  of  the  lepidoptera  of  ireland.  153 

Adelid^. 
Adela  rufimitrella,  Scop. — Enniskillen  (P.). 
A.  degeerella,  L. — Killarney;  Belfast  (W.). 
A.  viridella,  L. — Sligo  (R.). 

A.  cupRELLA,  Thiib. — Cromlyn,  Westmeath  (Mrs.  B.). 

Hyponomeutid^. 

SwAMMERDAMiA  coMBiNELLA,  Hb.  —  CoYk;  Wicklow  Mts.  ;  Gal- 
way  ;  Armagh  (</.) ;  Favour  Eoyal,  Tyrone  {K.). 

S.  GRisEOCAPiTELLA,  Sta. — Armagh  (J.)  ;  Derry  (C.) ;  Belfast 
(JF.). 

S.  PYRELLA,  Vill. — Howth  ;  and  about  Dublin,  common  ; 
Belfast  {W.);  Sligo  (R.). 

S.  spiNiELLA,  HI). — Armagh  (J.)  ;  Belfast  ( W.)  ;  Sligo  {R.) ; 
Dublin  coast,  common. 

Hyponomeuta  padella,  L. — Belfast;  Inishowen  {W.  E.  H.)  ; 
Enniskillen  (P.) ;  Connemara  (C.  T.  C). 

H.  cognatella,  Hh. — Dublin;  Holywood,  Co.  Down;  Blarney, 
Co.  Cork;   Armagh  (J.)  ;    Sligo  {McC). 

H.  evonymella,  L. — Belfast ;  Crom  Castle,  Fermanagh  {W.) ; 
Carlow  {K.) ;  Clonony,  Kings  Co. ;  and  Drumreaske,  Monaghan 
{K.)  ;  and  elsewhere  throughout  Ireland,  occasionally  very 
common. 

Prays  curtisella,  Don. — Belfast ;  Howtb  ;  Armagh  {J.) 

PLUTELLID^aE. 

Plutella  cruciferarum,  Zell. — Belfast,  abundant  {W.) ;  Sligo 
{R.) ;  Derry  (C.) ;  and  generally  distributed. 

P.  porrectella,  L. — Dublin,  in  gardens;  Armagh  (J.); 
Sligo  {R.). 

P.  annulatella,  Curt. — Howth,  on  the  cliffs ;  much  more 
brightly  coloured  than  English  specimens.  Belfast,  local ;  and 
Bundoran,  Co.  Donegal  (ir.)  ;  Sligo  {R.) ;  Letterfrack  {C.  T.  C). 

P.  DALELLA,  Sta.—WesteYu  shore  of  L.  Swilly,  Co.  Donegal 
(G.  V.  H.)  ;  Sligo  {R.). 

Ckrostoma  vittklla,  L. — Eockabill  Lighthouse,  off  Skerries, 
Co.  Dublin  {K.);   Sligo  {R.). 

C.  radiatella,  Don.-  Wicklow  Mts. ;  Mayo  {R.) ;  Sligo  {R) ; 
Markree,  Co.  Sligo  {K.) ;  Belfast  (TF.)  ;  Enniskillen  {P.). 

B.  costella,  Fh. — Killarney;  Sligo  (-R.);  Enniskillen  {P.). 
Harpipteryx  nemorella,  L. — Sligo  {R.). 

H.  xylostella,  L. — Shgo  {R.) ;  Inishowen  {K.) ;  Derry  (C.) ; 
Belfast  (W.)  ;  Howth  {G.  V.  H.) ;   Avoca,  Co.  Wicklow  {K.). 

ENTOM. — MAY,    1900.  0 


154  the  entomologist. 

Gelechiidje. 

Obthotelia  SPARGANELLA,  Thub. — SHgo  (i?.)  I  Enniskillen  (P.)  • 

Phibalocera  quercana,  Fb.     Generally  common. 

Depressaria  costosella,  Haiv. — Howth,  abundant;  Bun- 
crana,  Co.  Donegal  (A'.);  Belfast,  abundant  (Tf.) ;  Sligo  (R.) ; 
Letterfrack  (C.  T.  C). 

D.  FLAVELLA,  Hb. — SHgo  {R.) ;  Howth  and  Kerry  ;  Belfast 
iW.). 

D.  PALLORELLA,  Zell. — Belfast  {W.). 

D.  UMBELLANA  St. — Howth  ;  Killynon,  Westmeath  (K.) ;  Bel- 
fast (W.)  ;  Letterfrack  (0.  T.  C). 

D.ASSIMILELLA,    Tv. — Howth. 

D.  scoPARiELLA,  Zell. — Letterfrack  (C.  T.  C). 

D.  ARENELLA,  ScJiif. — Armagh  (J.);  Belfast,  abundant  (W.) ; 
Sligo  (R.)  ;  Clonbrock,  Galway  {R.  E.  D.). 

D.  PROPINQUELLA,  Tr.  —  Sligo  (R.)  ;  Clonbrock,  Galway 
(R.E.D.). 

D.  suBPROPiNQUELLA,  Sta. — Raheny,  near  Dublin;  Letter- 
frack (C.  T.C.). 

D.  RHODOCHRELLA,  T^.-aS.  — Howth ;  Letterfrack  (C.  T.  C). 

D.  ALSTRCEMERiANA,  Clevck. — DubHn  coast;  Eoches  Point,  Co. 
Cork ;  and  Dunmore,  Co.  Waterford  (K.) ;  Sligo  (R.)  ;  Letter- 
frack (C.  T.C.). 

D.  PURPUREA,  Haw. — Wicklow  Mts.,  Clonmel. 

D-  CAPREOLELLA,  Zell. —Aruidbgh.  (J.). 

D.  coNTERMiNELLA,  Zell.  —  Enniskillen  (P.)  ;  Sligo  (R.) ; 
Derry  {N.  H.  C.) ;  Letterfrack  [C.  T.  C). 

D.  ANGELiCELLA,  Hb. — Enniskillen  (P.). 

D.  ocELLANA,  Fb.  —  Belfast ;  Clonbrock,  Galway  {R.  E.  D.) ; 
Sligo  (R.);  near   Derry  {W.E.H.);    Enniskillen  (P.);    Mayo 

D.  YEATiANA,  F6.— Howth;  Belfast  (W.) ;  Sligo  (R.)  ;  Letter- 
frack (C.  T.  C). 

D.  APPLANELLA,  Fb. — Abundant  everywhere. 
D.  ciLiELLA,  Sta. — Markree  Castle  {K.) ;  Sligo  {R.) ;  Ennis- 
killen (P.)  ;  Derry  (IF.  H.  C.) ;  Letterfrack  (C.  T.  C). 

D.  ROTUNDELLA,  Dougl. — Howth,  at  the  foot  of  the  cliffs. 
D.  DisciPUNCTELLA,  H.-S. — Miuehead,  Waterford  (K). 

D.  DOUGLASELLA  5te.— Howth. 

D.  NERvosELLA,  D.  L.— Cork  (McA.) ;  Derry  {W.H.  C). 
D.  BADiBLLA,  Hb. — Dingle,  Co.  Kerry;   Howth;    Letterfrack 
{C.  T.  C). 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  155 

D.  HERACLEANA,  De  Geev. — Common  everywhere. 

Gelechia  ericetella,  Hb. — Howth  ;  Belfast,  abundant  (W.) ; 
Clonbrock,  Galway  {R.  E.  D.)  ;  Sligo  [R.). 

G.  MULiNELLA,  Zell. — Howth,  abundant ;  Sligo  {R.) ;  Letter- 
frack  {C.  T.  C). 

G.  soRORCULELLA,  Hb. — Crookhaven,  Co.  Cork  {K.). 
G.  DiFFiNis,  Haiv. — Howth,  abundant. 
Brachmia  mouffetella,  Schiff. — Killarney. 
Bryotropha  terrella,  Hb. — Abundant  everywhere. 
B,  desertella,  Dougl. — Sandhills   of  Dublin   coast;    Derry 
(C.) ;  Newcastle,  Co.  Down,  abundant  (IF.) ;  Sligo  {R.). 

(To  be  continued.) 


NOTES    AND    OBSEEVATIONS. 

The  Stevens  Collection. — The  first  portion  of  this  very  interest- 
ing collection  of  British  Lepidoptera,  gathered  together  during  a 
period  of  over  sixty  years,  was  dispersed  at  the  well-known  auction 
rooms  in  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  on  March  27th  and  28th  last. 
The  bulk  of  the  material  produced  about  usual  prices  per  lot,  but 
some  of  the  choicer  species  and  aberrations  were  keenly  contested  for 
by  the  bidders.  The  following  are  some  of  the  more  important  items 
among  the  Rhopalocera  : — 

Pieris  daplidice.  Of  this  species  there  were  four  specimens,  and 
the  prices  obtained  for  them  ranged  from  7s.  to  £1 ;  the  higher  sum 
being  paid  for  an  example  which  the  late  Mr.  Samuel  Stevens  himself 
captured  at  Dover  in  1872. 

Argynnis  Intona.  Twelve  specimens,  six  of  which,  taken  by  Mr. 
Stevens  in  1872,  sold  at  from  5s.  6d.  to  17s.  6d. ;  the  other  examples 
averaged  about  6s.  each.  One  of  the  specimens  was  lotted  with  two 
examples  of  A.  niobe  taken  by  Parry  in  1874,  and  the  entire  parcel 
only  realized  16s. 

There  were  nine  specimens  of  Vcmessa  antiopa,  all  with  data,  and 
these  sold  at  from  6s.  to  £1  5s. ;  the  top  price  was  given  for  an  example 
taken  at  Worksop,  Notts,  in  1829 ;  the  lowest  figure  was  for  lots  41 
and  42  combined — one  ancient  example  dating  from  1803,  and 
formerly  in  Donovan's  collection  ;  the  other  taken  at  Hammersmith  in 
1849— 12s.  the  couple. 

Fourteen  specimens  of  Chrysophcmus  dispar  were  offered,  one 
example  at  a  time,  and  these  realized  altogether  £71  15s.,  which 
amount  works  out  an  average  of  £5  2s.  6d.  apiece.  The  lowest  price 
was  £2  for  a  dwarf  male,  while  a  grand  example  of  the  same  sex 
brought  £8. 

Lyccena  acis  was  represented  by  seventeen  specimens,  and  these 
fetched  £6,  or  at  the  rate  of  about  7s.  each  ;  the  first  lot  of  six 
examples,  however,  went  for  £2  10s.,  which  gives  an  average  price 
per  specimen  of  about  8s.  3d, 


156  .     THE   ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Lycana  avion,  of  which  species  there  were  eighteen  examples,  found 
purchasers  at  about  2s.  3d.  each ;  but  the  first  lot  of  four  specimens, 
two  of  which  were  taken  at  Bude  in  1895,  sold  for  14s. 

Varieties. 

A  lot  containing  eighteen  Euchloe  cardamines,  including  a  male 
specimen  without  central  spot  and  black  tips  to  fore  wings,  and  one 
female  example  with  the  central  spots  much  larger  than  usual,  realized 
je2  7s.  6d. 

An  exceptionally  fine  rayed  and  suffused  variety  of  Argynnis  paphia 
was  sold  for  £3  ;  another  aberrant  example  of  this  species,  with  large 
elongated  submarginal  spots,  found  a  purchaser  at  £4  10s. ;  a  female 
with  large  discal  blotches,  together  with  a  colourless  spotted  male  and 
three  other  examples,  brought  £2  10s. 

A  pair  of  dark  specimens  of  Argynnis  aglaia:  the  male,  with  rays 
on  the  margin  of  hmd  wings,  was  secured  for  an  outlay  of  £2  10s.  ; 
whilst  an  example  of  var.  charlotta,  taken  in  the  New  Forest  in  1870, 
by  the  Rev.  J.  Watson,  went  for  five  guineas. 

A  silvery  variety  of  Argynnis  adippe,  from  Dr.  Harper's  sale,  was 
evidently  a  desideratum,  and  the  price  given  for  it  was  £6  16s.  6d.  ; 
another  specimen  of  this  species,  with  the  fore  wings,  except  spot  in 
the  cell,  densely  irrorated  with  black,  brought  £3  10s. ;  a  third  example, 
a  female,  with  large  confluent  blotches  on  disc  of  the  fore  wings  sold 
for  £3  5s. ;  a  fourth  specimen,  with  the  silver  spots  absent,  realized  £3. 

An  aberration  of  Argynnis  enphrosyne,  taken  at  Darenth,  described 
as  having  "  under  side  of  fore  wings  with  disc  black  and  margin  orange 
with  yellow  rays,  hind  wings  with  silver  spots  elongated,  central  one 
reaching  margin,"  induced  the  bidding  to  mount  up  to  the  respectable 
sum  of  £6  ;  an  example  with  under  surface  of  hind  wings  as  in  the 
specimen  last  referred  to,  and  the  upper  surface  of  all  the  wings  nearly 
black,  brought  £1  10s.  less ;  a  third  variety,  with  almost  black  upper 
surface  and  dark  under  surface,  silver  spots  normal,  sold  for  £2  5s. 

Lot  37,  comprising  thirteen  specimens  of  Melitcea  cinxia,  including 
one  pale  and  other  vars. ;  the  same  number  of  M.  athalia,  "  one  with 
light  fore  wings  and  dark  hind  wings  {eos,  Haw.),"  was  knocked  down 
at  £6  10s. 

A  variety  of  Vatiessa  io,  with  the  hind  wiugs  devoid  of  ocelli, 
brought  in  £5  ;  the  aberration  of  V.  atalanta  figured  in  the  '  Entomo- 
logist '  for  1878  realized  10s.  more ;  the  bidding  for  a  variety  of  V. 
cardtii,  figured  Lntom.  vi.  345,  did  not  cease  until  the  sum  of  £6  10s. 
had  been  offered  ;  but  the  price  for  another  example  of  the  last-named 
species,  similar  to  that  figured  in  Newman's  '  British  Butterflies  ' 
(p.  64)  went  up  £1  10s.  higher. 

A  black  example  of  Limenitis  sibylla  was  disposed  of  at  £1  17s.  6d. ; 
whilst  another  example,  with  the  upper  surface  almost  black  and  the 
under  surface  dark,  fetched  3  guineas.  One  dark  variety  of  L.  sibylla, 
one  example  of  Apatiira  iris  with  white  markings  almost  absent,  and 
other  specimens  of  each  species,  were  cleared  at  £1  10s.  ;  and  the  same 
price  was  given  for  one  very  dark  specimen  of  A.  iris  and  three  females 
of  the  same  species. 

Two  examples  of  Melanargia  galatea,  both  figured  in  the  '  Entomo- 
logist '  for  1876  (p.  193,  2nd  and  3rd  figs.),  were  sold  for  2  guineas ; 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  157 

but  the  next  lot,  which  comprised  another  aberration  (1st  fig.,  I.e.), 
one  very  dark  example  and  four  other  M.  galatea,  with  some  Erehia 
blandina,  commanded  £7. 

An  almost  unicolorous  orange  variety  of  Pnrarge  viegm-a  sold^  for 
£5  ;  whilst  a  lot  containing  five  Epinephele  ianira,  "  with  curious 
colourless  patches,"  and  an  example  of  E.  tithonus  without  ocelli,  went 
for  £1  5s.  A  unicolorous  light  brown  variety  of  K.  ianira  realized 
£2  10s.  A  cream-coloured  aberration  of  the  same  species  brought  £4. 
A  variety  of  E.  tithonus  with  costa  and  margins  of  fore  wings  lighter 
than  the  disc  (Ashburton,  1864).  ran  the  bidding  up  to  £5  10s.  ; 
whilst  an  "exceptionally  fine  white"  aberration  of  the  same  species 
went  for  £1  12s.  6d. 

Three  varieties  of  Chrysophanus  phlceas,  which  were  put  up  sepa- 
rately, produced  a  total  of  £10  15s. ;  the  prices  were  £1  15s.  for  an 
exceptionally  fine  dark  example,  £4  for  a  fine  silver  specimen  (var. 
schmidtii),  and  £5  for  a  "  magnificent  golden  variety." 

An  aberration  of  Lycana  icarus,  described  as  a  "  remarkable  under- 
side var.,"  sold  for  £2  10s.  A  double  lot  of  fifty-three  L.  icarus  and 
L.  adonis,  including  a  "  curious  buff  var."  and  four  under-side  vars.  of 
the  latter  species,  was  disposed  of  for  £2  10s. 

A  lot  of  "  skippers,"  including  a  silvery  variety  of  Hesperia  comma, 
brought  £1  10s. 

Gy andromorphous  Specimens. 

Colias  edusa :  male  on  the  left  side,  female  on  the  right,  £3  lOs. 

Thecla  qtiercns :  male  on  the  right  side,  female  on  the  left,  £3  15s. 

Lyca;na  icarus  [alexis) :  male  on  the  right  side,  female  on  the  left,  £3. 

(To  be  continued.) 

Deagonflies  congregating  at  Seaside.  —  On  the  first  Monday  in 
October  last,  a  warm  sunny  morning,  I  was  on  the  new  pier  at  Brighton, 
and  noticed  a  number  of  dragonflies — possibly  two  or  three  hundred — 
basking  in  the  sun  on  the  shelters  and  elsewhere.  The  distance  from 
fresh  water,  two  or  three  miles,  seemed  strange  to  me.  I  had  no 
means  of  securing  a  specimen  to  be  certain  which  species  it  was,  but 
think  it  would  most  probably  be  Syvqyetrum  striolatum.  I  may  add 
that  the  insects  did  not  appear  to  be  coming  or  going.  Just  as  I  say 
— basking  in  the  sun  on  the  band-stand,  &c.- — (Mrs.)  Alice  Trollope  ; 
Hawthorndene,  Tunbridge  Wells,  March  19th. 

Lyc^na  corydon  var.  fowleei. — It  may  be  worth  noting  that  a 
male  specimen  of  this  variety,  which  my  brother  and  I  possess, 
is  without  the  black  dots  on  the  outer  margin  of  the  hind  wings, 
which  are  depicted  in  the  plate  and  also  mentioned  in  Mr.  South's 
description  [vide  p.  104) ;  the  insect  thus  having  a  white  border 
interrupted  only  by  the  black  nervules.  —  Fred.  G.  Bellamy;  Eing- 
wood,  April  6th,  1900. 

Alien  Earwigs  established  at  Bow. — At  the  end  of  March,  while 
searching  for  beetles  amongst  a  store  of  boxes  in  some  soap-works  at 
Bow,  in  the  east  end  of  Loudon,  Mr.  E.  C.  Bedwell  found  two  species 
of  earwig.  Although  not  particularly  interested  in  the  order  to  which 
they  belong,  he  secured  a,  few  specimens.     They  turn  out  to  belong  to 


158  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

the  same  two  species  that  Mr.  J.  J.  Walker  found  established  under 
somewhat  similar  conditions  at  Queenborough,  in  Sheppey — viz. 
Anisohibis  annul ipes,  Luc.  (Entom.  xxx.  125),  and  Apteri/r^ida  arachidis, 
Yers.  (Burr,  Brit.  Orthop.  17).  —  W.  J.  Lucas  ;  Kingston-on-Thames, 
April  5th,  1900. 

The  Pupal  Habits  of  Cossus  ligniperda.  —  Mr.  Adkin's  note  upon 
tliis  subject  {ante,  p.  128)  appears  to  me  to  somewhat  understate  the 
case.  While  admitting  that  I  have  found  pupa-cases,  both  on  the 
ground  and  even  at  some  considerable  distance  from  any  possible 
feeding-place  for  the  larva,  my  experience  shows  that  for  the  most 
part  the  cases  have  been  found  protruding  from  the  burrow  in  which 
the  larva  has  fed.  (J.  liijniperda  is  so  plentiful  in  this  district  as  to  be 
a  pest,  and  five  years  ago  a  large  willow-tree  was  killed  outright  by  the 
devastation  of  this  insect.  One  evening  I  took  seventeen  specimens 
(apparently  just  emerged)  from  the  trunk  of  that  tree,  and  at  least 
twice  as  many  pupa-cases  were  to  be  seen  projecting  from  holes  in 
which  the  larvae  had  wrought  their  deadly  work.  Moreover,  I  was 
fortunate  enough  to  witness  in  one  case  the  emergence  of  the  imago  : 
the  pupa  projected  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  from  the  trunk,  and 
was  about  three  feet  from  the  root ;  it  split  laterally,  and  the  anterior 
portion  fell  to  the  ground,  leaving  the  posterior  part  sticking  in  the 
hole.  In  those  days  my  entomological  knowledge  was  very  superficial, 
but  the  circumstances  of  that  occasion  are  particularly  impressed  upon 
me,  as  my  companion  was  unfortunate  enough  to  discover  a  nest  of 
wasps,  but,  unluckily  for  him,  not  until  after  they  had  discovered  him. 
Our  studies  of  the  habits  of  Cossus  liipdperda  cost  him  three  weeks  in 
bed. — William  A.  Caeter  ;  Burr  Villas,  Bexley  Heath,  Kent,  April  9th. 


SOCIETIES. 


Entomological  Society  of  London.— Mo rc/i  21st,  1900. — Mr.  C.  0. 
Waterhouse,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair.  Mr.  E.  T.  Cassal,  of  Ashby, 
near  Doncaster ;  Mr.  Neville  Chamberlain,  of  Highbury,  Moor  Green, 
near  Birmingham  ;  Mr.  E.  A.  Elliott,  of  41,  Holland  Park,  W. ;  Mr. 
H.  Willoughby  Ellis,  of  Knowle,  Warwickshire ;  Mr.  J.  H.  Keys,  of 
6,  Seymour  Terrace,  Lipson,  Plymouth ;  the  Eev.  W.  J.  Leigh 
Phillips,  M.A.,  of  The  Cottage,  Parkwood  Koad,  Tavistock,  Devon ; 
Mr.  H.  W.  Shepheard-Walwyn,  M.A.,  of  Glensyde,  Bidborough,  near 
Tunbridge  Wells;  and  Mr.  C.  J.  Watkins,  of  Kings  Mill  House, 
Painswick,  Gloucestershire,  were  elected  Fellows  of  the  Society.  Mr. 
R.  McLachlan  exhibited  an  extraordinary  aberration  of  Enallagma 
cyathiyenun,  Charp,  taken  by  Mr.  Morton  at  Glen  Lochay,  Scotland; 
the  remarkable  feature  consisted  in  the  predominance  of  black  over 
blue  in  the  coloration  of  the  abdomen.  Mr.  M.  Burr  exhibited  a 
macropterous  variety  of  Xiphidium  dorsal e,  Latr.,  captured  by  Mr. 
Harwood  near  Clacton,  remarking  that  the  fact  of  this  species 
presenting  a  macropterous  form  was  apparently  unrecorded  hitherto. 
Mr.  W.  J.  Kaye  exhibited  Nyssia  hispidaria,  an  asymmetrical  specimen 
taken  on  Wimbledon  Common,  the  left  fore  wing  of  which  was  perfectly 


SOCIETIES.  159 

developed,  but  extremely  small,  and  the  left  bind  wing  slightly  more 
elongated  than  the  right  hind  wing.  Mr.  C.  0.  Waterhouse  exhibited 
a  tube  which  formed  the  entrance  to  a  nest  of  a  Triffona,  sent  from 
Singapore  by  Mr.  H.  N.  Ridley.  It  was  about  fifteen  inches  in  length, 
of  a  resinous  substance,  but  more  waxy  towards  the  end,  which  was 
spoon-shaped.  He  also  exhibited  a  portion  of  the  resinous  mass  formed 
within  the  trees  by  these  bees,  and  stated  that  one  of  these  masses  sent 
from  Penang  by  Mr.  Ridley  weighed  fifteen  pounds.  The  true  nest  of 
the  Tricjona  consists  of  an  irregular  mass  of  cells  filled  with  honey,  quite 
distinct  from  the  resinous  formation.  A  paper  was  communicated  by 
Mr.  W.  H.  Ashmead,  Assistant-Curator  of  the  United  States  Natural 
History  Museum,  on  "  The  Aculeate  Hymenoptera  of  the  Islands  of 
St.  Vincent  and  Grenada,  with  additions  to  the  Parasitic  Hymenoptera, 
and  a  List  of  the  described  Hymenoptera  of  the  West  Indies." 

April  Uh. — Mr.  G.  H.  Verrall,  President,  in  the  chair.  Mr.  J.  W. 
Carter,  of  25,  Glenholme  Road,  Manningham,  Bradford ;  Mr.  L.  L. 
Feltham,  of  Johannesburg,  South  Africa;  and  Mr.  H.  Fortescue  Fryer, 
of  the  Priory,  Chatteris,  Cambs,  were  elected  Fellows  of  the  Society. 
Mr.  M.  Jacoby  exhibited  specimens  of  the  genus  Sagra  from  Eastern 
Asia.  Mr.  M.  Burr  exhibited  three  species  of  Pseudophyllidae,  two  new 
species  of  CapnojJtera  (females),  and  C.  quadrimaculata,  Westw.  (female), 
collected  in  the  Siamese  Malay  States  by  Mr.  M.  Annandale.  One  of 
the  specimens  illustrated  the  peculiar  methods  of  offence  adopted  by 
the  insect  when  alarmed.  Between  the  head  and  the  pronotum  a 
scarlet  hood  was  visible,  the  inflation  of  which  bladder-like  organ 
always  indicates  fear  or  anger.  The  other  specimens  showed  the 
natural  position  of  the  head  and  pronotum.  Mr.  H.  J.  Elwes  com- 
municated a  paper  on  "Bulgarian  Lepidoptera,"  and  made  some 
remarks  on  the  more  notable  species  which  he  had  taken  in  the 
Balkan  Peninsula  during  the  months  of  June  and  July,  1899.  The 
number  of  species  of  Rhopalocera  captured  was  120,  which,  with  a 
further  twenty  recorded  by  Haberhauer  and  Lederer,  brings  up  the 
total  to  140.  The  mountains  visited  were  an  extension  of  the 
Rhodope  range,  where  the  climate  was  particularly  rainy,  a  great 
number  of  ferns  flourishing  everywhere,  in  contrast  to  the  drier 
Balkans,  where  the  number  of  species  of  Rhopalocera  is  not  less 
than  200.  Some  interesting  forms,  but  no  new  species,  were  en- 
countered. A  variety  of  Colias  myrmidone  occurred  much  larger 
and  brighter  than  the  Austrian,  and  more  nearly  agreeing  witii 
the  Ural  form ;  and  whereas  in  Austria  the  white  aberration  is 
exceedingly  rare,  in  this  locality  it  predominated.  Meanwhile  the 
orange  forms  clearly  resembled  C.  heUlreichi.  The  form  of  Cceno- 
nympha  daviis  met  with  showed  an  affinity  with  the  Asiatic  and  not 
the  European  form,  being  almost  precisely  similar  to  specimens 
taken  in  the  mountains  of  Armenia  by  Haberhauer.  The  form  of 
Argynnis  pales  was  intermediate  between  that  found  in  Greece  and 
the  Central  European  Alps,  while  a  form  of  Erebia  var.  gorgone  was 
taken  similar  to  that  in  the  Pyrenees — a  curious  instance  of  interrupted 
distribution. — C.  J.  Gahan  &  H.  Rowland  Bkown,  Hon.  8ecs. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natubal  History  Society. — 
March  Bth,  1900. — Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas,   President,   in   the  chair.     Mr. 


160  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Harwood  exhibited  a  species  of  Blatta  from  the  Eastern  Counties, 
which  was  apparently  new  to  Britain.  Mr.  Adkin,  a  bred  series 
of  Eugonia  antumnaria  from  Bournemouth.  Mr.  Colthrup,  a  speci- 
men of  FjUchfiJia  j(icoh(E(B  with  the  red  areas  unusually  pale,  a  very 
beautifully  marked  variety  of  Eurrhypara  urticata,  and  very  small 
examples  of  Pieris  rapa,  including  a  yellow  variety.  Mr.  Lucas,  living 
specimens  of  the  immature  stage  of  Blatta  austral asice  from  Kew,  and 
a  case  containing  examples  of  the  whole  of  the  British  cockroaches, 
with  drawings  of  several  species.  Mr.  Main,  living  specimens  of  Blatta 
americiina  from  Silvertowu.  Mr.  Edwards,  living  specimens  of  Phi/llo- 
druinia  (jermanica,  male,  female,  and  immature.  Mr.  Moore,  numerous 
exotic  species  of  cockroaches.  Mr.  Tutt,  a  long  and  varied  series  of 
Epunda  lutulenta,  taken  at  Mucking,  Essex,  by  the  Eev.  E.  Burroughs 
in  1898-9,  and  contributed  notes  as  to  the  occurrence  and  variation  of 
the  species.  Mr.  Lucas  read  a  paper  entitled  "  Cockroaches:  Natives 
and  Aliens,"  illustrating  it  with  numerous  lantern-slides. 

March  22nd. — ^The  President  in  the  chair.  Mr.  MacGee,  of  Lillie 
Koad,  S.W.,  and  Mr.  J.  Platt-Barrett,  of  Margate,  were  elected  mem- 
bers. Mr.  Montgomery  exhibited  specimens  of  a  second  generation 
and  a  partial  third  brood  of  Coremia  desij/nata,  and  gave  notes  on  their 
life-history  and  variation.  Mr.  F.  N.  B.  Carr,  a  varied  series  of  Hybernia 
leucophcearia  from  Lee. — Hy.  J.  Tuener,  Hon.  Report  Sec. 

Birmingham  Entomologicax,  Society. — March  21st,  1900.  —  Mr. 
G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  President,  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Charles  Carey 
Woods  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Society.  The  President  referred 
to  the  death  of  Mr.  W.  G.  Blatch,  who,  he  said,  was  the  first  President 
of  the  Society,  from  1888  to  1893.  Mr.  P.  W.  Abbott  showed  long 
series  of  several  species  of  Lyctenids,  particularly  a  very  fine  lot  of 
Lycmia  alexis,  including  blue  forms  of  the  female  from  Ireland  ;  also 
some  of  the  white-bordered  forms  of  L.  corydon  taken  by  Mr.  T.  H. 
Fowler  on  the  Dorset  coast.  Mr.  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker  also  showed 
many  fine  Lycsnids;  very  small  L.  nlexis  from  Algeria,  almost  as  small 
as  minuiia,  and  blue  females  from  various  localities  ;  also  ab.  ceronus 
of  L.  bellaryus,  &c.  Mr.  C.  J.  Wainwright  showed  a  boxful  of  Syrphids, 
chiefly  containing  the  genus  EristaUs.  Mr.  A.  H.  Martineau  showed 
some  Aculeates  collected  by  Mr.  Wainwright,  including  the  very  rare 
Crabro  pubescens  (male),  one  specimen,  from  the  New  Forest;  he  said 
that  less  than  a  dozen  specimens  of  the  species  had  at  present  been 
taken  in  the  country.  Mr.  E.  C.  Bradley  read  a  paper  upon  mosquitoes, 
in  which  he  described  the  life-history  of  the  common  Culexidte,  and 
gave  some  account  of  the  connection  between  Anopheles  and  malaria, 
exhibiting  in  connection  with  the  paper  various  British  species  of  the 
family.  A  discussion  followed,  in  which  various  members  gave  their 
experiences  of  the  biting  habits  of  these  insects  at  home  and  abroad, 
and  also  discussed  the  origin  of  the  habit,  &c.  Mr.  G.  H.  Kenrick 
believed  the  habit  had  begun  through  sucking  juices  of  plants ;  Mr. 
Neville  Chamberlain  said  that  he  believed  people  m  time  became  quite 
inoculated  against  the  effects  of  the  bites  ;  when  he  first  went  to  the 
Bahamas  he  sufi'ered  very  much,  but  after  a  time  they  did  not  seem  to 
hurt  him  at  all. — Colbran  J.  Wainwright,  Hon.  Sec. 


PLATE    I. 


(Entom.,  PI.  v.,  1900) 


After  Obenietter. 


By  permission  of  Frankenstein  <£•  Wagner. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIII.l  JUNE,    1900.  [No.  445. 


SYNOPSIS  OF  EXPEEIMENTS  IN  HYBEIDIZATION  AND 
TEMPERATURE  MADE  WITH  LEPIDOPTERA  UP  TO 
THE   END   OF   1898.* 

By    Prof.    Dr.    Max    Standfuss. 

Plate  I.  (Entom.  Plate  V.). 

Synojysis  of  temperature  and  hybridization  experiments  hitherto 
undertaken,  supplementary  to  the  work. 

"Experimental  Zoological  Studies  with  Lepidoptera,"'  and 
with  additions  containing  the  principal  results  obtained  during 
the  year  1898,  in  continuation  of  these  experiments. 

The  studies  in  question  are  in  two  directions,  of  which  to  the 
one,  Tem]3erature  Experiments,  I  have  given  my  attention  for 
twelve  years  ;  and  to  the  other.  Hybridization  Experiments,  for 
twenty-five  years. 

For  the  first,  42,000  specimens  of  about  sixty  different  species 
have  been  used,  and  for  the  second,  more  than  38,000  specimens 
of  over  thirty  species.t 

The  Lepidoptera  are  for  many  reasons  the  best  suited  for 
such  experiments.  Firstly,  the  material  can  be  taken  directly 
from  nature ;  and,  secondly,  many  species  can  be  used  in  large 
numbers.  At  the  same  time  the  life-history  of  the  creatures  is 
very  short,  many  species  even  in  our  latitude  having  two  genera- 
tions in  the  course  of  a  year ;  and,  finally,  the  different  phases 
of  their  varying  metamorphoses  give  an  opportunity  and  possi- 
bility of  making  many  observations  of  a  biological,  physio- 
gnomical, and  physiological  nature,  owing  to  their  generally 
highly  characteristic  features. 

*  Translated  from  the  German  by  Edward  Martin  Dadd. 
f  During  the  year  1898,  4800  specimens  were  used  for  temperature,  and 
3200  specimens  for  hybridization  experiments. 

ENTOM. JUNE,   1900.  P 


162  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Firstly,  the  Temperature  Experiments. — The  temperature  ex- 
periments which  concern  us  here  (searching  temperature  experi- 
ments in  other  directions  are  mentioned  in  my  '  Handbuch  der 
palaearktischen  Gross-schmetterhnge,'  pages  137-153)  have  been 
chiefly  devoted  to  the  pupal  stage,  and  may  therefore  be  con- 
sidered as  a  continuation  and  supplement  of  the  methodical 
experiments  first  made  by  G.  Dorfmeister,  Aug.  Weismann,  and 
W.  H.  Edwards  in  the  sixties  and  seventies. 

To  the  exi^eriments  begun  by  others  must  be  added  experi- 
ments made  by  me  in  quite  another  direction,  relating  to  in- 
heritance of  the  new  characters  acquired  by  these  experiments. 

The  studies  of  the  three  gentlemen  in  question  related  chiefly 
to  the  appearance  in  nature  of  Wallace's  so-called  "  Seasonal 
Dimorphism."  What  is  seasonal  dimorphism?  The  fact  that 
species  which  attain  the  imago  stage  twice  or  more  during 
the  course  of  a  year  generally  exhibit  marked  differences  in 
the  size,  shape,  or  colour  of  the  imagines  of  these  two  genera- 
tions. 

The  most  noteworthy  example  is  to  be  found  in  our  smallest 
Vanessa,  the  so-called  map -butterfly,  V.  levana,  L.,  in  which  the 
difference  between  the  imagines  from  hybernated  pupae  and  those 
of  the  summer  brood  are  so  great  that  the  two  forms  were  for  a 
long  time  considered  to  be  two  different  species.  This  insect 
was  therefore  one  of  the  first  to  be  experimented  with  by  Dorf- 
meister and  Weismann.  Weismann,  to  whom  we  owe  the  best 
work  on  this  subject,  which  appeared  in  1875,  placed  the  summer 
pupse  of  V.  levana  for  twenty-four  weeks  in  an  ice  safe  or  ice 
cellar,  and  winter  pupae  in  a  conservatory  with  a  temperature  of 
+  15°  to  +  30°  C.  By  this  means  the  summer  form  was  changed 
directly  to  the  winter  form  ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  it  was  found 
to  be  very  much  more  difficult  to  change  the  winter  form  by 
warmth  to  the  summer,  and  in  most  cases  it  was  an  entire 
failure.  Weismann  concluded  therefore  that  the  species  was  a 
northern  one,  and  that  the  winter  form  V.  levana  was  the  oldest 
and  most  constant,  and  the  summer  form — var.  prorsa — a  later 
innovation,  that  is  to  say,  only  recently  introduced  into  the  life- 
history  of  the  species. 

This  supposition  is  probably  correct,  as  the  species  no  doubt 
emanates  from  Northern  Asia,  where  there  are  to  be  found  four 
nearly  related  species,  the  only  living  relatives  of  this  insect  on 
the  earth  ;  and,  moreover,  F.  levana  itself  is  found  there,  in  some 
places  actually  with  only  one  generation  in  the  year  from  hyber- 
nated pupae — for  example,  at  Nicolajefsk  and  Chabarofka.  Var. 
jyrorsa  is  therefore  a  recent  introduction,  which,  by  lowering  the 
temperature  of  the  pupal  stage,  can  be  immediately  made  to 
resume  its  ancient  characters.  The  "  phylogenetic  " — or,  we  may 
well  say,  the  younger — form  can  be  directly  changed  to  the 
older.     Further  experiments  with  Papilio  ajax,  L.,  Pieris  napi, 


EXPEKIMENTS    IN   HYBRIDIZATION    AND   TEMPERATURE.  163 

L.,  Polyommatus  phloeas,  L,,  Pararge  egeria,  L. — all  species 
which  exhibit  seasonal  dimorphism — led  to  analogous  results. 

As  fa.r  as  Dorfmeister,  Weismann,  and  Edwards  are  concerned 
up  to  the  year  1875,  all  three  of  them  dealt  with  a  species  hy  and 
for  itself,  as  an  isolated  type  relative  to  the  action  of  various 
degrees  of  temperature,  during  the  pupal  stage  on  the  resulting 
changes  in  character  of  the  species,  within  its  own  limits,  with- 
out considering  their  relationship  to  those  of  other  species.  As 
a  matter  of  fact,  the  species  experimented  with  up  till  that 
time  were  not  especially  suited  to  open  up  further  phylogenetic 
research. 

Exactly  ten  years  later  I  commenced  analogous  experiments, 
although  not  to  any  great  extent  until  1893,  as  my  hybridization 
experiments,  which  were  commenced  in  1873,  and  carried  on 
later  in  conjunction  with  the  temperature  experiments,  took  up  a 
good  deal  of  my  time  until  then. 

Ever  since  the  year  1888  the  English  entomologist  Merrifield 
has  been  making  experiments  in  the  same  direction,  and  since 
that  time  has  published  a  number  of  papers  on  this  question  in 
the  '  Transactions '  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  London. 
Weismann  has  also  continued  his  experiments  lately,  and 
numerous  other  younger  entomologists  are  now  making  similar 
experiments. 

The  temperature  experiments  made  by  me  can  be  naturally 
divided  into  two  groups.  On  the  one  hand,  by  using  constant 
high  temperatures  of  +37°  to  +39°  C,  in  which  the  pupae  were 
placed  three  or  more  days  ;  or  by  constant  low  ones  of  +4°  to 
+  6°  C,  which  lasted  four  to  eight  weeks.  We  will  call  these, 
shortly,  warmth  and  cold  experiments. 

The  first  were  made  in  the  developing  apparatus  of  the 
Polytechnic  Seed  Culture  Station,  Zurich,  whose  Director,  Dr.  Gr. 
Stebler,  has  assisted  me  in  the  kindest  and  most  willing  manner. 
For  the  second,  I  have  used  an  ordinary  ice  safe,  as  is  used  for 
keeping  food  in  many  households. 

After  the  treatment  with  cold  the  pupae  remained  for  some 
time  in  an  ordinary  temperature  till  the  imagines  emerged. 
This  was  also  usually  the  case  with  the  warmth  experiments, 
very  few  pupae  remaining  in  the  forcing  apparatus  until  they 
were  fully  developed. 

On  the  other  hand,  I  made  experiments  which  could  be 
termed  heat  and  frost  experiments,  the  temperature  being  only 
intermittently  applied — two  to  seven  hours  at  a  time — because 
only  capable  of  being  endured  for  short  intervals. 

The  heat  experiments  were  carried  out  with  the  help  of  the 
forcing  apparatus  at  from  +40°  to  +45°  C. 

The  degrees  of  cold,  0°  to  -18°,  exceptionally  to  -20°  C, 
were   procured  at  the  freezing  apparatus  of  the  Institute  for 

p2 


164  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Testing  Building  Material,  whose  Director,  Prof.  L.  Tetmayer, 
has  assisted  me  in  these  experiments  in  the  kindest  manner. 

Firstly,  warmth  and  cold  experiments.  The  principal  results 
of  these  are  dealt  with  in  the  '  Handbuch  der  palaearktischen 
Gross-schmetterlinge,'  and  are  summarised  as  follows  :  — 

Species  from  northern  sources — that  is  to  say,  species  which 
themselves,  as  well  as  the  majority  of  their  relatives,  live  in 
northern  regions,  and  would  therefore  probably  emanate  from 
there — give  retrogressive  forms  by  the  application  of  cold,  but 
progressive  forms  by  the  application  of  warmth. 

On  the  other  hand,  species  of  southern  origin,  mostly  species 
which  have  penetrated  from  the  south  in  a  northerly  direction, 
and  whose  relatives  are  entirely,  or  nearly  so,  denizens  of  tropical 
and  subtropical  regions,  produce  retrogressive  forms  by  the 
application  of  warmth,  and  progressive  forms  by  the  application 
of  cold. 

In  all  cases  as  yet  dealt  with  the  retrogressive  and  progressive 
forms  indicate  : — 

1.  That  seasonal  forms  are  obtained,  that  is,  forms  whose 
appearance  is  constant  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year.  Apart 
from  the  well-known  case  of  V.  levana,  L.,  and  its  var.  prorsa, 
L.,  of  Dorfmeister  and  Weismann  ;  Vanessa  c-album,  L.,  can  be 
changed  by  cold  from  the  first  or  summer  generation  to  the 
second  or  autumn  generation,  and  the  second  generation  partly 
to  the  first  by  the  application  of  warmth.  We  have  good 
grounds  for  the  belief  that  V.  c-album  is  a  northern  insect,  and 
that  its  autumn  form  is  the  more  ancient,  the  summer  form 
being  a  recent  introduction — that  is  to  say,  the  younger.  This 
would  explain  the  fact  why  the  first  generation  retrogressed,  and 
the  second  generation  progressed  by  this  experiment.  Large 
numbers  of  the  summer  generations  of  Papilio  podalirius,  L. 
(Wallis),  Pieris  daplidice,  L.  (Berlin),  and  Polyommatus  amphi- 
damas,  Esp.*"  (Leipzig)  produced  by  the  application  of  cold  the 
forms  from  hybernated  pupae  only. 

2.  Local  forms  can  be  obtained  — that  is,  forms  which  in 
certain  localities  are  found  as  local  races.  I  succeeded  in 
obtaining  Vanessa  urticcE,  L.,  var.  polaris,  Stgr.,  of  Lapland, 
direct  from  Zurich  pupae  by  submitting  them  to  low  tempera- 
tures, and  forms  approaching  var.  ichnusa,  Bon.,  of  Corsica  and 
Sardinia,  with  high  temperatures.  As  F.  urticce  is  also  probably 
a  northern  species,  var.  polaris  would  be  the  older,  and  var. 
ichnusa  the  newer  form. 

The  change  effected  in  the  swallow-tail,  P.  machaon,  through 
the  influence  of  warmth,  were  especially  noteworthy.   By  special 

*  The  contrary  was  also  successful  with  P.  amphidamas,  Esp.,  a  direct 
change  of  the  winter  generation  to  the  summer  generation  being  obtained  in 
the  majority  of  cases  by  placing  the  pup»  at  the  end  of  March  and  beginning 
of  April  for  eleven  to  fourteen  days  in  a  temperature  of  +  37°  C. 


EXPEBIMENT8    IN    HYBRIDIZATION   AND  TEMPERATURE.  165 

manipulation  imagines  were  obtained  from  pupae  of  the  summer 
form  from  Zurich,  which  approached  in  a  marked  degree  those 
found  in  July  and  August  in  Syria  and  sometimes  at  Antioch 
and  Jerusalem.  Further,  the  second  generation  of  P.  podalirius 
from  Wallis  can  be  changed  by  warmth  to  the  more  characteristic 
summer  form  of  southern  localities — that  is,  the  typical  var. 
zandmis,  L.,  of  Sicily,  and  so  forth. 

3.  Changes  in  the  direction  of  sexual  colour  dimorphism.  By 
warmth  the  female  of  Parnassius  apollo,  L.,  from  Wallis,  was 
entirely  changed  to  the  male  type  of  coloration,  and  the  male 
had  the  dark  spots  on  the  outer  margin  of  the  fore  wings  replaced 
by  white.  Sexual  colour  dimorphism  must  certainly  only  be 
regarded  as  a  link  in  the  chain  of  the  normal  development  of  the 
species,  and  in  the  case  before  us — as,  indeed,  it  seems  to  be  the 
rule — the  male  is  the  newer  type,  and  the  female  the  older. 
Therefore  in  our  experiment  the  older  female  type  was  changed 
to  the  newer  male  type,  and  the  male  evolved  still  further  in  a 
progressive  direction. 

It  is  also  noteworthy  that  the  dead  whitish  colour  of  the 
female  Rhodocera  rhamni,  L.,  is  changed  by  warmth  to  the 
intense  yellow  male  coloration,  either  totally  or  partially.  This 
important  change  in  the  coloration  of  the  female  is  not  so  much 
a  phylogenetic  as  a  physiological  matter,  as  is  shown  by  the 
correlation  between  the  colour  and  the  genital  organs.  In  some 
of  these  warmth  experiments,  and  especially  in  the  case  before 
us,  certain  female  specimens  underwent  a  certain  amount  of 
damage  and  malformation  to  the  sexual  organs,  and  this  mal- 
formation seemed  to  be  directly  connected  with  the  change  of  the 
female  colour. 

4.  Phylogenetic  forms*  in  their  truer  sense — that  is,  forms 
which  at  present  do  not  occur  on  the  earth,  or  only  very  rarely. 

■''  In  February,  1898,  a  large  number  of  P.  hosjnton,  Gene  (pupae  from 
Sardinia),  were  made  to  approach  P.  macliaon  in  wing-outline  and  markings 
by  warmth.  The  fore  wings  were  much  more  extended,  the  tail  of  the  hind 
wings  lengthened,  the  yellow  half-moon  spots  on  the  outer  margins  of  the 
upper  sides  of  the  fore  and  hind  wings,  and  the  red  eye-spot  at  the  anal 
angle  of  the  hind  wings  were  noticeably  increased  in  size,  and  in  some 
specimens  yellow  scales  were  sprinkled  thickly  on  the  black  base  of  the  fore 
wings  on  the  upper  side,  and  on  the  broad  black  bands  near  the  outer  margin  ; 
all  of  these  changes  are  approaches  to  the  type  of  P.  inacliaon,  L.  PI.  I. 
fig.  1  shows  a  female  specimen  which  shows  the  change  in  the  shape  of  the 
wing  very  plainly. 

It  appears  therefore  as  if  P.  hospiton,  which,  as  is  well  known,  inhabits 
exclusively  the  mountain  regions  of  Corsica  and  Sardinia,  and  whose  claim 
to  the  title  of  a  separate  species,  as  well  as  Argynnis  elisa,  God.,  and 
Satyrus  neomiris,  God.  (also  species  indigenous  to  Corsica  and  Sardinia), 
are  chiefly  owing  to  its  insular  isolation,  obtained  certain  changes  in  colour 
and  wing-structure,  both  with  a  correlative  relationship  to  each  other,  from 
the  nearly  related  P.  machaon,  during  some  past  epoch  of  low  temperature. 
It  is  a  fact  that  P.  hospiton  is  inclined  to  converge  with  P.  machaon  in 
several  directions  by  a  slight  increase  of  temperature. 


166  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

(a.)  Forms  which  belong  to  the  former  history  of  the  species — 
that  is,  true  retrogressive  forms.  They  can  be  recognised  at 
once  by  their  approaching  in  markings  to  related  species  or 
forms  which  are  recognised  as  nearer  the  original  type  of  the 
genus. 

V.  polychloros,  L.,  for  example,  by  the  application  of  cold, 
obtained  a  row  of  blue  spots  on  the  outer  margin  of  the  upper 
side  of  the  fore  wings,  which  are  usually  wanting,  but  which  are 
still  present  in  the  nearly  related  V.  uriica,  L.  ;  and  V.  io  also 
approached  V.  urticce  both  on  the  upper  and  under  sides.  F. 
antioioa  obtained  quite  noticeably  two  spots  on  the  upper  side  of 

Another  fact  which  shows  the  effect  that  low  temperature  has  had  on 
P.  hospiton  is  that  it  has  only  one  generation  during  the  year,  whereas 
P.  machaon  in  nearly  the  whole  of  its  widely  extended  area  has  two  genera- 
tions yearly. 

Up  till  now  I  have  bred  583  specimens  of  P.  Jiosjnton,  but  only  during 
the  abnormally  hot  year  189S  did  I  obtain  a  few  specimens  during  the  month 
of  August  from  fresh  pupae  from  Sardinia  before  hybernation.  These  are 
intermediate  between  the  ordinary  forni  and  the  forms  obtained  by  the 
experiment. 

The  results  obtained  by  warmth  in  changing  the  three  Thais  species  and 
their  local  forms — cerisyi,  B.,  var.  deyrollei,  Obthr.,  rumina,  L.,  2>olyxena, 
Schiff. — are  worth  noting. 

One  hundred  and  fifty  pupae  of  the  local  form  of  T.  cerisyi,  B.,  from 
Amasia,  var.  deyrollei,  Obthr.,  were  subjected  in  February  for  nine  to  fifteen 
days  to  a  constant  temperature  of  -1-  37°  C.  until  emez'gence.  About  one-third 
of  the  female  specimens  obtained  a  brownish  coloration  of  the  ground  colour 
of  both  wings  on  the  upper  sides  in  place  of  the  white  tone  and  a  weak  dis- 
coloration of  the  under  sides,  mostly  accompanied  by  an  increase  in  size  of 
the  black  markmgs.  This  form  is  rarely  obtained  in  ordinary  circumstances. 
The  most  extreme  forms  reached  on  the  upper  side,  the  brown-yellow  of 
typical  rumina  ab.  cayiteneri,  Stgr.,  from  Malaga.  PI.  I.  Sg.  2  shows  one  of 
these  dark  brown  female  specimens  obtained  by  this  experiment,  but  the 
black  markings  are  only  increased  somewhat  on  the  fore  wings. 

In  the  male  specimens  obtained  by  the  same  treatment  a  noticeable 
darkening  of  the  light  ground  colour  was  only  exceptionally  present,  but 
nearly  always,  though  not  to  any  extent,  there  was  a  slight  increase  in  the 
size  and  number  of  the  black  markings,  at  times  accompanied  by  an  enlarge- 
ment of  the  red  spots  of  the  hind  wings. 

The  male  (PI.  I.  fig.  3)  shows  these  characters.  Its  markings  thus  attain 
a  growing  resemblance  to  the  light  female  forms  of  Thais  var,  deyrollei, 
Obthr.,  which  occur  regularly  at  Aintab,  north-east  of  Antioch  (Syria).  We 
concluded  (Standfuss,  Handb.  d.  palaearct,  Gross-schm,  1896,  pp.  226,  227) 
that  these  female  types  from  Aintab  were  the  most  progressive,  because  they 
were  the  nearest  approach  to  the  male  type  of  coloration  ;  and  those  retro- 
gressive males  procured  fi'om  the  Amasia  pupae  by  warmth  are  a  still  nearer 
link  to  the  above-mentioned  female  Aintab  tj'pes.  A  female  from  Aintab  is 
shown  (PL  I.  fig.  4)  whose  pupa  has  not  been  experimented  with. 

A  few  male  specimens  obtained  by  the  experiment  a  very  curious  addi- 
tion to  their  wing-structure,  a  portion  of  the  hind  wings  with  the  three  long 
tails  being  lengthened :  so  that  there  was  a  certain  resemblance  to  the  type 
of  hind  wings  of  certain  Pajnlio  s-pecies— P.  podalirius,  L.,  for  example. 

Ninety-three  pupae  of  Thais  rumina  from  Portugal  produced,  under  a 
temperature  of  +  37°  C.  after  hybernation  during  January  and  February  in 
six  to  fifteen  days,  a  similarly  dark  brown  type,  mostly  with  an  increase  of 


EXPERIMENTS   IM    HYBRIDIZATION    AND   TEMPERATURE.  167 

the  fore  wings,  in  the  exact  position  that  they  still  occupy  in 
V.  urticce  and  V.  c-alhum,  and  other  related  species. 

(b)  Forms  which  possibly  indicate  the  future  line  of  develop- 
ment of  the  species.  These  would  then  be  true  progressive 
forms.  They  are  characterised  by  their  departing  still  further 
from  the  ancient  genetic  type,  and  from  related  species.  In  most 
of  the  species  of  Vanessa  from  northern  sources  hitherto  experi- 
mented with,  these  forms  are  usually  obtained  by  warmth, 
especially  with  V.  aniiopa.  Only  the  species  of  southern  source, 
V.  cardui,  L.,  and  V.  atalanta,  L.,  produced  them  with  cold. 

(To  be  continued.) 

size  of  the  black  markings,  as  well  as  intermediate  forms,  altogether  thirty- 
four  specimens.  This  form  was  much  rarer  in  the  males  (seven  specimens), 
and  not  nearly  so  extreme  as  the  females  (twenty-seven  specimens).  One  of 
the  females  is  shown  PL  I.  fig.  5.  This  type,  Staudinger's  ab.  canteneri,  is 
of  rare  occurrence  in  South  Spain  (Andalusia)  and  North  Africa.  The  ab. 
canteneri  was  not  at  all  rare  in  pupae  from  Malaga,  but  I  never  had  them  in 
anything  like  the  numbers  that  I  obtained  from  the  pupae  from  Portugal, 
with  which  I  made  this  experiment,  and  then  mostly  when  the  insects 
emerged  without  any  treatment  during  the  autumn  (September  and  com- 
mencement of  October)  before  hybernation. 

No  ab.  canteneri  were  obtained  from  the  Portugal  pupae  treated  in  the 
usual  manner. 

Four  hundred  specimens  of  Thais  x>olyxena,  Schiff.,  from  Vienna, 
treated  for  this  warmth  experiment,  produced  under  +  37°  C,  in  eight  to 
twelve  days,  twenty-six  specimens  of  ab.  ochracea,  Stgr.,  the  analogous  form 
to  ab.  canteneri,  and  a  fair  number  of  intermediates.  A  collateral  tendency  to 
an  increase  in  the  dark  markings  was  not  manifested,  but  a  preponderance 
in  numbers  and  extremity  of  variation  in  the  iemales  (sixteen  specimens)  to 
males  (ten  specimens) ;  PI.  I.  fig.  6,  shows  us  one  of  these  experimentally 
browned  males.  I  have  never  yet  seen  or  bred  specimens  from  Vienna, 
which  are  as  dark  as  the  most  extreme  form  obtained  in  the  experiment,  and 
occasionally,  under  ordinary  treatment  in  large  numbers,  forms  nearly 
approaching  in  density  of  marking,  from  Budapest  pupae  and  from  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Mehadia. 

The  most  extreme  form  obtained  by  the  experiment  approaches  very 
nearly  Thais  2^olyxena  var.  polymnia,  Mill,  aberratio  {cf.  Milliere,  Lepi- 
dopterologie,  septieme  fascicule,  1881,  pp.  2-4,  pi.  x.  fig.  5)  which  comes  from 
the  island  of  Euboea,  and  is  perhaps  the  most  extreme  form  of  ab.  ochracea, 
Stgr.,  as  yet  known. 

The  results  obtained  by  these  warmth  experiments  with  these  three 
Thais  species  are  that  under  similar  treatment  more  or  less  similar  develop- 
ments are  obtained,  to  which  the  female  sex,  both  in  nv;mber  of  specimens 
and  intensity  of  variation,  are  almost  exclusively  subject,  leads  one  to  the 
supposition  that  this  is  a  case  of  retrogression. 

As  to  the  fact  that  a  lighter  or  darker  tone  of  brown  as  ground  colour  is 
common  to  many  families  as  well  as  Rhopalocera,  refer  to  the  work  of  Alf.  G. 
Mayer,  "  On  the  Color  and  Color  Patterns  of  Moths  and  Butterflies  "  ('  Pro- 
ceedings'  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  Boston,  vol.  xxvii.  1879). 


168  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

THE    TYPE    OF    THECLA,    Fabr. 
By  a.  G.  Butler,  Ph.D. 

In  Marshall  and  De  Niceville's  'Butterflies  of  India,'  vol.  iii. 
p.  298,  Mr.  de  Niceville  observes  : — "  In  taking  T.  spini,  Wiener 
Verzeichniss,  which  occurs  in  Europe  and  Northern  and  Eastern 
Asia,  as  the  type  of  the  genus  Thecla,  I  follow  Mr.  S.  H.  Scudder, 
Mr.  W.  F.  Kirby,  and  Messrs.  Godman  and  Salvin,  rather  than 
Mr.  A.  G.  Butler,  the  last  adopting  hetulce,  Linnreus,  a  European 
and  North  Asiatic  species.  The  latter  is,  however,  the  type  of 
Dalman's  genus  Zejyhyrus." 

In  Dr.  Scudder's  "Historical  Sketch,"  the  plan  adopted  for 
deciding  what  the  type  of  a  genus  is,  to  either  take  the  omission 
of  species  (noted  under  the  original  description)  by  subsequent 
authors  as  restrictive,  and  applying  the  generic  name  to  the 
residuum  ;  or,  where  no  reduction  has  been  made,  to  accept  the 
dictum  of  the  first  subsequent  author  who  indicates  a  type.  If 
neither  action  has  been  taken  by  a  previous  author,  Scudder 
himself  fixes  the  type,  selecting  one-  of  the  original  species. 

If  Dr.  Scudder  had  followed  his  own  rule  consistently,  there 
would  have  been  no  reason  why  his  decisions  should  not  have 
been  accepted  as  final ;  but  in  one  case  he  ignores  a  genus 
because  he  says  it  consists  of  heterogeneous  material,  whereas, 
in  another  case,  he  extracts  a  heterogeneous  species  from  the 
middle  of  a  crowd  in  order  to  upset  a  properly  constituted  genus 
based  upon  that  insect  (vide  Cythrsrias,  which  is  absolutely 
synonymous  with  Hetcsra),  cf.  Grajjhium,  Pterourus,  &c. 

On  Scudder's  own  showing.  Leach,  in  1815,  included  hetidce, 
pruni,  and  qaerciis  under  Thecla  (omitting  spini)  ;  therefore  the 
subsequent  action  of  Dalman  in  taking  hetulce  as  type  of  his  new 
genus  Zepthyrus  was  valueless,  unless  it  could  be  shown  that 
T.  hetulce  and  T.  quercus  represented  different  genera.  To  re- 
suscitate spini  as  type  of  Thecla  is  to  ignore  the  restrictive  plan 
by  which  Scudder  himself  was  generally  guided,  and  thus  reduce 
the  firm  basis  upon  which  the  type  question  was  being  settled, 
to  the  quaking  bog  of  earlier  times.  We  want  no  autocratic 
authority  to  step  in  and  assert  that  "  in  this  case  the  restriction 
of  a  genus  may  be  conveniently  ignored,"  but  a  definite  rule, 
without  exceptions,  which  all  may  be  able  to  follow. 

Under  the  circumstances,  there  is  not  the  slightest  question 
that  the  type  of  Thecla  must  be  either  hetulce  or  quercus,  and, 
until  some  structural  character  is  discovered  by  which  these 
two  species  can  be  generically  separated,  Zephyrus  must  be 
regarded  as  a  synonym  of  Thecla,  the  general  opinion  and 
decision  of  entomologists  up  to  1872,  that  hetulce  was  the  type, 
being  accepted. 


169 


ON    THE    MORPHOLOGY    AND    CLASSIFICATION    OF    THE 
AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS    HOMOPTERA. 

By  Dk.   H.  J.  Hansen. 

(Continued  from  p.  120.) 

^  4,   Fidgoridce. 

V^In  this  family  I  have  closely  examined  the  antennal  structure 

y    in  Fulgora  ocellata,  Westw^^  (or  a  very  nearly  related  siaecies), 

'^  ^Dictyophara/ europcBa,    hX'^  Calyptoproctus    stigma,    F.,^Cixius 

ncrvosiis,   Jjf.f  Eurybrachys    s^^Callis cells  honellii.    Latr.,    Issus 

coleoptratus    Geom^,  "^Ricaiiia   s]y:,^Poeciloptera  j^^icilfsnoides,    L., 

0  Tettigometra  costulata,  Fieh.,ArcBopus  crassicornis,  Yd^hvPMega- 

melus   notula,    Germ.,   Stenocarenus  minutus,   F.,   and  '^Lihurnia 

limhata,  Boh.     I  also  examined  a  large  amount  of  material  with 

a  lens. 

The  antennse  are  situated  beneath  the  eyes,  generally  far 
behind'  under  the  hindermost  part  of  the  eyes,  or  even  behind 
th&wlW'idgora),  sometimes  under  the  front  part  of  the  eyes  in  an 
excavation  in  them.  ^(Bothriocera).  They  are  not  sunk  into 
antennal  pits,  but  the  basal  segment  of  the  peduncle  is  connected 
with  the  chitin  of  the  genfe  (cheeks)  by  a  broad — sometimes 
extraordinarily  broad — segment-membrane  (pi.  i.  f.  11).  They 
are  entirely  different  in  structure  from  the  other  families,  and, 
indeed,  from  what  is  known,  apparently,  in  other  insects. 

The  essential  points  in  the  antennae  of  the  Fulgoridae  are, 
briefly :  the  second  segment  of  the  peduncle — which  is  never 
very  much  smaller,  but  generally  both  longer  and  thicker  than 
the  first — is  provided  with  numerous  large  peculiarly  formed 
{compound)  sensory  organs ;  the  flagellum  consists  of  a  moderately 
small,  nearly  pear-shaped  basal  segment,  7chich  hears  a  single 
sensory  p)it  ivitk  a  mu/le  spike,  and  of  a  thinner,  segmented  or 
unsegmented  bristle,  witJiout  trace  of  sensory  organs. 

Viewed  through  a  lens,  the  surface  of  the  second  segment  of 
y\  the  peduncle  in  a  large  Fulgorid  of  the  typical  subfamily  (e.  g. 
Fulgora,"  Calyptoproctus)  is  seen  to  be  strewn  with  numbers  of 
dark  small  "  nodes "  (pi.  i.  f.  11) ;  examined  in  an  alkaline 
preparation  more  closely  through  a  microscope,  each  of  the 
"  nodes  "  is  readily  seen  to  consist  of  a  circle  of  conical  dark 
chitinous  pegs,  which  protrude  and  converge  somewhat  towards 
the  centre  of  the  ring  ;  the  area  within  the  ring  is  filled  with 
numerous  conspicuous  thin  generally  irregularly  bent  rounded- 
above  lobes  (f.  11,  a,  g,  b,  and  12),  which  are  probably  the  seat 
of  a  sense.  Each  -of  these  nodes  I  have  named  a  "  compound 
sensory  organ."     In^ Fulgora  the  nodes  are  strewn  very  closely 


I 


170  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

over  the  whole  of  the  surface  of  the  second  segment ;  in  Calypto- 
pj'octus  a  part  of  the  surface  is  smooth  ;  in^Dictyophara  and 
<5  Cixms  the  nodes  are  far  fewer  in  number,  but  very  similar  in 
\^  structure,  though  the  sensory-lobes  are  fewer  also  in  number.  In 
"'^^ EuryhrachyipCalliscelis  bonellii,  and^ssws  coleoptratas,  the  surface 
of  the  second  segment  of  the  peduncles  is  strewn  with  numerous 
small  pointed  nodes  and  a  number  of  bristles ;  the  sensory 
organs  are  fewer  in  number  in  the  two  last-named  genera  (pi.  i. 
f.  14  and  13),  and  in  all  three  genera  they  lack  the  protecting  ring 
of  chitinous  pegs,  while  the  lobes  in  each  organ  are  numerous  in 
^Euryhrachys,  far  fewer  in  the  two  other  genera  (f.  13  a).  In  a 
/  Ricania  sp.  the  second  segment  of  the  peduncle  is  of  scarcely 
greater  magnitude  than  the  first  ;  the  sensory  organs  are 
situated  only  on  the  terminal  face,  are  few  in  number  and  small 
in  proportion  (pi.  i.  f.  15).  They  are  distinguished  by  each  one 
possessing  only  one  or  two  lobes,  while  their  margins  are  bent  up 
in  peculiar  ear-shaped  processes,  outside  each  of  which  there  is  a 
conical  spike.  ^r^'Pceciloptera  pJialcenoides  (pi.  i.  f.  16,  16  a)  the 
sensory  organs  are  still  smaller  in  size,  but  are  very  similar  in 
appearance  to'^iccmia,  though  not  so  clean  cut.  The  sensory 
lobes  number  only  one  or  two?- ''  In  Tettigometra  costidata  (pi.  f. 
17)  the  second  segment  of  the  peduncle  is  proportionately  very 
large,  and  so  oblique  that  the  flagellum  is  articulated  far  from 
the  apex  on  one  of  the  sides.  The  sensory  organs  are  pro- 
portionately very  numerous  and  large ;  the  protecting  circlets  of 
chitinous  pegs  are  (as  in'^ssus)  wanting  ;  but  the  rest  of  their 
structure  is  very  obscure.  Apparently  all  of  the  almost  circular 
sensory  areas  are  each  covered  (f.  17  a) .  with  a  thin  membrane, 
which  is  extremely  finely  punctured,  and  on  which  there  are 
usually  one  to  four  irregular  elongate  shallow  keels,  which  thus 
agree  with  the  lobes  in  the  previously  described;. Fulgoridfe.  In 
the  Delphax  group  (of  which  I  have  examined ''^7veoms  crassi- 
cornis^Megamelas  notulaf^^  Stenocarenus  minutus,  d,n^°LihiLrnia 
limhata),  one  meets  with  a  structure  singularly  characteristically 
distinguishing  it  from  the  other  Fulgoridae.  The  second  segment 
(pi.  ii.  f.  1)  is  strewn  with  isolated  large  bristles  and  numerous 
small  bristles,  and  the  sensory  organs  are,  in  proportion  to  the 
size  of  the  insect,  rather  numerous  and  very  conspicuous.  The 
chitinous  pegs  in  the  circles  surrounding  each  organ  are 
strikingly  few  in  number,  and  of  a  considerable  size  (pi.  ii.  f.  la)  ; 
instead  of  sensory  lobes  tbMe  are  on  the  mejsabrane  within  the 
circles  only  bristles,  which  iiP Stenocarenus  Sirm^Megamelus  differ 
but  little  either  in  form  or  size  from  the  small  bristles  strewn  on 
the  remainder  of  the  surface  of  the  segment,  except  that  those 
lying  \^hin  the  circles  are  noticeably  thicker  than  those  without, 
while  in  Liburnia  they  are  far  thicker,  somewhat  shorter  and 
coarser,  and  far  more  curved  than  the  normal  small  bristles  ; 


THE  AUCHENOREHYNCHOUS  HOMOPTERA.  171 

and,  finally,  in  Arceojms  they  are  notably  shorter  and  coarser, 
and  also  far  more  closely  set  than  the  other  small  bristles  of  the 
segment ;  at  the  same  time  they  have  preserved  entirely  the 
character  of  bristles.  ' 

The  bristle-shaped  part  of  the  flag;jallum  is^metimes  rela- 
tively \on^{Calliscelis) ,  sometimes  shore  \Falgora,°Tettigometra); 
sometimes  with  very  distinct  segmentation  throughout  the  whole, 
or  in  great  part  of  its  lengi^^Ti^tigometj-a^ArceojyuSyMegamelns), 
sometimes  without  segmentation  {Fidgo7~aYlssu^Calliscelis). 

While  the  condition  of  the  flagellum  does  not  appear  to  have 
any  wider  systematic  significance,  on  the  other  hand  the  detailed 
structure  of  the  sensory  organs  on  the  second  segment  of  the 
peduncle  appears  to  possess  such  a  value  to  a  pre-eminent  degree. 
I  must  lament  that  I  have  not  been  in  a  position — from  want  of 
material — to  examine  a  far  greater  series  of  special  genera. 
The  Delphax  group,  so  sharply  characterized  in  other  ways, 
appears  also  admirably  defined  by  its  antennal  structure  ;  on  the 
other  hand,  I  am  not  in  a  position  to  say  tlraft  ^Tettigometra  is 
clearly  so  distinguished,  since  I  am  without  the  forms  which 
Stal  places  in  their  neighbourhood :  moreover,  I  cannot  define 
sharply  marked  boundaries  for  the  Ricania-Flata  groups,  and  I 
have  not  been  ableito  exan^i^  micro scopicall)\, any  examples  of 
the  Stalian  gron^s^  Acltilida,  Tropiduchida  ana  Derhida.  There 
thus  remains  a  considerable  gap  in  my  researches. 

B.   Tegulfc  and  Wings. 

Tegulse  are  found  only  in  the  Fulgoridse.  In  this  family 
they  are,  moreover,  almost  universally  present,  generally  readily 
enough  seen,  but  sometimes  covered  over  by  the  lateral  margins 
of  the  prothorax.  Stal  says  (Hemipt.  Afr.  128)  that  they  are 
absent  rarely,  but  does  not  mention  the  precise  genera  in  which 
this  is  the  case.  The  only  genus  examined  by  me,  in  which  I 
have  not  been  able  to  see  them,\^-^Calliscelis,  a  genus  charac- 
terized, among  other  things,  by  the  strongly  reduced  wings. 
Their  presence  is  thus  typical  of,  and  peculiar  to,  the  Fulgorid 
family,  but  at  the  same  time  they  can  be  absent  or  reduced 
almost  to  the  vanishing  point  (which  is  certainly  concomitant 
with  a  great  reduction  in  the  flight  organs),  so  that  their  absence 
-is  not  an  absolute  character. 

I  have^but  little  to  add  on  the  subject  of  Wing -New  ation. 

In  tli'e  ^Cercopidce  a  part  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the 
posterioy"  wings  (in  ^Cercopince  and  Aphrophorince  near  the  base 
itself,  in  Maclicerota  in  the  middle  between  the  retinaculum  and 
the  base)  is  expanded  into  a  triangular  projection  (pi.  ii.  f.  2  a), 
whose  upper  and  outer  margin  bears  a  few  posteriorly  directed 
hooks,  which  are  fixed  on  a  thicker,  firmly  chitinized  base 
(f.  2  a).     On  the  under  side  of  the  tegmina,  a  little  behind  the 


172  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

anterior  margin  and  near  the  base  [Machcerota  not  examined) 
there  is  an  elevated  longitudinal  keel  (pi.  ii.  f.  3  and  4  c),  which 
varies  somewhat  in  height  and  shape.  These  structures  on  the 
anterior  and  posterior  wings  certainly  stand  in  relation  to  one 
another  and  contribute  to  the  steadiness  of  the  latter  in  repose. 
As  I  have  not  met  such  a  peculiar  formation  in  any  of  the  other 
families,  this  may  afford  a  good  family  character. 

Ih^Liedra  aurita  the  slightly  convex  anterior  margins  are 
strewn,  on  a  space  from  the  base  to  the  retinaculum,  with  about 
twenty  hooks  of  a  similar  structure  to  those  in  Cercopidfe,  but  I 
have  not  been  able  to  find  a  trace  of  any  keel  on  the  teg- 
mina.  Similar  arrangements  of  hooks  may  be  found  in  other 
Jassid  genera  (mPTijphlocyha  rosce,  for  example,  I  have  observed 
them) ;  but  as  a  rule  they  occur  neither  in  Jassinse  nor  Mem- 
bracinse.  ^ 

In  the  Fulgoridse  the  anterior  margin  of  the  posterior  wings 
generally  presents  the  shape  of  a  mfifderately  fiat  arch  ;  at  the 
summit  of  the  arch  it  is  sometimeso  {Poeciloptera  phalcenoides) 
furnished  with  some  sharp  thorns,  but  the  arch  never  assumes 
the  triangular  form  characteristic  of  the  Cercopidae,  and  hooks 
are  never  found.  On  the  under  side  of  the  tegmina  one  finds, 
a  little  from  the  base  in  relation  to  the  convex  part^f  the  lower 
wings,  a  small  triangular  plate  (f.  ex.  v^Fulgora  encm  Poeciloptera) 
standing  out  perpendicularly  from  the  wings,  which  certainly 
has  the  same  function  as,  though  such  a  different  form  from, 
the  longitudinal  keel  of  the  Cercopidas. 

In  several  forms,  where  the  convex  portion  of  the  anterior 
margin  of  theolosterior  wings  is  very  feebly  mcirked  {Tettigometra, 
0  Arceopus,  armo  Stenocarenus) ,  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  the 
plates  oiL^the  under  side  of  the  tegmina;  nevertheless,  in  some 
instances  {Calyptoproctus  stigma,  for  ex.),  the  convex  portion  may 
be  feeble  and  the  tegminal  plate  extremely  well  developed. 
Though  one  cannot  in  this  obtain  family  characters  for  the  Ful- 
goridgB,  it  is  probable  that  the  above-mentioned  differences  will 
afford  them  for  groups  or  subgroups. 

In  the-'Stridulantia  no  trace  is  found  of  the  structures  men- 
tioned in  the  Fulgoridae  or  Cercopidae ;  the  hind  wings  are  held 
in  position  during  rest  by  their  feebly  arched  anterior  margin 
resting  for  some  distance  close  to  the  strongly  salient  thick 
costal  area  on  the  fore  wings. 

(To  be  continued.) 


173 


A    NEW    GENUS    OF    COCCID.E,    INJURING     THE    ROOTS 
OF    THE    GRAPE-VINE    IN    SOUTH    AFRICA. 

By  T.  D.  a.  Cockerell,  N.M.  Agr.Exp.  Sta. 

Cryptinglisia,  no  v.  gen. 

A  Lecaniine  coccid  having  a  glassy  covering  containing  air- 
spaces, and  retaining  the  legs  and  antenna  (7  or  8  joints)  in  the 
adult.  Living  in  galls  on  the  roots  of  Vitis.  Differs  from 
Inglisia  in  its  mode  of  life  ;  in  the  glassy  scale  not  being  divided, 
tortoise-like,  into  plates ;  and  in  the  air-cells  running  together, 
forming  long  air-spaces.  Larva  ordinary,  with  six  large  bristles 
on  the  cephalic  margin.     Male  unknown. 

Cryptinglisia  lounshuryi,  n.  sp. 

$  .  Adult  about  2i-  mm.  long,  soft,  shiny,  very  dark  brown,  covered 
with  a  semitransparent,  brittle,  glassy  scale.  Skin  transparent  and 
colourless  on  boiling  in  KHO ;  mouth-parts  moderate,  rostral  loop 
not  very  long  ;  margiu  with  a  row  of  simple  spines,  brownish,  about 
24  jt*  long,  placed  close  together ;  anal  lobes  ordinary,  about  160  jjl 
long,  yellowish  brown,  surrounded  basally  by  a  large  thick  dark-brown 
chitinous  plate,  more  or  less  semilunar  in  form,  with  the  ends  pro- 
duced ;  a  row  of  small  round  glands  in  the  middle  line  from  one  end 
of  tbe  body  to  tbe  other,  but  best  developed  posteriorly  ;  antennae  and 
legs  pale  ;  legs  ordinary,  femur  +  trochanter  about  120,  tibia  about 
96,  tarsus  about  78,  claw  about  20  /x  ;  claw-digitules  about  as  long  as 
claw,  with  large  knob^  ;  tarsal  digitules  long,  with  distinct  knobs  : 
antennae  7  or  8  jointed,  having  three  types,  thus  :  (1.)  7-jointed  with 
a  short  3,  all  the  joints  subequal,  21  to  80  fi.  (2.)  7-jointed  with  a 
long  B,  which  is  about  41  /x  long.  (3.)  8-jointed,  witli  2  quite  short, 
and  3  and  4  each  about  30  /x  long.  The  terminal  joint  is  always 
short,  21  to  26  ^. 

These  insects  occur  underground  on  the  roots  of  grape-vines, 
living  in  galls  which  are  more  or  less  globular,  4  to  5  mm. 
diameter,  dark,  rough  and  often  nodulose  on  the  outside,  often 
aggregated  together  in  numbers,  or  even  coalescing,  so  that  the 
root  presents  a  nodulose  thickening  6  or  7  mm.  in  diameter  and 
over  20  mm.  long.  On  breaking  open  the  galls,  which  are  quite 
hard,  one  finds  a  cavity  containing  the  coccid.  Small  stones  are 
frequently  embedded  in  the  sides  of  the  galls. 

Hah.  Constantia,  Cape  Colony,  at  the  roots  of  Stein  and 
Eeisling  grapes  {Vitis  vinifera).  Mr.  Chas.  P.  Lounsbury, 
sending  the  specimens,  says  :  "  None  were  observed  more  than 
eight  or  nine  inches  from  the  surface,  and  all  were  on  fibrous 
roots.  As  you  will  observe  from  the  specimens,  they  are  some- 
what gregarious ;  ofttimes  one  or  two  rootlets  will  be  quite 
covered,  while  all  the  others  are  free*     Most  of  the  infested  vines 


174  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

were  backward  in  growth, — some  almost  dead  ;  but  their  con- 
dition is,  I  think,  due  to  other  causes  than  the  attack  of  the 
insect.  Some  apparently  healthy  vines  were  noticed  to  be 
affected." 

Mesilla  Park,  New  Mexico  :    March  17th,  1900. 


BKITISH    DRAGONFLIES     OF    THE    OLDER    ENGLISH 

AUTHORS. 

By  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

(Continued  from  p.  75.) 

3.   IF.  E.  Leach :   '  The  EdinburgJi  Enci/clopadia,'  conducted 
by  D.  Brewster,  LL.D.,  vol.  ix.  pp.  136  and  137.     1815.* 

In  his  article,  "Entomology,"  in  this  work,  W.  E.  Leach 
makes  the  first  attempt  to  give  some  kind  of  a  list  of  the  British 
Dragonflies,  as  follows  : — 
Genus  479.  Libellula. 

Sp.  1.   depressa  =  Libellula  depressa. 

2.  conspurcata  =  Libellula fulv a. 

3.  quadrimaculata  =  Libellula  quadrimaculata. 

4.  cancellata  =  Orthetrum  cancellatum. 

5.  vulgata  =  Sympetrum  striolatum. 

6.  donovanni  =  Orthetrum  ccerulescens. 

7.  scotica  =  Sympetrum  scoticiim. 
Genus  480.     Cordulia. 

Sp.  1.  senea  =  Cordulia  (snea. 
Genus  481.  Cordulegaster. 

Sp.  1.   annulatus  =  Cordule(jaster  annulatus. 
Genus  482.  Gomphus. 

Sp.  1.  vulgatissimus  =  Gumphus  vulgatissimiis. 
Genus  488.  J5shna. 

Sp.  1.  grandis  =  Machna  (jrandis,  and  no  doubt  other  species. 
Genus  484.  Anax. 
Sp.  1.  imperator  =  Anax  imperator.     This  is  the  first  reference  to 
the  species. 
Genus  485.  Agrion, 

"  Several  indigenous  species  not  accurately  determined  "  (Leach). 
Genus  486.  Lestes. 

"  Three  indigenous  species  "  (Leach). 
Genus    487.    Calepteryx  =  Calopteryx.       "  Those    Agriouida    with 
coloured  wings  "  [Leach). 

4.  G.  Samouelle :  'The  Entomologist's  Useful  Compendium; 
or,  An  Introduction  to  the  Knoicledge  of  British  Insects.'     1819. 

In  this  work  the  systematic  portion  was  in  a  great  measure 
due  to  W.  E.  Leach,  who  in  each  genus  gives  but  one  species, 
apparently  as  a  type.     They  are  as  follow  : — 

■■'-  A  re-issue  in  1830  was  made  use  of  for  the  compilation  of  this  note. 


RECENT  NOTES  ON  HYDROMETRA  MARTINI.  175 

Genus  380.  Libellula. 

Sp.  1.   depressa  =  Libellula  depressa. 
Genus  381.  Cordulia. 

Sp.  1.  senea  =  Cordulia  miea. 
Genus  382,  Cordulegaster. 

Sp.  1.  annulatus  =  Cordulegaster  annulatus. 
Genus  383.  Gomphus. 

Sp.  1  vulgatissimus  =  Gomphus  vulgatissimus. 
Genus  384.  J^shna. 

Sp.  1.  grandis  =  ^schna  grandis. 
Genus  385.  Anax. 

Sp.  1.  imperator  =  Anax  imperator. 
Genus  386.  Agrion. 

Sp.  1.  sanguineus  =   Pyrrhosoma  nymphida. 
Genus  387.  Lestes. 

Sp.  1.  autumnalis  ~  Lestes  spo)tsa. 
Genus  388.  Calepteryx. 

Sp.  1.  virgO  =  Galopteryx  virgo. 

As  the  species  are  not  described,  it  is  quite  possible  that 
Leach  may  have  had  before  him  other  species  of  some  of  the 
genera,  than  those  to  which  we  have  referred  them,  in  the  case 
of  grandis,  sanguineus,  autumnalis,  and  virgo. 


RECENT    NOTES    ON    HYDROMETRA    MARTINI,    Kirk. 
=  LINE  ATA,    Say. 

By  G.  W.  Kirkaldy,  F.E.S. 

In  the  'Canadian  Entomologist'  for  March,  1900,  an  in- 
teresting "Study  of  Hijdrometra  lineata''  (pp.  70-76)  has  been 
presented  by  Mr.  J.  0.  Martin.  Since  nothing  detailed  has  been 
related  of  the  life-history  and  habits  of  this  genus,  I  quote  freely 
from  Mr.  Martin's  paper,  as  the  account  he  has  given  of  the 
American  species  refers  very  probably  in  great  part  to  our 
British  species  also. 

"  The  insect  hybernates  in  the  adult  stage,  and  during  the 
first  warm  days  of  spring  crawls  stiffly  out  from  under  the 
rubbish  along  the  banks,  where  it  has  passed  the  winter.  When 
the  weather  becomes  warm  enough  (the  1st  to  10th  of  May  at 
Ithaca),  egg-laying  begins;  the  female  becomes  restless,  and 
stalks  about  in  search  of  a  place  to  deposit  an  egg.  .  .  .  Backing 
up  to  a  grass-stem  or  almost  any  firm  object  which  rises  above 
the  water,  she  exudes  from  the  genital  opening  a  drop  of  a 
gummy  gelatinous  substance,  which  she  then  presses  against 
the  object  which  has  been  chosen  to  support  the  egg.  This 
sticky  mass  is  the  base  of  the  egg-stalk,  and,  hardening  very 
soon,  fastens  the  egg  in  place  before  it  has  left  the  body.'*     The 


176  THE   ENTOMOLOGIST. 

egg — which  is  quite  different  in  appearance  from  that  of  Gerris, 
or  indeed  any  other  Ehynchoton  known  to  me — is  long  and 
spindle-shaped,  about  two  millimeters  long,  that  is  to  say, 
about  one-half  the  length  of  the  abdomen.  The  young  nymph 
emerges  seventeen  days  after  oviposition,  and  is  light  green  in 
colour.  Hydrometra  lineata,  Say,  is  carnivorous,  its  food  con- 
sisting of  insects  that  fall  into  the  water.*  "When  such  a 
hapless  insect  falls  into  the  water,  it  is  at  once  pounced  upon  by 
one  or  several  voracious  Hydrometras,  who  insert  their  beaks  and 
proceed  to  suck  the  juices  from  their  still  struggling  victim.  I 
have  seen  no  less  than  ten  thus  surround  their  prey,  all  with 
their  heads  in  the  direction  of  common  interest,  and  their  bodies 
radiating  outwards." 

''  The  peculiar  habitat  of  Hydrometra,  combined  with  its 
elongate  form,  has  given  rise  to  a  secondary  sexual  character, 
which  occurs  in  both  H.  lineata  and  H.  stagyiorum.  This  consists 
of  two  notched  projections  on  the  inner  side  of  the  sixth  abdo- 
minal segment,  close  to  the  incisure  between  the  sixth  and  seventh 
segments.  The  object  of  these  notched  elevations  of  the  abdo- 
minal walls  is  to  fit  over  the  lateral  keels  of  the  female  abdomen, 
thus  steadying  the  abdomen  of  the  male  during  copulation." 
Some  useful  structural  details  of  H.  lineata  and  H.  staguorum 
are  figured. 

Some  final  remarks  upon  the  genus  have,  however,  to  be 
slightly  remedied.  The  "Siberian  Hydrometra"  jankoivskii, 
Jakovlev,  does  not  belong  to  the  genus  Hydrometra,  Latr.,  but 
to  Hydrometra,  Fabr. — that  is  to  say,  to  Gerris,  Fabr.,  Latr.f 
The  name  "  lineata,'"  moreover,  cannot  stand,  as  it  is  preoccu- 
pied by  H.  lineata,  Eschsch.  (1822,  Entomogr.  p.  110),  from 
Manilla  L?  =  vittata,  Stal,  1870] ,  and  I  therefore  rename 
Say's  species  after  the  entomologist  who  has  first  given  some 
account  of  its  habits  : 

Hydrometra  martini.  Kirk.,  1900 

=  H.  lineata,  Say,  1832  [nee  Eschsch.,  1822]. 

As  Mr.  Martin  has  omitted  any  mention  of  the  species,  it 
may  be  well  to  call  attention  again  X  to  the  fact  that  Hydrometra 
caraiba,  Guer.,  from  the  Antilles  and  Central  America,  is  a  true 
Hydrometra,  and  not  a  Gerris  as  catalogued  by  Lethierry  and 
Severin. 

-  See  Entom.,  1899,  p.  112. 

f  H.  stagnorum  (Linn.)  is  also  recorded  from  Siberia.     See  J.  Sahlberg, 
1878,  Svensk.  Akad.  Handl.  xvi.  no.  4,  p.  38. 
\  See  Eevue  d'Entom.,  1898,  p.  73. 


177 


NOTES    AND     OBSERVATIONS. 

The  Pupal  Habits  of  Cossus  ligniperda. — lu  the  autumn  of 
1896,  the  larvae  of  C.  ligniperda  were  very  plentiful  near  Lewes, 
Susses.  I  saw  many  full-fed  examples  crawling  about  much  in  the 
same  way  as  Phalmra  bucephala  does ;  evidently,  therefore,  these  larvte 
did  not  remain  in  their  larval  quarters,  but  sought  others  for  pupating. 
I  placed  one  enormous  larva  in  a  small  cage,  where  it  soon  established 
itself  in  a  corner,  gnawed  a  considerable  hole  in  the  hard  deal,  and 
spun  its  cocoon.  It  emerged  in  due  time,  and  is  now  in  my  collection. 
The  larva  cage  shows  a  deep  hole  where  the  wood  was  gnawed  away. — 
F.  M.  A.  MacKinnon  ;  Bindeld  Lodge,  Walton-on-Thames,  April  24th. 

Rhynchota  Genera,  &c.  —  I  shall  be  greatly  indebted  to  anyone 
possessing  the  following  works  who  will  furnish  me  with  a  list  of  the 
genera,  &c.,  of  Rhynchota  contained  therein :  Hahn's  Icon.  Mon.  Cimic. 
1825  (?),  and  Fieber's  paper  in  Weitenweber's  Beytriige,  1836. — G.  W. 
KiRKALDY ;  Wimbledon. 

OviPosiTioN  OF  GoNOPTERYX  RHAMNi. — Tliis  moriiing  I  have  been 
watching  a  specimen  of  Gonopteryx  rhamni  while  she  was  busily 
engaged  in  laying  eggs  on  the  young  leaves  of  a  shrub  of  buckthorn. 
Newman,  I  see,  says  "  the  eggs  are  laid  singly,"  but  this  specimen  on 
one  occasion  laid  eight  close  together,  though  three  seemed  to  be  the 
favourite  number ;  she  also  laid  a  few  isolated  ones.  The  plant  on 
which  she  deposited  them  seemed  to  be  the  only  buckthorn  in  the 
neighbourhood ;  every  now  and  then  she  would  leave  it  and  flit  up 
and  down  the  lane,  apparently  in  search  of  another  bush,  but  each 
time  she  returned  and  renewed  operations  on  the  same  plant.  How 
many  eggs  she  laid  altogether  I  do  not  know,  but  the  number  must 
have  been  something  very  considerable. — D.  P.  Turner;  Sutton, 
Surrey,  May  5th,  1900. 

Aberration  of  Vanessa  urtic^. — I  have  in  my  cabinet  an  exactly 
similar  aberration  to  the  beautifully  coloured  figure  of  a  specimen  from 
Mr.  Farn's  collection,  given  in  the  'Entomologist'  for  April  last  (pi. 
iii.,  fig.  1).  My  own  insect  was  taken  on  the  ceiling  of  a  public-house 
at  Midhurst,  Hants,  on  July  12th,  1896.— Joseph  Anderson  ;  Chichester. 

"-Photo -Micrography  for  Entomology." — We  have  been  favoured 
with  a  reprint  of  an  article  bearing  the  foregoing  title.  It  is  by  Mr. 
F.  N.  Clark,  and  was  originally  published  in  the  '  Annual  of  Microscopy ' 
for  1899.  A  finely  executed  plate  and  two  figures  in  the  text,  repre- 
senting lepidopterous  ova  and  structural  details  of  insects,  afford  proof 
of  the  excellent  results  that  can  be  obtained  by  a  careful  manipulator. 
The  instructions  are  lucid  and  thoroughly  practical.  In  his  opening 
remarks  Mr.  Clark  says: — "I  am  frequently  at  a  loss  to  understand 
why  photography  is  not  utilized  to  a  greater  extent  than  at  present  in 
the  illustration  of  works  on  natural  history.  This  applies  particularly 
to  entomology,  a  subject  that  lends  itself  so  admirably  to  the  repro- 
duction and  enlargement  of  minute  objects  by  aid  of  the  camera. 
Some  years  ago,  when  photo-process  work  was  in  its  infancy,  the  low 
standard  of  quality  was  no  doubt  responsible  for  a  good  deal  of  short- 
BNTOM. — JUNE,    1900.  Q 


178  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST, 

coming  in  this  respect.     This,  however,  can  hardly  be  the  case  now 
that  process-work  has  been  brought  to  such  a  high  state  of  perfection." 

The  Stevens  Collection  (concluded  from  p.  157).  —  Among  the 
Heterocera,  the  lots  that  realized  noteworthy  prices  were  the  following : — 

Deilephila  (/alii.  Five  specimens  bred  from  larvfe  found  at  Deal, 
£1  ;  three  examples  of  the  same  species,  with  one  D.  lineata,  taken  at 
Lewes  in  1849,  18s. ;  three  /).  galii  and  one  D.  lineata,  the  latter  taken 
in  1817  at  Hammersmith,  £1.  Four  other  examples  of  D.  lineata 
ranged  in  price  from  8s.  to  16s.  Three  specimens  of  D.  euphorhicB 
made  10s.,  16s.,  and  18s.  respectively.  Ohmrocampa  celerio,  of  which 
there  were  eight  specimens,  ranged  in  price  from  6s.  to  £1  4s. 

One  example  of  Sesia  ajuirenifonais,  with  two  specimens  of  S.  sphe- 
giformis  added  as  a  kind  of  makeweight,  fetched  12s.  Of  *S'.  tabaniformis 
{vespifonnis)  there  were  four  specimens;  two  of  these  sold  for  7s., 
whilst  the  other  couple  went  up  to  £1. 

There  was  nothing  very  special  among  the  Zygaenidae  or,  as  some 
prefer  to  term  them,  the  "  Anthrocerides,"  but  a  lot  of  some  thirty 
Z.  trifolii  and  Z.  lonicerm,  including  six  or  seven  decent  aberrations 
of  the  former  species,  realized  £2  10s.;  between  3s.  and  4s.  appeared 
to  be  the  value  of  yellow  varieties  of  Z.  filipendulm,  of  vsrhich  there 
were  five  examples.  Two  lots  of  twenty-four  Nolas,  each  with  six 
examples  of  N.  centonalis,  including  the  white  var.,  made  £1  10s.  the 
lot.  Considering  the  species  that  were  included  in  the  two  lots  con- 
taining Lithosia  sericea,  the  auction  value  of  this  species  would  seem 
to  be  about  3s.  or  4s. 

Nine  specimens  of  Deiopeia  pulchella  were  put  up  separately,  and 
produced  a  total  of  £4  14s.,  or,  roughly,  half  a  guinea  apiece.  One 
example  was  dated  1848,  one  1871,  one  1873,  four  1874,  and  one  1876. 

A  fine  black  aberration  of  Callimorpha  domimila,  bred  in  1872,  sold 
for  £5  10s.  Two  nearly  black  varieties  of  Nemeophila  plantuginis, 
together  with  a  female  with  red  hind  wings,  and  two  examples  of  var. 
hospita,  fetched  £4. 

There  were  about  thirty  more  or  less  interesting  varieties  of  Arctia 
caia,  and  the  best  of  these  were  disposed  of  at  fairly  good  prices, 
ranging  from  12s.  to  £4  ;  the  latter  sum  was  given  for  a  specimen 
somewhat  similar  to  that  figured  in  the  '  Entomologist '  last  month, 
together  with  a  dark  variety.  The  best  of  the  six  or  seven  aberrations 
of  A.  villica  sold  for  £4  10s. ;  this  was  a  light  variety  with  the  spots 
on  fore  wings  confluent,  and  the  hind  wings  almost  devoid  of  spots. 

Lcclia  ccenosa  was  represented  by  ten  perfect  specimens,  and  these 
realized  from  £1  10s.  to  £2  per  pair. 

Lasiocampa  ilicifolia  made  2  guineas  per  pair,  for  two  pairs,  and  a 
third  pair  was  sold  for  £3. 

One  example  of  Notodonta  hicolor,  taken  by  Mr.  P.  Bouchard  at 
Killarney  in  1864,  brought  in  £2  10s. 

One  example  of  Bryophila  algcB,  bought  at  the  sale  of  the  Burney 
Collection,  together  with  some  varieties  of  B.  glandifera,  including  four 
specimens  of  the  form  known  as  impar,  was  cleared  for  lis. 

Of  Synia  miisculosa  there  were  three  specimens,  all  from  Brighton ; 
one  of  these,  with  a  Tiverton  Leucania  vitellina  and  some  other  things, 
only  fetched  10s. — -a  fine  specimen ;  and  two  L.  vitellina  from  Tiverton 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS. 


179 


brought  £2  ;  whilst  the  third  example,  with  two  L.  vitellina  from 
Freshwater,  only  realized  16s. 

The  price  of  Tapinostola  concolor  ranged  at  about  4s.  per  specimen ; 
there  were  a  dozen  examples  in  the  collection. 

The  ten  specimens  (6  male,  4  female)  of  Noctua  subrosea,  £37  9s., 
which  gives  an  average  of  nearly  £3  8s.  each.  The  highest  price 
given  for  a  specimen  was  £4  15s.,  and  the  lowest  £2. 

Ccmstis  erijthrocepliala,  of  which  four  lots  each  comprising  four 
examples  were  offered,  realized  from  16s.  to  £1  Is.  per  lot. 

A  specimen  oi  Xylina  zinckenii,  taken  in  1873,  sold  for  14s. ;  while 
another  example,  taken  in  1865,  went  up  to  £1  10s. 

Cucullia  rjnaphalii  made  £1  2s.  and  £1  8s.  per  couple;  a  fifth 
specimen,  with  six  C.  absinthii,  produced  £1  7s.  6d. 

One  example  of  Thai pocha res  ostrina,  taken  in  1873,  realized  £1  4s., 
and  two  specimens  of  T.  parva  were  knocked  down  at  2s.  less. 

An  example  of  Ophiocles  lunaris,  catalogued  as  taken  near  Ramsgate 
in  1874,  fetched  £1  8s. 

No  less  than  five  specimens  of  Catocala  fraxini  were  in  the  collec- 
tion ;  one  of  these,  taken  in  1842,  at  Hammersmith,  went  for  13s. ; 
another  example,  taken  in  Hants  (1892),  made  15s.;  the  others  sold 
at  from  6s,  to  8s.  each. 

Five  aberrations  of  Venilia  macularia,  including  three  specimens 
approaching  var.  quadrimacularia  were  bought  for  £1  15s. 

The  eleven  specimens  of  (Jleora  viduaria  yielded  a  total  of  over  £8, 
and  the  ten  examples  of  Boletohia  fuliginaria  cleared  6  guineas. 

Of  the  varieties  of  Abraxas  grossulariata,  the  most  striking  aberra- 
tions sold  at  from  £1  15s.  to  £2  10s.  each. 

Fourteen  specimens  of  Phibalapteryx  poJyfjrammata  were  put  up  in 
lots  of  four  and  five,  and  brought  about  5s.  per  specimen. 

Six  of  eight  examples  of  Cidaria  reticulata  made  15s.  each,  and 
the  others  6s.  apiece  ;  whilst  a  ninth  specimen  ("  asymmetrical  var."), 
with  a  suffused  aberration  of  C.  prunata,  went  up  to  £3  10s. 

Three  pairs  of  Drepana  siciila  {harpagula)  sold  at  £1  123.  6d., 
£1  15s.,  and  £1  17s.  6d.  per  pair. 

Description  of  certain  Varieties  of  Peronea  cristana.  —  Some 
varieties  of  Peronea  cristana  are  described  in  the  'Annals  and  Magazine 
of  Natural  History'  for  1842  (vol.  x.  p.  366);  but,  as  this  work  is  not 
readily  accessible  to  many  entomologists  of  the  present  day,  I  thought 
it  might  be  worth  while  to  transcribe  the  description  of  some  interesting 
forms  of  this  very  variable  moth  which  were  written  by  "  Capucina," 
alias  the  Eev.  W.  Johnson.  The  specimens  referred  to  were  captured 
in  the  New  Forest  in  September,  1841 : — 

"The  first  I  have  named  Capucina;  the  ground  of  the  upper 
wings  dark  brown,  with  a  shade  of  burnt  umber,  and  an  elevated 
white  tuft  or  button  in  the  centre  of  each  wing ;  the  head  and 
palpi  white  ;  and  the  corslet  and  anterior  part  of  the  wings  as  far  as 
the  tuft  nearly  covered  with  an  incrustation  of  pure  white,  with  two 
blotches  of  the  same,  and  several  snow-white  dots  towards  the  extremity 
of  the  wings;  the  under  wings  shining  pale  brown,  not  unlike  those  of 
its  congeners.  The  second  is  also  a  white  button ;  the  upper  part  of 
the  upper  wings  a  bright  chestnut,  besprinkled  with  a  profusion  of 
powdery  white   dust-Uke  particles,  the  blending  of  the  two  colours 


180  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

producing  a  beautiful  roan.  I  propose  to  call  this  insect  Gumpiana ; 
and,  although  I  am  not  connected  with  the  family  of  Gumps,  the 
name  is  not  without  its  charms,  and  therefore  I  hope  it  will  not  be 
unacceptable  to  the  public.  The  third  is  so  nearly  allied  to  rujicostana, 
which  is  so  well  described  by  Mr.  Curtis  {vide  '  British  Entomology,' 
second  edition,  where  all  the  species  are  described),  that  it  is  unnecessary 
to  particularize  respecting  it ;  the  shape  of  the  wings  and  the  colour 
throughout  are  precisely  the  same,  with  the  addition  of  a  well-formed 
red  tuft  or  button  on  each  of  the  upper  wings ;  I  have  therefore 
ventured  to  name  it  ruficristana.'' 

The  beautiful  tolana,  curtisana,  sabcapiicina,  and  a  few  others,  are 
described  by  Mr.  Desvignes  in  the  third  volume  of  the  '  Zoologist,'  p. 
842.— C.  W.  Dale  ;  Glanvilles  Wootton. 

South-Eastern  Union  of  Scientific  Societies.  —The  fifth  annual 
Congress  of  the  Union  will  be  held  at  Brighton  and  Hove  on  June 
7th,  8th,  and  9th.  An  exhibition  of  photographs  and  apparatus  will 
be  given  on  Thursday  afternoon  at  3-30,  and  in  the  evening  of  the 
same  day  the  Mayor  of  Brighton  will  receive  members  of  the  Congress 
at  the  Pavilion,  and  the  President-Elect  will  deliver  an  address.  On 
Friday  papers  will  be  read  from  11  .a.m.  to  1  p.m.,  and  from  3  to  5 
p.m.  Two  of  these  are  by  Mr.  F.  Merrifield,  and  on  entomological 
subjects.  On  Friday  evening  members  are  invited  by  the  Mayor  of 
Hove  to  a  reception  at  the  Hove  Town  Hall.  Mr.  F.  Enock  will 
lecture  on  "  Wonders  and  Komance  of  Insect  Life,"  with  lantern 
illustrations.  At  12  a.m.  on  Saturday  there  will  be  another  illus- 
trated lecture,  and  in  the  afternoon  the  museums  and  aquarium  will 
be  visited. 

Members  of  a  natural  history  or  other  scientific  society  in  the 
South-East  district,  affiliated  to  the  Union,  are  admitted  to  the 
Annual  Congress,  Excursions,  &c.,  on  payment  of  2s.  6d.  Associates — 
persons  unattached  to  any  affiliated  society — are  admitted  to  the  same 
privileges  on  payment  of  3s.  6d.  Tickets  or  further  particulars  may 
be  obtained  by  application  to  the  local  secretary,  M.  E.  Alloway 
Pankhurst,  3,  Clifton  Koad,  Brighton. 

Local  Lists. — Hymenoptera  of  Nottinghamshire. — With  the  addi- 
tional seventy-five  species  of  Aculeates  enumerated  in  this  list — compiled 
by  Eev.  A.  Thornley  and  J.  W.  Carr,  and  published  in  '  The  Naturalist  ' 
for  February  last — the  total  number  of  Hymenoptera  Aculeata  recorded 
as  occurring  in  the  county  is  one  hundred  and  thirty-seven,  but 
thirteen  of  these  are  doubtfully  included.  Of  Hymenoptera  Tubulifera, 
five  species  of  Chrysis  and  Elampus  auratus  are  mentioned. 

DiPTERA  OF  Nottinghamshire.  —  In  the  Annual  Eeport  of  the 
Nottingham  Naturalists'  Society  for  1898-9,  a  list  of  Nottinghamshire 
Diptera  is  given  by  the  Eev.  A.  Thornley.  The  number  of  species 
mentioned  is  two  hundred  and  ninety,  most  of  which  were  obtained 
by  the  compiler  himself,  and  these  chiefly  at  South  Leverton.  He  is 
of  opinion  that  the  species  referred  to  represent  but  a  small  portion  of 
the  Diptera  occurring  in  the  county.  Some  remarks  by  Mr,  Percy  H. 
Grimshaw  are  appended  to  the  list.  There  are  one  or  two  other  short 
papers  dealing  with  entomology  in  the  Eeport. 


181 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS. 

Aromia  moschata  and  Rhagium  bifasciatum  near  Chester. — A 
specimen  of  A.  moschata  (the  musk  beetle)  was  taken  by  Mr.  Thompson,  of 
Chester,  about  the  end  of  last  Julj',  off  some  nettles  in  the  Sealand  district. 
On  Aug.  4th,  when  he  and  I  were  out  together,  he  captured  another  in  the 
same  locality,  resting  on  an  old  sallow.  The  first  specimen,  especially, 
gave  out  a  strong  musk  scent,  which  clung  to  the  cotton  wool  in  the 
cyanide  bottle  for  days  after.  Wallasey  is  the  only  other  Cheshire  locality 
I  know  for  this  handsome  and  interesting  beetle,  the  larvae  of  wliich  burrow 
in  old  sallows. 

Ten  examples — two  males  and  eight  females — of  RJiagium  bifasciatum 
were  taken  by  Messrs.  Thompson  and  son,  March  12th,  this  year,  out  of 
rotten  alder-trunks  near  "  the  eleven  arches,"  which  carry  the  Birkenhead 
railway  over  the  canal,  about  a  couple  of  miles  from  Chester.  Mr.  Thomp- 
son, junr.,  and  I,  went  to  the  spot  on  the  24th  of  the  same  month,  but  we 
only  secured  four — one  male  and  three  females.  The  trunks  infested  were 
well  tunnelled — chiefly  longitudinally — by  larvae  of  the  species  in  all  stages 
of  growth,  and  the  burrows  contained,  not  only  what  looked  like  pupae,  but 
the  living  imagines  we  captured  as  well.  The  larvae  were  white,  with 
reddish  jaws.  The  two  well-defined  oblique  marks  on  each  wing-case  are 
certainly  not  "  yellow,"  but  pale  grey.  I  found  a  screwdriver  of  great  use 
in  breaking  up  the  rotten  wood. — J.  Arkle  ;  Chester. 

Ranatra  linearis. — A  well-grown,  mature  (that  is,  winged)  specimen 
of  this  interesting  water-bug  was  brought  to  me  alive  by  Mr.  E.  Vincent, 
who  took  It  from  the  canal  near  Byfleet  on  March  11th  last.  It  is  not  a 
common  insect  in  Britain,  and  is  thought  by  some  to  be  getting  rarer,  but 
it  has  been  taken  in  this  locality  on  two  or  three  occasions,  when  search  was 
being  made  for  other  things.  It  was  also  taken  last  year  in  one  of  the 
ponds  in  Bushey  Park  near  Kingston-on-Thames.  Its  habitat  is  on  the 
mud  at  the  bottom. — W.  J.  Lucas  ;   Kingston-on-Thames. 

The  following  are  three  localities  in  wiiich  I  have  obtained  Ranatra 
linearis  this  year  : — Epping  Forest,  April  26tii  :  found  in  all  ponds,  but 
commonest  in  the  gravel-pit  ponds  Tiear  Loughton.  Rickmansworth, 
May  2nd  :  two  specimens  only.  Oxshott,  May  19th  :  Black  Pond,  one 
specimen  only.  —  S.  K.  Kemp  ;  80,  Oxford  Gardens,  Netting  Hill,  W., 
May  20th,  1900. 

Larv^  of  Arctia  caia  and  Odonestis  potatoria  at  Chester. — 
These  larvae  were  unusually  common  on  certain  hedge-banks  at  the 
beginning  of  May. — J.  Arkle;  Chester. 

Spring  Captures — On  Saturday,  April  21st,  about  3.30  p.m.  (the  sun 
shining  brightly  at  the  time),  I  saw  a  specimen  of  M.  stellatarum  actively 
engaged  at  clumps  of  white  arabis  in  the  garden.  Is  not  this  a  very  early 
and  unusual  occurrence?  The  same  day  I  saw  several  specimens  of 
Vanessa  urticce  on  the  wing.  I  may  also  mention  that,  on  March  9th  and 
10th  respectively,  I  saw  single  freshly-emerged  specimens  of  Fieris  rapa. 
— Thos.  B.  Br.AKEBOROuGH  :  Ashlea,  Brighouse. 

[Last  year  M.  stellatarum  was  taken  at  Hereford  on  Jan.  3rd,  and 
on  Feb.  18th  at  Winchester.  Both  these  captures  are  recorded  in  the 
'  Entomologist '  for  1899  (vol.  xxxii.),  where  also  will  be  found  reports  of 
the  occurrence  of  the  species  in  many  parts  of  the  British  Islands. — Ed.] 


182  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Vanessa  polychloros. — On  Feb.  24th  of  this  year  my  brother  found 
this  butterfly  hybernatiug  in  a  tool-house  in  the  garden.  The  capture  is 
interesting,  for  since  1877-8,  when  the  larvae  were  abundant  on  the  elms 
in  front  of  the  house — I  counted  forty  on  one  small  twig,  which  I  cut  off — 
not  a  single  larva,  pupa,  or  imago  has  been  discovered,  the  insect  having 
completely  disappeared. — Joseph  Anderson;   Chichester. 

Macroglossa  stellatarum. — A  specimen  of  this  species  was  seen 
flying  over  flowers,  by  my  friend  Mrs.  Fogdeti,  in  her  garden  at  Apuldram, 
Chichester,  on  April  12th.— Joseph  Anderson. 

Notes  from  Chester  and  Def.amere  Forest — 

March  lUth. — Delamere  Forest.  A  sunny  day;  south-west  breeze. 
Warmer.  A  late  season,  and  a  great  scarcity  of  insects.  Took,  or  saw, 
six  late  male  Hybernia  leucoplKBaria  on  oak-trunks— all  very  unlike  each 
other ;  also  a  male  and  female  Asphalia  flavicornis.  The  latter  were  pale 
grey  forms,  with,  of  course,  the  usual  markings.  Large  numbers  of  oaks 
have  now  been  cut  down,  the  clearings  being  planted  with  larch  and  Scotch 
fir.  I  saw  no  Phigalia  pedaria  (pilosaria),  Nyssia  hispidaria,  Amphidasys 
stratana  [prodromaria],  Brephos  parthenias,  H.  marginaria  [progemmaria), 
or  Anisopteryx  (Bscularia.  Sallow  catkins  were  just  showing  themselves — 
small,  white,  and  silvery. 

April  10th  (Easter  Monday).— Four  of  us  went  to  Delamere  Forest. 
Strong  north-west  gale  all  day.  Sharp  showers  of  rain  after  10  a.m.,  but 
fair  in  the  afternoon,  although  cloudy  and  sunny  alternately,  as  well  as 
colder.  I  took  one  P.  pilosaria  and  one  A.  strataria,  off  oaks,  after  three 
hours  of  patient  search.  One  of  my  friends,  who  was  without  the  last  named 
species  in  his  collection,  continued  the  search,  as  did  all  of  us,  for  another 
couple  of  hours.  Just  when  he  had  practically  given  the  matter  up,  he 
found  three  fine  specimens — two  males  and  a  female — all  on  the  same  oak 
— a  most  unusual  find.  Another  couple  of  hours  resulted  in  the  capture 
of  a  fifth — average  number  per  collector,  one  ;  total  hours  spent,  seven. 
Viurnea  fagella  was  fairly  plentiful.  Three  reddish,  hybernated  Tortrix 
larvae  were  got  out  of  dead  thistle-stems. 

April  19th. — A  burst  of  warm  weather ;  sudden  and  complete  change. 
The  following  were  taken  at  sallow  bloom  in  Delamere  Forest : — Panolis 
piniperda,  ten  specimens,  including  pale  grey  and  red  varieties  with  inter, 
mediate  forms — this  species  appeared  to  be  very  local,  though  plentiful 
where  found — one  place  only  ;  Tmiiocampa  stabilis,  T.  instahilis  (from  light 
to  almost  black  forms),  T.  pulveridenta  [cruda),  T.  gothica,  Pachnohia 
rubricosa,  Cerastis  vaccinii,  and  Larentia  nmltistrigaria. 

April  28th. — Delamere  Forest.  At  sallow  the  previous  species  repeated 
themselves.  P.  piniperda  abundant,  but  only  in  the  one  spot.  Specimens 
of  Tephrosia  crepuscularia  were  taken  off  oaks  by  day.  Many  hybernated 
larvae,  chiefly  Triphcena  orbona,  were  found,  as  night  feeders,  on  the  low 
sallows. 

May  1st. — Night.  Lane  bordered  with  briar,  bramble,  sallow,  &c., 
near  Chester.  Anticlea  badiata  was  still  on  the  wing,  and  a  couple  of 
A.  derivata  were  netted.  Other  moths  were  Cidaria  stiffumata,  and  one 
each  of  Selenia  illunaria  and  Hypsipetes  impluviata.  Larvae  were  found  on 
the  sallows,  the  bloom  on  the  bushes  being  all  but  over.  A  warm,  still 
night. 


RECENT    LITERATURE. 


183 


May  4th. — The  same  lane;  night.  Rather  strong  south-west  wind, 
with  showers.  Sky  usually  clear,  with  crescent  moon.  Altogether  a  bad 
night,  and  we  took  nothing  but  a  few  T.  orbona  larvse,  certainly  not  worth 
a  walk  of  some  six  or  eight  miles. 

The  great  matter  of  interest  with  me  was  how  many  of  these  species 
came  to  our  electric  lamps.  Only  three,  as  far  as  my  observation  went: 
T.  ffothica,  H.  progemmaria,  and  S.  ilhmana.  This  evidence  may  be 
useful  in  the  future. — J.  Aukle  ;  Chester. 


RECENT    LITERATURE. 


Malcolm  Burr.  Essai  sur  les  Eumastacides,  tribu  des  Acridiodea,  1899, 
Anal.  Soc.  Esp.  Hist.  Nat.  xxviii.  pp.  75-112  and  253-308  (sep. 
pag.  1-94),  plates  viii.-x.     [Orthoptera.] 

The  Eumastacides  (formerly  "  Mastacides  ")  are  a  tribe  of  "  short- 
horned  Grasshoppers,"  remarkable  for  their  bizarre  forms  and  curious 
colours,  displaynig  great  superficial  resemblance  to  certain  other  insects, 
viz.  Tipula,  Mantispa,  Sirex,  Agrion,  &c.  They  are  diagnosed  by  Mr. 
Burr  as  follows  : — 

"  Statura  minore  vel  mediocri ;  ungues  tarsorum  arolio  instructi ; 
antennae  brevissimae,  femoribus  anticis  breviores,  genere  unico  Gom- 
phomastace  excepto,  quo  antenna  longiores,  interdum  corpore  super- 
antes,  apice  clavatfi! ;  caput  breve,  ab  autico  compressum ;  presternum 
muticum ;  corpus  nonnale,  baud  inflatum,  uec  valde  elongatum, 
tympano  nullo  primi  segmeuti  abdominis." 

They  are  divided  into  eight  groups,  embracing  thirty  genera  (of 
which  nine  are  new,  viz. :  Bennia,  Mastacides,*  (Jldna,  Eumastax  [n,  u.] , 
Paramastax,  Pseudothericles,  Stpnbellia,  Parathencles,  and  Phaidotypus) 
and  ninety-four  species  (of  which  twenty-eight  are  new). 

The  Eumastacides  are  confined  to  the  warmer  parts  of  the  globe, 
and  it  is  remarkable  that  no  genus  occurs  in  more  than  one  of  the 
principal  "regions."  The  Oriental  claims  twelve  genera,  the  Ethiopian 
eleven,  the  Neotropical  five,  Nearctic  and  Australian  one  each,  while 
the  Palearctic  is  not  represented  ;  the  Oriental  and  Ethiopian  regions 
therefore  contain  nearly  seventy-seven  per  cent,  of  the  total  number 
of  genera. 

The  Essay  is  evidently  the  product  of  laborious  and  practical 
research,  and  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  previous  literature  upon 
the  group.  The  analytical  tables  of  genera  and  species  and  the 
descriptions  have  been  drawn  up  with  great  care,  and  are  elucidated 
by  the  three  plates  of  figures  prepared  by  Mr.  E.  H.  J.  Shuster.  It 
is  to  be  hoped  that  in  due  course  this  at  present  indispensable  revision 
will  be  superseded  by  a  detailed  monograph  by  the  same  author. 

G.  W.  K. 


Inadvertently  ascribed,  with  its  two  species,  to  Bolivar,  by  Mr.  Burr. 


184  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Paul  Noel.  La  Chasse  aux  Insectes  aquatiques  (Journ.  de  I'Agriculture, 
1897),  2  pp.  and  full-page  illustration. 

The  neighbourhood  of  electric  light  has  been  long  a  happy  hunting 
ground  for  insects  of  all  kinds,  but  we  do  not  recollect  having  previously 
heard  of  the  ingenious  arrangement  devised  for  tlie  capture  of  aquatic 
forms  by  the  enthusiastic  director  of  the  regional  laboratory  of  agricul- 
tural entomology  at  Kouen. 

A  previously  charged  electrical  accumulator  (of  the  kind  used  for 
lighting  bicycles,  or  some  similar  apparatus  furnishing,  say,  twelve 
hours  of  light  of  about  four  candle-power  at  a  time)  is  placed  at  the 
edge  of  the  water  which  one  wishes  to  work.  It  is  sufficient  simply  to 
fix  to  the  lamp  attached  to  this  accumulator  two  wires  longer  than 
those  ordinarily  provided  with  it — say,  four  metres — and  carefully  to 
cover  over  the  juncture  of  lamp  and  wires  with  sealing-wax,  to  prevent 
leakage  of  the  current. 

As  this  little  lamp  does  not  sink  in  the  water,  it  must  be  made 
fast  to  the  centre  of  a  semicircle  of  iron  of  about  half  a  metre  radius, 
to  which  is  fastened,  below  the  lamp,  a  large  trap,  constructed  on  the 
same  principle  as  the  bird  traps  which  children  make.  On  carefully 
lowering  the  trap  into  a  not  too  weedy  spot,  the  strong  light  attracts 
numerous  insects  and  other  animals  ;  it  can  then  be  switched  off,  the 
trap  closed  and  brought  to  the  surface  for  the  examination  of  its  contents. 

G.  W.  K. 


Report  of  Injurious  Insects  and  Common  Farm  Pests  durim/  the  year  1899, 
tcith  Methods  of  Prevention  and  Remedy.  By  Eleanor  A.  Ormerod. 
Pp.  152.    London  :  Simpkin,  Marshall  &  Co.     1900. 

This  is  the  twenty-third  Eeport  presented  by  Miss  Ormerod,  and 
No.  1  of  the  second  series ;  the  general  index  to  the  first  series  was 
published  last  year.  Although  larva  of  Pieris  brassicce  appear  to  have 
caused  some  destruction  here  and  there,  and  some  trouble  experienced 
with  "  wireworm  "  daring  the  summer,  the  only  insect  pest  that  was 
mentioned  as  "  seriously  prevalent"  was  the  turnip  flea-beetle.  Ephestia 
kuhniella  seems  to  have  become  more  widely  distributed  in  England 
and  Scotland,  and  to  have  effected  a  lodgment  in  Ireland.  Dicranura 
vinula  is  referred  to,  but  is  said  not  cause  any  great  injury,  except  when 
its  larva  happens  to  attack  young  and  tender  trees,  as,  for  instance, 
those  in  nursery  plantations.  Cidaria  dotata,  Newm.  =  c(ssociata,  Bork., 
the  larva  of  which  feeds  on  the  foliage  of  currant  bushes,  has  been 
reported  to  Miss  Ormerod  as  attacking  red  currant  trees  to  a  consider- 
able extent.  This  moth  is  sometimes  confused  with  C.  pyraliata,  Fb., 
which  is  generally  considered  to  be  the  true  dotata,  Linn.,  the  larva 
of  which  feeds  on  Galium,.  There  are  several  illustrations  in  the  text, 
and  two  plates  ;  the  figures  in  the  latter  represent  a  foot  of  Hippobosca 
equina  and  one  of  Ornithumyia  avicularia,  both  highly  magnified. 

We  may  mention  here  that,  in  recognition  of  her  many  and 
valuable  services  to  agriculturists  and  horticulturists,  the  Edinburgh 
University,  on  April  14th  last,  conferred  upon  Miss  Ormerod  the 
honour  of  LL.D. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIII.l  JULY,    1900.  [No.  446. 


COLLECTIVE   INQUIRY   AS   TO  PROGRESSIVE  MELANISM 

IN    MOTHS. 

The  following  "  Memorandum  from  the  Evolution  Committee 
of  the  Eoyal  Society  "  has  been  recently  issued  : — 

1.  The  Committee  appointed  by  the  Council  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  to  promote  investigation  of  facts  relating  to  Variation, 
Heredity,  Selection,  and  other  phenomena  connected  with 
Evolution  are  desirous  of  instituting  a  collective  investigation 
into  the  progressive  melanism  of  certain  moths,  particularly 
Geometridse. 

2.  It  is  well  known  that  in  certain  districts,  especially  within 
the  British  area,  dark  forms  of  several  species  of  moths  have 
recently  appeared  and  become  increasingly  abundant.  There  is 
reason  to  believe  that  these  dark  forms  are  in  some  cases  ex- 
tending into  other  districts  and  even  to  the  European  Continent. 

3.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  no  systematic  or  statistical 
records  of  these  phenomena  have  been  kept,  and  it  appears  to 
the  Committee  that  if  such  a  record  be  now  instituted  and 
continued  for  a  period  of  years  it  cannot  fail  to  have  considerable 
scientific  importance. 

4.  The  matter  is  one  that  may  conveniently  be  made  the 
subject  of  collective  investigation,  and  the  Committee  will  be 
glad  to  hear  from  any  entomologist  who  may  be  willing  to 
contribute  now,  or  hereafter,  particulars  as  to  the  condition  of 
these  species  in  the  district  or  districts  with  which  he  is  person- 
ally familiar.  The  returns  should  relate  as  far  as  possible  to 
specimens  found  in  a  ivilcl  state,  whether  as  imagines,  or  pupse, 
larvae,  or  eggs.  Information  respecting  specimens  bred  from 
wild  parents  must  be  kept  distinct. 

5.  It  is  thought  desirable  that  the  enquiry  should  for  the 
present  be  confined  to  the  following  species  : — Acidalia  aversata, 
Amphidasys  hetularia,Boarmiarepandata,  Camptogramma  hilineata, 

ENTOM. — JULY,  1900.  R 


186  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Gnophos  ohscurata,  Hemerophila  ahruptaria,  Hyherniaprogemmaria, 
Phigalia  pilosaria,  Acronyctapsi,  Agrotis  corticea,  Aplecta  nehulosa, 
Polia  cJii,  Vemtsia  cambrica,  Xijlophasia  p)olyodon. 

6.  The  Schedule  in  which  it  is  suggested  that  the  returns 
should  be  made  is  enclosed  (Schedule  A).  It  is  desired  that  the 
return  for  each  species  be  made  on  a  separate  Schedule,  and  the 
Secretary  will  be  glad  to  furnish  a  supply  of  these  schedules  to 
any  one  who  may  be  willing  to  assist. 

7.  Since  confirmatory  evidence  is  of  especial  value,  the 
Committee  are  desirous  of  receiving  returns  made  independently 
by  different  persons  for  the  same  district.  It  is  of  course  hoped 
that  returns  may  be  obtained  for  districts  in  which  the  dark 
forms  are  still  unknown. 

8.  The  Secretary  will  be  glad  to  examine  and  prepare  de- 
scriptions of  any  illustrative  specimens  lent  to  him  for  that 
purpose,  and  in  suitable  cases  arrangements  will  be  made  for 
photographing  such  specimens. 

9.  Historical  Evidence.  As  the  changes  in  question  have 
largely  taken  place  within  living  memory,  it  is  hoped  that  those 
who  have  personal  knowledge  of  the  facts  may  be  induced  to  put 
them  on  record  in  such  detail  as  is  still  possible.  Much  infor- 
mation of  an  historical  character  is  of  course  already  printed  in 
the  scientific  journals,  but  a  more  detailed  account  of  the  facts 
would  be  of  great  value.  With  this  object  a  special  Schedule  (B) 
marked  "  Historical "  will  be  issued  to  those  who  will  fill  it  up. 

10.  On  publication  full  acknowledgment  will  be  made  of  all 
help  received.  All  communications  should  be  addressed  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Evolution  Committee,  W.  Bateson,  Esq.,  F.R.S., 
Merton  House,  Grantchester,  Cambridge. 

May,  1900. 


"ENTOMOLOGY    IN    NEW    ZEALAND." 
By  G.  V.  Hudson,  F.E.S. 

Under  the  above  somewhat  comprehensive  title  Mr.  Ambrose 
Quail  has  {ante,  p.  5)  really  given  the  readers  of  your  valuable 
magazine  a  criticism  of  my  recently  published  book  on  New 
Zealand  Macro-Lepidoptera.  To  call  an  essay,  however  learned, 
which  deals  with  only  a  portion  of  one  of  the  orders  of  the  great 
class  Insecta,  a  paper  on  "  entomology  "  is,  to  my  mind,  some- 
what misleading,  and  I  think  that  it  would  have  been  more 
straightforward  and  accurate  on  Mr.  Quail's  part  had  he  openly 
named  his  article  as  a  criticism  on  my  book,  This  would  also 
have  given  me  a  better  chance  of  replying  to  his  strictures. 

The  opening  passages  in  Mr.  Quail's  paper  do  not,  I  think, 
tend  to  show  that  he  is  specially  qualified  to  criticise  even  such 


ENTOMOLOGY    IN    NEW    ZEALAND.  187 

inferior  work  as  he  would  wish  to  represent  my  book  to  be.  He 
states  that  he  has  only  been  in  New  Zealand  three  years,  and 
that  the  localities  at  which  he  has  been  stationed  have  not  been 
favourable  to  the  pursuit  of  entomology;  also  "that  there  is 
little  or  no  literary  work  at  least  get-at-able."  Subsequently  he 
ascertained,  I  may  remark,  through  the  aid  of  local  naturalists, 
myself  included,  that  some  entomological  work  had  been  done 
in  New  Zealand,  and  forthwith  he  proceeds  on  this  basis  to 
demonstrate  the  defective  nature  of  the  work  done  by  his 
predecessors. 

Mr.  Quail  alleges  that  I  am  unacquainted  with  the  work  of 
certain  lepidopterists  for  whose  methods  he  apparently  entertains 
a  certain  amount  of  respect,  but  in  his  criticism  of  the  system  of 
classification  followed  in  my  book  he  is  simply  condemning  the 
system  of  Meyrick,  with  which  he  does  not  appear  to  be  fully 
acquainted  himself.  This  system,  it  may  be  pointed  out,  is 
being  largely  followed  by  the  British  Museum  authorities  in 
their  great  work  on  the  Heterocera  of  the  world,  so  that  appa- 
rently I  am  not  singular  in  placing  a  certain  amount  of  depend- 
ence on  the  work  of  the  "one  man"  he  alludes  to.  I  expressly 
explained  my  reasons  for  following  Meyrick  in  my  introduction 
thus  : — "  Although  adopting  Mr.  Meyrick's  system  in  the  present 
work,  I  do  not  agree  unreservedly  with  all  his  conclusions ;  but 
I  have  not  attempted  to  alter  his  system  in  accordance  with  my 
own  views,  as  I  conceive  that  the  conclusions  of  a  naturalist  who 
has  only  had  the  opportunity  of  studying  a  restricted  fauna  would 
necessarily  be  liable  to  considerable  error."  This  passage,  I 
think,  disclaims  any  individual  responsibility  on  my  part. 

I  shall  not  occupy  your  valuable  space  with  detailed  remarks 
on  all  the  points  raised  by  Mr.  Quail  in  regard  to  my  work,  but 
trust  I  may  be  permitted  to  refer  to  one  or  two  as  examples  of 
the  class  of  criticism  to  which  I  have  been  subjected  in  the 
article  under  review. 

Mr.  Quail  states  that  he  captured  one  specimen  of  S.  con- 
volvuli  in  Auckland  in  February,  1897.  From  an  examination 
of  this  single  specimen  he  concludes  that  my  figure  of  the  insect 
is  incorrect.  Again,  Mr.  Quail  remarks  that  my  figures  of  the 
Caradrinina  (Noctuidse,  &c.)  are  poor.  He  can  have  had  but 
very  little  experience  in  the  figuring  of  species  belonging  to  this 
very  obscurely  marked  group  not  to  know  that,  whilst  it  is 
possible  to  obtain  faithful  and  striking  representations  of  the 
sharply  and  brightly  marked  species  belonging  to  other  groups, 
many  species  of  the  Caradrinina  baffle  all  attempts  at  description 
or  delineation.  This  point  is  specially  referred  to  on  page  15  of 
my  book,  where  I  describe  the  difficulties  encountered  in  dis- 
criminating between  the  species  of  the  genus  Melanchra,  as  well 
as  the  doubtful  nature  of  many  of  the  species  included  in  that 
genus. 

2e 


188  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST, 

It  is  gratifying  to  find  that  Mr.  Quail  approves  of  my  treat- 
ment of  the  butterflies,  and  even  goes  so  far  as  to  quote  from  my 
account  of  my  transformations  of  Vanessa  gonerilla.  These 
remarks  will  no  doubt  be  read  with  amusement  by  those  of  your 
readers  who  perused  my  paper  on  the  metamorphosis  of  this 
butterfly  in  the  'Entomologist'  for  October,  1883,  written  from 
the  very  town  where  my  critic  now  resides. 

Mr.  Quail  protests  against  "  commencing  a  book  with  special- 
ized groups  (most  recent),  and  finishing  with  the  most  generalized 
groups  (most  ancient)."  This  protest  really  refers  to  Mr.  Mey- 
rick's  system,  and  I  have  explained,  as  already  stated,  my  reasons 
for  following  that  system.  In  connection  with  the  genus  Porina, 
Mr.  Quail  again  asserts  that  my  figures  are  bad,  because  they  do 
not  exactly  agree  with  the  specimens  he  has  in  his  possession. 
Here  again  we  have  to  deal  with  obscurely  marked  and  variable 
species  which  offer  great  difficulties  in  the  way  of  representation, 
and  this  fact  explains  why  Mr.  Quail  finds  the  figures  of  the 
Porinas  bad,  whilst  those  of  the  brightly  coloured  and  con- 
spicuous Hepialus  virescens  he  pronounces  as  "  excellent."  I 
have  never  given  any  "  hint  as  to  the  time  occupied  in  the 
transformations  of  H.  virescens,'"  simply  because  I  have  never 
had  a  specimen  under  observation  from  the  egg  state  to  the 
imago.  In  fact,  when  Mr.  Quail  has  become  more  intimately 
acquainted  with  this  insect  he  will  find  that  the  duration  of 
its  larva  life  is  probably  considerably  longer  than  two  years — 
probably  longer,  in  fact,  than  Mr.  Quail's  residence  in  New 
Zealand.  As  the  insect  inhabits  the  stem  of  a  growing  tree, 
the  exact  duration  of  its  transformation  could  only  be  ascer- 
tained by  completely  isolating  several  of  the  trees  which  had 
not  been  attacked  by  the  larva,  and  inducing  a  fertile  female 
moth  to  deposit  her  eggs  in  the  enclosure.  It  would  then  be 
necessary  to  observe  the  larvae  in  the  trees  until  their  final 
transformation.  This  would  be  a  most  difficult  and  extensive 
experiment,  but  one  of  considerable  interest,  and  I  trust  Mr. 
Quail  will  undertake  it,  and  succeed  in  carrying  it  out  to  a 
successful  termination. 

Mr.  Quail's  description  of  the  tubercles  of  the  larva  of  Hepialus 
virescens  is  no  doubt  extremely  learned  and  exact,  but  I  hardly 
think  that  it  would  be  suited  to  most  of  those  who  are  likely  to 
employ  my  book  in  New  Zealand.  There  is  so  much  work  to  be 
done  here,  and  so  few  workers  to  do  it,  that  these  extreme 
niceties  of  description  might  well  be  left  to  our  successors.  The 
fauna  is  rapidly  changing,  and  in  many  localities  it  is  vanishing 
at  an  alarming  rate  from  a  naturalist's  point  of  view  ;  so  that 
field  workers  are  what  we  urgently  require  in  New  Zealand,  who 
will  collect  specimens  and  observe  facts  before  the  opportunities 
for  doing  so  disappear  for  ever. 

Although  adverse  to  personal  controversy  in  scientific  matters, 


A    SMALL    COLLECTION    OF    INSECTS    FKOM   NICAKAGUA.  189 

I  cannot  help  directing  attention  to  one  of  Mr.  Quail's  concluding 
remarks.  After  stating  that  the  number  of  segments  of  a  larva 
should  be  stated  as  fourteen  and  not  thirteen,  as  described  by 
Meyrick  and  many  other  authors,  he  quotes  from  my  description 
of  the  larva  of  H.  virescens,  thus: — "The  head  is  large,  dark 
brown,  very  irregularly  striated,  and  covered  with  a  few  short 
bristles.  The  first  segment  is  hard  and  shining,  meaning  thereby 
the  first  thoracic,  otherwise  the  prothorax,  or,  consistently,  the 
second  segment.  Errors  in  colour  may  be  the  lithographer's, 
but  errors  in  letterpress  must  be  the  author's,  and  by  a  man's 
writings  so  we  must  judge  his  capacity  as  a  student."  Of  course, 
strictly  speaking,  I  should  have  referred  to  the  segment  in  ques- 
tion as  the  second  segment ;  but  in  reading  the  entire  clause  the 
segment  indicated  is  clearly  that  immediately  following  the  head, 
and  I  do  not  think  that  there  could  be  any  misunderstanding  on 
that  point.  To  dwell  on  slight  figures  of  speech  in  this  way 
shows,  to  my  mind,  a  spirit  of  ungenerous  criticism,  and  not 
merely  a  laudable  desire  for  scientific  accuracy. 
Karori,  Wellington,  New  Zealand  :  March  30th,  1900. 


ON    A    SMALL    COLLECTION    OF    INSECTS,    CHIEFLY 
LEPIDOPTERA,    FROM    NICARAGUA. 

By  a.  G.  Butlek,  Ph.D. 

A  SMALL  consignment  of  insects  in  envelopes  was  recently 
forwarded  to  the  Museum  by  Senor  M.  Deoclesians  Chaves,  of 
Managua,  who  was  anxious  to  obtain  their  names ;  it  included 
several  species  of  value  to  the  Museum,  notably  Myscelia  imttenia, 
sexes  of  Papilio  panares,  Cr. ;  but,  as  might  be  expected  in  the 
case  of  a  Central  American  collection,  nothing  new  to  science 
was  received.     The  following  is  a  list  of  the  species  : — 

Nymphalid^. 
Lymnain^. 

1.  Tasitia  eresimus  {S'),  Cramer. 

2.  Lycorea  atergatis,  Doubleday  and  Hewitson  (worn). 

iTHOMIINiE 

3.  Dircenna  euchytma,  Felder. 

4.  Hymenitis  oto,  Hewitson. 

Morphine. 

5.  Morpho  hyacinthus,  Butler.  This  may  perhaps  be  a 
variety  of  M.  montezuma  ;  it  is  characterized  by  the  dark,  acutely 
zigzag  discal  line,  bounded  on  both  sides  by  a  pale  stripe  on 


190  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

under  surface  of  primaries,  and  the  more  or  less  green  suffusion 
of  the  under  surface. 

6.  Caligo  prometheus,  Kollar. 

Heliconin^. 

7.  Heliconius  charitonia  Godart. 

8.  H.  zuleika,  Hewitson. 

9.  ,H.  petiverana,  Doubleday. 
10.  Eueides  dynastes,  Felder. 

Nymphalin^. 

11.  Smyrna  hlomfildia  {^  ,   ?  ),  Fabricius. 

12.  Gyncecia  dirce  {3"),  Boisduval. 

13.  Lipoeta  epaphrus,  Latreille. 

14.  Protogonius  cecrojjs,  Doubleday. 

15.  Zaretes  isidora  (  ?  )  var,,  Cramer. 

16.  Dione  vanilla,  Linnaeus. 

17.  D.juno,  Cramer. 

18.  Chlosyne  hyperia,  Fabricius. 

19.  C.  melanarge,  Bates.  This  seems  not  a  common  species  ; 
at  any  rate  we  previously  possessed  only  one  example. 

20.  C.  saundersi  var.,  Boisduval. 

21.  Anartia  iatropha,  Linnaeus. 

22.  A.fatima,  Fabricius. 

23.  Phyciodes  jJtolyca,  Bates. 

24.  P.  theona,  Menetries. 

25.  Microtia  elva,  Bates. 

26.  Myscelia  pattenia,  Butler  and  Bruce.  This  species  was 
new  to  our  collection  ;  the  type  collected  by  Van  Patten  is  in  the 
Godman  and  Salvin  Collection. 

27.  Victorina  steneles,  Linngeus. 

28.  Timetes  chiron,  Fabricius. 

29.  Callicore  pitheas,  Latreille. 

30.  Euhagis  mylitta,  Cramer. 

31.  Adelpha  iphicla,  Linnaeus. 

32.  Cldorippe  laure,  Drury. 

33.  C.  callianira,  Menetries.  This  also  was  new  to  our 
collection. 

34.  Ageroeonia  glaiiconome,  Bates. 

35.  Peridromia  guatemalena,  Bates. 

36.  Didonis  aganissa,  Boisduval. 

37.  Precis  genoveva,  Cramer. 

ERYCINID.ffi. 

38.  Mesosemia  lamachus,  Hewitson. 

39.  Charis  argyrodines,  Bates. 

40.  Lymnas  pixe,  Boisduval. 

41.  L.  cephise,  Menetries 


a  small  collection  of  insects  from  nicaragua.        191 

Lyc^nid^. 

42.  Cycnus  aufidena,  Hewitson.  I  have  not  yet  carefully 
studied  the  characters  of  the  genus  Cycnus,  which  may  prove  to 
be  only  a  group  of  Panthiades  or  some  other  Thecline  genus.  I 
use  the  name  tentatively,  Thecla  being  absolutely  untenable  for 
the  tropical  American  forms. 

Papilionid^. 

43.  Papilio  helesis,  Bates. 

44.  P.  thymhraus,  Boisduval. 

45.  P.  numitor,  Cramer. 

46.  P.  alcamedes,  Felder. 

47-  P.  panares  ( <?  ,    ?  ),  G.  E.  Gray. 

48.  P.  epidaus,  Boisduval. 

49.  P.  thoas,  Linnaeus. 

50.  Pyrisitia  proterpia,  Fabricius. 

51.  Sphanogona  boisdiivaliana,  Felder. 

52.  Amynthia  clorinde,  Godart. 

53.  Meganostoma  cesonia,  Stoll. 

54.  Callidryas  philea  ( <?  ,    ?  ),  Linnseus. 

55.  C.  senncs  (  ^  ),  Linnseus. 

56.  Phoebis  argante  (<?),  Fabricius.  This  will  probably 
prove  to  be  the  dry  form  of  P.  cipris,  Cramer. 

57.  Kricogonia  lyside  ( <?  ),  Godart. 

58.  Pieris  calydonia  ( <?  ),  Boisduval. 

59.  P.  phileta  Ya,Y.feronia  (<?),  Stephens. 

60.  P.josepha  (<?),  Godman  and  Salvin. 

61.  Glutophrissa  ilaire  var.  neumcegenii,  Skinner. 

Hesperiidje. 

62.  Mysoria  Venezuela,  Scudder. 

63.  Camptopleura  thrasybulus,  Fabricius. 

64.  Calpodes  nyctelius,  Latreille. 

Castniid^. 

65.  Castnia  futilis.  Walker. 

Hypsid^. 

66.  Phaloesia  saucia,  Walker. 

Neuroptera. 

Only  one  species  was  sent,  represented  by  one  tolerably 
perfect  and  one  shattered  example,  viz.  Mecistogaster  ornatiis, 
Rambur. 

I  have  to  thank  my  colleague,  Mr.  F.  A.  Heron,  for  assistance 
in  naming  the  butterflies,  which  saved  me  considerable  time. 


192  THE   ENTOMOLOGIST. 

A   CATALOGUE    OF   THE    LEPIDOPTEKA   OF   IRELAND. 
By  W.  F.  de  Vismes  Kane,  M.A.,  M.R.LA.,  F.E.S. 

(Concluded  from  p.  155.) 

B.  POLITELLA,  Dougl. — Belfast,  two  (W.). 

B.  MUNDELLA,  Dougl. — Sandhills  of  Dublin  coast ;  Sligo  {R.). 

B.  AFFiNis,  Dougl. — Sligo  (R.). 

B.  UMBROSELLA,  ZeW.  —  Sandhills  of  Dublin  coast;  Sligo  (R.). 

B.  DOMESTicA,   Haw.  —  Wicklow   Mts.  ;    Magilligan,   Derry 

(Cu7'Z07i). 

LiTA  ARTEMisiELLA,  Tv. — Dublin  coast  sandhills  ;  Newcastle, 
Co.  Down,  abundant  (TF.)  ;  Sligo  (R.). 

L.  MACULELLA,  St. Howth. 

L.  TRICOLORELLA.  HttW. — Howth. 

L.  FRATERNELLA,  Do?t^Z.  — Howth  and  Malahide  ;  Co.  Dublin. 

L.  LEUCOMELANBLLA,  Zell.  —  Among  Silene  maritinia  on  the 
cliffs  of  Howth ;  Magilligan,  Co.  Derry  (Ciirzon). 

L.  MARMOREA,  Haw. — Abundant  on  the  coast  sandhills,  Bun- 
doran  (W.) ;  Derry  (C.)  ;  Letterfrack,  Co.  Galway. 

L.  iNSTABiLELLA,  Dotf^L  — Howth  ;  Sligo  (i2.). 

L.  PLANTAGiNELLA,  /Sia.  — Howth  ;  Sligo  (R.). 

Teleia  PROxiMELLA,  Hub. — Galway;  Belfast. 

T.  HUMERALis  Zell. — Wicklow  Mts. ;  Belfast. 

T.  vuLGELLA,  H6.— Belfast  (W.). 

T.  DODECELLA,  L. — Belfast  (IF.). 

T.  TRiPARELLA,  Zell. — Killamey. 

KECURVARiALEUCATELLAjC^ercfc.— Clonbrock;Galway  (/^.£J.D.). 

Argyritis  tarquiniella,  Sta. — Sandhills  at  Howth.  This 
species,  or  probably  variety  of  A.  pictella,  has  also  been  taken  in 
Scotland,  on  the  coast,  and  among  ordinary  A.  pictella,  in 
Suffolk.  It  hides  among  the  short  herbage,  and  under  the  edges 
of  the  sandhills.  It  was  described  as  a  species  distinct  from 
A.  pictella,  by  the  late  Mr.  H.  T.  Stainton,  from  Irish  examples ; 
and  its  history  is  not  yet  fully  worked  out. 

Nannodia  stipella,  Hb. — Howth. 

Lamprotes  atrella,  Haiv.  —Dingle,  Co.  Kerry. 

Anacampsis  t^niolblla,  Tr. — Dublin  coast ;  Blarney,  Co. 
Cork. 

A.  anthyllidella,  Hb. — Dublin  coast,  common ;  Sligo  {R.). 

Tachyptilia  populella,  Clerck. — Killarney. 

T.  temerella,  Zell. — Sligo  (R.). 


.  A  CATALOGUE  OF  THE  LEPIDOPTERA  OP  IRELAND.       193 

Brachycrossata  cinerella,  Clerck.—Sligo  (R.)  ;  Howth ; 
Wicklow  Mts.  (B.)  ;  Limerick  {Talbot). 

Parasia  metzneriella,  Sta. — Sligo  {R.). 

P.    CARLINELLA,  Dougl. SHgO  (jR.)- 

Cleodora  cytisella,  Curt. — Killarney. 

Chelaria  Hi3BNERELLA,  Don. — Killarney;  Belfast  (IF.)- 

Anarsia  spartiella,  ^Sc/tr.— Howth. 

Pleurota  bicostella,  Clerck. — Sligo  {R.)  ;  Belfast  hills, 
locally  abundant  (IF.);  Castlehaven,  Co.  Cork;  Killarney; 
Markree  Castle,  Co.  Sligo  ;  Toberdaly,  King's  Co. ;  and  Cloghan, 
Co.  Donegal  (7^.). 

Harpella  geoffrella,  (L.). — Killarney  ;  Sligo  {R.). 

Dasycera  sulphurella,  Fb. — Common  everywhere. 

QEcoPHORA  minutella,  (L.). — Dublin,  Howth,  Galway. 

QE.  fulviguttella,  Zell. — Dublin  (Hogan). 

(E.  lambdella,  Do7i. — Killarney. 

QE.  FuscESCBNS,  Haw. — Howth. 

(E.  PSEUDOSPRETELLA,  Stci. — Universally  abundant. 

(ECOGENIA    QUADRIPUNCTATA,    HcilV. — Howth. 

Endrosis  fenestrella,  Scop. — Universally  abundant. 
BuTALis  grandipennis,  Haiv. —Howth. 
B.  Fusco^NEA,  Haw. — Killarney. 

Glyphipterygid^  . 

AcROLEPiA  granitella,  Tr. — Dublin  and  Howth;  Cappagh, 
Co.  Waterford  (K.). 

Glyphipteryx  thrasonella.  Scop.  —  Common  everywhere  ; 
Belfast  (IF.) ;  Clonbrock,  Co.  Galway  {R.  E.  D.) ;  Sligo  {R.),  &c. 
Var.  cladiella,  Sta. — Sligo  (R.). 

G.    HAWORTHANA,    St. — Wicklow  Mts. 

G.  EQuiTELLA,  Scop. — Island  Magee,  Co.  Down,  very  abun- 
dant (W.). 

G.  FiSHERiELLA,  Zell.  -  Howth  ;  Belfast,  abundant  ( W.) ; 
SHgO  {R.). 

Argyre  sthiid^  . 

Argyresthia  ephippella,  i^6.— Belfast,  scarce. 
A.    nitidella,    i^6.  — Generally    common  ;     Belfast    (W.)  ; 
Derry  (C.)  ;  Sligo  (R.),  &c. 

A.  semitestacella,  Cur't. — Belfast  (W.)  ;  Armagh  (J.). 
A.  albistria,  Haiv. — Wicklow  Mts.;  Belfast  (IF.);  Sligo  (R.). 
A.  conjugella,  Zell. — Belfast,  abundant  (IF.)  ;  Sligo  (R.). 
A,  mendica,  Hatv. — Belfast,  abundant  (IF.);  Sligo  {R.), 


194  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

A.  RETiNELLA,  Zell. — Killarney  ;  Westport,  Mayo  (W.)  ; 
Enniskillen  (P.). 

A.    CURVELLA,    L. — SligO  (R.). 

A.  PYGM^ELLA,  Hb. — Belfast  (W.) ;  Enniskillen  (P.). 

A.  GCEDARTELLA,  L. — Dublin  ;  Wicklow  Mts. ;  Belfast,  abun- 
dant iW.);  Sligo  (K.). 

A.  BROCHELLA,  HI). — Dublin;  Wicklow  Mts.;  Belfast,  abun- 
dant (W.) ;  Sligo  (R.)  ;  Enniskillen  (P.). 

A.   ARCEUTHINA,    Zell. — SligO  (R.). 
OCNEROSTOMA    PINIARIELLA,    Zell. Howth. 

Zelleria  phillyrella,  Mill. — One  example  of  this  species, 
hitherto  not  recorded  as  British,  was  captured  at  Renvyle,  near 
Letterfrack,  Connemara,  by  the  Eev.  C.  T.  Cruttwell.  A  notice 
appeared  in  the  issue  of  the  'Entomological  Monthly  Magazine' 
of  January,  1900,  p.  4,  by  Mr.  Barrett,  who  identified  it.  Although 
two  or  three  hardy  species  of  Phillyrea  are  not  uncommonly  cul- 
tivated in  shrubberies,  the  grounds  at  Renvyle  were  laid  out  a 
great  many  years  ago  on  the  sea-shore  facing  the  Atlantic,  and 
are  isolated  by  many  miles  of  wild  country  from  any  similar 
habitation.  The  insect  must  presumably  have  been  introduced 
with  the  food-plant,  if  it  feeds  only  on  species  of  Phillyrea;  and 
it  would  be  interesting  to  investigate  the  circumstances  of  its 
naturalisation,  and  whether  it  is  plentiful. 

Gracilariid^. 

Gracilaria  alchimiella,  Sco/).— Generally  common;  Sligo; 
Cromlyn,  Co.  Westmeath,  &c. 

G.  stigmatella,  Fb. — Belfast  (W.). 

G.  ELONGELLA,  L. — Of  general  occurrence  near  Ballincar, 
Sligo.  A  very  singular  yellow  form  was  taken  by  Mr.  Russ  at 
Union  Wood. 

G.  TRiNGiPBNNELLA,  Zell. — Dublin  ;  Howth  ;  Galway  ;  Island 
Magee,  Co.  Down,  abundant  (IF.) ;  Sligo  (R.). 

G.  SYRiNGELLA,  Fb. — Dublin,  Belfast,  abundant  (TF.) ;  Derry 
(C.) ;  Sligo  {R.) ;  Clonbrock,  Co.  Galway  {R.  E.  D.). 

G.    PHASIANIPENNELLA,    Hb. Howth. 

G.  AUROGUTTELLA,  St. — Howth,  and  Wicklow  Mts. 

CoRisciuM  BRONGNiARTELLUM,  Fb. — Bray,  Co.  Wicklow  (see 
notice  by  W.  F.  Kirby,  Entom.  Oct.  1874,  p.  117) ;  also  on  the 
southern  coast  (K.). 

C.    CUCULIPENNBLLUM,    Hb, — SligO  (R.). 

C.  suLPHURELLUM,  Hmv. — SligO  (R.)  ;  and  Clonbrock,  Co. 
Galway  {R.E.D.). 

Ornix  anglicella,  Sta. — Dublin  and  Howth  ;  Armagh  {J.) ; 
Belfast  {W.). 


A    CATALOGUE    OF    THE    LEPIDOPTERA    OF    IRELAND.  195 

0.  BETUL^,  Sta. — Belfast  {W.). 

0.  scoTicBLLA,  Sta. — Enniskillen  (P.)- 

0.  GUTTEA,  Haiv. — Sligo  (R.)- 

CoLEOPHORIDiE. 
COLEOPHORA   FABRICIELLA,    Vill. —  SligO  (R.). 

C.  DEAURATBLLA,  Lien. — SligO  (R.) ;  Enniskillen  (P.)- 

C.    ALCYONIPENNELLA,    Kol. Howth  ;    SligO  (R.). 

(C.  viBiCBLLA,  Hb.  —  Six  specimens  of  this  species — from  the 
collection  of  Mr.  Euss,  labelled  "  Sligo,"  identified  by  Mr. 
Barrett — are  in  the  Dublin  Museum  of  Natural  History.  As, 
however,  the  insect  is  not  known  to  feed  upon  any  plant  except 
Genista  tinctoria,  which  is  not  indigenous  in  Ireland,  it  seems 
advisable  to  defer  the  inclusion  of  C.  vibicella  in  the  Irish  list 
until  further  information  is  available  as  to  its  habits.) 

C.  ALBicosTA,  Haiv. — Howth  and  Galway ;  Sligo  (i^.)- 

C.  ANATiPENNBLLA,  Hb. — Howth  and  Galway;  Sligo  (R.). 

G.  DiscoRDELLA,    Zell. — Howtli    and    Galway ;    Enniskillen 

(P.);  Sligo  (R.). 

G.  c^spiTiTiELLA,  Zell. — Abundant  everywhere. 
C.  LARiPENNELLA,  Zett. — Howth  ;  SligO  (R.). 

G.    ARTEMISICOLELLA,    Brd. — Howtll. 
C.  APICBLLA,   Sta. — Sligo  (R.). 
G.   ARGENTULA,   Zell. — SHgo  (R.). 
C.    VIRGAUREELLA,    Sta. Howth. 

C.  LARiCELLA,  Hb. — Enniskillen  (P.). 

C.  NiGRicELLA,  St. — Dublin;  Derry  (C) ;  Westport  i  IF.). 

C.  FUSCEDINELLA,  Zell. — Dublin;  Enniskillen  (P.). 

C.  GRYPHiPENNELLA,  BoucJiL — EnniskiUeu  (P.)  and  Howth. 

G.  viTisELLA,  Greg. — Wicklow  Mts. 

C.  viMiNETELLA,  Heyd. — Enniskillen  (P.). 

C.  OLivACBELLA,  Sta. — Howth. 

Elachistid^. 

Batrachedra  PRiBANGUSTA,  Haw. — Dublin,  abundant ;  Wick- 
low Mts. 

(Enophila  v-flava.  Haw. — Dublin,  among  fungi  in  spirit 
vaults. 

Chauliodus  ch^rophyllellus,  Goze. — Howth  ;  Wicklow 
Mts.;  Belfast  (W.). 

Lavbrna  epilobiblla,  Schr. — Dublin. 

L.  subbistriblla,  Haiv. — Clonbrock,  Co.  Galway  {R.  E.  D.). 

L.  hellerblla,  Dup. — Dublin,  abundant. 

L.  ATRA,  Haiv. — Belfast,  abundant  {W.). 


196  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Ghrysoclysta  linneella,  Clerck. — Holy  wood,  Co.  Down. 

G.  SCHRANKELLA,  Hb. — Enniskillen  [P.). 

C.  AURiFRONTELLA,Hi. — Howth,and  near  Dublin;  Armagh  (</.) . 

AsYCHNA  MODESTELLA,  Dup. — Dublin. 

Chrysocoris  festaliella,  Hb. — Howth  ;  Killarney  ;  Belfast 
(TF.);  Derry  (C);  Sligo  (i2.). 

Elachista  atricomella,  Sta. — Sligo  {R.). 

E.  luticomella,  Ze/L-- Howth;   Coolmore,  Donegal  (J.). 

E.  FLAvicoMBLLA,  Sta. — Howtli.  Originally  described  from 
two  examples,  taken  here  by  Mr.  K.  Shield  in  July,  1855. 
Again  taken  in  same  place  by  Mr.  J  Sang  in  1883.  Almost 
unknown  otherwise. 

E.   KILMUNBLLA,   Sta.  —  Sligo  (R.). 

E.  MONTicoLA,    Wk. — Ballinahinch,  Co.  Down  {W.). 

E.  NiGRELLA,  Hb. — Generally  common. 

E.    SUBNIGRELLA,    DoUgl. — Howth. 

E.  PBRPLEXELLA,  ^^«.— Dublin;  Belfast  (PF.). 

E.  BEDELLELLA,  Sircowi.— Armagh  (J.);   Sligo  (R.). 

E.  OBSCURELLA,  »S^a.— Belfast  (W.). 

E.  zoNARiELLA,   Tgstv. — Howth. 

E.    T^NIATELLA,    Sta. — Howtll. 
E.    MEGERLELLA,    Zell. — Howth. 

E.  RHYNCHOSPORELLA,  Sta. — Sligo  {R.)  ]  Belfast  (TF.);  Ennis- 
killen (P.). 

E.    DISPUNCTELLA,    Duj). — Howth. 
E.    POLLINARIELLA,    Zell. Howth. 

E.  RUFOciNEREA,  jFfa^t?. — Dublin;  Wicklow  Mts.;  Sligo  {R.); 
Belfast  {W.) ;   Armagh  [J.). 

E.  suBALBiDELLA,  Sclil. — Belfast,  abundant  (TF.). 
E.  ARGENTELLA,  Clcrck. — Of  general  occurrence. 
TiscHERiA  coMPLANELLA,  Hb. — Belfast. 
T.  MARGiNEA,  Haiv. — Howth. 

LlTHOCOLLETID^ . 

LiTHOCOLLETis  iRRADiELLA,  Scott. — Eaheny,  near  Dublin. 

L.  BREMiELLA,  Zell. — Wicklow  Mts. 

L.  poMiFOLiELLA,  Zell. — Generally  common. 

L.  coRYLi,  Nicelli. — Malahide;  Belfast  (TF.). 

L.  SPiNicoLELLA,  Kol. — Dublin. 

L.  FAGiNBLLA,  Mann. — Dublin  ;  Clonbrock,  Co.  Galway 
(E.  E.  D.). 

L.  SALicicoLBLLA,  Sivcom. — Howth;  Enniskillen  (P.)  ;  Bel- 
fast (TF.). 


MR.  Donovan's  captures  in  co.  cork.  197 

L.  ULMIFOLIELLA,  Hb. — Howth ;   Enniskillen  (P.). 

L.  quercifoliella,  Fisch. — Abundant  everywhere. 

L. MESSANIELLA, ZeW. — Dublin;  Howth;  Holywood,  Co. Down. 

L.  coRYLiFOLiELLA,  Hmv. — Dublin  ;  Howth  ;  Wicklow  Mts. 

L.  ALNiFOLiELLA,  7:Z'6.— Howth  ;  Belfast  (W^.) ;  Enniskillen  (P). 

L.  HEEGERiELLA,  Zell. — Wicklow  Mts. 

L.  CRAMERELLA,  Fb. — Generally  common. 

L.  nigellii,  Zell. — Enniskillen  (P.). 

L.  scHREBERELLA,  Fb. — Clontarf,  near  Dublin. 

L.  TRiFASCiELLA,  Haiv. — Howth. 
Lyonetiid^. 

Lyonetia    clerckella,    L. — Donnycarney,  near  Glasnevin, 
Dublin ;  Holywood,  Co.  Down  ;  Blarney,  Co.  Cork. 

Cemiostoma  spartifoliella,  Hb. — Generally  common. 

Opostega  crepusculella,  Fisch.—Sligo    {R.)  ;    Enniskillen 
(P.). 

Bucculatrix  nigricomella,  Zell. — Sligo  {R.). 

B.    CRATiEGIFOLIELLA,    Dup. Howth. 

B.  MARiTiMA,  Sta. — Howth. 

Nepticulid^. 
Nepticula  anomalella,  Goze. — Howth. 
N.  oxyacanthella,  Sta. — Howth,  and  Coolock,  Co.  Dublin. 

N.    SEPTEMBRELLA,    Sta. — Howtll. 

N.  ignobilella,  Sta. — Howth  and  Coolock,  Co.  Dublin. 

N.    ARGENTIPEDELLA,    Zell. — Howtll. 

N.  ACETOS^,  Sta. — Howth;  Bray,  Co.  Dublin  (S.). 
N.  PLAGicoLELLA,  Sta. — Artane  and  Donnycarney,  near  Glas- 
nevin, Dublin. 

N.  GRATiosELLA,  Sta. — Killester,  Co.  Dublin. 
N.  MARGiNicoLELLA,  Sta. — Cloutarf,  Co.  Dublin. 
N.  AURELLA,  Fb. — Of  general  occurrence. 


MR.    DONOVAN'S    CAPTURES    IN    CO.    CORK. 

By  W.  F.  de  Vismes  Kane,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  &c. 

The  list  of  moths  captured  by  Mr.  R.  J.  F.  Donovan  at 
Timoleague  and  its  neighbourhood  {ante,  p.  103)  is  a  con- 
tribution of  much  value  to  the  student  of  geographical  dis- 
tribution;  and  it  shows  that  this  gentleman  is  a  worthy 
successor  of  his  brother,  who,  when  resident  at  Glandore,  did 


198  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

most  excellent  work  in  the  same  direction,  and  added  not  a 
little  to  our  knowledge  of  the  lepidopterous  fauna  of  a  portion  of 
Ireland  hitherto  neglected  by  tourists  or  naturalists,  if  we  except 
marine  zoology.  Neither  of  these  two  stations,  however,  offers 
equal  attractions  in  point  of  its  fauna  when  compared  with 
the  Killarney  district,  which  presents  such  varied  features  of 
forest,  moor,  and  mountain  in  a  state  of  nature — unaltered 
almost  by  the  hand  of  man.  And,  indeed,  in  this  respect,  no 
part  of  Great  Britain  can  compete  with  this  part  of  Kerry, 
except  the  New  Forest  and  portions  of  Scotland. 

But  the  climate  of  the  South  of  Ireland  admits  the  survival  of 
many  insects  which  could  not  endure  the  severe  conditions  of  the 
Scottish  highlands.  The  mild  and  equal  temperature  of  Killarney, 
however,  is  shared  both  by  Glandore  and  Timoleague ;  and  thus 
we  find  evidence  of  the  existence  of  many  species  from  these  por- 
tions of  Co.  Cork  which  are  peculiar  to  the  warmer  districts  of 
these  islands.  It  is  interesting  to  find  a  well-marked  zone  in 
the  southern  half  of  Ireland,  but  stretching  further  north  on  the 
western  coast,  which  is  washed  by  the  Gulf  Stream,  in  which 
alone  are  found  certain  species.  Many  of  these  are  included  in 
Mr.  Donovan's  list,  which  the  temperature,  without  reference  to 
any  physical  features  of  the  country,  confines  almost  exclusively 
to  these  parts  of  Ireland.  Among  these  may  be  instanced 
Vanessa  io,  Epinephele  tithonus,  Thecla  quercus,  Gnopkria  quadra, 
Mamestra  persicarice  (which  scarcely  ever  occurs  in  the  North 
of  Ireland),  and  perhaps  Agrotis  corticea  ;  Amphipyra  pyramidea, 
Tceniocampa  pulverulenta,  Hecatera  serena,  Chariclea  umbra, 
Venilia  niacidaria,  Amphidasys  strataria,  Eupithecia  plumheolata, 
and  E.  debiliata.  There  are  other  species,  besides  those  in 
Mr.  Donovan's  list,  which  are  similarly  restricted,  such  as 
Bomhyx  neustria,  Heliothis  peltigera,  and  apparently  Dianthoecia 
ccesia,  the  distribution  of  which,  in  regard  to  isothermal  lines, 
elsewhere  in  the  British  Islands,  would  well  repay  investigation. 
I  exclude  also  the  three  remarkable  species  which  he  has  cap- 
tured at  Timoleague,  namely,  Leiicania  extranea,  Laphygma 
exigun,  and  Sterrha  sacraria,  since  two  of  them  have  only  once 
before  been  recorded ;  while  L.  exigiia  is  unique  from  Ireland. 
I  regret  that  Mr.  Donovan  has  included  doubtfully  Acidalia 
trigeminata  in  his  list,  on  my  authority.  I  have  seen  no  Irish 
specimens  of  this  moth.  Probably  they  may  be  A.  bisetata  var. 
fimbriolata,  which  has  been  more  than  once  sent  me  as  trigemi- 
nata. The  larvfe  found  at  the  roots  of  bog  cotton,  and  attributed 
to  Tapinostola  fidva,  may  very  well  have  been  those  oi  Cehena 
haworthii,  which  are  internal  feeders  in  the  roots  of  species  of 
Erlophorum.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  other  rarities  may  reward 
Mr.  Donovan's  perseverance. 


199 


LYGMNA    PHERETES  AND  ITS   ALLIES   IN   THE   SIKHIM 

HIMALAYAS. 

By  W.  Harcourt-Bath. 

In  that  very  creditable  and  painstaking  work,  '  The  Butter- 
flies of  India,  Burmah,  and  Ceylon,'  the  author,  Mr.  Lionel  de 
Niceville,  describes  as  distinct  species  Lyccena  lehana,  Moore, 
from  Ladak,  and  L.  i^heretes,  Hiibner,  from  Sikhim.  Sub- 
sequently, however,  in  the  '  Gazetteer  of  Sikhim,'  he  unites 
them  under  the  former,  and  explains  that  "  the  Himalayan  form 
of  L.  pheretes  may  be  distinct  from  the  European  and  Central 
Asian  form,  but  the  Ladak  and  Sikhim  forms  are  practically 
identical." 

During  my  journey  through  Sikhim  in  1897  I  encountered 
three  distinct  forms  of,  or  three  species  closely  allied  to,  Lyccena 
pheretes : — 

No.  1. — The  first,  which  I  found  near  Yeumtung  at  the  altitude 
of  12,000  to  13,000  ft.,  is  apparently  the  species  given  as  Lyccena 
pheretes,  Hiibner,  var.  asiatica,  Elwes,  in  the  '  Butterflies  of 
India,  &c.'  In  expanse  it  measures  just  about  the  same  as  the 
form  found  in  the  Swiss  Alps,  namely,  1*1  in.  ;  but,  as  pointed 
out  by  Mr.  de  Niceville,  it  differs  from  the  latter  in  the  "  nar- 
rower and  pointed  fore  wings,  and  in  having  much  more  gloss  on 
the  under  side."  To  this  I  may  add  that  in  the  Sikhim  form 
the  blue  is  more  brilliant,  and  the  shape  of  the  white  spots  on 
the  under  side  of  the  hind  wings  is  slightly  different.  The  female 
is  pale  brown  on  the  upper  side. 

No.  2. — This  form,  which  I  propose  to  call  Lyccena  sikhima, 
was  taken  about  1000  ft.  higher  up  than  the  preceding,  in  the 
upper  limits  of  the  pine  forests,  and  appears  to  be  sufficiently 
distinct  from  the  preceding,  although  aberrations  were  found  some- 
what intermediate  between  the  two.  In  size  it  is  very  much  inferior 
to  No.  1,  measuring  under  an  inch  in  expanse,  with  much  narrower 
and  very  pointed  wings  ;  but  the  principal  distinction  is  in  the 
colour,  which  gives  it  a  very  different  appearance,  being  of  the 
same  tint  of  lilac  as  British  specimens  of  Cyaniris  argiolus.  The 
female  is  very  similar  in  colour  to  that  of  No.  1.  I  have  not 
seen  Lyccena  lehana  from  Ladak,  but,  judging  from  the  descrip- 
tion of  it  in  Mr.  de  Niceville's  work,  it  somewhat  resembles  this. 
He  briefly  describes  it  as  follows : — "Expanse,  "9  to  1  in.  Male 
upper  side  violet-blue,  brownish  blue  at  the  margins.  Differs 
from  L.  pheretes  in  their  much  smaller  size."  This  agrees  with 
the  Sikhim  form  as  regards  size,  but  not  in  the  colour  of  the 
margins  of  the  wings.  As  far  as  I  can  judge,  without  seeing 
specimens  of  the  Ladak  form,  the  latter  appears  to  be  some- 


200  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

what  intermediate  between  Sikhim  form  No.  2  and  the  one  I  am 
about  to  describe. 

No.  3. — This  form  is  totally  distinct  from  either  of  the  other 
two  taken  in  Sikhim,  although  it  is  much  closer  to  No.  2.  In 
expanse,  and  iu  the  narrow  pointed  shape  of  the  wings,  it  agrees 
with  the  latter  very  closely,  but  the  colour  of  the  upper  side  of 
all  the  wings  is  totally  different. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  form  No.  3: — Expanse,  '8  to 
•9  in.  Male,  slaty  grey-brown,  powdered  with  pale  blue  scales, 
more  especially  at  the  base  of  the  wings,  with  a  pale  blue  dis- 
coidal  spot  on  the  fore  wings,  and  frequently  on  the  posterior 
pair  ;  all  the  margins  brown,  but  rayed  with  pale  blue,  more 
distinctly  in  some  specimens  than  in  others.  In  most  of  the 
examples  the  white  spots  of  the  under  side  show  through  on  both 
the  anterior  and  posterior  wings,  but  are  occasionally  indistinct 
on  the  latter  pair.  The  female  differs  from  the  male  in  being 
browner,  and  of  a  less  slaty  grey  colour,  with  fewer  blue  scales 
at  the  bases,  but  the  discoidal  spots  rather  more  distinctly 
marked.  The  under  side  in  both  sexes  is  very  similar  to  those 
of  Nos.  1  and  2,  but  the  marginal  border  of  pale  brown  spots  is 
much  more  distinctly  defined. 

The  peculiar  greyish  brown  colour,  with  the  blue  rays  and 
discoidal  spots,  give  this  butterfly  altogether  a  very  curious  and 
distinctive  appearance,  totally  different  to  either  of  the  other  two 
forms  described,  and  no  forms  whatever  connecting  them  were 
found;  so  that  it  appears  to  be  quite  distinct,  and,  in  my  opinion, 
deserves  to  rank  as  a  species.  It  occurs  at  the  highest  altitude  of 
any  of  the  Lycsenidae  in  the  Sikhim  Himalayas,  having  been  found 
by  myself  between  the  heights  of  15,000  and  18,000  ft.  on  the 
extreme  upper  limits  of  phanerogamic  vegetation.  At  the  former 
altitude  it  was  very  plentiful  in  July  at  Momay  Samdung,  flying 
among  the  numerous  alpine  flowers  which  flourished  in  that 
region ;  many  specimens  were  also  taken  at  rest  on  a  species  of 
purple  aster.  From  thence  right  up  to  within  500  ft.  of  the 
summit  of  the  Donkia  Pass  it  was  found  sparingly  in  company 
with  two  species  of  Parnassiiis,  two  of  Argynnis,  one  of  Colias, 
and  one  of  QHneis.  To  this  interesting  little  butterfly  I  should 
like  to  give  the  name  Lyccena  altissima. 

Longfleet,  Dorsetshire  :   May  30th,  1900, 


201 

NOTES    AND     OBSERVATIONS. 

MACROCEPHA.LUS  ARizoNiGus  =  uHLERi. — Wiien  describing  Macro- 
cephalus  arizonicus  (Entom.  xxxiii.  p.  66),  I  unfortunately  overlooked 
the  description  of  M.  uMerl,  Handl.  Verb.  Ges.  Wien,  1898,  p.  383. 
I  have  not  now  seen  that  description ;  but  Mr.  Ashmead,  at  my 
request,  has  been  so  kind  as  to  compare  it  with  my  type  of  arizonicus, 
which  is  now  in  the  U.S.  National  Museum.  He  writes  me  that  "it 
agrees  exactly  in  every  point,  and  unquestionably  is  identical." — T.  D, 
A.  Cockerell;  Mesilla  Park,  N.M.,  April  28th,  1900. 

Eggs  of  Ceroplastes  irregularis  (Entom.  xxvi.  p.  351). — On 
January  16th,  1900,  females  of  this  species,  with  eggs,  were  found  at 
Mesilla  Park,  N.  M.  The  eggs  from  a  single  female  were  counted  by  my 
entomology  class,  and  were  found  to  number  1181. — T.  D.  A.  Cockerell. 

DiPLosis  PARTHENiicoLA,  n.  sp. —  ?  .  Length  about  2|  mm.  Dorsum 
of  thorax  shiny,  black,  slightly  hairy ;  sides  of  prothorax  brown  ; 
scutellum  prominent,  with  four  bristles  directed  backwards ;  eyes 
meeting  on  vertex ;  abdomen  raspberry  colour,  blackish  dorsally ; 
ovipositor  long,  blackish,  the  narrow  terminal  segment  light  reddish- 
ochreous  ;  legs  very  pale,  ochreous-tinted  ;  antennae  very  pale,  2  +  12- 
jointed,  joints  cylindrical,  a  little  constricted  in  the  middle,  short- 
pedicelled ;  halteres  pale  orange.  Emerged  March  26th,  1900,  from 
galls  on  PartheniuDi  incanum,  collected  at  the  foot  of  Picacho  Moun- 
tain, Mesilla  Valley,  New  Mexico.  Larva  orange.  Pupa-shell  colour- 
less, with  the  anterior  end  dark  sepia-brown.  Grails  at  the  bases  of 
the  leaves,  about  5  mm.  diameter,  woolly  and  snow-white,  like  little 
tufts  of  cotton-wool. — T.  D.  A.  Cockerell. 

IscHNURA  PUMiLio. — I  am  glad  to  be  able  to  report  that  this 
dragonfly,  which  disputes  with  Agrion  mercuriale  the  distinction  of 
being  the  smallest  on  the  British  list,  has  turned  up  again,  its  haunts 
having  been  lost  sight  of  for  some  fifty  years  perhaps.  A  short  time 
since,  a  friend  brought  me  a  box  of  dragonflies  for  identification,  and 
amongst  them  were  two  or  three  specimens  of  Ischnura  pumilio,  which 
I  understand  were  taken  in  Norfolk  last  year.  Strange  to  say,  during 
a  short  stay  in  the  New  Forest  at  Whitsuntide  of  this  year,  I  took 
seven  specimens  of  the  same  species,  five  males  and  two  females,  both 
of  var.  aurantiaca.  The  insect  appears  to  come  on  the  wing  at  the  end 
of  May  or  beginning  of  June,  and,  judging  from  the  fact  that  I  have 
often  hunted  the  New  Forest  locality  at  the  very  beginning  of  August,  it 
must  be  over  by  that  date.  Possibly  streams  through  peat-bogs  would 
be  good  localities  to  search  for  the  species,  which  should  be  well  out 
by  the  end  of  the  present  month. — W.  J.  Lucas  ;  June  14th,  1900. 

HELioTms  armigera. — As  in  other  zoological  regions  where  this 
species  occurs,  its  appearance  in  New  Zealand  is  also  erratic.  The 
present  has  been  an  armigera  year  on  the  Canterbury  Plains,  South 
Island,  where  the  moths  have  been  plentiful  during  the  last  two 
months.  They  appear  to  be  much  attracted  bj  the  flowers  of  Araujia 
aibens,  by  which  they  are  trapped  and  perish  daily  in  fine  weather.  I 
possess  some  fine  large  plants  of  this  Brazilian  "  moth  trap,"  which 
have  bloomed  profusely  each  autumn  for  six  years,  but  the  present  is 

BNTOM. JULY,    1900.  S 


202  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

the  first  season  in  which  I  have  observed  H.  armujera  caught  by  the 
flowers.  Noctuge  have  been  somewhat  scarce  at  the  flowers  this 
summer  in  this  district.  In  former  years  I  have  generally  obtained 
numbers  of  perfect  specimens  of  several  species  every  morning,  caught 
in  the  flowers  the  previous  night.  I  find  that  great  care  is  necessary 
in  cutting  open  the  flowers  to  liberate  the  captives'  antennae,  in  order 
to  secure  good  specimens.  I  would  surmise  that  vast  numbers  of 
insects  must  perish  annually  at  these  flowers  in  Brazil,  where  the 
plant  is  indigenous,  and  where  insects  are  perhaps  more  numerous 
than  in  any  other  zoological  region. — W.  W.  Smith;  Ashburton,  N.Z,, 
May  2nd,  1900. 

NoNODONTA  CHAONIA. — In  1897,  I  picked  out  of  the  River  Stour  a 
half-drowned  female  A'",  chaonia,  which  deposited  several  eggs.  These 
hatched,  and  I  bred  a  long  series  in  1898.  Some  of  the  larvse  when 
full-fed  were  put  in  an  ordinary  breeding  cage,  in  which  I  last  year 
put  other  pupae.  When  looking  at  these  on  the  10th,  I  found  a  freshly 
emerged  female  chaonia,  which  had  therefore  been  three  years  in  the 
pupal  state,  as  I  have  not  had  any  larvae  since  1897. — A.  Druitt  ; 
Christchurch,  May  15th,  1900. 

Erratum. — P.  157,  line  4  from  bottom,  for  "boxes"  read  "bones." 


CAPTURES   AND   FIELD   REPORTS. 

Lyc^na  argiolus. — Whilst  staying  at  Carmarthenshire  this  week  I 
observed  a  female  of  L.  argiolus  depositing  ova  on  the  needles  or  shoots  of 
the  gorse  or  furze  (TJlex  europcRUs).  I  do  not  remember  having  seen  this 
recorded  as  one  of  its  food-plants. — T.  B.  Jefferys  ;  Bath,  June  2nd. 

Thecla  w-album  Larvae  abundant. — Mr.  P.  Richards  tells  me  that 
he  has  found  larvae  of  Thecla  w-album  exceedingly  common  on  a  single  wych- 
elm  between  Esher  and  Ripley,  in  Surrey.  All  or  most  of  those  that  he 
secured  have  by  this  time  pupated,  and  if  other  wych-elms  are  equally 
favoured,  there  should  be  an  abundance  of  imagines  of  this  butterfly  shortly. 
— W.  J.  Lucas  ;  12,  Caversham  Road,  Kingston-on-Thames,  June  14th. 

New  Forest. — Three  days'  collecting  at  Easter  with  Mr.  A.  D.  Wilson 
produced  fair  results,  considering  the  very  cold  wind.  From  the  sallows  we 
obtained  a  great  number  of  Panolis  piniperda,  which,  with  Tceniocampa 
stabilis,  were  far  the  commonest  moths.  There  were  also  a  few  Taniocampa 
niiniosa,  T.  gothica,  and  Orrhodia  vaccinii.  During  the  day  Amphidasys 
prodromaria,  Xylocampa  lithoriza,  and  Tephrosia  biundularia  were  taken 
off  trunks  and  fences.  —  H.  Wells  ;  Hurstfield,  The  Avenue,  Gipsy  Hill, 
Loudon,  S.E.,  May  23rd,  1900. 

Assembling. — On  the  17th  inst.  I  took  a  freshly  emerged  Smerinthus 
tilicB  female  sitting  on  the  fence,  and  placed  her  in  the  assembling  cage, 
hanging  it  on  the  lower  branches  of  a  lime  tree,  with  the  following  results  : 
17th,  three  males  ;  18th,  seven  males ;  19th,  four  males ;  20th,  three 
males  ;  21st,  very  wet,  none ;  22nd,  two  males  ;  23rd,  two  males.  A  net 
result  of  twenty-one  males  by  the  agency  of  one  female  is,  I  think,  somewhat 
of  a  record  even  for  this  district,  in  which  8.  tilim  is  fairly  plentiful.  A 
striking  peculiarity  is   also   noticeable   in  the   circumstance.      We   have 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  203 

assembled  some  dozens  of  this  species,  and  on  no  occasion  has  the  male 
arrived  before  9  o'clock,  nor  have  we  ever  been  able  to  see  one  after  9.30. — 
William  A.  Cartek  ;  Burr  Villas,  Bexley  Heath,  Kent,  June  6th,  1900. 

Plusia  gamma  abundant. — On  June  12th,  just  before  a  thunderstorm, 
I  observed  at  this  place  a  large  number  of  P.  gamma  flitting  about  every- 
where— hundreds  of  them.  The  previous  evening  I  was  at  the  same  spot, 
and  did  not  see  a  single  specimen.  Although  they  are  still  abundant,  there 
is  nothing  like  the  same  number  as  on  the  12th.  I  thought  the  above  of 
interest,  as  I  did  not  see  half  a  dozen  specimens  of  P.  gamma  here  all 
last  season, — J.  W.  Woolhouse  ;   Summer  Hill,  Fakenham,  Norfolk. 

Lyc^ena  argiolus. — This  species  has  been  common  about  the  holly- 
bushes  in  gardens  on  Blackheath  during  the  last  three  weeks.  —  Walter 
Dannatt;  Donnington,  Vanbrugh  Park,  Blackheath,  May  28th,  1900. 

Where  T^eniocampa  gracilis  lays  its  Eggs. — During  the  night  of 
May  7th,  whilst  searching  with  a  lamp  for  larvae  near  Chester,  I  found  a 
female  T.  gracilis  laying  her  eggs  on  a  dead  last  year's  flowerhead  of 
Centaurea  nigra.  I  see  from  my  note-book  I  had  a  similar  experience,  in 
the  same  lane,  which  is  well  fringed  with  briars,  brambles,  and  sallows,  on 
the  night  of  May  12th,  1899,  only,  in  this  case,  the  moth  had  chosen  a  dead 
grass-head.  The  larvae  feed  on  several  plants— notably  the  trusses  of  un- 
opened meadow-sweet  flowers  (Entom.  xxxii.  p.  126).  The  eggs  of  T.  opiina 
I  have  found  on  dead  ragwort,  thistle,  and  dwarf  rose  (Entom.  xxiii.  p.  307). 
— J.  Arkle  ;  Chester.  [Ova  of  T.  gracilis  are  very  frequently  found  on 
dead  seed-heads,  &c.,  of  various  low  growing  plants. — Ed.] 

Easter  (1900)  in  the  New  Forest. — In  spite  of  the  bad  weather 
preceding  the  holiday,  my  father  and  I  found  ourselves  installed  in  our  old 
quarters  in  the  forest,  at  Bank,  on  April  12th.  During  the  drive  along  the 
beautiful  road  from  Brockeuhurst,  it  was  only  too  plain  on  every  hand  how 
backward  is  the  season.  The  blackthorn,  which  a  fortnight  earlier  last 
year  was  in  full  flower,  was  now  only  in  bud,  though  a  few  bushes  came  into 
bloom  during  our  stay.  Several  of  the  whitethorn  bushes  showed  no  green 
at  all ;  many  of  the  sallows,  we  were  told,  had  only  come  out  during  the  last 
week  ;  a  suspicion  of  redness  gave  the  sole  indication  of  the  oaks  beginning 
to  bud,  but  birch  and  beech  looked  very  beautiful,  the  former  pale  yellow  green 
with  catkins  and  young  leaves,  the  red  buds  of  the  latter  all  ready  to  burst. 

The  first  night  at  the  sallows  was  scarcely  reassuring.  It  was  fearfully 
windy,  and  there  was  also  a  little  rain.  Insects  refused  to  settle  down,  and 
were  very  restive.  There  were  a  few  each  of  Taniocampa  stabilis  and 
Cerastis  vaccinii,  one  very  fine  Pachnobia  ruhricosa,  and  one  Eupithecia 
abbreviata — a  wretched  night !  Added  to  our  other  discomforts,  the 
lantern,  which  had  apparently  not  recovered  from  its  long  hybernation, 
refused  to  remain  alight,  so  we  turned  in  early.  After  this  the  weather 
became  fairly  fine  as  a  whole,  but  about  as  adverse  to  collecting  as  it  could 
be.  When  the  day  was  otherwise  bright  and  sunny  there  would  be  a 
terrific  wind,  and  when  there  was  no  wind  down  would  come  the  rain.  At 
night,  however,  wind  and  clouds  almost  mvariably  disappeared,  and  a 
brilliant  moon  shone  on  the  unfortunate  collector.  The  total  result  of 
four  whole  days'  collecting  was  fourteen  Xylocampa  lithorhiza,  one  Tephrosia 
crepuscular  la,  one  Pieris  rapxz  (freshly  emerged)  two  Vanessa  polychloros, 
which  was  in  great  numbers  on  the  Saturday ;  about  twenty  larvae  of  Sesia 
cynipiforniis  [asiUformis)  from  oak  stumps,  a  few  larvae  (small)  of  Agrotis 


204  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

agathina  (?)  from  heath,  and  two  each  of  Cleora  lichenaria  and  Hemithea 
thymiaria.  Gonepteryx  rhamni  was  fairly  abundant.  Such  insects  as 
Brephos  parthenias,  Lobophora  lobulata,  &c.,  which  one  would  naturally 
expect  to  find,  did  not  put  in  an  appearance  at  all.  On  pulling  some  bark 
off  an  old  dead  oak-tree,  several  Bhagium  inquisitor  and  R.  bifasciatum 
were  exposed. 

Sallows,  though  by  no  means  good,  were  better  than  day-work.  After 
the  first  night  Taniocampa  stabilis  was  extremely  common,  outnumbering 
Cerastis  vaccinii,  the  next  in  numbers,  by  about  ten  to  one.  Of  Tanio- 
campa  miniosa,  which  I  did  not  take  last  year,  I  secured  nine,  mostly 
perfect  specimens.  T.  muncla,  as  in  1899,  was  represented  by  a  solitary 
example.  T.  cruda  was  scarce,  and  in  bad  condition,  apparently  over. 
T.  gothica  very  fine,  and  fairly  common.  We  obtained  also  two  perfect 
Pachiiobia  rubricosa,  half  a  dozen  Panohs  piniperda  (another  collector 
whom  we  met  took  forty-two  in  one  night),  a  few  Xylocampa  /ithorhiza 
and  Eupithecia  abbreviata,  and  single  specimens  of  Hyhernia  marginaria 
and  Anticlea  badiata.  Two  examples  of  Scopelosoma  satellitia  were  also 
noticed,  and  one  Xylophasia  lithoxylea  (surely  a  very  unusual  insect — I  did 
not  know  it  hybernated).  Larvae  beaten  at  night  were  Cleora  lichenana, 
Rumia  iuteolata,  Triphmna  fimbria,  and  T.  pronuba  (?  or  orbona). 

I  should  be  glad  if  any  one  could  tell  me  whether  TcRniocampa  incerta 
{instabilis)  is  at  all  local,  as  I  have  not  come  across  a  single  specimen  in 
the  New  Forest,  either  this  year  or  last.  We  returned  home  on  Tuesday, 
and  the  following  day  the  weather  immediately  became  almost  perfect. — 
F.  M.  B.  Carr  ;  46,  Handen  Road,  Lee,  S.E. 


SOCIETIES. 


Entomological  Society  of  London. — May  27id,  1900. — Mr.  W.  L. 
Distant,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair.  Mr.  A.  A.  Dalglish,  of  21, 
Prince's  Street,  Glasgow,  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Society.  Mr. 
W.  L.  Distant  exhibited  the  cocoon,  measuring  nearly  three  and  a  half 
inches  each  way,  of  a  Coprid  beetle — probably  belonging  to  the  genus 
HeUocopris — found  at  Pretoria,  in  the  Transvaal.  The  Rev.  Theodore 
Wood  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Carabus  auratus,  L.,  taken  in  either 
June  or  September,  1898,  by  Mr.  Ferrand,  of  Littlefield  House, 
Exmouth,  on  the  Haldon  Hills,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  that  town. 
Mr.  McLachlan  exhibited  an  example  of  Rhinocyphea  fulgidipennis, 
Guerin,  a  brilliant  little  dragonfly  of  the  subfamily  Calopteryginte, 
a  native  of  Cochin  China,  which,  so  far  as  he  knew,  had  not  been 
captured  since  prior  to  1830.  It  had  been  in  M.  Guerin's  hands,  and 
Mr.  McLachlan  had  received  it  from  M.  Rene  Oberthiir.  Dr.  T.  A. 
Chapman  exhibited  vai'ious  specimens  illustrating  Acanthopsyche  opa- 
cella  ;  fresh  females  showing  the  six  nearly  complete  rings  of  silky 
wool  with  which  she  is  clothed  ;  specimens  preserved  in  cop.,  showing 
the  exact  position  of  the  male  moth  in  the  female  case,  and  the  position 
of  the  two  moths  in  relation  to  the  female  pupa-case.  It  was  inci- 
dentally mentioned  that  the  inflation  of  the  male  abdomen  with  air 
was  observed  to  be  the  main  force  employed  in  advancing  the  male 
abdomen  into  position,  and  that  observation  of  the  immature  wing 
threw  considerable  light  on  the  real  neuration  in  this  species.     Mr. 


SOCIETIES. 


205 


Barrett  exhibited  specimens  of  Heterocera  destructive  to  the  fruit  crops 
of  South  Africa.  Among  them  SjMngomor-pha  monteironis,  Butl.,  known 
as  the  Fruit  Moth  in  Cape  Colony — a  bold  and  powerful  insect,  with  a 
sucking  tongue  strong  enough  to  pierce  the  sound  skin  of  a  peach  or 
fig.  The  presence  of  a  light  does  not  appear  to  disturb  it,  so  that 
examination  of  its  methods  can  be  readily  made,  when  it  can  be  seen 
that  it  does  not  take  advantage  of  the  natural  opening  into  a  fig,  or  of 
a  crack  or  other  injury  to  a  peach,  but  deliberately  pierces  a  hole  which 
afterwards  shows  as  a  small  round  spot,  from  which  decay  invariably 
results.  It  seems  a  matter  of  indifi'erence  to  the  moth  whether  the 
fruit  has  fallen,  or  is  on  the  tree,  ripe  or  unripe.  With  regard  to 
Aclma  lieuardi  and  Serrodes  mara,  the  two  species  are  restless  and 
timid,  and  therefore  more  difficult  to  observe.  In  the  present  season, 
however,  both  have  been  extremely  abundant,  and  have  been  seen  at 
apparently  uninjured  fruit,  so  that  it  seems  they  are  capable  of  equal 
destruction,  and  this  is  the  more  probable  as  all  the  species  alike  are 
provided  with  somewhat  saw-like  teeth  toward  the  tip  of  each  section 
of  the  suckiug  apparatus.  Several  others,  feeding  mainly  on  damaged 
fruit,  were  also  taken  with  the  aforesaid  species,  among  them  several 
new  to  science,  and  recently  described  by  Sir  George  Hampson.  They 
included  Pseudophia  tirrhcea,  Cr.,  Ophiusa  welicerta,  Drury,  0.  vior- 
moides,  Walker,  Ophiusa  griseiwar go,  Hampson,  0.  selenaris,  Hampson, 
Dijsgona  faher,  Holt,  Ericeia  unangidata,  Gn.,  Homoptera  r/laucinans, 
Gn.,  H.  edusina,  Pandesma  umhrina,  P.  fiigitiva,  Trigonodes  obstans, 
Audea  ochripennis,  Dordura  tegulata,  Hampson,  D.  retracta,  Hampson, 
Hybocala  defiorata,  Deva  natalensis,  Oresia  argyrosigma  and  var.  pro- 
vocans,  0.  emarginata,  Agrotis  segetwn,  A.  munda,  A.  spinifera,  A,  ama- 
tura,  A.  dedpiens,  A.  rimosa,  Noctua  atrosignata,  Axylia  interstriata, 
Hampson,  Gonites  sahuUfera,  Cosmophila  erosa  and  var.  xanthyndyva, 
Leucania  interciliata,  Hampson,  L.  olbovitta,  Hampson,  L.  vionosticta, 
Hampson,  L.  rhabdophora ,  Hampson,  L.  tacuna,  Feld.,  L.  mnens, 
L.  torrentium,  L.  loryi,  Laphygma  exigiia,  L.  orbicularis,  and  Eula- 
pliygma  abyssinia.  Mr.  Jacoby  exhibited  Calloiiwrpha  wahlbergi  from 
Africa,  and  Spilopyra  suwptuosa  from  Australia.  A  paper  was  commu- 
nicated on  "  New  Pal^earctic  Pyralid^,"  by  Sir  George  F.  Hampson, 
Bart. — C.  J.  Gahan  &  H.  Rowland  Brown,  Hon,  Sees. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. ^- 
A2ml  12«/t,  1900.— Mr.  F.  Noad  Clark  in  the  chair.  Mr.  G.  B.  Browne, 
43,  Southbrook  Road,  Lee,  was  elected  a  member.  Mr.  Edwards  ex- 
hibited a  living  specimen  of  Scorpio  exiropams,  sent  by  Dr.  Chapman 
from  Cannes  ;  it  fed  readily  upon  cockroaches.  Mr.  Sich,  living  larvae 
and  cases  of  CoJeophora  lineola,  from  Chiswick.  Mr.  Clark,  photo- 
micrographs of  the  ova  of  (1)  Eugonia  fuscantaria,  showing  clearly  the 
serrated  edges  ;  (2)  Geometra  vernaria,  in  piles  as  deposited ;  and  (3) 
Neuronia  popidaris.  Mr.  Colthrup,  specimens  of  Boinbyx  quercus  var. 
calluna.  Mr.  Tutt  gave  an  interesting  account  of  the  Lasiocampid 
Moths,  to  which  he  had  recently  been  devoting  his  attention.  He 
showed  that  they  formed  a  clearly  definable  section,  and  contained 
numerous  easily  distinguishable,  although  closely  allied,  subsections 
and  genera.  The  various  points  of  view  of  ovum,  larva,  pupa,  and 
imago  were  taken  into  consideration,  and  contrasted  and  compared 
with  allied  groups,  as  well  as  inter  se. 


206  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

April  26th.— Mv.  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the  chair. 
Mr.  Eowden,  of  Kingston  Hill,  was  elected  a  member.  Mr.  Buckstoue 
exhibited  specimens  of  Triphcena  fimbria ,  bred  from  ova ;  the  larvae  had 
been  fed  exclusively  on  cabbage.     Mr.  Turner,  Longicorn  Coleoptera  : 

(1)  Saperda  popahiea,  taken  by  Mr.  Day  at  Carlisle;  (2)  Rha(jium 
bifasciatHDi,  from  the  New  Forest ;  (3)  Clijtiis  vujsticiis,  from  Brockley  ; 
(4)  C.  arietis,  from  Lewisham  ;  together  with  larvaB  of  (1)  CaUimorpha 
dominula,  from  Deal,  where  they  were  comparatively  scarce ;  (2) 
Bomhyx  quercus,  hom'Ded^.,  on  garden  rose  ;  f3j  Pericallia  syringaria, 
from  Bexley.  Mr.  Moore,  a  Kaflir  necklace  made  of  ants'  "eggs  "  ;  these 
so-called  eggs  are  really  the  encysted  pupte  of  a  species  of  Coccid,  of 
subterranean  habits,  belonging  to  the  genus  Margarudes.  Mr.  Lucas,  a 
specimen  of  the  dragonfly,  Synrpetriwi  vxdgatum,  a  male,  taken  by  Mr. 
Hamm,  of  Oxford,  at  Torquay  on  Aug.  15th,  1899  ;  this  is  the  second 
authenticated  British  specimen.  Mr.  Adkin,  a  fine  bred  series  oiFyiigonia 
fuscantaria,  from  Lewes  ova,  and  stated  it  was  easy  to  breed  when 
sleeved.  Mr.  Clark  reported  that  he  had  received  ova  of  Gonepteryx 
rhmnni  which  had  been  found  deposited  on  the  stems  of  the  buckthorn. 
Mr.  Harrison  reported  having  seen  a  dragonfly,  Lihelhda  quadrimaculata , 
on  the  wing  at  Easter, 

May  10th. — The  President  in  the.  chair.  Mr.  Adkin  exhibited  a 
series  of  Cahera  e.vanthemaria,  showing  variation  in  the  relative  positions 
of  the  transverse  lines. 

May  24<A. — The  President  in  the  chair.  Mr,  Clark  exhibited  a 
sawfiy  cocoon  of  a  most  delicate  fibrous  structure.  Mr,  Enock 
gave  a  series  of  interesting  notes,  illustrated  with  admirable  lantern- 
slides,  on  various  incidents  in  insect  life,  including  (1)  a  long  series  of 
slides  showing  all  stages  in  the  closing  of  the  wings  in  the  earwig  ; 

(2)  a  series  showing  the  gradual  unfolding  and  growth  of  the  wings  in 
Papilio  machaon ;  and  (3)  all  stages  in  the  emergence  and  hardening 
process  of  JEschna  cyanea. 


RECENT    LITERATURE. 


KuHLGATZ.  FAne  neiie  Plata spidinen-Gattung  aus  Deutsch  Ost-Afriha  mit 
geiveihar tiger  VerUingerung  der  Jwja  beim  Mdnnchen  sowie  iiber  einige 
der  ndchsten  Verwandten  dieser  neuen  Gattung  (S.  B.  Ges.  Naturf. 
Freunde,  Berlin,  1900,  pp.  120-135,  figs.  1-3).      [Rhynchota.] 

Herr  Theodor  Kuhlgatz  describes  an  extraordinary  Coptosomatine 
(Cimicidse),  closely  allied  to  Platnspis,  from  German  East  Africa, 
which  he  terms  FAapheozygum  goetzei,  gen.  et  sp.  n.  In  the  male  the 
juga  (the  lateral  portions  of  the  dorsal  part  of  the  head)  are  enormously 
elongate,  being  much  longer  than  the  thorax  and  abdomen  together ; 
each  jugum  is  forked  near  the  apex.  Such  an  appearance  is  common 
enough  among  Coleoptera,  but  in  Rhynchota  very  rare.  The  female 
is  normal  in  structure,  though  an  abnormal  specimen  of  this  sex  is 
figured,  in  which  the  left  jugum  is  distinctly  longer  than  the  right ; 
this  the  author  considers  may  perhaps  be  an  hermaphrodite.  The 
paper  concludes  with  an  analytical  table  Of  the  eleven  genera  of  the 
Plataspis  group. — G,  W.  K. 


RECENT    LITERATURE.  /  O} 

C.  M.  Weed.     The  Spiny  Elm  Caterpillar  (New  HampsliiiW 
Exp.  Sta.  1899,  Bull.  67,  pp.  123-141,  16  figs./ 

This  Bulletin  will  be  of  interest  to  British  lepidopterist/ 
ing  information  about  the  habits,  in  America,  of  a  butte^^^ 
rare  with  us.  Euvanemi  antiopa  (commonly  known  in  America  as  luv 
"Mourning  Cloak")  is  extremely  injurious  in  some  of  the  eastern 
States  to  the  foliage  of  elm  trees — photographs  of  this  damage  are 
presented  to  the  reader — but  feeds  also  on  willow,  poplar,  and,  rarely, 
on  hackberry  [Celtls  occidental  is),  birch,  pear,  and  rose. 

Like  some  other  of  its  allies,  it  has  a  wide  distribution,  ranging 
over  "the  entire  breadth  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  below  the  arctic 
circle  as  far  south  as  the  thirtieth  parallel  of  latitude,"  that  is,  from 
Canada  to  Bermuda  and  Mexico,  Europe,  Japan,  &c. 

The  damage  done  to  elms  and  poplars,  though  only  occasional  and 
limited  in  area,  is  sometimes  very  great.  Prof.  Lugger  observing  that 
they  were  so  numerous  upon  elms  in  Michigan  "that  branches  were 
broken  by  their  weight." 

The  Bulletin  concludes  with  a  notice  of  the  parasites  and  enemies 
of  the  insect,  and  remedies  against  its  devastations. — Gr.  W.  K. 


Anton  Handlirsch.      Wie  vielen  Stigmen  habeii  die  PJiynchoten  ?  (Verb. 
Zool.  Bot.  Ges.  Wien,  1899,  sep.  p.  1-12,  figs.  1  &  2). 

After  briefly  reviewing  the  work  of  Dufour,  Mayer,  Schiodte, 
Hansen,  and  others,  and  discussing  the  position  and  structure  of  the 
stigmata  in  various  Ehynchota,  the  author  sums  up  his  researches  as 
follows. 

The  fundamental  type  in  Ehynchota  is — two  pairs  of  thoracic  stig- 
mata (meso-  and  metathoracic)  and  eight  pairs  of  abdominal  stigmata 
(segments  1-8).  This  type  embraces  the  whole  of  the  Homoptera, 
except  the  more  or  less  degraded  Psyllid*,  AphidcB  (?  Aleurodidae),  and 
Coccidje,  in  which  a  more  or  less  considerable  progressive  reduction 
(from  behind  forwards)  of  the  abdominal  stigmata  occurs,  which  reaches 
its  maximum  in  the  Coccidae.  In  waterbugs  an  inconsiderable  modi- 
fication, taking  in  account  the  necessary  adaptation  to  special  condi- 
tions of  existence,  takes  place,  which  is  increased  in  the  landbugs,  in 
which  there  is  a  tendency  to  atrophy  of  the  first  pair  of  abdominal 
stigmata.  Only  the  absolutely  wingless  group  of  Pediculidte,  strongly 
modified  by  their  eminently  parasitic  manner  of  life,  deviate  consider- 
ably from  the  original  type,  the  first  two  pairs  of  abdominal  stigmata 
and  those  of  the  metathorax  having  vanished. 

We  find,  also,  an  astonishing  antithesis  between  the  plant  parasites 
and  the  animal  parasites,  of  which  the  former  are  obviously  derived 
from  the  Homoptera,  the  latter  probably  from  the  Heteroptera,  if 
indeed  they  belong  to  the  Ehynchota  at  all. 

We  regret  that  tbe  Direction  of  these  Verhandlungea  still  find  it 
convenient  to  issue  the  author's  copies  with  a  separate  pagination, 
thereby  creating  two  references  for  the  same  work,  with  no  con- 
comitant compensating  advantage.  As  the  separate  copy  only  is 
before  us,  we  are  unable  to  indicate  the  correct  pagination. — G.  W.  K. 


2Q|8 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Proceedings  of  the  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History 
Society  for  1899.  Pp.  120,  with  one  plate.  Published  at  the 
Society's  Eooms,  Hibernia  Chambers,  London  Bridge.     1900. 

Although  something  like  three-fourths  of  its  income  is  needed  to 
defray  rental  charges  and  general  working  expenses,  this  Society 
always  seems  able  to  publish  its  volume  of  Proceedings.  The  balance- 
sheet  shows  us  that  a  sum  of  £14  was  paid  during  the  financial  year 
for  printing.  We  further  glean  from  the  same  document  that  dona- 
tions to  the  Publication  Fund  amounted  to  £2,6,  and  that  d620  was 
transferred  thereto  from  the  General  Fund. 

In  his  address  the  retiring  president  (Mr.  A.  Harrison),  after  briefly 
referring  to  the  affairs  of  the  Society,  and  reviewing  the  work  of  the 
season,  discourses  at  some  length  on  the  subjects  of  Telegony,  and  the 
connection  of  the  mosquito  with  malarial  fever.  There  are  five  papers, 
and  one  of  these,  by  Dr.  Chapman,  entitled  "  Some  Points  on  the 
Evolution  of  the  Lepidopterous  Antenna,"  is  of  special  importance. 
Mr.  J.  W.  Tutt's  paper  treats  of  the  •'  Nature  of  Metamorphosis." 
Mr.  Malcolm  Burr  contributes  an  instructive  paper  on  Orthoptera,  in 
which  he  gives  an  outline  of  the  literature  on  the  subject  in  chrono- 
logical order,  and  makes  some  helpful  remarks  on  species  of  the  order, 
specially  referring  to  those  occurring  in  Britain.  Mr.  Eobert  Adkin 
furnishes  another  of  those  interesting  accounts  of  his  entomological 
observations  while  on  holiday  at  Eastbourne.  Although  not  strictly 
entomological,  we  must  not  omit  to  mention  a  brief  but  useful  paper 
by  Mr,  D.  J.  Scourfield  on  "  Fresh-water  Entomostraca." 

A  good  deal  of  valuable  information  will  be  found  in  the  "  Abstract 
of  Proceedings." 

We  heartily  congratulate  the  Society  on  the  production  of  this 
excellent  volume. 


OBITUARY. 


Mr.  William  Watkins  died  at  his  residence,  Villa  Sphinx,  East- 
bourne, on  June  9th  last,  aged  fifty-one  years.  We  have  very  little 
knowledge  of  his  early  career,  except  that  he  had  a  passion  for 
collecting  butterflies  when  quite  a  boy.  When  he  arrived  at  the  age 
of  manhood  he  went  to  India,  where  for  six  years  he  acted  as  Orderly- 
room  Clerk  to  the  76th  Regiment,  and  devoted  a  good  deal  of  his 
leisure  time  to  the  capture  of  Lepidoptera.  On  his  return  to  England 
he  sold  his  collection  to  Mr.  Horniman,  and  subsequently  decided  to 
adopt  entomology  as  a  business.  He  was  originally  connected  with 
the  well-known  entomological  firm  in  the  Strand  ;  subsequently  he 
carried  on  business  in  Piccadilly,  and  finally  he  removed  to  East- 
bourne. In  1881  he  established  and  conducted  the  arrangements  of 
the  Insect-house  at  the  Gardens  of  the  Zoological  Society,  and  a  year 
or  two  later  he  opened  a  similar  concern  at  the  Crystal  Palace.  From 
time  to  time  Mr.  Watkins  held  exhibitions  in  Vbxrious  parts  of  the 
country.  On  one  occasion,  when  at  Newmarket,  he  was  honoured  by 
a  visit  from  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  the  Duke  of  Cambridge. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIIIJ 


AUGUST,    1900. 


[No.  447. 


DESCRIPTION   OF  A   NEW  SPECIES   OF   CICADID^  FEOM 

CHINA. 


By  W.  L.  Distant. 


'^Talainga  chinensis,  sp.  n. 

<?  .  Body  and  legs  black  ;  eyes  ocbraceous,  their  posterior  margins 
sanguineous  ;  pronotum,  with  the  lateral  margins  and  a  spot  on  lateral 
areas  behind  the  eyes  sanguineous.  Tegmina  black,  opaque,  with  a 
pale  creamy-white  spot  in  almost  all  of  the  many  cell-like  areas,  the 
most  prominent  spot  being  subcostal,  and  situate  at  the  apex  of  the 
radial  area.  Wings  black,  with  a  large  creamy-white  spot  extending 
across  and  a  little  below  the  radial  area  at  about  two-thirds  from  its 
base ;  five  small  submarginal  creamy-white  spots  situate  in  the  apical 
areas,  and  some  basal  streaks  and  some  of  the  longitudinal  venation 
margined  with  the  same  colour.  Long.  excl.  tegm.  <?  ,  30  millim. 
Exp.  tegm.  83  millim. 

Hab.     China :    Kualuu,  N.  W.  Fokien  (Coll.  by  Tang-wang- 

ENTOM. — AUGUST,    1900.  T 


210  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

wang  and  Tang-chung-how ;  and  presented  by  J.  de  la  Touche, 
Esq.,  to  the  British  Museum). 

This  is  the  second  representative  of  the  genus,  which  I 
described  in^  1890  from  a  species  collected  in  Burma.  From 
that  species,  T.  hinghami,  it  differs  completely  by  the  opaque 
and  differently  coloured  tegmina  and  wings. 


MIGRATIONS    OF    DRAGONFLIES. 
By  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

Such  a  powerful  appearance  have  some  of  the  larger  dragon- 
flies,  and  so  considerable  is  their  wing-expanse,  that  we  are  not 
surprised  to  hear  of  their  making  migrations  to  a  great  distance. 
The  British  dragonfly  in  which  this  propensity  seems  most 
strongly    developed    is    undoubtedly    Libellula  quadriniaculata. 

ny  flights  of  this  insect,  sometimes  in  enormous  numbers, 
tave  been  recorded,  and  it  would  seem  that  one  or  more  flights 
of  the  same  dragonfly  have  to  be  noted  as  having  taken  place 
during  the  early  part  of  the  present  season. 

Mr.  H.  Stocks,  of  Weybridge,  a  very  careful  observer,  sends 
me  the  following  communication  : — "  At  Margate,  on  the  .10th  of 
June,  I  observed  vast  numbers  of  dragonflies  flying  about  the 
cliffs.  Do  you  think  they  were  part  of  the  swarm  that  visited 
the  Continent  some  days  previously  ?  I  much  regret  being 
unable  to  catch  any  specimens.  They  were  of  large  size,  with 
thick  bodies  of  a  dark  brown  colour,  with  wings  a  shade  lighter, 
and  different  from  any  I  have  usually  seen.  I  do  not  think  they 
were  bred  near,  as  there  are  no  rivers  or  ponds  in  the  neighbour- 
hood. I  do  not  know  much  of  the  district,  but  their  appearance 
was  evidently  uncommon,  from  the  remarks  one  heard  about 
them.  By  the  end  of  the  week  they  disappeared — at  least,  I  did 
not  see  any  more."  On  enquiry,  Mr.  Stocks  tells  me: — "The 
day  was  very  warm,  with  a  nice  gentle  breeze.  I  am  not  quite 
certain,  but  I  think  the  wind  was  south-east,  and  I  am  under  the 
impression  there  were  more  dragonflies  in  the  evening  than  in 
the  morning."  There  seems  little  doubt  that  the  dragonflies 
were  Libellula  qaadi'imaculata,  and  that  they  formed  part  of  the 
same  or  a  similar  swarm  to  that  seen  at  Antwerp,  and  noticed  in 
a  very  general  way  without  a  name  to  the  insect  in  several  of  the 
daily  papers  just  before  Mr.  Stocks'  observation. 

Writing  to  Mr,  South  on  June  19th,  Mr.  G.  Bolam,  of  Berwick, 
asked  for  the  name  of  a  dragonfly  {Libellula  quadrimacidata) ,  of 
which  he  enclosed  a  specimen  taken  by  a  friend,  and  of  which  he 
said,  "It  was  observed  arriving  upon  the  coast  here  on  Sunday 
afternoon  (presumably  June  17th)  in  hundreds."     He  states  that 


RESPIKATION   OF    THE    DRAGONFLY   NYMPH.  211 

the  captor  observed  it  from  three  o'clock  till  half-past  three  in 
the  afternoon  coming  up  from  the  seashore  over  the  low  cliffs, 
and  that  they  passed  him  almost  continually  in  little  parties  of 
fours  and  fives  at  the  rate,  he  estimated,  of  about  five  or  ten  per 
minute,  and  when  he  left  the  banks  the  flight  seemed  to  show  no 
signs  of  abating.  The  weather  was  warm  and  sunny,  and  the 
wind  westerly.  They  mostly  sailed  inland  without  stopping  on 
the  sea-banks,  and  appeared  to  come  direct  from  the  sea.  Mr. 
Bolam  adds  that,  though  he  is  quite  familiar  with  the  appearance 
of  the  insect,  it  is  not  common  near  Berwick. 

Though  a  week  later  than  the  Margate  flight,  this  may  be 
part  of  the  migration  noticed  on  the  Continent,  which  will  pro- 
bably turn  out  to  be  of  this  species,  and  of  which  we  hope  to 
hear  more  definitely  when  the  observations  appear  in  the  entomo- 
logical papers— newspaper  entomology  being,  as  a  rule,  useless 
for  scientific  purposes. 
July  16th,  1900. 


NOTES    ON    THE    RESPIRATION    OF    THE    DRAGONFLY 

NYMPH. 

By  Rev.  Arthur  East. 

So  little  attention  seems  to  have  been  devoted  to  the  powers 
of  breathing  common  air  possessed  by  the  dragonfly  nymph,  that 
a  few  somewhat  elementary  notes  may  perhaps  be  acceptable. 

Two  specimens  of  Mschna  cyanea  were  taken  from  a  pond  in 
my  garden  in  January  of  this  year,  and  observations  were  made 
as  to  the  length  of  time  the  nymph  could  live  out  of  water.  The 
nymphs  were  20  mm.  long  when  captured,  and  were  restored  to 
the  water  at  varying  intervals,  and  for  different  lengths  of  time ; 
when  out  of  water  they  were  kept  in  a  bottle  with  damp  weed, 
and  they  fed,  of  course,  only  when  restored  to  the  water,  so  that 
the  following  summary  of  absence  from  the  water  means  equally 
the  time  they  went  without  food.  The  two  nymphs  observed 
are  designated  A  and  B  : — 

A.  Nymph  of  Mschna  cyanea. 

Captured  Jan.  1st,  1900,  and  put  in  bottle  with  damp  weed. 
Restored  to  water  Jan.    3rd  for    2  minutes. 


5th 

2 

8th 

30 

13th 

4  hours. 

18th 

6      „ 

25th 

4      ,, 

Feb. 

8th 

20      „ 

» 


T  2 


212 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


B.  Nymph  of  Mschna  cyanea. 
Captured  Jan.  19th,  1900. 
Eestored  to  water  Jan.  24th  for    4  hours. 

Feb.    8th    „    20      „ 

On  February  8th  A  and  B  were  put  together  and  kept  out  of 
water  until  March  8th.  They  were  then  finally  restored  to  the 
water,  and,  after  appearing  somewhat  lethargic  for  about  an 
hour,  recovered  perfectly,  and  fed  freely. 

On  March  16th  I  received  some  specimens  of  Erythromma 
naias,  kindly  sent  me  by  Mr.  Lucas ;  one  of  these  was  kept  out  of 
water,  in  similar  conditions  to  the  JE.  cyanea  mentioned  above, 
from  March  16th  to  April  16th,  and  appeared  quite  well  when 
restored  to  the  water ;  and,  curiously  enough,  during  the  time  of 
enforced  fasting  the  nymph  cast  a  skin,  becoming,  however, 
slightly  smaller,  viz.  from  27  mm.  to  25  mm.  in  length.  The 
change  of  skin  occurred  on  April  7th. 

It  will  be  seen  therefore  that  both  these  species  are  able  to 

live  a  month  at  least  out  of  water.     As  to  whether  the  after 

development  is  afifected  I  cannot  say,  as  the  nymphs  were  mixed 

with  others,  and  undistinguishable  ;  but  they  did  not  appear  to 

*  suffer  in  any  way. 

I  Four  nymphs  of  Agrion  puella  were  also  kept  under  obser- 

I  vation.     One  of  these  apparently  got  tired  of  the  experiment 

:  after  three  weeks,  and  wandered  off,  and  was  lost ;  but  the  other 

three  were  kept  thirty-three  days  out  of  water,  and  appeared 

none  the  worse  for  it. 

The  power  of  fasting  possessed  by  the  nymphs  is  connected, 
I  suspect,  with  the  vexed  question  as  to  the  time  passed  in  the 
nymphal  state.  To  give  an  instance :  of  several  nymphs  of  ALschna 
cyanea  caught  in  January  last,  all  of  which  were  of  about  the 
same  size,  viz.  20  mm.  long,  one  had  not  changed  a  skin  by 
April  15th,  and  had  not  grown  at  all ;  another  had  cast  several 
skins  by  the  same  date,  and  was  twice  the  length,  viz.  40  mm. — 
a  big  nymph.  I  have  now  (June  8th)  five  of  these  nymphs  just 
ready  to  emerge ;  but  the  small  one  referred  to  grows  very  slowly, 
and  does  not  look  like  being  ready  to  change  this  season. 

May  I  mention,  in  reply  to  the  query  of  Mr.  Lucas,  that  when 
I  said  that  the  majority  of  my  specimens  of  M.  cyanea  came  out 
at  night,  I  meant,  not  early  morning  particularly,  but  any  time 
from  late  evening  to  midnight,  and  from  midnight  to  early 
morning — an  inconvenient  habit  for  the  photographer.  I  have 
many  times  covered  up  the  nymphs  just  ready  to  emerge,  in 
hope  of  inducing  them  to  believe  that  darkness  had  really 
arrived ;  but  I  do  not  remember  to  have  been  successful  in  de- 
ceiving the  nymphs,  so  as  to  persuade  them  that  night  had  come. 

Southleigh  Vicarage,  Witney,  Oxon :  June  8th,  1900. 


213 

THREE    NEW    SPECIES    OF    NYMPHALIN^    FROM    SIAM. 
By  Percy  I.  Lathy. 

Terinos  falcipennis,  sp.  nov. 

3^ .  Upper  side  :  Fore  wing  rich  violet,  with  brown  velvety  patch, 
as  in  T.  clarissa,  Boisd. ;  apex  velvety  brown.  Hind  wing  rich  violet, 
with  velvety  brown  apical  patch  and  brown  costal  border  ;  outer  mar- 
gin dull  ochraceous,  as  in  T.  fnlminans,  Butl.,  but  almost  without 
violet  reflections,  and  containing  two  rows  of  obscure  blackish  lunules, 
which  are  most  pronounced  at  anal  angle.  Under  side  :  Fore  wing 
olive-brown,  with  faint  blue  reflections  about  basal  half ;  a  dark  brown 
spot  below  costa,  and  near  apex  outwardly  bordered  with  whitish. 
Hind  wing  olive-brown,  with  bluish  reflections  on  outer  margin  ;  a 
conspicuous  white  bar  beyond  cell,  just  beyond  this  a  series  of  five 
brown  spots  between  the  nervules,  two  above  and  three  below  white 
bar,  and  beyond  these  a  series  of  six  obscure  ochreous  lunules. 
Exp.  84  mm. 

Four  males.     In  coll.  H.  J.  Adams. 

This  species  was  originally  described  and  figured  by  De  Nice- 
ville,  Butt.  Ind.  vol.  ii.  p.  39,  t.  xxiii.  f.  101,  from  a  single  male 
obtained  by  Captain  Bingham  in  Upper  Tenasserim  ;  owing  to 
want  of  material  it  was  treated  by  him  as  T,  clarissa,  Boisd. 
The  four  specimens  from  Siam  agree  pretty  well  with  the  descrip- 
tion and  figure  of  the  Tenasserim  example,  and  are,  I  think, 
sufficiently  distinct  from  the  Bornean  T.  clarissa  to  rank  as  a 
local  race,  and  receive  a  name. 

T.  falcipemiis  may  be  distinguished  from  T.  clarissa  by  its 
more  falcate  fore  wings,  the  more  produced  tail,  and  the  much 
more  obscure  inner  row  of  lunules  of  hind  wings  ;  on  the  under 
side  by  the  obscurity  of  all  its  markings,  with  the  exception  of 
white  bar  beyond  cell. 

From  T.  fidminans,  Butl.,  it  differs  in  the  richer  violet  of 
upper  side,  and  below  in  same  way  as  from  T.  clarissa. 

Penthema  mimetica,  sp.  nov. 

?  .  Upper  side  :  Fore  wing  dark  brown,  strongly  glossed  with 
purplish  blue,  except  on  outer  margin ;  an  obscure  whitish  sub- 
marginal  spot  between  middle  and  lower  median  nervules,  and  a 
geminate  white  spot  at  anal  angle.  Hind  wing  dark  brown,  basal 
half  glossed  with  purple  ;  a  discal  row  of  seven  oval  and  a  sub- 
marginal  row  of  eight  more  or  less  sagittate  white  spots,  the  three 
posterior  ones  being  confluent  with  those  in  the  discal  row  ;  the  sub- 
marginal  spots  outwardly  bordered  with  dark  brown  ;  a  whitish  patch 
on  inner  margin  near  anal  angle ;  cilia  white  between  nervules. 
Under  side  :  Fore  wing  purplish  brown  at  base,  paler  towards  outer 
margin  ;  a  purple  spot  at  lower  end  of,  and  a  row  of  six  purple  spots 
beyond  cell,  of  which  the  fourth,  counting  from  the  costa,  is  much 
nearer  cell  than  the  others ;  beyond  these  a  series  of  six  small  white- 


214  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

centred  purple  spots  ;  submarginal  markings  more  distinct  than  above, 
and  an  additional  spot  between  upper  and  middle  median  nervule,  and 
a  few  whitish  scales  on  inner  margin  near  anal  angle.  Hind  wing  as 
above,  but  paler,  without  purple  gloss,  and  white  markings  more 
distinct.     Exp.  116  mm. 

One  female.     In  coll.  H.  J.  Adams. 

This  fine  species  is  nearest  to  P.  hinghami,  Wood-Mason,  but 
may  easily  be  distinguished  from  that  species  by  the  total  absence 
of  discal  and  partial  absence  of  submarginal  markings  of  fore 
wings  ;  also  by  the  beautiful  blue  and  purple  gloss.  P.  mimetica 
appears  to  mimic  Menama  camaralzeman,  Butl. 

Bassarona  qfflnis,  sp.  no  v. 

(?  .  Upper  side  :  Fore  wing  blackish  brown,  with  a  very  indistinct 
black  bar  at  end  of  cell,  and  series  of  submarginal  spots  ;  a  discal  band 
composed  of  seven  pale  greenish  yellow  spots,  which  decrease  in  size 
towards  costa,  the  spot  next  costa  being  out  of  line,  and  nearer  the 
base ;  a  subapical  spot  of  same  colour.  Hind  wing  blackish  brown, 
paler  at  apex,  and  with  an  obscure  dentate  black  submarginal  band ;  a 
discal  band  composed  of  eight  spots  of  same  colour  as  on  fore  wing ; 
this  band  is  wider  on  inner  margin  than  on  costa  ;  its  inner  border  is 
regular,  and  outer  dentate.  Under  side  :  Fore  wing  pale  brown,  with 
dark  suffused  patches  at  apex  and  anal  angle ;  a  round  black  spot 
within  and  a  lunular  black  spot  at  end  of  cell,  each  centred  with 
crimson  ;  discal  band  as  above,  but  narrower,  and  indistinctly  edged 
with  brown ;  subapical  spot  obscure  ;  an  indistinct  submarginal  row 
of  blackish  points.  Hind  wing  pale  brown  ;  a  small  round  black  spot 
within  and  two  black  lines  at  end  of  cell ;  discal  band  as  above,  but 
obscure  ;  a  submarginal  row  of  short  black  lines. 

?  .  Upper  side  :  Fore  wing  olive-brown  ;  a  round  black  spot 
within  and  a  lunular  black  spot  at  end  of  cell,  both  centred  with 
ground  colour,  and  the  latter  also  containing  an  indistinct  dull  crimson 
streak ;  discal  band  composed  of  six  well  separated  greenish  white 
spots,  the  one  next  costa  being  the  largest  and  oval,  the  four  below 
triangular,  and  the  sixth  a  small  round  spot ;  a  small  subapical  spot 
of  same  colour ;  a  submarginal  series  of  indistinct  blackish  spots. 
Hind  wing  olive-brown ;  discal  band  represented  by  only  four  small 
greenish  white  spots  extending  from  costa  to  centre  of  wing  ;  a  highly 
dentate  blackish  submarginal  line  bordered  outwardly  with  whitish  at 
apex.  Under  side  :  Fore  wing  pale  reddish  brown,  with  violet  reflec- 
tions beyond  discal  band  ;  a  large  round  spot  within  and  a  lunular 
spot  at  end  of  cell,  each  centred  with  crimson ;  discal  band  and  sub- 
apical spot  as  above,  the  band  indistinctly  edged  with  brown ;  a  sub- 
marginal  row  of  indistinct  blackish  points.  Hind  wing  pale  reddish 
brown,  with  violet  reflections  beyond  discal  band  ;  a  black  spot  within 
and  two  black  lines  at  end  of  cell ;  discal  band  composed  of  seven  pale 
greenish  white  spots,  the  one  next  costa  being  oval  and  well  separated 
from  the  rest,  the  next  five  triangular  with  apex  pointing  towards 
outer  margin,  the  seventh  and  largest  extending  from  lower  median 
nervule  to  inner  margin ;  a  submarginal  series  of  short  black  lines. 
Exp.  <y  70  mm.,   ?  90  mm. 


BRITISH    DRAGONFLIES    OF    OLDER   ENGLISH    AUTHORS.  215 

One  male,  two  females.     In  coll.  H.  J.  Adams. 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  B.  goodrichi,  Dist.,  from  which 
it  may  be  separated,  in  the  male,  by  its  much  wider  and  yellower 
discal  bands,  and  in  the  female  by  the  total  absence  of  discal 
bluish  grey  scaling.  The  second  female  obtained  has  the  lower 
spot  of  discal  band  wanting  in  both  wings. 

Lynton  Villa,  Sydney  Road,  Enfield. 


BRITISH    DRAGONFLIES     OF    THE    OLDER    ENGLISH 

AUTHORS. 

By  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

(Continued  from  p.  175.) 

5.  J.  F.  Stephens:  '  Illustrations  of  British  Entomology,'  vol.  vi. 
Mandibulata,  1828-46.  [Mandibulata  1835-37.  Dragonflies, 
1836.] 

In  1829  Stevens  published  A  Systematic  Catalogue  of  British 
Insects,  which  is  simply  a  list  without  any  description  whatever ; 
but  the  work  before  us  takes  more  the  form  of  monographs  of 
the  various  groups.  As  regards  the  Dragonflies,  we  find  careful 
descriptions  of  all  that  were  known  to  the  author.  Unfortu- 
nately his  estimate  of  the  number  of  species  was  much  exagge- 
rated, and  this  makes  his  work  of  very  little  practical  use  at  the 
present  day. 

Family  I.  Agrionid^. 
Genus  Ageion. 

Sp.  1.  rubellum  =  Pynhosoma  tenellum.     Figure  poorly  coloured 
(pi.  xxix.  f.  4). 

2.  xanthopterum  =  perhaps  Ischnura  pumilio,  the  orange  var. 

aurantiaca. 

3.  elegans  =  Ischnura  elegans. 

4.  ezonatum  =  perhaps  Ischnura  elegans,  but  description  does 

not  point  clearly  to  it. 

5.  Puella  =  Agrion  pulchellum,  from  the  definite  description  of 

the  shape  of  the  spot  on  segment  2. 

6.  furcatum  =  Agrion  puella  for  the  same  reason  as  for  pre- 

ceding species. 

7.  hastulatum  =  Enallagma  cyathigerum  no   doubt ;    but  the 

description  of  segment  2  is  not  quite  satisfactory. 

8.  annulare  =  Agrion  puella  ?  . 

9.  rufescens  =  seems  to  be  the  orange   variety   of   Ischnura 

elegans,  only  that  Stephens  gives  two  sexes,  and  the  var. 
only  occurs  in  the  female. 

10.  minium  =  Pyrrhosoma  nymphula. 

11.  fulvipes  =  Pyrrhosoma  nymphula,    3"  ;    the   varietal  form 

mentioned  after  the  description  seems  to  be  Pyrrhosoma 
tenellum,   ?  . 


216 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


12.  chloridion  =  Erythromma  naias. 

13.  platypodia  =  Platycnemis  pennipes.      Var.  (3  albicans  is  the 

pale  form  with  reduced  markings. 
Genus  Lestes. 

Sp.  1.  viridis       \        [All   appear   to   be    Lestes    sponsa — the   first 

2.  nympha   l  =  ]      teneral,  the  second  older,  the  third  mature 

3.  forcipula)        (     and  powdered  with  blue. 
Genus   Calepteryx. 

Sp.  1.  Virgo  =  partly  Calopteryx  splendens,  and  partly  C.  virgo.    The 
vars.  appear  to  be  : — 

a.  =  C.  splendens,  $  . 
ji.  z=  C.  virgo  $  . 

y.  =  C.  virgo,  S  and  ?  ,  immature. 
^.   =  C.  splendens,   $  . 

t.  =  C.  virgo,  $  ,  probably  from  the  description  of 
hind  wings,  but  that  of  fore  wings  points  to 
C.  sp)lendens,   $  . 

2.  Ludoviciana  —  Calopteryx  virgo,  * 

var.  a.  =  C.  virgo,  <y  . 
[i,  =  C.  virgo,  $ . 

y.  =  C.  virgo,-  <y   and  J  ,  the  <?  being  imma- 
ture or  var.  anceps. 

3.  xanthostoma  ?  =  probably  a  very  mature  5  of  C.  virgo. 

4.  anceps  =  C'.  virgo,  var.  anceps. 

Family  II.  Libellulid^. 
Genus  Anax. 

Sp.  1.  formosa  =  Ayiax  imperator. 
Genus  ^Eschna. 

Sp.  1.  rufescens  =  ^schna  isosceles. 

2.  grandis  =  ^Tlschna  grandis. 

3.  maculatissima  =  jEschna  cyanea. 

4.  juncea  =  /Eschna  jnncea. 

5.  mixta  =  ^schna  mixta. 

6.  afOlnis  —  yEschna  mixta. 

7.  vernalis  =  Brachytron  pratense. 
Genus  Cordulegaster. 

Sp.  annulatus  =  Co7-dulegaster  annulatus. 
Genus  Gomphus. 

Sp.  1.  forcipatus  ?  =  Gomphus  vulgatissimus. 

2.  flavipes  =  Gomphus  flavipes  (figured  pi.  xxx.  f.  1). 
Genus  Cordulia. 

Sp.  1.  senea  =  Cordulia  anea. 

2.  metallica  =  perhaps   C.  (Buea   also.      "  Found   in   Metro- 

politan district  in  June — anal  appendages  short,  lower  pair 
triangular"  can  scarcely  apply  to  Somatochlora  metallica. 
The  "  acuminate  process  below  the  ninth  segment  of  the 
?  "  does  seem,  however,  to  point  to  metallica.  Possibly 
there  is  a  little  confusion  among  Stephens's  specimens. 

3.  Curtisii  =  Oxygastra  curtisii. 


A    SMALL    COLLECTION    OF   BEES    FROM    JUAREZ,    MEXICO.         217 

Genus  Libellula. 

A.  Platktkum. 
Sp.  1.  depressa  =  Libellula  depressa. 

2.  conspurcata  =  Libellula  fulva. 

B.  Leptetrubi. 

3.  quadrimaculata  =   Libelhda  quadrnndculata. 

4.  praenubila  =  Libellula  quadrimaculata  var.  prcEnuhila. 

C.  Orthetrum. 

5.  bimaculata  =  Libellula  fulva,  $  ,  and  teneral  ^  . 

6.  cancellata  =   Orthetrum  cancellatum . 

7.  caerulescens  =  Orthetrum.  ctRvulescens. 

D.  Sympetrum. 

8.  Scotica  =  Sympetrum  scoticum. 

9.  pallidistigma  =  Generally  considered  to  be  immature  S. 

scoticum ;  but  the  size,  pale  legs,  and  the  long  pterostigma 
seem  rather  to  point  to  <S'.  striolattmi. 

10.  rufostigma  =  Sympetrum  sanguineum . 

11.  angustipennis  =  probably  immature  S.  sanyuineum. 

12.  vulgata  =  Sympetrum.  striolatum. 

13.  basalis  =  apparently  immature  S.  sanyuineum. 

14.  jfiiaveola  =  Sympetrum  flaveolum. 


ON  A  SMALL  COLLECTION  OF  BEES  FROM  JUAREZ, 

MEXICO. 
By  T.  D.  a.  Cockerell,  M.M.Agr.Exp.Sta. 

On  Oct.  6th,  1899,  I  had  the  opportunity  of  spending  a  little 
while  at  Juarez,  in  the  State  of  Chihuahua,  and  of  collecting 
there  the  bees  enumerated  below.  The'  species  marked  with  an 
asterisk  had  not  previously  been  reported  from  Mexico. 

*(1.)  Halictus  pectoraloides,  Ckll.,  one   female,  at   flowers  of 
Aster  {Leiicosyris)  spinosus. 

*(2.)  Perdita    sphceralcece,    Ckll.,    one   female,    at   flowers   of 
Sphceralcea  fendleri  lobataA 

*(3.)  P.  heliotropii,  Ckll.  ;  see  Entom.,  1900,  p.  63. 
(4.)  P.  albipennis  var.  helianthi,  Ckll.,  one  female,  at  flowers 
of  Helianthus  annuus. 

*(5.)  Andrena  pulchella,  Rob.,  one  female,  at  flowers  of  Heli- 
anthus annuus. 

(6.)  Melissodes  agilis,  Cress.,  one  male,  two  females,  at 
flowers  of  Helianthus  annuus. 

f  This  is  Sphceralcea  lobata,  Wooton,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  xxv.  1898, 
p.  306.  At  Mesilla  Pa'k,  N.M.,  it  varies  into  a  form  having  leaves  exactly  as 
in  the  type  of  8.  fendleri,  Gray,  of  which  it  may  be  considered  a  subspecies. 
The  plant  is  new  to  the  flora  of  Mexico. 


218  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

*(7.)  M.  tristis,  Ckll.,  one  male,  at  flowers  of  Ipomoea  mexicana. 

*(8.)  Antlwphora  vallarum,  Ckll.,  one  male,  two  females,  at 
flowers  of  Ipomoea  mexicana. 

(9.)  Megachile  occidentalis,  Fox,  one  male,  at  flowers  of  Heli- 
anthus  annuus. 

(10.)  Xylocopa  ar'izonensis,  Cress.,  one  female,  at  flowers  of 
Ipomoea  mexicana.  Instead  of  entering  the  corolla,  it  cut  a  slit 
on  the  outside,  near  the  base. 


MOSQUITOS      AND      MALAKIA. 
By  Guy  A.  K.  Marshall,  F.Z.S. 

As  the  above  subject  hardly  appears  to  have  received  the 
attention  it  merits  in  British  entomological  journals,  it  was  a 
pleasure  to  read  Mr.  G.  W.  Kirkaldy's  all  too  short  resume  of 
the  views  of  Celli  and  Grassi  on  the  question  in  the  *  Entomolo- 
gist '  for  April,  1900.  The  facts  and  contentions  set  forth  in  this 
resume  would  seem  to  leave  but  little  doubt  that  mosquitos  of  the 
genus  Anopheles  are  the  sole  carriers  of  malarial  contagion,  and 
that  they  themselves  can,  in  turn,  only  acquire  the  parasites 
from  malarial  man.  Yet  the  fact  remains  that  in  a  malarious 
country  like  Mashonaland,  where  probably  three-fourths  of  the 
inhabitants  have  had  a  practical  experience  of  the  disease,  the 
theory  is  regarded  with  a  considerable  amount  of  scepticism,  not 
merely  by  laymen,  but  also  by  the  majority  of  medical  men. 
While  personally  I  do  not  share  this  scepticism,  I  can  yet  appre- 
ciate the  difficulties  which  stand  in  the  way  of  the  acceptance  of 
the  theory  in  its  present  form,  when  tested  by  experience  in  a 
malarial  country ;  and  therefore  it  may  be  useful  to  draw  atten- 
tion to  these  counter-arguments,  in  the  hope  that  they  may  be 
satisfactorily  explained  away. 

If  we  accept  the  proposition  that  malaria  can  only  exist  in 
the  presence  of  two  factors,  viz.  malarial  man  and  Anopheles, 
then  we  are  logically  bound  to  accept  the  conclusion  that,  if  a 
man,  or  party  of  men,  free  from  malarial  poison,  should  pene- 
trate from  a  healthy  area  into  an  unhealthy,  but  uninhabited, 
region,  it  would  be  impossible  for  them  to  contract  fever,  how- 
ever much  they  might  be  bitten  by  mosquitos  ;  further,  it  follows 
that  all  uninhabited  regions,  even  of  comparatively  small  size 
(seeing  that  the  range  of  individual  specimens  of  Anopheles  is 
apparently  very  limited  in  extent),  must  be  entirely  devoid  of 
malaria,  even  though  they  may  be  full  of  swamps,  and  teem  with 
mosquitos. 

Such  conclusions  certainly  do  not  appear  to  be  borne  out  by 
experience.     It  would  doubtless  be  difficult  to  find  many  areas  in 


MOSQUITOS  AND  MALARIA.  219 

Europe  which  present  these  supposed  conditions,  but  in  a  sparsely- 
populated  country  like  Africa  they  may  be  found  on  every  hand. 
In  Mashonaland  we  have  numberless  areas  of  this  description, 
but  perhaps  the  most  typical  are  to  be  found  in  the  Umfuli  Dis- 
trict, where  there  are  considerable  tracts  of  land  rendered  unin- 
habitable owing  to  the  fact  that  they  contain  no  surface-water 
during  the  dry  season,  although  during  the  rains  they  may  be 
sometimes  under  water  for  several  weeks  at  a  time ;  and  yet 
these  very  localities  are  among  the  most  unhealthy  in  the 
country.  Again,  in  the  Northern  Transvaal  there  are  large 
stretches  of  totally  unpopulated  country,  more  especially  where 
the  brackish  rivers  prevail  ;  and  yet  it  is  a  matter  of  common 
knowledge  that  the  Boer  hunters  who  used  to  penetrate  into 
these  wildernesses  from  the  healthy  high  veldt  invariably  suffered 
severely  from  malarial  fever. 

Another  conclusion  which  must  be  drawn  from  the  theory  as 
it  now  stands  is  that  in  any  malarial  region  where  Anopheles  is 
generally  distributed  the  most  unhealthy  portions  must  neces- 
sarily be  those  in  which  the  population  is  thickest.  This  con- 
clusion is  practically  the  exact  reverse  of  what  is  actually  the 
case  in  this  country,  at  least  so  far  as  the  white  population 
is  concerned.  For  example,  Salisbury  is  by  far  the  most  densely 
populated  portion  of  Mashonaland,  and,  further,  I  have  found 
three  species,  if  not  four,  of  Anopheles  in  the  town,  one  of  which 
is  certainly  common  ;  moreover,  not  only  is  a  mild  form  of  fever 
prevalent  in  the  district,  but  also  all  the  severer  cases  of  fever 
from  the  lower  veldt  are  brought  into  the  town  for  treatment, 
thus  creating  a  continual  supply  of  foci  for  the  distribution  of  the 
disease.  And  yet  despite  all  this  there  can  be  absolutely  no 
question  that  Salisbury  is  far  more  healthy  than  the  vast  majority 
of  the  sparsely  populated  districts  which  surround  it,  although  in 
these  latter  the  chances  that  a  mosquito  will  carry  malarial  con- 
tagion from  one  man  to  another  are  necessarily  more  remote, 
and,  indeed,  often  infinitesimal. 

In  fine,  the  theory  proposed  by  Grassi  amounts  to  this  : 
given  Anopheles  and  a  certain  number  of  malarial  patients,  then 
locality  goes  for  nothing  in  the  causation  of  malaria ;  a  position 
which  is,  to  my  mind,  untenable. 

The  foregoing  objections  do  not  in  any  way  militate  against 
the  supposition  that  Anopheles  is  the  sole  carrier  of  malaria,  but 
only  affect  the  proposed  explanation  as  to  how  the  mosquito  itself 
is  infedted.  Other  objections,  however,  are  raised  on  the  ground 
that  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  fever  can  be  acquired  other- 
wise than  through  the  agency  of  mosquitos. 

The  argument  most  generally  adduced  is  that  ploughing  is  in 
itself  a  very  unhealthy  occupation  in  malarial  districts,  more 
particularly  where  new  ground  is  being  broken  up,  and  that  in 
such  cases  mosquitos  cannot  reasonably  be  regarded  as  a  factor. 


220  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

The  correspondent  of  the  Sierra  Leone  Expedition,  writing  to  the 
*  British  Medical  Journal,'  endeavours  to  explain  this  on  the 
supposition  that  the  breaking  up  of  the  soil  would  tend  to  cause 
puddles  suitable  for  the  breeding  of  Ano'plieles.  But  the  explana- 
tion does  not  carry  conviction  ;  firstly,  because  the  loosening  of 
the  soil  would  rather  tend  to  increase  percolation  than  to  aid  in 
the  formation  of  puddles,  more  especially  as  ground  that  has  a 
tendency  to  hold  water  is  generally  avoided  for  agricultural  pur- 
poses ;  and,  secondly,  if  Anopheles  be  already  present,  as  his 
explanation  predicates,  there  is  no  reason  why  the  formation  of 
a  few  more  puddles  should  necessarily  result  in  an  attack  of 
malaria  for  the  ploughman,  apart  from  the  fact  that  the  effects, 
as  usually  stated,  follow  too  rapidly  to  allow  of  an  explanation 
on  these  lines.  I  am  inclined  to  believe,  however,  that,  when 
properly  investigated,  the  supposed  connection  between  the 
breaking  up  of  land  and  the  occurrence  of  malarial  fever  will  be 
found  to  be  more  apparent  than  real. 

Finally,  I  may  mention  the  difficulty  that  frequently  occurs 
in  tracing  any  given  attack  of  fever  to  the  bites  of  mosquitos. 
For  example,  to  refer  again  to  the  Sierra  Leone  Expedition,  in 
one  article  the  correspondent  states  that  Mr.  Austen  was  the 
only  member  who  had  so  far  suffered  from  fever,  he  having  on 
one  occasion  slept  without  a  mosquito-net,  although  he  had  no 
knowledge  of  having  been  bitten.  And  many  similar  cases  might 
be  adduced  where  persons  who  have  suffered  from  malaria  are 
quite  positive  that  they  have  not  been  previously  bitten  by 
mosquitos  ;  this  being  perhaps  the  commonest  objection  to  the 
theory,  for  it  is  argued  that  the  average  mosquito  has  an  un- 
pleasant way  of  making  her  presence  felt,  if  not  at  the  time,  at 
all  events  afterwards.  This  difficulty  might  be  removed  if  it 
could  be  proved  that  the  poison  of  Anopheles  is  of  a  much  less 
irritant  character  than  that  of  Culex,  so  that  the  bite  would  not 
be  noticed  during  sleep,  and  would  leave  little  or  no  subsequent 
irritation.  The  little  evidence  before  me  tends  to  support  this 
view,  though  unfortunately  the  idea  occurred  to  me  too  late  to 
enable  me  to  test  it  by  experiment  last  fever  season.  Could  this 
be  demonstrated  it  would  remove  a  considerable  amount  of 
opposition  to  the  theory,  and,  further,  it  might  perhaps  in  some 
degree  account  for  the  fact  that  the  malarial  parasite  can  flourish 
in  Anopheles,  and  not  in  Culex. 

Salisbury,  Mashonaland :  May,  1900. 


221 

DIPHYLETISM    IN    THE    LEPIDOPTERA. 
By  Ambrose  Quail,  F.E.S. 

In  his  paper  {ante,  p.  120)  Prof.  Grote  did  me  the  honour  of 
raentioning  my  name ;  therefore  I  claim  the  privilege  of  reply. 
Grote's  separation  of  the  Papilionides  from  all  other  butterflies  in 
phylogeny  is  based  on  the  presence  in  the  former  of  a  short  anal 
nervure  on  primaries,  which  he  calls  IX,  and  for  which  Dr. 
Chapman  proposes  the  name  "  Grote's  vein."  I  do  not  propose 
here  to  discuss  the  modifications  of  neuration  to  be  observed  in 
the  Khopalocera,  having  done  so  elsewhere  ;*  and  I  have  also 
given  reasons  for  believing  that  "  Grote's  vein  "  is  homologous 
of  the  rudimentary  anal  nervure  on  primaries  of  other  groups.! 
I  will,  however,  take  up  this  particular  question  of  the  homology 
of  "  Grote's  vein."  Curiously,  the  only  direct  reference  by  Prof. 
Grote  that  I  am  able  to  find  is  worded  :  "IX  applied  only  by  me ; 
....  whether  this  is  homologous  with  VIII,  to  which  it  is 
opposed  in  position,  is  uncertain."!  I  now  quote  Dr.  Karl 
Jordan  : — "  It  remains  for  Prof.  Grote  to  show  that  what  he 
styles  in  Papilionidse  vein  IX  (absent  from  all  other  butterflies, 
according  to  Grote)  is  not  homologous  of  what  he  calls  in  the 
other  butterflies  vein  VIII  (absent  from  Papilionidse,  according 
to  Grote). "§ 

If  we  direct  our  attention  to  the  neuration  of  the  whole 
Lepidoptera,  a  very  suggestive  fact  is  observable,  that  is,  nowhere 
can  we  find  more  than  two  definite  anal  nervures  on  the  pri- 
maries ;  usually  there  is  also  a  short  vein,  attached  near  its  base 
to  that  anal  nervure  farthest  from  the  cubital  system.  I  at  least 
have  been  unable  to  find  more  than  these.  In  extremely  rare 
instances  the  latter  rudimentary  vein  has  a  projection  beyond 
the  normal  juncture,  which  clearly  indicates  that  it  is  the  rem- 
nant of  a  third  anal  nervure.  I  may  mention,  of  my  own 
observation,  Zeuzera  d'w'villei,  Schiff.,  an  Australian  species  ; 
Cossus  rohinice,  an  American  species.  Comstock]i  gives  a  figure 
in  Psychidse,  No  253,  and  another  in  Megalopygidse,  No.  247  ; 
the  latter  is  most  pronounced  in  its  indication.  We  may  also 
observe  that  the  anal  nervure  nearest  the  cubital  system  (present 
in  Cossidse,  &c.)  has  been  lost  from  the  primaries  of  many 
Heterocera,  leaving  only, one  anal  nervure— that  with  the  rudi- 
mentary attachment ;  the  missing  anal  nervure  is  often,  in  fact 
generally,  indicated  by  a  scar. 

Compare  the  Ehopalocera  with  other  groups  of  Lepidoptera, 
and  observe  the  identical  modification  of  neuration  last  men- 

''=  North  London  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  189G  ;  extract,  '  Entom.  Record,'  vol.  ix. 
t  '  Natural  Science,'  vol.  xiii.  p.  391,  1898. 

X  Ibid.  vol.  xii.  p.  88,  1898.  §  Ibid.  vol.  xiv.  p.  79,  1899. 

II  Comstock,  '  Text-book,'  1895  ?. 


222 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


tioned,  viz.  loss  of  inner  anal  nervure,  retention  of  outer  anal 
nervure,  with  attached  rudimentary  (VIII),  in  all  groups  except 
Papilionides  ;  in  the  latter  we  have  not  the  rudiment,  but  an 
actual  nervure  =  "  Grote's  vein."  It  seems  to  me  an  indisputable 
indication  that  "  Grote's  vein"  is  homologous  of  VIII. 

At  first  sight  it  appears  remarkable  that  Papilionids  should 
have  retained  that  nervure,  even  if  homologous  of  VIII,  which 
has  become  rudimentary  so  generally  in  the  Lepidoptera ;  but 
we  must  regard  its  persistence  in  so  many  groups  of  the  Lepi- 
doptera, which  actually  lose  one  other  anal  nervure,  as  evidence 
that  it  (VIII)  is  of  actual  value  as  a  part  of  the  wing-structure, 
whether  retained  as  rudimentary  or  as  a  "vein"  (Grote's),  is  a 
matter  of  degree  only ;  clearly  we  have  no  evidence  that  VIII 
and  "  Grote's  vein"  are  morphologically  distinct. 

If  we  look  for  evidence  of  affinity  between  Papilionides  and 
the  other  butterflies,  we  find  in  generalised  Nymphalids  (Anosia) 
a  "  cubital  blotch  "  on  primaries,  and  a  "  subcostal-radius  con- 
nection" on  secondaries;  their  identity  cannot  be  doubted,  as 
remnants  of  the  "  cubitus-anal  connection  "  of  primaries  and 
"humeral  cell"  of  secondaries  are  retained  in  Papilionidae.  It 
detracts  nothing  from  their  value  as  indication  of  affinity  when 
we  observe  that  amongst  higher  Nymphalids  and  other  groups 
they  are  completely  lost ;  since  we  find,  as  Prof.  Grote  has 
shown,*  that  the  "  cubitus-anal  connection  "  of  primaries  and 
the  "  humeral  cell  "  of  secondaries  are  not  present  amongst 
higher  Papilionids. 

I  can  only  repeat  my  original  conclusion  from  a  study  of  the 
neuration ;  f  generalised  Hesperids,  Nymphalid-Pierids,  Papi- 
lionids "  represent  the 
surviving  links  in  the 
continuity  of  special- 
ization, a  primary 
modification  of  neura- 
tion antecedent  to  and 
quite  apart  from  the 
special  modifications 
peculiar  to  the  several 
groups-"     Thus — 

Neuration  of  the 
wings  is  only  one  of 
the  many  structural 
characters,  imaginal  and  embryological,  which  go  to  establish 
affinities,  any  one  of  which  by  itself  may  mislead.  May  I  give  an 
example  ?  By  movement  of  the  fourth  radial  of  primaries,  Porina 
has  a  different  wing-pattern  to  that  of  Hepialus ;  by  neuration, 

-  '  Natural  Science,'  vol.  xiv.  p.  79,  1899. 
t  Ihid.  vol.  xiii.  p.  395,  1898. 


uA' 2/  rn  ph  aii  fl  ,s 
E jc I s t i n g  sp e; cies 

Papilionids 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  223 

Trictena  identifies  with  Hepialus,  the  antennal  structure  of 
Trictena  is  distinctly  a  specialized  Porina ;  wing-scales,  Trictena 
resembles  Hepialus  {Charagia).  Pupal  characters  of  Trictena 
are  those  of  Porina,  especially  in  regard  to  the  spines  of  seventh 
abdominal  segments.     (MSS.  Quail.) 

Palmerston  North,  New  Zealand  :  May  20th,  1900. 


NOTES    AND     OBSERVATIONS. 

Lyc^na  pheretes  and  its  Allies  in  the  Sikkim  Himalayas.— 
In  the  July  number  of  the  '  Entomologist,'  p.  199,  Mr.  Harcourt-Bath 
describes  two  new  forms  as  Lyccena  sikkima  and  Lycmia  altissima,  and 
has  been  good  enough  to  send  me  specimens  of  them  to  compare.  I 
have  described  in  P.Z.S.,  1882,  p.  402,  L.  pheretes  var.  asiatica,  from 
two  male  and  four  female  specimens  received  from  native  collectors, 
whom  I  sent  to  the  Chumbi  Valley,  which  were  probably  taken  on  or  near 
the  Jeleplah  Pass,  at  about  the  same  elevation  as  Mr.  H. -Bath's, 
which  were  taken  in  the  Lachoong  valley.  Of  his  three  forms,  no.  1, 
which  he  thinks  is  the  same  as  mine,  is  larger,  and  m  the  male  of  a 
brighter  blue  than  in  European  L.  pheretes,  and  resembles  in  tint  males 
from  Ladak ;  L.  lehana,  Moore,  which  are  smaller ;  and  others,  from 
E,  Tibet,  sent  me  by  Messrs.  Leech  and  Oberthiir,  which  are  larger. 
No.  2,  which  Mr.  Bath  calls  L.  sikkima,  is  just  like  some  of  my  var. 
asiatica,  and,  though  of  much  duller  blue,  is,  I  think,  only  an  extreme 
form  of  it.  Mr.  Bath  says  "  aberrations  were  found  somewhat  inter- 
mediate between  the  two."  Of  no.  3,  which  he  calls  L.  altissima,  he 
sent  me  two  females ;  the  first,  which  agrees  with  his  description  of 
altissima,  male,  is  a  female  of  his  sikkima,  with  a  good  deal  of  blue  gloss 
on  the  upper  side.  I  have  a  very  similar  specimen  of  L.  pheretes,  female, 
from  the  Hindu -Kush  mountains,  and  find  the  blue  gloss  more  or  less 
present  in  several  Asiatic  and  a  few  European  female  L.  pheretes.  The 
other  specimen  is  just  like  my  females  of  var.  asiatica,  except  that  the 
pale  discal  spot,  as  in  the  first  specimen,  is  prominent,  as  in  some  female 
L.  pheretes  from  Europe  and  Asia.  I  have,  therefore,  no  doubt  that 
these  three  forms  are  all  referable  to  L.  pheretes ;  and,  if  a  separate 
name  is  wanted  (which  I  rather  doubt),  lehana,  Moore,  is  the  oldest. — 
H.  T.  Elwes. 

Lyc^na  pheretes,  etc. — I  must  apologise  for  troubling  you  to 
rectify  an  error  [ante,  p.  200)  which  was  owing  to  a  slip  of  the 
memory  and  want  of  precaution  in  not  examining  the  genitalia,  as  I 
find  that  the  pale  dimorphic  variety  of  the  female  of  L.  altissima  (mihi) 
was  described  as  the  male,  whereas  the  latter  is  blue,  but  of  a  duller 
tint  than  that  of  the  male  of  L.  sikkima  (mihi),  with  which  it  unfortu- 
nately got  mixed  up  at  the  time  of  setting.  It  is,  of  course,  merely  a 
matter  of  opinion  whether  the  above  should  be  considered  local  varieties 
of,  or  distinct  species  from,  L.  pheretes,  their  nearest  ally ;  but,  per- 
sonally, I  prefer  to  consider  all  local  forms  as  distinct  species,  provided 
their  morphological  characters  are  sufficiently  distinct. — W.  Harcourt* 
Bath. 


224  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Parasite  in  Lepidopterous  Ovum. — During  the  first  week  of  July, 
while  collecting  a  few  miles  from  Beaconsfield,  I  found  a  few  eggs  of 
Ptilodontis  palpina  on  some  small  aspen  bushes.  A  day  or  two  ago  I 
was  much  surprised  by  three  ichneumon  flies  emerging  from  one  of 
these  eggs. — G.  F.  Bird  ;  Rosedale,  162,  Dalling  Road,  Hammersmith, 
W.,  July  23rd,  1900. 

OviPosiTioN  OF  PoLYGONiA  c-ALBUM. — My  attention  has  been  directed 
to  a  note  by  Mr.  South  (Entom.  xxx.  p.  173,  1897),  where  he  quotes 
Mr.  Frohawk's  observations  that  the  eggs  of  this  butterfly  are  laid 
singly.  I  only  once  took  the  trouble  to  get  this  butterfly  to  lay  eggs, 
and  it  then  laid  them  in  short  chains  of  two,  three,  and  four.  No  doubt 
Mr.  Frohawk's  observations,  like  mine,  were  made  on  the  butterfly  in 
captivity.  So  it  is  very  possible  that  his  observation,  or  mine,  was 
vitiated  by  an  abnormal  habit  caused  by  this  circumstance.  It  seems 
to  me  more  probable  that  this  butterfly  varies  in  its  habits  in  different 
individuals.  All  I  can  testify  to,  however,  is  that  c-album  does,  upon 
occasion  at  least,  lay  its  eggs  in  chains,  like  its  American  kindred. — 
T.  A.  Chapman  ;  Betula,  Reigate. 

Pairing  of  Vanessa  urtics;  and  Epinephele  ianira. — This  morning, 
while  walking  down  from  my  house  to.  the  town,  I  noticed  two  butter- 
flies in  cop.  on  a  wall  by  the  side  of  the  road.  I  cautiously  approached 
them,  when  I  was  much  surprised  to  find  that  they  were  not  of 
the  same  species — the  male  being  Vanessa  urtioE,  and  the  female 
Epinephele  ianira.  I  had  no  apparatus  with  me,  but  I  succeeded  in 
catching  the  two  insects  in  my  fingers,  and  brought  them  back  to  my 
house,  where  I  placed  them  in  a  breeding-cage.  Should  the  female  lay 
any  eggs,  I  should  be  very  happy  to  send  them  to  anybody  who  would 
care  to  try  and  rear  them. — J.  Williams  Vaughan  ;  Bryn-y-Mor, 
Tenby,  July  11th,  1900. 

Habits  of  Cossus  ligniperda. — The  interesting  note  by  Mr.  Robt. 
Adkin  on  this  subject  (ante,  p.  128),  recalls  to  my  mind  many  pleasant 
excursions  in  the  past  in  search  of  this  species.  Mr.  F.  B.  Harvey, 
Mr.  M.  Culpin,  and  others  will  recollect  the  Chingford  locality,  which, 
some  ten  years  and  more  ago,  we  used  to  call  the  "  Cossus  ground  "  ; 
between  us,  I  believe,  we  learnt  a  good  deal  relative  to  its  habits.  One 
experience,  but  an  instance  from  natural  choice  of  the  larva,  resembles 
Mr.  Adkin's  experiment — "  full-fed  larvse  placed  in  the  dry  stump  of  a 
limb,  produced  imagines."  I  have  recorded  elsewhere  (Ent.  Rec.  ii. 
211)  how,  in  1889,  my  friend  Culpin  and  myself  procured  dozens  of  the 
larviB,  which  had  gone  into  cocoon  for  the  winter,  from  the  old  stumps 
of  willow  trees,  which  had  been  cut  down  some  years  before.  Un- 
doubtedly the  larvae,  when  full-fed,  usually  leave  the  larval  burrow, 
and  search  for  a  suitable  place  in  which  to  make  the  winter  cocoon. 
They  do,  however,  pupate  in  the  locality  of,  if  not  actually  in,  the 
larval  burrow.  We  have  not  unfrequently  taken  the  imago  drying  its 
wings,  just  above  the  empty  pupa-case  protruding  from  a  hole  through 
bark  and  tough  wood.  Moreover,  in  some  instances,  until  the  pupa 
broke  through  the  bark,  there  was  no  evidence  of  the  existing  tunnel ; 
in  this  respect  the  habit  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Australasian 
HepialidsB — i.e.  the  wood-borers — which,   however,    never  leave   the 


CAPTUKES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  225 

larval  burrow  until  the  imago  stage.  Zeuzera  pyrini  pupates  in  the 
larval  burrow.  Dr.  May's  note  clearly  indicates  that  Gossus  lignipenia 
does,  at  times,  pupate  in  the  earth.  I  have  seen  other  records.  Mr.  J. 
A.  Clark,  if  my  memory  serves  me,  had  one  or  two  examples  of  pupae 
which  pupated  in  earth,  in  his  very  interesting  collection  illustrating 
the  life-history  of  this  species.  The  life-history  of  Cossiis,  which  I  pre- 
pared some  years  ago,  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  F.  B.  Harvey, 
illustrated  the  actual  position  of  the  pupal  cocoon  in  relation  to  the 
burrow  through  the  bark  of  the  tree. — Ambrose  Quail  ;  Palmerston  N., 
New  Zealand,  May  23rd,  1900. 


CAPTURES   AND   FIELD   REPORTS. 

CoREMiA  QUADRiFASOfARiA  IN  EssEx. — On  Friday  last,  June  29th,  I 
was  beating  the  tall  hedges  round  Hazeleigh  Wood,  when  a  very  dusky 
Geometer  carae  out,  and  scurried  away  over  a  recently-cut  clover  field. 
Thinking  it  was  Larentia  didymata,  of  which  I  want  a  new  series,  I  went 
in  hot  pursuit,  and,  with  some  difficulty,  succeeded  in  netting  the  obscure 
fugitive,  which,  to  my  surprise  and  delight,  turned  out  to  be  a  fine  male 
C.  quadrifasciaria.  This  species  was  recorded,  some  twenty  years  ago  (in 
the  '  Entomologist,'  I  think),  as  having  been  taken  by  a  Londoner  when 
visiting  Danbury,  three  miles  from  here.  It  is,  no  doubt,  a  scarce  species ; 
but  generally  to  be  obtained  by  beating  hedgerows  in  the  daytime  or  netting 
at  dusk,  where  it  is  known  to  occur.  I  have  taken  it  at  Brentwood  and 
Harlow  in  this  county,  and  at  Fordham  in  Cambridgeshire;  and,  in  1896, 
I  took  a  specimen  at  Panton  in  mid-Lincolnshire,  which  I  believe  to  be  the 
most  northerly  record  in  the  British  Isles.— (Rev.)  Gilbert  H.  Raynor  ; 
Hazeleigh  Rectory,  Maldon,  July  3rd,  1900. 

CoLiAS  EDUSA  AND  C.  HYALE  AT  Eastbourne. — I  obtained  two  speci- 
mens of  C.  hyale  and  one  example  of  G.  edusa  in  a  clover  field  on  the  cliffs 
near  Beachy  Head,  on  June  12th.  The  edusa  was  worn,  and  looked  as  if 
it  had  hybernated  ;  but  the  hyale  were  perfect. — Stanley  A.Blenkarn. 

Anticlea  sinuata. — I  took  two  examples  of  A.  sbiuata,  on  July  13th, 
at  Cranborne,  Dorset. — T.  H.  Fisher;  Cranborne  Vicarage. 

^EscHNA  CYANEA  AT  Paddington. — A  not  fuU-colourcd  example  of 
Mschna  cyanea  flew  into  one  of  our  offices  here  last  Friday  ;  and  one  of 
the  clerks  gave  it  to  me. — Fred.  Noad  Clark  ;  Paddington  Infirmary, 
Harrow  Road,  W.,  July  18th,  1900. 

IscHNURA  elegans  IN  LoNDON.— Mr.  F.  N.  Clark  has  sent  rae  a  couple 
of  specimens  of  the  small  dragonfly,  Ischnura  elegans,  taken  from  the  hanks 
of  the  Grand  Junction  Canal,  adjoining  the  Paddington  Infirmary.  As  this 
dragonfly  is  scarcely  capable  of  migration,  the  specimens  must  be  looked 
upon  as  true-born  Londoners,  and  a  record  of  their  capture  is,  therefore,  of 
interest. — W.  J.  Lucas;  July  3rd,  1900. 

Collecting  in  Hayward's  Heath  District. — I  shall  be  very  much 
obliged  if  any  of  your  readers  could  inform  me  of  any  places,  open  to  the 
public,  which  are  good  for  insects  in  the  Hayward's  Heath  (Sussex)  district. 

ENTOM. AUGUST,    1900.  U 


226  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

We  are  surrounded  here  by  the  Balcombe,  St.  Leonard's,  and  Ashdown 
forests,  and  there  should  be  many  places  well  worth  visiting  by  entomolo- 
gists. I  believe,  in  days  gone  by,  Apatura  iris  was  to  be  had  in  Balcombe 
Forest,  but  I  do  not  l^now  in  what  part,  or  whether  it  is  open  to  the  public. 
— A.  H.  Rydon  ;  Awbrook,  Lindfield,  Sussex,  July  Ist,  1900. 

Note  on  a  Spider. — Last  week  a  farmer  brought  an  enormous  black 
spider  which  he  had  caught  upon  an  adjacent  bog,  and  thought  I  might 
like  to  have  it  for  my  collection.  Never  having  seen  anything  like  it 
before,  I  forwarded  it  to  the  Science  and  Art  Museum,  where  it  has  been 
kindly  named:  it  is  a  specimen  of  Dolomedes  Jimhriatus.  This  species  has 
been  found  in  Connemara  and  Galway,  but,  hitherto,  only  once  in  Leinster 
(this  year  at  Tullamore).  So  West  Meath  has  proved  fortunate  in  finding 
it  a  second  time. — Frances  J.  Battersby;  Cromlyn,  Rathowen,  Co.  West 
Meath,  June  13th,  1900.  [The  above  note  may  interest  those  of  our 
readers  who  study  the  Arachnida. — Ed.] 

New  Forest  Notks. — Though,  perhaps,  we  must  believe  the  experi- 
enced collector  who  tells  us  that  the  "  Forest  "  is  "  played  out,"  yet  the 
lepidopterist  who  spends  a  few  days  there,  unless  he  be  very  hlase,  and  pro- 
vided that  the  weather  is  respectable,  always  enjoys  himself  thoroughly, 
and  comes  back  with  boxes  much  fuller  than  when  he  started.  Arrived  at 
Brockenhurst  the  Saturday  before  Whit  Monday,  we  started  out  for  a  little 
dusking  at  Queen's  Bower,  where  we  met  certain  members  of  the  South 
London  Entomological  Society,  just  returning  to  Brockenhurst  after  a  day's 
collecting. 

Bapta  temerata,  Larentia  pectinaria,  Ephyra  omicronaria,  E.  trilinearia, 
Lomaspilis  marginata,  Ligdia  adustata,  Melanthia  ocellata,  Melanippe  mon- 
tanata,  Cabera  pusaria,  Panagra  petraria,  Cilix  spinula,  and  Pechypogon 
barhalis  were  netted ;  whilst  from  heath  two  larvae  of  Noctua  neglecta,  and 
an  example  of  Syrichthus  malvcB  were  swept.  Day  work  was  very  fair. 
Pieris  rapes  and  P.  napl  were  common,  but  Euchlo'e  (Anthocharls)  carda- 
mines  was  decidedly  scarce.  Gonepteryx  rliamni,  abundant,  Argynnis 
euphrosyne  was  undoubtedly  the  most  plentiful  butterfly  seen,  and  one 
battered  example  of  Vayiessa  polychloros  was  netted  With  regard  to 
Pararge  egeria  the  first  brood  was  practically  over  and  in  very  bad  condition, 
but  during  the  last  two  days  of  our  stay,  six  magnificent  specimens,  evi- 
dently quite  fresh  from  the  pupse,  were  taken.  P.  megcera  was  fairly  fresh, 
but  common.  Ccenonympha  pamphilus  was  far  from  common,  but  in  fine 
condition.  Thecla  rubi  was  not  uncommon  among  hawthorn  and  black- 
thorn, but  decidedly  local,  and  none  too  easy  to  catch.  Polyommatus 
phloeas  very  fine,  but  not  common.  Lyccena  icariis  was  just  coming  out, 
and  became  more  plentiful  towards  the  end  of  the  week.  L.  argiolus,  as  at 
most  localities  this  season,  was  exceptionally  abundant,  but  over  as  far  as 
condition  goes.  Nemeobius  lucina  was  Jiot  too  common  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Stubby  Copse,  and  a  short  series  only  was  secured.  Syrichthus 
vialva  (common)  and  Thanaos  tages  (locally  abundant)  complete  the  list  of 
butterflies. 

Turning  to  the  moths,  one  of  the  most  noticeable  features  was  the 
absence  of  Noctuae.  Treacle  was  fruitless,  nor  did  the  flowering  plants 
appear  to  attract  any  visitors — apparently  there  were  none  to  attract.  The 
only  three  species  noticed  were  the  sun-loving  Euclidia  mi  and  Phytometra 
(Bnea  (both  common),  and  a  single  Euplexia  lucipara  beaten  from  oak. 
Macroglossa  fusiformis  was  fairly  common  at  the  azaleas  at  Rhinefield,  and 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  227 

at  the  common  bugle  in  another  locality,  but  only  one  bad  M.  boinbij- 
liformis  was  taken  ;  the  latter  seems  by  far  the  scarcer  insect.  A  few 
Hepiahis  lupulinus  were  seen  at  rest.  Halias  [Hylophila]  prasinana  was 
beaten  not  uncommonly  from  oak,  and  Euchelia  jacohmcB  was  noticed 
abundantly  flying  in  the  sunshine.  A  few  females  of  Spilosoma  mendica 
were  taken,  most  of  which  laid  freely  in  chip  boxes,  and  one  male  was 
beaten  from  oak ;  about  two  hundred  young  larvee  are  now  feeding  up  well 
on  plum.  Single  examples  of  Drepana  lacertinaria  and  D.falcataria  were 
taken,  and  Cilix  glaucata  {spinula)  was  fairly  common.  One  specimen  of 
Phalera  bucephala  was  beaten  from  oak.  Geometers  were  better  repre- 
sented, though  most  of  the  species  were  common  ones: — Rumia  cratcegata, 
Venilia  macularia,  Odontopera  hidentata  (two).  Amphidasys  betularia  (a 
female),  Boarmia  roboraria  (two  males),  lodis  lactearia  (a  few,  beautifully 
fresh  and  green),  Ephyra  porata,  E.  punctaria,  E.  trilinearia,  E.  oinicro- 
naria  (a  few),  Acidalia  remuiaria  Cabera  pusaria,  C.  exanthemata,  Bapta 
temerata  (two),  B.  taminata,  Macaria  Uturata,  Panagra  petraria,  Fidonia 
atomaria  (abundant),  F.  piniaria  [one  female,  males  very  abundant),  Ligdia 
adustata,  Lomaspilis  marginata,  Larentia  pectinaria,  Melanthia  ocellata, 
Melanippe  subtristata,  M.  montanata,  Coremia  propugnata,  0.  ferrugata, 
C.  unidentaria,  Triphosa  dubitata  (a  hybernated  female),  Gidaria  corylata 
(three),  and  Anaitis  plagiata  (four).  The  Deltoides  were  represented  by 
one  species  only,  Pechypogon  barbalis,  which  was  very  abundant — in  fact, 
six  specimens,  on  one  occasion,  flew  off  one  oak  bough.  Of  the  Pyralides, 
Pyrausta  purpuralis  alone  was  noticed;  and  of  the  Pterophoridae,  three 
specimens  of  Alucita  hexadactyla. 

By  far  the  best  work  among  the  "  Leps"  was  undoubtedly  larva-beating, 
which  was  practically  neglected  until  the  Friday ;  but  both  Friday  and 
Saturday  were  devoted  to  it,  with  the  following  resuhs  ■.—Liinenitis  sybilla 
(full-grown),  Tliecla  quercus  (common,  and  mostly  iall-^rown),  Nola  strigula, 
Gnophria  quadra,  Liparis  aurijiua  (Porthesia  siinilis),  Psilura  monacha 
(abundant),  Pcecilocampa  populi,  Orgyia  antiqua,  Halias  bicolorana  (quer- 
cana),  Diloba  cceruleocephala,  Asphalia  ridens  (a  great  many  died  while 
small),  Tmiiocampa  miniosa,  T.  stabilis,  and  T.  cruda  (both  the  latter 
abundant),  Scopelosoma  satellitia,  Cosmia  trapezina  (very  abundant),  Amphi- 
pyra  pyramidea,  Catocala  sponsa,  G.  promissa,  Drymonia  (Notodonta) 
chaonia,  Phorodesina  bajidaria,  PJiigalia  pedaiia  (pilosaria),  and  Himera 
pennaria  (last  two  abundant,  but  nearly  all  ichneumoned),  Ennonios  angu- 
laria,  Amphidasys  prodromaria  (all  very  small,  but  are  now  full-grown), 
Hybernia  defoliaria,  H.  aurantiaria,  H.  progemmmaria,  H.  leitcophearia, 
H.  rupicapraria ,  Hemithea  thymiaria,  Oporabia  dilutala,  and  Eupithecia 
abbreviata  (?).  Besides  these,  a  single  larva  of  Epinephele  tithonus  was 
found  on  grass,  and  six  larvge  of  Noctua  neglecta  (?),  and  a  few  Eubolia 
palumbaria  were  swept  from  heath. 

Two  mornings  were  spent  with  Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas  in  collecting  dragon- 
flies,  and  some  good  work  was  done.  Libellula  depressa  was  seen  nearly 
every  day ;  but  seeing  is  not  everything  with  this  insect,  which  seems 
almost  human  in  its  cleverness,  always  avoiding  the  bank  on  which  one  is 
standing,  but  settling  on  various  points  on  the  other  banks  ;  but  if  one  goes 
and  stands  by  one  of  its  resting-places,  it  will  desert  it  and  find  a  new  one 
on  the  bank  just  vacated  by  the  anxious  collector;  it  also  seems  fond  of 
settling  on  brambles  and  furze-bushes,  for  the  express  purpose  of  tearing 
one's  net.  However,  about  five  specimens  were  captured.  L.  quadri- 
maculata  also  wants  catching  (though  it  doesn't  want  to  be  caught),  and 


228  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

two  specimens  only  were  netted.  Orthetriim  candescens  was  just  coming 
out,  and  fairly  common.  Of  Gomphus  vulgatissimus,  which  is  by  no  means 
so  common  as  its  name  would  lead  one  to  expect,  four  specimens  were  taken 
(two  of  them  by  Mr.  Lucas).  A  single  example  of  the  handsome  Cordule- 
gaster  amudatus  was  secured ;  it  had  recently  emerged  and  was  drying 
itself  on  a  reed,  the  empty  nvraph-case  being  found  on  the  other  side  of  the 
stem.  Five  specimens  of  Brachytron  pratense  were  netted,  flying  over  a 
pond  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Beaulieu  Road,  where  it  appeared  to  be 
common.  This  is  another  dragonfly  which  seems  somewhat  hard  to  catch, 
flying  low  and  swiftly  over  the  water — they  seemed,  however,  fond  of  flying 
through  a  narrow  channel  formed  by  the  water  running  between  a  small 
island  and  the  bank,  and  here  they  were  easily  netted.  Calopteryx  virgo 
was  common  nearly  everywhere,  but  of  immature  colouring.  Platycnemis 
pemiipes  was  fairly  common,  and  Pyrrhosonia  nymphula  very  abundant ; 
three  specimens  of  a  variety  of  the  female  were  taken,  in  which  the  red  of 
the  abdomen  is  effaced  by  the  black,  the  segmental  divisions  being  yellowish. 
The  catch,  however,  was  Ischnura  pumiiio,  eleven  specimens  being  taken 
(seven  by  Mr.  Lucas,  already  recorded).  A  few  I.  elegans  were  netted. 
Agrion puella  was  very  common,  and  a  few  A.  mercuriale  were  taken. 

Altogether  a  very  pleasant  and  profitable  holiday  was  spent,  rendered 
far  more  so  than  it  would  otherwise  have  been  by  the  companionship  of 
others  of  like  pursuits. — F.  M.  B.  Carr;  46,  Handen  Road,  Lee,  S.E., 
July  7th,  1900. 

CoLiAS  EDUSA  AT  RiNGWooD. — On  the  23rd  inst.  1  distinctly  saw  a 
specimen  of  this  butterfly.  It  flew  over  the  river  into  an  adjoining  meadow, 
thus  making  capture  impossible. — Fred.  G.  Bellamy;  Ringwood,  June 
25th,  1900. 

CoLiAS  EDUSA  IN  SOMERSETSHIRE. — On  Juuc  23rd  my  friend  Mr.  E. 
Copper,  whilst  collecting  in  the  vicinity  of  Wiveliscombe,  Somersetshire, 
captured  one  female  and  two  male  specimens  of  C.  edusa.  One  male  is  ui 
perfect  condition.  These  were  the  only  examples  seen  by  him. — A.  Cant  ; 
54,  Weymouth  Street,  W. 

CoLiAS  EDUSA  IN  DEVONSHIRE. — After  the  last  three  weeks  of  dull  wet 
weather,  I  was  agreeably  surprised  this  morning  to  see  a  specimen  of 
C.  edusa  making  the  most  of  a  gleam  of  sunshine  in  the  grounds  of  the 
barracks  here.  Whether  this  will  turn  out  an  "  edusa  year,"  I  leave  to 
August  and  September  to  determine — T.  B.  Fletcher;  Royal  Naval 
Barracks,  Devonport,  June  22nd,  1900. 

A  Winter  Day's  Sport  with  the  Net  in  Durban,  Natal,  South 
Africa.  —  On  June  26th,  which  is  equivalent  to  Dec.  26th  in  England, 
I  started  out  for  a  day's  sport  in  the  Stella  bush,  about  two  and  a  half 
miles  from  the  town,  and  my  captures  for  the  day  were  as  follows  :  — Eight 
Danais  chrysippus,  four  vars. ;  this  species  was  in  great  evidence,  and  I 
could  easily  have  taken  a  hundred,  in  fact  it  was  flying  in  great  numbers 
even  in  the  town.  Mylothris  agathina  was  the  next  most  common  insect; 
it  was  in  perfect  condition,  and  very  easily  netted.  Eurytela  hiarbas, 
which  greatly  resembles  our  L.  sihyUa,  and  has  the  same  graceful  flight, 
was  fairly  plentiful.  Two  Cebrene  junonia  and  three  C.  cheli ;  both  these 
were  the  winter  forms,  and  although  just  as  brilliant,  were  much  smaller 
than  the  summer  brood.  Six  Teracotus  theogone,  three  T.  evippe,  and  two 
of  the  rarer  T.  jobina,  were  all  I  obtained  of  this  familv.     Of  the  whites, 


SOCIETIES.  229 

Fieris  severina  simply  swarmed,  and  P.  charina  was  fairly  common,  but  I 
only  netted  two  P.  alba  and  four  P.  gidica.  Pontia  alcesta  was  common 
in  one  spot  only,  and  I  took  four  males  and  six  females ;  this  fly  greatly 
resembles  the  British  Leucophasia  sinapis ;  it  has  the  same  slow  flight,  and 
is  very  easily  captured.  Four  Atella  phalanta  gave  me  some  trouble  to 
net,  and  I  missed  several  others.  Hypanis  ilithyia  were  very  common,  and 
I  took  six  specimens,  the  under  sides  of  which  were  all  different  to  the 
type.  Of  the  Acrseas  A.  buxtoni  was  certainly  the  commonest,  and  I  took 
ten  examples;  also  two  of  A.  petrma,  one  only  of  A.  nohara,  and  three 
A.  doubleclayi — one  male  a  very  beautiful  red  variety.  Of  the  larger 
kinds  I  was  only  successful  in  getting  two  Charaxes  varanes,  one  very 
chipped ;  three  Papilio  cetiea,  two  males  and  one  female  ;  the  latter  is 
totally  different  to  the  male,  and  imitates  for  protective  purposes 
Amauriss  echeria,  of  which  I  easily  took  eight  specimens,  five  of  the- 
yellow  and  black,  and  three  of  the  white  and  black  forms.  Two  Mel- 
anitis  leda  I  obtained,  after  great  trouble,  and,  for  a  wonder,  in  good  con- 
dition. Eronia  cleodora  also  turned  up  at  intervals,  and  I  netted  four, 
after  a  good  chase  in  every  case.  Four  C.  ediisa  and  two  V.  cardiii  were 
the  only  insects  that  occur  in  England  that  I  saw,  or  in  fact  have  seen 
since  my  arrival  here.  Two  P.  natalica  I  found  at  rest,  one  in  splendid 
condition.  Of  the  blues  I  captured  four  Hypolyccena  buxtoni,  two  Lycana 
bcetica,  and  a  pair  of  Myrina  dermaptera  I  took  in  grand  condition  in  cop. ; 
this  is  by  far  the  prettiest  blue  I  have  yet  seen  ;  it  greatly  resembles  our 
Thecla  quercus,  but  is  larger  and  has  beautiful  purple-red  long  tails.  Two 
Terias  regularis  and  five  T.  zoe  were  all  I  captured,  but  the  latter  was  very 
abundant.  Of  the  skippers  I  took  eight  Pyrgus  vindex,  two  Hesperia  fore- 
stall, three  Patnphila  hottentota,  two  P.  mohopaani,  six  Crenis  natalenses, 
and  one  specimen  each  of  Neptis  marpessa,  Mycalesis  safitza.  Precis  elgiva, 
P.  tukuoa,  Teracolus  anna  (a  beautiful  var ),  Euralia  tarqiiinia,  Charaxes 
neanthes,  and  Salamis  anacardii  (mother  of  pearlj  completed  the  butterflies. 
Of  moths  very  few  are  named  here,  but  I  took  on  the  tree-trunks  seven 
Geometers  greatly  resembling  our  Boarmia  consortaria,  and  also  nine  pupae 
of  the  hawk-moth,  Nephele  hesperus  [?  argentifera),  and  five  pupae  of  Macro- 
glossa  trochilus ;  three  of  the  latter  have  since  emerged.  I  also  dug  about 
thirty  pupae  of  various  Noctuas.  I  arrived  home  about  6  p.m.,  well  satisfied 
with  the  day's  result,  and  all  were  taken  in  an  area  of  half  a  mile  square. 
To  any  entomologist  arriving  from  England,  the  great  number  of  butterflies 
on  the  wing  in  one  spot  is  quite  bewildering,  and  it  requires  great  care  to 
net  the  one  you  desire  to  catch.  I  am  sending  home  moths  from  time  to 
time  to  England  to  obtain  their  names,  as  it  is  almost  impossible  to  get 
them  here,  and  many,  I  believe,  are  not  known  at  all.  I  may  mention  that 
collecting  goes  on  all  the  year  round  here,  and  that  this  is  considered  to  be 
a  very  bad  season,  owing  to  lack  of  rain.  I  may  mention  that  I  took  an 
example  of  D.  celerio  on  June  20th. — G.  F.  Leigh;  Musgrave  Road, 
Durban,  Natal,  June  30th,  1900. 


SOCIETIES. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural   History   Society. 

June  14(/t,  1900. — The  President  in  the  chair.     Dr.  Chapman  exhibited 
bred  specimens  of  Orgyia  antiqua  from  the  South  of  France,  and  noted 


230  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

that  the  black  markings  were  much  intensified.  Mr.  Turner,  specimens 
of  the  Coccid,  Pulvinaria  rihesia,  the  white  woolly  scale,  from  his  own 
garden,  and  read  notes  on  its  occurrence.  Mr.  Enock,  a  living  female 
of  Ranatra  linearis,  with  its  ova,  which  are  deposited  in  leaves  and 
stems  of  water-plants,  and  are  attached  to  a  curious  Y-shaped  body ; 
also  living  nymphs  of  Erythrumma  najas  and  Ischnura  elegans.  Mr. 
Clark,  micro-photographs  of  the  ova  of  several  species  of  Lepidoptera, 
including  Cyaniris  argiulus  and  Hadena  genistcB.  Mr.  Lucas  read  the 
report  of  the  field  meeting  to  Oxshott,  and  illustrated  his  remarks  by 
a  large  number  of  lantern-slides  of  well-known  spots  in  the  district. — 
Hy.  J.  Turner,  Hon.  Report  Sec. 

Lancasmre  and  CnEsmRE  Entomological  Society. — On  June  23rd 
the  President,  Mr.  S.  J.  Capper,  gave  a  garden  party  to  the  members 
of  this  Society  and  other  entomological  friends  at  his  residence, 
Huyton  Park.  About  a  hundred  were  invited,  and  there  was  a 
large  gathering.  Mr.  Capper  has  been  President  of  the  Society  since  its 
foundation  twenty-three  years  ago,  and  in  his  address  in  January  last 
he  invited  the  members  to  this  gathering,  as  it  would  aflbrd  them, 
especially  the  younger  members,  an  opportunity  of  inspecting  his 
collection  of  British  Lepidoptera  and  his  educational  collection  of  all 
orders  of  insects.  His  collection  of  British  Lepidoptera,  which  occupies 
considerably  more  than  a  hundred  large  drawers,  was  for  the  occasion 
specially  displayed  on  large  tables,  and  aflbrded  a  magnificent  sight. 
This  collection  is  acknowledged  to  be  unique  as  regards  the  varieties 
and  aberrations  it  contains.  It  has  been  amassed  during  the  past 
sixty  years,  and  was  considerably  enriched  by  the  incorporation 
therein  of  the  collection  formed  by  the  late  Alfred  Owen,  who  made 
variety  and  aberration  his  special  study  when  scarcely  any  attention 
was  paid  to  this  subject  by  others.  Some  four  years  ago,  thinking 
that  there  might  be  a  possibility  of  the  collection  being  dispersed 
at  some  future  period,  Mr.  Capper  applied  to  Mr.  S.  L.  Mosley,  the 
well-known  naturalist  and  natural  history  painter,  to  ask  if  he  would 
undertake  to  depict  those  of  his  varieties  which  are  of  special  note. 
This  Mr.  Mosley  kindly  consented  to  do,  and  these  coloured  drawings, 
to  the  number  of  about  four  hundred,  were  also  exhibited,  as  well  as 
many  curious  and  valuable  works  on  Entomology  from  Mr.  Capper's 
library.  Miss  Capper,  as  hostess,  assisted  her  father  in  entertaining 
the  guests  ;  splendid  weather  adding  to  the  surroundings,  the  members 
thoroughly  enjoyed  their  visit. 

Birmingham  Entomological  Society. — June  18th,  1900. — Mr.  A.H. 
Martineau  in  the  chair.  Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley  showed  a  piece  of  wood 
with  borings,  taken  from  a  paling  at  Selsley,  Glos.,  at  Whitsuntide, 
from  which  he  was  breeding  beetles  of  a  species  of  Clytiis  which  had 
been  noticed  to  be  common  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  paling. 
Mr.  A.  D.  Imms,  two  unusually  small  female  specimens  of  Euchloe 
cardamines;  one  from  Hall  Green,  near  Birmingham,  measured  only 
IJ  in.  in  expanse;  the  other,  from  Hay  in  S.  Wales,  measuring  1^^  in. 
Mr.  A.  H.  Martineau,  a  series  of  the  uncommon  ant,  Leptothorax 
acervorum,  from  Selsley,  where  he  had  found  a  small  colony  ;  also  a 
black  variety  of  Formica  rufa,  taken  on  April  22nd,  1900,  in  the 
company  of  ordinary  specimens,  at  Haywood. — Colbran  J.  Wainwright, 
Hon  Sec. 


231 

RECENT    LITERATURE. 

A  Natural  History  of  the  British  Lepidoptera.  By  J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S. 
Loudou  :  Swan  Sonuenscbein  &  Co.,  Paternoster  Row.  Berlin  : 
Friedlander  &  Soliu,  11,  Karlstrasse. 

The  second  volume  of  Mr.  Tutt's  great  work  fulfils  the  promise  of 
the  second,  and  indeed  supplies  some  chapters  which  were  wanting  to 
complete  matters  of  a  general  character.  That  most  striking  of  all 
the  attributes  of  insects,  metamorphosis,  is  in  this  second  volume 
treated  at  length,  the  observations  and  theories  of  the  well-known 
leading  authorities  on  the  subject  being  stated  and  discussed  with 
especial  reference  to  the  many  recent  contributions  to  the  knowledge 
of  it  by  Dr.  Chapman,  to  which  great  prominence  is  given,  and  whose 
views  are  generally  adopted  by  Mr.  Tutt.  There  is  a  separate  chapter 
on  phenomena  incidental  to  metamorphosis,  such  as  the  passing  some- 
times of  several  years  in  the  pupal  stage,  and  the  impossibility  in  such 
cases  of  forcing.  The  external  morphology  of  the  pupa  has  a  chapter 
to  itself,  the  author  correcting  some  common  errors  as  to  the  structure 
and  significance  of  the  different  parts,  and  setting  forth  the  view  that 
the  pupa  is  the  (modified)  representative  of  the  ancestral  form  of  the 
insect,  from  which  the  larva  on  the  one  side,  and  the  imago  on  the 
other,  have  been  developed.  Professor  Poulton's  views  are  discussed 
very  fully,  and  in  some  cases  combated.  Many  interesting  questions 
are  treated  in  a  separate  chapter  on  the  internal  structure  of  the  pupa, 
including  the  formation  of  the  wings  and  of  the  scales  upon  them. 
The  chapter  on  the  phylogeny  of  the  lepidopterous  pupa  is  by  Dr. 
Chapman,  whose  previously  published  writings  on  the  subject  are  well 
known,  and  it  is  unnecessary  to  say  that  it  is  characterised  by  great 
fulness  of  original  observation  and  carefully  thought-out  conclusions. 

The  introductory  chapters  noticed  occupy  as  far  as  the  hundredth 
page ;  the  rest  of  the  volume,  comprising  467  pages,  is  taken  up  with 
descriptions  of  species  and  all  that  belongs  to  them  in  the  same  copious 
style  as  in  the  first  volume.  Over  three  hundred  of  these  pages  are 
occupied  with  the  superfamily  of  the  Psychides,  that  strange  tribe 
with  the  extraordinary  females — fleshy  bags — to  our  eyes  singularly 
repellent  and  even  loathsome,  but  most  fascinating  and  attractive  to 
their  gay  and  active  partners.  There  is  no  accounting  for  tastes, 
especially  where  sex  comes  in.  These  three  hundred  pages  present 
all  that  is  known  of  the  British  species,  with  very  full  references  to 
many  others,  and  a  complete  catalogue  of  the  species  of  the  Palaearctic 
region.  Vast  labour  has  been  devoted  by  the  author  and  his  coadjutors 
to  this  part  of  his  work,  a  study  of  which  is  indispensable  to  all  who 
desire  to  be  fully  informed  on  this  obscure  and  difficult  subject. 

The  rest  of  the  volume  is  occupied  with  a  portion  of  the  "  Lach- 
ueides,"  which  many  will  know  better  by  the  older  name  of  the 
Lasiocampidae,  or,  as  Stainton  called  them,  the  Bombycidte,  the  woolly 
brown  moths  with  large  and  beautiful  caterpillars,  which  are  the 
delight  of  young  collectors  and  breeders.  The  present  volume  takes 
in  our  old  and  familiar  friends  the  "  December  moth  "  (Pcecilocampa 
populi),  Trichiura  cratcBgi,  the  "  small  eggar,"  Lachnis  [Eriogaster] 
lanestris,  and  the  "lackeys,"  Maiacosoma  (Clisiocampa)  7ieustria  and 
ca$trensis. 


232  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

The  volume  is  completed  by  that  great  desideratum,  a  full  index, 
and  there  are  several  plates.  To  some  of  these  no  exception  can  be 
taken,  but  we  cannot  say  this  of  the  plate  opposite  p.  73,  the  process 
adopted  in  which  is  not  sufficiently  delicate  for  its  object.  The  phylo- 
genetic  tree  at  p.  462  is  not  pretty,  but  serves  its  purpose.  We  would 
venture  to  suggest  that  in  the  forthcoming  volumes,  to  which  we  look 
forward,  there  should  be  a  table  of  contents,  naming  the  species 
treated  of. 

It  may  seem  a  little  ungracious  to  find  any  sort  of  fault — although 
only  in  matters  of  very  minor  importance — in  this  most  valuable 
work  ;  our  excuse  must  be  that  we  wish  to  render  it  even  more  so. 

With  this  we  must  for  the  present  conclude.  Nothing  but  a 
lengthened  study,  such  as  there  has  been  no  time  to  give  it,  could  do 
justice  to  the  work;  and  when  we  think  of  the  amount  of  attention 
necessary  to  assimilate  its  contents,  we  are  filled  with  admiration  of 
the  labour  that  must  have  been  devoted  to  its  production. 

F.  M. 

T.  H.  Montgomery.     Note  on  the  Genital  Organs  of  Zaitha  (American 
Nat.,  1900,  XXXIV.,  pp.  119-21,  2  figs.).      [Rhynchota.] 

The  author  states  that  an  examination  of  the  male  genital  organs 
of  Zaitha  showed  him  that  they  were  very  different  from  those  of 
Belostoiiia,  as  described  by  Leidy.'-'  In  the  females  the  two  genera 
are  quite  similar,  but  in  the  males  each  testis  consists  of  a  single 
convoluted  follicle  (or  "capsule")  in  Belostnma  [sec.  Leidy] ,  while  in 
Zaitha  each  testis  is  a  large  organ  composed  of  five  follicles,  each  of 
the  latter  thickened  anteriorly,  the  posterior  three-fifths  forming  a 
narrow  tube. 

Mr.  Montgomery  is  inclined  to  lay  great  stress  on  these  alleged 
differences  for  taxonomic  purposes,  but  as  he  was  unable  to  procure 
Belostowa  for  practical  study,  and  relied  entirely  on  Leidy's  descriptions 
and  figures,  it  will  be  well  to  suspend  judgment  until  a  comparative 
examination  can  be  made.  The  two  genera  are  certainly  extremely 
closely  allied  in  their  external  characteristics. 

G.  W.  K. 

The  following  have  also  been  received : — 

Proceedings  of  the  Eleventh  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Association  of  Eco- 
nomic Entomologists  (U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Division  of  En- 
tomology.    Bull.  20,  n.  s.).     P.  112.     Washington,  1899. 

P reliminarg  Report  on  the  Insect  Enemies  of  Forests  in  the  North-West: 
an  Account  of  the  Residts  gained  from  a  Reconnaissance  Trip  made  in  the 
Spring  and  Early  Summer  of  1899.  By  A.  A.  Hopkins,  Ph.D.  (U.  S. 
Dep.  Agr.,  Div.  Entom.  Bull.  21,  n.  s.).    Pp.  27.    Washington,  1899. 

The  Coccid  Genera  Chionaspis  and  Hemichionaspis.  By  R.  A. 
CovLEY,  B.Sc.  (Special  Bulletin,  Hatch  Experiment  Station  of  the 
Massachusetts  Agricultural  College).  Pp.  57.  Plates  i-ix.  Amherst, 
Massachusetts,  1899. 

■■'- 1847,  J.  Ac.  N.S.  Philad.  (2),  I.  pp.  57-67.  I  have  retained  Montgomery's 
nomenclature,  but  Montaudon  has  lately  shown  (1900,  Bull.  Soc.  Sci.  Bucarest 
IX.,  nos.  2  &  3,  p.  9)  that  Belostoma,  Latr.  =  Zaitha  aiict,,  and  that 
Amorgius,  Stal,  Montaudon  =  Belostoma  auct. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIII.l  SEPTEMBER,    1900.  [No.  448. 


A    BUTTERFLY    HUNTER'S    HOLIDAY. 
By  E.  G.  Alderson. 

Entomology,  like  several  other  things  which  were  once 
regarded  as  amusements,  has  now  become  a  very  serious  and 
scientific  business ;  but  there  are  still  many  people  who  are 
content  to  be  mere  collectors,  and  to  such  the  New  Forest  is  a 
never-failing  centre  of  attraction.  To  step  down  upon  the  familiar 
platform  at  Lyndhurst  Road  is  like  entering  on  enchanted  ground, 
where  all  sorts  of  pleasant  anticipations  at  once  arise,  and  we 
are  filled  with  the  hope  of  again  seeing  Apatura  iris  and  Limenitis 
Sibylla  on  the  wing,  if  only  the  weather — rather  dubious  to-night — 
will  keep  fine ;  all  the  more  delightful  if  the  collector  has  not 
been  upon  the  classic  ground  for  two  or  three  entomologically 
barren  years,  relieved  only  by  a  day's  hunt  after  Papilio  machaoti 
in  its  somewhat  dreary  fastnesses  at  Wicken  Fen.  One's  first 
capture  of  that  noble  "butterfly  is  a  delightful  experience,  but  it 
cannot  give  Wicken  the  glamour  of  the  Forest,  and  it  is  pleasant 
to  set  foot  again  in  a  good  land- a  land  of  trees  and  bracken,  of 
scented  pine  and  wild  honeysuckle— even  though  it  be  a  place 
where  "  swallow-tails  "  are  not. 

Alas  for  the  weather— that  one  uncertain  element  in  the 
prospect — on  the  evening  of  July  2nd,  when,  full  of  such  hopes 
and  anticipations,  I  got  out  at  Lyndhurst  Road.  The  morning  of 
the  3rd  broke  dark  and  rainy,  and  the  march  through  the  woods 
to  Brockenhurst  was  no  cheerful  undertaking.  The  trees  looked 
dismal  as  sodden  umbrellas  ;  the  woodland  drives  were  hopeless 
sloughs  of  yellow  mud.  The  spiritless  fluttering  of  washed-out 
"meadow  browns  "  deepened  rather  than  relieved  the  gloom  of  the 
weeping  day.  Where  were  the  swarms  of  Argynnis  paphia  which 
are  wont  to  brighten  the  woods?  Where,  too,  was  L.  si&?//k'?  A 
few  stragglers  of  the  latter  species  presently  appeared,  but  not  to 
advantage.     It  was  not  the  weather  to  make  them  sail  about 

ENTOM. — SEPTEMBER,    1900.  X 


234  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

with  that  inimitable  languorous  grace  which  they  display  in  the 
sunshine;  they  merely  fluttered  uneasily  round  the  tops  of  the 
hollies  and  settled  down  again,  heedless  of  clods  and  other  incite- 
ments. We  ploughed,  almost  literally,  through  Stubby  Copse,  and 
saw  a  few  Hesperia  si/lvaniis,  evidently  just  out,  bright  as  gold, 
and  caring  little  for  the  reeking  moisture.  Met  a  coleopterist, 
who  thought  he  had  seen  A.  iris.  With  this  doubtful  encourage- 
ment we  emerged  upon  the  Brockenhurst  Road,  and  were  at  once 
favoured  with  a  gleam  of  sunshine  and  the  capture  of  A.  aglaia, 
always  a  lovely  species,  and  doubly  welcome  after  the  morning's 
experience.  Brockenhurst  Station  at  last,  and  on  the  platform  a 
group  of  porters  holding  an  inquiry  upon  a  huge  and  disreputable 
Smerinthus popidi,  which  had  been  caught  napping  on  the  palings. 
After  lunch  we  returned  by  train  to  Lyndhurst  Road,  where  an 
hour  of  sunshine  was  fruitlessly  spent  in  looking  for  Melanargia 
galatea.  Its  favourite  riding  near  the  station  was  quite  deserted, 
and  I  am  told  it  has  completely  disappeared  from  this  locality. 

Fortunately,  the  spell  of  bad  weather  came  to  an  end  that 
night,  and  next  day,  and  for  very  many  days  after,  there  was 
glorious  sunshine.  The  forest  began  to  look  more  like  itself 
with  a  few  A.  paphia  out  for  their  first  flight,  and  the  "white 
admirals"  showed  themselves  more  freely.  They  were  still, 
however,  far  from  common,  though  the  few  specimens  that 
appeared  were  exquisitely  fresh.  Those  who  do  not  breed  L. 
Sibylla  can  seldom  see  it  in  perfection.  The  deep  soft  black, 
which  is  its  principal  charm,  gets  rusty  very  soon  by  exposure 
to  sun  and  rain.,  On  the  heaths  Polyommatus  cegonwas  out  in 
great  numbers.  Still,  it  was  quite  clear  that  I  was  too  early  for 
most  things,  the  season  being  unusually  backward.  A  couple  of 
nights'  sugaring,  from  which  I  returned  empty,  save  for  one 
Lcucania  ttirca  and  a  few  Calligenia  miniata,  convinced  me  that 
I  had  better  employ  myself  elsewhere  for  a  time,  and  leave  the 
forest  to  develope  its  entomological  resources  in  peace  against 
my  return. 

Accordingly  I  went  down  to  Bournemouth,  and  began  to  pros- 
pect for  insects  around  Swanage — always  a  likely  place  for  other 
things  besides  II.  actceoii.  M.  galatea  was  the  first  to  appear, 
and  after  failing  to  find  it  in  its  old  quarters  at  Lyndhurst,  I 
was  glad  to  get  a  few  choice  specimens.  In  a  day  or  two  after 
my  first  visit  this  butterfly  was  prodigiously  abundant,  and  it 
was  possible  to  take  any  quantity  of  both  sexes.  But,  quite 
apart  from  any  question  of  needless  waste,  the  pleasure  of 
catching  M.  galatea  soon  palls.  It  may  be  magnificent,  for 
beginners,  but  it  is  not  sport,  for  the  insect  is  hardly,  to  say  the 
least,  a  spirited  flyer.  Such  an  easy  prey  is  demoralising,  and 
when  presently  Colias  edusa  went  past  like  a  rocket,  I  was  not 
in  the  least  surprised  at  missing  him  by  several  yards.  It  was 
no  surprise,  either,  on  reaching  the  H.  actceon  locality,  to  see 


A    BUTTERFLY    HUNTER's    HOLIDAY.  235 

more  than  one  green  net  moving  about  in  the  scrub  below  the 
cKffs.  I  wonder  if  on  any  fine  day  during  July  and  August  one 
could  find  this  particular  spot  empty  of  collectors.  Were  I  a 
sporting  character.  I  would  far  rather  put  my  money  on  the 
chance  of  finding  H.  acUeon  hunters  here,  than  on  that  of  taking 
the  brisk  little  butterfly  itself.  Well,  there  is  plenty  for  all,  and 
the  skippers  will  last  our  time  and  perhaps  longer— as  long,  I 
am  inclined  to  think,  as  that  rugged  cliff-face  retains  its  steep 
and  treacherous  character. 

H.  actceon  was  out,  but  not  in  great  numbers,  and  the  females 
were  only  just  beginning  to  appear.  On  the  other  hand,  H.  liiiea 
was  extraordinarily  abundant,  which  I  have  noticed  on  former 
visits  is  never  the  case  when  H.  actceon  is  fully  out.  A.  aglaia 
was  plentiful  here,  but  almost  impossible  to  catch,  and  before 
leaving  the  neighbourhood  I  saw  C.  ediisa  again,  twice.  The 
first  specimen  was  seen  on  July  10th,  rather  early  in  such  a 
backward  season.  It  was  a  fine  fresh  male.  A  few  P.  agestis 
and  P.  argioliis,  with  Sati/ras  seinele  (just  out,  in  splendid 
condition),  were  the  only  other  noticeable  butterflies  seen. 

I  returned  to  the  New  Forest  on  July  20th,  and  found  the 
entomological  situation  considerably  changed  by  the  fine  weather. 
On  my  first  visit  I  could  find  no  var.  valesina.  This  time  I  had 
not  been  in  the  woods  ten  minutes  before  I  got  one,  but  to  my 
surprise  this,  and  nearly  every  other  specimen  I  caught — about 
a  dozen  in  all — appeared  to  be  torn  and  battered,  and  not  worth 
keeping.  It  was  the  same  story  with  L.  sibylla,  which  was  now 
out  in  countless  numbers.  Nearly  all  were  partial  or  total 
wrecks.  Ten  days  before  one  of  these  insects  was  not  out  at  all, 
and  the  other  was  only  just  coming  out.  Their  bad  condition 
was  hard  to  explain.  Perhaps  the  wonderful  sunshine  had 
tempted  them  to  take  an  unusual  amount  of  exercise,  and  in 
that  case  the  preference  they  both  display  for  holly  bushes  and 
brambles  would  account  for  their  exceeding  shabbiness.  I  may 
remark  that  in  many  previous  visits  to  the  forest  I  have  never 
found  valesina  so  scarce  as  it  was  this  season. 

Hearing  rumours  of  another  and  more  serious  failure — the 
non-appearance,  up  to  date,  of  Catocala  promissa — we  did  not  go 
out  sugaring  at  first,  but  contented  ourselves  with  the  butterflies  : 
there  were  plenty  of  them.  Thecla  quercas,  as  usual,  was  present 
in  myriads,  and,  as  usual,  there  was  hardly  a  decent  specimen 
to  be  got.  One  very  hot  day  brought  forth  a  regular  invasion  of 
Gonepterijx  rhamni.  Twenty-four  hours  previously  not  one  could 
be  seen,  but  in  the  interval  they  arrived  unmistakably.  Their 
abundance  was  really  extraordinary.  Vanessa  polgchloros  was 
also  in  great  force.  I  suppose  I  ought  to  be  ashamed  to  confess 
that,  even  after  a  fairly  long  collecting  experience,  the  sight  of 
polychloi'os  always  makes  me  eager  to  catch  him.  He  is  a  most 
tempting  insect,  with  his  large  size  and  gorgeous  colouring,  as 

x2 


236  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

he  sits  lazily  expanded  on  the  end  of  a  twig  or  on  the  sunny  side 
of  a  paling ;  a  most  sporting  insect,  too  ;  a  regular  dodger,  hard 
to  catch  by  reason  of  his  floppy  tumbling  flight,  and  tantalising 
withal,  inasmuch  as  when  caught  he  is  nearly  always  snipped  or 
rubbed,  so  that  each  successive  specimen  you  see — and  miss — 
seems  finer  than  any  you  already  possess. 

But  there  was  nobler  game  abroad  in  the  forest,  and  if  I  had 
not  been  very  much  abroad  also,  I  should  have  had  several 
head  of  it.  In  one  of  those  unhappy  moments  which  come  to 
entomologists  as  well  as  to  other  people,  when  you  feel  inclined 
to  wish  that  the  earth  would  open  and  swallow  you,  I  missed  a 
sitting  shot  at  a  grand  Apatura  iris  that  let  me  get  within  a  yard 
of  it,  while  I  was  beating  up  a  patch  of  bracken.  I  had  other 
chances — and  missed  them — but  this  was  the  chance  of  a  season. 
There  were  many  A.  iris  about,  but  the  great  heat  seemed  to 
make  them  lazy,  and  the  most  they  would  do  was  to  take  a 
leisurely  turn  round  the  tree  tops,  well  out  of  reach  of  the  net. 

Moths  were  not  a  serious  object,  but  I  made  one  final 
sugaring  expedition,  when  the  local  collectors  had  almost  come 
to  despair  of  C.  promissa,  and  had  the  pleasure  of  opening  the 
long-deferred  season  by  the  capture  of  three  fine  "  crimsons." 
We  also  took  Triphaiiia  fimbria  and  one  enormous  Cossus  ligni- 
perda.  But  sugaring  in  our  time  was  not  a  success.  I  can  only 
hope  that  later  arrivals  have  been  more  successful.  Moths 
beaten  out  in  the  daytime  included  Liparis  monacha  and  Lithosia 
quadra.  The  latter  species  has  been  very  abundant  in  the  forest 
this  year,  and  once  or  twice  I  saw  the  female  flying  in  bright 
sunshine.  On  the  whole,  the  season  seems  a  good  one,  and  I 
expect  to  read  many  favourable  reports  from  collectors  who  have 
bided  their  time  and  then  made  the  most  of  it.  I  cannot  with  a 
clear  conscience  say  that  I  did  either ;  but  though  my  list  of 
captures  left  much  to  be  desired,  I  shall  always  remember  with 
pleasure  my  visit  to  the  forest  in  the  glorious  weather  of  July,  1900. 

Pampisford  Vicarage. 


NOTES    ON    TRIECPHORA    8ANGUIN0LENTA,  Marsh.,  Edw. 
By  Eev.  F.  a.  Walker,  D.D. 

-    Triecphora  vulnerata,  Illiger  ;  Cercopis  vidnerata,  Illig.,  Curtis  ; 
C.  sanguinolenta,  Panz.,  Burm. 

This  very  handsome  species  of  British  Cicada  is  sure  to 
attract  attention  wherever  noticed,  being  tropical  or  semi-tropical 
in  appearance,  and  not  resembling  any  of  its  English  congeners 
or  any  ordinary  English  insect,  with  the  possible  sole  exception 
of  its  wing-cases  bearing  a  likeness  to  the  fore  wings  of  Zygcena 


NOTES  ON  TRIECPHORA  SANGUINOLENTA.  237 

filipendulce.  My  object  in  writing  this  notice  is  to  add  another 
county  to  the  localities  already  quoted  in  connection  with  this 
species.  Between  12  and  1  p.m.  on  Saturday  last,  June  9th, 
while  working  with  the  net  in  a  lane  up  a  somewhat  steep  slope 
on  the  south  side  of  the  railway  station  of  Chorley  Wood,  Bucks, 
I  noticed  one  in  the  hedgerow,  but  I  most  unfortunately  missed 
securing  the  same,  which  must  have  dropped  from  the  leaf  into 
the  grass  beneath.  A  few  minutes  later,  I  was  presented  with  a 
second  by  a  resident  in  one  of  the  new  villas  in  the  neighbour- 
hood, and  on  our  return  the  researches  conducted  jointly  by  two 
juvenile  scientists  who  acccompanied  me,  and  myself,  resulted 
in  the  capture  of  ten  additional  specimens.  So  far  as  my 
observation  went,  this  species  appears  especially  to  favour  the 
twigs  and  leaves  of  hazel  and  alder.  I  had  never  previously 
come  across  this  insect  in  Britain,  but,  on  referring  to  my 
collection  of  foreign  Hemiptera,  have  to  record  the  following 
captures  that  I  made  abroad  of  this  species  : — Aceldama,  April, 
1882  (Palestine);  Ephesus,  May,  1882  (Asia  Minor) ;  Langaron, 
May,  1891  (South  of  Spain). 

I  have  also  been  given  a  continental  specimen  or  two  (one  of 
them  from  Leghorn)  by  a  brother  entomologist.  My  specimens 
from  Aceldama  (always  supposing  that  they  represent  the  same 
species  of  Triecphora)  are  somewhat  differently  marked,  having 
a  larger  proportion  of  black  in  comparison  of  the  red.  Other 
English  localities  and  counties  where  the  above  insect  occurs  will 
be  found  on  p.  81  of  vol.  i.  of  Buckton's  '  British  Cicadae,'  and  in 
Edwards's  '  Hemiptera-Homoptera  of  the  British  Islands,'  1896, 
pp.  77,  78.  The  latter  author  records  it  on  alder  and  sallow, 
also  on  grasses  and  Pteris.  Buckton  speaks  of  it  as  near  alder 
bushes.  My  father,  on  p.  668,  vol.  iii.  of  '  List  of  Homopterous 
Insects  in  Collection  of  British  Museum,  1851,'  gives  the  following 
localities  for  this  species : — England,  France,  South  of  France, 
Spain,  Turkey.  As  he  styles  var.  a  of  Burmeister  Cercoins  atra 
(Herrich-Schaff.),  and  var.  1  nigra  (Amyot),  it  is  possible  that 
the  darker  specimens  I  took  at  Aceldama  belong  to  one  or  other 
of  said  varieties.  According  to  my  father's  catalogue  there  are 
nineteen  species  of  Triecphora,  but  only  three  of  them  European. 
In  the  interleaved  manuscripts  of  his  book,  four  European  species 
described  by  Fieber  are  recorded — T.  vulnerata,  mactata,  arcuata, 
and  sanguinolenta ;  but  according  to  my  father's  printed  list,  the 
1st,  2nd,  4th — vulnerata,  mactata,  and  sanguinolenta — are  syno- 
nyms for  one  and  the  same  kind,  as  indeed  the  meaning  of  those 
words  testifying  to  its  appearance  would  seem  to  imply. 

Dun  Mallard,  Cricklewood :  June  12th,  1900. 


I 


n 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  AND   NOMENCLATORIAL   NOTES   ON 
THE   RHYNCHOTA.     No.  1. 

By  G.  W.  Kirkaldy,  F.E.S. 

These  notes  will  serve  as  a  commentary,  to  some  extent,  on 
the  "  Nomenclature  of  the  Genera  of  the  Rhynchota  "  now  ap- 
pearing serially  in  the  '  Entomologist.' 

I  wish,  first  of  all,  to  modify  "  method  "_  No.  3  {I.e.,  1900, 
p.  26),  After  considerable  correspondence  with  my  friend  Mr. 
L.  B.  Prout,  who  is  making  similar  studies  upon  the  nomencla- 
ture of  certain  Lepidoptera,  I  have  come  to  feel  with  him  that  a 
more  logical  method  is  to  work  out  each  genus  independently. 
Fabricius  was  ignorant  of  (or  ignored)  Latreille's  work  published 
the  previous  year,  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  genera  are  co- 
extensive and  practically  identical.  I  have  not,  therefore,  adopted 
the  usual  plan,  in  such  a  case,  of  fixing  the  remaining  (or  one  of 
the  remaining,  if  there  are  more  than  one)  species  as  the  type  of 
the  other  genus. 

1762.  Geoffroy's  *  Histoire  abrege '  has  been  placed  by 
Renter  (in  his  '  Revisio ')  among  the  non-Linnean  works,  viz.  : 
'  Arbeiten  in  welchen  die  binare  nomenclatur  nicht  durchgefiihrt 
ist.'  I  have  but  little  to  say  on  this  point,  except  that  if  such  genera 
as  those  in  Latreille's  "Precis" — Pentatoma,  Oliv.,  Cylindro- 
stetlms,  Fieber,  &c. — are  to  be  (as  they  are  apparently  universally) 
accepted,  it  is  not  logical  to  refuse  admittance  to  Geoffroy's  work, 
which  was,  generally  speaking,  far  more  scientifically  conceived 
and  accurate  than  almost  any  other  entomological  work  of  his 
century.  He  himself  was  certatnly  under  the  impression  that 
his  work  was  based  on  Linne's  system,  for  which  he  expressed 
the  greatest  admiration.*  His  genera  are  clearly  defined,  and 
in  all  the  Linnean  species  redescribed  Linne's  nomenclature  is 
adjoined.  It  appears  to  me  quite  logical  to  quote  his  "  Grande 
Punaise  a  avirous  "  (for  instance)  as  "  Notojiecta  glauca,  Linn., 
Geoffr.,  1762,  Hist.  abr.  i.  476."  In  1764,  0.  F.  Muller  (Ins. 
Fridrichsdal.)  confirmed  all  Geoffroy's  Rhynchota  genera,  except 
Tetigonia,  which  he  seems  to  have  overlooked. 

*  "  Cependant  I'histoire  des  .  .  .  insectes  est  restee  jusqu'  ^  nos  jours 
dans  cette  espece  de  confusion  et  c'est  a  M.  Linnaeus,  cet  infatigable 
Naturaliste  Suedois,  que  nous  devous  le  premier  Ouvrage  metliodique  sur 
cette  matiere  ...  si  son  Ouvrage  est  encore  eloigne  de  la  perfection  au 
moins  doit  on  lui  savoir  gre  d'avoir  montre  la  route  qu'il  faut  suivre  " 
('  Discours  Preliminaire,'  p.  x). 

"A  I'aide  d'un  ordre  niethodique,  nous  pratiquerous  la  meme  chose  sur 
les  insectes .  .  .  et  Ton  pourra  trouver  le  nom  et  I'esp^ce  d'un  insecte  inconnu 
auparavant  "  (1.  c,  xii). 

"  Nous  sommes  done  infiniment  redevables  a  M.  Linnaeus  d'avoir  cherche 
le  premier  a  ranger  methodiquement  les  insectes,  et  a  trouver  des  caracteres 
generiques  qui  les  fissent  plus  aisement  connoitre  "  {I.  c,  xiii),  &c. 


NOTES    ON    THE    EHYNCHOTA. 


239 


1825.  The  exact  date  of  publication  of  the  tenth  volume  of 
the  '  Encyclopedie  methodique '  and  of  Latreille's  'Families 
naturelles  '  is  uncertain ;  but,  from  internal  evidence,  pp.  1-325 
of  the  fol-mer  were  apparently  published  before,  and  pp.  326  to 
the  end,  after,  the  appearance  of  Latreille's  work.  Reduvius 
cruciatus  is  fixed  for  the  type  of  Ectrichodia  for  the  following 
reason,  viz.,  seven  species  are  mentioned,  but  in  the  individuals 
of  one  only  {cruciata  =  crux,  Thunb.)  were  the  full  number  of 
antennal  segments  present,  and  this  is  specified  in  the  generic 
description  :  "  S'il  nous  eut  ete  possible  de  verifier  les  antennes 
de  plusieurs  especes,  nous  n'aurions  par  hesite  a  proposer  cette 
subdivision  comme  genre  sous  le  nom  d'Ectrichodie  (Ectri- 
chodia), mais  nous  ne  les  avons  completes  que  dans  une  seule 
espece." 

1835.  Lewis,  in  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  i.  pp.  47-52.  This  paper 
is  usually  quoted  "  1836  " ;  but  Burmeister  states  that  it  was 
published  in  1835  (Arch.  f.  Naturg.  1836,  ii.  pt.  2,  p.  327). 

1843-4.  Guerin-Meneville's  '  Iconographie '  (Insectes)  is  dated 
1829-38 ;  the  date  of  the  Rhynchota  part  is,  however,  1843-4. 
On  p.  352  (in  the  same  part  as  p.  343,  on  which  the  Ehynchota 
begin)  is  written:  "Nous  avous  publie  dans  la  'Revue  Zoolo- 
gique  de  la  Societe  Cuvierienne,'  1843,"  &c. ;  and  on  p.  381 
("error,"  831)  the  author  states  that  Amyot  and  Serville's 
'Suites  a  Buffon,  Hemipteres '  (pub.  1843),  is  "  actuellement 
sous  presse."  Pp.  369-81  may  have  appeared  very  early  in 
1844,  as  the  author  subscribes  the  date  of  writing  (p.  385  in  the 
same  part)  as  "  Decembre,  1843."  Although  dated  1843,  Amyot 
and  Serville's  work  may  have  actually  appeared  in  1844.* 

1834.  Renter  (Revisio  Syn.  1888)  incorrectly  assigns  argus 
(=:  malabaricus)  as  type  of  Asojms,  Burm.  This  genus  was 
founded  in  1834,  in  Rev.  Ent.  ii.  1-26,  for  two  species,  viz., 
gihhus  {=  cayennensis)  and  diaries  {^  anchor  ago) ,  which  cannot 
be  generically  separated  (sec.  auctt.)  from  the  types  of  Discocera, 
Lap.,  and  Stiretrus,  Lap.,  respectively.  Burmeister  states  that 
this  part  of  the  Rev.  Ent.  was  published  before  his  contribution 
to  Meyen's  'Reise  '  {vide  'Handbuch,'  ii.  349)  :  "  Ich.  habe  den 
von  mir  vorgeschlagenen  (in  nov.  acta.  phys.  med.  vol.  xvi. 
suppl.  p.  418)  Gattungsnamen  beibehalten  .  .  .  Friiher"  (in  Sil- 
bermann's  'Revue,'  ii.  19),"  &c. 

"  Kleidocerus,  West.  Hope  Cat.  1842,"  is  erroneously  quoted 
(Lethierry  and  Sev.  Cat.  ii.  158)  as  a  synonym  of  Ischnorhynchus. 
The  former  name  does  not  occur  in  the  Hope  Catalogue,  and  I 
cannot  find  that  it  was  ever  described.  It  was  undescribed,  as 
"Kleidocerys,"  in  Stephens'  Catalogue,  1829,  and  in  Westwood's 
"  Introduction,"  Gen.  Syn.  123  (1839). 

■■'-  The  plates  of  this  work  were,  in  part  at  least,  issixed  about  1834,  for 
Burmeister  quotes  them  (1835,  Handb.  Ent.  ii.  p.  152),  and  some  are  dated 
1834. 


'240  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Notes   on  Lethiekry  and  Severin  Cat.     Vol.  I.  (1893).* 

Pp.  1  &  2.  The  first  description  of  Ajjhanojmeuma  hiloha  and 
Cantharodes  ccenosa,  Westwood,  appeared  in  1846,  under  the 
generic  name  of  Plataspis,  the  subgenera  being  indicated,  but 
not  described  till  1847. 

P.  1.  The  specific  reference  to  Ceratocoris  hucephalns,  White, 
is  correct ;  but  the  genus  was  not  named  nor  described  till  1842. 
Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  iii.  84. 

P.  18.  *Scuti2)hora,  Guer.  Coquille,  18d0~l  =  Peltophora ,BuYm. 

P.  83.  Bruptocephala,  Lap.,  1832  --  *Storthia,  Perty,  1834. 
Delect,  p.  215  (type  of  Storthia  is  Phlwa  livida,  Perty ;  p.  168 
[nee  169  as  in  index]  =  Storthia  livida,  I.e.,  p  215). 

P.  105.  Stenotoma,  Westw.,  was  first  described,  with  its  type, 
in  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.,  1844,  p.  cxix  (reprint,  1864,  p.  99). 

P.  119.  Rhytidolomia,  Stiil,  1872  =  Pentatoma,  L.  &  S. 
=  Lioderma,  Uhl.  (preocc.  Mars.,  1857)  =  Chlorochroa,  Stal, 
1872.     Type  senilis.  Say. 

P.  183.    Delete  ''Pentatoma,  Linne,"  &c. !! 

P.  202-20  (see  above,  re  Asoyus).  Discocera,  Lap.  =  Asopus, 
Burm.  (p.)  ;  Stiretrus,  Lap.  =  Asopus,  Burm.  (p.)  ;  Amyotea, 
Ellenrieder  =  Asopus,  Leth.  &  Sev. 

P.  224.  Agapophyta,  Guer.,  1830-1,  is  wrongly  attributed  to 
Laporte. 

P.  239.  Megymenum,  Guer.,  1830-1,  is  wrongly  attributed  to 
Laporte. 

P.  240.  The  original  description  of  Eumenotes  (and  its  type) 
was  in  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.,  1844,  p.  cxv  (reprint,  p.  95). 

P.  243.    The  correct  spelling  is  Schyzops  (see  p.  297,  Spinola). 

P.  224.  Oncomeris  jiavicornis,  Guer.,  1830-1,  is  wrongly 
attributed  to  Burmeister,  1835. 

Notes  on  Vol.  II.  (1894). 

P.  20  (a).  Acanthoeerus,  Pal.  B.,  1805  [not  preocc,  as  saith 
Burm.]  =  Crinocerus,  Burm.     Type,  sanctus  (Fabr.),  Lap. 

(i8).  Hynieniphera,  Lap.  =  Hymenophora,  Am.  Serv.  =  Acan- 
thoeerus, L.  &  S.     Type,  crucifer  (Pal.  B.),  Lap. 

P.  42.  Lybastes,  v.  n.  =  Lyhas,  Dall.  (nee  Chev.,  1834).  Type, 
annulipes,  Dall. 

P.  77.  Acanonicus,  Westw.,  Hope  Cat.  ii.  p.  3  (1842).  This 
reference,  I  think,  stretches  the  meaning  of  "  reference  to  a 
previously  described  genus  or  subgenus  "  to  its  farthest  limits. 
Westwood  simply  substitutes  "  Acanonicus"  for  "  Spartocerus, 
b.  Burm.";  but  as  the  section  "b"  is  based  on  structural 
characters,  it  may  perhaps  pass  muster. 

P.  95.  *Coriomeris,  Westw.,  I.e.,  j).  6  (1842)  =  Meroeoris, 
Hahn  (1831,  nee  descr.),  1834  (preocc,  Perty,  1832)  =  Coreus, 

■'  An  asterisk  (=")  before  a  name  signifies  that  it  is  omitted  in  Lethierry 
and  Severin's  Catalogue,  vols,  i.-iii. 


NOTES    ON    THE    RHYNCHOTA.  241 

L.  &  S.  (nec  Fabr.,  typ.).  Type  [pilicornis,  Klug.  =]  denticu- 
latus,  Scop. 

P.  128.  Berytinus,  >j. ».  =  Berytiis,  L.  &  S.  (nec  Fabr.,  typ.) 
=  Neides,  L.  &  S.  (nec  Latr.,  typ.).     Type,  clavipes,  Fabr. 

P.  150.  LyqcBOSoma  sardea,  Spin.,  1837  =  I'elicidata  (H.-S., 
1838). 

P.  165.    Blhsus,  Klug,  1830,  nec  1845. 

P.  190.  Chiroleptes,  Kirby,  1837  =  Myodocha,  L.  &  S.  (nec 
Latr.,  1807). 

P.  205.  Plinthisus.  I  have  been  unable  to  find  a  reference 
to  this  in  Latreille,  Gen.  Crust   Ins.  iii. 

P.  214.  Aphanus,  Lap.,  1832  =  Calyptonotus,  D.  &  S.,  1865. 
Type,  roland[r]i  (Linn.). 

Notes  on  Vol.  III.  (1896). 

Pp.  7  &  8  (a).  Dictyonota,  Curt.  =  Scraidia,  Stal.  Type 
[eryngii,  Curt.,  nec  Latr.  =]  strichnocera,  Fieb. 

(/?).  Alcletha,  Ti.li.  ^Dictyonota,  L.  &  S.  (nec  Curt.,  typ.). 
Type,  tricornis,  Schranck.  [=  crassicornis,  Fall.,  L.  &  S.] . 

P.  9.  Coleopterodes,  Phil.,  1864  =  Solenostoma,  Sign,  (nec 
Kaf.,  1815). 

P.  29.  Macrocepkahis,  Swed.  =  * Macrothyreus  (subg.),  Westw. 
Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  iii.  p.  28. 

P.  41.  Dysodms  lunatus  (Fa})r.)^=*lunulatus,  Lep.,  Serv.,  1825. 

P.  51.  NcEogeus,  Lap.,  1832  [nec  Nceogceus]  =Hehrus,  Curtis, 
1833. 

P.  62.  Cylindrostethus  productus  (Spin.)  =  Gerris  producta, 
Spin.,  1837,  L.  &  S.  p.  62  =  Hydrohatesfieheri,  L.  &  S.  p.  63. 

P.  96.  Physoderes,  Westw.,  1844,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond. 
p.  cxv  (rep.  p.  96)  =  Epirodera,  Westw.,  1847. 

P.  103.    Tetroxia,  Am.  Serv.,  1843  =  Acanthaspis,  1843. 

P.  112.  Sorglana,  r\.r\.  =  Macrophthalmus,  Lap.,  1832  (nec 
Latr.,  1829)  =  Macrops,  Burm.,  1835  (nec  Perty,  1832).  Type, 
pollens,  Lap. 

P.  113-14  (a).  Tapeinus,  Lap.,  1832  =  Opinus,  Lap.,  1832 
=  Tapinus,  Burm.,  1835  =  Sminthus,  L.  &  S.    Type,  pictus.  Lap. 

N.B.    Opinus  is  only  mentioned  in  the  analytical  tables. 

(/3).  Staliastes,ri.n.=^ Opinus,  Stal.  (nec  Lap.,  typ.).  Type,  n(/«s 
(Lap.)  Whether  Tapeinus  or  Opinus  be  ultimately  preferred  for 
pictus,  neither  of  these  generic  names  can  be  used  for  rufus,  for 
this  species  was  included  with  doubt  by  Laporte  in  his  Tapeinus. 

P.  116.  Triatoma,  Lap.,  1832  (not  preoccupied)  =  Conorhinus, 
Lap.,  1832.     Triatoma  ought  to  have  preced.nce. 

Pp.  133,  137,  &  139  (a).  Rhiginia,  Stal.,  185 J  =Ectrichodia, 
L.  &  Sev. 

(P).  Loricerus  (Hahn),  Burm.  =  Larymna,  Stal,  1859.  = 
Ectrychotes,  Leth.  &  Sev.     Type,  h(Ematog aster. 

(y).    Ectrichodia,  Lep.  4  Serv.,  X825  =  Ectrychotes,  Burm., 


242  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

1835  [=  Loricerus,  Hahn  (p.),  nee  descr.]  =^  Physorhynchus, 
Leth.  and  Sev.     Type  (cruciatiis,  Lep.  &  S.  =),  crux,  Thunb. 

N.B.  Ectrychotes  WHS  simply  an  "emendation"  (sic!),  and 
cannot  be  used  otherwise  than  as  a  pm'e  synonym  of  Ectrichodia. 

P.  135.  Castra,  n.v.^^Cimhiis  (Hahn),  Burm.,  1835,  L.  &  S., 
nee  Laporte,  1832.     Type,  productus  (Hahn). 

P.  151  (a).  Zelus,  Fabr.  =  Euagoras,  Buvm.  {nee  Evagoras). 
Type  of  latter,  speciosus,  Burm. 

(/3).  Diplacodus,  v.-n.  {suhg  )-—  Diplod us,  Am.  Serv.  (nee  Eaf., 
1815). 

Pp.  157-95  (a).  Rhynocoris,  Hahn  (Nov.,  1833)  =  Harpactor, 
L.  &  S.     Type  {cruentus,  Fabr.  =)  iraaindus,  Poda. 

{(3).  Harpactor,  Lap.,  1832  =  Sthienera,  L.  &  S.  Type, 
angtdosus  (Lep.  Serv.),  Lap.,  Essai,  1832,  pp.  8  and  88. 

P.  184.  Darhanus,  Am.  Serv.,  1843  =  Euagoras,  L.  &  S. 
(nee  Burm.,  typ.). 

P.  202.  Nabis,  Latr.,  1802  =  Prostemma,  L.  &  S.  Type, 
guttula  (Fabr.),  Latr.,  1804. 

P.  207.  Reduviolus,  Kirby,  1837  =  (subg.)  Nahicula,  Kirby, 
1837  =  Aptus  (Hahn,  nee  descr.),  Stal.  =  Nabis,  L.  &  S.  Type, 
inscriptus,  Kirby. 

P.  226.    Leptopus,  Latr.     Consid.  gen.  (1810). 

P.  237.  Dolichomerium,  n.  n.  (subg.)  =  Dolichomerus,  Eeut. 
(nee  Maeq.,  1850). 

Miscellaneous  Notes. 

i/    ^  Colgar,  ri.n.  =  Atella,  Stal.  (nee  Doubl.,  1847).     Type,  pera- 
cuta  (Walk.).  ,- 

^'  Dartliula,  )i.  n.  =  UropJtora,  Westw.  (nee  Desv.,  1830).    Type, 
^hardivickii,  Westw. 

')  Cicada   aurifera,    Say,    1832  =  inarginata,    Say,    1832    (nee 
Oliv.,  1790).  Q 

Q    '^  Thaumastopsaltria,  n.t).  =^Acrilla,    Stal  (nee  Adams,   1860). 
Type,  adipata  (Stul). 
fffff,  Tongorma,  «.  r?.  =  Craspcdum,  Am.  Serv.  (nee  Eamb.,  1838- 

42).     Type,  phyllomorphum  (Latr.). 
VD       Tonga,  v.  n.  -Gyrene,    Westw.    (nee    Heck.,    1840).  "^^ype, 
•/> guttidata  (Westw.). 
o       Zoraida,  v.ri.  =  Tliracia,  Westw.,  1840  (nee  Blainv.,  1825). 
0  Type,  siimosa  (Boh.). 
jT^ro/?        PJioronastes,  ». «.  =  Phoroneus,  Stal  (nee  Eaf.,  1815).     Type, 
crassifemur  (Stul). 

Sronachlachar,  n.  n.  =^  Aleria,  Stal  (nee  Marsh.,  1874.)  Type, 
asopoides,  Stul. 

*Leptomeris picta,  Lap.,  Essai,  1832,  p.  10,  from  Paris.  What  is 
the  modern  synonymy  of  this  genus  and  species,  apparently  not 
included  in  Puton's  nor  in  Lethierry  and  Severin's  Catalogues  ? 
The  generic  name  is  preoccupied  by  Hiibner,  1816. 


SOME  BEES  VISITING  THE  FLOWERS  OF  MESQUITE.  243 

Edwardsiastes,  ».  n.  =  Gk/ptocephalus,  Edw.  ( nee  Gotts.,  1835). 
TvpePjjroceps,  Kirschb.    /) 

vOProranus,  Spin.,  1850  =  Epiclines,  Am.  Serv.(nec  Guer.,  1838). 
yQBalclutha,  n.v.  =Qjrnathodus,  Fieb.  (nee  Pand.,  1856). 
^^'Hindola,  n.n.  >^arystus,    Stal  (nee  Hlibn.,   1816).     Type, 
^viridicans  (Stal).  ^  ^ 

^o    Jamaicastes,  >i.  n.  =  Domitia,  Stal  (nee  Thorns.,  1858).    Type, 
^ohasistriella  (Walk.). 

1^  Krisna,r\.y\.  ^  Siva,  Spin,  (nee  Hodgs.).     Type,  Strigicollis 
(Spin.). 

0      Lydda,    Westw.,    1840  =  Diospolis,    Westw.,    1841.     Type, 
jslongatus  (Fahv.).    ^.  ^  ^ 

^0     kalidasa,  u.  n.  =  Phoronis,  Stal  (nee  Wright,  1857).     Type, 
sangui7ialis  (Westw.). 

Hilda,  r).n.  ^  Isthmia,  Walk,  (nee  Gray,  1821).  Type, 
undata  (Walk.).  ^ 

^   Flosshilda,   yi.yi.  =  Autonoe,    Stal    (nee   Bruz.,    61).     Type, 
alhige?-a  (Stal). 
-./i'-'f     Phorastes,  yj.n.  =  Phorus,    Stal    (nee  Montf.,   1810).     Type, 
femoraius  (DeGeer).  o 

^  Zyzza,  r\.y\.  —^Germaria,    Lap.    (nec^Desv.,    1830).     Type, 
cucidlata  (Lap.).* 

I  have  not  seen,  nor  have  I  been  able  to  obtain  aeeurate 
information  regarding,  Hahn's  '  leones  ad  monogr.  Cimicum,' 
1826.  There  were  apparently  twenty-four  plates,  but  only  one 
page  of  letterpress,  so  that  the  genera  were  probably  not  defined. 
The  following  appear  to  be  at  least  named  in  this  work,  viz.  : — 
Globocoris,  Pilophorus,  Centroproctus,  HyjJselonotus. 


SOME   BEES   VISITING   THE   FLOWERS   OF   MESQUITE. 
By  T.  D.  a.  Cockerell,  N.M.  Agr.Exp.  Sta. 

The  bees  here  enumerated  were  colleeted  by  Miss  Nora  New- 
berry at  the  flowers  of  mesquite  {Prosopis  glandidosa,  Torrey)  at 
Mesilla  Park,  New  Mexico,  May  20th,  1900.  It  is  an  indication 
of  the  richness  and  variety  of  our  bee-fauna,  that  even  after  so 
many  years  of  collecting  by  the  present  writer  in  the  immediate 
vicinity,  two  of  the  species  are  new. 

(1.)  Centris  rhodopus,  Ckll.,  three  males. 

(2.)  C.  lanosa.  Cress.,  one  male. 

(3.)  C.  lioffmanseggice,  Ckll.,  one  female,  four  males. 

(4.)  Atithidium  paroselce,  Ckll.,  five  males. 

(5.)  Megachile  chilopsidis,  Ckll.,  one  female. 

(6.)  M.  deomis,  subsp.  lippite,  Ckll.,  two  females. 

(7.)  M.  sidalcecs,  Ckll.,  one  female. 

*  Subgenus  (?)  of  Tetigonia,  Geoffr. 


244  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

(8.)  Megachile  liewherrya,  n.  sp.,  one  male. 

Length  13  mm.,  form  of  M.fidelis,  but  differing  from  that  species 
as  follows  : — Pubescence  white,  that  of  face  and  abdominal  bands  pure 
shining  white  ;  a  little  black  hair  on  each  side  of  the  middle  of  the 
mesothorax,  but  none  on  the  scutellum,  vertex,  or  first  three  abdominal 
segments  ;  fourth  segment  with  very  short  erect  hair,  mixed  dark  and 
light  ;  fifth  segment  with  abundant  long  black  bristles  ;  vertex  micro- 
scopically tessellate,  dull,  with  sparse  shallow  punctures  (in  Jidelis  it 
has  strong  close  punctures);  mesothorax  and  scutellum  sculptured 
like  the  vertex ;  wings  clear,  with  an  apical  cloud,  stigma  very  dark 
ferruginous,  marginal  cell  considerably  shorter  than  in  Jiddis  ;  end  of 
abdomen  in  lateral  profile  like  Jidelis,  but  apex,  instead  of  having  a 
small  deep  notch,  with  a  broad  shallow  very  jagged  emargination  ; 
anterior  tibise  black  ;  anterior  tarsi  with  the  process  of  the  first  joint 
cream-colour,  deeply  hollowed,  shaped  as  in  M.  j^ugnata,  but  broader, 
and  not  quite  so  produced  at  the  tip  ;  remaining  joints  of  anterior 
tarsi  cream-colour,  but  the  other  tarsi  black  ;  spines  of  anterior  coxae 
long,  black,  blunt,  with  a  prominence  about  the  middle  of  the  outer 
upper  border,  whence  runs  a  groove  to  the  tip.  The  eyes  in  life  are 
black  at  the  top  and  sides,  otherwise  green  ;  antennae  wholly  black, 
last  joint  slightly  broader  than  the  one  before  ;  tegulse  dark  ;  fringe  of 
anterior  tarsi  orange-ferruginous  within.  This  cannot  be  the  male  of 
M.  vallorinn,  })opuli,  chilopoidis,  or  prusopidis,  the  sculpture  of  the  thorax 
being  entirely  different. 

(9.)  Lithurgus  gihhosus,  Smith,  one  male. 

(10.)  Colletcs  prosopidis,  Ckll.,  one  male,  one  female.— The 
female  has  not  been  described ;  it  is  about  Tg-  mm.  long,  and 
resembles  the  male,  except  in  the  usual  sexual  characters.  The 
flagellum,  except  the  first  two  joints,  is  light  reddish  brown 
beneath  ;  clypeus  shining,  with  strong  sparse  punctures ;  no 
black  hair  on  head  or  thorax  ;  tarsi  very  dark  brown,  penultimate 
joint  of  hind  tarsi  extremely  small. 

(11.)   Colletes  algarohiiB,  n.  sp.,  one  male,  three  females. 

<y  .  P^esembles  C.  prosopidis,  but  is  larger,  with  the  very  long 
flagellum  only  dull  brownish  beneath,  and  conspicuously,  though  very 
finely,  pubescent ;  second  submarginal  cell  much  broader,  less  narrowed 
above  ;  enclosure  of  metathorax  with  about  eight  distinct  longitudinal 
ridges,  and  bounded  by  a  strong  single  ridge  (in  prosopidis  the  bounding 
ridge  is  generally  double).  The  tarsi  are  clear  bright  ferruginous  ; 
nervures  and  stigma  very  dark  brown  ;  malar  space  but  little  broader 
than  long. 

?  .  Length  8^  mm.,  similar  to  C.  prosopidis,  but  larger  ;  flagellum 
wholly  dark;  the  white  pubescence  of  vertex,  mesothorax,  and  scutellum 
(particularly  the  last)  with  blackish  hairs  intermixed  ;  hind  margins 
of  ventral  abdominal  segments  whitish  hyaline.  Wings  hyaline,  ner- 
vures and  stigma  black ;  abdomen  with  distinct  and  broad  white  hair- 
bands  ;  tegulae  shining  dark  brown  ;  mesothorax  rather  sparsely  punc- 
tured ;  malar  space  much  broader  than  long.     Piffers  from  the  female 


THE    ANT-HILLS    AT    THE    PARIS    EXHIBITION.  245 

of  texana  by  the  less  conspicuous  black  hair  of  thorax,  differently 
sculptured  metathoracic  enclosure  (that  of  texana  being  divided  by  the 
ridges  into  square  portions),  and  especially  by  the  much  smaller  and 
less  crowded  punctures  of  the  mesothorax. 

The  specific  name  is  derived  from  that  of  the  subgenus  to 
which  the  mesquite  belongs.  From  C.  dalece  the  male  differs  by 
the  broader  and  shorter  abdomen,  dark  stigma  and  tegulas,  &c. 
The  malar  space  is  much  shorter  than  in  dalece. 

At  the  same  locality,  and  on  the  same  day,  Miss  Newberry 
took  six  bees  at  flowers  of  Opuntia  engelmanni.  These  prove  to 
be  Megachile  sidalcea,  Ckll.,  one  male  ;  Diadasia  rinconis,  CklL, 
five  females. 

Mesilla  Park,  New  Mexico,  U.S.A. :  May  21st,  1900. 


THE     ANT-HILLS     AT     THE     PAEIS    EXHIBITION. 
By  Vivian  St.  Clare  Mackenzie. 

Entomologists  who  pay  a  visit  to  Paris  during  the  Exhibition 
season  should  not  omit  to  enter  the  chamber  in  the  Palais  des 
Sciences,  where  Mons.  Charles  Janet  is  showing  five  artificial 
ant-hills.  The  hills  are  made  of  pink  plaster  of  a  porous  nature 
covered  with  glass,  through  which  visitors  may  observe  the 
ants  bustling  about  in  the  performance  of  their  multifarious 
duties. 

M.  Charles  Janet  has  devoted  many  years  to  the  study  of 
ants,  bees,  and  wasps,  and  exhibited  a  similar  suite  of  nests  at 
the  International  Exhibition  at  Brussels  in  1897.  His  contri- 
butions to  the  Societe  Zoologique  de  France  describe  observations 
and  experiments  extending  over  a  series  of  years,  and  those  of 
his  brochures  which  treat  of  ants  are  not  the  least  interesting. 
The  ant-hills  which  he  has  placed  in  the  Palais  des  Sciences  are 
constructed  after  the  model  of  a  natural  hill  in  a  garden  near 
Beauvois,  and  contain  the  following  species : — Formica  rufa, 
F.  sanguinea  with  slaves,  F.  fusca,  Lasius  flavus  with  Claviger 
testaceus,  L.  mixtus  with  myrmecophiles,  such  as  Lepismina 
polypoda,  Antennophorus  nhlmanni,  JJiscopoma  comata,  Lcslaps 
holothyroides.  At  the  present  moment  the  ants  are  busily 
engaged  in  carrying  those  of  the  eggs  which  almost  hatched  to 
the  surface,  so  that  the  young  on  making  their  debut  in  this 
world  may  see  it  at  its  best,  and  enjoy  the  warmth  and  brightness 
of  the  sunshine. 

It  is  amusing  to  watch  the  audacity  of  the  Lepismina  poly- 
poda, an  inmate  quickly  distinguished  by  his  extraordinary  agility 
and  pale  yellow  colour.  A  Lasius  mixtus  returns  from  his  country 
walk,  ambles  up  to  a  comrade,  and  stands  vis-a-vis  preparing  to 


246  THE   ENTOMOLOGIST. 

disgorge  a  little  drop  of  liquid  nourishment  which  he  has  brought 
home.  The  couple  are  watched.  The  impudent  Lepismina  rushes 
forward,  hurls  himself  between  the  two  ants,  snaps  the  hon- 
houche,  and  hurries  awa5\  Pursuit  is  futile,  for  the  thief,  as  his 
cognomen  polypoda  implies,  has  many  legs,  and  knows  how  to 
UBe  them.  But  even  these  gentlemen,  who  live  by  taking  the 
bread  from  the  mouths  of  others,  are  not  the  only  objectionable 
characters  with  which  the  respectable  ant-citizen  has  to  contend. 
There  is  the  Antennophorus.  Three  of  these  parasites  fasten 
themselves  on  the  body  of  the  Lasiiis,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
abdomen,  and  one  under  the  head,  where  he  has  the  satisfaction 
of  supervising  the  dietary  of  his  host.  The  Antennophorus  passes 
easily  from  one  ant  to  another,  always  displaying  a  marked 
preference  for  young  workers  which  have  not  long  left  the  egg ; 
doubtless,  as  M.  Janet  suggests,  with  a  view  to  profiting  by  the 
attention  bestowed  on  the  latter  by  their  elder  companions.  If 
the  Lasins  escapes  the  Antennophorus,  he  falls  a  victim  to  the 
Discojjoma  coniata,  in  which  case  one  would  think  that  the  last 
state  of  that  Lasius  was  worse  than  the  first ;  but  these  ants  not 
only  submit  to,  but  treat  well,  their  inevitable  attaches. 

This  enviable  spirit  of  philosophy  is  curiously  demonstrated 
in  the  artificial  nests,  where  brief  observation  shows  that  while 
the  ants  calmly  tolerate  the  Dlscoponia  which  cling  to  their 
bodies,  they  invariably  make  an  infuriated  onslaught  upon  those 
they  find  detached  on  the  floor  of  the  nest. 

M.  Janet  had  made  numerous  analyses  with  a  view  to  deter- 
mining whether  any  means  of  oral  communication  obtains  among 
ants.  That  two  ants  are  in  the  habit  of  hob-a-nobbing  by  tapping 
their  heads  together,  and  making  movements  which  appear  to  be 
gesticulations,  has  been  observed  by  Biichner.  Landois  goes 
further,  and  maintains,  from  experiments  with  a  delicate  vibra- 
tory instrument  placed  on  the  abdomen,  that  they  possess  a 
language  of  sounds.  This  theory,  although  strongly  combatted 
by  no  less  an  authority  than  Sir  J.  Lubbock,  is  endorsed  by 
M.  Janet,  who  states  that  it  is  certain  that,  at  any  rate,  the 
insects  produce  peculiar  grating  noises,  which  are  probably  due 
to  the  rubbing  together  of  their  bodies,  and  that  these  sounds, 
cumulatively  resembling  the  noise  of  boiling  water,  accompany 
many  of  their  characteristic  movements.  It  is  also  certain  that 
ants  possess  a  sense  of  hearing  very  highly  developed.  The 
question,  however,  is  still  of  the  character  of  a  Us  pendens ; 
and  many  who  remember  to  visit  M.  Janet's  ant-hills  will 
have  every  opportunity  and  encouragement  to  investigate  for 
themselves. 

2G,  Montague  Place,  W.C. 


247 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS. 

Migration  of  Libellula  quadrimaculata.  —  Part  of  the  migration 
of  L.  quadrimaculata  alluded  to  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas  {ante,  p.  210) 
evidently  reached  here.  Prior  to  this  year,  so  far  as  I  know,  the 
species  has  never  been  observed  in  the  Huddersfield  district ;  but  in 
June,  and  up  to  July  2nd,  specimens  taken  miles  apart  were  brought 
to  me,  the  last  one  by  some  boys  near  my  own  residence.  —  Geo.  T. 
PoRRiTT ;  Crosland  Hall,  near  Huddersfield,  August  10th,  1900. 

Halias  prasinana  audible. — A  male  of  this  species  was  heard  dis- 
tinctly by  me  the  other  night  at  a  distance  of  eighteen  feet  at  least. 
I  took  the  sound  for  that  of  a  mouse  at  first,  as  it  was  somewhat 
similar  to  that  sound.  A  better  description  would  perhaps  be  that  it 
resembled  the  squeak  of  Acherontia  atropos,  except  that  it  was  con- 
tinuous so  long  as  the  semicircular  flight  of  the  moth  lasted.  As  the 
moth  turned  in  its  flight  the  sound  stopped.  This  flight  was  like  that 
of  a  Hepialus  wheeling  in  half-circles  round  a  bough  of  an  elm,  about 
eight  feet  from  the  ground.  I  suppose  many  of  your  readers  will  have 
noticed  this  before  ;  but  how  is  it  caused  ? — R.  Freeman  ;  Prescot, 
Lanes. 

Proctotrypids  e.v  Lepidopterous  Ova.  —  Referring  to  Mr,  Bird's 
statement  at  p.  224,  I  suspect  his  "ichneumons"  were  really  members 
of  the  Proctotrypidse,  which  are  the  insect-egg  devourers  par  excellence. 
He  says  the  eggs  were  found  upon  aspen  at  Beaconsfield  during  the 
first  week  of  July,  and  emerged  circa  July  21st,  1900.  On  Aug.  13th, 
1899,  Mr.  H.  W.  Shepheard-Walwyn,  M.A.,  sent  me  for  identification 
from  Strath-Tay  a  batch  of  white  eggs  with  one  black  vertical  spot, 
each  perforated  with  a  more  or  less  regularly  circular  hole,  from  which 
had  emerged  a  single  minute  hymenopteron  (some  still  alive),  of  which 
I  carded  eleven  examples,  along  with  the  eggs.  There  were  sixty-six 
ova,  and  each  one  is  thus  punctured,  some  of  the  flies  having  succumbed 
in  process  of  exit,  which,  curiously  enough,  they  appear  to  effect  tail 
first.  Mr.  Walwyn  says  he  put  the  eggs  down  as  those  of  Notodunta 
dictaa,  L. ;  they  were  upon  poplar,  so,  if  he  be  mistaken,  they  are  pro- 
bably .V.  ziczac,  L.  Knowing  nothing  of  the  parasites,  I  subsequently 
sent  them  to  Rev.  T.  A.  Marshall,  in  Corsica,  who  tells  me  they  are 
referable  to  Nees's  genus  Prosacautha  (=  Teleas,  Walk.),  but  that  the 
species  is  probably  undescribed  ;  and,  further,  that  there  are  thousands 
of  these  tiny  beings  (the  total  length  of  mine  is  f  mm.  ;  Mr.  Bird's 
must  be  less)  at  present  undescribed  and  tabulated.  We  trust  Mr. 
Marshall  will  rectify  this  omission,  since  no  one  else  can,  in  his  forth- 
coming volume  upon  the  Proctotrypids.  I  wish,  moreover,  to  enter 
an  apologetic  protest  against  calling  the  whole  Parasite  Hymenoptera 
by  the  sweeping  title  "  ichneumonidfe,"  which  is  not  only  incorrect  (in 
more  recent  entomological  times),  but  also  misleading;  and  I  would 
refer  your  readers  to  the  didactic  table — surely  sufficiently  compre- 
hensible— at  Entom.  xiii.  p.  27.  P.S. — I  shall  be  glad  of,  and  will 
acknowledge  any,  Ichneumonidae  sent  to  me.  —  Claude  Moeley  ; 
Ipswich. 


248  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

CAPTUEES   AND   FIELD   EEPORTS. 

SiREX  GiGAS. — A  fine  specimen  of  Sirex  gigas  was  brought  to  me  on 
July  20th,  having  been  taken  in  a  shop  in  this  town.  This  species 
occurred  in  the  same  shop  some  years  ago,  and  within  a  few  yards  of  the 
localities  of  two  other  records  of  the  same  insect. — (Miss)  E.  M.  Alderson  ; 
Worksop. 

LiBELLULA  QUADRiMACULATA. — On  Junc  10th,  between  Margate  and 
Broadstairs,  I  noticed  a  very  unusual  swarm  of  a  dragon-fly  which  I  believe 
to  be  L.  quadrimaculata.  I  think  this  was  the  same  day  that  Mr.  H. 
Stocks  saw  them  at  Margate.  I  noticed  also  that  they  seemed  to  be  flying 
inland,  and  they  certainly  appeared  to  increase  in  numbers  towards  evening. 
I  managed  to  net  three,  and  these  I  have  now  in  my  collection. — A.  J.  Mann. 

Black  Varieties  on  a  South  Lancashire  Moss. — Last  summer  I 
took  an  almost  uniform  dark  brown  (nearly  black)  Macaria  liturata  (beaten); 
also  a  black  Luperina  testacea  at  light.  Last  week  I  took  an  almost  black 
Acronycta  leporina  and  an  almost  black  Xylophasia  rurea  var.  combusta 
(at  least  that  is  what  I  take  it  to  be).  Dr.  Cotton,  of  St.  Helen's,  was  with 
me  the  night  the  black  leporina  occurred,  and  he  took  a  good  specimen  of 
A.  alni  the  same  night.  The  thorax  of  the  A.  leporina  is  quite  black,  and 
the  fore  wings  only  show  the  least  little  trace  of  grey. — R.  Freeman; 
Prescot,  Lancashire. 

Papilio  machaon  in  Kent. — On  June  10th,  about  6  p.m.,  a  friend 
caught  a  fine  male  specimen  of  P.  machaon  on  the  border  of  a  cornfield 
between  Broadstairs  and  St.  Peter's.  I  have  never  heard  of  one  being 
caught  in  these  parts  before,  though  it  may  have  escaped  from  a  breeding- 
cage. — A.  J.  Mann  ;  Liudenthorpe,  Broadstairs,  Aug.  13th.  1900. 

Papilio  machaon  in  Kent. — It  may  be  of  interest  for  you  to  know 
that,  while  staying  at  Heme  Bay  in  the  middle  of  May  last,  I  captured  a 
specimen  of  P.  machaon,  on  the  wing,  in  a  lane  on  the  outskirts  of  Blean 
Woods.  The  insect  was  flying  slow  and  apparently  with  difficulty,  and 
when  I  took  it  I  found  that  the  tail  of  one  under  wing  was  missing,  and 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  other  under  wing  completely  gone.  The  colour  of 
the  upper  wings  was  good,  and  might  have  belonged  to  a  freshly  emerged 
insect. — G.  B.  Browne;  43,  Southbrook  Road,  Lee,  S.E. 

Papilio  machaon  in  the  New  Forest. — I  have  just  seen  a  fine 
specimen  of  this  butterfly,  bred  from  a  larva  taken  in  a  kitchen  garden  in 
Lyndhurst.  When  found  the  larva  was  full-fed,  and  was  crawling  in  a  bed 
of  shallots,  seeking  a  place  in  which  to  pupate;  probably  it  had  fed  on  carrot, 
a  bed  of  which  is  near  to  the  place  where  it  was  picked  up  by  the  gardener. 
It  pupated  July  i7th,  and  the  butterfly  emerged  Aug.  1st.  Can  anyone 
say  if  P.  machaon  has  been  taken  in  this  neighbourhood  since  the  date 
given  by  Newman? — E.  F.  Chawner  ;   Lyndhurst,  Aug.  2nd,  1900. 

Ccenonympha  pamphilus  var. — On  June  23rd  last  I  took  a  specimen 
of  C.  pamphilus  with  the  eye-spot  on  the  fore  wing  entirely  absent  on  both 
sides.  The  specimen  is  also  very  dark,  and  the  veins  are  black  and  very 
distinct;  otherwise  it  is  normal.  It  was  taken  on  a  heath  within  two 
miles  of  Poole,  Dorset.  I  have  been  told  that  this  variety  is  rather  un^ 
common,  and  should  like  to  know  if  it  has  a  name. — C.  E.  0.  Carter  ; 
Parkstone,  Dorset,  July  15th,  1900. 


CAPTURE'S    AND    FIELD    REPORTS.  249 

Argynnis  adippe  in  Surrey. — I  believe  this  insect  is  generally  looked 
upon  as  somewhat  scarce,  but  on  July  7th  I  captured  six,  and  again,  on 
July  I4th,  I  took  eight  more.  I  saw  quite  double  that  number.  I  found 
them  in  a  clearing  in  Worth  Forest,  taking  every  one  off  the  blossoms  of 
the  black  knapweed  (C  nigra). — Herbert  Beadnell  ;  Fernside,  Redhill, 
Surrey,  July  24th,  1900. 

COREMIA  QUADRIFASCIARIA  AND   MeLANIPPE    PROCELLATA    IN   EsSEX. 

I  am  able  to  supplement  Mr.  Ray  nor 's  record  of  this  species  in  Essex 
(aiite,  p.  225)  by  two  captures,  one  in  July,  1899,  and  the  other  in  July  of 
the  present  year.  Both  specimens  were  taken  in  the  grounds  of  the 
Countess  of  Warwick's  School  at  Bigods,  near  Dunmow.  I  was  not  aware, 
till  I  saw  Mr.  Raynor's  note,  that  this  geometer  was  an  Essex  species,  and 
I  had  noted  my  captures  for  future  record.  The  other  specimens  in  my 
collection  were  taken  some  twenty  years  ago,  near  Chilworth  in  Surrey, 
where  the  species  was  at  that  time  quite  common.  I  should  also  like  to 
record  the  occurrence  of  Melanippe procellata  at  Bigods,  as  this  species  is 
generally  associated  with  chalky  districts.  We  are  a  long  way  from  the 
chalk  at  Dunmow,  but  the  district  is  covered  in  parts  by  chalky  boulder 
clay. — R.  Meldola;  6,  Brunswick  Square,  W.C. 

Coremia  QUADRIFASCIARIA  IN  EssEX. — On  July  11th,  1893,  I  met 
with  a  couple  of  wasted  female  specimens  of  this  species  in  a  chalk-pit  near 
Grays,  Essex  ;  from  the  ova  of  one  of  them  a  few  examples  were  bred, 
emerging  the  following  May.— R.  M.  Prideaux  ;  Reigate,  Surrey,  Aug. 
13th,  1900. 

ScoTosiA  vetulata  AT  Hemel  Hempstead. — A  single  male  specimen 
of  this  local  insect  has  been  taken  here,  early  in  July.  It  was  beaten  from 
a  very  thick  hedge,  under  the  shelter  of  a  high  bank.  The  hedge  runs  be- 
tween the  cemetery  and  Anchor  Lane. — Bernard  Piffard. 

Plusia  moneta  in  Oxfordshire. — Three  specimens  have  been  taken 
this  year :  the  first  on  July  8th,  at  dusk,  hovering  over  honeysuckle  in  the 
vicarage  garden ;  the  second  on  the  following  evening,  at  the  same  bush,  by 
my  son;  a  third  on  July  21st,  at  light,  in  the  study.  The  specimens  have 
been  identified  at  the  Oxford  University  Museum,  and  one  deposited  there. 
It  is  believed  that  this  is  the  first  recorded  occurrence  of  the  insect  in  Ox- 
fordshire.—John  W.  B.  Bell;  Pyrton  Vicarage,  Oxon. 

DicYCLA  00  IN  Surrey. — On  July  16th  I  took  here  a  female  specimen 
of  D.  00 ;  is  not  this  rather  a  rare  species  so  near  London? — Lewis  S. 
Giles;  1,  London  Road,  Norbury,  S.W.,  Aug.  16th,  1900. 

Dasycampa  rubiginea  in  Dorsetshire. — I  took  two  specimens  of  D. 
rubiginea  in  1898,  and  the  same  number  of  examples  in  1899.  — C.  E.  0. 
Carter;  Parkstone,  Dorset,  July  15th,  1900. 

Larva  of  Aoronycta  alni  at  Tunbridge  Wells. — On  Aug.  1st  a 
larva  of  A.  alni  was  taken  by  me  on  a  small  elm-tree  on  Tunbridge  Wells 
Common.  It  has  since  pupated. — T.  Percival  Smith  ;  Relva  House, 
Sutton,  Surrey,  Aug.  9th,  1900. 

Macroglossa  stellatarum,  &c.,  at  Huddersfield.— M.  stellatanmi 
has  again  occurred  all  over  this  district,  and  has  been  common  at  flowers  in 
my  own  garden.  It  has  been  even  more  plentiful  than  last  season,  when  it 
was  also  common,  but  until  that  year  had  scarcely  been  seen  here  for 

ENTOM. — SEPTEMBEK,    1900.  Y 


250 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


probably  twenty  years  or  more.  It  is  possible  that  this  year's  specimens 
may  be  the  produce  of  the  district  specimens  of  1899  ;  but  I  am  more  in- 
clined to  consider  it  another  migration  of  the  species,  though  it  is  extra- 
ordinary it  should  occur  in  two  following  years  after  so  long  an  interval. 
Plusia  gamma  has  swarmed  here  this  year  and  is  still  abundant,  but  I  have 
seen  nothing  of  Vayiessa  cardui.  —  Geo.  T.  Porritt  ;  Crosland  Hall, 
Huddersfield,  Aug.  10th,  1900. 

CoLiAS  EDUSA  AND  C.  HYALE  IN  1900. — We  have  received  a  number  ot 
reports  of  the  capture  of  these  species  in  various  parts  of  England  during 
August  and  the  latter  part  of  July.  As  other  notes  on  the  occurrence  of 
the  species  will  probably  be  sent  in,  it  seems  advisable  to  postpone  publica- 
tion until  the  October  issue,  when  a  fuller  list  of  localities  may  be  available. 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Oxfordshire. — I  have  to-day,  Aug.  19th,  taken  a 
specimen  of  V.  antiopa  in  the  vicarage  garden,  on  a  post  which  had  been 
sugared  for  moths  last  night. — (Rev.)  John  W.  B.  Bell  ;  Pyrton  Vicarage, 
Watlington,  Oxon. 

Sphinx  pinastri  in  Suffolk. — On  July  29th,  while  cycling  near  South- 
wold,  in  Suffolk,  I  captured  a  male  S.  pinastri  at  rest  on  the  trunk  of  an 
oak  about  nine  feet  from  the  ground.  It  is  in  very  fair  condition,  and  I 
should  think  was  undoubtedly  bred  in  the  locality. — Alfred  E.  Douglas. 

Spilosoma  lubricipeda  emerging  in  August. — I  have  noticed  this 
season  that  S.  lubricipeda  is  double-brooded,  and  as  I  find  in  all  the  entomolo- 
gical works  to  which  I  have  immediate  access  that  the  insect  remains  in  the 
pupa  throughout  the  winter,  my  experience  may  be  worth  recording.  The 
ova  were  laid  June  4th,  hatched  June  27th  ;  larvae  full-fed  about  July  25th  ; 
and  first  imago  emerged  Aug.  13lh,  since  when  a  considerable  number  have 
come  out.  The  larvae  were  fed  entirely  on  stinging-nettle. — Alfred  E. 
Douglas;  "  Glen  Royd,"  Devon  Crescent  Road,  Red  Hill,  Aug.  16th,  1900. 

Acherontia  atropos  in  Bucks. — Eight  fully-fed  larvae  of  this  species 
were  found  during  the  last  week  in  July,  on  a  potato  patch  near  Hadden- 
ham.  I  managed  to  secure  the  last  three  taken,  the  others  being  previously 
destroyed  by  the  finder — W.  H.  Barton;  The  Poplars,  Spencer  Road, 
Grove  Park,  Chiswick,  W. 

Acherontia  atropos  at  Northampton. — An  entomological  acquaint- 
ance has  just  informed  me  that  this  species  is  plentiful  in  the  larval  stage 
around  the  above  town  this  year.  He  further  states  that  he  had  in  his 
possession  eight  fine  examples,  two  of  which  he  forwarded  to  me. — A.  D. 
Imms  ;  "  Linthurst,"  Oxford  Road,  Moseley,  near  Birmingham,  Aug.  20th. 

Acherontia  atropos  at  Chichester. — The  larvae  of  A.  atropos  have 
been  fairly  numerous  here  this  season.  The  first  found  was  on  July  28th. 
— Joseph  Anderson. 

Leucania  albipuncta  at  Bexhill. — Whilst  sugaring  at  Bexhill-on- 
Sea  on  Aug.  18th  and  19th,  Professor  Meldola  and  myself  took  four  L. 
albipuncta.  I  do  not  know  if  this  locality  has  previously  been  recorded. — 
J.  W.  FiNZi;  53,  Hamilton  Terrace,  N.W.,  Aug.  22nd,  1900. 

Sugaring. — I  am  pleased  to  be  able  to  say  that  I  have  found  sugaring 
very  successful  this  year.  Most  of  the  species  taken  are  common,  but  they 
are  in  quantity  more  than  I  have  found  the  last  five  or  six  years.     Noctua 


SOCIETIES. 


251 


rhomboidea  I  have  previously  taken  singly,  but  never  such  numbers  as  it  is 
in  this  year.  Dicycla  oo  I  have  been  unable  to  take  where  I  used  to  get  it 
three  years  ago.  Triphana  fimbria  is  common.  The  above  remarks  refer 
to  woods  within  ten  miles  of  London. — Walter  Dannatt  ;  "  Donning- 
ton,"  75,  Vanbrugh  Park,  Blackheath,  S.E.,  Aug.  21st,  1900. 


SOCIETIES. 


Ent,omological  Society  of  London. — June  6th,  1900. — Mr.  George 
Henry  Verrall,  President,  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Hedworth  Foulkes,  B.  Sc, 
of  The  College,  Reading;  and  the  Rev.  H.  C.  Lang,  M.D.,  of  All  Saints' 
Vicarage,  Southend-on-Sea,  were  elected  Fellows  of  the  Society. — Mr. 
G.  H.  Verrall  exhibited  a  species  of  the  genus  Ceratitis,  Macleay, 
apparently  identical  with  Bigot's  C.frenicillatus,  from  the  Gold  Coast 
(W.  Africa).  Mr.  Claude  Fuller,  State  Entomologist  for  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  Natal,  writes  of  this  as  "one  of  our  greatest  local 
pests  which  is  responsible  for  the  destruction  of  tons  of  fruit ;  the 
larvse  infest  apples,  apricots,  peaches,  plums,  oranges,  mangoes,  guavas, 
and  I  have  reared  them  from  the  berries  of  Solanum  giganteum.''  Mr. 
Verrall  also  exhibited  a  very  handsome  Trypetid  reared  from  the  fruit 
of  Mimusops  caffra  by  Mr.  Claude  Fuller  at  Durban. — Mr.  CO.  Water- 
house  exhibited  specimens  of  a  hemipteron,  Aspongopus  nepalensis,  from 
Capt.  Gorman,  I. M.S.,  who  states  that  they  are  found  under  stones  in 
the  dry  river-beds  of  Assam.  They  are  much  sought  after  by  the 
natives,  who  use  them  for  food  pounded  up  and  mixed  with  rice. — Mr. 
Merrifield  exhibited  a  number  of  pupte  of  Aporia  cratmji,  and  called 
attention  to  the  want  of  correspondence  between  the  markings  on  the 
pupal  and  those  on  the  imaginal  wing.  On  the  latter,  as  is  well  known, 
there  are  no  spots,  only  darkened  nervures,  the  darkness  spreading  out 
a  little  on  the  outer  margin,  but  on  the  former  there  are  black  spots, 
some  of  them  forming  an  oblique  black  row  across  the  wing,  a  series 
of  black  marginal  spots,  and  no  darkened  nervures ;  and,  when  the  imago 
is  about  to  emerge,  so  that  its  markings  show  through  the  transparent 
pupal  wing,  it  is  seen  that  its  nervures  run  between  the  black  marginal 
spots  on  the  pupal  wing,  which  in  no  way  correspond  to  the  broadening 
out  of  the  marginal  terminations  of  the  dark  nervures  on  the  imaginal 
wings.  There  is  great  variety  in  the  black  markings  on  the  pupal 
wing ;  in  some  they  are  few  and  small,  in  others  they  expand  and 
unite,  so  that  more  than  half  the  wing  is  black.  The  ground  colour 
of  the  pupa  varies  from  bright  greenish-yellow  to  whitish-grey.  As 
might  be  expected  of  an  insect  whose  larva  pupates  by  preference  on 
stems  screened  by  foliage,  its  colour  is  not  very  greatly  affected  by  its 
surroundings.  On  comparing  some  which  had  had  yellow  or  orange 
surroundings  with  others  which  had  had  dark  ones,  it  was  shown  that 
the  former  tended  to  yellow  ground  colour,  and  the  latter  to  grey, 
having  also  an  increase  of  the  dark  spots  with  which  the  thorax  and 
abdomen  are  thickly  strewn. — Mr.  Merrifield  also  exhibited  some  en- 
larged coloured  photographs  of  the  green  and  dark  forms  of  Papilio 
machaon,  obtained  by  causing  the  larvae  to  pupate  on  green,  yellow,  or 
orange  surfaces,  and  on  dark  ones  respectively.     In  answer  to  Mr. 


252  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Jacoby  he  stated  that  though,  when  the  pupa  first  appeared,  it  was 
always  of  the  green  form,  it  had  also,  if  it  was  going  to  be  a  dark  one, 
from  the  moment  of  its  appearance  a  few  very  minute  subdorsal  and 
sublateral  dark  spots,  and  a  little  darkening  of  the  anal  end.  The 
darkening  began  to  spread  in  an  hour  or  two,  and  at  an  ordinary 
temperature  was  complete  in  much  less  than  twenty-four  hours. 
Whether  the  pupa  was  to  be  green  or  dark  was  determined  by  the 
surroundings  to  which  it  had  been  exposed  before  it  had  cast  off  the 
larval  skin,  and,  if  it  was  going  to  be  a  dark  one,  the  dark  colouring 
came  on  exactly  the  same  in  complete  darkness  as  in  light. — Sir  G.  F. 
Hampson  exhibited  specimens  of  a  moth  belonging  to  the  subfamily 
Hydrocampinffi  of  the  Pyralidfe  :  Oligostigma  anmlis,  Hampson,  from 
Ceylon,  where  his  correspondent,  Mr.  J.  Pole,  had  met  with  a  swarm 
on  an  island  in  a  river  which  he  estimated  at  20,000.  When  disturbed 
the  buzz  made  by  their  wings  was  quite  audible,  and  after  three  waves 
of  the  net  236  specimens  were  bottled  from  round  its  edges,  the  net 
still  appearing  quite  full ;  as  in  the  some  thirty  specimens  sent  the  sexes 
were  in  almost  even  proportions,  this  was  not  a  case  of  male  assemblage. 
He  also  exhibited  cleared  wings,  showing  the  neuration  of  Diacrissia 
russida,  Tyria  jacohcece,  Callininrplia  hera,  and  C.  dominula,  the  two 
former  being  typical  Arctiadfe  and  agreeing  with  the  definition  of  that 
family  in  the  costal  vein  of  the  hind  wing  anastomosing  with  the  sub- 
costal to  half  the  length  of  the  cell,,  whilst  in  the  two  latter  and  also  in 
the  eight  or  ten  other  known  species  from  the  oriental  region  the  costal 
vein  does  not  anastomose  with  the  subcostal,  but  only  connects  with  it 
at  a  point.  He  contended  that  the  genus  CalUmorpha  should  therefore 
be  removed  from  the  Arctiada?  and  placed  in  the  Hypsidae,  where  it  is 
closely  allied  to  X;/ctemera,  Uallarctia  and  other  genera,  and  that  the 
fully-developed  proboscis,  the  non-pectinate  antennae,  the  smoother 
scaling,  the  more  diurnal  habit,  and  the  larvas  being  scantily  clothed 
with  hair,  all  bore  out  the  correctness  of  this  association,  —  Dr. 
Chapman  exhibited  a  portion  of  a  stem  of  Ferula  communis  from  He 
St.  Marguerite,  near  Cannes,  showing  pupa-cases  of  Lozopera  fmncUlo- 
nana.  The  larva  feeds  in  the  flower-heads  and  seeds,  and  burrows  into 
the  stem  for  hybernation.  It  does  so  anywhere,  but  in  the  majority  of 
cases  under  the  protection  of  the  great  sheathing  petioles  at  the  lower 
joints.  As  many  as  thirty  or  forty  and  even  fifty  holes  of  entry  may 
often  be  counted  immediately  above  one  node.  When  the  larva  pierces 
the  stem  it  is  full  grown,  and  the  entry  holes  are  as  large  as  or  larger 
than  those  of  exit.  Dr.  Chapman  doubted  whether  it  eats  any  of  the 
material  when  it  is  freshest  at  the  date  of  entry.  The  burrows  in  the 
stem  are  full  of  bitten  but  undigested  material.  These  burrows  proceed 
in  all  directious,  but  most  frequently  upwards,  for  several  inches,  often 
as  much  as  eight  or  ten  inches,  and  then  approach  the  surface,  and  the 
burrowing  appears  to  go  on  all  winter.  In  February  and  March  larvae 
may  be  found  that  have  not  completed  their  burrows.  On  completion 
the  burrow  approaches  the  surface,  and  the  opening  is  of  full  calibre, 
but  a  delicate  film  of  tissue  is  left  to  be  ruptured  by  the  emerging  pupa. 
On  the  specimen  exhibited  about  a  dozen  empty  pupa-cases  protruded, 
and  it  was  noticeable  that  they  all  faced  downwards.  This  was  in  a 
sense  accidental.  The  larva  burrowing  upwards  makes  the  final  por- 
tion of  the  burrow  curved.     The  pupa,  as  in  most  Tor  trices,  is  also 


SOCIETIES.  253 

curved  when  extended,  and  so,  when  extruded,  continues  the  curve  of 
the  burrow.     As  this  curve  is  upwards  inside  the  stem,  horizontal  at 
the  surface  of  the  stem,  it  becomes  downwards  if  continued  outside. 
One  pupa-case  just  below  the  node  was  not  so  correctly  oriented, 
whilst  in  other  specimens  a  pupa  emerging  below  the  node,  and  there- 
fore from  a  downward  burrow,  faced  and  curved  upwards.     A  number 
of  vacant  holes  were  also  visible,  being  the  exit  of  an  ichneumon, 
which  affects  a  large  majority  of  the  Tortrix.    The  species  was  believed 
to  be  Chelonus  inanitns,  Nees.     The  heads  of  several  dead  ones  that 
failed  to  emerge  successfully  were  to  be  seen  at  some  of  the  holes. 
Dr.  Chapman  said  he  had  placed  a  black  circle  round  four  holes,  as 
prepared  by  the  larva  of  the  Tortrix  for  emergence,  that  were  still 
intact,  and  in  two  of  these  it  was  to  be  noted  that  the  diaphragm  was, 
as  he  had  described,   the  cuticular  tissue  of  the  plant ;    in  the  two 
others,  however,  this  had  been  damaged,  and  here  the  larva  had  made 
a  silken  diaphragm  fortified  with  chips  of  the  stem-tissue.     In  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  node  especially,  the  holes  of  entry  were  to  be  seen 
packed  tightly  with  frass,  which  appeared  to  be  uneaten  material.     At 
the  extremities  of  the  specimen,  which  was  too  short  to  contain  the 
whole  of  the  individuals  that  entered  at   this  node,  the  larvfB   had 
burrowed  in  the  stem.  —  Mr.  F.  Enock  exhibited  living  specimens  of 
male  and  female  Ranatra  linearis,  Linn.,  from  Epping,  together  with 
the  peculiar  forked  eggs,  which  he  had  observed  laid  by  the  Ranatra, 
as  it  rested  upon  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf  grasping  the  edges  with 
its  claws.     The  short  anterior  legs  are  held  well  up  close  together,  in 
a  line  with  the  body,  the  head  raised  about  an  inch  from  the  leaf, 
while  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  and  ovipositor  is  pressed  against  the 
leaf — a  downward  and  forward  movement  being  given.    The  ovipositor 
is  thus  forced  through  the  leaf,  then  partially  withdrawn  and  the  egg 
extruded  and  forced  into  the  hole  as  far  as  the  forked  filaments,  which 
prevent  it  from  going  right  through  the  leaf.     The  eggs  are  frequently 
laid  in  the  half-decayed  stems  of  aquatic  plants.     The  peculiar  Prest- 
■wichia  aquatica,  Lubbock,  has  been  bred  from  the  eggs  of  Ranatra. — 
Mr.   H.   K.   Donisthorpe  exhibited  a  larval  case  of   Clythra  quadri- 
punctata  from  the  nest  of  Formica  rufii,  and  a  case  fastened  to  a  piece 
of  wood  in  the  nest  containing  pupse  ;  larva-  and  pupa-cases  in  spirit, 
removed  from  cases,  and  an  empty  case  fastened  to  a  twig,  showing 
how  the  beetle  escapes ;    and  the  perfect  insect.     He  also  exhibited 
Lomechusa  strmnom  with  its  host  Formica  sancjuinea,  sent  by  Father 
Wasmann  from  Holland,  the  insects  mounted  in  the  position  assumed 
by  the  guest  and  host  when  the  former  is  being  fed  by  the  latter ;  and 
Cossyphodes  beinckii,  WolL,  a  beetle  from  Cape  Colony,  with  ants  with 
which  it  is  found — Pheidola  megacephala,  var.  punctulata,  Mayr.     The 
beetle  is  a  good  example  of  the  protected  guests.  —  Mr.  C.  J.  Barrett 
exhibited  two  females  of  Spilosoma  mendica  reared  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Robson, 
of  Hartlepool,  tiuged  with  purplish  pink,  and  ordinary  specimens  of 
the  same  for  contrast.- — A  paper  was  communicated  on  "Life-histories 
of  the  Hepialid  group  of  Lepidoptera,"  by  Mr.  Ambrose  Quail;  and 
"  A  note  on  the  habits  and  structure  of  Acanthopsyche  opaceUa,  H.  Sch.," 
by   Dr.    T.    A.    Chapman.  —  C.  J.  Gahan  and  H.  Rowland  Bkown, 
Hon.  Sees. 


254  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


EECENT    LITEKATURE. 

E.  P.  Felt.  Insects  Injurious  to  Forest  Trees.  (1898,  Fourth  Ann.  Rep. 
Coramiss.  Fisheries,  &c.,  of  New  York,  pp.  1-31  [?  sep.  pag.] . 
Plates  1-3  and  11,  text-figures,  &c.). 

Although  dated  1898,  copies  of  this  valuable  paper  have  only 
recently  arrived  in  London.  It  consists  of  a  report  on  the  insects 
injurious  to  maple-trees,  the  following  species  being  discussed,  viz. 
Notolophus  leucostirpna,  Clisiocampa  disstria,  Zeuzera  pyi-ina,  and  Sesia 
acerni  [Lepid.] ;  Plarjionotus  speciosus  and  Elaphidion  villosnm  [Coleopt.] ; 
and  the  Coccid  Pulvinnria  innumerahiJis.  Of  these  the  life-history, 
habits,  distribution,  natural  enemies,  and  remedies  against  their  depre- 
dations are  discussed,  with  coloured  illustrations  of  the  various  stages 
of  the  pests  and  of  their  operations,  with  text-figures  of  their  foes,  and 
various  other  details. 

Of  special  interest  to  the  workers  who  limit  their  energies  to  palfe- 
arctic  forms  will  be  the  account  of  the  "  leopard-moth  "  [Zeuzera  pyrina), 
an  accidental  introduction  into  America,  the  earliest  authentic  record 
there  being  as  recent  as  1882.  Twelve  years  later  it  was  characterized 
as  "one  of  the  worst  insects  we  have  to  contend  with."  Limited  at 
present  to  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Connecticut,  &c.,  it  will  doubtless 
rapidly  extend  its  distribution,  especially  in  a  northerly  direction.  It 
has  been  recorded  as  attacking  eighty-three  species  of  trees  and  shrubs, 
elms  and  maples  suffering  most  severely,  and  in  Central  Park  almost 
every  species  of  tree  and  shrub,  except  evergreens,  was  injured  to  some 
extent. 

The  Report  is  prepared  in  the  thorough  and  lucid  manner  usual 
with  the  entomologists  of  New  York  State  Museum,  and  the  three 
coloured  plates  and  the  plain  figures — three  of  which  are  full-page, 
representing  a  spraying  outfit  in  operation,  a  defoliate  sugar  orchard, 
and  details  of  the  hymenopteron  Thalessa  lunator — are  all  well  executed. 

G.  W.  K. 

W.  A.  Luff.     The  Insects  of  Alderney  (Trans.  Guernsey  Soc.  Nat.  Sci. 
1899,  pp.  1-23  [sep.  copy  ?] ). 

Five  hundred  and  nineteen  species  are  now  recorded  from  this  in- 
teresting island,  consisting  of  138  Lepidoptera,  64  Rhynchota,  143 
Coleoptera,  113  Hymenoptera,  45  Diptera,  4  Trichoptera,  7  Orthoptera, 
and  5  "  Neuroptera  "  ;  so  that  additions  will  probably  be  made  among 
the  Homoptera,  Diptera,  and  smaller  Hymenoptera. 

23  Lepidoptera,  10  Rhynchota,  15  Coleoptera,  31  Hymenoptera, 
and  2  others — a  total  of  81 — are  noticed  as  not  occurring  in  Guernsey, 
but  no  comparison  is  made  with  Jersey.  Among  the  insects  not  found 
in  Britain  may  be  noted  Eubolia  peribolata  (Lep.),  LygoRus  panctato- 
guttatus  (Rhynch.),  Ehizotrogus  cestivus  and  Cryptocephalusvittatiis  (Col.) 
AndrenaflesscB  and  two  Ichneumonidas  (Hym.). 

We  trust  that  Mr.  Luff  will  shortly  prepare  a  work  on  the  Insect- 
Fauna  of  the  Channel  Isles,  in  which  he  will  include  a  map  of  the 
islands,  and  tabular  comparisons  of  the  faunas  of  the  various  islands 
inter  se,  and  with  the  South  of  England  and  Normandy. 

G.  W.  K. 


RECENT    LITERATURE. 


255 


Occasional  Memoirs  of  the  Chicago  Entomological  Society.   Vol.  I.    No.  1. 
March,  1900.     Containing  :— 

(1)  J.  L.  Hancock  :  "  Some  New  Tettigid^  from  Madagascar,"  based  on 

the  collection  of  the  English  orthopterist  Burr,  pp.  1-16.  Plate  I. 

(2)  J.  Tough  :  "  A  New  Species  of  Gomphus  "  [Neuroptera] ,  pp.  17-18. 

(3)  J.  G.  Needham  :    "  Insect  Drift  on  the  Shore  of  Lake  Michigan," 

pp.  19-26. 

(4)  A..  J.  Snydek  :   "  The  Argynnids  of  North  America,"  pp.  27-38. 

Another  addition  to  the  already  unwieldy  periodical  literature  of 
Entomology.  It  is,  however,  but  just  to  say  that  it  apparently  pos- 
sesses distinct  scientific  value. 

De.  Needham  discusses  the  mortality  among  insects  occasioned  by 
storms  and  floods.  He  remarks  that  at  certain  times  there  are  "  a  few 
insects  cast  up  by  the  waves  [of  lakes,  &c.]  habitually,"  viz.  May- 
beetles  (Lachnosterna)  in  early  summer  ;  strong-flying  butterflies  (Anosia 
plexipjnis,  &c.)  throughout  the  summer  ;  and  on  warm  hazy  days  in 
September  and  October,  grouse-locusts  (Tettigidse) ;  these  he  considers 
have  fallen  into  the  water  alive,  since  they  are  able  to  crawl  upon  the 
beach,  although  sorely  battered  and  torn.  On  Lake  Michigan  beach, 
however,  in  August  of  last  year,  the  light-coloured  sandy  beach 
appeared  black  after  a  couple  of  days'  storm,  being  thickly  covered 
with  "  millions  "  of  black  crickets  (Nemobius  fasciatus),  either  dead  or 
half-drowned,  in  a  continuous  line  in  both  directions.  There  were 
other  insects  present,  but  in  vastly  inferior  numbers,  and  the  "  wreck- 
age "  was  examined  carefully  for  a  mile  along  the  shore.  "  Only 
insects  seemed  to  have  suffered  by  the  storm  ;  no  other  dead  animals 
were  seen  on  the  beach,  save  the  occasional  fishes  which  are  always  to 
be  found  there." 

The  next  day  was  spent,  three  miles  south,  in  studying  the  harvest, 
a  mile  of  the  shore  being  qualitatively  examined. 


Orders. 


Lesser  Groups. 


Conditions 

on  approaching 

shore. 


Orthoptera. 


Odonata. 

Lepidoptera. 

Coleoptera. 

Diptera. 

>» 
Hymenoptera. 
Trichoptera. 
Hemiptera. 


Gryllid^e — Crickets.  Mostly  alive 

Acridiid^B.  ,, 

Tettigidte. 
Locustidffi. 


Coccinellid*. 

Scarabaeidfe,  &c. 
Asilidte — robber-flies. 
Muscidfe,  &c. 
Bumblebees  and  Wasps. 

Stink-bugs. 
Water-bugs. 


All  alive. 
Few  alive. 
None  alive. 
Mostly  alive.' 
A  few  dead. 
Many  dead. 
Mostly  alive. 
All  dead. 


Mostly  alive. 
Mostly  dead. 
Few  dead,  but 
fewer  uninjured. 


Finally  killed, 
per  cent. 

50 
50 

100 

100 

100 

5 

75 

40 
100 
100 

10 
100 


90 


*  "  But  with 
foes."     "  Every 


wings  ruiued  for  flight ;  ultimately  the  victims  of  predatory 
few  feet  along  the  wind-row,  perched  on  some  high  point, 
would  be  seen  a  poor  butterfly,  trying  vainly  to  use  its  ragged  wings." 


256  THE    KNTOMOLOGIST. 

Finally,  Dr,  Needham  gathered  about  a  litre  *  of  the  drift,  consisting 
of  "insects  intermixed  with  a  considerable  quantity  of  cinder  flotsam 
from  the  lake  steamers,  scooping  it  up  with  a  trowel,  and  made  a 
quantatitive  examination  •  .  .  .     It  contained  the  following  "  : — 
2520  crickets  (Nenwhiusfasciatiis). 
601  red-legged  locusts  {Melanoplus  femur ruh rum). 
170  other  Orthoptera  of  five  species  mostly. 
75  dragonflies  of  two  species. 

15  butterflies  of  four  species  [Anosia  plexiiqms,    Pieris  rapcB,  Poly- 

gonia  sp.,  and  Argijnnis  sp.). 

30  moths  in  very  bad  condition. 
49  Diptera. 

10  bumble-bees. 
21  "  wasps." 

31  land-bugs  of  four  species. 

11  water-bugs  Belostoma  [Zaitha]  fusciventris). 

16  Trichoptera. 

220  Coleoptera,  not  including  a  large  number  which  were  probably 
foragers. 


3769  Total  in  one  pint  and  three  quarters  ! 

In  conclusion.  Dr.  Needham  notes  two  facts :  (a)  The  species 
present  were  nearly  all  in  almost  inconceivable  numbers.  "  Twenty- 
five  hundred  and  twenty  crickets  per  meter,  f  and  the  drift-line  per- 
haps fifty  miles,  perhaps  a  hundred  miles  long  !  "  Despite  the  enor- 
mous numbers  of  drowned  individuals,  the  dragonflies  were  flying  the 
next  afternoon  in  their  usual  haunts  as  thickly  as  ever,  (b)  "The 
species  were  nearly  all  the  dominant  ones  in  their  respective  groups." 

The  paper  is  illustrated  by  a  photograph  of  the  shore,  showing  the 
drift-line  of  insects. 

Mr.  Snyder  does  not  synoptically  revise  the  North  American 
Argynnids,  but,  after  some  preliminary  remarks,  notices  most  of  the 
individual  species.  Fifty-seven  species  and  fifteen  varieties  are  acknow- 
ledged, and  apportioned  among  six  groups,  of  which  the  following 
species  serve  as  types,  viz.  dicma,  Cram. ;  monticola,  Behr. ;  edivarsii, 
B,eak;  seviiramis,  Edw.  ;  eurynome,  Edw. ;  and  myrina,  Cram.  The 
author  mentions  that  he  "  has  on  several  occasions  taken  the  sexes  of 
difierent  species  in  coitu,  and  from  personal  observation  satisfied  him- 
self that  the  Argynnids  are  polygamous  in  their  habits.  Somewhat 
similar  species  are  frequently  found  in  the  same  locality,  and  with 

them   examples   which   are   clearly   varieties    or   intergrades 

Another  fact  generally  overlooked  is,  that  almost  without  doubt  there 
are  dimorphic  males  and  females  of  some  species  of  Argynnis.  There 
is  little  question  of  the  fact  that  there  are  two  forms  of  the  female  of 
cyhele.  Artonis  and  eurynome  cohabit,  also  eurynome  and  clio.''  A  large 
series  of  specimens  is  evidently  necessary  for  the  elucidation  of  this 
difficult  group,  as  Mr.  Snyder  mentions  that  he  has  captured  between 
thirteen  and  fourteen  hundred  examples  of  A.  eurynome  and  its  variety 
artonis  ! 

*  About  If  pint.  G.  W.  K. 

t  Misprint  for  "litre." 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIII.]  OCTOBER,    1900.  [No.  449. 


SOME    ADDITIONAL  NOTES   ON    MSCHNA    CYAN E A. 
By  Rev.  Arthur  East,  B.A. 

Now  that  the  dragonfly  season  is  drawing  to  a  close,  the 
Editor  will  perhaps  allow  me  to  offer  a  few  notes  on  Mschna 
cyanea,  supplementary  to  those  which  appeared  a  short  time 
since  {ante,  p.  211).  It  is  well  known  that  during  the  final 
change  of  this  nymph  the  head  and  thorax  are  thrown  right  back, 
and  that  the  emerging  insect  hangs  suspended  head  downwards 
from  the  old  nymph  skin.  No  observations,  however,  seem  to  be 
recorded  as  to  the  manner  of  the  previous  changes — those,  namely, 
which  take  place  under  water — and  it  is  surprising  how  seldom 
one  catches  the  nymph  in  the  act  of  changing :  the  pale  green 
object  always  seems  to  have,;Msi  finished.  However,  several  have 
been  seen  this  season,  and  the  process  is  as  follows. 

The  nymph  seems  to  be  much  extended,  the  joints  of  the 
abdomen  appearing  stretched,  and  especially  the  head  seems  to 
be  extended  far  forward.  Soon  a  split  occurs  down  the  middle 
of  the  back  of  the  thorax,  and  the  pale  green  body  is  extruded 
straight  forioard  by  muscular  action  of  the  abdomen  alone,  the 
legs  taking  no  part  in  it,  nor  is  the  body  bent  at  all  in  any 
direction.  When  the  whole  nymph  has  projected  itself  out  of 
the  old  skin,  with  the  exception  of  the  last  two  segments,  it  rests 
for  a  short  while  (two  or  three  minutes,  perhaps),  the  legs  all 
parallel  with  one  another  and  with  the  abdomen,  and  reaching 
slightly  forwards,  but  touching  nothing.  Then  the  nymph  gently 
takes  hold  of  the  support  it  is  on  with  all  six  legs,  gives  a  slight 
wriggle  with  the  abdomen  which  shakes  it  free  from  the  cast 
skin,  and  is  ready  in  half  an  hour  to  begin  feeding  again. 
The  whole  process  is  very  short,  and  from  the  first  appearance  of 
a  split  in  the  nymph  skin  to  the  skin's  final  rejection  it  only  takes 
a  few  minutes — seven  or  eight  perhaps. 

The  following  observations  (although  incomplete)  will,  I  hope, 

ENTOM. — OCTOBEK,    1900.  Z 


258  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

throw  some  light  on  the  length  of  time  that  J57.  cyanea  spends  as 
a  nymph,  and  also  on  the  number  of  times  it  changes  its  skin. 
In  January  of  this  year  two  or  three  nymphs  were  taken  from  a 
pond  in  my  garden,  and  these  measured  20  mm.  each.  Together 
with  others  from  the  same  pond,  they  have  all  (with  one  excep- 
tion) changed  into  perfect  insects.  In  July  of  this  same  year 
nineteen  small  nymphs,  10-17  mm.  long,  were  found  in  the  pond, 
this  date  being  of  course  long  anterior  to  the  time  when  .R.  cyanea 
begins  ovipositing.  It  may  of  course  be  thought  that  these  are 
only  some  belated  specimens,  but  it  will,  I  think,  be  agreed  that 
this  supposition  cannot  be  maintained  when  it  is  stated  that 
during  August  more  than  two  hundred  nymphs,  all  of  about 
this  size,  were  taken  from  the  same  pond.  In  confirmation  of 
the  view  that  these  are  last  year's  laying,  I  was  fortunate 
enough  to  find  in  one  aquarium,  on  July  30th  of  this  year,  a 
solitary  nymph  10  mm.  long,  and  upon  searching  the  aquarium 
three  empty  skins  were  found,  measuring  respectively  6|-  mm., 
5  mm.,  and  3^  mm.  Now,  looking  to  the  fact  that  the  egg  of 
Anax  imperator  (according  to  Mr.  Lucas)  is  If  mm.  long,  this 
smallest  nymph  skin,  measuring  3^  mm.,  must  be  the  first  or 
second  skin  cast.  The  nymph  is  now  20  mm.  long,  and  has  cast 
since  first  observed  seven  skins,  so  that  at  20  mm.  long  we  may 
say  that  the  nymph  has  cast  eight  skins  at  least,  possibly  nine 
or  ten.  The  observation  will,  if  possible,  be  completed  next 
year ;  but  I  venture  to  give  this  information  now,  as,  owing  to  a 
fortunate  accident,  these  earlier  changes,  which  are  the  only  dif- 
ficult ones  to  observe,  have  been  recorded. 

The  two  hundred  nymphs  referred  to  above,  or  rather  those 
that  remain  uneaten  by  the  survivors,  now  measure  about 
17-22  mm.,  will,  I  imagine,  grow  but  little  during  the  winter, 
and  will  be  ready  to  come  out  next  June  or  July,  thus  giving 
two  seasons  as  the  normal  time  for  the  growth  of  the  nymph 
of  /E.  cyanea.  I  have,  however,  one  nymph  almost  full  grown, 
which  has  been  very  slow  in  growing  all  this  year,  and  which 
may,  not  improbably,  be  unready  to  change  before  the  season  is 
too  far  advanced  ;  if  so,  it  will  no  doubt  come  out  very  early  next 
year,  giving  the  impression  that  it  belongs  to  a  different  hatching 
from  those  which  came  out  last  July,  which  it  does  not. 

A  very  interesting  point  remains  as  to  when  the  nymph 
3j  mm.  long  mentioned  above  was  hatched.  Unfortunately,  I 
cannot  say  precisely  when  it  got  into  my  aquarium ;  it  was  cer- 
tainly not  before  January  of  this  year,  and  it  may  have  been  as 
late  as  June  ;  in  any  case,  the  earliest  stages  of  all  must  be  ex- 
tremely slow,  or  the  eggs  must  remain  unhatched  for  several 
months ;  possibly  the  eggs  lie  dormant  from  November  or  earlier, 
during  the  whole  of  the  winter,  and  are  hatched  in  spring. 

Observations  have  been  made  on  forty- six  adult  nymphs  (all 
of  JEschna  cyanea)  this  year.     All  climbed  out  of  the  water  to 


BRITISH    DRAGONFLIES    OF    OLDER    ENGLISH    AUTHORS.  259 

make  their  final  change  to  the  perfect  insect  between  8.15  p.m. 
and  8  a.m.,  the  greater  number  between  8.15  p.m  and  10.30 
p.m.  Of  these,  twenty-two  were  males  and  twenty-four  females, 
and  it  was  very  noticeable  how  evenly  the  sexes  kept  pace  with 
each  other :  at  no  time  was  one  sex  more  than  two  or  three  in 
advance  of  the  other  in  the  order  of  their  emergence.  The 
earliest  to  emerge  was  one  on  June  13th,  and  the  latest  on 
August  17th ;  but  one,  as  already  stated,  has  still  to  change, 
having  indeed  not  yet  cast  its  penultimate  skin.  .Eschna  cyanea 
is  an  admirable  nymph  to  observe,  as  it  is  of  a  very  game  and 
sporting  nature ;  the  manner  in  which  it  will  tackle  a  worm 
many  times  its  own  length  is  indicative  of  very  great  tenacity  of 
purpose.  It  has  but  little  skulking  in  its  composition  ;  nothing 
which  moves  in  the  water,  if  not  too  enormous,  comes  amiss  to 
it ;  but  perhaps  what  is  most  tempting  to  a  by  no  means  fastidious 
appetite  is  the  blood-red  figure-of-8  worm,  or  the  gnat  larva  of 
the  domestic  water-butt.  If  any  brother  odonatist  wants  speci- 
mens of  jE.  cyanea,  it  will  be  a  genuine  pleasure  to  me  to  send 
them,  and  I  have  plenty  wherewith  to  supply  several  to  all  who 
are  likely  to  want  them.  This  nymph  is  very  hardy  in  the 
aquarium,  and  but  seldom  during  the  earlier  stages  of  its  exist- 
ence comes  to  any  misfortune,  except,  be  it  sorrowfully  admitted, 
a  violent  end  at  the  hands — or  jaws — of  its  own  kindred. 

South  Leigh  Vicarage,  Witney,  Oxon, 


BEITISH    DRAGONFLIES    OF    THE    OLDER    ENGLISH 

AUTHORS. 

By  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

(Continued  from  p.  217.) 

6.  J.  Curtis:  ' British  Entomology,'  1823-18i0.  [Neuroptera, 
three  plates,  1836,  1838,  and  1839.] 

Curtis  figures  three  species,  and  gives  in  the  accompanying 
letterpress  a  full  account  of  each.  Following  the  notice,  in  each 
case,  is  a  list  of  other  species  belonging  to  the  three  genera — 
Lihellula,  Cordulia,  and  Agrion — to  which  he  assigns  them ;  but 
these  being  without  descriptions  they  can  only  be  identified,  in 
many  cases,  by  reference  to  the  authors  which  Curtis  quotes  in 
connection  with  them.  The  following  list  gives,  in  all  probability, 
the  names  at  present  used  for  the  insects  which  Curtis  intended 
to  enumerate. 

Genus  Libellula. 
Sheet  712. 

1.  depressa  =  Libellula  depressa. 

2.  quadrimaculata  =  L.  quadrimaculata :  pranuHla  is  mentioned 

as  a  variety  of  it. 

z2 


260  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

3.  bimaculata  =  L.fidva. 

4.  conspurcata  =  L.  fulva. 

5.  cancellata  =  Orthetnmi  cancellatum. 

6.  Sparshalli  =  Pantala  favescens ;  but  the  report  of  the  capture 

is  considered  to  be  erroneous  (vide  De  Selys'  '  Revue  des 
Odonates,'  p.  260). 

7.  coerulescens  =  Orthetnmi  carulescena. 

8.  vulgatum  =  Sympetnim  striolatum. 

9.  Veronensis  =  S.  scoticum. 

10.  flaveolata  =  S.  flaveolum. 

11.  angustipennis  =  S.  samjuineum. 

12.  Roeselii  =  8.  sanguineum. 

13.  Scotica  =  S.  scoticum:  imllidistifjma  is  mentioned  as  a  variety 

of  it. 

14.  rubicunda  =  Leucorrhinia  dubia.     The  female  is  well  figured 

on  plate  712,  though  the  colouring  resembles  more  that  of 
the  male.     A  full  description  accompanies  the  plate. 

Genus  Cordulia. 
Sheet  616. 

1.  metallica  =  Somatochlora  metaUica.     This  seems  to  be  given 

as  British  on  the  authority  of  Harris's  figure,  which  there  is 
very  little  reason  for  considering  metallica,  and  which  he  him- 
self calls  (Bnea. 

2.  senea  =  Cordulia  cenea. 

3.  Curtisii  =  Oxygastra  curtisii.     The  female  is  well  figured  on 

plate  616,  and  there  is  a  full  description  in  the  accompanying 
letterpress. 

Genus  Agkion. 
Sheet  732. 

1.  platypodia  =  Platycnemis  pennipes. 

2.  Chloridion  =  Erythromma  naias. 

3.  fulvipes  =  Pyrrhosoma  nymplmla. 

4.  rufescens  =  Probably  Ischnura  elegans,  the  variety  with  orange 

thorax. 

5.  minium  —  P.  nymplmla. 

6.  annulare  =  Agrion  puella. 

7.  furcatum  =  A.  puella. 

8.  hastulatum  =  Enallagma  cyathigerum. 

9.  Puella  =  Agrion  puella. 

10.  pulchellum  =  A.  pulchellum. 

11.  zonatum  =  This   is   apparently   given   on    the    authority   of 

Leach's  MSS.  What  insect  it  represents  I  am  not  able 
to  say. 

12.  xanthopterum  =  Ischnura  pumilio. 

13.  elegans  =  I.  elegans. 

14.  ezonatum  =  /.  elegans. 

15.  rubellum  =  I.  pumilio.     Plate  732  has  a  fine  figure  of  the 

female,  var.  aurantiacum,  accompanied  by  a  full  description 
in  the  letterpress. 


261 


ON   A   SMALL   COLLECTION   OF   LEPIDOPTERA   FROM 
PEMBA   ISLAND. 

By  W.  L.  Distant. 

Pemba  is  a  small  island  situate  a  little  north  of  Zanzibar,  and, 
by  the  good  offices  of  Mr.  T.  P.  Newman,  Mrs.  Theodore  Burtt, 
whose  husband  is  engaged  in  missionary  work  on  that  spot,  has 
sent  me  a  small  collection  of  Lepidoptera.  The  seventeen  species 
of  butterflies  are  all  old  friends,  being  well  known  on  the  east 
coast,  and  many  from  the  Transvaal.  Acrcea  zetes  is  also  a  west 
coast  species,  and  Baoris  mathias  is  eastern  in  distribution,  being 
also  found  in  the  Oriental  and  Malayan  regions.  The  few  moths 
call  for  little  comment.  Pitthea  trifasciata  was  described  by 
Dewitz  from  Zanzibar;  and  a  species  of  Syntomis  appears  to  be 
nondescript,  and  is  here  described. 


EHOPALOCERA. 
Nymphalid^. 
Acrceina. 
Acrcea  zetes,  Linn. 
A.  natalica,  Boisd. 
A.  acara,  Hew. 
A.  neobule,  Doub.  &  Hew. 
A.  buxtoni,  Butl. 
A.  encedon,  Linn. 

Nymphalince. 

Junonia  cebrene,  Trim. 
J.  clelia,  Cram. 
Precis  elgiva,  Hew. 
P.  natalica,  Feld. 
Hypolimnas  misippus,  Linn. 

Papilionid^. 
Pieri7icB. 
Terias  zoe,  Hopff. 


Catopsilia  jiorella,  Fabr. 
Belenois  mesentina,  Cram. 

Papilionince. 
Papilio  demoleus,  Linn. 

Hesperiid.e. 
Gegenes  hottentota,  Latr. 
Baoris  mathias,  Fabr. 

HETEROCEEA. 
Syntomid^. 
Syntomis  hurtti,  sp.  n. 
EiLchromia  lethe,  Fabr. 

Arctiad^. 
Argina  astrea,  Dru. 

Geometric^. 
Pitthea  trifasciata,  Dewitz. 


Syntomis  burtti,  sp.n. 
Head  and  pronotum  fuscous,  anterior  and  lateral  margins  of  pro- 
notum  broadly  ochraceous  ;  abdomen  above  ochraceous  ;  body  beneath 
ocbraceous  ;  antennfe,  eyes,  legs,  and  apex  of  abdomen  fuscous.  Wings 
fuscous ;  anterior  wings  with  two  subquadrate  ochraceous  spots  near 
base,  the  first  in  cell,  the  second  immediately  beneath  it ;  two  large 
pale  subhyaline  spots  on  apical  area  each  divided  by  a  nervure,  the 
upper  spot  longest  and  narrowest ;  posterior  wings  with  a  central 
ochraceous  spot  joined  to  abdominal  margin,  which  is  also  ochraceous 
for  about  half  its  length  from  base.  Exp.  wings:  ^,  22  mm. ;  ?  , 
24  mm. 

Hab.     Pemba  Island  (Mrs.  Theodore  Burtt). 


262  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

ON  THE  NOMENCLA.TURE  OF  THE  GENERA  OF  THE  RHYN- 
CHOTA,  HETEROPTERA  AND  AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS 
HOMOPTERA. 

By  G.  W.  Kirkaldy,  F.E.S. 

(Continued  from  p.  28.) 

I  have  made  free  use  of  my  friend  Mr.  C.  Davies  Sherborn's 
colossal  '  Index  Specierum,'  &c.,  now  in  manuscript  at  the  British 
Museum  (Natural  History)  to  check  my  results  in  some  in- 
stances, and  I  am  indebted  to  him  for  many  valuable  hints.  My 
thanks  are  due  also  to  the  librarians  of  the  Zoological  and  Ento- 
mological Societies,  of  whose  kindnesses  I  have  liberally  availed 
myself. 

In  the  immediately  ensuing  part,  I  have  indicated  from  1 — 4 
sections  under  each  work  : — 

(a)  genera  with  valid  types  ;  (/3)  genera  without  types  ;  (y)  fixa- 
tion of  genotypes ;  {^)  notes  on  emendations  of  names,  invalid 
type-fixations,  &c.^  I  have  much  abbreviated  the  titles,  which 
can  be  easily  identified  from  the  usual  sources  ;  "  t."  signifies 
"  type."  "  *  "  placed  before  an  author's  name  signifies  that  I 
have  not  been  able  to  examine  that  work. 

1758-1843. 

•  1758.  LiNN^us,  Syst.  Nat.  X.  434-9.  {fi)  Cicada ;  Notonecta; 
Nepa ;  Cimex. 

1762.  Geoffroy,  Hist,  abreg.  Ins.  i.  401-82.  (a)  Naucoris, 
t.  cimicoides,  nee  L.  [=  maculata,  Fabr.]  ;  Corixa  t.  striata,  nee  L. 
[  =  geoffroyi,  Leach] .  (/3)  ^Fetigonia.^  (y)  'Cicada,  1758,  re- 
stricted.    {^)  Hepa  for  Nepa,  1758.  V^ 

1764.     LiNN^us,  Mus.  Lud.  Ulric,  153.      [{(3)  Laternaria.]^ 

1767.     LiNN^us,  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  xii.  1,  703-33\/-"  (^8)  Fulgora. 

1775.  Fabricius,  Syst.  Ent.  673-732.  (a)  Sigara,  t.  striata, 
nee  L.  [  ^=  geoffroyi,  JjeOiCh].'^  {^YMembracis ;  Cercopis ;  Acan- 
thia ;  Reduvius. 

1786.  ScopoLi,  Delic.  Faun.  Insubr.  i.  60-1.  (a)  Ploiaria 
t.  doniestica. 

1787.  SwEDERus,  Vet.  Ac.  Nya  Handl.  viii.  183-5.  (a)  Macro- 
cephalus  t.  cimicoides. 

1789.     Olivier,  Enc.  Meth.  iv.  24-5.     {(i)  Pentatovia. 

^  When  once  a  type  has  been  jBxed  validly,  I  have  ignored  any  subse- 
quent invalid  type-fixations. 

2  Not  Tettigonia,  as  usually  written ;  the  latter  is  an  orthopterous  genus. 

3  N.B.  Cicada  laternaria,  Linn.,  1758  —  Laternaria  phospJiorea,  Linn., 
1764  =  l^M.Z^'ora  laternaria,  Linn.,  1767  ;l^ Fulgora  phosphorea,  Linn.  1767, 
is  not  a  Fulgorid.  The  genns^aternaria  is  invalid,  no  description  having 
been  given. 

*  Homotypical  with  Corixa,  1762. 


'  NOMENCLATUKE  OF  THE  RHYNCHOTA,  ETC.         263 

1790.  Fabricius,  Skrift.  Nat.  Selsk.  i.  (1),  213-28.  (ft) 
Ranatra. 

1794.  Fabricius,  Ent.  Syst.  iv.  1-208.  (a)  Coreus  t.  scapia ; 
Lygceus  t.  valgus ;  Miris  t.  dolahratns^ ',  Gerris  i.  lacustris.  (y) 
Notonecta,  1758,  t.glauca,!!.  [indirectly]. 

1796.  ScHRANK,'  Samml.  Naturh.  Phys.  Aufs.  i.  p.  121.  (a) 
Coriscusy  Latreille,^  Precis  caract.  gen.  pp.  iii,  xii,  83-92  and  202. 
(0) '^ Asiraca  ;  Hydrometra -^  Poekilloptem.  (7)  Acanthia,  1775, 
restricted.  Wl 

1798.  Fabricius,  Suppl.  Ent.  Syst.  511-46.  {ft)'  Plata; 
^  Delphax.     {^)  Notonecia  for  Notonecta. 

1800.  Schellenberg,  Cimic.  Helv.  1-25.  (a)  Aquarius  t. 
2Mludum,  nee  h.'^    (^  Sigera  (or  Sigara. 

1801.  Lamarck,  Syst.  anim.  s.  Vertebr.  289^^  (a)  Scutellera 
t.  nobilis,  Sulz.,  nee  L.  [=  perplexa,  Hope].     (y)[Fulgora,  1767, 

K'o  t.  laternaria;  Cicada,  1758,  t?orni,  Fabr.  nee  L.  [^pleheja,  Scop.]; 
Pentatoma,  1789,  t.  rufipes  ;  Reduvius,  1775,  t.  personatus ;  Hydro- 
metra,  1796,  t.  stagnorum ;  Nepa,  1758,  t.  cinerea.  <^(^)  Tetigonia 
restricted  tcPcorm/ta  and  "^pumana,  1758,  but  these  were  pre- 
viously removed  to  "Memhracis,  1775,  ^u^Cercopis,  1775,  respec- 
tively. Schrank,  Faun.  Boica,  ii.  1,  44-101.  (^)  Thyreocoris. 
(7)   Coriscus,  1796  t.  dauci  [=  calcaratus,  Linn.]. 

1802.  Latreille,H.  N.  Crust.  Ins.  iii.  240-63.  (a)  Phymata  t. 
crassipes  ;  Galgidus^  t.  ocidata.  (/5)  Neides  ;  Nabis  ;  (7)  Ranatra, 
1790,  t.  linearis  ?  Cercopis,  1775,  t.^sjwmfln(i.»  *Schwarz,  Vet. 
ak.  Nya  Handl.  xiii.  180-1.     (a)  Cojncerus  t^rroratus.^ 

1803.  Fabricius,  Syst.  Rhyng.  l-292]^(a)  Lerfm  1.  aurita  ; 
ODarnis  t.  lateralis / Lys^a  i^  lanata}^Derhe  t:'^  hmnorrhoidalis  ; 
Q  lassus  t.  neruosus^ Issus  t.  coleoptratus  ;  Salda  t.  zosterce  ;  Aradus 

t.  betulce;  Syrtis  t.erosa;^^  Tingis  t.  car  did ;  Canopus  t.  obtectus  ; 
Tetyra  t.  arcuata  ;  Edessa  t.  ceruus  ;  Halys  t.  dentata ;  Cydnus  t. 
tristis;  Aelia  t.  acuminata  ;  Capsus  t.  afer ;  Alydus  t.  calcaratus  ;^^ 
Emesa  t.  precatorim  ;  Berytus  t.  tipularius ;  Zelus  t.  longipes. 
{f3f-Ventrotus  ;  ^)^lata,  179'8,^t.  ocellata;  Cimex,  1758,  t.  iicZews. 
'1(3^)  Tettigonia  (sic)  tPtibicen  does  not  accord  with  the  diagnosis  of 
the  genus,  1762,  and  in~'Me/ni)rac/s  1775,  t.^frato,  F.,  the  latter 
is  not  one  of  the  original  species. 

1804.  Latreille,  Nouv.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.  xxiv.  Tabl.  method. 

s  Not  "  doiobratus,"  as  saith  Fabr. 

6  For  date  of  this  work,  see  Latreille,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust.  Ins.  iii.  (1804), 
p.  vi. 

7  =canaliu77i,  Duf. 

8  Preoccupied,  Aves,  1760.  Q 

9  Still  (Vet.  Akad.  Handl.  viii.  1,  p.  11)  states  C.  carnifex,  Fabr.,  1775, 
as  the  type.  I  am  unable  to  discover  any  indication  in  the  Syst.  Ent.  that 
this  is  so,  and  consequently  have  here  fixedV'sj:)?6jua?-ta.  as  the  type  (see 
Latreille)  ;  Philcenus,  Stal,  thus  is  homotypical  with  Cercopis,  Fabr.  Latr. 

1"  Co-extensive  with  Phymata,  1802. 

^.1  =dauci,  Schrank;  homotypical  with  Coriscus,  1796. 


264  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


a 


163-8.  (a)  Tetigometra  t.  virescens ;^^  Cixius  t.  nervosa.  (/3)  Velia. 
(y)  Acanthia,  1775,  t.  saltatorius  ;^^  Neides,  1802,  t.  t[7']wula- 
rius  ;^^  Nahis,  1802,  t.  guUula--Memhracis,  1775,  0foliata  pCen- 
trotus,  1803,  i.  cornutus  ;^  Poekilloptera,  1796Xt.  phalcenoides. 
Latreille,  H.  N.  Crust.  Ins.  xii.  176-337.  (J)  Tyreocoris,  1801 ; 
"  Poeciloptera,  1796. 

(?)1805-21.  Palisot,  Ins.  rec.  Afr.  Amer.  13-4,  204-5.  (^) 
Petalocheiriis ;  Acanthocerus.     {^)  Cor<mis  for  Coreus. 

1806.  DuMERiL,  Zool.  Anal.  260.  {/3yPromecopsis ;^ ^  (^)  Ploiera 
for  Ploiaria. 

1807.  Latreille,  Gen.  Crust.  Ins.  iii.  112-68.  (a)  Ochterus  t. 
marginatus  ;  Belostoma  t.  testaceopallidum.    (/3)  Myodocha. 

1809.  Latreille,  Gen.  Crust.  Ins.  iv.34  and  384.  {^)  Ochterus, 
1807,  altered  to  Pelogonus  because  the  former  is  supposed  to  be 
preoccupied  by  Ochthera. 

1810.  Latreilljj.  Consid.  gen.  anim.  250-64  and  433-4.  (a) 
Leptopus  t.  littoralis  pAetalion  t.  feticulata  ;  (7)  Velia,  1804,  t.  rivu- 
lorum  y  Asiraca,  1796,  t.  davicornis.  {^)  Myodocha,  1807,  t.  ser- 
ripes,  invalid,  not  one  of  original  species  ;  "^Delphax,  1798,''  t. 
striata,  not  valid,  not  an  original  sjjecies. 

1811.  Olivier,  Enc.  Meth.  viii.  105  et  seqq.  {^)  Myodochus, 
1807  ;  Ochtherus,  1807. 

/        1811.  Ijatreille,  Humboldt's  Voy.   Ins.    147  et  seqq.      (5") 
^   Dedra  ior  Ledra,  1803. 

1814.  Leach,  Zool.  Misc.  i.  91.  (a)  Mictis  t.  crucifera.^^ 
Fallen,  Spec.  nov.  hem.  1-26.  (a)  Pyrrhocoris  t.  apter^s ;  Cori- 
zus  t.  hyoscyami.     (j3)  Anthocoris,  Geocoris,  PhytocorigPuiopa. 

1815.  Leach,  Brewster's  Edinb.  Encycl.  ix.  120-5.  (7)  Peta- 
loch  [e]  irus,  1805,  t.  variegatus ;  Myodocha,  1807,  t.  tipuloides. 
(J)  [Thyreocoris,  1808,  t.  globus,  not  an  original  species] ;  Myctis, 
1814  yXJetalion,  1810. 

1817.  Germar,  Eeise  nach  Dalm.  280-90.  (a)  Pygolampis  t. 
denticulata.^'^  Latreille  in  Cuvier's  Eegne  Anim.  iii.  384  et 
seqq.\/^  (^)  Derha,  1803 ;  Tettigometra,  1803  ;  Hofmannsegg, 
Wiedemann's  Zool.  Mag.  i.  pt.  1,  8-56.     (/3)  Hemityphlus.^^  i^ 

1818.  Germar,  Mag.  Ent.  iii.  177-227)^  (/3)  Ricania ;  Leach, 
Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xii.  10-8.  (a)  Plea  t.  minutissima^^ ;  Hofmann- 
segg, Wiedem.  Zool.  Mag.  i.  pt.  2,  92.  {^f'Aetalia,  1810;  Kirby, 
Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xii.  474-^*^  (a)  Achilus  i^fiammeus. 

12  =i20sterce,  thus  homotypical  with  Salda,  1803. 

^^  Thus  homotypical  with  Berytus,  1803. 

^*  =^acephala,  Fourcr. 

^^  =rLystra,  Fabr. ;  no  species  mentioned. 

16  ^profana,  Fabr.  i'  =bidentata,  Goeze. 

18  =  Pyrrhocoris,  1814. 

1"  =Herrich-Schaffer  states  (Wanz.  Ins.ix,  Hist,  iibers.  27)  that  the  genus 
Notocyrtus  is  to  be  found  in  this  paper,  but  I  have  searched  in  vain.  The 
learned  rhynchotist  of  Eegensburg  had  apparently,  however,  not  actually  seen 
it  himself. 

*o  =leachi,  McGreg.  and  Kirk. 


NOMENCLATUKE  OF  THE  RHYNCHOTA,  ETC.  265 

1819-21.21  KiRBY,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xiii.  12-23.  (a)  ^Anotiat. 
^  bonnetii.   '  (j3)  Otiocerus.  ^ 

/      1821.  Germar,  l^g.Ent.  iv^l-106.  (a)  Cobax^^J.winthemi,-'^^ 
^ Penthimia  'ir'atra  ;'^^Gypona^.  glaiica  ;^Eupelix  t.tusjndata.    (/3) 
^  Aphrophora,-Coelidia.o  (y)  Tet{t)igonia,  17627  t.  viridis. 

1822.  *Thunberg,  Hem.  rostr.  Cap.  pp  ?.  (a)  Copius^^  t. 
cornutus ;  Peiuhdinus  t.  hasticornis.  Eschscholtz,  Dorpat 
Naturw.  Abh.  i.  57-186.     (/3)  Hcdohates. 

1823.  Dumeril,  Cons.  gen.  215-20.  (a)  Podicerus^^  t.  ti2)u- 
laire. 

1824.  Curtis  [May  1st]  Brit.  Ent.  20.  (/3)  Acanthosoma ; 
[July  1st]  28.     (7)   Acanthosoma,  1824,  t.  hcemojfrhoidalis  ;  Des- 

couRTiLZ,  Ann.  Soc.  Linn.  Paris,  iii.  293-7.   {^tf^genia'iviamii.'^'' 

1825.  Lepeletier  &  Serville,  Enc.  IMeth.  x.  1-324.  (a) 
Holhymenia  i.  latreillci ;  ^^  Phlcea  t.  cassidioides  ;'-^'^  Holoptilus  t. 
ursiis  ;  Ectrichodiat.criiciata.^^  (/3)  Tessaratome,Pachylis,Packy- 
merus  Astemma.  (J)  Petalochere,  1805  ;  JLatreille.  Earn.  Nat. 
416-28.  (a)  Heterotome  t.  spissicoi'nis  ;^'^^<ribicen  t.plebeia.  (j3) 
Gonocei-e,  Syromaste,  Anisoscele,  Nematope,  Stenocephale,  Lepto- 
corise.^^  (y)  Tessaratome,  1825,  t.  papillosa.  {^)  Scutellere,  Aelie, 
Edesse,  Pentatome,  Coree,  Holhymenie,  Pachlyde,  Heteroscele, 
Alyde,  Neide,  Lygee,  Pachymere,  Salde,  Myodoque,  Capse,  Macro- 
cephale,  Phymate,  Arade,  Punaise,  Holoptile,  Heduve,  Petalocheire, 
Ploiere,  Leptope,  Acanthie,  Pelogone,  Hydrometre,  Veliey  Galgule, 

^y   Nauaoi-e,  Belostome,   Nepe,  Ranatre,  Notonecte,  C oris e,'^Fulg ore, 

^Flatq^RicaniY/^PcBcilovtereP^Listre^  Tettigometre,'^Asiraque,^Otio- 

cerepCe7itrotX  Ledrc,   Cere  ope,   Penthimie,  ^Aprophore,  ^ettigone, 

p^Gypo?ie,QCoelidiY,  Ulojje  (1758-1825)  ;  Lepeletier  &  Serville, 
Enc.  MethjX.  325-8^.  {a)^urMiela^'^  i.^enpstrata  ;  Globiceps 
t.  capito  ;''^^ Scaris  Tyferruginea^Evacantlmis  i?interruptus  ;  Dy- 
sodius  t.  lunulatus.^^  [&p Ptyelus^Proconia,  Monanthia,  Piesma. 
{yf^Anhropliora,  1821,^  t.  spumaria,  Germ.^'^  {^)  Heterotoma, 
18^5^^Poecilloptera,  1796;  Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  [Sept.  1st]  86. 
(a)  Aneui-us  t.  Icevis. 

1826.  *Hahn,  Icon.  IVCon.  Cimic^^ 

^^  ::=Erichson  and  Germar  quote  "  1823." 

^2  =Some  authors  quote  Copiuni,  sime  Copiiis.  I  have  not  seen  the  book. 

23  -^^Q^yp^  ^j^]^  Neides,  1802.    ^^  =corticata,  Drury. 

2  5  ^Otiocerus,  1819-21^.  ^^CL^stollii,  Kirby. 

2  7  Genus  and  species  remain  unknown. 

V  e">28  --^^igy(^^  Goeze.  '^'^  =clavigera,  Herbst. 

3  0  ^Crux,  Thunb.  ^^  Preocc.  Thunb.  1805. 
3  2  =^merioptera,  Scop.  '^'-^  =^Myodocha,  1807. 
8*  Ascribed  to  Hofmannsegg,  probably  manuscript. 

35  ^sphcBgiformis,  Eossi.  •'•^  ^^lunatus,  Fabr. 

^87  ^^alni,  Fall.  ^*^  Apparently  no  validly  defined  genera. 

(To  be  continued.) 


266  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST.  * 

NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS. 
"  Synopsis  of  Experiments  in  Hybridization  and  Temperature  made 

WITH  LePIDOPTERA  UP  TO  THE  END  OF  1898,"  BY  PrOF.  Dr.  MaX  StANDFUSS. 

— We  regret  that  Mr.  Dadd  has  been  unable  to  continue  the  translation 
of  this  important  paper,  but  we  are  pleased  to  add  that  Mr.  Kirkaldy  has 
been  good  enough  to  take  up  the  work  from  the  point  where  it  was  left  by 
Mr.  Dadd.  An  instalment,  with  plate,  will  be  given  in  the  November 
issue  of  the  '  Entomologist,'  and  the  remainder,  with  two  plates,  in  the 
,  ^  December  number. 

''^  '  •'  ^  Triecphora  sanguinolenta,  &c.— -Pr.  Walker  has  fallen  into  some 
little  confusion  in  his  "  Notes  on  Triecphora  sanguinolenta,  Marsh., 
Edw."  (Entom.  pp.  236-7).  The  three  species  mentioned — viz.  mac- 
tata,  sanguinolenta,  and  vulnerata — are  quite  distinct,  readily  separable 
by  structural  characters,  and,  as  there  are  six  other  palgearctic  species, 
the  records  from  Asia  Minor,  Spain,  &c.  do  not  necessarily  refer  to 
vulnerata.  It  may  be  noted  that  the  correct  name  of  our  species  is 
O  Tomaspis  vulnerata  (Germ.)'''  =  sanguinolenta  (Geoffr.,  nee  Linne),  the 
genera  Triecphora  a.ud^Ionecphora  being  synonymous  with  the  earlier 
'^    Tomaspis. — G.  W.  Kirkaldy. 

Gynandromorphous  Argynnis  paphia. — Perhaps  a  variety  of  Argynnis 
paphia,  which  I  have  recently  acquired,  may  be  worth  noticing  in  the 
•  Entomologist.'  Right  wings  are  those  of  a  female,  and  of  the  valesina 
form  of  that  sex  ;  left  wings  ordinary  type  of  male,  with  the  exception 
of  a  black  splash  resembling  valesina  colouring  on  the  fore  wing.  The 
specimen  was  taken  on  July  28th  last  near  Lyndhurst. — W.  ¥.  Urwick; 
34,  Great  Tower  Street,  London,  E.G.,  Aug.  27th,  1900. 

[This  most  interesting  specimen  appears  to  be  very  similar  to  an 
example  captured  in  the  New  Forest  in  1881,  and  figured  in  the 
'  Entomologist '  for  1882  (PI.  I.  fig.  5).  The  latter,  however,  is  not 
marked  with  valesina  colouring  on  the  male  side. — ^Ed.] 

Male  Bupalus  piniaria  partly  of  female  coloration. ^ — On  June  13th 
last  I  took  a  male  specimen  of  B.  piniaria,  the  left  pair  of  wings  of 
which  are  of  the  male  colour,  whilst  the  right  pair  of  wings  are  of  the 
colour  peculiar  to  the  female  of  this  species. — D.  Chittenden  ;  98, 
Court  Hill  Road,  Lewisham,  S.E. 

[We  have  seen  this  very  interesting  aberration,  but  under  circum- 
stances which  did  not  admit  of  close  examination.  Except  that  the 
right  fore  and  hind  wings  are  of  female  coloration  and  their  markings 
somewhat  blurred,  the  specimen  appears  to  be  a  male. — Ed.] 

Orthoptera  at  Sugar.  —  On  four  previous  occasions  (Entom.  xxx. 
pp.  28,  76  ;  xxxi.  p.  267 ;  xxxii.  p.  290)  I  have  called  attention  to 
certain  Orthoptera  visiting  sugar.  During  a  recent  stay  in  the  New 
Forest,  on  two  or  three  occasions  the  sugar  was  visited  by  females  of 
our  largest  native  cockroach,  Ectobia  lapponica ;  while  one  evening  a 
fairly  large  green  grasshopper,  without  doubt  Leptophges  punctatissima, 
which  appears  to  have  been  commoner  than  usual  in  the  Forest  this 
season,  made  good  use  of  its  long  legs,  and  escaped  in  the  process  of 
boxing.— W.  J.  Lucas;  Sept.  8th,  1900. 

*  The  reference  to  lUiger  is  only  manuscript. 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  267 

Satyrus  semele.  —  At  the  base  of  a  chalk  cliff  near  Lul worth, 
in  Dorset,  on  Aug.  18th,  I  came  across  a  large  number  of  S.  semele 
on  a  patch  of  sea-lavender.  They  filled  the  ah-  on  my  approach.  One 
does  not  usually  associate  the  grayling  butterfly  with  a  habit  of  this 
kind.— W.  J.  Lucas  ;  Sept.  8tb,  1900. 


CAPTURES  AND   FIELD   REPORTS. 

Papilio  machaon  at  Ringwood. — This  morning,  at  about  nine  o'clock, 
I  captured  the  finest  and  most  beautiful  specimen  of  Papilio  machaon  that 
I  have  ever  seen.  I  was  out  in  a  clover-field  on  the  look-out  for  C.  hyale, 
C.  edusa,  and  var.  helice ;  also  Vanessa  cardui.  My  daughter  Marjorie,  who 
accompanied  me,  drew  ray  attention  to  the  insect,  and  1  really  thought  at  a 
little  distance  that  it  was  a  pale  var.  of  cardui.  It  was  lazily  flying  low 
amongst  the  clover-flowers,  and  when  it  alighted  upon  one  I  fortunately 
netted  it.  The  specimen,  which  is  a  female,  is  in  perfect  and  fresh  condi- 
tion, very  pale  yellow,  the  central  band  of  yellow  is  scarcely  divided  with 
black  lines,  and  there  is  not  a  trace  of  any  red  scales,  except  the  usual  two 
spots  upon  the  hind  wings ;  the  body  has  the  black  dorsal  streak,  but  the 
sides  are  nearly  pure  white.  I  have  compared  it  with  my  Wicken  Fen 
series,  and  if  it  were  put  amongst  them  it  could  be  detected  at  a  glance ;  it 
has  a  much  greater  yellow  area. — J.  Hy.  Fowler  ;  Aug.  31,  1900. 

Papilio  machaon  in  Sussex. — I  caught  a  specimen  of  P.  macho7i  at 
Hooe,  near  Pevensey,  on  Aug.  18th  last.  It  was  flying  slowly  from  flower 
to  flower  in  a  field  of  red  clover.  The  tail  on  the  left  hind  wing  was 
wanting,  and  also  a  piece  of  the  right  fore  wing  ;  but  otherwise  the  insect 
seemed  to  be  very  fresh. — Lewis  L.  Turner  ;  131,  Melbourne  Grove,  East 
Dulwich,  S.E. 

Papilio  machaon  in  Kent.  —  On  Aug.  15th  I  captured,  in  a  railway 
cutting  near  Hythe,  a  fine  female  specimen  of  P.  machaon.  —  C.  W.  Hut- 
chinson ;  43,  Fordwych  Road,  West  Hampstead,  N.W. 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Berks,  Kent,  and  Sussex. — For  the  following 
records  of  V.  antiopa  in  England  this  year,  published  in  the  *  Times,'  we  are 
indebted  to  Miss  Urquhart,  of  Maida  Vale  : — 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  entomologists  to  hear  that  two  specimens  of  that 
rare  insect,  Vanessa  antiopa,  have  been  captured  in  this  neighbourhood 
during  this  week.  One  had  been  attracted  to  a  bottle  put  out  near  some 
peach  trees  to  attract  wasps,  containing  beer  and  rum  ;  the  other  was  caught 
in  a  garden  about  two  miles  distant  on  a  dahlia  flower.  This  latter  is  a 
most  perfect  specimen.  I  should  be  interested  to  hear  if  any  other  speci- 
mens have  been  taken  in  this  country  during  the  summer. — Philip  A. 
Houghton  ;  Lindfield,  Sussex,  Sept.  7th. 

On  Aug.  18th,  at  Heme,  Kent,  my  son  captured  a  very  fine  specimen, 
measuring  3J  in.  across  the  wings. — Frederick  Single  ;  Fernside,  Wim- 
bledon Common. 

My  son  caught  a  very  perfect  specimen  of  the  "  Camberwell  Beauty  "  on 
a  plum  tree  in  the  garden  here  on  Sept.  5th,  and  saw  another  close  by  the 
garden  on  the  same  afternoon.  —  (Sir)  W.  Cameron  Gull  ;  Yattendon, 
Berks,  Sept.  11th. 


268  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

On  Aug.  26th  last  a  fine  specimen  of  V.  antiopa  was  caught  close  by 
here  on  the  borders  of  Sussex  and  Surrey  at  Newlauds,  while  attempting  to 
enter  a  glass  trap  baited  for  wasps,  as  in  one  of  Mr.  Houghton's  instances. 
— (Major)  R.  H.  Brown  ;  Crawley-down,  Sussex. 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Berkshire. — On  Aug.  30th  I  saw  a  fine  specimen 
of  F.  antiopa  in  Berkshire,  not  far  from  Streatley. — (Rev.)  Archibald 
Day;  The  Vicarage,  Malvern  Link. 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Essex. — On  Aug.  Slst  my  friend  Robert  Wedlake 
caught  in  our  garden,  and  gave  to  me,  asple«did  specimen  of  V.  antiopa. — 
Harold  P.  Thompson  ;   Hornchurch,  Essex. 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Hampshire.  —  On  Sept.  12th  I  took  a  worn  speci- 
men of  V.  antiopa  in  the  New  Forest ;  it  was  flying  round  a  tree  which  had 
been  sugared  the  night  before. — A.  Molineux  Smallpeice  ;  Field  Lodge, 
Burley,  Ringwood,  Hants,  Sept.  14th. 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Kent. — A  specimen  of  V.  antiopa  was  captured 
this  morning  in  the  garden  of  Vesey  Holt,  Esq.,  Mount  Mascal,  Bexley. 
It  was  sitting  on  the  decayed  stump  of  a  tree,  and  was  taken  in  a  landing- 
net.  It  is  rather  small,  but,  despite  the  mode  of  capture,  is  in  splendid 
condition. — T.  B.  Andrews  ;  276,  Broadway,  Bexley  Heath,  Sept.  11th. 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Suffolk. — I  captured  a  specimen  of  F.  antiopa 
on  Aug.  30th  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Lowestoft.  —  E.  J.  SiNGLEaoN 
Smith  ;   St.  Margaret's  College,  Lowestoft,  Sept.  1st,  1900. 

Vanessa  id  at  Tooting. — On  Aug.  3l8t  I  was  agreeably  surprised  to 
see  a  specimen  of  F.  io  disporting  itself  in  the  garden  here.  It  is  the  first 
example  of  the  species  I  have  ever  seen  in  or  near  to  London.  It  seemed  to 
prefer  the  late  blooms  of  a  patch  of  red  valerian  to  old  sugar,  which  attracts 
F.  atalanta  so  frequently.  —  E.  Sparke  ;  1,  Christchurch  Villas,  Tooting 
Bee  Road,  Tooting,  S.W. 

Pyrameis  atalanta  swarming  on  a  Cossus-infested  Birch  Tree. — 
This  morning,  whilst  strolling  through  a  small  clump  of  birches  on 
Wimbledon  Common,  I  was  surprised  at  suddenly  disturbing  about  twenty 
or  thirty  specimens  of  Pyrameis  atalanta.  As  the  only  Lepidoptera  observed 
during  the  whole  morning  were  a  few  PierisrapcB,  one  or  two  Gcenonympha 
pamphilus,  and  one  Chrysophanus  phkeas,  my  curiosity  was  at  once  aroused, 
and  I  soon  found  that  one  particular  birch-trunk  was  the  centre  of  attrac- 
tion for  quite  a  swarm  of  wasps  as  well  as  the  aforesaid  butterflies.  Closer 
investigation  revealed  the  reason  for  this  phenomenon,  for  while  I  was 
watching  a  nearly  full-fed  larva  of  Cossiis  ligniperda  crawled  out  of  the 
trunk,  and  made  off  at  a  rapid  rate,  apparently  disgusted  with  the  crowd  of 
uninvited  visitors.  There  were  at  least  thirty  specimens  of  P.  atalanta  in 
the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  the  tree,  and  those  which  could  not  get  on 
the  trunk  settled  on  the  ground,  or  on  the  lower  twigs  of  birch  near  by,  and 
allowed  me  to  take  them  with  my  fingers,  though  the  sun  was  shining  bril- 
liantly. I  have  heard  of  this  particular  attraction  for  some  butterflies,  but 
it  was  my  first  actual  experience  of  it.  I  may  say  that  no  other  butterflies 
were  present  with  P.  atalanta.  —  E.  B.  Bishop;  60,  Griffiths  Road, 
Wimbledon,  S.W.,  Sept.  21st,  1900. 

Lycena  bcetica  bred  in  Guernsey. — I  have  succeeded  in  discovering 
larvae  of  Lyccena  bcetica  this  summer,  and  I  am  now  breeding  some  fine 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS. 


269 


specimens  of  this  butterfly.  —  Geokge   Bakeu  ;    11,   Saumarez  Street, 
Guernsey,  Sept.  5th,  1900. 

Thecla  w-album  in  the  Maidstone  District.  — On  July  25th  I  was 
pleasantly  surprised  to  capture  a  specimen  of  T.  lo-alhum  in  the  garden. 
Unfortunately  it  was  very  worn,  and  minus  a  portion  of  the  hind  wing. — 
J.  L.  Saxby  ;  Larkfield,  Maidstone. 

Lycena  argiolus  in  North  London. — On  Aug.  llth  T  took  a  male 
Lyccena  [Polyommatus)  argiolus  in  Haringay  Park  (about  four  miles  from 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral).  I  also  saw  a  specimen  near  the  same  spot  the  last 
week  in  July.  —  H.  A.  King  ;  25,  Haringay  Park,  Crouch  End,  N., 
Sept.  18th,  1900. 

ACHERONTIA    ATROPOS. 

Gloucestershire.  —Larvae  of  this  species  have  been  extraordinarily 
plentiful  this  summer.  Several  have  been  brought  to  me  from  potato- 
fields,  and  I  know  of  at  least  twenty  others  in  the  possession  of  gentlemen 
in  the  neighbourhood. — (Rev.)  A.  Nash  ;  Standish  Vicarage,  Stonehouse, 
Gloucestershire,  Sept.  19th,  1900. 

Hampshire.— I  took  seven  larvae  of  A.  atropos  during  one  afternoon, 
and  found  several  others,  which  I  did  not  pick  up.  So  many  have  been 
brought  to  me  of  late  that  I  have  had  to  refuse  them. — J.  Hy.  Fowler  ; 
Ringwood,  Sept.  3rd,  1900. 

Herefordshire. — The  larvae  of  A.  atropos  have  been  plentiful  this 
year  in  the  county.  I  have  seen  several  specimens,  and  an  example  of  the 
perfect  insect  was  brought  to  me  on  the  18th  inst.  ;  it  had  just  been  cap- 
tured in  the  Market  Hall,  situated  in  the  centre  of  the  city. — J.  B.  Pilley  ; 
Hereford,  Sept.  20th,  1900. 

Kent. — While  staying  in  Scotland  last  month,  I  received  by  post, 
from  my  aunt.  Lady  Naesmyth,  a  fine  larva  of  A.  atropos,  which  she 
had  found  in  her  garden  at  Tunbridge  Wells.  The  insect  was  none  the 
worse  for  its  long  journey,  and  has  since  pupated  successfully.  —  H. 
W.  Shepheard-Walwyn  ;  Glensyde,  Bidborough,  Tunbridge  Wells, 
Sept.  2nd,  1900. 

Norfolk. — I  beg  to  report  the  occurrence  here  of  five  full-fed  larvae  of 
A.  atropos.  On  Aug.  29th  one  was  given  me  at  noon,  and  another  at  night 
of  same  date.  Both  of  these  buried  themselves  at  once.  I  have  heard  of 
other  larvae  of  same  species  this  season  ;  but  these  have  not  come  under 
my  own  personal  observation  like  the  five  mentioned  above. — J.  W.  Wool- 
house  ;  Summer  Hill,  Fakenham,  Norfolk,  Sept.  3rd,  1900. 

A  fine  larva  of  A.  atropos  was  brought  to  me  during  the  first  week  in 
August,  which  has  now  safely  pupated.  According  to  reports  sent  to  the 
local  papers,  larvae  of  this  species  have  been  very  abundant  in  Norfolk  this 
year. — W.  T.  Harris  ;  17,  Micheldever  Road,  Lee. 

I  have  had  two  pupae  of  A.  atropos  given  me  ;  the  larvae  were  found  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Mundesley,  Norfolk. — S.  W.  Kemp  ;  80,  Oxford 
Gardens,  Notting  Hill,  W.,  Sept.  17th. 

On  July  24th  eleven  fine  larvae  of  A.  atropos  were  found  feeding  on 
potato  in  a  garden  at  Norwich.  One  of  these  died  shortly  after ;  the  remain- 
ing ten  were  full-fed,  and  had  all  gone  to  earth  by  Aug.  3rd.  —  R.  Laddi- 
MAN  ;  25,  Drayton  Road,  Norwich,  Aug.  24th,  1900. 

Oxfordshire. — I  have  received  three  larvae  and  two  pupae  of  this  moth 


270  THE   ENTOMOLOGIST. 

this  August  from  Eynshatn  and  Headingtoa,  Oxon — Harold  Thompson  ; 
31,  Beaumont  Street,  Oxford,  Aug.  31st,  1900. 

Suffolk. — While  staying  at  Middleton,  near  Yoxford,  in  Suffolk,  I  had, 
on  Aug.  4th,  a  full-fed  larva  brought  to  me,  and,  on  investigating  a  patch 
of  potatoes,  I  found  two  more  ;  and  ray  nephew  writes  that  he  added 
another  from  the  same  garden,  making  four  in  all. — Henry  A.  King  ;  25, 
Harringay  Park,  Crouch  End,  N.,  Aug.  23rd,  1900. 

Surrey.  —  Two  specimens  of  A.  atropos  were  taken  in  a  garden  here  the 
other  day.  —  Herbert  Beadnkll;   Fernside,  Redhill,  Surrey,  Aug.  7th. 

On  Aug.  31st  I  had  a  fine  full-fed  larva  of  A.  atropos  brought  to  me 
from  Church  Lane,  Lower  Tooting,  S.W.  It  burrowed  in  the  earth  of  the 
breeding-box  immediately.  It  was  of  a  decided  yellow  colour.  I  have  had 
the  pupae  before  from  that  neighbourhood. —E.  Sparke  ;  1,  Christchurch 
Villas,  Tooting  Bee  Road,  Tooting,  S.W. 

Sussex. — Several  larvae  of  A.  atropos  have  been  obtained  in  potato- 
fields  at  Hooe. — Lewis  L.  Turner  ;  East  Dulwich,  Sept.  20th,  1900. 

Worcestershire. — We  have  thirteen  pupae  of  A.  atropos,  and  know  of 
others  ;  the  larvae  were  all  taken  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  this  vicarage. 
— (Rev.)  Archibald  Day;   Malvern  Link,  Sept.  17th,  1900. 

Westmoreland. — On  Aug.  30ch,  hearing  that  a  full-grown  larva  oi  A. 
atropos  had  been  found  crawling  across  a  path  in  a  small  garden  at  Natland, 
two  miles  south  of  Kendal,  I  at  once  prosecuted  a  search  through  the 
potato-tops  of  the  first  field  in  that  direction.  I  was  rewarded  by  finding 
two  larvae  almost  full-fed.  The  next  day  I  secured  another  in  the  same 
field,  which  went  down  at  once.  On  Sept.  Ist,  at  Low  Foulshaw,  lying 
south-west  of  Kendal,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Witherslack  mosses,  I 
found  two  more,  and  the  frass  of  a  third.  The  ground  colour  of  one  of  these 
larvae  was  of  a  vivid  yellow,  and  stood  out  in  strong  contrast  to  the  dead 
brown  potato-top  to  which  it  was  clinging.  They  entered  the  soil  to 
undergo  pupation  on  Sept.  1st,  4th,  5th,  and  6th  respectively.  As  two 
other  larvae  have  been  taken  accidentally,  there  is  ground  for  believing  that 
the  species  has  been  more  than  usually  abundant  in  the  district  this  year. 
Imagines  have  from  time  to  time  turned  up,  but,  though  often  searched  for, 
I  have  never  till  this  year  taken  the  larva.  —  (Rev.)  A.  M.  Moss  ;  Kendal. 
P.S. — Since  writing  the  above  another  larva,  about  to  pupate,  has  been  found 
in  a  small  garden  on  Sept.  8th,  and  presented  to  me,  bringing  our  total  of 
captures  up  to  eight. 

Deilephila  galii  in  Gloucestershire. — I  am  very  pleased  to  record 
the  capture  of  D.  galii.  Towards  the  end  of  August  my  son,  going  round 
the  vicarage  garden  at  dusk,  on  the  look-out  for  S.  convolvuli,  saw  a  large 
insect  hovering  over  some  phlox  flowers,  and  promptly  secured  it.  It 
turned  out  to  be  a  very  fine  specimen  of  D.  galii,  an  insect  I  had  never 
seen  alive  before.  —  (Rev.)  A.  Nash  ;  Standish  Vicarage,  Stonehouse, 
Gloucestershire. 

CHiEROCAMPA  ELPENOR  ON  WiLD  Balsam.  —  I  wish  to  Confirm  my 
previous  note  of  1898  (Entom.  xxxi.  243),  in  which  I  recorded  Impatient 
noli-me-tangere  as  a  pabulum  for  C.  elpenor.  1  have  again,  on  Sept.  15th, 
taken  a  full-grown  larva  on  the  identical  patch  of  balsam.  Several  others 
have  this  year,  but  earlier,  been  found  feeding  on  the  common  Epilohium. — 
(Rev.)  A.  M.  Moss. 

NocTUA  castanea  in  the  New  Forest. — It  may  be  worth  recording 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  271 

that  while  sugaring  in  the  New  Forest,  on  Aug.  15th  last,  I  took  a  speci- 
men of  the  red  form  of  Noctua  castanea,  of  the  same  tint  as  those  from  the 
north.  I  am  told  that  this  form  has  not  been  previouslv  taken  in  the  forest. 
Perhaps  this  note  may  bring  others  to  light. — (Rev.)  W.  Claxton  ;  Nave- 
stock  Vicarage,  Romford. 

[N.  castanea,  in  its  typical  form,  is  red  ;  the  grey  form  is  var.  neglecta. 
We  believe  that  the  type  is  not  altogether  unknown  in  the  New  Forest, 
but  it  would  be  interesting  to  have  more  information  on  this  point. — Ed.] 

Aplecta  occulta  in  Norfolk. — Oa  Aug.  28th  I  had  the  good  fortune 
to  take  a  fine  specimen  of  Aplecta  occulta  on  sugar  at  Paston,  near  Mundes- 
ley,  Norfolk.  The  specimen  is  of  the  light  form,  and  the  markings  are 
extremely  well  defined.  —  S.  W.  Kemp  ;  80,  Oxford  Gardens,  Netting 
Hill,  W. 

Catocala  nupta  on  Tarred  Posts. — -While  walking  along  the  road 
through  Bagley  Wood,  near  Oxford,  at  the  end  of  August  last,  I  saw 
on  two  occasions  a  considerable  number  of  specimens  of  Catocala  nupta 
at  rest  on  tarred  telegraph-posts.  Aiost  were  high  up  the  posts,  and 
all,  I  believe,  on  the  southern  aspect  of  them.  The  posts  had  not 
lately  been  tarred,  and  though  black  in  some  parts  were  in  others, 
especially  on  the  southerly  side,  brownish,  and  often  with  a  marbled 
appearance,  due  to  the  grain  of  the  wood  showing.  On  the  lighter 
parts  of  their  resting-places  the  insects  were  not  specially  con- 
spicuous, though  generally  quite  easily  seen.  On  one  post  there 
were  sis  specimens,  and  on  two  others  five  each.  In  some  cases, 
two  or  more  individuals  were  quite  close  to  each  other. — W.  J.  Lucas  ; 
Sept.  12th,  1900. 

Catocala  nupta. — The  unwonted  abundance  of  this  species  during 
the  last  two  seasons  in  this  neighbourhood  has  been  very  remarkable. 
In  August,  1899,  it  was  so  common,  that  at  sugar  one  out  of  every  two 
or  three  trees  displayed  a  specimen.  But  this  year  it  has  been  still 
more  plentiful ;  and  the  telegraph-poles  along  the  high  roads  have 
been  adorned  with  it,  many  possessing  one,  two,  or  even  three 
specimens  of  this  fine  insect  high  up  at  rest — easy  to  see,  but 
not  so  easy  to  take,  as  at  the  first  approach  of  net  or  bottle  away 
flew  skittish  nupta. — (Rev.)  A.  Nash;  Standish  Vicarage,  Stonehouse, 
Gloucestershire. 

Acronycta  alni  in  Herefordshire. — In  the  early  part  of  August  I 
received  a  larva  of  A.  alni,  which  had  been  found  on  alder  near  here. — J. 
B.  PiLLEY  ;  Hereford. 

Epunda  nigra  in  Kent. — On  Saturday  evening,  Sept.  loth  last,  I  was 
sugaring  in  Barnet  Wood,  Bromley  Common,  Kent,  with  my  friend  Stanley 
Haines,  of  Bromley,  when  I  had  the  luck  to  take  Epunda  nigra  from  the 
trunk  of  a  pine  which  I  had  sugared.  This  is  very  uncommon,  is  it  not, 
for  this  district,  the  insect  being  considered  very  local  ? — A.  J.  Lavvrance  ; 
8,  Cross  Roads,  Bromley  Common,  Kent,  Sept.  19th,  1900. 

[We  do  not  remember  any  recent  record  of  the  occurrence  of  E.  nigra 
in  Kent,  but  we  believe  that  the  species  has  been  taken  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Farnborough. — Ed  ] 


272  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Plusia  moneta  at  Norwood,  —  I  took  a  magnificent  specimen  of  P. 
moneta  in  my  house  on  July  10th. —  H.  Wells  ;  Hurstfield,  The  Avenue, 
Gipsy  Hill,  London,  S.E. 

Caradrina  ambigua  in  Hampshire. — This  species  has  been  so  abun- 
dant in  my  garden  lately  that  I  made  a  selection  of  over  fifty  specimens  in 
one  evening.  The  moths  came  to  the  flowers  of  clematis,  and  were  then 
boxed,  but  they  were  flying  around  me  in  scores.  Since  that  particular 
evening  the  species  has  not  been  nearly  so  abundant,  and  I  am  at  a  loss  to 
understand  why  it  should  have  appeared  in  such  numbers  one  night,  and 
the  next  and  following  evenings  suddenly  become  comparatively  scarce.  I 
may  add  that  C.  ambigua  has  occurred  in  my  garden  for  the  past  four  or 
five  seasons. — J.  Hy.  Fowler  ;  Poulner,  Ringwood,  Sept.  3rd,  1900. 

CoREMrA  quadrifasciaria  in  Suffolk. — I  have  taken  this  species, 
but  not  frequently,  by  beating  the  undergrowth  of  hedges  in  Westerfield 
and  Barbara  lanes,  near  Ipswich. — E.  Sparke  ;  1,  Christchurch  Villas, 
Tooting. 

COREMIA  QUADRIFASCIARIA    AND    MeLANIPPE  PROCELLATA   IN   EsSEX. 

By  way  of  supplement  to  the  records  of  the  Rev.  G.  H.  Raynor  and  Prof. 
R.  Meldola,  I  would  like  to  say  that  in  June,  1863,  I  captured  a  fine  speci- 
men of  Coremia  quadrifasciaria  on  the  outskirts  of  a  wood  close  to  the  town 
of  Braintree.  As  to  Melanippe  procellata,  this  in  1879  and  1880  was  fairly 
common  in  a  lane  leading  from  Withara  to  Rivenhall  Thicks.  I  have 
records  of  several  specimens  captured  in  those  years,  and  in  the  latter  year 
I  bred  a  great  number  from  larvae  taken  in  that  lane  on  Clematis  vitalba. — 
W.  D.  Cansdale  ;  Sunny  Bank,  South  Norwood,  S.E.,  Sept.  8th,  1900. 

Spilodes  stictjcalis  near  Maldon. — Whilst  working  for  Colias  in  a 
lucerne  field  near  here,  about  3  p.m.  on  Sept.  10th,  I  noticed  a  small  moth 
hovering  round  a  lucerne-flower.  My  surprise  may  be  imagined  when  I 
found  it  on  capture  to  be  a  specimen  of  sticticalis  in  very  fair  condition. 
An  hour's  subsequent  work  produced  one  more  specimen,  which  I  walked 
up  out  of  the  lucerne.  Can  any  of  your  readers  tell  me  whether  the  larva 
of  this  species  has  been  found  in  England,  and,  if  so,  ob  what  food-plant  ? — 
(Rev.)  Gilbert  H.  Raynor;  Hazeleigh  Rectory,  Maldon,  Sept.  14th, 
1900.  [The  larva  is  stated  to  feed  on  Artemisia  vulgaris  in  June  and 
July.— Ed.] 

LiMENiTis  SIBYLLA  IN  SuRREY. — On  Julv  22nd  I  saw  a  specimen  of 
L.  Sibylla  on  the  wing  near  Haslemere,  and  heard  that  several  had  been 
taken  in  the  neighbourhood. — W.  J.  Lucas  ;   Sept.  8th,  1900. 

Sympetrum  flaveolum. — Sympetrum  flaveolum  has  been  taken  in  one 
or  two  places.  Odonatists  should  look  out  for  it.  The  large  amount  of 
bright  yellow  can  be  seen  on  the  wings  when  the  insect  is  flying.  Its 
flight  is  different  from  that  of  S.  striolatuin,  with  which  it  is  generally 
found.  It  does  not  hover,  but  flits  from  plant  to  plant  or  from  flower  to 
flower  something  hke  a  butterfly  does.  S.  sanguineum  flies  in  the  same 
way  ;  but  S.  sanguineum  is  also  a  fairly  good  capture.  I  may  add  that 
S.  flaveolum  is  again  present  on  Ockham  Common,  Surrey,  and  has  been 
taken  by  myself  and  H.  E.  Annett.  So  far  as  I  know,  no  females  have 
been  secured. — W.  J.  Lucas  ;  12,  Cavershara  Road,  Kingston-on-Thames, 
Sept.  8th,  1900. 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  273 


COLIAS  KDUSA  AND  C.  HYALE  TN  ENGLAND,  1900, 

It  will  perhaps  be  remembered  that  the  abundance  of  C.  edusa  in  the 
autumn  of  1892  was  foreshadowed  by  the  occurrence  of  one  or  more  ex- 
amples of  the  species  in  various  parts  of  the  country  at  the  end  of  May 
and  the  beginning  of  June  of  that  year.  In  some  of  the  localities  C.  edusa 
was  accompanied  in  the  autumn  by  C.  hyale,  but  of  this  latter  species  very 
few  specimens  seem  to  have  been  noticed  earlier  in  the  year;  only  one 
record  appears  in  the  '  Entomologist.' 

During  the  present  year  C.  edusa  was  observed  in  June  at  Beachy  Head, 
Sussex  (12th) ;  Devonport,  Devon  (22ud) ;  Wiveliscombe,  Somerset  (23rd) ; 
Ringwood,  Hants  (23rd);  and  in  a  recent  note  Mr.  H.  0.  Wells  records  a 
fine  male  specimen  taken  at  Weston,  Devon,  on  June  19th.  Of  C.  hyale 
there  is  but  one  notice,  but  this  mentions  the  capture  of  two  specimens  at 
Beachy  Head  on  June  12th,  and  Mr.  Colthrup  informs  us  that  he  saw 
this  species,  as  well  as  C.  edusa,  at  Beachy  Head  about  the  middle  of 
June  last. 

Berkshire. — On  Aug.  13th  I  captured  three  specimens  of  this  butterfly 
at  Cumnor,  Berks,  and  since  that  date  have  taken  twenty  (nineteen  males 
and  one  female)  flying  over  clover  and  along  the  roadside.  I  also  obtained 
two  C.  hyale  at  Wootten. — Harold  Thompson;  0.\ford. 

During  August  my  son  and  I  captured  twenty  specimens  of  C.  hyale 
and  two  examples  of  C.  edusa  var.  helice  in  Berkshire,  not  far  from 
Streatley. — (Rev.)  Archibald  Day;  The  Vicarage,  Malvern  Link. 

Brecknockshire. — On  August  18th  I  saw  a  specimen  oiC.  edusa  near 
Llangorse. — D.  P.  Tqrner. 

Bucks. — I  captured  a  female  specimen  of  G.  hyale  and  saw  C.  edusa  in 
a  clover  field,  also  noticed  a  male  of  the  first-named  species  on  the  railway 
embankment,  at  Chorley  Wood,  on  September  13th  last. — (Rev.)  F.  A. 
Walker. 

I  captured  two  specimens  each  of  C.  edusa  and  C.  hyale  on  August  25th 
in  a  field  of  lucerne  at  Cheshara. — D.  Chittenden  ;  98,  Court  Hill  Road, 
Lewisham,  S.E. 

On  August  19th  I  counted  six  specimens  of  C.  edusa  flying  over 
afield  of  lucerne  near  Beaconsfield.  Not  having  my  net.  was  unable  to 
make  any  captures. — W.  H.  Bastow  ;  The  Poplars,  Spencer  Road,  Grove 
Park,W. 

Cambridgeshire. — On  August  14th  I  saw  near  Pampisford  Station  a 
single  C.  hyale  among  a  lot  of  C.  edusa,  and  missed  it.  Returning  to  the 
same  place  next  morning  I  had  the  pleasure  of  taking  a  fine  male ;  and  on 
the  17th  saw  three  others,  and  took 'one,  near  Whittlesford.  This  locality 
yielded  another  on  the  18th.  Hitherto  it  has  only  appeared  singly,  but 
C.  edusa  has  been  fairly  plentiful  on  the  same  ground. — E.  G.  Alderson  ; 
Pampisford  Vicarage,  Aug.  23rd. 

Cheshire.— C.  edusa  has  been  fairly  common  about  "The  Cop" 
(river  embankment)  and  adjacent  clover  fields  on  the  right  of  the  Dee  below 
Chester.  The  first  I  saw  was  a  fine  female  flying  about  a  lucerne  field, 
Aug.  I7th.  Up  to  to-day  (Sept.  8th),  when  I  obtained  a  male  in  very  fair 
condition,  quite  a  dozen,  to  my  knowledge,  have  been  captured,  and  others 
have  been  seen.  The  colleague  of  the  butterfly,  Plusia  gamma,  has  been 
unusually  numerous. — J.  Arkle  ;  Chester. 

ENTOM. — OCTOBER,    1900.  2  A 


274  TfiB    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

I  saw  one  male  specimen  of  C.  edusa  here  (Burton),  on  September  6th, 
flying  along  the  roadside. — (Rev.)  C.  A.  Sladen  ;  Burton  Vicarage, 
Chester. 

CoKNWALL. — C.  edusa  was  very  abundant  at  Bude,  males  preponderating. 
Also  at  Boscastle  and  Tintagel. — L.  G.  S.  Raynor  ;  22,  Gordon  Place, 
Kensington,  Sept.  13th,  1900. 

Devon. — A  fine  male  C.  edusa  was  taken  at  Weston,  near  Sidmouth, 
on  June  17th,  1900.— H.  O.  Wells  ;  Hurstfield,  Gipsy  Hill. 

C.  edusa  common  almost  everywhere.  Have  seen  no  C.  hyale  iu  my 
district,  but  have  taken  fourteen  fine  specimens  of  C.  edusa  var.  helice. — 
(Rev.)  W.  J.  Leigh  Phillips  ;  The  Cottage,  Parkwood  Road,  Tavistock, 
Sept.  17th. 

During  a  visit  to  South  Devon,  from  Aug.  9th  to  18th,  C.  edusa  was 
abundant  at  the  following  places : — Newton  Abbot,  Bovey  Tracey,  Star- 
cross,  and  Dawlish,  and  with  it  the  var.  helice  occurred  sparingly.  C.  hyale 
was  not  seen. — A.  H.  Hamm  ;  52,  St.  Mary's  Road,  Oxford. 

My  friend  Mr.  E.  Hill,  of  Lee,  spent  a  few  weeks  at  Ilfracombe,  and 
in  the  course  of  four  mornings'  collecting  took  twenty  C.  edusa  (seventeen 
males,  three  females)  and  no  C.  hyale.  He  said  C.  edusa  was  very  common, 
as  were  also  Vanessa  io  and  V.  cardui,  of  each  of  which  he  showed  me 
about  twenty  examples.  Macroglossa  stellatarum  was  also  common. — 
F.  M.  B.  Carr. 

C.  edusa  was  common  near  Clovelly,  Holsworthy,  Creditou,  Honiton, 
and  Axminster.— L.  G.  S.  Raynor,  Sept.  13th,  1900. 

Devon  and  Cornwall. — On  July  24th  I  noticed  a  couple  of  fine  male 
C.  edusa  on  the  Cornish  coast,  a  few  miles  west  of  St.  Ives.  The  insect 
was  fairly  common  during  the  second  and  third  weeks  of  August  at  Taunton, 
sufficiently  so  to  seem  to  point  to  a  Colias  "  year."  With  the  exception  of 
one  specimen  seen  last  September,  I  am  not  aware  of  its  occurrence  there 
for  the  last  seven  years. — J.  B.  Tetley  ;  5,  Wilkinson  Street,  South 
Lambeth,  S.W.,  Sept.  13th,  1900. 

Dorsetshire. — On  August  16th  I  found  C.  edusa  very  common  along 
the  coast  between  Abbotsbury  and  Bridport.  I  took  one  example  of  var. 
helice,  and  saw  two  other  insects,  which  were  either  helice  or  C.  hyale. — 
W.  J.  Lucas. 

C.  edusa  was  present  in  large  numbers  during  the  early  part  of  this 
week  at  West  Lulworth,  Dorset,  where  I  took  a  good  series  of  both  males 
and  females,  the  former  being,  however,  much  more  numerous.  I  also 
took  in  the  same  place  one  specimen  of  var.  helice,  and  two  specimens  of 
C.  hyale.  This  last  was  far  from  common. — T.  Godbard  Williams; 
The  Neuk,  Danehill,  Sussex,  Sept.  18th,  1900. 

C.  edusa  was  observed  near  Weymouth,  Bridport,  and  Dorchester;  not 
common. — L.  G.  S.  Raynor;    Sept.  13th,  1900. 

Essex. — These  butterflies  have  appeared  in  the  clover  and  lucerne  fields 
here — C.  hyale  in  considerable  numbers,  but  C.  edusa  has  been  rarer.  I 
took  my  first  specimen  of  each  on  August  2nd,  and  they  have  occurred 
almost  every  day  until  the  present  date.  My  boys  and  self  have  captured 
about  thirty  C.  hyale  and  ten  C.  edusa,  including  a  fine  primrose  var.  helice. 
I  have  a  considerable  number  of  eggs  from  two  female  C.  hyale,  laid  on 
white  clover. — Edward  A.  Fitch  ;  Maldon,  Essex,  Aug.  25th. 

My  earliest  date  of  capture  for  each  of  these  species  was  Aug.  11th. 
Since  then  up  till  to-day,  August  18th,  I  have  taken  in  various  lucerne  and 
clover  fields  round  here  thirty-four  C.  hyale  and  ten  C.  edusa.      Most  of 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  275 

them  are  in  magnificent  condition  and  evidently  born  on  the  spot,  the  only 
possible  exception  being  a  battered  male  C.  edusa,  which  may  have  been 
"  made  in  Germany."  One  of  the  C.  hyale  has  two  of  its  wings  so 
deformed  as  to  render  its  flight  over  here  from  the  Continent  quite  out  of 
the  question ;  but  its  wings  are  not  so  badly  deformed  as  in  the  case  of  one 
I  took  in  1875 — within  two  hundred  yards  of  the  same  spot — which  could 
hardly  fly  at  all.  I  have  secured  eggs  of  both  species,  C.  edusa  having 
paired  in  captivity.  —  (Rev.)  Gilbert  H.  Raynor  ;  Hazeleigh  Rectory, 
Maldon,  Essex,  Aug.  18th,  1900.  P.S.  (Sept.  14th).— On  Sept.  12th  I 
came  across  twelve  specimens  of  C.  edusa  and  four  of  C.  hyale  on  the  railway 
banks  near  Felstead,  Dunmow,  and  Easton  Lodge. 

C.  edusa  occurred  in  Epping  Forest  on  Sept.  14th  :  also  Thecla  hehda. 
I  should  be  glad  to  know  whether  the  latter  insect  is  still  considered  com- 
mon in  our  forest. — Ernest  Cornell  ;    6,  Vernon  Road,  Leytonstone. 

A  young  gardener  of  a  relative  of  mine  came  across  at  least  five  or  six 
specimens  of  G.  hyale  in  the  corner  of  a  field  at  Hatfield  Broad  Oak,  and 
he  succeeded  in  capturing  a  couple.  This  was  nearly  three  weeks  since. — 
(Rev.)  F.  A.  Walker;  Dun  Mallard,  Cricklewood,  N.W.,  Sept.  7th,  1900. 

Gloucestershire. — C.  edusa  has  been  fairly  plentiful  in  Gloucester- 
shire. I  have  seen  many  specimens  in  the  Vale  of  Berkeley,  and  have 
heard  of  many  others.  I  also  had  the  great  pleasure  of  seeing  a  pair  of 
C.  hyale,  male  and  female,  flying  close  to  me  in  the  parish  of  Standish  the 
first  week  of  this  month. — (Rev.)  Alex.  Nash  ;  Standish  Vicarage,  Stone- 
house,  Gloucestershire,  Sept.  19th,  1900. 

Hampshire. — I  took  a  specimen  of  C.  edusa  at  Milton  on  the  cliff,  and 
saw  another  on  the  shore  near,  on  August  11th.  During  the  next  day  or 
two  a  few  were  seen  near  Brocken hurst ;  while  at  the  beginning  of  this 
week  the  species  was  common  at  Christchurch. — W.  J.  Lucas;  Aug.  17th, 
1900. 

G.  hyale  and  G.  edusa  are  both  common  here  ;  a  few  var.  helice  have 
also  occurred.  The  weather,  however,  is  so  bad  just  now  that  it  has  quite 
stopped  collecting  them. — J.  Hy.  Fowler  ;  Ringwood,  Sept.  3rd,  1900. 

G.  edusa  was  plentiful  at  Sway,  Hants,  while  I  was  there,  August  11th 
to  14th,  and  several  specimens  of  var.  helice  and  G.  hyale  were  also  caught. 
(Rev.)  C.  A.  Sladen;  Burton  Vicarage,  Chester. 

Both  G.  edusa  and  G.  hyale  are  abundant  here  this  year,  and,  curiously, 
the  pale  variety  of  the  latter  seems  more  numerous  than  the  ordinary  sulphur 
yellow  form. — Albert  May;  Hayling  Island,  August  21st. 

Whilst  at  Calshot  Castle,  a  friend,  H.  Harrison,  and  myself  took  nine 
specimens  of  G.  edusa  (five  males  and  four  females).  These  were  captured 
as  follows  : — July  30th,  one;  Aug.  Ist,  one  ;  Aug.  8th,  two  ;  Aug.  10th, 
five. — H.  E.  Annett  ;  Church  Street,  Walton-on-Thames. 

G.  edusa  was  seen  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Andover,  but  very  spar- 
ingly.—L.  G.  S.  Raynor;  Sept.  i3th,  1900. 

Herefordshire. — On  August  14th  I  saw  two  specimens  of  G.  edusa 
near  Peterchurch.  Single  specimens  were  seen  on  the  15th  and  16th  near 
Bredwardine. — D.  P.  Turner  ;   Sutton,  Surrey,  1900. 

G.  edusa  has  occurred  sparingly ;  the  cold  and  wet  weather  during  the 
first  fortnight  of  August  is  probably  responsible  for  its  limited  numbers  in 
this  district.— J.  B.  Pilley  ;  Hereford,  Sept.  20th,  1900. 

Hertfordshire. — Both  G.  edusa  and  C.  hrjale  have  been  abundant. 
Here  at  Watford,  near  Boxmoor,  and  at  Tring  (on  the  Aldbury  side  of  the 
railway),  I  have  taken  both  species.    G.  hyale  has  been  the  more  numerous 


276  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

of  the  two.  In  a  clover  field  here  I  took  one  var.  helice. — Arthur  Cottam  ; 
Eldercroft,  Watford. 

Kent. — I  captured  a  worn  specimen  of  C.  hyale  in  the  Warren  at 
Folkestone  on  July  3rd  last. — W.  E.  Butlisr;  Hayling  House,  Oxford 
Road,  Reading,  Aug.  12th,  1900. 

C.  hyale  is  certainly  much  more  common  this  year  than  I  have  ever 
known  it  to  be  before,  for  altogether,  at  different  times,  I  have  counted  no 
less  than  twenty-seven  on  one  small  lucerne  field,  and  eleven  of  these 
were  netted.  I  have  not  seen  C.  edusa  yet  this  season. — A.  J.  Mann  ; 
Liudeuthorpe,  Broadstairs,  Aug.  13th,  1900. 

My  brother  and  myself  were  at  Heme  Bay  the  early  part  of  this  month, 
where  we  took  C.  hyale,  which  was  in  great  profusion,  and  C.  edusa  in  some 
numbers,  flying  over  lucerne  fields.  It  was  surprising  to  see  how  the  male 
C.  hyale  outnumbered  its  fellows.  We  only  took  eight  females,  although 
we  could  have  captured  any  number  of  males  ;  and  out  of  a  dozen  or  so  of 
C.  edusa,  only  two  were  females.  We  did  not  meet  with  var.  helice,  which 
we  took  here  in  1892,  when  C.  edusa  was  so  abundant.  My  brother  also 
captured  a  fine  pair  of  C.  edusa  at  Weymouth  about  June  15th. — G.  Ernest 
Peachell  ;  High  Wycombe,  Bucks,  August  26th. 

On  August  29th  C.  edusa  were  flying  freely  on  railway  banks  at  Whit- 
stable,  and  on  the  same  day  I  had  the  pleasure  of  taking  eight  freshly 
emerged  C.  hyale  from  a  field  of  lucerne  near  Margate,  where  they  were 
plentiful,  but  unfortunately  kept  to  the  centre  of  the  field,  and  as  a  man 
was  working  there,  I  had  to  take  them  as  opportunity  offered.  Journeying 
on  to  Folkestone,  I  found,  on  August  3l8t,  that  both  C.  edusa  and  C.  hyale 
were  plentiful,  but  worn.  On  Sept.  6th  C.  edusa  and  C.  hyale  were  both 
flying  on  railway  banks  at  Sidcup  and  Crayford  ;  and  on  the  7th,  when  I 
went  to  the  latter  place  specially  to  take  them,  not  one  was  to  be  seen, 
although  I  saw  them  on  the  banks  between  Eltham  and  New  Eltham 
Station  as  I  passed  in  the  train.  By  this  it  seemed  they  were  gradually 
working  up  towards  London.  Railway  banks  seem  to  be  a  good  medium 
for  distributing  them  about  the  country. — C.  W.  Colthrup  ;  127,  Barry 
Road,  East  Dulwich,  S.E. 

C.  edusa  is  fairly  common  on  the  chalk-hills  about  Maidstone.  C.  hyale 
is  very  abundant,  preferring  the  flowery  meadows  and  waste  places  of  the 
river  valley  (Medway). — J.  L.  Saxby  ;  Larkfield,  Maidstone. 

I  obtained  eight  examples  of  C.  edusa,  six  of  C.  hyale,  and  two  of 
Vanessa  cardui  in  a  lucerne  field  situated  between  Hithergreen  and  Bromley 
on  August  18th. — D.  Chittenden  ;  Court  Hill  Road,  Lewisham,  S.E. 

I  noticed  a  male  specimen  of  C.  edusa  in  a  railway  cutting  near  Heme 
Bay  on  September  9th.  — J.  B.  Tetley  ;  3,  Wilkinson  Street,  South 
Lambeth,  S.W. 

On  August  17th  I  saw  a  specimen  of  C.  edusa  flying  along  the  road- 
side near  Cranbrook ;  and  on  the  20th  of  the  same  month  I  had  the  pleasure 
of  seeing  two  specimens  of  C.  hyale  at  Horsmonden.  One  of  the  latter  was 
disporting  itself  in  a  field  of  mixed  growth,  among  which  was  a  good  deal 
of  clover  in  patches  ;  the  other  was  in  a  partly  cleared  clover  field  on  higher 
ground.  They  both  managed  to  elude  the  net,  and  flew  away  into  adjoin- 
ing hop  fields,  and  I  saw  them  no  more. — Richard  South  ;  96,  Drakefield 
Road,  Upper  Tooting,  S.W. 

C.  edusa  is  now  (Aug.  28rd)  out  at  Folkestone,  flying  along  the  cliffs 
below  the  Lees  and  at  the  Warren. — George  W.  Oldfield  ;  21,  Long- 
ridge  Road,  Earl's  Court,  S.W. 


CAPTURES    AND    FIELD    REPORTS.  277 

My  brother,  Mr,  F.  Barton,  took  a  fresh  specimen  of  C.  hyale  on 
August  9th  at  Whitstable,  and  observed  two  others  near  Ramsgate  a  few 
days  later.  All  were  flying  over  clover  fields. — W.  H.  Barton  ;  The 
Poplars,  Spencer  Road,  Grove  Park,  Chiswick. 

While  walking  through  a  field  yesterday  near  Hithergreen,  I  saw  two 
specimens  of  C.  edusa.  I  had  not  my  net  with  me,  or  I  could  easily  have 
captured  them,  their  flight  being  very  languid. — W.  J.  Harris;  17, 
Micheldever  Road,  Lee,  S.E.,  Sept.  17th. 

As  far  as  I  have  had  an  opportunity  of  judging,  I  should  consider  this 
a  hyale  more  than  an  edusa  year.  One  C.  edusa  was  seen  at  Chelsfield  on 
August  31st,  and  on  the  same  day  eight  C.  hyale  at  Shoreham.  On 
Sept.  5th  a  single  C.  edusa  was  seen  on  Blackheath ;  whilst  two  days  later 
a  trip  to  Birchington-on-Sea  produced  fifteen  G.  hyale,  mostly  more  or  less 
worn ;  about  fifteen  others  were  seen,  but  only  one  edusa.  An  excursion  to 
Brasted,  Sept.  llth,  was  not  productive  of  Colias,  a  battered  0.  hyale  being 
the  only  one  seen. — F.  M.  B.  Carr;  46,  Handen  Road,  Lee,  S.E. 

Between  August  llth  and  17th  last  I  captured  at  Hythe  seventeen 
freshly  emerged  specimens  of  C.  hyale  and  fourteen  of  C.  edusa.  Amongst 
the  latter  was  a  perfect  example  of  var.  helice,  which  fluttered  up  at  my  feet 
when  I  was  crossing  a  stubble  field.  C.  hyale  appeared  to  be  more  plenti- 
ful than  C.  edusa  in  this  locality.  Vanessa  atalanta  and  V.  cardui  were 
much  scarcer  than  usual. — R.  S.  Mitford  ;  35,  Redcliffe  Square,  South 
Kensington,  Sept.  18th,  1900. 

Middlesex. — Having  heard  that  C.  hyale  and  C.  edusa  were  to  be 
found  at  Chorley  Wood,  I  went  there  on  Sept.  7th,  but  failed  in  my  quest. 
On  nearing  home,  however,  just  before  my  train  slowed  previous  to  drawing 
up  at  Kilburn  and  Brondesbury  Metropolitan  station,  I  had  the  mortifica- 
tion to  note  first  C.  hyale,  and  a  moment  later  C.  edusa,  both  butterflies 
apparently  in  good  condition,  flitting  along  the  north  side  of  the  railway 
embankment. — (Rev.)  F.  A.  Walker,  D.D.  ;  Dun  Mallard,  Cricklewood, 
^J.W.,  Sept.  7th,  1900.  P.S. — Three  specimens  of  C.  edusa  were  seen  by 
me  on  Sept.  13th  on  the  railway  embankment  between  Willesden  Green 
and  Brondesbury. 

During  the  last  three  weeks  two  of  my  friends  and  myself  have  caught, 
at  Potters  Bar,  seventeen  specimens  of  C.  edusa,  sixteen  of  C.  hyale,  and 
one  helice. — T.  H.  Grosvenor  ;  Boundary  House,  Hadley,  Aug.  26th. 

Norfolk. — During  August  I  took  two  examples  of  C.  edusa,  and  the 
same  number  of  specimens  of  C.  hyale,  on  the  cliff's  near  Muudesley,  Nor- 
folk.—S.  W.  Kemp;  80,  Oxford  Gardens,  Netting  Hill,  W. 

Oxfordshire.  —  C.  edusa  and  C.  hyale  have  appeared  in  some  numbers 
this  year  near  Oxford,  and  Acherontia  atropos  promises  to  be  plentiful. 
Since  August  17th  I  have  netted  eight  specimens  of  C.  hyale  at  Cowley, 
Oxon. — Harold  Thompson;  31,  Beaumont  Street,  Oxford,  August  31st, 
1900. 

C.  hyale  is  turning  up  in  some  abundance  in  this  neighbourhood.  I 
have  myself  taken  four  in  a  clover  field  at  the  foot  of  Watlington  Hill  on 
Aug.  17th.  Six  specimens  were  taken  in  the  same  field  in  1893.  I  am 
not  aware  that  the  insect  has  been  seen  in  the  neighbourhood  since  ;  but 
this  year  I  have  seen  it  in  three  localities  within  five  miles  of  this  place. — 
(Rev.)  John  W.  B.  Bell  ;  Pyrton  Vicarage,  Watlington,  Oxon. 

G.  hyale  and  G.  edusa  have  been  fairly  common  here  during  August 
and  September  ;  the  latter  species  being  the  more  numerous  of  the  two. 
A.  H.  Hamm  ;  52,  St.  Mary's  Road,  Oxford,  Sept.  17th,  1900. 


278  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Shropshire. — I  have  had  the  satisfaction  of  once  more  taking  C. 
edusa,  an  insect  which  I  last  saw  alive  at  Torquay  in  J  876.  I  saw 
three  specimens  within  three  miles  of  this  place  on  August  16th,  and 
managed — though  without  my  net — to  capture  two  of  them,  a  male  and  a 
female,  both  in  good  condition.  —  (Rev.)  Chas.  F.  Thornewilt. ;  Calverhall 
Vicarage,  Whitchurch,  Salop. 

Somersetshire. — I  saw  a  splendid  female  C.  edusa  at  Weston-super- 
Mare  in  August  last.  It  settled  on  a  flower,  but  as  I  was  without  a  net  at 
the  time,  I  was  unable  to  secure  it. — Oscar  Whittaker  ;  Morelands, 
Heaton,  Bolton. 

The  observations  on  the  occurrence  of  C  edusa  in  Somersetshire  were 
made  either  by  my  brother  or  by  myself: — Two  in  the  town,  Weston- 
super-Mare,  Aug.  17th  and  27th  ;  one  near  the  top  of  Dunkery  Beacon, 
Aug.  30th  ;  one  on  Exmoor  (Somerset  side),  Sept.  3rd  ;  twenty  seen  from 
the  train  on  the  embankments  between  Minehead  and  Taunton,  Sept.  5th. 
F.  D.  Blathwayt;  Weston-super-Mare,  Sept.  10th,  1900. 

I  spent  the  first  three  weeks  of  August  at  Bridgwater,  and  in  a  clover 
field  near  there  we  found  C.  edusa  in  fair  numbers  and  very  fine.  Of  ten 
females  that  we  captured  three  were  var.  helice.  We  took  only  one  C.  hyale, 
and  another  was  seen  in  the  neighbourhood.  C  edusa  was  also  seen  on 
the  sand-hills  near  Brean. — Arthur  Cottam,  Eldercroft,  Watford. 

On  August  11th  I  captured  thirty  C.  edusa  near  Pilning;  and  on  the 
15th  obtained  twenty-four,  and  saw  perhaps  another  hundred.  I  also 
obtained  one  var.  helice  and  three  -C.  hyale.  C.  edusa  has  been  very 
abundant  in  the  neighbourhood,  visiting  suburban  gardens,  where  heliotrope 
seemed  to  be  its  particular  fancy. — H.  S.  Bishop;  18,  Cricklade  Koad, 
Bristol. 

Suffolk. — My  nephew  took  C.  hyale  on  Sept.  4th  at  Southwold. 
Henry  A.  King  ;    25,  Haringay  Park,  Crouch  End,  N. 

Surrey. — On  July  30th  1  saw,  in  a  lield  at  Worcester  Park,  Surrey, 
a  specimen  of  C.  hyale,  but,  having  no  net.  I  of  course  failed  to  catch  it. 
C.  W.  CoLTHRUP;  127,  Barry  Road,  East  Dulwich,  S.E  ,  Aug.  1st,  1900. 

On  Sept.  5th  I  went  to  a  clover  field  between  Cheara  and  Ewell  in 
search  of  Colias.  Between  about  12.30  and  1.30  I  took  six  C.  hyale,  and 
saw  several  more.  I  stayed  quite  an  hour  after  this,  but  did  not  see 
another  specimen,  nor  did  I  see  any  C.  edusa.  On  the  6th  I  went  to  the 
same  field  again  for  a  short  time  in  the  middle  of  the  day,  the  only  result 
being  the  capture  of  one  C.  hyale  and  one  male  C.  edusa.  No  other  speci- 
mens of  either  were  seen.  On  Sept.  11th,  after  trying  another  tract  of 
clover  without  success,  I  returned  to  the  same  place ;  five  C.  edusa  were 
captured,  four  being  males,  but  no  C.  hyale  were  seen.  Two  of  my 
specimens  of  C.  hyale  are  very  small.  A  friend  took  a  specimen  of  G.  hyale 
at  Belmont  in  August. — D.  P.  Turner  ;   Sutton,  Surrey,  1900. 

I  have  seen  a  specimen  of  C.  edusa  flying  in  a  garden  here  this  season, 
and  have  captured  a  Macroglossa  stellatarum  in  the  same  place. — J.  C. 
Warburg;   Albury,  Surrey,  Sept.  9th,  1900. 

I  saw  more  than  one  example  of  C.  edusa,  on  July  31st  last,  in  a  clover 
field  some  little  distance  behind  Box  Hill  Station. — G.  Sparke  ;  1,  Christ- 
church  Villas,  Tooting. 

One  example  of  each  sex  of  C.  edusa  was  taken  on  August  11th  on  the 
Hogg's  Back,  about  half-way  between  Guildford  and  Farnham  ;  and  I  know 
for  certain  that  two  specimens  have  been  seen  at  Walton-on-Thames. 
H.  G.  Annett;  Walton-on-Thames. 


CAPTURES    AND    FIELD    REPORTS.  279 

Within  a  two  and  a  half  mile  radius  of  Newdigate  I  found  C.  liyale  and 
C.  edusa  flying  about  over  four  clover  fields ;  they  were  not  plentiful,  but 
they  were  in  fair  numbers.  I  caught  about  twelve  C.  hyale  and  twenty 
C.  edusa.  Some  friends  whom  I  took  to  the  localities  captured  about  five 
of  each.  I  doubtless  could  have  got  many  more  had  I  had  the  time.  I 
saw  a  few  C.  edusa  on  the  road  between  Horley  and  Three  Bridges.  From 
August  10th  to  the  20th  they  were  most  plentiful ;  but  I  saw  a  few 
yesterday  (Sept.  6th). — Herbert  Beadnell  ;  Fernside,  Redhill,  Surrey, 
Sept.  7th. 

The  only  specimen  of  C.  edusa  that  T  have  seen  near  here  was  one  at 
Puttenham  on  Sept.  6th. — W.  J.  Lucas  ;  12,  Caversham  Road,  Kingston- 
on-Thames. 

Sussex. — Whilst  collecting  at  Arundel  last  Sunday,  Aug.  19th,  I  saw 
four  specimens  of  C.  edusa,  two  of  which  I  captured,  both  males ;  they  are 
in  beautiful  condition.  I  also  took  one  F.  cardui  the  same  day,  and  one 
P.  monacha  at  rest  on  a  beech-tree.  On  August  26th  I  took  a  fine  male 
specimen  of  G.  hyale  flying  by  the  roadside  near  Arundel. — Henry  E. 
Garrett  ;  3,  Brewer's  Green  Mews,  Victoria  Street,  Westminater,  S.W., 
Sept.  14th,  1900. 

I  saw  ten  examples  of  C.  hyale,  of  which  I  took  four  very  fine  specimens 
(three  males  and  one  female),  on  the  downs  behind  Gorapting,  between 
August  16th  and  18th;  they  were  confined  to  a  small  stretch  of  the  downs, 
about  two  hundred  yards  long,  bordered  by  a  thick  hawthorn  hedge. 
C.  edusa  was  very  abundant  in  a  cornfield,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  away 
from  the  above  locality.  It  also  occurred  plentifully  in  many  localities 
within  a  five  mile  radius  of  Worthing. — H.  Worsley-Wood  ;  31,  Agate 
Road,  West. 

C.  edusa  and  C.  hyale  were  common  in  clover  fields  around  Hooe,  near 
Pevensey,  in  the  latter  half  of  August.  I  took  nine  specimens  of  the  last- 
named  species,  and  one  example  of  C.  edusa  var.  helice.  I  may  mention 
that  last  year  I  captured  seven  specimens  of  C.  hyale  near  Broadstairs,  and 
two  C.  ec^Msw  at  Sidmouth. — Lewis  L.  Turner;  131,  Melbourne  Grove, 
East  Dulwich,  S.E. 

G.  hyale  has  been  the  butterfly  of  the  year  in  this  locality.  My  brother, 
Mr.  Frederick  Anderson,  has  taken  many  fine  specimens,  and  three  or  four 
have  also  been  captured  by  my  friend  Mrs.  Fogden  at  Apuldram  during  the 
first  fortnight  of  August.  My  brother  also  took  a  beautiful  example  of 
var.  helice  here  on  August  ]  7th.  Although  G.  edusa  has  been,  and  is,  at 
the  time  of  writing  (August  20th).  very  abundant,  some  visiting  the  garden 
even,  this  is  the  only  specimen  of  var.  helice  of  which  I  have  cognizance 
in  this  neighbourhood. — Joseph  Anderson  ;  Chichester. 

I  found  both  species  very  abundant  near  Littlehampton,  August  10th 
to  20th,  taking  forty-eight  G.  edusa,  one  var.  helice,  and  eighty-four  G.  hyale, 
besides  seeing  many  more. — Russell  E.  James  ;  18,  Onslow  Gardens, 
Highgate. 

Westmoreland. — I  had  already  penned  a  note  on  G.  edusa  to  the 
effect  that  five  male  specimens  had  been  caught,  and  others  seen,  during 
the  latter  part  of  August;  but  I  now  have  the  pleasure  of  being  able  to 
record  that  it  is  being  taken  in  considerable  numbers  amongst  the  clover 
and  stubble  of  a  cornfield  recently  cut  close  to  Kendal.  Though  it  is  a 
revelation  to  me,  there  is  not  the  slightest  doubt  that  the  specimens  now 
being  caught  are  the  progeny  of  immigrant  females,  all  being  in  perfect 
condition,  and  one  or  two  having  been  taken. with  the  wings  still  limp  after 


280  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

emergence.  It  is  some  years  since  the  species  has  been  noticed  in  the 
district.  On  Sept.  12th  and  13th  I  caught  thirteen  at  Ford,  near  Shrews- 
bury, but  they  were  somewhat  worn. — (Rev.)  A.  M.  Moss;  12,  Greenside, 
Kendal. 

Wilts. — C.   edusa    and    one    specimen    of   C.  hyale    were   seen   near 
Salisbury.— L.  G.  S.  Raynor  ;    Sept.  13th,  1900. 


RECENT    LITERATURE, 


Insecta  Transvaaliensia ;  a  Contribution  to  a  Knowledge  of  the  Entomology 
of  South  Africa.  By  W.  L.  Distant,  author  of  '  Rhopalocera 
Malayana,'  &c. ;  assisted  by  many  Specialists.  Published  by 
W.  L.  Distant,  Higbfield,  Upper  Warlingliam,  Surrey.  Part  I. 
June,  1900. 

During  his  four  years'  residence  in  the  Transvaal— the  preliminary 
results  of  the  earlier  part  of  which  were  published  in  one  of  his  other 
works — Mr.  Distant  paid  much  attention  to  Entomology,  and  formed  a 
considerable  collection  of  insects.  The  work  before  us  is  expected  to 
extend  to  twelve  quarto  parts,  each  containing  twenty-four  pages  of 
letterpress,  with  two  coloured  plates ;  and  three  parts  are  promised 
annually  till  the  whole  is  completed.  It  is  proposed  to  enumerate  all 
the  species  described  from  the  Transvaal,  and  the  book  will  contain 
descriptions  and  figures  of  a  large  number  of  new  species.  While  not 
ignoring  the  work  of  others,  it  will  be  based  chiefly  on  Mr.  Distant's 
own  collections ;  and  the  uniformity  of  the  African  Fauna,  from  the 
Cape  to  the  Zambesi  (and,  Mr.  Distant  might  have  added,  of  all 
Eastern,  Southern,  and  Central  Africa,  to  Somali,  Abyssinia,  and 
the  Lake  District  of  Central  Africa),  will  make  the  book  of  great 
value  for  the  elucidation  of  the  Entomology  of  Southern  and  Eastern 
Africa  generally. 

The  first  part  contains  the  commencement  of  the  Orthoptera, 
comprising  the  letterpress  descriptive  of  the  Forfi.culid<B,  and  the 
commencement  of  the  Blattidce ;  and  two  plates,  one  devoted  to  the 
two  families  already  mentioned,  and  the  other  to  the  Phasmidte. 
These  have  been  carefully  drawn  by  Mr.  Horace  Knight,  under  the 
supervision  of  Mr.  Distant  himself.  There  is  a  very  full  account  of 
the  habits,  &c.,  of  Forficulida  and  BlattidcB  by  Mr.  Distant,  and  of 
the  distribution,  of  the  Ethiopian  species  by  Mr.  Malcolm  Burr.  The 
systematic  portion  is  by  Mr.  W.  F.  Kirby,  and  the  descriptions  of  the 
new  species  have  previously  appeared  in  the  '  Annals  and  Magazine  of 
Natural  History.'  The  Blattidm  figured  exhibit  a  variety  of  form  and 
colour  which  many  people  would  hardly  expect  in  "black  beetles." 
The  number  of  apterous  species,  or  species  with  apterous  females,  is 
very  considerable  in  Africa,  and  thus  the  dissimilarity  of  the  sexes  in 
African  Blattidce  adds  considerably  to  the  difficulties  of  their  study. 
The  plate  of  Phasmida  also  exhibits  a  variety  of  interesting  species,  two 
of  which  are  remarkable  for  the  curious  appendages  on  the  head. 

We  believe  that  the  second  part  of  this  meritorious  work  will  be 
devoted  to  Moths. 

W.  F.  K. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIIL]  NOVEMBER,    1900. 


[No.  450. 


TWO   ABERRATIONS    OF    BRITISH   BUTTERFLIES. 


^fxvJV^, 


Argynnis  adippe,  $  (upper  figure). — Taken  in  Kent,  on  July 
17th  last,  by  Mr.  R.  S.  Mitford,  to  whom  I  am  mclebted  for  the 
loan  of  the  specimen  to  figure.  Mr  Frohawk's  drawing  so 
admirably  exhil3its  the  aberrant  characters  of  this  pretty  variety, 
that  it  is  only  necessary  to  say  that  the  under  surface  of  the  hind 
wings  is  buff  in  colour,  and  the  submarginal  series  of  spots  red- 
dish brown ;  the  large  spots  on  basal  area  are  silvery,  and  there 
are  two  or  three  silvery  markings  towards  the  anal  angle.  A 
somewhat  similar  aberration  of  the  female  of  this  species  {A.  aglaia 
in  error)  is  figured  Entom.  xv.  pi.  i.  figs.  2,  2a,  pp.  50,  142. 

Lyccena  bellargus,  3-  (lower  figure). — Taken  at  Folkestone 
during  July  last.  The  under  surface  is  whitish  clouded  with 
grey,  and  there  are  orange  lunulas  at  the  outer  extremities  of 

ENTOM. — NOVEMBER,    1900.  2  B 


282  THE    E'NTOlWOLO'GIST. 

the  black  bars  on  hind  wings.  Mr.  Sabine,  who  has  kindly  lent 
the  specimen  for  figuring,  states  that  it  was  captured  by  Mr. 
Barlow,  whilst  he  was  netting  a  few  L.  bellargus  for  a  friend  in 
London.  This  aberration  is  parallel  with  one  of  L.  icarus  figured 
by  Newman,  Brit.  Butt.  p.  128. 

Richard  South. 


NOTE    ON   THE    OVIPOSITION   OF   PARNASSIUS   APOLLO. 
By  T.  a.  Chapman,  M.D. 

The  keel  or  pouch  of  female  Parnassius  seems  now  to  be  well 
understood  as  a  structure  added  by  the  male  during  pairing,  but 
what  its  use  is  seems  to  be  still  quite  unknown.  At  least,  I  can 
find  no  satisfactory  observation  or  suggestion  on  the  matter. 
One  surmises  that  it  must  be  of  some  use  in  ovipositing.  I 
made  a  point  on  several  occasions  this  summer  of  watching 
apollo  to  detect  the  mode  of  oviposition,  if  possible.  I  only 
succeeded  in  seeing  one  egg  laid,  and  that  I  could  not  find  on 
searching.  The  way  in  which  it  was  deposited  was,  however, 
very  suggestive.  The  butterfly  alighted  on  a  dead  stalk,  some 
six  or  seven  inches  above  the  earth,  not  on  or  very  near  any 
Sedum,  and  then  ejected  an  egg  in  such  a  forcible  way  that  it 
fell,  perhaps,  an  inch  and  a  half  away  from  the  spot  immediately 
beneath  the  insect.  A  solitary  observation  is,  perhaps,  too  small 
a  basis  to  theorise  on ;  but,  as  the  egg  lies  unhatched  all  winter, 
the  object  would  be  to  send  it  with  some  force,  so  that  it  would 
get  into  some  sheltered  corner.  The  mode  by  which  the  jerk  is 
communicated  would  probably  be  by  the  egg  being  pressed 
against  the  pouch,  the  elasticity  of  which  would  give  it  a  jerk 
when  it  slipped  free.  The  egg  has  a  flat  base,  by  which  it 
probably  becomes  attached  when  that  surface  touches  any 
object. 

In  searching  for  any  account  of  the  oviposition  of  Parnassius, 
I  find  perfunctory  allusions  to  it,  implying  that  there  is  nothing 
unusual  in  method  of  egg  laying.  The  fullest  reference  I  find  in 
W.  H.  Edwards's  account  of  P.  smintheus,  where  several  different 
observers  note  the  butterfly  as  laying  freely  on  various  objects, 
and  especially  on  anything  in  preference  to  the  food- plant.  He 
quotes  two  observers  who  saw  the  butterfly  laying  eggs,  and  who 
note  nothing  peculiar  about  it.  It  may  be,  therefore,  perhaps, 
that  my  observation  was  of  an  unusual  occurrence — it  suggests 
the  desirability  of  further  observations. 

Betula,  Eeigate  :  Sept.  1900. 


PLATE    IT.  (Entom,  PI.  VI.,  1900.) 


After  Obernctter. 


By  permission  of  Frankenstein  d-  Wagner. 


283 


SYNOPSIS  OF  EXPERIMENTS  IN  HYBRIDIZATION  AND 
TEMPERATURE  MADE  WITH  LEPIDOPTERA  UP  TO 
THE   END   OF   1898.- 

By  Prof,  Dr.  Max  Standfuss. 

Plate   II.    (Entom.  Plate  VL). 

(Continued  from  p.  167.) 

5.  On  rare  occasions  aberrations  were  produced  by  these 
warmth  and  cold  experiments,  i.e.  forms  arose,  which,  although 
not  confined  to  any  particular  season  or  locality,  are  found  as 
great  rarities  in  a  state  of  nature  sporadically  all  over  the  district 
inhabited  by  the  species  in  question,  either  in  similar  forms  or 
near  approaches  thereto  ;  forms  were  also  obtained  by  these  ex- 
periments which  should  no  doubt  be  included  in  this  category, 
but  which  have  not  yet  been  discovered  in  a  state  of  nature.  We 
shall  return  to  the  nature  of  these  forms  later. 

For  example,  by  means  of  cold  an  eyeless  form  of  Vanessa  io 
was  obtained ;  also  characteristic  aberrative  forms  of  V.  urticce 
and  V.  polychloros ;  and  by  warmth,  V.  antiopa  occasionally 
developed  a  very  much  broadened  yellow  border,  V.  carclui  and 
V.  polychloros  also  giving  rise  to  aberrations. 

These  aberrations  were  more  generally  obtained  when  the 
effect  of  the  warmth  and  cold  experiments  were  especially 
extreme  ;  so  that,  on  account  of  these  observations,  I  came  to 
the  conclusion,  as  long  ago  as  1894,  in  my  pamphlet,  "  The 
Causes  of  Variation  and  Aberration  in  the  Imaginal  Stage  of 
Butterflies "  (Ent.  Zeitschr.  Guben,  1894,  Sept.  15th,  pp.  102, 
103)  : — "  Therefore  it  is  highly  probable  that  a  large  number  of 
the  aberrations  found  in  a  state  of  nature,  the  reasons  for  whose 
occurrence  has  hitherto  been  unknown,  have  been  caused  by 
abnormal  temperature  conditions,  which  affected  the  pupal 
stage";  and  that  it  would  appear  to  be  necessary  to  complete 
the  former  experiments  by  introducing  temperatures  of  over 
+  40°  C.  and  under  0°  C  In  fact,  the  results  of  these  further 
experiments  were  correctly  foretold  by  me  in  the  year  1895  in  the 
large  Handbook,  pp.  291  and  292,  before  these  experiments  were 
in  any  way  commenced.  The  results  obtained  confirm  these 
predictions  in  the  highest  degree. 

We  now  come  to  the  second  series  of  temperature  experi- 
ments— heat  and  frost  experiments. 

The  temperatures  used,  +  40°  to  +  45°  C,  on  the  one  hand, 
and  0°  to  —18° — occasionally  -20°C. — on  the  other,  were,  as 

-•=  Translation  continued  by  E.  M.  Dadd. 

2b  2 


284  THE    BNTOMOLO&ISt. 

already  stated,  only  intermittently  applied,  as  they  could  only 
be  borne  for  short  periods  (in  most  of  the  many  experiments 
for  two  periods  per  day  of  two  hours  each  for  three  to  six 
days)  ;  between  the  exposures  and  after  same,  and  until  emer- 
gence, the  pupae  were  kept  at  the  ordinary  daily  temperature. 
In  the  heat  and  frost  experiments  the  greater  part  of  the 
material  experimented  with  remained  unchanged ;  only  the 
smallest  proportion  of  them  departed  in  any  way  from  the 
normal  type,  and,  most  curiously,  this  portion  was  of  equal 
value  in  both  heat  and  frost  experiments.  The  same  or  almost 
similar  forms  were  obtained  at  —15°  to  —20°  C.  as  at  +  40°  to 
+45°  C,  that  is,  in  both  aberrations  arose.  These  strange 
results  lead  to  the  question — In  what  way  do  these  frost  and 
heat  experiments  work  ? 

Observation  shows  that  if  a  large  series  of  pupae  be  exposed 
for  two  hours  twice  a  day  for  three  days  in  the  frost  apparatus 
to  a  temperature  of  about  —  12°  C,  the  imagines  were  not  de- 
layed only  the  six  hours,  during  which  the  pupse  were  in  the  frost 
apparatus,  but  were  delayed  days.  It  is  also  remarkable,  that 
by  substituting  +44°  C.  for  —12°  C.  analogous  results  were  ob- 
tained. High  temperatures  by  no  means  hasten  matters,  as  one 
would  be  inclined  to  suppose,  but  mostly  interrupt  the  develop- 
ment, often  delaying  the  same  long  over  the  extent  of  the  time 
of  exposure. 

This  retarded  development  under  very  high  temperatures  was 
most  noticeable  when  a  species,  whose  one  generation  hybernates 
as  pupae,  had  the  pupae  of  its  summer  generation  submitted  to 
about  +  44°  C.  Then  a  certain  proportion  of  the  pupae  do  not 
emerge  as  a  second  generation,  but  hybernate,  and  give  the 
following  spring  imagines  of  the  normal  type  of  the  first  genera- 
tion. This  took  place  with  broods,  the  remainder  of  which,  left 
under  normal  conditions,  emerged  all  in  the  second  generation. 
The  interruption  in  the  development  became  in  this  case  per- 
manent, and  the  forced  aestivation  passed  directly  over  into  the 
normal  hybernation  of  the  following  generation.  It  may  also  be 
mentioned  here,  which  is  under  the  circumstances  more  compre- 
hendable,  that  in  frost  experiments  with  summer  pupae  of  species 
with  two  generations,  a  certain  percentage  according  to  the  degree 
and  length  of  the  frost  action  do  not  reach  a  second  generation, 
but  hybernate. 

We  have  thus  to  first  answer  the  question — How  do  these 
frost  and  heat  experiments  work  ?  They  arrest  development, 
and  put  the  insect  into  a  state  of  lethargy,  whereas  there  were 
no  such  interruptions  in  the  warmth  and  cold  experiments. 

But  a  further  important  difference  exists  between  these  two 
series  of  experiments.  Cold  and  warmth  experiments  resulted  in 
a  change  in  the  whole  of  the  material  under  different  treatment 
in  different  directions  and  degrees,  whereas  with  uniform  treat- 


EXPERIMENTS    IN    HYBRIDIZATION   AND  TEMPERATURE.  285 

ment  a  certain  line  is  always  followed  without  much  variation 
between  individuals. 

A  specific  line  of  development  such  as  was  obtained  by  cold 
experiments  was  never  evolved  by  the  same  species  by  warmth 
experiments,  nor  was  the  obverse  ever  obtained.  It  was  plainly 
a  case  of  direct  influence. 

It  was  very  different  with  frost  and  heat  experiments.  In  this 
case  the  whole  of  the  material  experimented  with  was  never 
influenced  in  one  direction  differing  from  the  normal  type. 
Firstly,  it  must  be  remembered  that  it  was  the  rule  for  the 
greater  part  to  remain  unaltered  in  any  way  ;  secondly,  among 
those  that  were  influenced,  even  though,  for  certain  individual 
groups,  a  number  of  regularities  were  observable  in  the  variations, 
yet  the  one  group  as  compared  with  another  would  often  enough 
vary  in  an  entirely  different  direction,  even  in  one  and  the  same 
experiment.  Moreover,  at  minus  temperatures,  after  a  certain 
limit  had  been  reached  even  at  great  divergences— for  example, 
—  8°  to  —  18°  C. — qualitatively  the  same  variations  were  obtained, 
although  not  in  the  same  percentage  ;  this  was  also  the  case  with 
extreme  degrees  of  heat.  In  the  cold  and  warmth  experiments, 
on  the  other  hand,  a  very  few  degrees  were  sufficient,  if  con- 
stantly applied,  to  create  vastly  different  forms.  We  even  find 
that  the  influence  of  heat  on  certain  species  of  Va7iessa  will 
solely  produce  forms  which  are  certainly  equivalent  to  certain 
forms  obtained  by  frost  experiments,  as  the  differences  which  up 
to  the  present  could  be  detected  between  aberrations  obtained  by 
the  influence  of  heat  and  certain  aberrations  obtained  by  the 
influence  of  frost  are  overborne  by  the  preponderance  of  simi- 
larity in  the  structure  of  these  two  forms,  and  may  perhaps  be 
entirely  removed  by  further  studies. 

From  all  these  facts  it  follows  that  the  second  answer  to  the 
question,  "  In  what  way  do  these  heat  and  frost  experiments 
work?"  is : 

They  have  no  direct  influence,  but  indirect,  owing  probably 
to  the  fact  that  through  the  state  of  lethargy  brought  about  by 
them,  conditions  act  which  cause  a  variation  in  the  future 
insect  in  a  particular  direction ;  and  it  is  quite  immaterial  for  the 
setting  up  of  this  line  of  development  whether  the  period  of 
lethargy  is  caused  by  frost,  by  heat,  and  perhaps  also  by  any 
other  hindering  influence. 

Now,  what  deductions  do  we  draw  from  the  aberrations  ? 
What  can  we  think  of  them  ?  We  have  as  yet  given  no  explana- 
tion of  them,  but  only  indicated  that  they  are  forms  which, 
although  not  confined  to  any  locality  or  time  of  appearance,  are 
found  in  a  state  of  nature,  generally  as  great  rarities,  here  and 
there  in  the  territory  inhabited  by  the  species.  This  says  nothing 
as  to  their  real  essence. 


286  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

If  only  certain  species  of  the  genus  Vanessa  had  been  used  for 
analysing  this  problem,  it  would  have  been  on  a  casual  examina- 
tion a  tempting  speculation  to  suppose,  taking  as  a  basis  certain 
highly  darkened  aberrative  forms  resembling  each  other,  that 
aberrations  were  retrogressions  in  the  direction  of  an  ancient 
type,  having  characteristics  common  to  these  species.  There  are, 
however,  such  important  reasons  against  the  acceptance  of  this 
view  that  it  certainly  cannot  be  correct.  One  of  these  reasons 
is  that  in  these  aberrations  the  males  are  not  only  much  more 
numerous  than  the  females,  but  are  also  inclined  to  the  most 
extreme  development ;  whereas  we  know  by  experience  that  the 
female  sex  is  far  more  inclined  to  atavism. 

The  most  important  reasons  which  preclude  the  possibility 
of  the  variations  being  atavistic  are  grounded  on  phylogenetic 
considerations.  In  considering  the  genus  Vanessa  and  the  re- 
lated nymphalids  Argynnis  and  Melitaa,  we  must  reach  the  con- 
clusion that  this  is  not  a  case  of  primarily  black  or  dark- coloured 
ground  colour  and  secondary  light  brown  and  yellow,  which 
would  be  the  result  if  we  were  to  consider  these  darkened  aber- 
rations as  atavisms,  but,  on  the  contrary,  primarily  yellow  or 
light  brown  ground  colours  with  secondary  superposition  of 
darker  markings.  We  have  right  amongst  palsearctic  Vanessidse 
two  species  which  show  the  phylogenetic  progress  from  light 
brown  ground  colours  with  dark  markings  to  a  predominating 
dark  brown  ground  colour  in  a  seasonal  dimorphic  form,  viz.  V. 
levana,  L.,  and  the  related  Siberian  V.  hurejana,  Brem. 

If,  however,  the  aberrations  cannot  be  considered  as  forms 
tending  in  an  atavistic  direction,  what  are  they  ? 

Eegarding  the  influence  of  the  experiment,  they  cannot  be 
considered  as  the  direct  result  of  this  influence,  but  solely  as  a 
frequent  but  by  no  means  constant  accompaniment.  The  direct 
result  of  the  experiments  is  lethargy,  interruption  of  the  develop- 
ment, at  a  stage  of  life-history  when  important  changes  in  the 
structure  of  the  body  have  naturally  a  fundamental  influence  on 
the  colour  garb  of  the  imago.  These  interruptions  destroy  the 
continuity  of  the  normal  development,  which  holds,  so  to  speak, 
the  individual  fettered,  driving  it  forward  in  a  certain  direction ; 
when  the  further  development  continues,  a  portion  of  the  indivi- 
duals— in  fact,  the  majority — continue  in  the  usual  direction;  a 
few,  however,  diverge  from  the  normal  direction  of  development, 
as  if  thrown  off  the  rails  by  the  interruption. 

It  is  therefore  a  case  of  a  relatively  independent  progressive 
development  of  the  individual,  and  therefore  with  a  stamp  of 
great  variation  between  individuals.  The  aberrations  therefore 
indicate,  firstly,  individual  colour  anomalies  in  a  new  direction 
(at  least  in  most  cases). 

But  still  another  side  of  their  character  presents  itself ;  if  we 


EXPERIMENTS    IN    HYBRIDIZATION    AND    TEMPERATURE.  28? 

compare  them  with  the  types,  which  in  the  cold  and  warm  ex- 
periments were  proved  undoubtedly  to  be  the  direct  results  of 
these  moderate  high  and  low  temperature  influences,  we  find  that 
a  considerable  number  of  the  latter  actually  exist  as  local  or 
seasonal  forms,  or  that  the  variation  lies  in  the  line  of  the 
phylogenetic  development  of  these  forms,  backwards  or  forwards. 
This  is  quite  the  reverse  of  the  aberrations ;  they  diverge  entirely 
from  such  lines  of  development,  and — this  seems  to  be  the 
second  peculiarity  of  the  character — do  not  vary  on  the  lines 
of  the  normal  line  of  the  phylogenetic  development  of  the 
species. 

It  was  certainly  not  the  sole  purpose  of  these  heat  and  frost 
experiments  to  obtain  aberrations,  but  by  this  means  to  follow 
up  two  questions  of  scientific  interest,  and  if  possible  to  answer 
same. 

Firstly,  what  factors  in  nature  cause  the  appearance  of 
aberrations,  which  as  to  their  appearance  in  free  nature  and 
characters  form  such  obscure  problems  ?  And  secondly,  are 
these  new  forms ;  is  the  aberrative  coloration  transmitted  to 
the  progeny  ?  In  order  to  answer  the  first  question,  the  experi- 
ments were  conducted  in  a  methodical  manner. 

Whoever  carefully  investigates  large  and  the  largest  collec- 
tions, cannot  deny  the  fact  that  aberrations  appear  in  years 
with  many  strong  temperature  variations,  or  from  localities  in 
which  sharp  changes  are  a  common  occurrence  ;  for  example,  in 
certain  mountain  valleys,  particularly  in  the  Alps. 

Perhaps  the  true  reason  is  to  be  found  in  the  important  and 
lasting  reduction  of  temperature  caused  by  storms,  especially 
when  accompanied  in  flat  regions  by  hail,  and  in  mountainous 
regions  by  snow-storms  ;  at  least  this  appears  to  be  the  con- 
clusion to  be  drawn  on  the  one  side. 

Experiments  were  therefore  made  with  0°  and  —2°  in  various 
ways,  so  that  the  most  extreme  variations  of  temperature  which 
could  happen  in  such  cases  should  be  imitated ;  but  the  result 
of  all  these  experiments  was  absolutely  nil,  in  spite  of  the  large 
number  of  individuals  dealt  with. 

Only  by  the  repeated  application  of  —5°  were  a  few  aberra- 
tions obtained. 

It  is  apparent  that  a  repeated  occurrence  of  —  5°  during  the 
warmer  portions  of  the  year  is  out  of  the  question.  Still  less  a 
repeated  occurrence  of  —8°,  -9°,  -12°  C,  &c.,  under  which 
conditions  experimental  aberrations  were  constantly  obtained, 
although  only  few  in  number.  Another  fact  which  must  be  well 
borne  in  mind,  is  that  this  result  was  only  obtained  with  species 
whose  whole  life-history  from  ovum  to  imago  is  achieved  during 
the  warm  portions  of  the  year,  and  which  hybernate  as  ima- 
gines ;    but  this  was  not  the  case,   at  least  as  far  as  present 


288  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

experiments  have  gone,  with  species  which  hybernate  in  the 
larval  stage. 

One  must  now  consider  the  alternative  as  to  whether  the 
aberrations  are  caused  by  extreme  high  temperatures. 

In  these  experiments,  conditions  which  could  possibly  happen 
in  nature  were,  as  nearly  as  possible,  adhered  to,  and  in  this 
case  the  experiments  *  were  not  without  result,  although  much 
less  material  was  used. 

*  In  1898  the  beat  experiments  were  continued  in  ^reat  numbers  with 
+  42°  to  +  44°  C. ;  firstly  in  January  and  February  with  hybernated  pupae 
of  Papilio  podalirius,  L.,  P.  machaon,  L.,  Thais  cerisyi  var.  deyrollei, 
Obthr.,  Polyovitnatus  mnphidamas ,  Esp.,  and  Vanessa  levana,  L.  I  was 
successful  in  obtaining  a  few  aberrations  sensu  strictiori  of  all  these  species, 
Thais  V.  deyrollei  produced  especially  striking  forms. 

Plate  I.  fig.  7  shows  an  aberration  oi  Papilio  podalirius,  L.  (hybernated 
pupae  from  Sitten,  Canton  of  Valais)  thus  obtained,  which  shows  an  increase 
in  the  dark  markings  in  some  place  on  the  fore  wings  in  a  blurred  manner. 
The  black  markings  both  on  the  upper  and  under  sides  of  the  fine  female 
Thais  var.  deyrollei,  Obthr.  (PI.  I.  fig.  9),  are  also  very  much  increased  over 
the  normal  form.  This  aberration  was  frequently  obtained  by  the  heat  experi- 
ments. The  female  of  the  Amasin  local  form  of  Thais  cerisyi,  B.  (PL  II.  fig.  1), 
is  not  so  much  darkened,  but  still  differs  a  good  deal  from  the  ordinary  form. 
PI.  I.  fig.  10,  and  PL  II.  figs.  2  and  3,  show  abnormal  coloured  specimens  of 
Polyommatus  amphidamas,  Esp.,  from  hybernated  pupae  from  Leipzig,  also 
in  increased  darkening  ;  the  under  sides  of  these  individuals  show  a  partial 
lengthening  of  certain  rows  of  spots  into  rays. 

In  contradiction  to  the  above-named  aberrations  of  Papilios  and  Poly- 
ommatus aviphidamas,  a  Lycaenid  ;  the  nymphalid  V.  levana,  L.  (Leipzig), 
shows  a  reduction  of  the  black  brown  markings  ;  as  will  be  seen  (PL  I.  fig.  11, 
and  PL  II.  fig.  4),  at  least  as  far  as  these  heat  experiments  with  hybernated 
pupae  go,  I  could  not  obtain  opposite  variations,  or,  in  fact,  variations  in  any 
other  direction.  The  males  of  Thais  var.  deyrollei,  Obthr.,  in  apposition  to 
their  females,  showed  an  inclination  to  a  reduction  of  the  dark  markings, 
which  will  be  seen  by  PL  I.  fig.  8). 

These  experiments  filled  up  a  considerable  blank  in  the  former  ones. 

From  May  until  August  a  continuation  of  the  heat  experiments  was 
made  with  summer  pupae. 

V.  antiopa,  L.,  resulted  in  a  number  of  ab.  hygicea,  Hdrch.,  as  well  as 
intermediate  forms ;  two  characteristic  specimens  of  these  forms  are  shown 
(PL  II.  figs.  5  and  6). 

According  to  present  experience,  these  aberrations  v/ere  most  frequently 
attained  by  a  temperature  of  +  42°  to  -f  44°  C.  applied  three  to  five  conse- 
cutive days,  four  times  a  day,  each  application  lasting  one  hour;  the  best 
result  was  seven  aberrations  among  forty  individuals.  The  change  from 
daily  temperature  to  heat,  as  in  all  these  heat  experiments,  was  sudden,  as 
also  the  return  to  ordinary  temperature  at  the  conclusion  of  the  application. 

V.  cardui,  L.,  produced  two  ab.  elymi,  Rbr.,  one  of  which  is  shown 
(PL  II.  fig.  7) ;  V.  atalanta  a  typical  ab.  hlemensiewiczi,  SchiUe  (PL  II. 
fig.  8),  and  an  intermediate. 

Several  very  extreme  forms  of  ab.  ichnusoides,  Sel.  Long.,  were  obtained 
from  V.  urticcB,  L.,  as  well  as  intermediates  ;  a  specimen  of  the  first  is 
figured  (PL  II.  fig.  9),  and  an  intermediate  (PL  II.  fig.  10).  V.  io,  L.,  pro- 
duced a  few  ab.  belisaria,  Obthr.,  very  highly  developed  from  individuals  of 
the  second  generation  from  Zurich  (PL  II.  fig.  11).  Vanessa  var.  prorsa,  L., 
in  all  the  large  series  exposed  produced,  first,  as  the  earliest  emergences  of 


EXPERIMENTS    IN    HYBRIDIZATION    AND    TEMPERATURE.  289 

It  is  sufficient  for  a  pupa,  of  species  not  only  hybernating 
as  imagines,  but  also  as  larvae,  to  be  submitted  to  a  temperature 
of  +42°  to  +45°  C  for  two  hours,  on  two,  three,  or  four  con- 
secutive days,  while  it  is  in  a  sensitive  stage,  to  eventually 
produce  an  aberration. 

This  will  most  easily  happen  in  steep  mountain  slopes  or  on 
the  face  of  cliffs,  but  it  might  also  happen  on  dark  tree  trunks, 
boards,  stones,  or  under  leaves,  which  lie  close  to  a  good  heat 
conductor.  In  breeding,  also,  puppe  which  are  placed  in  a  green- 
house or  other  outhouse,  or  even  in  a  room,  where  the  sun  can 
reach  them,  may  be  subjected  to  a  similar  temperature,  which 
is  a  very  natural  explanation  of  the  extraordinary  aberrations 
which  are  bred  now  and  then  to  the  great  wonder  of  the 
entomologist. 

One  point  which  confirms  the  validity  of  this  explanation  of 
natural  aberrations  is,  that  the  aberrations  hitherto  obtained  by 
the  heat  experiments  all  correspond  to  those  found  in  nature, 
whereas  the  aberrations  resulting  from  frost  experiments  are 
often  forms  which  have  probably  never  been  observed  in  a 
state  of  nature.  In  order  to  show  the  conformity  of  heat  forms 
with  those  found  on  nature,  compare  the  experimentally  obtained 
aberrations  figs.  2,  4,  6,  8,  with  the  natural  forms  1,  3,  5,  7, 
which  are  placed  side  by  side  on  PI.  IV.  of  '  Experim.  zoolog. 
Studien.' 

The  results  of  these  heat  experiments  *  allow  the  conclusion 
that  the  typical  aberrations  of  the  nymphalids,  that  is,  about 
80-90  per  cent,  of  all  known  aberrations,  are  brought  about  in  a 
state  of  nature  by  the  occasional  action  of  high  degrees  of  heat, 
+40°  to  +45°. 

And  now  for  the  last  question  raised  by  these  temperature 


each  brood,  only  normal  v.  prorsa,  L.,  but  later  on  ab.  porima,  0.,  and  very 
sparingly,  several  aberrations  in  very  different  directions  of  development 
(see  PI.'  II.  figs.  13  and  14).  The  original  of  fig.  14  is  such  an  extraordinary 
individual  that  one  does  not  know  at  first  to  what  species  to  relegate  it. 
Each  series  ended,  generally  after  a  pause,  in  several  very  large  typical 
levana.  A  number  of  pupje  stood  over  and  produced  in  the  spring  of  1899 
thoroughly  typical  V.  levana,  L. 

The  experiments  with  V.  polychloros,  L.,  were  not  continued  in  1898,  as 
a  number  of  fine  ab.  testudo,  Esp.,  were  produced  in  the  heat  experiments  of 
1897  {cfr.  Exp.  zool.  Stud.  PL  IV.  figs.  2  and  9).  A  female  of  the  latter  is 
shown  (PL  II.  fig.  12),  as  females  of  this  beautiful  aberration  are  very  hard 
to  obtain  through  these  experiments  in  faultless  condition  and  in  such  ex- 
treme development  can  hardly  be  known  in  a  state  of  nature. 

'-  As  the  continuance  of  the  heat  experiments  in  1898  shows  (compare 
the  previous  footnote),  the  conclusion  arrived  at  as  to  the  cause  of  aberrations 
sensu  strictiore  in  nature  of  the  nymphalids  is  not  only  confirmed  by  further 
results,  but  is  also  shown  to  be  true  for  a  number  of  Papilionidae  and  one 
Lycaenid  {Polyommatus  amphidamas,  Esp.),  so  that  a  general  agreement 
seems  probable. 


290  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

experiments.     Will  the  new  forms  which  have  been  obtained  by 
these  experiments  be  capable  of  reproduction  ? 

Qualitatively,  the  best  material  for  this  purpose  would  be  the 
above-mentioned  phylogenetic  progressive  forms  obtained  by  these 
warmth  and  cold  experiments.  Their  coloration  has  undoubtedly 
been  directly  influenced  by  the  experiment,  and  the  forms  in 
question,  having  never  been  noticed  in  a  state  of  nature,  they 
are  individuals  with  acquired  new  characters. 

The  use  of  these  forms  has,  however,  as  far  as  the  present 
experiments  have  gone,  been  prevented,  as  the  individuals 
obtained  have  never  shown  sufficient  energy ;  they  had  certainly 
suffered  by  the  experiment. 

Especially  the  most  extreme  forms,  which  would  have  been  most 
fitted  for  these  heredity  experiments,  had  generally  badly  deve- 
loped wings  ;  blood  oozed  from  several  places,  so  that  they  were 
absolutely  useless  for  the  purpose  of  continuous  flight.  Besides 
the  wings,  the  claws  on  the  feet  of  the  extreme  forms  were,  as  a 
rule,  badly  developed,  and  absolutely  useless  for  holding  on  with. 
One  was  therefore  reduced,  on  the  one  hand,  to  the  coloration 
anomalies  and  aberrations,  which  were  only  an  indirect  result  of 
the  influences  applied,  but  whose  anomalies,  on  the  other,  never 
occur  without  such  experimental  influences  amongst  countless 
thousands  of  individuals,  and  which  constitute,  like  the  first, 
new  forms,  only  with  greater  individual  differences,  and  partly 
in  quite  different  directions. 

The  experiments  showed  that  only  the  frost  experiments 
produced  a  great  number  of  these  forms  with  full  energy,  so 
that  only  material  obtained  by  this  means  was  used  for  the 
experiment.  Further,  it  seemed  advisable  to  first  make  these 
experiments  with  the  Vanessa  species  feeding  on  nettle,  on 
account  of  the  comparative  ease  of  cultivating  large  quantities 
of  this  plant  in  large  pots.  V.  c-album,  V.  urticce,  V.  cardui,  and 
V.  atalanta  were  all  equally  serviceable ;  they  all  live,  as  a  rule 
or  occasionally,  on  nettle,  and,  moreover,  these  species  were 
especially  suitable,  as  in  our  latitude  they  constantly  occur  in 
two  generations. 

Finally,  I  was  unfortunately  only  able  to  get  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  imagines  for  this  experiment  of  V.  urticce,  in  all 
from  not  less  than  8231  pupae. 

Sufficient  room  for  the  experiment  was  kindly  placed  at  my 
disposal  by  Herr  Dr.  G.  Stebler,  in  a  portion  of  a  growing-house 
for  the  Seed  Control  Station.  Good  ventilation  was  assured  by 
replacing  some  of  the  panes  of  glass  by  wire  screens. 

Four  immense  tubs  and  other  articles  containing  full-grown 
nettles,  which  had  been  cultivated  the  previous  year,  as  well  as 
a  lot  of  pots  containing  flowering  pinks,  completed  the  furnishing 
pf  the  small  room,  to  which  the  sun  had  good  access.     Arrange- 


EXPEKIMENTS    IN    HYBRIDIZATION    AND    TEMPERATURE.  291 

ments  were  also  made  for  shading  appropriately  portions  of  the 
room. 

On  Whit  Monday,  June  7th,  1897,  the  first  abnormal  V.  urtica 
were  introduced,  and  so  on  until  June  15th — in  all  forty-two 
specimens,  thirty-two  males  and  ten  females. 

The  males  were  without  exception  very  extreme  forms,  with 
entirely  black  hind  wings  on  the  upper  side ;  only  two  females 
belonged  to  this  form,  the  remaining  eight  possessed  blue  mar- 
ginal spots,  and  partly  also  more  or  less  brown  ground  colour  at 
the  anal  angle  of  the  hind  wing ;  certainly  a  very  small  number 
of  females,  when  one  considers  that  they  formed  the  entire 
female  aberrations  from  more  than  eight  thousand  pupse. 

It  was  interesting  to  note  during  the  following  weeks  how 
quickly  the  small  creatures  accustomed  themselves  to  their 
keeper,  and  lost  all  their  fear  of  him,  and  how  in  certain 
directions  they  exhibited  intelligence  and  remembrance ;  for 
example,  immediately  on  his  entry  into  the  breeding  house  they 
fluttered  to  the  ground,  as  they  had  quite  apparently  noted 
that  his  entry  was  symbolical  of  a  drink,  as,  to  take  care  of 
their  thirst,  I  was  in  the  habit  of  sprinkling  the  ground  with 
water. 

The  25th  of  June  had  arrived,  and,  in  spite  of  the  most 
careful  observation,  no  pairing  was  noted,  but  the  room  was  only 
visited  between  the  hours  of  8.30  a.m.  and  7  p.m. 

All  kinds  of  love-games  were  indulged  in,  but,  as  already  said, 
no  real  pairing.  It  must,  however,  have  taken  place,  as,  on  June 
26th,  I  was  pleased  to  see  a  cluster  of  eggs  on  the  under  side  of  a 
nettle-leaf,  and  during  the  following  days  eight  females,  amongst 
them  the  most  abnormally  coloured  ones,  were  observed  laying 
eggs.  How  many  eggs  were  laid  by  each  female  on  an  average  could 
not  be  ascertained,  as  for  many  days  one  after  another  they  were 
laid  on  different  leaves.  It  cannot,  however,  have  been  less  than 
two  hundred,  as  more  than  two  thousand  larvae  developed,  in 
spite  of  the  fact  that  two  of  the  ten  females  met  an  untimely  end 
through  spiders.  Among  them,  unfortunately,  was  the  less 
extreme  of  the  two  extreme  forms. 

Probably  she  had  laid  no  eggs,  as  the  ovarium  was  full  of 
eggs,  and  she  was  never  observed  ovipositing.  From  July  2nd 
the  larvfe  emerged,  and  at  first  were  allowed  to  feed  freely  on  the 
nettle,  but  were  later  on  placed  in  airy  breeding-cases.  The 
brood  of  the  most  abnormal  female  was  kept  separate,  and  reared 
from  the  commencement  by  itself. 

Unhappily,  one  of  the  many  infectious  diseases  known  under 
the  collective  name  of  Flacherie,  shortly  appeared,  so  that  of 
all  the  broods  only  the  strongest  and  most  quickly  developed 
individuals  reached  the  pupal  stage :  in  all,  493  specimens. 
These  did  not  all  produce  imagines,  as  some  were  attacked  by 


292  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

ichneumons,  Pteromalus  sp.,  and  others,  died  of  the  disease  in 
this  stage. 

The  brood  of  the  most  abnormal  female,  reared  with  the 
greatest  care,  produced  only  fifty-two  pupFe,  which  are  included 
in  the  493  before  mentioned. 

On  July  21st  the  imagines  emerged  till  27th,  altogether  two 
hundred  specimens  ;  amongst  them  the  first  specimens  of  the 
brood  of  the  most  abnormal  female.  All  these  specimens  were 
entirely  and  thoroughly  normal.  On  July  28th  appeared  one 
variety  (cfr.  Exp.  zool.  Stud.  pi.  v.  fig.  4),  and  on  July  31st  and 
Aug.  1st,  each  one  more,  differing  from  the  normal  form,  but  not 
very  abnormally.  On  Aug.  5th,  among  the  last  imagines  from 
this  experiment,  a  very  aberrative  specimen  emerged  (cfr.  Exp. 
zool.  Stud.  pi.  V.  fig.  5),  as  the  previous  three,  also  the  progeny 
of  the  most  abnormal  female.     It  was  also  a  male. 

The  result  of  heredity  experiments  with  abnormal  forms 
obtained  by  the  frost  experiments  — the  whole  material  from 
emerged  imago  through  egg,  larva  and  pupa  to  imago  being 
treated  as  far  as  is  known  to  perfectly  normal  conditions — is  as 
follows : — 

1.  Two  of  the  ten  females  experimented  with  did  not  produce 
offspring. 

2.  The  small  portion  of  the  broods  of  probably  seven  females 
which  reached  maturity  reverted  entirely  to  the  normal  form. 

3.  An  eighth  pair,  from  which  only  forty-three  specimens 
were  obtained,  resulted  in  one  well  and  three  slightly  developed 
aberrations,  in  the  direction  of  the  parental  aberration. 

4.  These  four  individuals  are  all  males. 

5.  Only  the  most  abnormal  female — the  thirty-two  males,  as 
already  stated,  were  about  of  equal  merit  as  far  as  their  abnor- 
mal characters  are  concerned — transmitted  its  newly  acquired 
characters  more  or  less  to  a  small  portion  of  its  offspring.  The 
possibility  of  transmitting  these  anomalies  seems  to  be  condi- 
tional on  the  extent  of  the  anomaly. 

6.  As  this  experiment,  on  account  of  the  outbreak  of  disease, 
was  very  incomplete,  it  is  desirable  to  repeat  same  again,  with 
plenty  of  material. 

However,  the  facts  obtained  may  be  considered  of  great  im- 
portance for  estimating  the  influence  which  natural  factors  con- 
tribute to  the  alterations  of  living  organisms,  especially  when  one 
considers  that  the  same  individual  which  we  have  here  produced 
from  the  brood  of  abnormal  parents  never  occurs  amongst 
countless  thousands  of  creatures  of  normal  parentage,  which 
have  been  subjected  to  exactly  the  same  conditions. 

(To  be  continued.) 


293 


NOTES    ON    SOME     SINHALESE     RHYNCHOTA. 
By  G.  W.  Kirkaldy,  F.E.S. 

Fain.  Tetigoniidje  [=Jassid^,  auctt.J . 
y       Nirvana,  gen.  no  v. 

Belonging  to  subfam.  Jassinse.  Head  porrect,  plane,  nearly 
twice  so  long  as  pronotum,  the  lateral  margins  parallel  so  far  as 
ocelli,  subsequently  very  gently  convergent,  apex  subangular. 
Eyes  longer  than  wide,  produced  basally  over  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  pronotum,  which  is  somewhat  wider  than  the  base 
of  the  vertex ;  ocelli  small,  indistinct,  situated  on  the  lateral 
margins  of  the  vertex,  at  about  half  their  length  from  the  base. 
Posterior  margin  of  head  concave ;  frons  slightly  concave. 
Antennae  simple,  very  long.  ^  Scutellum  slightly  shorter  than 
pronotum.    Anterior  coxte  fre^    Type  iV.  pseudonwiatos,  Kirkaldy. 

The  only  example  of  the  typical  (and  only)  species  that  I 
have  seen  is  macropterous ;  the  tegmina  and  wings  are  longer 
than  the  abdomen,  but  the  neuration  is  very  feeble.  The  claval 
suture  is  well  marked,  though  it  ends  abruptly  just  before  it 
should  reach  the  lateral  margin  of  the  tegmen  ;  there  are  no 
other  tegminal  nervures  except  three  indistinct  longitudinal  on 
the  membrane  (which  is  not  sutured  off  from  the  rest  of  the 
tegmen).  Nirvana  may  be  placed  provisionally  near  the  American 
genus  Spangbergiella,  Signoret. 

^ '^    N.  PSEUDOMMATOS,  Sp.  n. 

Hyaline ;  eyes  yellowish  brown,  pronotum  and  scutellum  tinged 
with  stramineous.  In  the  middle  line  of  the  vertex,  close  to  the 
anterior  margin,  is  a  large  round  blackish  brown  spot,  from  which 
proceeds  a  thin  median  line  of  the  same  colour,  terminating  at 
the  base  ("  apex  "  aiictt.)  of  scutellum;  along  the  lateral  margins 
of  the  head  (except  apically)  is  a  line  of  the  same  colour,  con- 
tinued (in  the  same  straight  line)  on  the  pronotum.  Tegmina 
hyaline,  sparingly  punctured,  the  punctures  scantily  piliferous ; 
membrane  pale  salmon-coloured,  a  large  round  submedian  spot 
and  the  apical  margin  blackish  brown ;  three  faint  fasciae  on  the 
corium  of  the  same  colour.  Ventral  surface  whitish ;  apex  of 
posterior  tibiae  and  first  segment  of  posterior  tarsi  blackish. 

Length  4|-  mill.     Pundaluoya  (July,  1898,  E.  E.  Green). 

I  have  only  one  specimen,  unfortunately,  of  this  pretty  but 
fragile  little  Tetigoniid,  and  have  therefore  not  risked  a  detailed 
examination  of  the  genitalia,  &c.,  hoping  to  receive  later  a  series. 
A  coloured  representation  (as  also  of  the  other  new  species)  will 
appear  in  another  place ;  in  the  meantime  the  characteristic 
form — not  unlike  that  of  Hecalas,  Stal — the  feebly  developed 
"  nervural "  system  and  the  remarkable  colouring,  hyaline  and 


294  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

colourless  with  a  membranal  black  spot  encircled  by  pale  salmon, 
will  at  once  distinguish  it  from  any  of  its  allies. 

^  Tetigonia  albida  (Walker). 

Peradeniya,  January,  1900  (E.  E.  Green).  Reg.  No.  102. 
"  Makes  itself  a  great  nuisance,  swarming  round  lamps  in  the 
rooms  at  night "  (E.  E.  Green  in  litt.  5  (iii.),  1900. 

This  pretty  little  species,  which  has  been  kindly  identified  by 
my  friend  Dr.  Melichar,  is  widely  distributed,  having  been 
recorded  previously  from  Ngrth  Australia,  the  Philippines, 
"  British  India,"  Madagascar,  Senegambia,  Kafiraria,  and  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  It  is  figured  by  Signoret,  1853,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent. 
France  (3)  i.  pi.  21,  f.  3. 

•^  Tetigonia  Kalidasa,  sp.  n. 

Belongs  to  subgenus  I)iedrocephala,  Spinola.  Head  sub- 
acutely  triangular,  vertex  slightly  concave,  basal  half  very  nar- 
rowly sulcata.  Pale  green,  an  angularly  arched  fascia  on  the 
vertex,  two  concentric  roundly  arched  fasciae  on  the  pronotum, 
each  of  which  is  continued  on  to  the  clavus,  meeting  the  claval 
suture ;  two  fairly  straight  fasciae  on  the  corium  (sometimes  a 
little  irregular),  bright  scarlet  (in  one  specimen  orange-yellow). 
Membrane  sometimes  infuscate.  ■  Ventral  surface  pale  yellowish 
green.  Length  4|-55-  mill.  Pundaluoya  (April,  1898,  E.  E. 
Green) . 

This  handsome  little  scarlet-and-green  species  is  interesting 
as  belonging  to  the  subgenus  IJiedrocephala,  which  is  mainly  (if 
not  even  entirely)  American. 

■^Thomsoniblla  Kirschbaumii  (Still),  Sign.,  was  omitted  by 
Kirby  in  his  Catalogue.  It  is  figured  in  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France 
(5)  lb,  pi.  1,  fig.  44  (1880). 

^,!/-<-  ^Gypona  striata,  Kirby,  1891,  J.  L.  S.  xxiv.  p.  171,  and  fG. 
V  pRASiNA,  Walker,  1858,  List.  Hom.  Suppl.  p.  258,  do  not  conform 
to  the  geniJs^Gyiwna,  Germ.,  as  restricted  by  recent  authors. 
They  are  closely  allied  to  Titia,  Stal,  but  will  probably  require  a 
new  genus.  Both  specific  names  are  preoccupied  by  Burmeister 
(Genera  Insect,  pi.  16),  and  as,  according  to  the  now  generally 
accepted  rule,  "  once  a  synonym,  always  a  synonym,"  they  are 
now  invalid  for  any  genus,  I  propose  Kirbyi  and  Walkeri,  nom. 
nov.,  respectively.  As  Kirby  surmises,  {I.  c.  p.  171),  fresh 
examples  oi  jKirhyi  (striata)  are  grass-green  in  colour. 

r\ 
Fam.  FuLGORiD^.  / 

fEuRYBRACHYS  WESTwooDii,  Kirby,  I.e.  146,  is  aiVlESSENA,  stal. 

^  Melicharia,  gen.  nov.      q  i/q 

Belongs  to  subfamily  'Poekillopterinae  [  =  Flatidae  +  Eica- 
niidce  auctt.J ,  and  is  very  closely  allied  to^^ Flata,  Fabr.  and 


NOTES    ON    SOME    SINHALESE    RHYNCHOTAr^  296 

Ormenis,  Stal.*  The  general  characters  are  those  of  Flata,  but 
the  single  series  of  nervures  dividing  the  membrane  from  the 
corium  is  much  more  regular,  and  there  is  no  reticulation  at  the 
apex  of  the  latter.  There  are  also  no  transverse  nervures  in  the 
clavus.  ^', 

S/OTy^em..  sinhalana,  nom.  nov.  —  This  is  the  \PoecUoptera 
quadrata,  Kirby,  I.e.  p.  154,  pi.  vi.  f.  8,  but  not  that  of  talker 
from  Jamaica  (1850,  List.  Hom.),  and,  therefore,  in  accordance 
with  the  rule  mentioned  above,  the  name  is  now  changed. 

^^  ScARPANTA  TBNNENTiNA  (Walker)  =  Scavpanta  latipennis,  Kirby, 
I.  c. -p.  153.  The  unique  specinien  oi'^atipeunis  appears  to  be 
founded  upon  a  poor  example  oi^tennentina. 

^  EiCANiA  FENESTRATA  (Fabr.)  ;  Peradeniya,  frequenting  Aristo- 
lochia,  sp.  (E.  E.  Green). 
Family  Geocorid^  [=Lyg8eid£e  auctt.] . 
In  employing  remedial  measures  against  insect  pests,  ento- 
mologists have  often  to  guard  against  the  destruction  at  the 
same  time  of  certain  natural  enemies  of  these  pests,  owing  to 
the  general  similarity  in  appearance,  both  in  external  structure 
and  in  colour,  of  the  insectivores  and  their  prey.  Mr.  Green 
has  recently  sent  me  two  nymphs,  one  of  Antilochus  coquebertii 
(Fabr.),  the  other  of  Dijsdercns  cingidatus  (Pabr.) — the  dreaded 
"Oriental  Cotton-stainer  " — with  the  note  that  the  former  had 
been  discovered  with  its  rostrum  inserted  in  the  person  of  the 
latter ;  as  these  two  species  belong  to  the  same  subfamily,  Pyrrho- 
corinsB  [  =  Largidae  +  Pyrrhocoridse  auctt. j ,  all  the  members  of 
which  are  reputed  to  be  vegetable  feeders,  I  wrote  Mr.  Green, 
querying  the  note ;  but,  in  a  reply  dated  Sept.  13th,  1900,  he 
observes :  "I  think  Antilochus  coquebertii  normally  preys  upon 
Dysderciis  cingulatus ;  I  have  repeatedly  seen  the  performance. 
If  the  two  individuals  are  put  in  a  glass  tube  together,  the  Anti- 
lochus immediately  pounces  upon  the  Dysdercus.'"  As  the  two 
insects  are,  comparatively,  very  similar  in  appearance,  the 
former  being  merely  larger  and  more  brightly  coloured  in  all 
stages,  this  observation  appears  to  be  of  distinct  value  in  con- 
nection with  the  cotton-plant  question. 

Fam.  CiMiciD^. 
Canthecona  cognata,  Dist. 
C.furcellata,  Wolff,  has  been  noted  (Indian  Museum  Notes, 
ii.  165,  and  iii.  (5)  56)  as  a  destroyer  of  caterpillars ;  Mr.  Green 
has  now  sent  me  specimens  (imago  and  nymph)  of  C.  cognata, 
Dist.  [=insularis,  Kirby]  that  were  "doing  really  good  service 
in  preying  upon  a  caterpillar  that  was  ravaging  some  croton 
plants  here"  (Peradeniya,  Keg.  No.  302). 

*  A  detailed  description,  with  figures  of  neuration,  &c.,  was  in  progress 
when  I  learned  that  Dr.  Melichar  has  in  preparation  a  monographic  revision 
of  the  group  :  I  have  therefore  given  here  only  a  brief  diagnosis. 


296  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


EHYNCHOTA    MISCELLANEA. 

By  G.  W.  Kirkaldy,  F.E.S.    j)!^^^ 

^  Fam.  Tetigoniid^. 
^  Tetigonia  ferruginea  (Fabr.). — Chosen  (Korea),  Port  Lazareff 
(T.  B.  Fletcher,  E.N.)-  This  fine  species  is  very  common 
throughout  the  Oriental  Eegion  from  China  to  Tenasserim, 
and  would  indeed  be  included  in  the  palsearctic  fauna  at  Port 
Lazareff. 

^    Fam.  FuLGORiD^. 

\/q  ^  "^  Geisha,  gen.  nov.  V^ 

Subf.  Poekillopterinae ;  the  characters  are  those  of  Flata,  but 
there  are  no  transverse  nervures  in  the  clavus,  while  the  trans- 
verse nervures  on  the  corium  are  very  irregular,  so  that  there  is 
no  sutured-off  rpembrane.  The  latter  character  will  at  once 
separate  it  hom^ Melicharia,  Kirk. 
^'^  Tyipe  ^Poeciloptei^a  distinctissima,  Walker,  1858.  List.  Horn. 
Suppl.  p.  114  (China  and  Japan). 


"  POEKILLOPTERA,  LcitV. 

Fowler,  who  adopts  the  later  spelling  t^Poeciloptera,"  enume- 
rates in  the  'Biologia  Centrali-Americana,  Homoptera,  I.,'  p.  50, 
some  of  the  variations  of  the  name ;  but,  as  one  of  the  references 
is  inaccurate,  and  others  are  not  the  earliest  known,  a  corrected 
list  is  here  appended  : — 

I'-'Poekilloptera,   Latreille,    1796,    Precis,    ex  pp.  83-92 ;    and 
1804,  Nouv.  Diet.  Nat.  Hist,  xxiv.,  Tabl.  meth.,  ex  pp.  163-8. 
"'   'Poeciloptera,  Latreille,  1804,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust.  Ins.  xii.  315. 

Y  ^  Fulgora,  subg.  Flata*'  Latreille,  1807,  Gen.  Crust.  Ins.  iii. 
164-5. 

v"  ^  Poecilloptera,  1818,  Germar,  Mag.  Ent.  iii.  218  ;  1825,  Lap. 
Serv.  Enc.  Meth.  x.  168. 
V  °  Paeciloptere,  Latreille,  1825,  Fam.  Nat.  427. 

^      ^  Cenestra  circulata  (Guerin),   St.  Thomas   (Pavenstedt,   Mus. 

Bremen). 
L/'  '^   Phromnia  Jiaccida  (Walker)^/Nias  Island  (Mus.  Bremen). 

"?)  Cerynia   deplana    (Walker)  -^  albata,    Stal),    Sumatra    (coll. 
Kirkaldy,  ex  coll.  Seeldrayers). 
\/  ^    Pyrops   [auctt.]    tenehrosus  (Fabr.),    Belgian    Kongo   (collns. 
Seeldrayers  and  Kirkaldy) ;    Hinterland  of  Togo  (Spiess,  Mus. 
Bremen) . 

•-'.:  Fowler  incorrectly  quotes  this  reference  as  "  PoeJcilloptera."  That 
name  was  appended  in  brackets  as  a  synonym  of  Flata,  Fabr.,  subg.  of 
Fulgora,  Linn. 


BRITISH    DRAGONFLIES    OP    OLDER   ENGLISH    AUTHORS.  297 

^Fam.  Cercopid^. 
^  Ptyelus  flavescens  (Fabr.) ;  Belgian  Kongo  (collns.  Seeldrayers 
and  Kirkaldy). 
^  P.  grossus  (Fabr.)  var.  eburneus ;    Belgian   Kongo   (collns. 
Seeldrayers  and  Kirkaldy). 

Fam.  CicADiD^. 
^Dundubia  mannifera    (Linn.)  ;    Sumatra,    Deli,    Soekaranda 
Estate  (v.  Usler,  Mus.  Bremen). 

D.   minahasscs    (Dist.) ;     Celebes,    Maros    (Albrandt,    Mus. 
Bremen). 

Pycna  limbata  (Fabr.) ;  Togo  (Spiess,  Mus.  Bremen). 

Fam.  Reduviid^. 
Platymeris  horrida,  Stal;   Belgian  Kongo,  Luvituka  (collns. 
Seeldrayers  and  Kirkaldy). 


BRITISH    DRAGONFLIES    OF    THE    OLDER    ENGLISH 

AUTHORS. 

By  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

(Continued  from  p.  260.) 

7.   W.  F.  Evans:  'British  Libellulince,'  1845. 

Under  this  title  we  have  a  small  book  containing  twenty-one 
plates,  in  which  are  figured  fifty-two  dragonflies,  a  brief  notice 
of  each  being  given  in  twenty-eight  pages  of  letterpress.  The 
author  believes  "  that  one  good  figure  of  an  insect  is  better 
than  the  most  elaborate  description  by  itself."  Acting  on  this 
belief,  he  states  that  he  has  drawn  the  plates  with  the  greatest 
care  from  the  insects  themselves.  In  this,  however,  he  has 
achieved  but  a  very  moderate  degree  of  success,  for  the  drawing 
of  the  figures  is  extremely  poor,  and  the  colouring  worse.  It  is, 
in  fact,  with  the  greatest  difficulty  that  several  of  the  insects  can 
be  recognized  at  all,  and  the  identification  therefore  of  some  of 
the  figures  is  given  with  considerable  diffidence.  The  first  two 
plates  are  devoted  to  details  and  nymphs. 

Agrion  rubellum  (pi.  3,  fig.  1   (^  )  =  Pyn-hosoma  tenellum  <?  . 

A.  xanthopterum  (pi.  3,  f.  2)  =  P.  tenellum  also,  apparently ;    but 

McLachlan  and  Kirby  take  it  to  be  Ischmcra  pumilio. 
A.  elegans  (pi.  3,  f.  3  (?  ,  4  ?  )  =  Ischnum  elegam  3-  ?  . 
A.  azonatum  (pi.  3,  f.  5)  =  1.  elegans  (  j  ?). 

A.  rubens  (pi.  3,  f.  6)  =  orange  v^iriety  of   $  of  I.  elegans,  probably. 
A.  puella  (pi.  3,  f.  7  (?  ,  8  ?  )  =  Agrion  pulchellum  g'  ?  . 
A.  furcatum  (pi,  4,  f.  1  <?  ,  2  ?  )  =  J.  puella  ^  ^  . 
A.  lunulatum  (pi.  4.  f.  3<y ,  4  ?  )  =  A.  pulchellum  ^  ?  . 
A.  hastulatum  (pi.  4,  f.  5  ^  ,Q  $  )  =  ?     This  is  one  of  those  that  it 

ENTOM.vf  J/  ;  vIB     ER,   1900,  2c 


298  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

is  impossible  to  identify  satisfactorily ;  Messrs.  McLachlan  and 
Kirby  set  it  down  as  A.  pulcheUum. 

A.  cyathigerum  (pi.  4,  f.  7  3^)  =  A.  pulcheUum  5  . 

A.  brunnea  (pi.  4,  f.  8)  =  Enallagma  cyathigerum  ?  . 

A.  annulare  (pi.  5,  f.  1  2  )  =  A.  puella  S-  • 

A.  rufescens  (pi.  5,  f.  2  S^)  =  according  to  Kirby,  Ischnma  elegans,  and 
possibly  it  may  be  the  variety  of  this  species  with  orange  thorax. 

Pyrrhosoma  minium  (pi.  5,  f.  3  <y  ,  4  ? )  =  P.  nymphula  ^  ?  . 

Erythromma  fulvipes  (pi.  5,  f.  5  ?  )  =  P.  nymphula,  3-  with  colour- 
ing somewhat  immature. 

E.  chloridion  (pi.  5,  f.  6  $  )  =  P.  nymphula  J  with  colouring  imma- 
ture. The  tip  of  the  abdomen  of  a  male,  given  with  it,  appa- 
rently belongs  to  Erythromma  naias. 

Ischnura  pumilio  (pi.  5,  f.  7  <?)  may  possibly  be  intended  for 
I.  pumilio,  but  the  figure  is  most  indefinite. 

Platycnemis  platypodia  (pi.  6,  f.  1  a' ,  2  ?  )  =  Platycmmis  pennipes 

$  $  • 
Lestes  viridis  (pi.  6,  f.  3  ^ )  =  L.  sponsa  3    [L.  nympha  (unfigured) 

Evans  considers  to  be  a  dark  var.  of  this  species] . 
L.  forcipula  (pi.  6,  f.  4  <? )  =  probably  L.  sponsa  3 . 
Calepteryx  virgo  (pi.  7,  f.  1  <?  ,  2   ?  )  =  Calopteryx  splendens  3  ?  . 
C.  Ludoviciana  (pi.  7,  f .  3  <^  ;  pi.  8,  f.  1  ?  )  =  C.  virgo  3  ;  ditto   $ 

with  very  dark  wings    [I  judge  that  it  is  J  by  the  white  ptero- 

stigma.] 
C.  hcBmorrhoidalis  (pi.  8,  f .  2  <y  ,  3  ?  )  =  6\  virgo  <y  $  . 
C.  anceps  (pi.  Q,L1  3)  —  C.  virgo,  var.  anceps — the  var.  in  which  the 

blue  pigment  is  wanting  from  the  wings. 
Anax  formosus  (pi.  9,  f .  2  ?  )  =  Anax  imperator  3  . 
.fflshna  rufescens  (pi.  10,  f.  1  3)  =  Mschna  isosceles  $  . 
JE.  grandis  (pi.  10,  f.  2  3)  =  ^-  grandis  3  • 
(E.  maculatissima  (pi.  11,  f,  1  ^  )  =  ^E.  cyanea  3 . 
(E.  juncea  (pi.  11,  f.  2  3)  =  probably  .E.  juncea  $ . 
CE.  mixta  ((pi.  12,  f.  1   ?  )  =  probably  M.  mixta  $ . 
CE.  affinis  (pi.  12,  f.  2  ^  )  =  probably  M.  mixta  3 . 
Brachytron  vernalis  (pi.  13,  f.  1  3)  =  B.  prateme  3 . 
Cordulegaster  annulatus  (pi.  13,  f.  2  ?  )  =  C.  annulatus   ?  .     The 

tip  of  abdomen  of  male  is  drawn  at  the  side. 
Gomphus  vulgatissimus  (pi.  14,  f.  1  <? )  =  (r.  vulgatissimus  3 . 
G.  flavipes  (pi.  14,  f.  2  <y )  =  G.  flavipes  3  . 
Cordulia  aenea  (pi.  14,  f.  3  3)  =  G.  anea  3. 
C.  metallica  (pi.  15,  f.  1  3).     By  the  build  of  the  insect  this  may  be 

Somatochlora  metallica,  but  if  so,  the  locality — round  Loudon — is 

at  fault. 
C.  Curtisii  (pi.  15,  f.  2,  <?  3  $  )  =  Oxygastra  curtisii  3  ?  . 
Libellula  depressa  (pi.  16,  f.  1  5^ ,  2  ?  )  =  L.  depressa  3  $  . 
L.  conspurcata  (pi.  16,  f.  3,  ?  )  =  L.fulva  ?  . 
L.  4-maculata  (pi.  17,  f.  1    3)  =  L.  quadrimaculata  {3    probably) 

[L.  2-maculata  (unfigured)  is  considered  by  Evans  to  be  a  var.] . 
L.  prsenubila  (pl.  17,  f.  2  3)  =  L.  quadrimaculata  var.  prcenubila. 
L.  cancellata  (pl.  17,  f.  3  ,3^ ,  p.  18,  f.  1   ?  )  =  Orthetrum  cancellatwn 

3,   ?. 
li.  coerulescens  (pl.  18,  f.  2  ^ ,  3  ? )  =  0.  candescens  3  ?  . 


NEW    SPECIES    OF    DIRCENNA    FROM    PERU.  299 

Diplax  SCOtica  (pi.  19,  f.  1  3'  ,^   ?  )  =  Sympetrum  scoticum  $  ?  . 

D.  rufostigma  (pi.  19,  f.  3  $  ,  ^  $  )  =  S.  sanguinemn  ^  2  . 

D.  pallidistigma  (pi.  20,  f.  1)  =  S.  scoticum  (?  3),  immature. 

D.  angustipennis  (pi.  20,  f.  2)  =  S.  sanguineum,  probably. 

D.  vulgata  (pi.  20,  f.  3  3^)  =  S.  striolatum  3 ,  immature. 

D.  basalis  (pi.  21,  f.  1)  =  S.  sangumeum  3,  immature. 

D.  flaveola  (pi.  21,  f.  2  <y )  =  S.flaveolum  3 . 

D.  rubicunda  (pi.  21,  £.3  3)  =  Leucon-hmia  dubia  3  . 


DESCRIPTION   OF  A   NEW   SPECIES  OF  DIRCENNA 
FROM   PERU. 

By  Walter  Dannatt,  F.E.S. 


Dircenna  barrettii,  sp.  n. 
Male.  Anterior  wings  transparent  golden,  with  margins  very  dark 
brown  (almost  black),  wider  at  apex.  A  broad  dark  band  at  end  of 
cell,  which  is  continued  in  a  lesser  degree  down  the  second  median 
nervule  to  the  margin.  Posterior  wings  have  wide  irregular  margins 
with  a  submarginal  series  of  five  irregular  white  spots.  Under  side  as 
above,  but  apex  of  anterior  wing  has  three  elongated  white  spots. 
Expanse,  3]-^  in. 

Hab.     Perene,  Peru. 

This  remarkable  species,  though  believed  by  Dr.  Staudinger 
to  be  a  Dircenna,  differs  in  some  respects  from  hitherto  known 
species  in  this  genus  (see  fig.). 

I  have  great  pleasure  in  naming  this  insect  after  an  American 
friend,  Mr.  Otis  W.  Barrett,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  the 
addition  of  many  beautiful  specimens  to  my  collection. 

Donnington,  Blackheath.  2  0  2 


300  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  EGG  OF  POLYOMMATUS  CORYDON. 
By  F.  W.  Frohawk,  M.B.O.U.,  F.E.S. 

As  I  believe  there  is  no  published  description  of  the  egg  of 
this  common  butterfly,  the  following  is  a  description  taken  down 
in  my  note-book  on  Aug.  16th  last,  after  figuring  the  specimen. 
I  should  state  that  I  examined  several  ova  to  check  the  one 
described. 

On  Aug.  13th,  1900,  I  watched  several  females  in  the  act  of 
depositing,  on  various  stems  of  the  usual  stunted  herbage  to  be 
found  growing  on  chalk  downs.  They  frequently  crawled  among 
the  plants  for  a  distance  of  about  a  couple  of  feet,  occasionally 
curving  the  abdomen  downwards  among  the  small  plant-sterna 
and  grasses,  and  here  and  there  deposited  an  egg.  I  therefore 
dug  up  portions  of  the  turf,  potted  it,  and  placed  a  couple  of 
females  on  each  lot;  they  deposited  ova  on  the  14th  and  15th, 
on  the  stems  of  the  various  plants ;  a  few  were  laid  upon  the 
brown  dead  trefoil  leaves,  as  well  as  on  the  living  leaves ;  but  the 
site  generally  chosen  is  the  intermingled  stems  of  both  plants 
and  grasses.  Another  female,  placed  upon  a  similar  pot  of  plants, 
deposited  about  fifty  ova  on  Sept.  10th,  nearly  all  being  placed 
upon  the  stems,  and  a  few  upon  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  of 
rock-rose  ;  in  all  cases  the  eggs  are  deposited  singly. 

"  The  egg  is  ^  in.  in  diameter  and  ^  in.  high ;  it  differs  in 
shape  from  all  the  other  eggs  of  the  '  blues '  which  I  have 
examined  ;  instead  of  having  a  concaved  surface  above,  it  is  flat, 
with  merely  the  micropyle  sunken ;  it  is  also  higher  in  pro- 
portion, and  the  sides  are  almost  perpendicular ;  the  base  is 
flattened,  the  micropyle  is  very  finely  punctured,  an  irregular 
network  pattern  covers  the  upper  surface  and  gradually  increases 
in  size  to  the  outer  rim,  where  it  develops  into  a  beautiful  lace- 
like pattern,  which  is  considerably  bolder  than  that  of  the  other 
*  blues' '  eggs  with  which  I  am  acquainted.  The  reticulations 
are  united  by  very  large  prominent  projecting  knobs,  and  vary 
in  number  from  five  to  seven.  The  sunken  spaces  between  are 
very  finely  granulated.  The  colour  when  first  laid  is  almost 
white,  mainly  caused  by  the  whiteness  of  the  glass-like  reticula- 
tions and  knobs,  the  colouring  gradually  changing  to  a  slightly 
greenish  grey  hue." 

As  the  egg  does  not  hatch  until  the  following  spring,  the 
reason  for  no  particular  plant  being  selected  as  a  site  for  the 
egg  is  at  once  apparent,  as  necessarily  all  the  plants  die  off  in 
the  winter  and  become  an  entangled  mass  of  withered  stems. 
The  young  larva,  upon  emerging  in  the  spring,  must  then  search 
for  the  fresh  growth  of  its  proper  food-plant. 

September,  1900, 


301 


NOTES    AND     OBSERVATIONS. 

Orthoptera  at  Sugar. — Referring  to  Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas's  note 
(Entom.  Oct.  1900,  p.  266),  I  can  add  that  during  a  collecting  expedi- 
tion to  South  Devon  at  the  end  of  August  and  the  early  part  of 
September  last,  Orthoptera  were  frequent  visitors  to  my  "sugar."  No 
less  than  five  species  occurred,  of  which,  nest  to  Forjicula  aaricularia, 
the  most  plentiful  species  was  Leptophyes  punctatissima,  of  which  I  saw 
as  many  as  half  a  dozen  or  more  on  one  evening  ;  and  very  striking 
they  appeared  sipping  the  sweets  among,  and  as  greedily  as,  the  Lepi- 
doptera.  Next  in  point  of  numbers  came  the  fine  Locnsta  viridissima, 
followed  in  smaller  numbers  by  Meconema  varia  and  Ectobia  panzeri, 
of  both  of  which  there  were  at  least  several.  The  genus  Stenobothrns 
was  evidently  not  attracted,  as,  although  S.  bicolor  abounded  every- 
where, I  never  saw  one  actually  on  the  sugar.  Xiphidium  dorsale  was 
not  uncommon  on  marshy  ground,  and  it  probably  would  have  been 
attracted  if  "  sugar  "  had  been  used  in  its  immediate  vicinity,  which 
it  was  not. — Geo.  T.  Porritt  ;  Crosland  Hall,  near  Huddersfield, 
Oct.  5th,  1900. 

Variety  of  Forficula  auricularia. — Mr.  F.  B.  Jennings  has  shown 
me  a  variety  of  F.  auricularia  which  he  took  from  under  bark  on  an 
old  hawthorn  at  Box  Hill  on  August  5th  last.  It  is  small  and  very 
dark,  almost  as  dark  as  A.  annulipes.  In  the  type  the  body  is  chestnut, 
the  elytra  paler,  and  the  legs  yellow.  This  one  is  almost  unicolorous, 
the  tint  being  a  very  dark  brown-black. — W.  J.  Lucas  ;  Oct.  15th,  1900. 

Flatoides,  a  Remarkable  Instance  of  Protective  Coloration. 
[Rhynchota.] — In  1895  Brongniart  called  attention  to  a  series  of 
"^Flatoides  dealbatus  in  the  Paris  Museum,  from  Madagascar,"  as  a  re- 
markable instance  of  protective  coloration.  Among  the  more  recent 
additions  to  the  exponents  of  mimicry  and  protective  resemblance 
arranged  by  Mr.  Waterhouse  in  the  Central  Hall  of  the  British  Museum 
(Natural  History)  are  some  specimens  of  the  above-mentioned  species 
Ml  situ.  The  harmony  of  these  Fulgorids  with  their  environment —  5r 
lichens  and  mosses  on  the  bark  of  certain  trees — is  admirable,  and  c 
specially  noteworthy  are  the  apparent  differences  in  the  sculpturing  of 
the  elytra  of  various  individuals — some  quite  smooth,  others  very 
rough,  almost  tuberculated — differences  really  due  (as  Mr.  Waterhouse 
pointed  out  to  the  writer)  to  an  optical  illusion.  This  interesting 
genus  occurs  in  Madagascar,  New  Guinea,  and  probably  the  greater 
portion  of  the  Oriental  Region. — G.  W.  Kirkaldy. 

MoNO»RAPH  of  the  Membracid^. — Mcssrs.  Lovell  Reeve  &  Co. 
have  in  preparation  a  monograph  of  the  Membracidts,  a  remarkable 
group  of  Homopterous  insects  which  have  not  received  the  attention 
their  peculiar  and  diverse  forms  deserve.  The  author  is  Mr.  George 
Bowdler  Buckton,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  who  will  be  glad  to  hear,  through 
the  publishers,  from  entomologists  and  others  who  have  specimens 
which  they  have  reason  to  believe  are  as  yet  unknown  to  science. 

=;'■  "Notesur  les  Homopteres  du  genre  Flatoides,  Guerin"  (Bull.  Mus. 
Paris,  No.  3,  pp.  1-4  [?  sep.]). 


o 


1^ 


302       \  ^    0  O    OO    THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Food-plants  of  Homoptera. — Mr.  E.  D.  Ball  has  lately  been  so 
kind  as  to  identify  a  number  of  Homoptera  for  me,  and  it  seems  worth 
while  to  record  the  plants  on  which  they  occurred  where  these  are 
known  : — 

'^  (1.)  Idiocerus  alternatus,  .Fitch.  Las  Cruces,  N.M.,  March  14th, 
on  osage-orange.     {Chll.) 

(^(2.)  Eutettix   pulchella,   Baker.      Mesilla,    N.M.,   Aug.    26th,   on 
Populus.     [Ckll.) 

L\d.)  Ceresa  turbida,  Godg.  Kio  Euidoso,  White  Mts.,  N.M.,  Aug.  6th, 
about  7000  ft.,  on  brake-fern.     (Toivnsend.) 

(4.)  Centruchus  perdita,  A.  &  S.  Rio  Ruidoso,  N.M.,  July  18th, 
about  6500  ft.,  beaten  from  Quercus  gambeli.     (Toivnsend.) 

'^^{5.)  Acutalis  dorsalis,  Fitch.  La  Cueva,  Organ  Mts. , N, M. ,  Aug.  30th, 
about  5300  ft.,  beaten  from  Quercus.  [Townsend.)  I  found  this  species 
at  Dripping  Spring,  Organ  Mts.,  and  it  lived,  not  upon  the  oak  itself, 
but  upon  the  Phoradendron  growing  on  the  oak. 

c(6.)  Thmnnotettix  coguilletti,  V.  D.     Mesa,  Arizona,  Oct.  17th,  on  a 
large-leafed  Acer.     (Ckll.) 

(7.)  DeltocepJialus  fuscinervosus,  V.  D.  Rio  Bonito,  N.M.,  Oct.  17th, 
on  Solidago.  {Toivnsend.) — T.  D.  A.  Cockerell  ;  E.  Las  Vegas,  N.M., 
Sept.  1900.  -:r:. 

AsPHONDYLiA  MENTZELia:,  n.  sp. — At  Ratou,  N.M.,  on  Aug.  27th,  I 
found  that  the  ovaries  of  MentzcUa  multiftora  auctt.  were  considerably 
infested  by  a  Cecidomyiid,  which,  breeding  in  them,  caused  the  flowers 
to  wither.  The  red-brown  pupa- shells  of  the  fly  were  seen  sticking 
out  of  the  sides  of  the  flowers,  and  I  had  the  good  fortune,  at  about 

6  p.m.,  to  find  a  male  fly  which  had  just  emerged  from  the  pupa.  It 
was  a  pretty  insect,  with  the  thorax  and  abdomen  pale  pink ;  abdomen 
with  white  hairs ;  legs  whitish,  tarsi  more  or  less  blackened  ;  wings 
grey,  hairy,  second  longitudinal  vein  reaching  tip  of  wing,  third 
longitudinal  vein  forked  a  little  beyond  its  middle,  fold  in  region  of 
third  longitudinal  vein  very  distinct ;  antennal  segments  cylindrical, 
sessile,   with  sparse  whorls  of  not  very  long  hairs.     Expanse  about 

7  millim.  As  usual  in  Asphondylia,  the  characters  of  the  adult  fly  are 
not  very  distinctive,  but  the  habitat  in  Mentzelia  flowers  will  at  once 
distinguish  this  insect  from  all  others.  There  was  a  small  lepidopterous 
larva  also  breeding  in  the  ovaries  of  the  Mentzelia,  but  it  was  not 
abundant. — T.  D.  A.  Cockerell. 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS. 

Notes  fuom  Natal. — Referring  to  my  notes  {ante,  p.  229),  I  wish  to 
say  that  the  pupae  I  found  turned  out  to  be  those  of  Zonilia  accentifera, 
and  not  of  Nephele  hesperus,  as  stated  ;  also  that  I  bred,  from  larva  found 
on  August  22nd,  a  slightly  crippled  female  specimen  of  Basiana  posticn. 
This  insect  has  the  power  of  making  a  sound  like  that  produced  by 
Acherontia  atropos.  I  have  had  two  evenings'  sugaring  during  this  month 
(August),  but  so  far  as  moths  were  concerned  it  was  a  failure. — Geo.  F. 
Leigh  ;  Durban,  Natal. 


CAPTURES   AND   FIELD   REPORTS.  303 

Papilio  machaon  in  Surrey. — One  seen  near  East  Grinstead  about 
August  20th.— F.  W.  F. 

Paplio  machaon  in  Worcestershire. — A  fine  specimen  of  this 
butterfly  was  seen  by  Dr.  Charles,  of  Grindrod,  on  August  3 let,  settled 
upon  a  thistle  in  the  Teme  valley,  on  a  marshy  spot  of  ground. — W. 
Edwards  ;  Malvern. 

One  seen  on  August  Slst  near  Hartley. — F.  W.  Frohawk. 

Late  Appearance  of  Euchloe  cardamines. — While  in  North  Corn- 
wall, on  July  10th  last,  I  was  surprised  to  see  a  male  specimen  of  E. 
cardamines  flying  towards  me  down  a  laue,  and  just  before  it  reached  me 
it  swerved  to  the  left  and  disappeared  over  a  high  bank ;  it  was  then  only 
about  four  yards  distant.  I  had  hoped  to  take  it  as  a  record  specimen  of 
late  emergence.  Previous  to  this  the  latest  date  that  I  have  observed  this 
species  was  on  June  30th,  1885,  when  I  obtained  a  female  example  near  West 
Wickhara,  Kent.  The  earliest  record  I  have  is  that  of  a  male  I  captured 
on  April  25th,  1880,  at  Norwood,  Surrey  ;  excepting  the  early  and  tropical 
summer  of  1893,  when  I  found  cardamines  out  in  numbers  on  April  22nd 
in  Kent. — F.  W.  Frohawk  ;  October,  1900. 

Argtnnis  aglaia  var.  at  Dover. — I  received  a  very  fine  variety  of 
this  species  from  a  Dover  correspondent.  It  was  taken  by  him  on  July 
16th  last,  in  the  first  hollow  (Langdon  Hole  I  think  it  is  called)  on  the  east 
clifif,  and  was  posted  to  me,  unset,  soon  after  capture.  It  is  a  male,  in  very 
fine  condition,  and  somewhat  resembles  the  figure  of  adippe  (Entora.  xv. 
49),  but  the  black  on  the  upper  side  is  not  quite  so  extended  nor  clearly 
defined,  while  on  the  under  surface  the  fore  wings  have  more  black  than 
said  figure,  but  in  the  hind  wings  the  silver  spots  are  normal,  except  those 
along  the  outer  edge,  which  are  only  faintly  discernible. — E.  Sabine;  Erith. 

[I  have  seen  the  specimen  from  which  the  figure  (Entom.  xv.  49)  was 
made,  and  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  it  is  an  aberration  of  A.  aglaia. 
As  the  insect  represented  by  figs.  2,  2a,  Plate  I,,  in  the  same  volume,  was 
stated  in  the  remarks  accompanying  the  plate  to  be  an  aberration  of  A. 
aglaia,  and  afterwards  corrected  to  A.  adippe,  it  would  seem  that  some 
little  confusion  had  occurred  in  the  identification  of  these  two  aberrations. 
— E.  S.]. 

Apatura  iris  in  Northamptonshire. — Two  specimens  of  A.  iris  have 
been  captured  in  July  within  a  few  miles  of  Northampton. — W.  Bostock  ; 
Springfield,  Northampton. 

LYCiENA  BELLARGUS  (adonis)  IN  HERTFORDSHIRE. — There  is  uo  rccord 
that  I  can  find  of  this  butterfly  having  been  taken  in  this  county  until 
now.  I  have  frequently  looked  for  it  on  the  chalk  downs  at  Aldbury  (where 
L.  corydon  is  abundant  every  year),  as  Hippocrepis  comosa,  its  food-plant, 
grows  there  abundantly,  and  I  thought  it  ought  to  be  found  there.  This 
month  (September)  1  have  found  it  on  these  hills,  and  have  taken  about  a 
dozen  specimens. — Arthur  Cottam  ;  Eldercroft,  Watford. 

LYCiENA  argiolus. — This  species  has  been  even  more  abundant  this 
year  than  it  was  last  season,  and  I  have  taken  and  bred  a  very  fine  series, 
among  them  being  a  pale  lavender-coloured  male,  three  or  four  males 
exceptionally  dark,  another  male  having  some  of  the  colouring  pigment 
absent  on  right  fore  wing,  and  a  female  (first  brood)  unusually  suffused  with 
black  on  all  the  four  wings.     All  were  captured  in  my  garden,  where  it  was 


I 


304  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

quite  a  common  thing  to  net  fifty  or  more  in  an  hour  or  so  of  the  forenoon. 
— E.  Sabine  ;  Erith,  October,  1900. 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Hertfordshire. — A  fine  specimen  captured  near 
Hatfield  about  October  lOtb.— [F.  W.  F.] 

Vanessa  antiopa  at  Huntingdon. — A  fine  specimen  taken  at  Hunt- 
ingdon on  August  19th — [F.  W.  F.] 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Kent. — I  took  a  perfect  specimen  of  this  species 
in  an  orchard  at  Beckenham,  Kent,  on  August  Slst  last,  at  sugar. — G. 
Herbert  Thompson;  Benhall  Vicarage,  Saxmundham,  Suffolk,  Sept. 
24th,  1900. 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Norfolk. — One  taken  at  sugar  by  Mr.  Woodhall, 
near  Holt,  on  August  3()th.— [F.  W.  F.] 

Vanessa  antiopa,  &c.,  in  Somersetshire. — Three  V.  antiopa  have 
been  seen  in  Bridgwater,  but  neither  of  them  was  captured.  V.  atalanta 
has  been  abundant  and  very  fine.  V.  cardui  has  been  more  common  than 
usual ;  also  V.  io,  which  had  been  scarce  here  of  late  years. — Henry 
Corder  ;  Sunnyside,  Bridgwater,  October  9lh,  1900. 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Suffolk.  —  On  September  4th  a  specimen  of  F. 
antiopa  was  captured  by  Lorimer  Fison  at  Stutton  Hall,  Suffolk,  in  an 
outhouse,  attracted  by  a  bottle  of  syrup  put  there  to  catch  wasps. — W. 
Gifford  Nash  ;  Bedford. 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Surrey. — One  captured  in  a  garden  at  Bedding- 
ton,  Surrey,  on  August  31st.— F.  W.  F. 

Vanessa  polychloros  in  London. — On  July  aist  my  son  caught  a 
very  fine  female  V.  polychloros  with  his  cap,  close  to  South  Bermondsey 
railway  station. — D.  Chittenden  ;  98,  Court  Hill  Road,  Lewisham, 
October  10th,  1900. 

Vanessa  polychloros  at  Herne,  Kent. — On  August  13th  we  cap- 
tured two  specimens  of  F.  polychloros,  which  were  flying  round  an  oak 
tree  in  company  with  F.  atalanta.  They  were  attracted  by  the  sap  exuding 
from  a  wound  in  the  trunk.  We  went  again  on  the  14th,  and  succeeded  in 
taking  a  third,  which  had  settled  on  the  trunk  of  another  tree,  also  feeding 
on  the  sap.  Although  we  have  been  collecting  for  ten  years,  we  have  never 
captured  this  insect  in  Bucks.  — G.  Ernest  Peachell  ;  High  Wycombe, 
Bucks,  August  26th,  1900. 

Vanessa  io  in  Yorkshire. — On  September  28th  I  caught  a  specimen 
of  F.  io  near  the  house.  According  to  best  authorities  it  is  over  a  dozen 
years  since  one  was  caught  in  this  district. — Arthur  Robertshaw  ; 
Ellenrayde  Hall,  Luddenden  Foot,  October,  1900. 

AcHERONTiA  ATROPos  IN  LoNDON. — It  may  be  of  interest  to  record  the 
capture  of  a  specimen  of  A.  atropos  this  morning.  It  was  taken  while  at 
rest  on  a  street  lamp  a  few  yards  from  our  place  of  business  in  the  Strand. 
— W ATKINS  &  DoNCASTBR ;  October  3rd,  1900. 

AoHERONTiA  ATROPOS  IN  WORCESTERSHIRE. — This  specics  has  been 
more  than  usually  abundant  this  season  in  the  Malvern  district,  nine 
coming  to  my  share. — W.  Edwards  ;  Malvern. 

Macroglossa  stellatarum. — M.  stellatarum,  which  was  abundant  last 
year,  has  only  been  represented  by  an  occasional  specimen.    I  saw  one  this 


CAPTURES    AND    FIELD    REPORTS.  305 

morning  hovering  over  flowers  during  a  smart  shower  of  rain. — Walde- 
GKAVE ;  The  Priory,  Chewton  Mendip,  Somerset,  Sept.  24th. 

Deilephila  livornica  in  North  Staffordshire. — The  Rev.  W.  H. 
Heale  took  in  his  garden  at  Wolstanton  Vicarage  a  male  specimen  of  D. 
livornica  in  excellent  condition,  flying  at  pinks,  on  July  11th.  This  is  its 
first  recorded  appearance  in  our  district,  and  is  a  most  welcome  addition  to 
our  list, — Tho.  W.  Daltrt  ;  Madeley  Vicarage,  Staffordshire. 

Chcerocampa  NERii  IN  IvENT. — A  fine  female  of  this  rare  species  was 
captured  by  Master  Guy  Wickham,  in  his  father's  dining-room  at  Willow 
Grove,  Yalding,  about  6.30  p.m.,  on  Sept.  18th  last.  The  window  of  the 
room  was  open,  and  there  was  a  lamp  burning  on  a  sideboard  at  the  far 
end ;  there  were  some  plants  of  Nicotiana  afflnis  in  the  garden  outside. 
Unfortunately  it  was  very  much  damaged,  as  the  boy  had  only  a  very  small 
"  sea-side  "  net  and  no  killing-bottle,  so  the  moth  took  a  deal  of  hunting 
before  it  was  caught,  and  had  to  be  killed  like  a  butterfly,  by  severe  pinches 
under  the  thorax. — (Capt.)  S.  G.  Reid  ;  Yalding,  Kent,  October,  1900. 

Note  on  a  Pupa  of  Gonoptera  libatrix. — Both  Newman  and  the 
Rev.  Seymour  St.  John  give  as  the  food-plants  of  G.  libatrix  sallow  and 
white  willow  only.  This  autumn  I  found  at  Hayward's  Heath  a  pupa  in  a 
curled-up  leaf  of  the  black  poplar,  and  from  this  a  specimen  of  G.  libatrix 
emerged  a  few  days  ago. — T.  Goddard  Williams  ;  The  Neuk,  Danehill, 
Sussex,  October  15th,  1900. 

Notodonta  DicTiEoiDES  DouBLE-BRooDED. — On  Juue  6th  last  I  took  a 
pair  of  N.  dictceoides  on  the  bough  of  a  birch.  The  female  I  sleeved  on 
birch.  She  deposited  eggs  from  which  fifty-two  larvae  resulted.  These 
pupated,  the  last  on  August  4th.  On  the  28th  of  the  same  month  four 
insects  had  emerged  ;  and  on  the  following  day  two  more  were  out ;  the 
others  are  still  in  pupae.  On  August  8th  I  took  another  pair,  from  which 
I  obtained  forty  larvae  ;  the  last  of  these  pupated  on  October  5th.  The 
earliest  date  I  have  taken  the  insect  was  June  6th  this  year ;  the  latest  I 
have  taken  it  was  August  31st,  1894. — C.  Hamlin  ;  Forest  Cottage,  Bal- 
combe,  Sussex,  October  9th,  1900. 

Xanthia  gilvago  in  Surrey. — I  took  a  nice  specimen  of  X.  gilvago 
at  sugar  on  September  26th  last.  I  have  not  heard  of  the  species  being 
taken  in  this  county  before,  and  should  like  to  know  if  this  is  so. — L.  M. 
Seth-Smith  ;  Alleyne,  Caterham  Valley,  Surrey,  Oct.  5th,  1900. 

[There  are  several  records  of  the  occurrence  of  this  species  in  Surrey, 
some  of  them  as  recent  as  the  year  1898  [vide  Entom.  xxxi.  pp.  267,  293). 
—Ed.] 

Plusia  moneta  at  Merstham. — On  July  28th  of  this  year  1  took  a 
specimen  of  P.  moneta  flying  over  Nicotiana  ajinis  at  Merstham,  Surrey. 
— F.  W.  J.  Jackson,  2,  Vicarage  Gate,  Kensington,  W.,  Sept.  27th,  1900. 

DiANTHCECiA  cucuBALi  IN  AuGUST. — I  took  au  apparently  freshly 
emerged  specimen  of  D.  cucubali  at  sugar  on  August  14th  at  Merstham. 
— F.  W.  J.  Jackson,  2,  Vicarage  Gate,  Kensington,  W. 

NocTUA  CASTANEA  IN  THE  New  Forest. — With  reference  to  the  note 
on  this  species  [ante,  p.  271),  it  may  interest  you  to  hear  that  I  took  a  fine 
specimen  of  the  typical  red  form  of  N.  castanea  at  sugar  in  the  New  Forest 
in  August,  1895. — E.  A.  Cockayne;  6,  Tapton  House  Road,  SheflBeld, 
October  6th,  1900. 


306  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Leucania  vitellina  in  Essex. — I  have  the  pleasure  to  record  that  I 
took  a  specimen  of  L.  vitellina  here  at  sugar  on  September  25th.  As  this 
is  not  altogether  an  abundant  species,  it  may  be  as  well  to  note  that  on  the 
tree  it  looked  very  like  a  wasted  Xanthia  ferruginea.  A  more  careful 
inspection  of  pale  X.  ferruginea  therefore  might  possibly  result  in  more 
L.  vitellina. — (Rev.)  W.  Claxton,  Navestock  Vicarage,  Romford. 

Catocala  fraxini  in  Norfolk. — One  example  taken  on  the  sand-hills 
near  Blakeney  at  the  end  of  August. — [F,  W.  F.] 

Heliothis  scutosa  {Schiff.)  in  South  Devon. — On  September  4th, 
whilst  collecting  with  me  in  a  clover-field  near  Dartmouth,  my  son,  F. 
Capel  Haubury,  captured  a  specimen  of  this  extremely  rare  species.  It  flew 
rapidly  when  disturbed,  and  then  buzzed  at  the  clover-heads  like  Plusia 
gamma.  The  specimen  is  a  male,  but  in  poor  condition.  Mr.  Eustace  R. 
Bankes,  who  was  staying  with  us  at  the  time,  saw  the  specimen  alive,  and 
concurred  in  the  determination. — Frederick  J.  Hanbury  ;  Stainforth 
House,  Upper  Clapton,  N.E.,  September  24th,  1900. 

Cymatophora  occularis  at  Chingford.  — On  May  27th  I  took  a  pupa 
of  this  species  under  a  poplar  tree  in  my  garden.  The  perfect  insect 
emergeii  on  May  31st.  1  should  add  that  a  friend  of  mine  has  also  taken 
this  moth,  once  at  sugar  last  year,  and  again  this  year  at  light,  in  this 
locality. — S.  Graham  ;  Chingford,  Essex. 

Ennomos  alniaria  at  BoGN0R.~In  the  course  of  a  walk  with  my 
brother-in-law,  Mr.  Graham  Davis,  he  called  my  attention  to  a  moth  caught 
in  a  spider's  web  on  a  gas-lamp  in  this  town.  On  being  captured  and 
examined,  it  proved  to  be  E.  alniaria.  I  find  this  species  is  recorded  by 
Mr.  Alfred  Lloyd  in  his  list  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  Bognor.  Mr.  W.  H.  B. 
Fletcher  also  informs  me  that  it  is  known  to  occur  at  Chichester,  some  six 
miles  from  here  as  the  crow  flies. — R.  Meldola  ;  Bognor,  Sept.  23rd,  1900. 

Leucania  vitellina  and  Plusia  festuc^  at  Bognor. — Since  sending 
the  record  of  the  capture  of  E.  alniaria,  I  am  able  to  add  that,  at  sugar  on 
September  28th,  I  took  two  very  good  specimens  of  Leucania  vitellina. 
At  Paghara,  about  the  middle  of  the  month,  I  saw  at  sugar,  but  unfor- 
tunately lost,  a  fine  specimen  of  Plusia  festuca.  Neither  of  these  species 
is  recorded  in  the  local  list. — R.  Meldola  ;  Bognor,  Sept.  30th. 

PiERis  DAPLiDicB,  &c.,  AT  BoGNOR. — Mr.  H.  L.  F.  Guermonprcz,  the 
well-known  naturalist  resident  here,  informs  me  that  in  many  respects  the 
season  has  been  remarkable.  I  saw  on  his  setting-board  a  beautiful  Pieris 
daplidice,  taken  by  him  near  Felpham  on  September  3rd.  Colias  hyale 
has  been  fairly  common,  and  also  C.  edusa  and  the  larva  of  A.  atropos.  It 
is  noteworthy  also  that  many  species  appear  this  year  to  have  been  made 
double-brooded  by  the  fine  September  succeeding  the  wet  and  cold  August. 
I  took  a  good  specimen  of  Agrotis  exclamationis,  for  example,  on  September 
21st,  an  unusually  late  date  for  this  species.  — R.  Meldola;  Bognor, 
September  30th. 

Epunda  nigra  in  Kent:  a  Correction. — In  your  last  issue  {ante, 
p.  271)  I  recorded  the  capture  of  E.  nigra  here.  I  should  like  to  correct 
that  statement.  It  was  a  mistake  ;  the  insect  I  took  I  afterwards  discovered 
to  be  a  very  dark  form  of  E.  lutulenta.  E.  nigra  has  never  been  taken 
here  or  near  here,  as  far  as  I  can  gather. — A.  J.  Lawrance  ;  8,  Cross  Roads, 
Bromley  Common,  Kent,  October  19th,  1900. 


CAPTURES   AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  307 

Melanippe  tristata. — I  should  like  to  record  the  capture  at  Church 
Stretton,  in  this  county,  last  month,  of  a  goodly  number  of  M.  tristata.  I 
found  it  on  the  Longwynd,  at  an  elevation  of  at  least  a  thousand  feet  above 
the  sea,  where  alone  it  seemed  to  occur.  I  had  previously  taken  it  only 
in  tv?o  North  Derbyshire  localities,  both  of  which  are  also  at  high  eleva- 
tions. Is  this  the  experience  of  others? — (Rev.)CHAS.  F.  Thornewill  ; 
Calvershall  Vicarage,  Whitchurch,  Salop. 

Note  on  Xanthia  ferruginea  and  X.  gilvago. — I  have  been  breeding 
this  year,  from  larvae  found  in  this  parish,  the  two  closely  allied  species, 
X.  ferruginea  and  X.  gilvago,  the  larvae  of  which  are  practically  undistin- 
guishable.  My  first  imago  of  X.  ferruginea  emerged  on  August  18th, 
while  X.  gilvago  did  not  begin  to  appear  till  September  5th.  Is  this  the 
experience  of  others,  or  is  it  merely  an  accident  ? — (Rev.)  C.  F.  Thornewill; 
Calvershall  Vicarage,  Whitchurch,  Salop,  September  12th. 

Aleucis  piotaria  in  Kent. — I  have  to  record  the  capture  of  a  specimen 
of  A.  pictaria  on  April  23th  last  near  Ashford.  It  was  flying  after  dark, 
and  is  the  only  example  of  the  species  that  I  have  ever  met  with  in  the 
locality,  although  I  have  collected  there  for  a  number  of  years  past. — 
D.  Chittenden  ;   98,  Court  Hill  Koad,  Lewisham,  S.E, 

LiPARis  chrysorrhcea  Abundant  at  Hove. — I  was  pleased  to  find  the 
above-named  insect  very  abundant  in  this  neighbourhood  this  year. — Alan 
W.  Cardinall  ;   18,  Cromwell  Koad,  Hove,  July  29th,  1900. 

Abundance  of  Plusia  gamma. — You  published  a  note  from  me  {ante, 
p.  129)  to  the  efi'ect  that  during  the  whole  of  last  year  I  did  not  see  a  single 
specimen  of  Plusia  gamma  \n  Hayling  Island.  Although  this  is  usually 
a  very  common  species  here,  this  year  it  is  more  abundant  than  I  have  ever 
known  it.  Hundreds  are  to  be  seen  during  the  day-time  flying  from  flower- 
head  to  flower-head  in  every  clover  field. — Albert  May;  Hayling  Island, 
August  21st. 

[P.  gamma  appears  to  have  been  generally  abundant  throughout  the 
country  this  year. — Ed.] 

Odonata  in  Kent. — I  took  a  female  specimen  of  ^schna  mixta  at 
Ramsgate  on  September  19th.  Sympetruin  striolatuni  was  swarming  at 
Ramsgate  on  the  same  day,  at  Sandwich  on  Sept.  2l8t,  and  at  Folkestone 
on  October  3rd. — C.  W.  Colthrup;  127,  Barry  Road,  East  Dulwich,  S.E., 
October  IQih,  1900. 

Rhyparobia  MADERA  IN  LoNDON. — I  found  an  example  of  this  species 
in  my  desk  at  Covent  Garden  this  morning. — Henry  J.  Dixon  ;  29,  Suther- 
land Avenue,  Maida  Vale,  September  25th,  1900. 

Sirex  gigas. — This  sawfly  seems  to  have  taken  up  its  quarters  perma- 
nently in  the  neighbourhood.  I  have  caught  half-a-dozen  specimens  in 
Kendal  and  Windermere  during  the  past  three  years,  the  most  recent  falling 
stunned  by  the  blow  of  a  straw  hat  in  Stramongate,  Kendal,  on  July  21st 
this  year. — (Rev.)  A.  M.  Moss  ;  12,  Greenside,  Kendal. 

Collecting  at  Sidmouth. — A  few  days'  collecting  at  Sidmouth,  with 
Mr.  B.  R.  Roberts,  of  Cornwall,  during  the  latter  half  of  June,  were 
faily  successful,  although  the  weather  was  so  cold  and  wet.  Leucophasia 
sinapis  was  abundant  in  its  usual  haunts  on  the  cliff,  and  was  in  good  con- 
dition. We  found  beating  during  the  day  far  the  most  productive  work, 
and  took  the  following  moths  : — Anticlea  rubidata  (very  abundant  and  in 


308  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

grand  condition),  Numeria pulveraHa,  Emmelesia  affinitata,  E.  alchemillata, 
E.  decolorata,  Cidaria  corylata,  C.  silaceata,  Ligdia  adustata,  Melanippe 
rivata,  M.  galiata,  M.  ocellata,  Coremia  propugnata,  C.  unidentata,  Corycia 
temerata,  Epkyra  trilinearia,  and  E.  omnkronaria.  Trunk  searching  was 
very  tiring  work,  only  one  Stauropis  fagi  represented  some  hours'  search. 
In  the  lanes,  Chelonia  villica  was  by  no  means  scarce,  and  Thecla  rubi  were 
very  plentiful.  Sugaring  was  a  failure;  only  a  few  Acronycta  rumicis, 
Agrotis  exdaniationis,  and  XylopJiasia  rnonoglypha  came  to  the  bait. — H.  O. 
Wells;  Hurstfield,  The  Avenue,  Gipsy  Hill,  Loudon,  S.E.,  Aug.  24th. 

Notes  from  Southend. — At  a  distance  of  seven  miles  from  here — a 
pleasant  run  over  a  good  road  for  the  cyclist — the  asters  made  a  fine  show 
during  September,  and  larvae  of  Cucullia  asteris  were  fairly  common. 
Larvae  of  Spilodes  palealis  occurred  frequently  in  umbels  of  the  wild  carrot. 
Surely  this  species  has  been  observed  elsewhere  this  season.  With  us  it 
seems  to  have  reappeared  in  considerable  numbers,  after  an  absence  of 
several  years.  A  worn  Spilodes  sticticalis  occurred  at  aster  bloom,  Sept.  15th, 
and  a  fine  Aplecta  occulta  (typical  southern  form)  came  to  sugared  Eupa- 
torium  Aug.  18th. — F.  G.  Whittle  ;  3,  Marine  Avenue,  Southend,  Oct.  3rd, 

Notes  from  North  Wales. — While  spending  a  fortnight's  holiday  at 
Barmouth,  from  the  beginning  of  July,  I  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  C.  edusa 
on  two  occasions;  one  specimen  on  the  coast-road  to  Towyn,  and  another 
near  Beddgelert.  Ino  statices  was  captured  at  an  elevation  of  1200  feet  on 
one  of  the  lower  slopes  of  Cader  Idris.— W.  S.  Gilles;  Booking,  Braintree. 

Catooala  fraxini  in  the  Isle  of  Wight. — On  Sept.  19th  last  I  had 
the  good  luck  to  capture  a  very  fine  specimen  of  this  splendid  moth  at  sugar 
on  the  trunk  of  an  ash  not  far  from  this  house,  and  another  rather  worn  was 
taken  close  by  three  days  later.  —  Hugo  Harpur  Crewe;  Spring  Hill, 
East  Cowes,  I.W. 

Epunda  nigra,  Dasycampa  rubiginea,  &c.,  at  Camberley. —  On 
Sept.  20th  last  I  took  E.  nigra  on  the  trunk  of  an  apple-tree  that  I  had 
sugared  ;  on  Oct.  10th,  1899, 1  obtained  a  specimen  of  the  same  species  on 
ivy.  In  October,  1899, 1  took  two  specimens  of  D.  rubiginea,  and  last  week 
(Oct.  16th,  17th,  and  19th)  I  took  three  more  specimens,  all  on  the  same 
piece  of  ivy.  I  also  took  Xanthia  aurago  at  sugar  in  September  last.  All 
the  above  were  taken  within  a  radius  of  ten  yards,  on  the  borders  of  Berk- 
shire, less  than  a  mile  from  both  Hants  and  Surrey. — (Lieut.-Col.)  A.  F. 
Mockler-Ferryman  ;  E,  M.  College,  Camberley,  Oct.  23rd,  1900. 

Miscellaneous  Notes. — On  July  13th  last  I  took  a  day  on  the  hills 
from  Betchworth  to  Box  Hill;  one  E.  hyperanthes,  quite  fresh,  was  taken: 
Hesperia  thaumas  was  out  in  tolerable  numbers  ;  E.  ianira  in  intolerable 
ditto ;  Euchelia  jacobcece  was  to  be  found  both  in  the  larval  and  in  the 
perfect  stage :  in  a  clearing  in  a  wood  near  Box  Hill  I  took  a  specimen  of 
Thecla  w-album  and  saw  one  or  two  more ;  Macroglossa  stellatarum  was 
fairly  abundant.  On  July  15th  I  again  went  to  Box  Hill;  a  very  fine 
specimen  of  Vanessa  cardui  provided  some  sport,  but  was  not  captured,  and 
I  took  two  more  T.  w-album;  this  time  M.  stellatarum  was  in  great 
numbers.  Nailed  shoes  are  advisable  for  the  Box  Hill  country.  Stimu- 
lated by  Mr.  Lucas's  note  [ante,  p.  202)  on  the  abundance  of  larvae  of  T. 
w-album  somewhere  near  Ripley,  I  went  over  there  yesterday,  hoping  to 
complete  my  series  more  easily  than  would  be  the  case  at  Box  Hill ;  in 
this  I  was  disappointed,  as  I  did  not  see  a  single  specimen.  On  the  road 
from  Ripley  to  Cobham  I  saw  one  of  the  large  fritillaries,  A.  paphia,  I 


CAPTURES    AND    FIELD    REPORTS  809 

think,  but  I  could  not  say  for  certain.  Lyccsna  mgon  was  abundant  on  the 
common  on  the  east  side  of  the  road,  and  Hesperia  sylvanus  and  H.  thaumas 
were  not  uncommon.  A  female  Fidonia  piniaria  was  also  taken.  To-day 
I  have  seen  a  female  Lycana  arglolus  here  ( Sutton j.  Evidently  the  fine 
weather  is  bringing  on  second  broods. — D.  P.  Turner;  Sutton,  Surrey, 
July  18th,  1900. 

COLIAS    EDUSA    AND    C.    HYALE    IN    ENGLAND,    1900. 
(Continued  from  p.  280.) 
COLIAS  EDUSA  AND  C.  HYALE  IN  CAMBRIDGESHIRE. T  Saw  tWO  C.  hyole 

and  one  C.  edusa,  flying  in  company,  at  Wisbech  St.  Mary,  on  Sept.  20th. 
I  had  no  net  with  me,  and  when  I  visited  the  spot  on  the  two  succeeding 
days  the  wind  was  both  cold  and  stiff,  and  Colias  did  not  reappear.  In 
"the  great  edusa  vear,"  in  the  seventies,  they  swarmed  in  that  locality. — 
Chas.  Oldham  ;  Chelmsford  Road,  South  Woodford,  N.E.,  Oct.  13th,  1900. 

On  Aug.  15th  I  took  a  specimen  of  C.  hyale  on  the  road  between  Soham 
and  Wicken  Fen. — W.  Gifford  Nash;   Bedford. 

Colias  edusa  and  var.  helice  in  Cornwall. — Between  Aug.  39th 
and  Sept.  6th  C.  edusa  was  in  great  profusion  near  Falmouth.  I  first 
found  them  on  Aug.  9-9th,  on  the  clover  in  a  stubble-field  sloping  sheer  up 
from  the  sea-cliffs  with  an  eastern  aspect.  I  saw  about  twenty  males,  of 
which  I  captured  six,  but  saw  only  one  female.  The  next  day  was  almost 
a  repetition,  except  that  I  did  not  attempt  any  captures.  The  following  day 
not  a  single  edusa  was  to  be  seen  in  the  field,  although  conditions  of 
weather  were  just  similar,  and  for  a  week  after  this  I  went  daily  to  the  field, 
but  saw  only  a  single  female,  which  circumstance  seems  very  unaccountable. 
However,  on  Aug.  Slst  I  made  tracks  along  the  coast  for  about  a  couple  of 
miles,  and  happened  on  a  lucerne  field  where  edusa  simply  swarmed.  On 
this  day  females  were  much  more  abundant  than  males,  but  between 
Aug.  Slst  and  Sept.  8th  I  found  them  about  evenly  distributed.  This  field 
was  sloping  sheer  up  from  the  sea-cliffs,  and  with  both  south  and  south-east 
aspects.  My  experience  was  almost  a  repetition  of  that  recorded  by 
Mr.  Clogg  in  the  second  volume  of  the  '  Entomologist,'  page  338,  and 
mentioned  by  Newman  in  his  '  British  Butterflies,'  for  between  Aug.  31st 
and  Sept.  8th  I  could  have  taken  in  this  single  field  seven  or  eight  hundred 
edusa  without  any  difficulty.  I  daily  took  them  freshly  emerged  from  the 
chrysalis,  and  although  I  saw  many  before  their  wings  were  thoroughly 
dried,  I  was  not  fortunate  enough  to  find  a  single  pupa-case.  Let  it  not  be 
thought,  however,  that  I  am  an  "exterminator."  I  captured  on  an  average 
about  forty  per  day  for  the  eight  days  (on  the  look  out  for  vars.,  of  course), 
but  out  of  this  number  set  only  twenty-four  males  and  twenty-four  females 
(which  a  brother  and  a  friend  will  share),  releasing  all  the  others.  With 
delight  I  also  record  that  from  among  the  hundreds  of  edusa  I  saw,  t 
captured  eleven  specimens  of  the  beautiful  female  variety  helice,  all  in 
grand  condition,  and  of  varying  shades  of  colour,  from  the  extremest  variety. 
There  are  four  distinct  transitional  shades  of  colour  amongst  them.  With 
the  exception  of  one  morning,  when  I  took  four,  a  single  helice  only  was 
taken  each  day,  and  these  freshly  emerged  ones.  From  careful  observa- 
tions, edusa  and  helice  were  "at  home  "  between  the  hours  of  11  a.m.  and 
3  p.m. ;  either  before  or  after,  very  few  indeed  were  on  the  wing.  I  did 
not  see  a  single  C  hyale.  In  this  same  field  Plusia gamma  swarmed  also; 
Vanessa  cardui  was  fairly  abundant,  but  a  few  only  V.  atalanta  were  seen. 


310  THE   ENTOMOLOGIST. 

The  weather  was  beautiful  all  the  time,  with  brilliant  sunshine  and  light 
south  and  south-east  winds.  The  memory  of  that  field  will  ever  give  me 
delight,  and,  personally,  I  shall  record  the  year  as  a  Colias  one.  In  and 
around  Truro  C.  edusa  has  also  been  plentiful. — W  A.  Rollason  ;  The 
White  House,  Truro,  Cornwall,  Oct.  6th,  1900. 

Colias  edusa  and  C.  hyale  in  Hampshire.  —  With  regard  to  the 
occurrence  of  C.  edusa  and  C.  hyale  this  year,  I  may  mention  that  on  Ports- 
down  Hill  the  latter,  during  last  July  and  August,  has  been  as  abundant  as 
the  former.  On  August  14th  I  captured  two  insects  together,  and,  strange 
to  say,  they  were  both  identified  as  helice.  I  have  heard  of  a  typical  male  and 
var.  helice  being  captured  together,  but  never  two  helice.  The  only 
difference  between  these  two  specimens  is  that  one  possesses  a  faint  yellow 
tint,  which  is  entirely  absent  in  the  other.  Also  the  border  of  the  hind 
wing  in  the  whitish  specimen  is  not  so  well  defined  as  in  the  yellowish  one. 
Indeed  the  border  of  the  latter  is  darker  and  broader  than  any  helice  that  I 
have  seen.  In  my  opinion  the  dark  specimen  is  the  male,  and  the  pale  the 
female.  In  hyale  I  find  two  distinct  colours — a  canary-yellow  and  pale 
greenish  white  —  but  they  do  not  appear  to  be  different  sexes,  as  I  have 
frequently  taken  two  yellow  together. — H.  La  Chard  ;  51,  Powerscourt 
Road,  Kingston,  Portsmouth,  Sept.  0,211(1,  1900. 

Both  C.  edusa  and  C.  hyale  have  been  plentiful  this  year  on  the  downs 
and  railway  embankments  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Portsmouth.  The  two 
species  occurred  in  about  equal  numbers.  Between  August  11th  and  Sept. 
12th  twenty-seven  C.  hyale  were  taken,  of  which  eight  were  females.  Others 
were  captured  and  released  after  examination  for  var.  helice,  one  of  which 
was  obtained.  The  latest  date  on  which  a  specimen  of  C.  hyale  was  seen 
was  Sept.  24th  ;  several  specimens  of  C.  edusa,  however,  were  seen  to  be 
still  flying  on  Oct.  l'2th.  Single  specimens  of  C.  edusa  were  seen  in 
different  localities  on  June  l'2th,  13th,  and  19th.  The  one  seen  on  June 
19th  was  a  large,  but  rather  worn  female.  It  was  full  of  eggs,  and  would 
evidently  be  the  parent  of  an  autumn  brood. — G.  M.  Russell;   Oct.  loth. 

Colias  hyale  in  Kent. — In  my  recent  note  {ante,  p.  277)  on  the  occur- 
rence of  C.  edusa  and  C.  hyale  at  Hythe,  I  mentioned  the  capture  of  a 
specimen  of  C.  edusa  var.  helice.  The  insect  in  question  is  a  white  form  of 
C.  hyale.— R.  S.  Mitford  ;   35,  Redcliffe  Square,  S.W.,  Oct.  7th,  1900. 

Coljas  edusa  in  Lancashire. — I  caught  a  very  fine  male  C.  edusa,  a 
rather  large  one,  at  Grange-over-Sands,  in  North  Lancashire,  during  the 
second  week  in  September.  It  was  flying  over  a  field  of  ragwort,  close  to 
the  sea-shore.  I  watched  the  field  for  many  days  after,  but  never  got 
another,  although  others  were  seen  before  my  capture,  by  other  collectors. 
I  am  not  aware  that  any  specimens  of  C.  hyale  were  seen. — R.  C.  Lowther; 
Fernleigh,  Grange-over-Sands,  North  Lancashire,  Oct.  14th. 

Colias  edusa  and  C.  hyale  in  Leicestershire. — During  the  last 
week  in  August  I  saw  several  specimens  of  C.  edusa  and  one  of  C.  hyale, 
in  the  Charuwood  Forest,  near  Loughborough. —  W.  Gifford  Nash; 
Bedford. 

Colias  edusa  in  London. — A  specimen  of  C.  edusa  was  noticed  in  the 
Strand,  making  its  way  towards  Charing  Cross,  about  a  fortnight  ago. — 
Watkins  &  Doncaster,  36,  Strand,  W.C,  Oct.  3rd,  1900. 

Colias  edusa  and  C.  hyale,  &c.,  in  Norfolk. — On  Aug.  13th  I 
captured,  at  Honing,  near  North  Walshara,  a  male  and  female  of  C.  hyale, 
and  a  female  of  0.  edusa,  in  a  clover-field  ;  all  were  fine  specimens.    Cynthia 


CAPTURES   AND   FIELD    REPORTS.  311 

cardui  was  abundant,  and  Vanessa  io  swarming,  in  the  same  field.  I  also 
took  two  fine  specimens  of  Catocala  nupta,  on  tarred  wood,  in  the  same 
place. — F.  A.  Oldaker  ;  Parsonage  House,  Dorking,  Oct.  11th,  1900. 

COLIAS    EDUSA    AND    C.    HYALE    IN     NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. —  C     eclusa    haS 

been  fairly  abundant  in  many  localities  in  Northamptonshire,  and  C.  hyale 
has  been  seen  and  captured  frequently.  My  sons  caught  five  of  the  latter, 
and  altogether  I  have  heard  of  some  twenty  more  captures  near  North- 
ampton. The  appearance  here  of  C.  hyale  is  most  unusual,  and  I  have  not 
seen  it  before  over  a  period  of  twenty-five  years. —  W.  Bostcck  ;  Spring- 
field, Northampton,  Oct.  9th,  1900. 

CoLiAS  EDUSA  IN  NoRTH  Wales  — During  a  five  weeks'  sojourn  in 
Wales,  over  an  extensive  tract  of  country,  I  was  much  struck  by  the  com- 
parative rarity  of  C.  edusa,  in  what  has  evidently  been  "  an  edusa  year." 
Starting  at  Aberystwyth  on  Aug.  9th,  I  went  out  in  daily  expectation  of 
seeing  edusa,  especially  as  the  weather  was  all  that  could  be  desired  for 
entomology.  No  sign  of  it  appeared,  however,  until  Aug.  23rd,  when  a 
fine  female  was  given  tome  on  Constitution  Hill,  caught  within  a  few  yards 
of  the  turnstile  at  the  top  of  the  cliff  tramway ;  and  on  the  following  day  a 
second  specimen  was  noticed,  flying  on  the  railway  embankment  between 
Aberystwyth  and  Clarach.  On  Sept.  3rd  we  left  Aberystwyth  for  Barmouth, 
and  though  we  explored  the  country  in  all  directions,  edusa  was  still  scarce. 
On  the  6th,  9th,  and  10th,  odd  specimens  were  seen  in  Barmouth,  probably 
the  same  insect,  as  all  occurred  within  a  few  yards  of  each  other  and  near 
the  sea-shore,  the  last  being  seen  on  the  station  siding.  On  the  5th  a 
single  specimen  was  noticed,  flying  in  some  fields  between  Llanbedr  and 
Harlech  ;  and  on  the  7th  another  was  observed,  near  the  head  of  Tal-y-Llyn, 
close  to  the  foot  of  Cader  Idris.  On  Sept.  10th  we  moved  into  Snowdonia, 
and  on  the  1 1th  saw  three  edusa  within  a  few  miles  of  Beddgelert.  Another 
single  specimen  on  the  14th,  near  the  Fairy  Glen,  Bettws-y-Coed,  completes 
the  list — a  very  disappointing  one  for  the  large  area  comprised. — E.  Maude 
Alderson. 

C.  edusa  was  abundant  this  year  at  a  small  place  about  two  miles  from 
Holyhead,  in  Anglesea.  First  seen  on  Aug.  '2(5th,  and  in  numbers  during 
first  week  of  September;  I  have  seen  as  many  as  seven  in  flight  at  once; 
my  daughter  caught  no  less  than  eleven  in  about  an  hour  and  a  half.  I 
was  unfortunately,  lame,  and  could  not  join  in  the  pursuit.  We  caught 
twenty-three,  all,  except  one  that  was  worn,  fine  fresh  specimens  ;  there 
were  twenty  males  and  three  females.  I  also  ascertained  that  some  neigh- 
bours captured  sixteen  males  and  two  females.  I  left  on  Sept.  10th,  and 
do  not  know  what  was  done  after.  No  hyale  seen. — T.  Romer  ;  The 
Lings,  Livingstone  Drive,  S.,  Liverpool,  Sept.  22nd,  1900. 

CoLiAS  edusa  in  South  Pembrokeshire. — This  butterfly  has  been 
quite  common  here  this  summer,  chiefly  males ;  but  though  a  careful  watch 
has  been  kept,  we  have  not  seen  a  single  specimen  of  helice,  nor  of  C.  hyale, 
which  I  believe  never  comes  so  far  west.  There  have  been  immense  numbers 
of  the  common  E.  tithonus,  both  here  and  at  St.  Davids,  but  sugar  and  ivy 
have  both  been  very  unproductive  this  year. — J.  S.  Puckridge  ;  Castle- 
martin  Vicarage,  Pembroke. 

CoLiAs  EDUSA  AND  C.  HYALE  IN  SOMERSETSHIRE. — I  did  not  come  here 
till  Aug.  8th.  I  saw  my  first  C.  edusa  on  the  13th,  and  have  observed 
stray  specimens  on  most  fine  days  since  the  18th  of  that  month,  which,  with 
very  few  exceptions,  were  males.     The  laud  here  being  nearly  all  grass, 


312 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


there  is  not  much  attraction  in  the  way  of  clover-fields. — Waldegrave  ; 
The  Priory,  Chewton  Mendip,  Sept.  24th,  1900. 

You  may  perhaps  have  had  reports  as  to  Colias  from  this  district.  In 
August  I  saw,  near  Bridgwater,  one  specimen  of  C.  hyale  and  a  few  C.  edusa. 
Mr.  Cottam,  of  Watford,  took  one  hyale,  three  helice,  and  other  edusa.  I 
then  went  to  Chelmsford,  where  edusa  were  decidedly  scarce,  only  four  or 
five  being  seen  in  a  fortnight,  but  I  took  a  nice  series  of  hyale,  in  good 
condition,  at  the  end  of  August.  Returning  to  Bridgwater,  could  hear  of 
no  more  hyale,  but  edusa  was  still  to  be  found  in  clover-fields ;  females  were 
rare,  and  no  more  helice. — H.  Corder  ;   Sunnyside,  Bridgwater,  Oct.  9th. 

Colias  edusa,  &c.,  in  Staffordshire.  —  C.  edusa  has  at  length 
reappeared  in  North  Staffordshire ;  on  Aug.  27th  my  friend,  Mr.  W.  H. 
Earl,  of  Newcastle-under-Lyme,  saw  one  between  Endon  and  Leek,  and  on 
Sept.  4th  my  son  Harold  found  one  asleep  on  a  flower,  in  a  cutting  of  the 
North  Staffordshire  Railway  in  this  parish  ;  it  is  a  very  fine  female  specimen, 
in  perfect  condition  ;  two  days  later  he  saw  two  others  in  Swynnerton  Old  Park, 
My  son  also  captured  a  fine  male  Vanessa  cardui,  flying  at  petunias  close 
to  my  front  door.  This  is  an  insect  which  has  not  been  observed  here  for 
several  years ;  I  have  never  known  it  to  be  plentiful  in  North  Staffordshire. 
Since  his  return  to  school  I  saw  a  male  Gonepteryx  rhamni,  flying  at  flowers 
in  the  vicarage  garden,  on  Sept.  23rd  and  25th.  This  species  is  very  un- 
common here ;  I  have  only  seen  three  or  four  specimens  during  the  forty 
years  I  have  been  here,  and  I  never  saw  it  in  the  garden  before.  F.  ata- 
lanta  has  been  most  abundant  here,  all  September;  it  chiefly  aff'ects  the 
dahlia  flowers,  and  I  frequently  observed  from  a  dozen  to  twenty  at  one 
time  on  ours.  A  few  V.  io  were  also  observed. — (Rev.)  T.  W.  Daltry; 
Madeley  Vicarage,  Staffs. 

Colias  edusa  and  C.  hyale  in  Suffolk. — On  Aug.  13th  the  first 
specimens  made  their  appearance  in  a  clover-field  at  Stutton  Hall,  and 
during  the  month  eighteen  specimens  of  C.  hyale,  several  C.  edusa,  and  six 
specimens  of  the  variety  helice  were  taken.  —  W.  Gifford  Nash;  Bedford. 

Colias  edusa  and  C.  hyale  in  Surrey. — The  above  have  been  very 
plentiful  this  year  in  Reigate  district ;  eleven  C.  hyale  and  thirteen  C.  edusa 
have  fallen  to  my  net  alone.  I  saw  over  three  dozen  of  C.  hyale  on  Aug. 
27th. — W.  Fairchild;  5,  Worcester  Road.  Reigate,  Surrey,  Sept.  30th. 

Colias  edusa  in  Sussex. — Although  not  seen  in  sufficient  numbers  to 
be  called  abundant,  C.  edusa  may  fairly  be  said  to  have  been  tolerably 
common  at  Eastbourne  in  the  later  part  of  August  and  the  first  week  in 
September  last,  I  first  met  with  it  in  one  of  the  sheltered  hollows  under 
Beachy  Head,  on  Aug.  24th,  when  a  somewhat  vpasted  female  was  taken. 
On  the  following  day  another  example  flew  past  me,  too  rapidly  to  admit  of 
either  condition  or  sex  being  ascertained,  as  I  was  on  my  way  to  the 
same  spot,  and  on  reaching  there  I  secured  a  still  more  wasted  female  than 
the  first,  which,  it  is  needless  to  say,  I  also  turned  adrift.  I  had  no- 
further  opportunity  of  looking  for  the  species  until  Sept.  3rd,  when,  on 
going  to  the  same  "  hollow,"  I  found  edusa  flying  wildly  on  the  down-sides, 
whether  one  or  half  a  dozen  I  am  unable  to  say,  but  I  can  honestly  say 
that,  in  my  endeavour  to  elucidate  the  question,  I  took  more  physical 
exertion  in  the  course  of  an  hour  than  I  had  done  in  a  like  space  of  time 
for  many  a  long  day.  However,  on  the  following  morning  the  question 
was  set  at  rest  by  the  capture  of  some  half-dozen  individuals,  comprising 
both  sexes,  and  for  the  most  part  in  fairly  fresh  order,  and  several  others 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS. 


313 


being  seen.  Beyond  this,  some  three  examples,  all  males,  were  from  time 
to  time  seen  flying  along  the  beach  or  parade,  but  I  met  with  none  in  the 
surrounding  country,  although  I  traversed  a  good  deal  of  it ;  nor  did  any 
C.  kyale  come  under  my  notice. — Robert  Adkin  ;  Lewisham,  October,  1900. 

COLIAS    EDUSA    AND    C.  HYALE    IN  WORCESTERSHIRE. — I  have  Seen  both 

species  in  various  parts  of  this  neighbourhood. — W.  Edwards  ;  Malvern. 

CoLiAS  EDUSA  IN  YORKSHIRE. — A  fine  specimen  of  C.  edusa  was  seen 
on  the  New  Esplanade,  Scarborough,  on  Sept.  25th.— James  H.  Rowntree. 

CoLiAS  HYALE  IN  May  AND  JuNE,  1900.  — It  is  a  regrettable  fact  that 
no  notices  of  the  earlier  appearances  of  C.  hyale  have  been  published  in  the 
•  Entomologist.'  I  observe  in  the  October  number  of  the  Magazine  that 
only  in  one  instance  has  the  appearance  been  noted,  that  by  Mr.  Colthrup, 
at  Beachy  Head  on  June  12th.  C.  hyale  was  observed  in  some  numbers 
during  the  earlier  (and  finer)  days  of  June  at  Darenth,  in  Kent,  Mr.  Davis, 
of  Dartford,  reported  its  appearance  in  the  last  week  of  May.  No  fewer 
than  a  dozen  were  taken  in  the  vicinity  of  Farningham  during  June.  I 
myself  observed  the  insect  at  Shoreham,  Otford,  Old  Bexley,  Uplands 
(Bexley  Heath),  and  Crayford ;  and  Mr.  T.  B,  Andrews,  of  Bexley  Heath, 
captured  two  fine  specimens  at  Bridgen,  on  June  10th  or  11th.  Several 
were  also  observed  on  Plumstead  marshes  in  late  May.  C.  hyale  has  been 
particularly  plentiful  this  season  in  this  district,  more  so  in  fact  than 
C.  edusa,  which  may  account  for  the  fact  that  so  few  var.  helice  have  been 
taken.  Given  a  mild  winter,  I  would  venture  to  prophesy  that  1901  will 
prove  the  ''edusa  year." — Wm.  A.  Carter;  Burr  Villas,  Bexley  Heath, 
Oct.  20th,  ]  900. 

CoLiAS  HYALE  IN  JuNE. — Mr.  H.  S.  Fremlin  informs  me  that  he  saw 
a  specimen  of  C.  hyale  at  Mereworth,  in  Kent,  in  June  last.  He  thinks 
the  date  was  the  4th  of  the  mouth. — Richard  South. 


SOCIETIES. 


Entomological  Society  of  London. — October  3rd,  1900. — Mr.  G.  H. 
Verrall,  President,  in  the  chair.  Mr.  E.  A.  C.  Studd,  Oxton,  Exeter 
Mr.  H.  Maxwell  Lefroy,  B.A.,  Barbadoes  Economic  Entomologist  to 
the  Imperial  Agricultural  Department  for  the  West  Indies  ;  Mr.  W.  F. 
Urwick,  34,  Great  Tower  Street,  London,  E.C.,  were  elected  Fellows 
of  the  Society. — Mr.  G.  C.  Champion  exhibited  specimens  of  TroyophUeas 
anglicanus,  Sharp,  found  by  Mr.  Keys  at  Plymouth ;  t'achyta  sexmactdata, 
L.,  found  by  Col.  Yerbury  at  Neiliy  Bridge,  and  Anchonieiins  quadri- 
panctatus,  De  Gear,  found  by  himself  at  Woking. — Mr.  M.  Jacoby 
exhibited  an  ichneumon,  FJiyssa  persuasoria,  taken  by  him  at  Blandford, 
parasitic  on  Sirex,  and  Col.  Yerbery  said  that  he  had  met  with  the 
same  species  in  some  numbers  in  Scotland.  One  female  observed  in 
the  act  of  oviposition  had  thrust  her  ovipositor,  which  is  about  the 
consistency  of  a  human  hair,  through  an  inch  of  fir  trunk. — Col. 
Yerbery  exhibited: — (1)  a  rare  sawfly,  Xyphidria  camelus,  taken  in 
Scotland  this  year  at  Nethy  Bridge.  The  species  is  mentioned  in  the 
old  books  as  extinct  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  Mr.  Waterhouse 
said   there   were   no   modern    specimens   in   the    South   Kensington 

EKTOM. — NOVEMBER,    1900.  2  D 


314  THE    ENTOMOliOOIBl  . 

Museum  collection.  (2)  Rare  diptera  from  Scotland,  including  (a) 
Laphria  flava,  two  males  from  Nethy  Bridge ;  (b)  Chomasyrphus 
sccBvoides,  new  to  the  fauna  of  Great  Britaiu,  from  the  Mound, 
Sutherland,  where  it  was  common  on  Umbelliferae  under  fir  trees  in 
a  damp  wood,  one  female  also  being  taken  on  the  path  up  Cairngorm, 
near  Glenmore  Lodge;  (c)  Microdon  devius ;  (d)  Chilosia  chrysocoina  Skt 
mountain-ash  blossom,  Nethy  Bridge;  and  (e)  Stomphastica flava,  two 
males  from  Golspie,  September,  1900.  —  Mr.  H.  K.  Donisthorpe 
exhibited  (1)  a  specimen  oiDnisilla  canalicidata  with  the  dead  body  of  a 
Myrviica  in  its  mouth,  captured  at  Chiddingfold  on  July  17th;  (2) 
specimens  of  Myrvwdonia  collaris  and  its  larva  taken  in  Wicken  Feu 
with  M.  Imvinodis  in  August,  1900. — The  Rev.  F.  D.  Morice  exhibited 
a  remarkable  hermaphrodite  of  the  bee  Podalinus  [  =  Anthophora) 
retusm,  in  which  the  male  characters  were  confined  to  the  left  side  of 
the  head  and  genitalia,  the  right  side  of  the  thorax  and  the  abdominal 
segments.  The  antennae  and  hind  (pollinigerous)  legs  were  those  of  a 
female,  and  the  genitalia  half  of  each  sex. — Dr.  Chapman  exhibited 
beetles  of  the  genus  Orina,  and  remarked  on  the  fact  that  while  some 
were  viviparous  others  were  oviparous,  in  some  cases  of  the  former 
the  larvfe  being  developed  in  the  ovaries. — Mr.  H.  J.  Elwes  exhibited  a 
collection  of  Lepidoptera  from  Greece,  taken  this  season  in  conjunction 
with  Miss  Fountaine,  in  the  Morea  and  in  the  Parnassus  region.  He 
remarked  that  the  country  about  Athens  was  much  dried  up  and 
overrun  with  goats  and  herds,  and  that  therefore  the  lepidopterous 
fauna  there  was  poor.  On  the  south  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Corinth, 
however,  the  Pieridi  were  well  represented,  and  out  of  eight  European 
species  seven  were  taken  in  three  weeks.  The  spring  and  summer 
broods  of  Pieris  krueperi  this  year  were  flying  together — an  unusual 
occurrence,  possibly  due  to  the  rainy  spring.  Among  other  notable 
species,  albinos  of  Colias  heldreichi  (female)  were  taken,  G.  rhamni  var. 
farinosa,  and  Lycmia  ottomanus,  while  Mr.  Elwes  further  expressed  his 
opinion  that  a  Lycsena  taken  as  a  var.  of  L.  semiaryus  was  a  distinct 
species.  Miss  Fountaine  mentioned  in  connection  with  these  exhibits 
that  Colias  heldreichi  swarmed  on  Mount  Kelmos  from  4000  to  7000 
feet ;  and  Mr.  Elwes  remarked  that  Miss  Fountaine  was  the  first 
British  collector  known  to  have  captured  this  insect. — Mr.  H.  H.  May 
exhibited  a  variety  of  Strenia  clathrata  taken  on  the  South  Downs,  in 
which  the  ground  colour  of  the  wings  was  of  a  uniform  dark  chocolate 
brown,  not  unlike  Syrichthus  alveolus  on  the  wing. — Mr.  F.  Enock 
exhibited  a  male  bee,  Stelis  aterrima,  one  of  the  bees  parasitic  in  the 
nests  of  Osmia  fulviventris,  usually  considered  a  rare  insect.  The 
specimen  was  taken  on  August  14th,  1900,  hi  a  garden  at  Holloway. 
Mr.  Enock  announced  that  be  had  also  taken  O./ulviventris,  its  host, 
in  the  same  metropolitan  locality. — Papers  were  communicated  on 
"  Descriptions  of  new  species  and  a  new  genus  of  South  American 
Eumolpidag,  with  remarks  on  some  of  the  genera,"  by  Mr.  M.  Jacoby ; 
and  on  "Lepidoptera  Heterocera  from  Northern  China,  Japan,  and 
Corea"  (Part  IV.),  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Leech,  B.A.,  F.Z.S.,  &c.— C.  J. 
Gahan  and  H.  Rowland  Brown,  Hon.  Sees. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural    History   Society. — 
June  28th,  1900. — Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas,  President,  in  the  chair.    Mr.  Kemp 


SOCIETIES.  315 

exhibited  (1)  a  var,  of  Bombyx  rubi  in  which  the  band  on  the  fore  wings 
was  bifurcated  ;  (2)  a  var.  of  Polyommatus  icarus  having  a  large  bleached 
blotch  on  the  fore  wing  ;  (3)  several  specimens  of  Notonecta  glauca  and 
of  var.  maculata.  Mr.  Main,  the  nest  of  Polistes  gallica,  a  solitary 
wasp,  and  a  living  example,  from  Switzerland,  where  it  was  common 
on  rocks.  Mr.  Lucas,  specimens  of  the  very  rare  dragonfly,  Ischnura 
pamilio,  and  var.  aurantiacum,  from  the  New  Forest,  where  Mr.  Carr 
and  himself  had  rediscovered  it,  it  not  having  been  recorded  for  many 
years.  Mr.  West,  specimens  of  Heteroptera,  Monanthia  amplicata  and 
M.  cardui,  from  Lewisham. 

July  12th. — The  President  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Adkin  exhibited  pupa- 
cases  in  situ  of  the  four  Sesias,  S.  scoliifonnis,  8.  asiliformis  {cyjiipi- 
formis),  S.  culicifonnis,  and  S.  ichneumonifonnis ;  a  long  discussion 
ensued  as  to  the  economy  of  the  various  species  in  the  genus.  Mr. 
Hall  gave  his  experience  with  S.  sphegiformis.  Mr.  Tutt  remarked  how 
little  was  known  of  the  egg  stage,  or  even  where  the  ova  were  laid. 
It  was  suggested  that  some  were  laid  on  the  leaves.  Mr.  West,  the 
uncommon  hemipteron  Graphocrcerus  ventralis,  taken  in  Lee  by  sweeping. 
Mr.  Carr,  (1)  specimens  of  the  dragonfly  Pyrrhosoma  nymphula  and  vars., 
taken  in  the  New  Forest ;  (2)  a  very  varied  series  of  Angerona  prunaria, 
from  Hailsham ;  (3)  a  series  of  Melitaa  athalia,  also  from  Hailsham, 
where  it  was  fairly  common  round  the  flowers  of  cow- wheat.  Mr. 
Lucas,  the  rare  dragonfly  Orthetrum  cancellatum,  and  a  discussion 
ensued  on  the  nature  of  the  blue  colour.  Mr.  Turner,  a  short  series  of 
a  rare  hemipteron,  Eysarcoris  melanocephalus,  taken  by  beating  and 
sweeping  at  Horsley  on  July  7th. 

July  2Qth. — Mr.  A.  Harrison,  F.C.S.,  F.L.S.,  Vice-President,  in  the 
chair.  Mr.  F.  M.  B.  Carr  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Cosmia  pymlina, 
taken  at  Oxshott.  Mr.  Harrison,  a  series  of  Nyssia  zonaria,  taken  on 
the  golf-links  at  Wallasey,  where  it  was  common.  Mr.  West,  the 
heteropteron  Mecomma  amhulans,  from  Lewisham.  Mr.  Ashby,  a 
series  and  a  living  example  of  Aromia  moschata,  from  Tottenham, 
where  it  was  locally  common.  Several  members  recorded  Colias  edusa, 
Plusia  gamma,  Pyrameis  cardui,  and  one  C.  hyale. 

Auguat  9th. — Mr.  A.  Harrison,  F.L.S.,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair. 
Mr.  H.  Moore  exhibited  specimens  of  Sirex  gigas  taken  in  Rotherhithe  ; 
and  three  species  of  Orthoptera  taken  by  himself  in  Folkestone 
Warren,  viz.  : — Leptophyes  punctatissima,  Thamnotrizon  cinereus,  and 
Platycleis  grisea.  Mr.  Adkin,  a  series  of  Melanippe  flnctuata  taken 
this  year,  and  commented  on  the  three  main  types  of  variation  in 
the  central  band.  Mr.  Carpenter,  two  nests  of  a  leaf-cutter  bee  found 
in  the  folds  of  an  old  sack.  It  was  remarked  that  all  bees  emerged 
about  the  same  time  ;  the  inmates  of  last  made  cells  first.  Mr. 
Blenkarn,  a  very  fine  smoky  variety  of  Cosmutriche  [Odonestis)  potatoria, 
bred,  from  Eastbourne.  Mr.  F.  M.  B.  Carr,  a  long  bred  series  of 
Lymantria  [Psilura)  monacha,  and  contributed  notes.  The  larvae  were 
from  the  New  Forest. 

August  23nZ. — Mr.  A.  Harrison,  F.L.S.,  Vice-President,  in  the 
chair.  Mr.  R.  Adkin  sent  for  exhibition  flower-heads  of  ivy  from  East- 
bourne, and  contributed  notes  on  the  eggs  of  Cyaniiis  argiohis ;  also 
flowers  of  the  common  FAionymus  of  the  gardens.  Mr.  West,  the 
following  Hemiptera,  all  taken  at  Lee  :     Oliarus  panzeri,  on  willows  ; 


316  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Idiocenis  trennil(B,  on  aspens  ;  1.  vitreus,  on  poplars  ;  I.  albicans,  on 
white  poplar  ;  /.  confiisua,  on  sallows  ;  /.  Imnimitus,  on  Lombardy 
poplars  ;  and  /.  populi  on  aspens  ;  together  with  a  larva  of  Dicranura 
bifida,  from  West  Wickham.  Dr.  Chapman  exliibited  series  of  speci- 
mens of  Melanippe  Jiuctiiata,  from  Red  Hill  and  from  the  Southern 
Alps.  They  were  almost  identical.  Mr.  Blenkarn,  specimens  of 
Cosmotriche  i^Odonestis)  potatoria  and  Lasiocampa  [Bomby.v)  qitercus  var. 
calluna  from  Eastbourne  ;  Spiiosoiiia  lubricipeda  var.  radiata  from 
Yorkshire ;  Mesotype  virgata  {lineolata)  from  Margate  ;  and  Triphosa 
dubitata  from  East  Dulwich. 

September  13th. — The  President  in  the  chair.  Mr.  F.  Noad  Clarke 
exhibited  a  specimen  of  Locusto  viridissima,  taken  at  Deal.  Mr.  South, 
a  bred  series  of  ZyycBna,  trifolii  from  marsh  near  Oxshot.  The  cocoons 
were  found  well  up  the  stems,  as  well  as  near  the  base  of  the  grass. 
The  specimens  were  identical  with  those  taken  in  a  meadow  near 
Northwood;  Mr.  Lucas,  several  specimens  of  Thamnotrizon  cineiem, 
an  Orthopteron  he  has  taken  in  the  New  Forest.  Mr.  Colthrup,  a 
short  series  of  Lasiocampa  (Bombyx)  qiiercus,  from  Margate.  Mr.  Kemp, 
a  specimen  of  Aplecta  occulta,  taken  at  sugar  near  Cromer.  Mr.  Turner, 
series  of  the  following  Coleoptera,  taken  this  year :  Crioceris  asparagi, 
from  Petersfield ;  Liopus  nebulosus  and  Stranyalia,  annata  from  the 
New  Forest ;  and  Clytus  arietis  from  Abbot's  Wood.  Mr.  West,  the 
Hemipteron  Derephysia  foliacea,  beaten  from  ivy  at  Blackheath.  Mr. 
Lucas,  a  series  of  the  white  variety  of  IJelix  ericetorum.  Mr.  Barnett, 
a  specimen  of  Polyommatus  corydon,  of  a  curious  brown  coloration. 
Mr.  Buckstone,  a  female  specimen  of  ^Eschna  mixta,  taken  at  Shoreham 
in  Kent,  where  he  had  met  with  a  number.  Mr.  H.  Moore,  the  follow- 
ing species  of  Lepidoptera,  taken  at  Le  Portel  near  Boulogne  :  Colzas 
edusa,  (J.  hyale,  Pyrameis  cardui,  P.  atalanta,  Vanessa  io,  Aylais  urtica, 
Polyommatus  icanis,  Papilio  viachaon,  and  read  notes.  Mr.  Bishop  read 
the  report  of  the  field  meeting  held  at  Horsley  on  July  7tli. 

September  2,7th. — The  President  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Ashby  exhibited 
a  fine  variety  of  Bhagiavi  bifasciatum  taken  at  Rickmansworth,  having 
a  large  yellow  patch  across  the  elytra  in  place  of  the  usual  spots ;  a 
series  of  Sinodendron  cylindricum  from  a  beech  stump  at  the  same 
place  ;  a  very  small  specimen  of  Pieris  rapcB  :  and  a  var.  of  Abraxas 
grossul ariata ,  having  the  right  wings  typical,  but  the  left  wings  much 
radiated  with  black  lines.  Mr.  Adkni,  short  series  of  Mama  orion  from 
Essex  and  the  New  Forest.  Mr.  Carpenter,  series  of  Colias  hyale  from 
Sheerness,  including  the  pale  form,  and  gave  particulars  as  to  the 
habits  of  the  larv^  of  both  C.  hyale  and  C.  edusa.  Mr.  Montgomery, 
living  larvas  of  C.  edusa,  and  commented  on  the  long  time  taken  in 
feeding  up  this  year,  owing,  doubtless,  to  the  want  of  sunshine.  Mr. 
Lucas,  the  Orthoptera,  Platycleis  grisea  from  Lulworth,  and  Tettix  siib- 
ulatus  from  Milford.  Mr.  Main,  specimens  of  Myriapoda  and  Arachnids 
from  West  Africa.  Mr.  F.  M.  B.  Carr,  series  of  dragonilies  taken  this 
year:  Sympetrum  striolatuni,  S.  sangxdneum,  and  S.  scoticum,  from  Ock- 
ham  ;  Libellula  depressa,  L.  quadrimacidata,  Orthetnim  ccerulescens, 
Gomphus  vulgatissivms,  Cordulegaster  annnlatus,  and  Brachytron  pratense, 
from  the  New  Forest ;  /Eschna  grandis  from  Wisley ;  and  Mschna  mixta 
from  Loughton.  Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner,  C.  edusa,  taken  at  Dawlish,  in- 
cluding var.  heliee  and  a  small  female  with  a  pale  yellow  costa.     He 


SOCIETIES.  317 

also  showed  a  pair  of  .^schna  jnixta  taken  with  two  others  at  Pitsea. 
Mr.  Chittenden,  a  pale  yellow  var.  of  Chrysophnnim  pJilceas  from  Ash- 
ford  ;  two  very  dark  Gnophns  obacKraria  from  Shirley  ;  a  specimen  of 
Bupahis  piniaria  from  West  Wickham,  having  the  right  wings  male 
and  the  left  wings  female  ;  and  a  dark  form  of  Aiirotis  aquilina  from 
Shirley.  Mr.  Colthrup,  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Hills,  of  Folkestone,  a  long 
series  of  C.  hijale,  showing  pale  forms  of  both  male  and  female,  and 
one  specimen  with  dark  hind  wings  closely  resembling  C.  edusa  var. 
helice.  Mr.  R.  Adkiu  read  the  report  of  the  field  meeting  held  at 
Paul's  Cray  Common  on  September  22nd. 

October  Wth.  —  The  President  in  the  chair.  Mr.  R.  Adkin  ex- 
hibited series  of  the  spring  and  summer  broods  of  Zonosoma  porata 
and  Z.  punctarUi  bred  from  Sussex  ova,  and  pointed  out  their 
resemblances  and  differences,  Mr.  Lucas,  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Jennings, 
the  Hemiptera,  Ptilophorus  per  plexus  from  oak  at  Edmonton,  and 
the  rare  Monanthia  ciliata  from  near  Dorking,  together  with  a  very 
dark  form  of  the  common  earwig,  Forjicula  auricuJaiia.  Mr.  B.  Adkin, 
fine  bred  specimens  of  Boarmia  repandata  from  the  New  Forest ;  bred 
Cleora  glabraria,  including  a  fine  suffused  variety ;  and  various  forms 
of  Xoctua  castunea  [neglecta).  Rev.  H.  Wood,  a  specimen  of  the  rare 
Longicorn,  Astynomus  (Bdilis,  taken  at  Northampton.  Mr.  Jiiger,  short 
series  of  Stilbia  miomala,  Lithosia  caniola,  Nuctua  castanea,  Laphygma 
exifjua,  and  Leucania  putrescens,  With  specimens  of  Epimda  lichenia, 
L.  albipimcta,  L.  vitellina,  Heliothis  armigera,  and  Colias  edusa  var. 
helice,  all  taken  in  South  Devon  in  August  and  September  this  year. 
Mr.  Lucas,  varieties  of  Pyrrhosomn  tenellum  (1),  a  female,  with  bronze 
abdomen;  (2)  a  female,  with  abdomen  crimson,  except  black  circlets 
at  the  junctions  of  the  segments  :  both  from  the  New  Forest.  Mr. 
Kaye,  series  of  British  Lycfeuids,  and  closely-allied  species  of  Lycrenids 
from  Japan,  including  Chrysophanus  phlceas,  Britisli  and  Japanese; 
Polyoinmatus  argia,  Japan,  to  compare  with  P.icarus;  Plebius  cegon, 
British  and  Japanese;  Cyaniris  argiolm,  British  and  Japanese  ;  a 
Japanese  Everes  argiades ;  and  contributed  notes  on  the  variations. 
Mr.  Mason,  a  Phasmid  from  Borneo.  Mr.  McArthur,  a  long  series  of 
brilliant  specimens  of  Argynnis  aglaia  taken  near  Brighton.  Mr.  West, 
a  series  of  a  Homopteron  new  to  Britain,  Typhlocyha  candidtila,  beaten 
from  white  poplar  on  Blackheath.  Mr.  Turner,  on  behalf  of  Mr. 
Edwards,  a  long  series  of  Satioiiia  pavonia  bred  from  ova  laid  by  a 
female  captured  in  April,  1898,  at  Digne.  The  first  portion,  twenty- 
one  males,  emerged  in  1899  ;  the  second  portion,  two  males  and  seven 
females,  emerged  in  1900  ;  and  two  pupae  remained  over,  but  had  since 
died.  Mr.  Blenkarn  reported  that  he  had  taken  the  rare  Ischnura 
piunilio  in  Abbot's  Wood.  Dr.  Chapman,  specimens  of  Cnetkocampa 
pityocampa,  prepared  to  show  the  frontal  apparatus  for  forcing  an  exit 
from  the  tough  cocoon,  which  process  he  explained  was  also  assisted 
by  the  special  development  of  the  first  pair  of  imaginal  legs. — Hy.  J. 
Turner,  Hon.  Report  Sec. 

Birmingham  Entomological  Society. — July  Wth,  1900. — Mr.  G.  T. 
Bethune-Baker,  President,  in  the  chair. — The  Rev.  C.  F.  Thornewill 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Society.  A  letter  was  received  from 
Mr,  Gr.  H.  Kenrich,  announcing  his  purchase  of  the  late  Mr,  W.  G. 


318 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Blafcch's  spec'al  collection  of  Midland  Coleoptera  for  the  City  of 
Birmingham,  and  his  intention  of  placing  it  in  the  charge  of  this 
Society  until  Birmingham  had  a  museum  to  receive  it. — Mr.  R.  G. 
Bradley  exhibited  a  series  of  Lihellulu  depres.ir(  taken  at  various  places 
this  year — Selsley,  Glos.,  Moseley,  London,  &c. — and  remarked  that  it 
appeared  to  have  been  exceptionally  abundant  and  widely  distributed 
this  year. — Mr.  C.  J.  Wainwright  showed  short  series  of  Trypeta 
onotrophes  from  St.  Ives,  Cornwall,  and  T.  tussilaginis  from  West 
Hide,  Hereford. 

August  20th. — The  President  in  the  chair. — Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley 
exhibited  Cucullia  chamoiniUfB  from  his  garden  at  Moseley,  and  living 
larvae  of  Acronycta  aceris  from  North  London. — Mr.  G.  W.  Wynn 
exhibited  a  very  beautiful  and  varied  series  of  Triphmna  fimbria,  bred 
from  larvffi  found  at  Marston  Green  last  April  and  May.  The  upper 
wings  varied  from  a  light  creamy  brown  to  a  dark  brown,  nearly 
black,  and  one  specimen  was  of  the  rarer  mahogany  colour.  He  also 
showed  Cucullia  ckamomillcB  from  Solihull. — Mr.  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker 
mentioned  that  a  friend  had  taken  fifteen  Plusia  moneta  in  a  garden 
in  Surrey  this  year,  an  increase  on  the  number  of  any  former  year, 
and  tending  to  show  that  the  species  is  becoming  well  established  in 
England.  All  members  remarked  on  the  unusual  abundance  of  Plusia 
gamma  this  year  ;  the  President  and  Mr.  Bradley  had  specially  noticed 
its  great  numbers  locally,  and  Mr.  Wainwright  had  seen  it  swarming 
on  the  north  coast  of  Norfolk  in  clover  fields ;  they  all  seemed  to  think, 
however,  that  the  specimens  were  fresh  and  in  good  condition,  scarcely 
suggesting  immigration. — Mr.  Bethune-Baker  showed  a  drawer  full  of 
Pala^arctic  Pararge  and  Epinephele. 

September  nth. — The  President  in  the  chair.  —Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley 
mentioned  the  occurrence  of  Colias  edusa  (two  specimens)  in  his 
garden  at  Moseley.  A  discussion  followed  on  its  occurrence  this 
summer.  Mr.  H.  Willoughby  Ellis  had  seen  it  on  the  railway-bank 
near  Wednesbuiy,  and  had  heard  of  it  at  Bromsgrove.  Mr.  P.  A. 
Jackson  had  met  with  it  in  great  abundance  in  Normandy,  and 
wondered  whether  it  usually  occurred  there  in  great  numbers,  or  if  it 
were  specially  common  there  this  year  as  well  as  here. — Mr.  G.  T. 
Bethune-Baker  asked  if  members  had  noticed  the  Vanessidse  in 
unusual  abundance  this  year ;  he  had  seen  many  more  than  usual  at 
Edgbaston.  Mr.  W.  Harrison  thought  they  were  more  abundant  than 
usual,  and  mentioned  the  occurrence  of  Grapta  c-aibum  at  Harborne. — 
Mr.  H.  W.  Ellis  mentioned  the  finding  of  twenty-eight  larvae  of 
Acherontia  atropos  in  Bedfordshire ;  he  also  had  it  from  Knowle, 
Warwickshire ;  and  asked  what  the  experience  of  others  was.  Other 
members  had  heard  of  its  occurrence  locally,  and  Mr.  Wainwright  had 
received  a  specimen  from  Cromer,  Norfolk. — Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley  showed 
a  series  of  Dioctria  atricapilla  from  Stroud  district ;  also  a  few 
Leptogaster  guttiventris  from  same  place,  and  L.  cylindrica  from  Hay- 
wood, Warwickshire. — Mr.  W.  Harrison  exhibited  living  pupae  of 
Nemeobius  lucina  from  Witherslack,  and  mentioned  its  probable  exter- 
mination there,  as  he  had  counted  thirty-two  entomologists  hunting 
specially  for  that  species  and  Lycmia  minima. — Mr.  H.  W.  Ellis 
showed  a  nice  lot  of  Coleoptera  collected  in  the  Stroud  district  of 
Gloucestershire  during  the  Society's  visit  there  at  Whitsuntide  this  year; 


SOCIETIES. 


319 


in  five  days  he  had  taken  ninety-four  species,  including  Oodes  helopioides, 
Phytcecia  cylindiica,  Cryptocephalus  bipunctatus,  Cluysomela  varia7is,  a 
pair  of  the  green  var.  in  cop.,  Lnchmcea  cratagi,  Cistela  luperus,  Magdalus 
armigera,  and  M.  pruni. — Mr.  Bethune-Baker  exhibited  a  pair  of 
Flusia  moneta  taken  by  a  friend  in  Surrey  this  year ;  also  a  series  of 
Pararge  of  the  egeria  group,  to  show  the  difference  between  Continental 
egeria  and  our  egerides  and  their  allies  xiphiodes  from  Canary  Islands, 
and  xiphia  from  Madeira. — Colbran  J.  Wainwright,  Hon.  Sec. 

Lancashire   and    Cheshire    Entomological    Society.  —  The    first 
meeting  of  the  session  of  1900-1901  was  held  on  October  8th,  1900 
(in  the  Free  Library,  Liverpool).      The  Vice-President,  Mr.  B.  H. 
Crabtree,  occupied  the  chair. — Dr.  J.  Cotton  exhibited  captures  made 
on  Simonswood  Moss  and  at  Llandudno  during  1900.     The  former 
included  a  specimen  of  Acronycta  alni. — Mr.  B.  H.  Crabtree  exhibited 
Colias  edusa  and  series  of  Agrotis  carsoria  from  St.  Annes-on-Sea,  also 
a  curious  variety  of  Arctiit  caia,  in  which  the  upper  wiugs  were  almost 
unicolorous  dark  brown,   and  the  under  wings  yellow   with  a  dark 
brown  mark   at  the  base   of   each. — Mr.   Crabtree  also  showed,   on 
behalf  of  Mr.  Harold  Milne,  two  singular  varieties  of  A.  plantaginis, 
in  which  the  black  markings  were  replaced  by  a  yellowish  orange 
tint,  thus  causing  them  to  appear  almost  unicolorous.    These  specimens 
were  male  and  female  ! — To   mention  all  the  remarkable   species  in 
Mr.  Day's  interesting  exhibit  would  take  too  much  space  ;  amongst 
them  were  the  following : — a  fine  dark  form  of  Smerinthus  tilm,  a 
series  of  Chcerocampa  porcellus,  long  and  fine  series  of  Eulepia  crihnmi, 
Notodonta  cucallina,  Agrotis  ripa,  and  Anticlea  sinuata,  the  latter  from 
Cambridgeshire  larvae. — Mr.  Mason  exhibited  a  magnificent  series  of 
Pyrameis  cardui,  Argynnis  aglaia,  Bombyx  trifolii  (bred),  Agrotis  ripcE, 
A.  ciirsoria,  and  other  coast  species.     Amongst  his  odd  captures  were 
A.  pyruphila  and  Colias  edusa,  taken  at  Lytham. — Mr.  Massey  showed 
long  series  of  the  beautiful  and  local  Pachnobia  alpina,  Tceniocampa 
gothica   and   its    mountain   form  gothicina. — Mr.   Tait  exhibited  fine 
series  of  Melitaa  cinxia,  Agrotis  corticea,  A.  lunigera  Acidalia  Immiliata, 
and  Anticlea  rubidata  from  the  Isle  of  Wight,  also  the  living  larva  and 
imago  of  Agrotis  ashworthii. — Mr.   Thompson  recorded   Colias  edusa, 
Acherontia  atropos,  and  Macroglossa  stellatarum  from    St.  Helens,  the 
latter  abundant  in  the  larval  state  in  suburban  gardens. — Mr.  Pierce 
brought  for  exhibition  a  living  A.  atropos,  which  stridulated  loudly 
on  being  disturbed. — Mr.  Johnson  exhibited  bred  series  of  Notodonta 
cucnllina,  and  the  lovely  Phorodesma  sniaragduria,  also  a  specimen  of 
S.  populi,  in  which  the  pink  of  the  under  wings  was  suffused  all  over 
the  insect.     Amongst  Mr.  Johnson's  other  insects  were  Zygcena  minos, 
Sesia  philanthiformis,    and    Carsia   imbiitata.  —  Mr.   Prince   exhibited 
splendid  series  of  Erebia  blayidina,  E.  cassiope,  Epinephele  hyperanthus, 
Gonopteryx  rhamni,   Leucophasia   sinapis,   Thecla  quercus,  and  Lycceiia 
agon.     Besides  these  north  country  captures  he  showed  long  series 
of  coast  species. — Mr.   Collins  brought  for  exhibition  a  part  of  his 
collection  of  Geometrina.     It  included  specimens  of  a  large  number 
of  the  British  Eupitheciae,  whilst  Melanthia  and  Melanippe  were  also 
well  represented  by  their  beautiful  species  albicillata,  hastata,  &c. — 
Frederick  Birch,  Joint  Secretary. 


320  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

KECENT   LITERATURE. 
Recent  Work  un  Japanese  Rhynchota. 

Uhler  (P.  R.).     Summan/  of  the  Hemiptera  of  Japan  (1896,  Proc  U.  S. 

"Nat.  Mus.  276-97). 
Nawa  (Y.).     The  Insect  World.     A  Monthly  Magazine.     Vols.  I.-IV. 

(in  part),  1897-1900. 
HoRVATH  Geza.     Heiidpteres  de  Vile  de  Yesso  [Japun)  (1899,  Termesz. 

Fiizetek,  xxii.  365-74). 

Matsumura  Shonen.      Uebersicht    der   Fuh/oriden   Japans    (1900,    Ent. 

Nachr.  xxvi.  205-13  and  257-70). 

The  extraordinary  interest  attaching  to  the  entomological  features 
of  Japan  renders  any  precise  and  detailed  information  particularly 
welcome,  especially  to  the  student  of  geographical  distribution.  Ex- 
plorers and  passing  travellers  have  rendered  good  service  in  making 
known  its  rhynchotal  treasures,  but  the  scientific  study  of  any  special 
fauna  is  scarcely  placed  on  a  satisfactory  footing  until  native  or  foreign 
residents  apply  themselves  to  its  elucidation  in  the  country  itself. 
Mr.  Nawa,  of  Gifu,  has  been  collecting  the  Japanese  Rhynchota 
for  bome  little  time,  and  inciting  his  friends  and  neighbours  to 
emulation  in  the  same  pursuit,  though,  unfortunately,  Mr.  Nawa's 
observations  have,  until  recently,  been  published  entirely  in  Japanese. 
The  mere  fact  that  his  journal,  '  The  Insect  World,'  a  monthly  maga- 
zine of  some  forty  pages  a  month,  entirely  (except  the  title)  in  Japanese, 
is  now  well  towards  the  completion  of  its  fourth  year,  is  an  eloquent 
testimony  to  the  grip  that  entomology  has  taken  of  our  far-eastern 
confreres,  though  the  language  in  which  it  is  couched  must  necessarily 
limit  its  audience  in  the  west.  We  ourself  can  only  say  that  notes  of 
rhynchotal  interest  have  appeared  from  time  to  time,  as  evidenced  by 
the  figures  of  Corixa  substriata,  various  Ricaniiua^  and  Cixiinie,  as  well 
as  of  a  number  of  others  un-named.  In  the  seventh  number  of  the 
third  volume  (July  15th,  1899)  two  photographs  are  reproduced 
(plate  vii.)  of  the  personnel  of  an  entomological  expedition,  numbering 
some  forty  individuals,  a  muster  which  puts  to  shame  some  of  the 
field-meetings  of  our  most  flourishing  London  societies.  Mr.  Nawa  is 
much  to  be  congratulated  and  applauded  for  the  excellent  work  he  is 
doing  in  popularising  the  study  of  insects  among  his  countrymen. 

His  collections  have,  in  part,  also  lately  been  scientifically  worked 
out  by  Dr.  Uhler,  the  veteran  rhynchotist  of  Baltimore,  and  by  Dr. 
Matsumura.  The  bugs  exhibited  at  the  World's  Columbian  Exhibition 
in  Chicago,  and  subsequently  presented  to  the  U.S.  National  Museum 
through  Dr.  Mitzukuri  of  Tokio,  were  (we  learn  from  Dr.  Matsumura) 
collected  by  Mr.  Nawa  ;  six  new  genera  and  close  upon  fifty  new 
species ''=  were  then  added  to  science.     Quite  recently  Dr.  Matsumura 

■'-  ^^  Lhnnotrechiis  elongatus,"  Uhler,  does  not  belong  io  Limnotrechus 
(i.  e.  to  the  t;ypical  subgenus  of  Gerris) ;  the  descriptions  of  the  antennae 
and  of  the  conuexival  spines  proclaim  it  a  '' Limnometra''  (or  possibly  a 
'■'■  Limnoporus'').  There  is  probably  a  misprint  in  the  first  three  ines  of 
p.  275. 


RECENT   LITERATURE.  321 

has  given  a  memoir  on  the  Fiilgoridse  of  Japan,*  with  four  new  genera 
and  twenty-two  new  species  (of  which  two  genera  and  fifteen  species 
are  obscure  Delphacinae  [Asiracinae] ).  Lastly,  the  well-known  and 
genial  Director  of  the  Budapest  Museum  has  contributed  a  short 
paper  on  some  bugs  from  Yesso,  collected  by  Dr.  Matsumura.t 

Of  the  Fulgoridse  enumerated  by  Dr.  Matsumura,  only  a  single 
species  [Stenocranus  minutus,  Fabr.]  is  also  European  or  Siberian 
(although  nine  of  the  genera  have  a  European  distribution) ;  on 
the  other  hand,  of  the  fifty  miscellaneous  species  mentioned  by 
Dr.  Horvath,  thirty  also  inhabit  Eastern  Siberia ;  while  only  five 
genera  are  not  represented  in  Western  Europe,  and  only  one  genus 
[Riptortus)  is  non-palaearctic.  T    W   K 

E.  P.  Felt.    Fifteenth  Report — Insects— State  of  New  York,  1899  (Bull. 
N.  Y.  State  Mus.  VI.  No.  31,  June,  1900,  pp.  531-653). 

The  present  annual  report  (Dr.  Felt's  second)  is  of  somewhat  dif- 
ferent nature  to  most  of  its  predecessors,  as  "  pressure  of  other  work 
has  prevented  the  preparation  of  the  usual  detailed  notices  of  injurious 
insects  observed  during  the  year."  These  are  promised  at  some  future 
time.  We  may  briefly  note,  among  the  more  interesting  entomological 
features,  the  excessive  injuries  occasioned  by  the  forest  tent  caterpillars 
(Clisiocampa  disstria),  the  elm-leaf  beetle  [Galerucella  luteola),  and  the 
"willow  butterfly"  (Euvanessa  antiopa)  ;  and  the  occurrence  in  several 
counties  of  seventeen-year  Cicada  (Tibicen  septendecim.)\ 

The  stoppage  of  railway  trains  by  hordes  of  caterpillars  has  been 
regarded  usually  with  a  good  deal  of  scepticism ;  but  an  observer, 
quoted  by  Dr.  Felt  (p.  542),  states  that  a  train  by  which  he  was 
travelling  was  stopped  three  times  between  two  stations  about  eight 
miles  apart. 

The  principal  feature  of  the  report  is  an  account  of  the  work  of  a 
corps  of  forty-three  voluntary  observers  (representing  thirty-nine 
counties),  established  to  bring  "  the  entomologist  into  closer  rela- 
tions with  the  public,   and  also  to  facilitate   the   gathering   of  in- 

*  We  would  correct  the  synonymy  of  one  species,  viz.  '■'•  Poeciloptera 
distinctissima,  Walker,"  p.  213.  The  type  of  Poeciloptera  [recte  Poekillo- 
ptera,  Latr.,  1796]  was  fixed  by  the  author  himself  as  phalcenoides,  Linne, 
a  very  distinct  neotropical  species ;  in  fact,  the  genus  is  (to  our  knowledge) 
not  found  in  the  Old  World  at  all,  although  innumerable  species  under  that 
generic  name  have  been  even  recently  described  from  India,  Ceylon,  Java, 
&c.  P.  distiiictissima  forms  probably  a  new  genus  near  Plata  and  Ormenis. 
Dr.  Melichar,  of  Vienna,  whose  recent  important  '  Monograpliie  der  Rica- 
niiden'was  noticed  in  the  'Entomologist'  (1899,  p.  263),  is  now  engaged 
upon  a  monograph  of  the  Flatidae  (more  properly  Poekillopterinae),  so  that 
numerous  details,  now  obscure,  in  this  group,  will  doubtless  soon  be 
elucidated. 

f  Dr.  Matsumura  has  also  published  an  account  of  the  Cicadidse  of  Japan 
(Annot.  Zool.  Japon.  ii.  pp.  1-20,  pi.  1 ;  see  Zool.  Record,  1898) ;  but  we  regret 
that  we  have  not  yet  been  able  to  see  a  copy. 

X  Most  American  entomologists  refer  to  this  species  as  Cicada  septen- 
decini.  It  may  well  be  termed  the  "seventeen-year  Cicada "  ;  but  it  is  quite 
as  incorrect  (if  not  more  so)  to  write  of  "  Cicada  septendecim,"  as  it  would 
be  to  speak  of  "  Argynnis  cardui  "  or  "  Vanessa  aurinia.'' 

ENTOM. — NOVEMBER,    1900.  2  K 


322  THE   ENTOMOLOGIST. 

formation."     Twenty-five  pages  are  occupied  by  the  information  thus 
gained. 

Dr.  Felt  has  worthily  maintained  the  reputation  of  these  reports, 
acquired  during  Dr.  Lintner's  tenure,  of  being  among  the  most  com- 
pletely indexed  of  any  entomological  publications. 

G.  W.  K. 

Tlie  Lepidoptem  of  the  British  Islands:  a  Descriptive  Account  of  the 
Families,  Genera,  and  Species  indigenous  to  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  their  Preparatory  States,  Habits,  and  Localities.  By 
Charles  G.  Barrett,  P.E.S.  Vol.  vi.,  pp.  388.  London: 
Lovell  Reeve  &  Co.     1900. 

In  this  volume  consideration  of  the  Heterocera  is  continued  up  to 
the  end  of  the  Noctuina,  and  a  commencement  is  made  with  the 
Geometrina.  The  names  of  genera  in  the  Noctuina  are  but  very 
little  changed,  and  the  only  important  alteration  in  the  arrangement 
is  the  introduction  of  the  Sarrothripids,  which  family  is  placed  between 
the  TrifidsB  and  the  GonopteridaB.  In  his  treatment  of  the  Geometrina 
our  author  adopts  the  classification  used  by  Hampson  in  his  '  Moths  of 
India,'  consequently  the  family  first  dealt  with  is  the  Boarmidse,  which, 
in  the  present  instalment,  includes  the  genera  Ourapteryx  [Uropteryx] , 
Anyerona,  Piumia,  Venilia,  Gabera,  Macaria. 

Among  the  Noctuina  we  note  that  Acontia  Solaris,  Catocala  electa 
("casual  migrant"),  Char  idea  delphini,  Cucullia  abrotani,  Plusia  illus- 
tris,  P.  ni,  and  Thalpochares  paula  are  admitted  as  British  ;  whilst 
Acontia  catena,  Bryophila  algce,  Calophasia  linarim,  C.  platyptera, 
Catocala  elocata,  Plusia  aurifera,  P.  verticillata,  and  Hypena  obsitalis 
are  regarded  doubtfully,  or  at  best  as  only  accidental  visitors. 


Catalogue  of  Eastern  and  Australian  Lepidoptera  Heterocera  in  the  Col- 
lection of  the  Oxford  University  Museum.  Part  I. — Sphinges  and 
Bombyces  :  by  Col.  C.  Swinhoe.  Part  II. — Noctuina,  Geome- 
trina, and  Pyralidina  :  by  Col.  C.  Swinhoe.  Pterophoridae  and 
Tineina  :  by  the  Rt.  Hon.  Lord  Walsinghabi  and  John  Hartley 
DuRRANT.     (Oxford  :  Clarendon  Press.     1892  and  1900.) 

The  entomological  collection  of  the  Oxford  Museum  is  the  most 
important  public  collection  in  this  country,  after  the  British  Museum, 
and  contains  a  great  number  of  types  of  moths,  described  by  Hope, 
Westwood,  Walker,  and  Moore.  The  whole  collection  has  now  been 
thoroughly  examined,  and  the  types,  as  far  as  possible,  identified ; 
and  we  have  the  result,  so  far  as  regards  the  Eastern  species,  in  the 
two  handsome  volumes  before  us,  each  illustrated  with  eight  coloured 
plates,  though,  for  some  reason  or  other,  those  in  the  second  volume 
do  not  appear  to  us  to  be  quite  as  good  as  those  in  the  first.  The  book 
cannot  fail  to  be  of  great  value  to  all  entomologists  who  are  interested 
in  foreign  moths ;  and  we  can  only  regret  that  it  has  not  been  made 
complete  by  the  addition  of  the  African  and  American  moths. 

We  should  add  that  the  new  species  and  genera  which  the  authors 
met  with  in  the  course  of  their  work  are  fully  described  in  its  pages, 
thus  bringing  the  catalogue  of  this  part  of  the  Museum  up  to  date. 


OBITUARY.  323 

Transactions  of  the  City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History 
Society  for  the  year  1899.  Pp.  80.  Published  by  the  Society  at 
the  London  Institution,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.G.     1900. 

The  entomological  papers  in  this  volume  are  as  follows : — "Notes  on 
Spilosoma  lubricipeda,"  by  A.  W.  Mera,  pp.  29-32  ;  "  The  Life-history 
of  Oporabia  (Epirrita)  autumnata,  Bkh.,"  by  Louis  B.  Prout,  pp.  42-52  ; 
"Notes  on  Eupithecia  coronata,  Hiibn.,"  by  L.  B.  Prout,  pp.  52-54; 
"Variation  in  the  broods  of  Axylia  putris,  Cucullia  umbratica,  Spilosoma 
urticcR,  and  Malacosoma  castreiisis,"  by  A.  Bacot,  pp.  54-58 ;  "  Some 
Marsh  Beetles  of  the  Lea  Valley,"  by  F.  B.  Jennings,  pp.  59-65. 
Mr.  Prout  also  contributes  another  instalment  of  the  list  of  "  Lepido- 
ptera  of  the  London  District  "  (pp.  66-80),  which  had  been  commenced 
in  this  Society's  '  Transactions '  for  1898.  The  number  of  species 
enumerated,  so  far,  is  369.  Among  other  interesting  matters  con- 
tained in  the  "Reports  of  Meetings"  (pp.  2-28),  we  note  that,  on 
January  3rd,  1899,  Dr.  J.  S.  Sequeira  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Catocala 
elocata,  "which  had  been  recognised,  by  Mr.  E.  M.  Dadd,  in  Dr. 
Sequeira's  series  of  British  C.  nupta.  The  Doctor  said  he  had  no 
doubt  that  the  specimen  was  set  by  himself,  and  that  the  insect  was 
taken  unawares  in  these  islands.  This  would  be  the  first  record  of  the 
species  in  Britain."  The  latter  remark  is  not  correct,  as  this  species 
has  been  previously  recorded  as  British  :  Curtis,  very  nearly  eighty 
years  ago,  figured,  as  a  British  insect,  an  example  of  C.  elocata,  which 
was  assumed  to  have  been  captured  in  this  country.  It  was  afterwards 
discovered  that  this  species  had  been  received  from  Oporto  by  the 
owner  of  the  collection  of  British  Lepidoptera  in  which  it  was  detected. 


OBITUARY. 

Dr.  Otto  Staudinger. — We  have  received  intimation  of  the  death 
of  Dr.  Staudinger,  on  Oct.  13tli  last,  at  Lucerne,  in  his  seventy-first 
year.  He  was  incontestably  one  of  the  best  known  continental  lepi- 
dopterists,  and,  since  the  death  of  Herrich-S chaffer,  the  leading 
German  authority  on  Palsearctic  Lepidoptera.  His  inaugural  disserta- 
tion, '  De  Sesiis  agri  Berolinensis,'  which  appears  to  have  been  also 
his  first  published  work,  is  a  quarto  tract  of  sixty-six  pages,  with  two 
plates,  published  at  Berlin  in  1854.  Subsequently  he  travelled  in 
Iceland,  Norway,  Sardinia,  and  Spain,  and  the  results  of  his  captures 
were  published  in  the  '  Stettiner  Entomologische  Zeitung  '  by  himself 
and  others.  The  most  important  of  these  early  journeys  was  that 
which  he  undertook  to  Iceland,  an  interesting  account  of  which  was 
published  in  S.  E.  Z.  for  1857. 

In  1861  appeared  the  first  of  the  great  works  which  have  made  his 
name  famous — the  first  edition  of  the  '  Catalog  der  Lepidopteren 
Europas  und  der  angrauzenden  Lander.  I.  Macrolepidoptera,  bear- 
beitet  von  Dr.  0.  Staudinger.  II.  Microlepidoptera,  bearbeitet  von 
Dr.  M.  Wocke.'  This  was  in  double  columns,  and  resembles  in  form 
Heydenreich's  '  Systematisches  Verzeichniss  der  europaischen  Schmet- 
terlinge,'  the  third  and  last  edition  of  which  appeared  at  Leipzig 
in  1851.     The  second  revised  and  enlarged  edition  of  Staudinger's 


324 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and  Wocke's  Catalogue,  printed  in  single  columns,  appeared  in  1871 ; 
and  we  may  remark  that  Dr.  Staudinger's  portion  of  this  work,  though, 
of  course,  not  absolutely  free  from  errors,  is  far  superior  to  that  of  his 
coadjutor.  Dr.  Wocke,  especially  as  regards  the  completeness  and 
accuracy  of  its  quotations  from  English  authors.  The  book,  however, 
does  not  include  the  whole  Palfearctic  Region  ;  Japan,  North  China, 
Egypt,  &c.,  not  being  included. 

Dr.  Staudinger  took  up  his  residence  at  Blasewitz,  near  Dresden, 
where  he  established,  at  first  alone,  and  subsequently  in  partnership 
with  his  son-in-law,  Bang  Haas,  a  Swede,  an  enormous  emporium  for 
the  sale  of  European  and  exotic  insects,  especially  Lepidoptera,  and 
issued  a  continuous  series  of  price-lists  for  many  years,  which  were 
circulated  all  over  the  world.  He  had  been  a  great  invalid  for  some 
years  before  his  death,  and  this  retarded  the  publication  of  the  long- 
promised  third  edition  of  his  great  Catalogue  of  PalaBarctic  Lepidoptera, 
undertaken  with  the  co-operation  of  Dr.  H.  Eebel.  We  hope  that  this  is 
practically  ready  for  publication,  and  will  shortly  be  issued  ;  but  even 
though  this  should  be  the  case,  and  although  we  should  not  grudge 
an  old  man  a  well-earned  holiday,  we  cannot  help  regretting  that  he 
was  not  able  to  see  it  througli  the  press  during  his  own  lifetime. 

Dr.  Staudinger  continued  to  travel  much  in  various  parts  of  Europe, 
and  perhaps  North  Africa,  but  we  are  not  aware  that  his  travels  led 
him  further.  He  occasionally  visited  London,  but  only  rarely,  and  at 
long  intervals.  He  also  issued  from  time  to  time  most  valuable  papers 
on  the  Lepidoptera  of  the  less-known  parts  of  the  Palrearctic  Region, 
founded  on  the  extensive  collections  formed  for  him  by  various  collec- 
tors. Among  these  were  his  "  Beitrage  zur  Lepidopterenfauna 
Griechenlands,"  which  fills  the  greater  part  of  the  seventh  volume  of 
the  '  Horse  Societatis  Entomologicae  Rossicse '  (1870),  and  numerous 
papers  6n  the  Lepidoptera  of  various  parts  of  Northern  and  Central 
Asia,  published  in  various  periodicals,  chiefly  German  and  Russian, 
but  which  it  would  take  up  too  much  space  to  enumerate  here. 

But  by  far  the  most  important  work  of  the  latter  part  of  Dr. 
Staudinger's  life,  and  also  almost  his  only  important  publication 
relative  to  exotic  Lepidoptera,  was  his  '  Exotische  Tagfalter  in  Sys- 
tematischer  Reihenfolge,  mit  Beriieksichtigung  neuerer  Arten,  unter 
technischer  Mitwirkung  von  Dr.  H.  Langhans.'  It  is  a  thick  volume 
in  small  folio,  published  at  Fiirth,  in  Bavaria,  from  1884  to  1888,  and 
illustrated  by  one  hundred  crowded  plates  of  butterflies.  Notwith- 
standing the  title,  European  and  Palfearctic  species  are  included  in 
their  places,  making  the  book  by  far  the  most  complete  which  has 
appeared  on  the  subject  of  butterflies  in  general,  though  it  is  issued  at 
a  comparatively  moderate  price.  It  was  accompanied  by  a  second 
volume,  by  Drs.  Schatz  and  Rober,  with  characters  of  the  families  and 
genera,  illustrated  by  thirty-six  plain  plates  of  neuration.  In  this 
latter  work,  however,  the  genera  of  Hesperiidfe  are  not  included. 

We  have  spoken  only  of  Dr.  Staudinger's  scientific  work,  but  no 
doubt  other  obituaries  will  appear,  written  by  entomologists  who  were 
more  intimately  acquainted  with  him  than  the  present  writer,  and  who 
may  be  able  to  supply  particulars  of  general  interest  relating  to  his 
personal  history.  W   F   K 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIIL]  DECEMBER.    1900.  [No.  451. 


EDITORIAL. 

Reference  is  made  to  the  very  liberal  Plate  illustration  of 
the  present  volume  only  to  afford  me  an  opportunity  of  tendering 
my  sincere  thanks  to  Messrs.  Adkin,  Christy,  Lucas,  and  Merri- 
field  for  their  generous  assistance,  which  has  enabled  me  to 
add  so  much  to  the  interest  and  scientific  value  of  the  contents 
of  the  '  Entomologist.' 

The  Special  Index  has  become  so  voluminous  that  its  publi- 
cation in  the  last  number  of  the  year  would  cause  considerable 
delay.  I  have  therefore  decided  to  issue  this  section  of  the 
Index  in  the  January  number  of  each  year.  Subscribers  will 
receive  it  free  as  heretofore. 

An  Alphabetical  List  has  been  prepared  of  all  the  figures  of 
varieties  of  British  Lepidoptera  published  in  the  '  Entomologist ' 
up  to  date.  This  was  made  for  my  own  use ;  but,  as  I  under- 
stand that  a  convenient  reference  to  these  figures  would  be 
useful  to  many,  it  will  be  presented  with  the  Special  Index  in 
the  'Entomologist'  for  January,  1901.  An  Index  of  all  the 
varieties  described  in  the  Journal  since  its  establishment  in  1840 
will  be  published  during  the  ensuing  year. 

In  previous  Editorials  I  have  had  occasion  to  acknowledge 
some  kindly  written  criticisms,  and  equally  kind  advice  given  me 
from  time  to  time  by  friends,  concerning  the  subjects  discussed 
or  otherwise  dealt  with  in  this  Journal.  I  am  exceedingly 
obliged  to  all  correspondents  who  during  the  past  year  have 
favoured  me  with  suggestions  which  in  their  opinion  would,  if 

ENTOM. — DECEMBEE,    1900.  2  F 


326  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

acted  on,  largely  conduce  to  the  prosperity  of  the  'Entomologist.' 
I  can  assure  them  that,  although  I  fully  appreciate  their  good- 
natured  intentions,  I  think  that  it  would  not  be  to  the  advantage 
of  the  Journal  to  very  materially  alter  its  present  character. 
Since  it  has  been  my  valued  privilege  to  conduct  the  Journal,  its 
pages  have  been  open  to  entomologists  of  every  degree;  con- 
tributions of  the  field-worker  are  as  welcome  as  those  of  the 
systematist  or  the  specialist.  Judging  from  the  large  measure 
of  support  that  I  have  received  during  the  ten  years  or  more 
that  I  have  discharged  the  duties  of  Editor,  I  am  inclined  to 
believe  that  the  absence  of  exclusiveness  in  the  policy  adopted 

meets  with  general  approval. 

EicHARD  South. 


LEPIDOPTERA   IN   SOUTH  DEVONSHIRE. 
By  J.  Jager. 

In  anticipation  of  a  late  emergence  of  insects  in  general 
during  the  past  season,  I  did  not  set  out  for  my  usual  South 
Devon  expedition  until  August  1st.  Arriving  at  Babbicombe, 
where  I  met  the  Eev.  Dobree  Fox  suffering  from  a  severe 
accident  to  his  knee,  I  soon  learned  that,  so  far  as  Leiicania 
putrescois  was  concerned,  my  calculation  was  wrong,  for  this 
insect  had  been  out  for  some  time,  and,  judging  by  the  large 
series  Mr.  Fox  showed  me,  they  must  have  been  very  plentiful. 
However,  in  spite  of  wind  and  occasional  rain,  Mr.  J.  Clarke,  of 
Eeading,  and  myself  worked  for  the  species  at  one  of  its  usual 
haunts  with  tolerably  good  results,  for  among  the  worn  majority 
many  specimens  were  obtained  in  good  condition.  Whilst 
engaged  examining  the  flowers  one  night,  we  had  the  unique 
experience  of  attracting  towards  us  the  search  lights  of  several 
British  warships  which  happened  to  be  in  the  bay.  This  afforded 
us  great  amusement,  especially  as  the  moths,  like  ourselves, 
seemed  quite  to  enjoy  it.  Lithosia  caniola,  of  which  species 
during  the  previous  year  many  specimens  were  netted  at  dusk 
near  the  same  spot,  were  scarcely  seen ;  towards  the  end  of  the 
week,  however,  they  turned  up  in  another  part  some  distance  off. 
Acontia  luctuosa  likewise  was  scarce  and  worn,  probably  owing 
to  the  continued  absence  of  sunshine.  This  insect  hides  during 
dull  weather,  and  has  been  noticed  creeping  right  down  into  the 
cracks  in  the  earth. 

After  staying  a  week  at  Babbicombe  I  went  back  to  Starcross, 
and  was  informed  that  Callimorpha  hera  had  appeared  as  early 
as  July  4th,  but  after  the  spell  of  very  hot  weather  at  that 
time  their  emergence  ceased,  and  became  again  general  about 


LEPIDOPTERA    IN    SOUTH    DEVONSHIRE.  827 

August  lOtb,  the  predominating  form  being  decidedly  the  orange 
one.  Other  local  species,  usually  common — as,  for  instance, 
Cidaria  'picata,  and  several  Acidalias — were  conspicuous  by  their 
absence,  but  Acidalia  marginepunctata,  Gnophos  obscurata,  Mela- 
nippe  galiata,  Aspilates  citraria,  Euholia  lineolata,  and  Larentia 
olivata  were  abundant.  Bryop)Mla  muralis  was  taken,  in  the 
pupa  state,  by  several  friends  of  mine  near  Dawlish  up  to  nearly 
the  end  of  August  in  large  numbers ;  these  produced  many 
examples  of  the  dark  brown  form. 

As  regards  Colias  ediisa,  I  have  never  before  seen  the  species 
in  such  profusion  as  during  the  week  following  August  15th,  and, 
remembering  the  great  edusa  year  of  1877,  when  I  happened  to 
be  on  the  East  coast,  I  think  that  the  past  season,  at  least  in 
Devonshire,  ran  quite  parallel  with  it.  They  were  simply 
swarming  in  the  clover  fields  and  lanes,  and  I  might  have  taken 
fifty  in  an  afternoon  had  I  so  desired.  I  captured  a  few  of  var. 
helice,  but  I  did  not  see  any  C.  hyale,  although  three  or  four 
specimens  were  said  to  have  been  taken  by  a  local  collector. 

On  August  24th,  Mr.  Porritt  arrived,  and  we  left  Starcross 
for  another  locality,  to  work  for  some  of  the  rarer  Noctuas. 
The  weather  had  by  this  time  become  settled,  but,  although 
fine  and  sunny  during  the  day,  we  found  the  nights  cold,  with  a 
bright  moon.  Sugaring,  therefore,  proved  less  profitable  at  first 
than  anticipated.  The  democratic  Triphcena  pronuha  and  T. 
comes,  Agrotis  segetum,  A.  suffusa,  A.  puta,  Leucania  pollens, 
Noctua  plecta,  N.  c-nigrum,  N.  xanthographa,  Amphipyra  trago- 
pogonis,  Miana  furuncida,  Mamestra  hrassicce  (second  brood),  and, 
somewhat  later,  Agrotis  saucia,  Xanthia  circellaris,  Ancliocelis 
rufina,  and  A.  lunosa  were  extremely  common:  likewise  Cara- 
drina  ambigua,  which  continued  on  the  wing  quite  a  month. 
Noctua  castanea  var.  neglecta  also  came  freely  to  sugar.  The 
first  warm  nights  produced  three  Leucania  albipuncta,  singly, 
and  on  the  evening  of  September  8th  Mr.  Porritt  took  five 
more,  and  one  Laphygma  exigua  a  few  days  later.  One  L.  albi- 
puncta had  been  taken  on  August  15th,  and  it  was  therefore  a 
matter  for  congratulation  that  specimens  of  this  species  were  still 
in  good  condition.  Mr.  Porritt  had  unfortunately  to  leave  before 
me,  and,  working  single-handed,  I  took  five  L.  exigua  on  Sep- 
tember 17th  (a  very  warm  and  still  night),  and  three  more  on  the 
following  nights.  My  other  captures  included  Leucania  vitellina, 
Heliothis  armigera,  Epunda  lichenea,  Noctua  glareosa,  Nonagria 
lutosa,  Hydroecia  nictitans,  Calocampa  exoleta,  Heliophobus  popu- 
laris,  Acronycta  rumicis  (second  brood),  Noctua  rubi,  Cosmia 
diffinis  and  affinis,  Polia  clii,  P.  flavicincta,  and  females  of  Stilbia 
anomala  at  sugar  as  late  as  September  17th  ;  whilst  a  few 
males  of  the  latter  were  netted  flying  among  the  gorse  close 
at  hand.  After  my  departure  on  September  22nd,  I  have  been 
informed  that  Epunda  nigra  and  E.   Intulenta  were  taken   as 


328  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

usual  at  sugar  on  the  ground  I  had  left.  As  regards  L.  exigua, 
I  should  like  to  add  that  our  specimens  were  all  taken  between 
8.30  and  9  p.m.,  certainly  not  later.  Mr.  Woodforde's  experience 
differs  in  this  respect,  for  he  says  the  insects  appear  mostly 
between  ten  o'clock  and  midnight.  I  have  watched  often  until  a 
late  hour,  but  never  took  one  later  than  nine  o'clock,  nor  did  I 
find  any  on  very  windy  nights,  although  I  do  not  maintain  that 
the}^  would  not  come  on  such  nights.  When  once  settled  they 
are  not  at  all  shy,  like  many  of  their  companions  at  sugar,  but 
allow  themselves  to  be  easily  boxed.  The  females  lay  their  eggs 
readily,  and  I  have  at  the  present  moment  larvae  from  four 
different  parents.  The  ova,  which  were  in  batches  completely 
enveloped  in  down,  hatched  within  a  fortnight,  and  the  young 
larva  took  to  knot-grass,  leaving  the  reputed  food-plant,  plantain, 
untouched.  They  are  now  eating  dock,  but  I  question  whether 
they  will  survive  the  winter,  as  they  appear  extremely  delicate. 
The  larva  has  been  found  in  the  wild  state  early  in  the  summer 
on  Persicuria  near  the  coast.  This  would  indicate  that,  as  with 
Caradrina  ambigua,  there  is  an  earlier  brood  of  this  insect. 

65,  St.  Quintin's  Avenue,  North  Kensington,  W. : 
November,  1900. 


CATALOGUE    OF    THE    LEPIDOPTERA    OF    IRELAND: 
SUPPLEMENTARY    LIST. 
By  W.  F.  de  Vismes  Kane,  M.A.,  M.R.I.A.,  F.E.S. 

RHOPALOCEEA. 

PiERis  RAP.E,  L.,  var.  METRA,  Stepli. — ^^A  male  taken  at  Glogher 
Head,  Co.  Louth,  by  Mr.  Thornhill,  in  June. 

P.  NAPi,  L.,  ab.  FLAVA,  Kane. — A  very  deeply  coloured 
example  of  this  was  taken  at  Magilligan,  Co.  Derry,  by  the  late 
Mr.  Curzon. 

P.  DAPLiDicE,  L.— One  captured,  Aug.  18th,  1893,  by  Mr. 
Hind,  at  Courtown,  Co.  Wexford.  A  correspondent  at  Ferns  also 
reports  its  occurrence  there,  but  I  have  not  seen  the  specimens. 

Leucophasia  sinapis,  L. — Curraghmore,  Co.  Waterford  (Rev. 
W.  F.  Flemyng) ;  five  miles  west  of  Kildare  {Mr.  Freke)  ;  Mount 
Congreve,  Tramore,  and  near  the  town  of  Waterford,  and  at 
Milepost,  Co.  Kilkenny  {Buonaparte  Wyse) ;  Merlin  Park,  Gal- 
way,  abundant. 

CoLiAS  EDUSA,  Fb, — Occasional  immigrations  of  this  butterfly 
have  been  recorded  during  the  last  few  years,  chiefly  in  the 
South  of  Ireland,  and  numerously  in  1899  ;  one  or  two  also  in 
the  northern  half  of  the  island. 


CATALOGUE  OF  THE  LEPIDOPTERA  OF  IRELAND.       329 

GoNOPTERYx  RHAMNi,  L. — Broadfoi'd,  Scariff  (Ir.  Nat.  vii.  58), 
and  Cratloe,  Co.  Clare  {F.  Neale).  Also  at  Dalyston,  near 
Lougfirea,  and  Gort,  Co.  Galway  {R.  E.  D.)  ;  Ballinrobe,  and 
shore  of  L.  Mask. 

MELiTiEA  AURiNiA,  Rott.  —  Tliis  spGCies  seems  to  be  very 
universally  though  locally  distributed  throughout  Ireland.  The 
folloAving  are  some  additional  localities  : — Milepost,  Co.  Kilkenny; 
Timoleague  and  Berehaven,  Co.  Cork  ;  Birr,  King's  Co.  ;  Merlin 
Park,  Galway;  Portlaw,  Co.  Waterford;  Dalyston,  near  Loughrea. 

Vanessa  io,  L. — In  1900  not  rare  in  many  places  in  Ulster? 
as  at  Armagh,  Derry,  Donegal,  Drumreaske,  Newry,  and  Tyrone. 

Erebia  epiphron,  var.  cassiope,  Fb.  —  Since  writing  my 
notice  of  this  butterfly,  and  suggesting  that  the  mountain  range 
from  Achill  to  Nephin  might  very  probably  yield  habitats,  I  have 
been  fortunate  enough  to  meet  with  a  few  specimens  on  Nephin. 
The  bad  weather  and  subsequent  engagements  have  prevented 
my  investigating  the  locality  further.  One  specimen,  in  a  collec- 
tion of  the  Eev.  Pi.  McClean,  is  believed  to  have  been  taken  on 
the  hilly  slopes  on  the  eastern  shores  of  L.  Gill,  Sligo. 

Ccenonympha  typhon,  Rott. — Very  dark  forms  about  Clon- 
brock. 

Thecla  quercus,  L. — Cratloe,  near  Limerick  {F.  N.),  Killar- 
ney,  Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  (D.)  ;  Killoughrim  Wood,  Ennis- 
corthy  (M.) ;  Enniskillen,  scarce  (P.) ;  Dalyston,  Co.  Galway 
{R.  E.  D.) ;  Portlaw,  Co.  Waterford. 

Lyc^na  argiolus,  L. — Curraghmore,  Co.  Waterford,  abun- 
dant {B.  Wijse). 

Syrichthus  malv^,  L.  —  Two  taken  at  the  copper  mines, 
Killarney  {W.  Salvage), 

NisoNiADES  tages,  L.— Killarney  (Mucross  demesne),  Ennis- 
corthy  (M.) ;  abundant  throughout  the  Burren,  and  the  stony 
limestone  pastures  of  Clare,  from  Dromoland,  Kilfenora  to  Bally- 
vaughan. 

HETEEOCERA. 

AcHERONTiA  ATROPOS,  L. — It  would  serve  no  purpose  to  chro- 
nicle the  localities  in  which,  in  suitable  years,  this  migrant  or 
Sphinx  convolvidi  has  been  noticed.  Being  such  strong  fliers, 
the  immigrants  disperse  themselves  over  every  part  of  the 
island,  sometimes  in  considerable  numbers. 

Deilephila  livornica,  Es2j. — One  at  Trim,  in  1894,  by  Mrs. 
Cuppage  ;  one  at  Howth  {G,  V.  H.). 

Smerinthus  ocellatus,  L.— Timoleague  {R.  Donovan),  and 
Mallow  {Stawell),  Co.  Cork;  numerous  at  L.  Iron,  Westmeath ; 
and  locally  at  Enniskillen  (P.). 


330 


THE     ENTOMOLOGIST. 


S.  TiLiiE,  L, — One  at  Killarney,  reported  by  W.  Salvage. 

Macroglossa  bombyliformis,  Esp.  —  (The  narrow-bordered 
bee-hawk).  By  an  oversight  Ochsenheimer's  species  appears  in 
the  Catalogue.  It  is  referable  to  the  above.  Further  localities 
are  Clonbrock,  Athenry,  and  Merlin  Park,  Galway ;  Mote  Park, 
Pioscommon ;  Cratloe  Wood,  near  Limerick  {Neale)  ;  Mallow 
(Stawell) ;  Curraghmore,  Waterford  {B.  JVi/sc). 

Trochilium  crabroniformis,  Leivin.  ~  Castle  Bellingham, 
Clonbrock,  Enuiskillen,  and  Tempo. 

Sesia  scoliiformis,  Rott.  —  Since  writing  a  notice  of  this 
species  I  have  taken  three  imagines  at  Killarney,  as  well  as  the 
larvae  both  there  and  near  Kenmare.  A  Pivipla  bred  from  one 
of  the  latter,  Mr.  Bignell  states  {in  I'M.),  is  a  new  British  species 
of  ichneumon  not  in  Marshall's  list.  Piinpla  examinator  he  had 
received  from  Gregson,  out  of  the  same  host. 

S.  MYOPiFORBiis,  Bork. — Clonbrock;  Killarney  (TF.  ^SflZr-rtr/e). 
I  have  found  the  larvae  and  empty  pupal  cases  of  this  or  the 
following  species  in  cherry-trees  at  Drumreaske,  Monaghan.  Its 
ravages  produce  serious  damage  in  the  stems,  which  swell  out 
where  bored  into  unsightly  excrescences  exuding  gum. 

Sesia  culiciformis,  L.— Two  imagines  taken  at  Clonbrock 
by  Mr.  Dillon. 

S.  MusciFORMis,  View. — Eeported  by  Dr.  Greene  from  near 
Ferns,  Co.  Wexford. 

Zyg^na  filoselle,  Esjp. — On  the  Galway  shore  of  L.  Derg, 
a  few  {Gleeson),  Ir.  N.  viii.  250,  I  have  met  with  it  over  a  wide 
extent  of  the  Co.  Clare,  especially  in  Burren,  and  as  far  south  as 
Dromoland.  A  unique  variety,  with  yellow  under  wings,  was 
taken  by  Mr.  Allen  near  Galway. 

(Z.  TRiFOLii,  Esp. — I  am,  on  further  examination  of  the 
question,  inclined  to  delete  this  species  from  the  Irish  list.  The 
few  specimens  relied  on  (since  Mr.  More's  record  at  Castle 
Taylor)  are  worn  and  doubtful,  and,  having  gained  a  considerable 
further  experience  of  the  Irish  lepidopterous  fauna,  I  am  unable 
to  substantiate  with  certainty  the  earlier  records,  which  I  believe 
must  be  referred  to  the  following  species.) 

Z.  lonicer^,  Esp.  —  Eoundstone,  Connemara  {Walker); 
Portora,  nearEnniskillen,  abundant  {A.);  Dungannon  {T.Greer); 
Clonbrock  {R.  E.  D.) ;  Belleisle,  near  Lisbellaw. 

Nola  confusalis,  H.-S. — Clonbrock;  Timoleague,  Co.  Cork 
{R.D.);  Enniskillen  (P.). 

NuDARiA  SENEx,  Hh. — One  specimen  taken  by  Col.  Partridge 
near  Enniskillen. 


CATALOGUE    OF    THE    LEPIDOPTERA    OF    IRELAND.  331 

Setina  irrorella.  (Clerck).  —  Ardrahan,  Co.  Galway,  and 
west  through  the  Burren  of  Clare,  widely  spread. 

Lithosia  lurideola,  Zinck. — Castle  Bellingham  and  Clogher 
Head,  not  rare  ;  Athlone  {Wilcox). 

Gnophria  quadra,  L.  —  Killarney ;  Timoleague,  Co.  Cork 
{R.  D.)  ;  Curraghmore,  abundant  {Rev.  W.  FUmyng),  and  Lis- 
more  {Neale)  Co.  Wafcerford  ;  Borris,  Co.  Carlow  {Freke),  and 
Clonbrock  {R.  E.  D.). 

G.  rubricollis,  L.  —  Berehaven,  Co.  Cork  {Carpenter),  and 
Timoleague ;  Sligo  {McC.) ;  Belleisle,  near  Lisbellaw,  Clonbrock 
{R.E.D.). 

Nemeophila  russula,  L. — Kenmare  neighbourhood ;  Cappagh, 
and  near  Waterford  {B.  Wyse) ;  Milepost,  Co.  Kilkenny  {B.Wyse) ; 
Cratloe,  near  Limerick  {Neale). 

Spilosoma  mendica  Clerck. — A  specimen  of  the  dark  typical 
male  has  been  taken  by  the  Hon.  E.  O'Brien  at  Dromoland,  Co. 
Clare.  One  has  already  been  recorded  from  Clonbrock  in  the 
adjoining  county. 

Var.  rustica,  Hh. — This  has  latterly  been  taken  in  some 
fresh  localities  :  Parsonstown,  King's  Co.  {Hon.  G.  Parsons)  ; 
Killarney;  Lucan  {Halhert),  a  very  white  male;  Timoleague, 
Co.  Cork,  a  similar  one  {R.  D.). 

S.  urtic^,  Esjj.— One  at  Clonbrock  {R.  E.  D.),  May  16th, 
1896,  in  a  moth-trap. 

Hepialus  lupulinus  L.—  Pontoon  on  L.  Conn,  Mayo;  Bragan, 
Co.  Monaghan.     Var. /usats,  Kenmare,  Ir.  N.  vii.  210. 

Cossus  ligniperda,  Fb. — Between  Baltinglass  and  Dunlavin, 
Co.  Wicklow ;  abundant  at  Maganey,  Co.  Kildare  {Carpenter). 

Macrogaster  CASTANET,  Hb. — No  further  capture  of  this 
insect  in  Ireland  can  be  chronicled,  and  on  examination  of 
Lough-a-Callow,  the  locality  in  question,  I  can  find  no  trace  of 
Phragmites  communis. 

Leucoma  salicis,  L. — Abundant  about  Lough  Boon,  Mullin- 
gar  {Middleton) . 

Dasychira  fascelina,  L. — Tullamore  {Halbert). 

Trichiura  crat^gi,  L.  —  A  blackish  form  was  taken  at 
Magilligan,  near  Berry,  by  W.  Salvage.  Its  larvae  were  feeding 
on  blackthorn. 

BoMBYx  NEUSTRiA,  L. — Dungarvan,  and  various  localities  in 
the  south  and  south-west.  Enniskillen,  rare  (P.) ;  one  at  Galway 
(A.). 

Drepana  falcataria,  L. — Enniskillen  {A.), 


332  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

DiCRANUKA  FURCULA,  L. — Di'iimreaske  and  Altadiawan,  Co. 
Tyrone.     Very  abundant  at  Clonbrock. 

D.  BIFIDA,  Hh. — Ougbterard,  one  larva  reported.  Fairly 
numerous  at  Clonbrock. 

Stauropus  fagi,  L. — Taken  again  at  Ardtully,  Kenmare,  by 
myself.  One  very  dark  specimen  at  Clonbrock,  and  one  at 
Merlin  Park,  Galway  {E.  E.D.).  Larvae  reported  from  Belle- 
isle,  Up.  L.  Erne. 

Ptilodontis  palpina,  L. — Drumreaske ;  Tempo,  near  Ennis- 
killen,  Enniskillen  (P.);  Clonbrock,  a  few  (R.E.D.);  Sligo 
(McC). 

NoTODONTA  DicTiEoiDBS,  Esp. —  Howth  {G.  V.H.),  and  Clon- 
brock. 

N.  DROMEDARius,  L. — Var.  ijerfusca  at  Tempo  {Langham). 

N.  CHAONIA,  Hh. — Has  occurred  in  considerable  numbers  at 
Clonbrock,  when  a  moth -trap  was  placed  in  a  ruin  at  some  fifty 
or  sixty  feet  from  the  ground.  Two  at  Mallow,  Co.  Cork,  by  Mr. 
Millbank. 

Cymatophora  or,  Fh.  —  Mr.  Campbell's  record  from  Derry 
must  be  deleted,  the  specimen  turns  out  to  be  Asphalia  flavi- 
cornis.  Enniskillen  {Capt.  Brown)  ;  one  at  Clonbrock,  of  the 
ordinary  English  type,  and  at  Pontoon  on  L.  Conn,  Mayo,  I  took 
a  considerable  series  of  fine  specimens  with  dull  ground  colour 
shaded  with  brownish  bands,  but  not  showing  any  rosy  tinge. 

C.  DUPLARis,  L. — Further  investigations  assure  me  that  this 
species  is  almost  universally  distributed  through  Ireland. 

C.  FLUCTUOSA,  i?6.— Ardtully,  near  Kenmare,  not  very  rare. 

AsPHALiA  FLAVicoRNis,  L. — Dcrry  (C),  Enniskillen  {P.), 
Clonbrock  {R.  E.  D.) ;  single  specimens  only,  except  at  Ennis- 
killen, where  the  larvae  only  were  taken. 

AcRONYCTA  TRiDENS,  Scliiff. — One  larva  was  found  at  Ennis- 
killen by  Col.  Partridge. 

A.  LEPORiNA,  L.— Cratloe  Wood,  near  Limerick,  and  near 
Kenmare;  Howth  (M.  F.). 

A.  ACERis,  L. — Enniskillen  (P.)  ;  Timoleague,  Co.  Cork 
(E.  D.). 

A.  MEGACEPHALA,  Fb. — Castle  Bellingham,  Co.  Louth. 

A.  MENYANTHiDis,  View. — Cloubrock,  one  {R.  E.  D.),  Parsons- 
town,  King's  Co.  {Hon.  G.  Parsons).  I  found  the  larvae  near 
Eecess,  Connemara,  very  numerously,  feeding  on  Myrica  gale, 
and  rarely  on  Menyanthes  trifoliata. 

A.  EUPHORBIA  var.  montivaga,  Gn. — Dursey  Island,  a  locality 


CATALOGUE    OF    THE    LEPIDOPTERA    OF    IRELAND.  333 

very  similar  to  Galley  Head,  Co.  Cork  ;  Killarney,  and  Kenmare  ; 
Pontoon.  Co.  Mayo ;  Dalyston,  near  Loughrea,  and  Clonbrock 
{R.  E.  D.). 

DiLOBA  ciERULEocEPHALA,  L.  —  Trim,  Co.  Meath  {Mrs. 
Cuppage). 

Leucania  turca,  L.— Mr.  Dillon  reports  having  captured 
one  at  Clonbrock ;  and  two  at  Merlin  Park,  Galway. 

L,  UNiPUNCTA,  Haiv.  (extranea,  G71.). — One  specimen  at  sugar, 
September  13th,  1896,  taken  by  Mr.  Pt.  Donovan  at  Timoleague, 
Co.  Cork.  It  is  small,  pale  in  colour,  but  a  well-marked 
example  (Ir.  Nat.  vi.  104). 

L.  littoralis,  Curt. — Dingle,  and  abundant  on  the  sandhills 
of  Tralee  Bay,  Kerry ;  as  at  Castle  Gregory,  where  I  took  two 
examples  with  a  red  suffusion  bordering  the  central  white  stripe 
of  the  fore  wings. 

L.  STRABiiNEA,  Tr. — Dromoland,  Co.  Clare  {Hon.E.  O'Brien). 

CcENOBiA  RUFA,  Haiv. — Two  at  Clonbrock  {R.  E.  D.). 

NoNAGRiA  (Calamia)  lutosa,  RJ). — Lough  Erne,  Belleisle, 
and  Enniskillen. 

GoRTYNA  ochracea,  HI). — Dromoland,  Co.  Clare  {Hon.  E. 
O'Brien). 

Xylophasia  sublustris,  £^sp.— Enniskillen  {A.)  ;  Trim,  Co. 
Meath,  a  dingy  brownish  form,  not  ruddy  as  the  type  {G.  V.  H.). 

Laphygma  exigua,  Hh. — Mr.  K.  Donovan  has  added  another 
rarity  to  the  Irish  list.  He  captured  a  very  fine  example  of  this 
species  on  September  8th,  1899,  on  honeydew  on  a  lime  tree  at 
Timoleague,  Co.  Cork. 

LuPERiNA  CESPiTis,  F6.  — Trim,  Co.  Meath  {Mrs.  Cuppage) ; 
Enniskillen  {P.)  ;  Cappagh,  Co.  Waterford  {B.  Wyse)  ;  Timo- 
league, Co.  Cork  {R.  D.)  ;  Clonbrock. 

Mamestra  abjecta,  Hb. — Since  publishing,  Mr.  Thornhill,  of 
Castle  Bellingham,  Co.  Louth,  has  taken  specimens  of  this  moth 
on  the  adjoining  coast. 

M.  SORDID  A,  Bork.— One  at  Howth  (M.  F.). 

M.  ALBicoLON,  Hb. — Eossbeigh,  and  Castle  Gregory,  Kerry. 

M.  FURVA,  Hb. — Bundoran,  Co.  Donegal  {J.) ;  Magilligan, 
near  Derry,  several  {W.  Salvage). 

Apamea  ophiogramma,  Esp. — Enniskillen  (P.). 

MiANA  BicoLORiA,  Vill. — Timolcague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.).  Mr. 
Campbell  writes  that  he  has  recorded  this  species  from  near 
Derry  in  error. 

(To  be  continued.) 


/  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

/  THE    MORPHOLOGY    AND    CLASSIFICATION    OF    THE 
I  AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS    HOMOPTERA. 

By  Dr.   H.  J.  Hansen. 
(Continued  from  p.  172.) 

C.  Liegs. 

These  are  best  discussed  when  the  coxse,  trochanters,  and 
femora  are  considered  together,  and  the  tarsi  separately  by  them- 
selves ;  of  the  tibiae,  I  have  nothing  new  to  say  here.  In  con- 
nection with  the  posterior  coxae,  I  mention  the  ventral  part  of 
the  third  thoracic  segment ;  this  part  is  termed  the  metasternum, 
which  is  scarcely  correct,  but  I  have  not  been  able  to  distinguish 
between  sternum,  epimera,  and  episterna,  and  therefore  call 
attention  to  an  observation  by  Schjodte  in  his  celebrated  work:* 
"  Cryptocerata  [in  the  Heteroptera]  have  undivided  thoracic 
segments,  like  all  other*  Rhynchota.  A  re-examination  will 
certainly  give  the  result  that  a  veritable  suture  between  sternum 
and  ei^imera  will  in  no  case  be  found." 

1.  Coxes,  Trochanters,  and  Femora. 

As  regards  the  coxae,  authors  have  hitherto  been  content 
usually  to  describe  their  extension  in  breadth  and  length  ;  but 
attention  should  also  be  directed  to  matters  fully  as  important 
(as  Schjodte  has  pointed  out),  viz.  the  movements  they  are  able 
to  perform  in  consequence  of  the  form,  and  according  to  the 
quality  of  their  articulation.  The  anterior  legs  present  such 
strong  agreement  among  all  the  families  that  they  can  be  dis- 
cussed under  a  single  heading,  but  the  other  two  pairs  must  be 
considered  in  each  family  separately. 

a.  Anterior  Legs. 

The  coxae  are  sometimes  of  considerable  leno:th,  propor- 
tionately to  their  thickness  or  hven,dth.^StrididantmfFulgora), 
sometimes  tolerably  short  and  \)VOd,d%TettigometrapAethalion), 
scarcely,  however,  ever  shorter  than  broad  ;  but  whatever  their 
shape  may  be  they  are  attached  to  the  body  only  by  their  oblique 
basal  part,  so  that  an  always  considerable  distal  portion  is 
entirely  free  ;  and,  in  the  next  place,  they  are  always  articulated 
more  or  less  towards  the  sides  of  the  prothorax,  with  the  interior 
angles  of  their  articulation  at  least  a  very  considerable  sjxice  from 
the  insect's  middle  plane,  and  they  are  then  directed  backwards 
and  inwards  against  the  middle  plane.     The  trochantins  (pi.  ii. 

*  "Nogle  nye  Hovedssetninger  af  Rhynchoternes  Morphologi  og  Sys- 
tematik"  (Naturh.  Tidskr.  (3),  vi.  pp.  237-66,  1869),  translated  into  English 
in  1870,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (4),  vi.  pp.  225-49.— G.  W.  K. 


THE    AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS    HOMOPTERA.  335 

f.  6  a)  are  very  distinct  on  the  anterior  side  of  the  basal  portion. 
The  articulating  membrane  is,  with  the  exception  of  the  spot  on 
the  proximal  point  of  the  coxae,  well  developed,  and  is  remarkably 
broad  on  the  inner  side  of  the  articulation.  Consequent  on  this 
articulation,  the  coxae  can  perform  two  kinds  of  movements  :  in 
part  they  can  turn  on  an  axis,  which  forms  a  very  acute  angle 
with  their  own  long  axis,  and  with  this  turning  the  apices  of  the 
femora  move  in  a  part  of  a  semicircle  from  behind  forwards  and 
inwards  (and  vice  versa)  ;  in  part  this  distal  portion  is  able  to 
move,  on  turning  around  on  an  axis  perpendicular  to  the  longi- 
tudinal direction  of  the  coxae,  somewhat  backward  and  inward, 
somewhat  forward  and  outward,  {adduction  and  abduction),  whence 
it  follows  that  the  tarsi  are  able  to  extend  farthest  outwardly, 
forward  or  behind,  when  the  coxae  are  "abduced." 

In  tl^'e^ Strididantia  the  anterior  femora  are  very  thick,  and 
generally  toothed  beneath ;  the  trochanters  are  thick,  supporting 
{viz.  connected  with)  the  femora  by  a  very  oblique  articulation, 
which  presents  a  very  well  developed  see-saw  movement.  In  the 
other  three  families  the  anterior  femora  are  usually  not  very 
thick,  and  unarmed.  Trochanters  supporting,  normal ;  only  in 
^  Dar7iis  have  I  found  both  anterior  (and  intermediate)  femora 
strongly  dilated. 

b.  Intermediate  Legs.     1.  Stridulantia. 

The  coxae  are  moderately  short,  broad,  and  obliquely  tri- 
angular at  the  base,  with  an  articulation  which  is  quite  as  long 
as  the  coxae,  and  the  (ulterior  angle  of  the  articulation  is  situated 
moderately  near  to  the  insect's  middle  plane.  The  coxae  are  some- 
times in  the  middle  plane  contiguous  at  their  moderately  short, 
free,  distal  part ;  this  is  often,  however,  not  the  case,  for  in 
^  Platypleura  the  distance  between  them  is  somewhat  considerable. 
The  principal  movement  is  rotary,  to  and  fro  on  an  axis  from  the 
exterior  angle  of  the  articidation  to  its  ajitero-interior  angle,  almost 
perpendicular  to  the  insect's  longitudinal  axis ;  moreover,  a 
rather  feeble  adduction  and  abduction  is  possible,  arising  from 
the  fact  that  the  articulating  membrane  along  the  interior  mar- 
gin of  the  articulation  is  rather  broad.  A  real  "  meracanthus^ 
is  not  to  be  found,  but  the  plate  situated  on  the  postero-exterior 
margin  of  the  coxae,  from  which  it  otherwise  originates,  is  here 
well  developed.  The  trochanters  are  supporting,  and  the  femora 
normal  as  in  the  three  families  following  : — 

2  and  3.  Cercopida  a.nd'^Jassid/e. — The  coxae  have  a  form 
somewhat  resembling  that  in  the  "^trididantia ;  they  are,  how- 
ever, quite  as  transversely  situated  and  placed  close  together,  so 
that  their  free  apical  parts  are  contiguous  in  the  middle  plane ;  their 
ad-  and  abductorial  movements  are  only  feeble.  A  meracanthus  is 
very  considerable,  and  strong  in  all  Cercopidae ;  it  is  wanting  in 
most  Jassidae,  but  is,  however,  strong,  long,  and  broad  at  the 


336  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

base  in  Hoplophorinfe  (see  Stal  in  *  Hemiptera  Africana'),  and  I 
have  also  found  it  in  a  less  strongly  marked  form  in  many  other 
genera.  For  instance,  it  i^horter  but  broad  at  the  base  in  some 
(all?)  species  oi^arnis  ;  m°Epiclines  planata-yF.,  Sim^Petalocera,/^^^'^ 
hohenianni,  Stiil,  it  is  very  long,  b^t  narrow  ;  ra^roranus  adspersi-  <-  '-^-^ 
pennis,  Stal,  it  is  short ;  and  in^Ledra  aurita,  L.,  one  can  find  no 
trace  of  it. 

^  4.  Fidf/orida. — The  intermediate  coxse  are  here,  contrary  to 
the  foregoing  families,  fo^-med  and  articulated  like  the  anterior 
coxae.  In,  for  mstsince,'^Fulgora,  they  have  a  very  important 
length  (are  something  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad),  their 
rather  short  articulation  is  situated  at  a  good  distance  from  the 
middle  plane  towards  the  lateral  margins  of  the  body,  and  from 
this  point  their  free  good- sized  distal  part  is  directed  inwards 
and  backwards,  where  they,  at  the  articulation  of  the  trochanters, 
are  almost  contiguous  at  the  middle  plane.  Trochantins  are 
very  distinct ;  the  articulating  membrane  at  the  anterior  angle 
of  the  articulation  is  coiisiderable.  A  similar  structure  is  found 
in  mosV  Fulgoridae.  In^Tettigometra  (pi.  ii.  f.  6)  the  coxse  are 
short,  very  broad  towards  the  base,  and  the  articulation  is  very 
long  ;  but  the  interior  angle  of  the  coxa,  which  is  connected  with 
the  articulating  membrane,  is  nevertheless  somewhat  remote 
from  that  of  the  opposed  coxa. 

One  may  thus  sum  up  the  characteristics  of  this  family,  viz. 
that  the  intermediate  coxse  have  the  interior  angle  of  their  articu- 
lation importantlg  remote  from  the  middle  plane  ;  and,  singularly, 
that  their  movements,  like  those  of  the  anterior  coxce,  are  strongly 
marJfed  double-acting,  viz.  rotation  and  important  ad-  and  ahdnc- 
tioii';^Tettigometra  itself,  which  certainly  most  evidently  points 
towards  the'  Jassidge,  has,  however,  preserved  the  most  charac- 
teristically Fulgorid  trait  in  the  form  and  situation  of  the  articu- 
lation. A  meracanthus  is  usually  wanting  ;  m^Aphanafarinosa, 
Webe^,'  Odontoptera  spectahilis,  Carreno,  and  many  forms,  I  have, 
however,  found  one,  which  is  then  short,  or  at  least  fairly  short, 
sticking  out  near  the  exterior  angle  of  the  coxa. 

c.  Posterior  Legs.     1.  Stridulantia. 

The  metasternum  is  entirely  firmly  chitinised,  is  often  short 
in  the  middle,  but  has  also  occasionally  a  very  considerable 
longitudinal  extension.  The  coxas  have  the  simplest  form  within 
the  Auchenorrhyncha ;  they  are  of  the  size  of,  or  a  little  larger 
than,  the  intermediate  coxse,  and  with  a  slightly  longer  articula- 
tion than  the  latter  ;  they  are  basally  contiguous  in  the  middle 
plane,  and,  as  they  are  not  remarkably  large,  there  is  (as  Stal  has 
indicated)  a  considerable  distance  hetiveen  their  exterior  angles  and 
the  lateral  margins  of  the  metathorax.  On  account  of  the  quality 
of  their  articulation,  especially  the  feeble  development  of  the 
articulating  membrane  at  the  interior  angles  of  their  attachment, 


THE    AUOHENORRHYNCHOUS    HOMOPTERA.  337 

they  are  07ily  able  to  turn  to  and  fro  on  an  axis  from  the  outer  to 
the  inner  angles  of  the  cotyla.  The  trochantins  are  well 
developed,  long  and  moderately  slender.  A  meracanthus  is 
strongly  developed  in  some  forms,  feeble  or  wanting  in  others. 
The  trochanters  are  supporting,  but  however  the  articulations 
are,  between  them  and  the  femora,  almost  perpendicular  to  the 
longitudinal  axis  of  the  latter,  and  present  very  strongly  developed 
see-saw  movements  ;  the  trochanters,  moreover,  are  not  broader 
than  the  femora,  which  are  moderately  slender  and  of  normal 
appearance. 

^D  'i.  Cercppidce. — The  metasternum  always  has  a  considerable, 
sometime^(P/M/(gHus)  a  very  considerable,  breadth  (perhaps,  one 
should  say,  a  greater  length,  as  the  extension  which  shall  be 
indicated  is  in  the  longitudinal  dimension  of  the  insect)  ;  along 
the  middle  line  one  finds  a  strip,  which  widens  anteriorly  behind 
the  mesosternum  to  a  plate,  which  is  strongly  chitinised,  and  on 
each  side  of  this  solid  middle  strip  one  finds  a  very  considerable 
membranous  part,  which  extends  along  the  anterior  margin  of  the 
posterior  coxte  almost  to  their  exterior  angles,  and  proceeds 
thence  more  or  less  forward,  and  towards  the  lateral  margin  of 
the  insect.  The  posterior  coxa  do  not  possess  apparently  broader 
articulation  than  the  intermediate  coxce,  and  as  regards  this  are 
similar  to  the^Stridulantia  ;  but  the  attachments  are — as  the 
parts  along  almost  the  entire  anterior  margin  of  the  coxse  are 
membranous— of  another  quality,  and  the  true,  more  substantial 
articulation  between  the  coxae  and  thorax  is  found  therefore  along 
the  peculiarly  formed  exterior  margin  of  the  coxse,  and  at  its 
lower  interior  angles  situated  at  the  base  of  the  abdomen.  The 
movements  are  ivell  developed,  see-saw-like,  as  in^tridulantia.  The 
interior  margins  of  the  two  coxae  are  contiguous  along  the  middle 
line  ;  their  free  part  extends  backwards  over  the  base  of  the 
abdomen,  and  is  proportionately  longer  tban  in  the  preceding 
and  following  families.  There  is  no  meracanthus.  The  tro- 
chanters have  a  somewhat  varying  form,  and  are  somewhat 
broader  than  the  basal  part  of  the  femora  (f.  5  b)  ;  the  articula- 
tion between  the  trochanter  and  femur  is  not  very  oblique,  and 
the  segmental  membrane  is  rather  broad  at  the  side  facing  the 
middle  plane  ;  so  that  the  movements  are  more  extensive  than  in 
the  Stridulantia  and-'Jassidae.  The  femora  are  a  little  thinner  at 
their  base  than  a  little  way  from  it,  and  on  the  side  facing  the 
abdomen  is  found,  a  little  from  its  base,  a  good-sized  oblique  pro- 
tuberance (f.  5  d),  the  significance  of  which  I  do  not  comprehend ; 
y^but  as  it  occurs  in  all  thff  Cercopidce  I  have  examined  (even  in 
^  Macharota),  and  not  in  any  other  Auchenorrhyncha  knoivn  to  me, 
it  is  probably  a  reliable  family  character.  The  protuberance 
and  its  environs  have  a  peculiar  scaly-like  sculpturing ;  its 
interior  is  filled  with  a  mass  looking  like  connective  tissue. 

(To  be  continued.) 


338  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

BRITISH    DR.IGONFLIES    OF    THE    OLDER    ENGLISH 

A.UTHORS. 

By  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

(Concluded  from  p.  299.) 

8.  Dr.  H.  A.  Hagen:  'A  Syjiopsis  of  the  British  Dragon- 
flies,'  in  the  'Entomologist's  Annual,'  1857. 

In  this  article  Dr.  Hagen  has  described  shortly,  and  given  a 
few  notes  on,  all  the  species  of  British  Dragonflies,  and,  in  addi- 
tion, has  similarly  treated  the  European  species  most  likely  to 
be  found  in  this  country.  The  list  is  nearly  the  same  as  that  at 
present  received ;  but  six  doubtful  species,  or  extremely  casual 
ones  are  included.  The  nomenclature  also  does  not  greatly 
differ  from  that  at  present  recognised.  The  British  species  are 
as  follow : — 

1.  Libellula  quadrimaculata  =  Libellula  quadnmaculata. 

2.  L.  depressa  —  L.  depressa. 

3.  L.  fulva  =  L.fuiva. 

4.  L.  cancellata  =  Orthetnim  cancellatum. 

5.  L.  casrulescens  =  0.  cterulescens. 

6.  L.  flaveola  =  S i/Dipetruin.  jiaveolmn . 

7.  L.  Ponscolombis  =  S.  fonscolovibii. 

8.  L.  meridionalis  =  S.  meridionale. 

9.  L.  striolata  =  S.  atriolatnm. 

10.  L.  VUlgata  =  -S'.  vuUjatnm. 

11.  L.   sanguinea  =  N.  sanguineum. 

12.  L.  Scotica  =  S.  scoticum. 

13.  L.    dubia  =   LeucorrJiinia  diibia. 

14.  ?  Cordulia  metallica  =  Somatocldora  metallka. 

15.  C.  arctica  —  S.  arctlca. 

16.  C.  senea  =  Cordulia  mnea. 

17.  C.  Curtisii  =  Oxygastra  curtisii. 

18.  Gomphus  vulgatissimus  =  Gomphns  vulgatisshims. 

19.  G.  flavipes  =  (t.  jiavipes. 

20.  G.  forcipatus  =  Lindenia  forcipata. 

21.  Cordulegaster  annulatus  =  Cordulegaster  annulatus. 

22.  ^schnia  pratensis  =  Brachytron  pratense. 

23.  M.  mixta  =  JEsclma  mixta. 

24.  M.  borealis  =  M.  ccendea. 

25.  .ffi.  juncea  =  Ji.juncea. 

26.  M.  cyanea  =  JE.  cyanea. 

27.  M.  grandis  =  M.  grandis. 

28.  M.  rufescens  =  jE.  isosceles. 

29.  Anax  formosus  =  Anax  imperator. 
80.  Calopteryx  Virgo  =  Calopteryx  virgo. 

31.  C.  splendens  —  C.  splendens. 

32.  Platycnemis  pennipes  =  Platycnemis  pennipes. 


BRITISH    DRAGONFLIES    OF    OLDER    ENGLISH    AUTHORS.  339 

33.  Lestes  viridis  =  Lestes  viridis. 

34.  L.  nympha  =  L.  dnjas. 

35.  L.  sponsa  ~  L.  sponsa. 

36.  L.  virens  =  L.  virens. 

37.  L.  barbara  =  L.  barbara. 

38.  Agrion  Najas  =  Erythromma  naias. 

39.  A.  minium.  =  Pi/rrhosoma  nymplvula. 

40.  A.  tenellum  =  P.  tenellum. 

41.  A.  Pumilio  =  Ischnura  pumilio. 

42.  A.  elegans  =  I.  eleyans. 

43.  A.  pulchellum  =  Agrion  pulchcllum. 

44.  A.  puella  =  A.  pnella. 

45.  A.  m.ercuriale  =  A.  mercuriale. 

46.  A.  cyathigerum  =  Enallagma  cyathigerum. 

In  1870  appeared  'A  Catalogue  of  the  British  Neuroptera,' 
by  E.  McLachlan,  published  by  the  Entomological  Society  of 
London,  and  the  list  of  works  on  exclusively  British  Odonata 
closes  with  the  writer's  '  British  Dragonflies,'  published  in 
the  present  year.  Omitting  doubtful  species,  and  casuals 
that  have  not  occurred  since  long  ago,  the  British  list  is 
as  follows,  McLachlan's  names  where  they  differ  being  given  in 
brackets : — 

1.  Leucorrhinia  duhia ;  2.  Sympetrum  striolatum ;  3.  S.  vulga- 
tum ;  4.  S.  fonscolovihii*  ;  5.  S.  fiaveolmn\  ;   6.  »S.  sanguineum 
7.     S.   scoticum  ;    8.  LibeUula   depressa    {Platetrum   depressum) 
9.  L.  quadriviacidata ;  10.  L.  fulva  ;  11.   Orthetrum  cceridescens 
12.  0.  cancellatum ;  13. Somatochlora metallical;  14.  S.  arctica {Cor 
dulia  arctica) ;  15.  Cordidia  cenea ;  16.  Oxi/gastra  curtisii  {Cordulia 
Curtisii);  17.  Gomphiis  vulgatissivius ;  18.  C ordideg aster  annidatus 
19.  Anax  imperator  {A .  formosus)  ;  20.  Brachytroji  pratense  ;  21 
JEsclina  mixta;  22.  JE.  cceridea  {iH.  borealis)  ;  23.   JE.  juncea 
24.  ^-E.  cyanea  ;  25.  M.grandis  ;  26.  jE.  isosceles  {jE.  rufescens) 
27.  Calopteryx  virgo ;    28.    C.   splendens ;    29.    Lestes  dryas  {L 
nympha)  ;    30,  L.  sponsa  ;    31.   Platycnemis  pennipes  ;    32.  Ery 
thromma  naias  ,-  33.  Pyrrhosoma  nymphula  {P.  minium)  ;  34.  P 
tenellum  ;  35.  Ischnura  pumilio  ;  36.  /.  elegans  ;  37.  Agrion  pul- 
chellum;  38.  A.  puella;  39.  A.  Jiastulatwn  ^ ;  40.  A.  mercuriale ; 
41.  Enallagma  cyathigerum  {Agrion  cyathigerum). 

■'-  A  casual  only. 

f  Perhaps  a  migrant  only. 

+  Absent  from  McLachlan's  list. 

§  Discovered  in  Scotland  dui'ing  the  past  summer. 


340 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


SYNOPSIS  OF  EXPEEIMENTS  IN  HYBEIDIZATION  AND 
TEMPERATUEE  MADE  WITH  LEPIDOPTERA  UP  TO 
THE   END   OF   1898.* 

By  Pbof.  Dr.  Max  Standfuss. 

Plates   III.  &  IV.  (Eiitom.  Plates  VII.  &  VIII.). 

(Continued  from  p.  292.)  ^ 

Second,  Crossing,  and  Hybridization  Experiments. 

The  increase  in  numbers  of  species  is  caused  by  the  splitting 
up  of  a  group  of  individuals  which  originally  lay  within  the 
limits  of  a  single  species,  the  separated  forms  becoming  more 
and  more  divergent  till  quite  isolated.  This  is  a  generally 
accepted  theory  of  zoology. 

If  we  name  the  groups  of  individuals  which  are  diverging 
A  and  B,  this  isolation  manifests  itself  through  the  fact  that 
neither  A  ^  crossed  with  B  $  nor  B  <?  with  A  ?  are  capable  of 
producing  offspring  which  are  sufficiently  fertile  to  remain  as 
an  independent  form,  even  for  a — phylogenetically  speaking — 
limited  period. 

This  isolation  must  be  regarded  as  the  final  result  of  a  con- 
tinued increasing  physiological  divergence  and  difference,  and 
we  must  accept  this  as  the  cause  of  creation  of  species  for  all 
geological  periods  of  our  earthly  fauna  and  flora. 

If  this  theor}^  is  correct,  the  artificial  crossing  experiments 
will  indicate  the  present  state  of  the  physiological  divergence  and 
difference  of  the  creatures  and  plants  experimented  with.  The 
following  hybridization  experiments  with  Lepidoptera — which,  by 
the  way,  are  very  difficult — were  undertaken  with  this  idea,  and 
with  this  end  in  view  ;  and  to  me  it  appears  that  none  of  the 
results  obtained  reduce  this  theory  ad  absurdum,  but,  on  the 
other  hand,  prove  its  validity. 

Of  the  numerous  hybridization  experiments  made  during  the 
years  1873-1894,  many  had  a  constantly  sterile  result,  in  spite 
of  frequent  repetition. 

Nine  different  crossings  of  genuine  species  were  fertile  :  — 

1.  Smei'inthus  ocellata,  L.,  (?  x  popidi,  L.,  ?  . 

2.  Zygcena  trifolii,  L.,  ^  xJilipendiUce,  L.,  ?  . 

3.  Bomhyx  franconica,  Esp.,  S'  x  castrensis  var.  veneta, 
Stdfs.,  ?  . 

4.  B.  castrensis  var.  veneta,  Stdfs.,  cf  y.  franconica,  Esp.,  ?  . 

5.  B.  neustria,  L.,  ^  x  franconica,  Esp.,  ?  . 

6.  B.  neustria,  L.,  S"  x  castrensis  var.  veneta,  Stdfs.,  2  . 

7.  Saturnia  pavonia,  L.,  3'  x  Actias  isabellce,  Grsells,  ?  . 

8.  S.  pavonia,  L.,  3'  X  spini,  Schiff.,  $  . 

9.  S.  pavonia,  L.,  3  X  pyri,  Schiff.,  ?  . 


aV^, 


PLATE    III.  (Entom.,  PI.  VII.,  1900. 


After  Obernetter. 


By  permission  of  Frankenstein  <£•  Wagner. 


PLATE    IV.  (Entom.,  PI.  VIII.,  1900.) 


After  Obernetter. 


By  2>eniiissiou  of  Frankenstein  i(-  Wagner. 


EXPERIMENTS   IN    HYBRIDIZATION    AND    TEMPERATURE.  341 

Nos.  4  and  7  of  these  nine  crossings  only  produced  a  small  num- 
ber of  larvffi,  which  were  not  successfully  reared.  From  the 
remaining  seven  crossings  imagines  were  bred.  One  (No.  5)  only 
produced  a  few  males,  and  two  others  (Nos.  3  and  6)  only  a  few 
females,  the  latter  always  having  the  organs  of  reproduction 
undeveloped.  No.  1  produced  male  imagines  in  numbers,  but 
only  a  very  few  crippled  females.  Three  crossings  (Nos.  2,  8, 
and  9)  produced  males  and  females  in  normal  proportions,  but 
only  one  of  these  crossings  (No.  2)  produced  females  with 
the  ovaries  properly  filled  with  eggs  ;  the  females  of  the  other 
two  crossings  (8  and  9)  possessed  no  germs,  except  a  few  females 
of  No  8,  which  quite  exceptionally  had  a  few  crippled  and  mal- 
formed ones. 

The  fundamental  law  to  be  drawn  from  these  experiments,  as 
indicative  of  the  character  of  hybrids,  is  as  follows  : — 

Primary  hybrids — that  is,  the  result  of  crossing  genuine 
species  drawn  from  nature — generally  produce  an  individual  (in 
most  cases  an  intermediate  form  between  the  two  parent  species) 
which  is  relatively  nearer  to  the  phylogenetic  older  species  than 
the  newer.  The  older  species  enforces  its  biological,  morpho- 
logical, and  physiological  characters  on  its  hybrid  offspring  to  a 
greater  degree  than  the  younger.  This  law  was  proved  in  the 
following  manner : — 

The  highly  interesting  fact  was  observed  that  the  male  of  the 
small  emperor  {S.  pavonia)  had  very  little  influence  on  a  brood  of 
eggs  obtained  by  crossing  it  with  a  female  S.  spini,  which  is  not 
much  bigger  than  the  small  emperor ;  whereas  the  male  S. 
pavonia  had  a  great  influence  on  the  brood  of  the  large  S.  pyri, 
which  is  about  eleven  times  as  big.  Why  does  this  same  creature 
{S.  pavonia  ^ )  so  largely  alter  by  crossing  the  brood  of  the  giant 
S.  pyri,  when  it  has  so  little  influence  on  that  of  S.  spini,  which 
is  about  as  large  as  itself  ? 

A  comparison  of  the  larval  and  pupal  stages  of  the  three 
species — S.  spini,  pavonia,  and  pyr^i — showed  in  several  regards 
three  different  grades  of  protective  resemblance  respecting  certain 
inimical  factors  of  nature.  On  this  genealogical  tree  spini 
always  took  the  lowest  place,  pyri  always  the  highest.  On 
account  of  the  extraordinarily  close  relationship,  and  the  great 
similarity  of  the  biological  conditions  of  the  three  species,  we 
are  forced  to  the  conclusion  that  spini  is  the  phylogenetic  oldest ; 
pavonia,  younger ;  and  jj?/?-i  the  phylogenetic  youngest  form. 
(Further  particulars  can  be  obtained :  Standfuss,  Handbuch, 
1896,  pp.  100-107.)  Applying  this  conclusion  to  the  results  of 
the  crossing  experiments  :  the  oldest  species  {spini)  was  able  to 
cling  to  its  characters  more  strongly  than  the  younger  pavonia, 
and  this  latter  again  more  strongly  than  the  still  younger  pyri. 
A  long  genetic  past  thus  strengthens  specific  characters. 

ENTOM.    DECEMBER,   1900:  2  G 


342  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

A  very  striking  example  of  this  law  is  exhibited  by  the  hybrid 
of  DeilepMla  euphorhicB  ^  xD.  vespertilio  ?  .  Ail  the  individuals  of 
this  crossing  which  I  have  yet  seen — about  fifty  specimens — are 
so  near  to  D.  euphorhm  that  one  would  suppose  that  they  were 
an  ill-characterized  variation  of  the  latter  species,  if  its  hybrid 
extraction  were  not  known.  The  type  of  D.  euphorUcB  is  distri- 
buted over  nearly  the  whole  world  in  numerous  species,  and  is 
therefore  almost  certainly  the  relatively  older ;  whereas  D.  ves- 
pertilio  is  a  solitary  type  of  eccentric  character,  occurring  over  a 
very  limited  area,  and  therefore  most  probably  newly  formed. 
The  reciprocal  hybrids  of  Smerinthus  ocellata  x  S.  populi  (both 
forms  are  known)  illustrate  the  law  in  question  very  thoroughly. 
We  have  good  grounds  for  believing  that  the  type  of  S.  ijopuli  is 
older  than  S.  ocellata.  The  highly  differentiated  eye-markings 
on  the  hind  wing  indicate  this  fact  very  strongly. 

The  cross  between  S.  ocellata  <?  x  poimli  ?  is  in  colour  and 
markings  nearer  to  S.  populi  than  ocellata,  and  the  reciprocal 
cross  S.  populi  ^  and  ocellata  ?  exhibited  among  the  specimens 
hitherto  seen  by  me,  even  a  specimen  which  could  not  be  dis- 
tinguished from  the  very  variable  populi. 

Besides  the  evident  predominance  of  the  phylogenetically 
more  ancient  pojmli  type  on  the  part  of  the  hybrids,  this 
crossing  showed  another  or  second  law  very  thoroughly,  namely, 
that  the  male  sex  has  a  far  greater  influence  on  the  resulting 
hybrids  than  the  female. 

In  the  reciprocal  crosses  between  Saturnia pavonia,  L.,  x  spini, 
Schiff.,  of  which  S.  spini,  Schiff.,  is  the  more  ancient  tj^pe,  the 
case  was  the  same  ;  the  male  element  had  more  influence  on  the 
resulting  form  of  the  hybrid  than  the  female  (see  Handbuch,  1896, 
pp.  66-76).  The  same  fact  has  been  noted  by  C.  Oberthiir  in 
the  third  and  last  reciprocal  hybrid  as  yet  known  (bred  by  0. 
Hiini-Inauen,  Ziirich) ;  Biston  hirtarius,  C\.  X  p)omonarius,  Hb., 
hyhi\  pilzii,  Stdf.,  from  a  pairing  of  hirtarius,  CI.,  3"  x  pomonarius, 
Hb.  2  (see  Handbuch,  1896,  pi.  iii.  figs.  1  and  2 ;  and  Oberth. 
Bullet,  de  la  Soc.  Entom.  de  France,  1897,  No.  15,  pp.  256-259, 
and  pi.  1)  ;  hybr.  hilnii,  Oberth.,  from  pomonarius  <?  x  hirtarius, 
?  (see  Bullet,  de  la  Soc.  Entom.  de  France,  1897,  No.  15,  pi.  2). 

Of  the  reciprocal  crossing  of  two  local  races  of  the  same 
species,  of  which  the  author  bred  many  examples,  viz. : — 

1.  Gallimorpha  dominulaS^  X  clominula  var.  persona,  Hb.,  ?  . 

2.  C,  clominula  var.  persona,  Hb  ,  $  X  clominula,  L.,  ?  . 

3.  Spilosoma  me^idica,  CI.,  <?  X  mendica  var.  rustica,  Hb.,  2  . 

4.  S.  mendica  var.  rustica,  Hb.,  3  x  mendica,  01.,  ?  — 

the  reciprocal  mixtures  of  C.  dominula,  L.,  and  its  var.  persona, 
Hb.,  fell  under  this  law,  but  the  reciprocal  mixtures  of  the  small 
ermine  {S.  mendica  and  its  var.  rustica,  Hb.)  showed  that  the 
h  ereditary  qualities  of  the  female  individual  were  apparently  in 


EXPERIMENTS    IN    HYBEIDIZATION    AND    TEMPERATURE.  343 

some  respects  stronger  than  the  male  of  the  same  form  (see 
Handb.  1896,  pp.  220-226,  and  PI.  IV.  figs.  5-17,  and  PI.  V.). 

The  followmg  is  shortly  the  result  of  the  experiments  made 
by  the  author  up  to  the  end  of  1894  : — 

I.  The  biological  character  of  the  primary  hybrids,  as  was 
very  clearly  proved  in  the  habits  of  the  Saturnia  hybrids  (see 
Handb.  1896,  p.  83),  is  principally  influenced  by  the  special  pecu- 
liarities of  the  phylogenetically  older  species. 

II.  The  morphological  character  of  these  hybrids  is  deter- 
mined by  two  factors. 

The  first  and  most  important  is  the  inclination  of  the  offspring 
to  follow  the  phylogenetic  oldest  form.  As  subordinate  to  this 
first  law,  the  predominant  influence  of  the  male  parent.  (This, 
however,  appears  not  always  to  be  the  rule.) 

III.  The  physiological  character  in  a  sexual  direction  was 
shown  by  anatomical  research  to  be  as  follows  : — 

The  females  of  five  of  the  hybrids  obtained  (a  further  sixth 
form  yielded  only  males)  possessed  either  none  at  all,  or  else 
very  few  degenerate  egg-germs  or  eggs,  and  the  latter  have  as 
yet  never  shown  themselves  capable  of  development. 

All  these  hybrids  were  therefore,  without  doubt,  incapable  of 
reproduction. 

Only  the  females  of  the  seventh  cross  {Zygana  trifolii,  Esp., 
^  xfilipendul(B,  L.,  ?  )  constantly  had  in  their  ovaries  a  large 
number  of  apparently  normally  formed  eggs,  the  powers  of  whose 
development  have  unhappily  not  yet  been  ascertained.  The  male 
hybrids,  however,  were  no  doubt  all  capable  of  reproduction  ; 
this  was  indicated  by  an  anatomical  dissection  of  the  repro- 
ductive organs  of  a  number  of  them. 

The  experimental  test  of  the  reproductive  capabilities  of  male 
hybrids,  when  crossed  back  with  females  of  both  parent  forms, 
showed  that  the  fertility  of  these  primary  hybrids  was  greater 
when  paired  with  the  phylogenetic  older  form  than  with  the 
phylogenetic  younger ;  so  that  the  physiological  characters  of 
the  primary  hybrid  were  nearer  to  the  phylogenetic  older  form 
than  the  younger. 

Further  trials  were  made  in  the  years  1895-7  in  the  direction 
of  more  thoroughly  testing  the  characters  of  the  various  hybrid 
forms. 

As  previously,  our  three  Central  European  Saturniids— sj?mi, 
pavonia,  and  pyri,  and  their  hybrids — were  used. 

The  result  is  systematically  shown  on  the  accompanying 
plan.     (See  p.  344.) 

As  will  be  seen,  not  only  the  hybrid  males  of  the  crossing  of 
S.  pavonia  $  x  ^pini  ?  No.  8  (cfr.  Handb.  1896,  PL  II.  figs.  3,  4, 
5),  but  also  of  the  crossing  of  B.  pavonia  $  x  pyri  ?  No.  9  (cfr. 
Handb.  1896,  PI.  I.  figs.  1-4)  could  be  crossed  back  with  the 
parent   species,    and  imagines   from   all   these    four   crossings 

2g2 


344 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


*o 

^ 

^ 

*^ 

^M... 

Oi 

'O 

01 

r-*       O 

'3 

"a 

t. 

'S. 

CS 

c^ 

V^l 

e« 

Oi 

Note. — In  order  to  avoid  a  constant  repetition  of  this  complicated 
designation  of  the  various  hybrids,  here,  as  before,  they  are  numbered  in 
order,  and  these  numbers  will  be  chiefly  used  in  the  text  for  their  designa- 
tion. 

obtained.     No.  10^  (PI.  III.  figs.  1,  2,  3,  and  Handb.  1896,  PI.  II. 
figs.  6  and  7) ;  No.  11   (Handb.  1896,  PI.  IV.  figs.  1,  2,  3) ; 

^  The  specimens  figured  (PL  III.  figs.  1,  2,  3)  are  from  the  same  brood. 
They  come  from  a  large  male  of  crossing  No.  9  and  a  8.  pavonia  J  from 
Zurich.  Only  the  gynandromorphic  individual  (fig.  3)  developed  to  a  large 
powerful  insect ;  the  male  specimens  (figs.  1  and  2)  show^  the  average  size. 
Male  specimens  of  this  hybrid  ranged  in  size  between  66  and  73  mm. ; 
gynandromorphic  and  female,  from  75-87  mm. 


EXPERIMENTS    IN    HYBRIDIZATION    AND    TEMPERATURE.  345 

No.  122  (PI.  III.  figs.  4  and  5)  ;  No.  IS^  (PI.  VI.  VII.  VIII ; 
also  Exper.  zool.  Studien,  1898,  PI.  V.  fig.  6). 

But  moreover  all  three  Saturnia  species  were  combined  for 
making  up  a  hybrid— the  male  hybrid  from  the  crossirig  of 
S.  pavonia  <?  X  s])ini  ?  —that,  is.  No.  8  being  crossed  with  a 
female  of  the  third  species.  No.  14^  (PL  IV.  figs.  1  and  2  ;  also 
Exper.  zool.  Studien,  1898,  PI.  V.  figs.  7,  8,  9). 

Even  still  more  complicated  hybrids  were  bred  to  the  imago 
stage.  No.  18^  (PI.  IV.  fig.  3),  and  No.  19^  (PI.  IV.  fig.  4)  ; 
whereas  from  the  hybrid  crossings  Nos.  15,  16,  17  only  larvaB 
were  obtained,  which,  though  in  part  nearly  full-grown,  died  of 
an  infectious  disease. 

When  large  Dalmatian  S.  pavonia  females  (received  from  Zara  through 
Spada)  were  used  for  this  experiment  instead  of  the  much  smaller  Ziirich 
form,  the  resulting  hybrids  measured— the  males  from  83  to  95  mm.,  gynan- 
dromorphic  and  females  from  84  to  97  mm. 

2  The  hybrid  figured  (PL  III.  figs.  4  and  5)  resembles  S.  spini  in  struc- 
ture and  coloration.  The  male  differs  from  8.  spini,  however,  in  the  smgle 
coloured  dark  grey-brown  hairs  of  the  upper  side  of  the  abdomen,  while  the 
female  possesses  the  broken  transverse  band  at  the  base  of  the  fore  wings, 
which  is  a  peculiarity  of  S.  pavonia. 

3  The  secondary  hybrids  (PL  III.  figs.  6,  7,  8)  are  also  of  one  brood,  from 
a  strong  hybrid  male  of  No.  8  and  a  large  Dalmatian  8.  pavonia  $  .  Of  this 
form  (which  I  have  named  after  the  esteemed  editor  of  our  paper,  Herrn 
Director,  C.  Schaufuss,  8.  hybr.  schaufussi),  two  males  (figs.  6  and  7)  and  a 
gynandromorphic  specimen  (No.  8)  are  figured.  i  •  i,  t 

*  Of  this  highly  interesting  secondary  hybrid  of  three  species,  which  I 
have  named  S.  hybr.  schlumbergeri,  in  honour  of  Herrn  Staatsrath  Dr.  J. 
von  Schlumberger,  of  Gebweiler,  a  pair  is  figured  (PL  IV.  figs.  1  and  2).  The 
female  gives  one  the  impression  of  a  very  large  gigantic  8.  spini.  The  male 
also  inchnes  mostly  to  a  large  male  of  this  type,  without,  however,  entirely 
discarding  its  connection  with  8.  pavonia  and  p2jri.  Two  male  pupae  of  this 
rarity  have  already  gone  over  three  winters  without  developing,  and  wiU 
probably  go  through  a  fourth  without  emerging. 

5  I  succeeded  in  rearing  two  males  of  the  same  brood  of  this  crossmg, 
the  only  pairing  between  true  hybrid  forms  that  I  have  yet  obtained.  One 
of  these  is  shown  (PL  IV.  fig.  3),  and  gives  a  very  curious  impression.  At 
first  sight  it  appears  to  be  an  old  well-known  form,  and  the  next  moment  an 
entire  stranger.  The  creature  seems  familiar  when  we  simply  regard  the 
coloration,  which  first  forces  itself  upon  one's  attention,  as  it  agrees  so  entirely 
with  a  lightly  coloured  8.  pavonia  female  that  it  could  easily  be  mistaken  for 
such.  But  the  creature  gives  us  quite  a  different  idea  when  we  notice  that  it 
is  without  doubt  a  well-developed  male.  In  fact,  this  creature  agrees  entirely 
in  structure  with  that  of  a  8.  pavonia  male,  but  possesses  the  exact  coloration 
of  8.  pavonia  female. 

By  this  crossing  experiment  the  bright  phylogenetically  younger  male 
coloration  is  thrown  back  to  the  phylogenetic  older  less  brightly  coloured 
female  type.  The  second  male  is  similar  to  this  male  in  structure  and  size, 
but  on  the  upper  side,  on  the  outer  border  of  the  hind  wings,  and  in  the  centre 
of  the  fore  wings,  beneath  the  eye-spot  towards  the  hind  border,  it  possesses 
numerous  rosy  scales,  and  resembles  the  rare  somewhat  red  type  of  8.  pavonia 
female. 

6  Of  this  also  very  compUcated  hybrid,  three  males  of  the  same  brood 
were  successfully  reared.  The  largest  is  figured  (PL  IV.  fig.  4) ;  the  others 
measure  respectively  71  mm.  and  73  mm.     The  mother  and  grandmother  of 


346  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

The  chief  points  noted  by  observing  the  development  of  these 
numerous  hybrids  were  as  follows  : — 

1.  The  secondary  hybrids  were  not  only  produced  by  pairing 
primary  male  hybrids  with  females  of  the  parent  species,  but 
also  with  the  females  of  a  third  species. 

2.  A  larger  percentage  of  the  broods  of  crossings  of  these 
primary  hybrids  with  females  of  the  phylogenetic  oldest  of  its 
parents  developed,  than  with  the  females  of  the  younger. 

The  results  concerning  crossing  with  the  third  species  are 
too  incomplete  to  form  any  opinions  as  to  fertility. 

3.  The  resulting  brood  shows  in  general  the  same  charac- 
ters as  in  the  primary  hybrids,  in  biological  and  physiognomical 
respects,  but  with  a  larger  individual  variability.'^  A  tendency 
was  shown  to  follow  the  line  of  development  of  the  phylogenetic 
older  form  of  the  two,  and  in  the  three  species  the  phylogenetic 
oldest  form. 

4.  In  a  lesser  degree  there  is  to  be  found  in  some  male 
individuals  a  capability  and  inclination  to  individual  develop- 
ment in  new  directions  within  a  narrow  limit. 

5.  Besides  males  capable  of  limited  and  individually  varying 
degree  of  reproduction,  and  females  mostly  sterile,  or  only 
fertile  to  a  slight  degree  in  the  hybrid  No.  13,  there  appeared 
among  certain  secondary  hybrids  a  relatively  large  number  of 
gynandromorphous  specimens,  in  various  crosses  and  in  varying 
proportions  (PI.  III.  figs.  3  and  8). 

6.  The  physiological  affinity  of  the  secondary  hybrid  males 
and  also  of  the  somewhat  fertile  females  to  the  related  types 
could  not  yet  be  ascertained,  so  that  nothing  definite  can  be 
said  about  it.     An  increase  of  fertility,  compared  with  the  male 

these  hybrids  were  both  very  large  females  of  the  Dalmatian  type  of  S. 
pavonia.  The  great  size  of  these  insects  is  certainly  due  to  the  greatest 
extent  to  this  origin,  as  only  one-eighth  of  the  S.  pyri  blood  of  the  great- 
grandmother  remains.  In  general  all  these  creatures  have  the  appearance 
of  large  light  coloured  S.  pavonia  males  of  the  Dalmatian  form. 

'  In  order  to  show  these  individual  differences,  we  represent  on  PI.  III., 
figs.  1,  2,  and  3,  three  insects  of  the  same  brood.  Figs.  1  and  2,  males ;  and 
fig.  3  a  gynandromorphic  specimen  from  crossing  No.  10.  They  are  bred 
from  a  large  male  of  crossing  No.  9  and  a  female  S.  pavonia  from  Ziirich. 
The  two  males  show  great  differences  in  wing  structm-e  and  coloration. 

When  the  much  larger  Dalmatian  S.  pavonia  was  used  for  crossing 
instead  of  the  Zurich  form,  the  resulting  individuals  of  this  brood,  No.  10, 
showed  still  greater  differences  in  wing  measurement  and  coloration  (see 
footnote  1),  but  they  are  such  large  specimens  that  it  was  impossible  to 
figure  them  on  account  of  room. 

Further,  PI.  III.  figs.  6,  7,  and  8  are  also  three  brood  companions,  two 
males  and  a  gynandromorphic  specimen,  from  crossing  No.  13. 

Here  also  the  two  males,  figs.  6  and  7,  show  great  differences  of  size, 
also  important  differences  in  coloration.  The  original  of  fig.  6  has  dull 
orange  hind  wings,  whereas  No.  7  has  a  pale  rose  colour  tone,  so  that  the 
colour  differences  of  these  two  brothers  are  very  great.  For  the  gynandro- 
morphic specimens,  figs.  3  and  8,  see  footnotes  8  and  9. 


EXPERIMENTS    IN    HYBRIDIZATION   AND    TEMPERATURE.  347 

parent,  could  not  be  ascertained  in  any  of  the  numerous  cases 
investigated,  but,  on  the  contrary,  generally  a  decrease. 

7.  The  broods  of  secondary  hybrids,  whether  from  an  in- 
pairing  of  these  forms  (No.  18,  PL  IV.  fig.  3  and  footnote  5)  or 
from  crossing  with  a  true  Saturnia  female  (No.  19,  PL  IV.  fig. 
5  and  footnote  6),  produced  up  to  the  present  only  males,  which 
were  certainly  capable  of  reproduction. 

As  already  stated,  among  certain  secondary  hybrids  are  to 
be  found  relatively  numerous  gynandromorphic  specimens.  We 
say  gynandromorphic  and  not  hermaphrodite  specimens,  because 
the  anatomy  of  a  number  of  these  forms  shows  (it  is  true  only 
such  have  been  investigated  as  tended  more  to  the  female  type) 
the  male-female  characters  only  in  secondary  sexual  characters, 
i.  e.  the  antennas,  wing  form,  and  coloration,  and  the  outer 
organs  of  the  genital  apparatus,  but  not  in  the  primary  sexual 
characters,  that  is,  the  egg  germs.  The  latter  showed  only  a 
slight  degeneration  and  malformation.  In  other  respects  they 
were  entirely  of  one  sex. 

There  is  no  question  here  of  true  hermaphrodites,  as  only 
those  individuals  are  regarded  as  such  which  having  partially 
male  and  partially  female  characters  ;  this  peculiarity  is  also  to 
be  found  in  the  sexual  organs. 

In  order  to  go  thoroughly  into  this  extraordinary  fact,  the 
results  of  our  experiments  were  as  follows  : — 

1.  The  male  hybrid  of  S.  pavonia  S'  XJW^  ?  crossed  with 
S.  pyri  3-  No.  11  resulted  in  no  brood  in  more  than  60  per  cent, 
of  the  pairings,  and  in  the  best  case  only  1  per  cent,  of  living 
larvae,  of  which  many  died. 

Of  the  eight  imagines  bred,  five  were  gynandromorphic, 
probably  resulting  from  four  different  broods. 

2.  The  same  male  crossed  with  S.  pavonia  2  No.  10  resulted 
in  no  brood  in  33  per  cent,  of  the  copulations;  the  fertile  ones 
producing  between  4  to  62  per  cent. 

The  resulting  larvae  were  not  very  healthy. 

Of  fifty-four  imagines  bred  up  to  now,  twelve  are  gynandro- 
morphic (PL  III.  fig.  3).®  Nine  broods  produced  one  gynandro- 
morphic specimen  each,  and  the  10th  brood  three. 

3.  The  males  of  the  hybrid  S.  pavonia  <?  x  spini  ?  crossed 
mth  pavonia  ?  yielded  without  exception  broods  No.  13,  amounting, 
in  cases   where   an  account  was  kept,  to  16  to  84  per  cent. 

s  The  gynandromorphic  characters  of  the  individuals  of  this  hybrid 
form  (PI.  III.  fig.  3)  can  be  easily  seen  from  the  figure.  On  the  upper  side, 
the  right  fore  wing,  the  left  fore  and  hind  wings,  and  the  abdomen  are 
entirely  of  the  female  coloration,  the  right  hind  wing  male.  The  antennae  are 
both  nearly  male,  but  with  somewhat  shorter  feathering  than  usual.  The  male 
genital  claspers  are  present  in  a  rudimentary  form  at  the  end  of  the  abdomen. 

The  under  side  of  the  wings  and  body  show  male  and  female  characters 
mixed  up  with  one  another,  except  the  right  hind  wing,  which  here  again  is 
entirely  male. 


348  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Out  of  the  two  hundred  and  seven  resulting  imagines,  there 
were  only  ten  gynandromorphic  specimens,  all  of  which  were 
not  so  characteristically  developed  in  their  gynandromorphic 
condition  as  the  majority  of  the  gynandromorphic  specimens 
already  mentioned  (PI.  III.  fig.  8).^  To  how  many  hroods  these 
ten  specimens  belong,  and  how  they  are  distributed  among  the 
broods,  I  cannot  exactly  say.  The  whole  of  the  two  hundred  and 
seven  specimens  were  reared  from  nine  pairs. 

4.  With  the  male  of  the  same  hybrid,  that  is — between  S. 
pavonia  ^  and  sjnni  $  — only  two  back  crosses  with  S.  spini  ?  have 
succeeded.  From  these  developed  94  and  98  per  cent,  larvae, 
but,  on  account  of  bad  weather,  all  died  except  four. 

The  four  imagines — two  males  and  two  females — were  sexually 
normal,  without  a  sign  of  gynandromorphism  (PI.  III.  figs.  4,  5, 
and  footnote  ^). 

5.  The  crossing  of  this  same  hybrid  male  with  S.  pyri  ?  No.  14, 
was  in  three  cases  infertile,  most  probably  on  purely  mechanical 
grounds,  on  account  of  the  great  difference  in  size  of  the  insects. 
Two  other  copulations  resulted  in  8  and  94  per  cent,  offspring 
(PL  IV.  figs.  1,  2,  and  footnote  ^).  Unfortunately,  on  account 
of  bad  weather,  most  of  these  died  of  infectious  disease.  Of  the 
well-developed  nine  imagines,  none  were  gynandromorphic. 

It  must  be  emphasized  that  the  gynandromorphic  specimens 
obtained  were  principally  female  in  character. 

(To  be  continued.) 


NOTES    AND     OBSERVATIONS. 

COLIAS    EDUSA,    C.    HYALE,    AND    AcHERONTIA    ATKOPOS    IN    1900. The 

unusual  occurrence  in  this  country  of  several  species  of  Lepidoptera 
during  the  year  has  furnished  material  for  numerous  communications 
to  the  '  Entomologist,'  but  I  notice  that  as  regards  the  visitation  of 
C.  edusa,  C.  hyale,  and  A.  atropos,  the  bulk  of  these  records  are  from 
correspondents  who  reside  or  have  collected  in  the  southern  half  of 
England.  Eeports  on  these  species  from  northern  sources  have  been 
few  in  number,  and,  as  I  think,  very  inadequately  represent  their 
actual  distribution  this  year  throughout  the  country.  In  a  general 
way  our  northern  confreres  seem  to  be  less  desirous  of  exchanging 
ideas  and  experiences  through  the  pages  of  entomological  magazines 
than  their  fellow-students  in  the  south,  but  it  certainly  is  a  matter  of 
surprise   to  me   that   our    north-country    brethren    have   apparently 

s  The  gynandromorphic  specimen  of  this  hybrid  shown  (PL  III.  fig.  8) 
is  on  the  upper  side  of  wings  and  body  predoixiinatiugly  female,  only  on  the 
right  hind  wing  outside  the  eye  spot  is  a  bright  orange-coloured  patch,  which 
changes  in  colour ;  and  one  can  also  be  seen  on  the  figure.  The  antennse  are 
almost  entirely  male,  and  the  male  genital  claspers  are  well  developed. 
Beneath,  male  and  female  characters  are  indefinitely  mixed,  only  the  right 
hind  wing  is  entirely  female  (see  footnote  ''). 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  341 

regarded  the  occurrence  of  the  species  mentioned  as  unworthy  of 
special  mention.  That  these  species  have  only  been  observed  in  the 
few  northern  localities  from  which  reports  have  been  received  is 
possible,  but,  I  think,  improbable.  Perhaps  someone  in  each  of  the 
northern  entomological  centres  will  be  good  enough  to  communicate 
whatever  information  he  may  be  in  a  position  to  give  touching  the 
question  now  raised. —  Richard  South;  96,  Drakefield  Road,  Upper 
Tooting,  S.W. 

Eretmoptera,  a  new  Dipterous  Genus. — V.  L.  Kellogg  describes 
(1900,  Biol.  Bullet,  i.  81-7)  a  new  dipterous  genus,  Eretmoptera,  from 
tidal  pools  in  California,  which  is  allied  to  the  Nematocera,  but 
apparently  forms  a  new  family.  In  both  sexes  the  wings  are  strongly 
narrowed,  while  the  halteres  have  somewhat  the  appearance  of  simple 
rudimentary  wings.  The  antennae  have  six  segments  in  the  male,  four 
in  the  female. — G.  W.  Kirkaldy. 

The  Insect  Fauna  of  Hampshire.  —  Vol.  i.  of  the  '  History  of 
Hampshire,'  one  of  a  sumptuous  series  entitled  "The  Victoria  History 
of  the  Counties  of  England,"  was  published  last  October.  It  contains 
lists,  and  in  some  cases  much  useful  information  respecting  localities, 
&c.,  of  the  species  of  all  orders  of  the  Insecta  known  to  occur  in  the 
County  of  Hampshire.  The  editor  of  this  division  of  the  work  is 
Mr.  Herbert  Goss,  who  is  responsible  for  the  Macro  section  of  the 
Lepidoptera.  The  list  of  Deltoides,  Pyralides,  and  Crambites  has 
been  contributed  by  Mr.  W.  H.  B.  Fletcher ;  that  of  the  Tortrices, 
Tineae,  and  Pterophori  by  Mr.  Percy  M.  Bright,  with  annotations  by 
Messrs.  E.  R.  Bankes  and  W.  H.  B.  Fletcher.  Capt.  Savile  Reid  and 
Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett  have  also  assisted.  The  Lepidoptera  take  up 
twenty-four  of  the  fifty-four  pages  devoted  to  these  lists  of  insects. 
Other  well-known  authorities  and  specialists  have  furnished  lists  as 
follows  : — Orthoptera,  Mr.  Malcolm  Burr ;  Neuroptera  and  Tricho- 
PTERA,  Messrs.  R.  McLachlan,  J.  J.  F.  X.  King,  and  Kenneth  Morton; 
Hybienoptera  Aculeata,  Mr.  E.  Saunders;  Hymenoptera  Phytophaga, 
Miss  Ethel  F.  Chawner ;  Coleoptera,  Rev.  Canon  Fowler  and  Mr. 
J.  J.  Walker ;  Diptera,  Mr.  F.  C.  Adams  ;  Hemiptera-Heteroptera, 
Mr.  E.  Saunders;  Hemiptera-Homoptera,  Mr.  J.  Edwards. 

Local  Scarcity  of  T^niocampa  incerta,  Hafn. — With  reference  to 
Mr.  F.  M.  B.  Carr's  enquiry  {ante,  p.  204),  called  forth  by  his  ex- 
perience during  two  seasons  in  the  New  Forest,  as  to  whether 
Tceniocampa  incerta  [instabilis]  is  at  all  local,  I  cannot  say  whether 
it  is  entirely  absent  from  any  parts  of  the  country,  but  in  some, 
at  any  rate,  it  is  remarkably  scarce.  For  many  years  I  regularly 
worked  the  sallow-bloom  in  this  district,  which  is  no  great  distance 
from  the  New  Forest,  and  shows  a  peculiarly  close  resemblance  to  it 
in  its  insect  fauna,  but  have  only  taken  eight  specimens  of  T.  incerta, 
all  told!  In  1892  I  captured  four  examples  of  it,  but  in  no  other 
season  have  I  taken  more  than  a  solitary  individual,  and  it  was  some 
years  before  I  ever  met  with  it  at  all.  T.  incerta  is  hardly  likely  to  be 
altogether  absent  from  the  New  Forest,  but  perhaps  it  is  equally  scarce 
there :  I  have  no  list  of  New  Forest  Lepidoptera  at  hand  to  consult 
on  this  point. — Eustace  R.  Bankes  ;  Norden,  Corfe  Castle,  Dorset, 
November  4th,  1900. 


350  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Moults  in  the  Odonata. — A  perusal  of  the  interesting  notes  by  the 
Rev.  Arthur  East,  on  the  nymph  of  Mschna  cyanea,  in  the  '  Entomo- 
logist '  for  October,  prompts  me  to  make  a  suggestion  a  propos  of  his 
conjecture  that  "  the  smallest  nymph  skin  measuring  S^  mm.  must  be 
the  first  or  second  skin  cast."  A  very  few  minutes  after  leaving  the 
egg,  some  young  nymphs  moult.  This  I  have  observed  in  Libellula 
quadrbnacuJata  (at  Jena,  Germany,  in  June,  1896),  and  in  our  American 
L.  pulchello  and  Sympetrion  vicinum.  It  is  also  mentioned  for  Epitheca 
himacnlata  by  Heymons  (1896).  It  is  likely  that  such  a  moult  will  be 
found  to  occur  in  jEschna.  Previous  to  this  first  moult,  the  legs  of  the 
young  nymph  are  adherent  to  each  other  and  are  not  movable,  so  that 
Heymons  says  that  we  cannot  yet  speak  of  a  larva,  but  of  a  hatched 
•  embryo.  The  first  moult  frees  the  legs,  which  are  at  once  put  into  use 
by  their  possessor.  —  PmLip  P.  Calvert  ;  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  U.S.A., 
Nov.  5th,  1900. 

Argynnis  aglaia  var.  chaelotta,  Hem.  —  Eeferring  to  the  aberration 
of  Argynnis  adippe  described  and  figured  (mite,  p.  281),  it  is  not  a  little 
singular  that  the  elongated  silver  blotches  on  the  under  side  of  the 
hind  wings  are  precisely  identical  in  form  with  those  in  the  var. 
charlotta  of  aglaia,  which  Lang  says  used  to  be  described  by  old 
English  authors  as  a  distinct  species,  and  was  supposed  to  occur 
nowhere  else  but  in  Britain,  In  1884  I  captured  at  Niederdorf,  in  the 
Dolomites,  a  fine  male  example  of  this  variety ;  and  Dr.  Staudinger 
showed  me  two  in  his  collection,  taken  in  Germany. — R,  S.  Standen  ; 
Thorpe  Hall,  Colchester,  Nov.  4th,  1900. 

[In  Mr.  Leech's  collection  there  are  three  modifications  of  the 
charlotta  form  of  A.  aglaia.  These  are  labelled  from  the  Engadine, 
and  two  of  these  are  of  the  male  sex.  All  three  have  the  basal  silvery 
spots  on  under  surface  of  the  hind  wings  confluent ;  but  the  female  is 
fairly  typical  on  the  upper  surface,  and  thus  agrees  with  var.  charlotta. 
The  male  examples,  however,  apart  from  the  confluence  of  the  basal 
spots  referred  to,  exhibit  different  aberrational  characters  on  both 
surfaces.  There  is  a  figure  of  an  aberration  of  A.  aglaia  closely  ap- 
proaching var.  charlotta  in  the  'Entomologist '  for  1894,  p.  182. — En,] 

Universal  List  of  Entomologists. — Entomologists  of  all  countries 
are  invited  to  send  in  their  names,  profession  or  business,  order  or 
orders  studied,  and  full  address,  to  Ag.  W.  Norbeda,  Entomologist, 
Mehiik,  Bohemia,  who  will  be  glad  to  insert  such  particulars,  free  of 
cost,  in  his  forthcoming  'Catalogue  of  the  Entomologists  of  the  World.' 

Epinephele  tithonus  in  Large  Numbers. — On  July  30th  last, 
while  wandering  among  the  sandhills  near  Christchurch  in  Hants,  I 
found  E.  tithonus  swarming  on  the  bramble-bushes.  The  wind  was 
rather  high,  and  they  were  generally  on  the  protected  side  of  the 
bushes.  On  one  fairly  large  clump  I  could  probably  have  counted, 
would  they  have  remained  still  enough,  a  hundred  specimens.  This 
butterfly  seemed  to  be  specially  plentiful  in  the  New  Forest  and 
neighbourhood  at  the  end  of  July  and  beginning  of  August. — W.  J. 
Lucas  ;  Sept.  12th,  1900. 


851 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS. 

Epinephele  (Hipparchia)  hypehanthks  in  Fifeshire.  —  As  the 
ringlet  is  not  a  common  butterfly  in  Scotland,  it  is  perhaps  worthy  of  notice 
that  in  the  first  week  of  July  last  a  number  of  specimens  were  on  the 
wing  between  hawthorn  hedges  near  Cupar.  They  were  of  the  variety 
which  has  only  two  spots  on  the  under  sides  of  the  anterior  wings. — Henry 
H.  Brown  ;  Cupar,  Fife. 

Lyc^ena  argiolus  and  Macroglossa  stellatarum. — L.  argiolus  has 
been  very  common  this  year,  and  I  have  seen  it  at  Keston,  Purley,  Hove, 
and  in  considerable  abundance  round  the  ivy-clad  walls  of  Peveusey  Castle. 
I  have  only  seen  one  example  of  M.  stellatarum,  and  that  at  Hove. — Lewis 
L.  Turner  ;  131,  Melbourne  Grove,  East  Dulwich. 

Early  and  Late  Dates  for  Euchloe  cardamines  and  other 
Butterflies. — I  think  the  occurrence  of  this  butterfly  in  July  is  not  at 
all  an  unusual  one.  Dr.  Buchanan  White  used  to  take  it  in  Kircudbright- 
shire  in  June  and  July  (see  Newman's  '  British  Butterflies,'  p.  158).  I 
have  also  the  following  late  dates  for  it :  July  6th,  1833  ;  July  1st,  1875 ; 
July  16th,  1888.  One  was  even  taken  in  September,  being  a  male  in 
splendid  condition,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Plymouth,  by  Mr.  Dell  (see 
•  Weekly  Entomologist,'  vol.  i.  p.  108).  I  have  late  specimens  of  a  much 
richer  and  yellower  white  than  the  early  ones.  I  do  not  know  whether  this 
has  been  previously  noticed,  but  Newman  states  that  he  had  a  specimen  of 
a  beautiful  canary-vellow.  I  have  also  the  following  early  dates  for  it : — 
April  7th,  1835  ;  April  2ud,  1854;  April  15th,  1868;  April  6th,  1893. 

Pieris  rapes..  The  last  I  have  seen  this  year  was  on  Oct.  '27tb.  In 
1873  I  saw  it  still  later — on  Oct.  SQth.  It  is  the  first  butterfly  to  emerge 
in  the  new  year  ;  I  have  taken  it  myself  on  Feb.  17th,  and  it  has  even 
been  known  to  do  so  in  the  end  of  January.  P.  brassiccE  I  once  met  with 
on  Feb.  22nd,  1893.  On  the  other  hand,  I  have  no  earlier  record  for  napi 
than  April  6th,  1893,  although  in  1830  it  appeared  as  late  as  Oct.  Slst. 

Chrysophanus  phlceas.  In  my  experience  this  is  the  last  butterfly  to  be 
seen  on  the  wing,  if  we  exclude  the  hibernating  species.  The  last  dates  I 
have  for  it  are  Nov.  5th,  1803  ;  Nov.  8th,  1876.  The  earliest  dates  I  have 
for  it  are  April  2nd,  1833,  and  April  22nd,  1893. 

For  Pararge  egeria  my  dates  are  March  15th,  1830  ;  March  25th, 
1868;  Nov.  2ud,  1866. 

Vanessa  cardui  on  Dec.  3l8t,  1868,  and  Feb.  18th,  1869.  V.  atalanta 
on  Nov.  18th,  1824,  and  March  29th,  1819.  lo  on  Dec.  I3th,  1842; 
Jan.  30th,  1824  ;  Feb.  22nd,  1825.  Grapta  c-alhum  on  Nov.  6lh,  1820. 
— C.  W.  Dale  ;  Glanvilles  Wootton,  Nov.  3rd,  1900. 

Acherontia  atropos  in  Hampshire.  —  Two  pupae  of  A.  atropos  were 
sent  to  me  from  Hampshire  this  year,  one  in  August  and  the  other  in 
September.  The  gardener  who  sent  them  said  he  had  not  seen  any  for 
thirty  years.— Robert  Schaw  More  ;   Woodcote  End  House,  Epsom. 

Acherontia  atropos  in  October. — A  specimen  of  A.  atropos  was 
taken  by  Mr.  Bunce,  at  the  Round  Oak  Inn,  Padworth,  on  Oct.  9th,  at 
rest  inside  the  bar.  I  saw  the  moth  alive  the  same  evening,  at  the  above- 
mentioned  inn.  —  Henry  Garrett  ;  Padworth  House,  near  Reading, 
Berks,  Oct.  25th,  1900. 


352  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Macroglossa  stellatarom. — This  species  has  been  observed  here 
much  less  frequently  than  last  year. — W.  T.  Harris  ;  17,  Micheldever 
Road,  Lee. 

Although  not  quite  so  abundant  as  last  year,  this  species  has  been  very 
common  in  my  garden  all  the  summer,  and  I  have  this  year  noticed  the 
insect,  on  warm  evenings,  visiting  the  flowers  at  dusk,  a  circumstance  I 
never  observed  before. — (Rev.)  A.  Nash;  Standish  Vicarage,  Stonehouse, 
Gloucestershire. 

Chcerocampa  nerii  at  Teignmouth. — A  fine  specimen  of  Chcero- 
campa  nerii  was  taken  alive  on  Myrtle  Hill,  a  street  bordering  on  the 
G.W.R.  station,  Teignmouth,  on  October  23rd.  The  gentleman  who 
picked  it  up  brought  it  to  me,  and  made  me  a  present  of  it.  As  I  have  a 
small  collection  he  thought  I  should  value  it,  although  I  make  no  claim  to 
be  a  naturalist.  But,  on  showing  the  fly  to  Dr.  W.  C.  Lake,  a  retired 
practitioner,  I  was  told  that  I  was  the  lucky  owner  of  a  very  rare  catch. 
The  doctor  had  a  note,  in  his  copy  of  Kirby's  '  Butterflies  and  Moths  of 
Europe,'  to  the  eff'ect  that  a  similar  insect  was  caught  in  the  gardens  of 
Trafalgar  Cottage,  in  this  town,  about  fifty  years  ago.  Other  specimens 
have  been  taken  at  Brighton  and  Dover.  Mr.  A.  G.  Butler,  of  the  British 
Museum  (Natural  History),  says  that  the  Museum  has  one  taken  at 
St.  Leonards.  Since  this,  a  gentleman  of  Dawlish  tells  me  that  another 
was  found  at  Street,  near  Dartmouth.  Later  still,  a  writer  in  a  local 
paper  claims  to  have  seen  one  feeding  on  geraniums  in  his  garden,  also  in 
this  county.  My  specimen  measures  4f  inches  from  tip  to  tip  of  wing, 
and  the  body  is  2^  inches  in  length.  The  colours,  in  sunlight,  are  a 
velvety  olive-green,  graduating  into  greys,  and  the  pink  marking  is 
distinct.  The  condition  is  very  good  :  the  only  injury  is  a  short  tear  in 
the  left  hind  wing.  Many  ladies  and  gentlemen  of  this  and  neighbouring 
towns  have  called  to  inspect  the  moth  ;  and  would-be  purchasers  have 
written  from  various  parts  of  England  (a  notice  of  the  capture  having 
appeared  in  the  newspapers).  It  is  my  intention  to  off"er  it  to  the  Albert 
Museum,  Exeter,  in  a  short  time.  There  it  may  be  seen  by  ardent 
admirers  of  moths. — J.  J.  O.  Evans  ;  Teignmouth. 

Lyc^na  bellargus  in  Hertfordshire. — Mr.  Arthur  Cottam  [ante, 
p.  303)  records  Lyccena  bellargus  as  new  to  this  county.  I  took  the 
insect  last  year  on  Aldbury  downs  in  September.  The  butterfly  also 
occurs  about  two  miles  from  Tring,  just  beyond  the  Hertfordshire  border, 
though  it  is  always  rare. — N.  Charles  Rothschild  ;  Tring  Park,  Tring, 
Herts,  November  2,  1900. 

CoLiAS  EDusA  IN  OcTOBER. — I  saw  a  few  specimens  of  C.  edusa  in 
good  condition  at  Kingsdown,  on  September  30th  and  October  Ist. 
Several  Pieris  rapcB  were  also  seen,  but  not  a  single  example  of  P.  brassica 
was  observed. — G.  W.  Kirkaldy. 

I  took,  freshly  emerged,  C.  edusa,  in  rides  of  the  New  Forest,  on 
October  17th  last. — C.  W.  Colthrup  ;  127,  Bary  Street,  E.  Dulvvich. 

I  took  a  specimen  of  C.  edusa  here  on  October  31st  last.  It  had  but 
recently  emerged,  and,  although  able  to  fly,  the  wings  were  still  slightly 
crumpled  and  soft, — Percy  E.  Freks  ;  7,  Limes  Road,  Folkestone. 

Colias  hyale  in  Essex. — Colias  hyale  has  appeared  here  (Waltham- 
stow)  for  the  first  time  in  my  experience,  the  first  specimen  being  taken  on 
August  26th,  in  a  small  field  of  lucerne  near  Larks  Wood  ;  and  I  have 


CAPTUEES    AND    FIELD    KBPOKTS.  353 

taken  occasional  specimens  since  in  the  same  place,  the  last  on  the  23rd 
inst.  At  Upraiuster,  Essex,  six  were  netted  on  the  9th  inst.,  and  two  on 
the  ]  1th.  They  were  curiously  local  here,  being  confined  to  a  railway  bank 
over  a  length  of  about  two  hundred  yards  ;  some  clover  and  patches  of 
lucerne,  apparently  wild  or  self-sown,  were  growing  on  this  bank,  which 
may  account  for  the  insect  being  confined  to  this  particular  spot  where  I 
found  them.  At  Stanford-le-Hope,  in  the  same  county,  seven  were 
secured  on  the  17th  inst.,  in  a  large  field  of  lucerne  close  to  the  railway 
station.  My  opportunities  for  collecting  during  the  last  fortnight  in 
August — which  is,  I  think,  the  best  period  for  C.  hyale — were  very 
limited;  otherwise  I  believe  a  large  number  could  have  been  taken.  The 
insect  has  evidently  occurred  in  some  plenty  and  over  a  wide  area  in 
Essex.  —  G.  Harold  Conquest;  58,  Hatherley  Road,  Walthamstow, 
September  96th,  1900. 

COLIAS    EDUSA  AND  C.  HYALE  IN  HERTFORDSHIRE.  —  Both  these    speciss 

were  fairly  common  here  in  August  and  September,  and  especially  so  in 
Bucks.  One  example  of  the  var.  helice  was  also  taken. — N.  Charles 
Rothschild  ;  Tring  Park,  Tring. 

Colias  hyale  in  Kent. — This  species  has  been  fairly  common  in 
most  of  the  lucerne  fields  at  Erith  and  the  surrounding  district.  I  also 
met  with  it  at  Folkestone,  where  I  heard  a  good  number  had  been 
captured,  and  at  Dover  also.  I  found  nothing  specially  striking,  but  a 
female  from  Folkestone  is  of  a  very  vivid  yellow,  and  the  spots  on  the  hind 
wings  are  large  and  highly  coloured.  The  "  whites  "  seem  to  have  a  great 
antipathy  to  this  species,  and  hardly  let  them  have  any  peace,  and  some- 
times render  their  capture  tedious  and  difficult,  often  preventing  it  altogether. 
G.  edusa  has  occurred  also,  but,  as  far  as  my  experience  goes,  much  more 
sparingly  than  its  congener. — E.  Sabine  ;  Erith,  October,  1900. 

Colias  edusa  and  C.  hyale  in  Mottinghamshire. —  On  August  18th 
I  took  a  large  number  of  C.  edusa  in  splendid  condition,  and  saw  others  fre- 
quently up  to  September  6th.  On  August  30th  I  obtained  two  G.  hyale, 
both  of  which  were  of  the  pale  form. — A.  Simmons  ;  Rutland  House,  West 
Bridgford,  Nottingham. 

Between  August  l"2th  and  24th  last,  six  specimens  of  G.  hyale  were 
taken  by  myself  and  two  friends.  I  also  took,  within  the  dates  mentioned, 
twenty-four  examples  of  G.  edusa,  and  my  two  friends  more  than  double  this 
number  between  them.  I  believe  that  G.  hyale  has  not  been  recorded  from 
the  county  for  thirty  years. — G.  Henderson  ;  Arnold  Road,  Old  Bash- 
ford,  Notts. 

Colias  edusa  and  C.  hyale  in  Somersetshire. — On  August  18th  my 
aunt  and  myself  captured  six  Golias  edusa,  one  var.  helice,  and  two  G.  hyale 
at  Huish  Champflower.  Wiveliscombe.  During  the  following  two  days  we 
secured  eighteen  G.  edusa. — W.  H.  Tapp  ;  The  Hill,  Bromley,  Kent. 

Colias  edusa  in  Surrey. — One  morning  in  August  my  sister  saw  a 
Golias  edusa  on  Epsom  Common.  She  caught  it,  and  I  find  it  is  a  female 
specimen. — Robert  Schaw  More  ;  Woodcote  End  House,  Epsom. 

Colias  edusa  and  Acherontia  atropos  in  Kendal  District. — 
Since  my  contributions  to  the  October  '  Entomologist '  on  the  above 
species,  further  records  have  come  to  hand.  During  the  latter  half  of 
September  and  the  first  part  of  October  the  weather  in  this  locality  was 


354  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

unceasiugly  wet  and  wild.  Notwithstanding  this,  fresh  ediisa  were  found 
day  after  day  settled  on  clover,  stubble,  and  cut  oats  (which  by  the  way 
has  been  entirely  ruined  owing  to  the  prolonged  wet).  Careful  searching 
has  revealed  two  empty  pupa-cases,  and  many  must  have  perished  in  the 
mouldering  corn.  The  last  specimens  taken  were  on  September  '2Sth  and 
30th ;  and  the  total  number  of  captures  so  far  ascertained  is  one  hundred. 
Both  males  and  females  were  very  fine,  and,  though  the  latter  were  some- 
what variable,  nothing  approaching  var.  helice  was  taken.  One  is  reported 
to  have  been  seen,  but  not  captured,  near  Witherslack.  Having  read  Mr. 
Frohawk's  excellent  articles  in  the  '  Entomologist,'  vols,  xxv.  and  xxvi., 
every  effort  was  made  with  the  last  pair  captured  to  continue  the  brood,  but 
without  success — the  sun  absolutely  refused  to  shine,  with  the  result  that 
they  would  not  copulate ;  and,  after  living  for  a  fortnight,  the  female  depo- 
sited three  infertile  eggs,  and  died.  With  regard  to  A.  atropos,  the  species 
seems  to  have  been  abundant  and  widely  distributed  in  the  district  this 
season,  especially  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  moss  lands.  Pupse  are  still 
being  dug  up  with  the  potatoes;  and  the  number  of  specimens  traced  has 
almost  reached  thirty. — (Rev.)  A.  M.  Moss  ;  Kendal,  October  24th,  1900. 

P.S. — Several  of  the  pupae  obtained  have  recently  died,  some  owing  to 
malformation,  others  having  sustained  injury  in  their  rough  handling  by 
potato-diggers.  Two,  however,  have  emerged,  both  males,  of  moderate 
size,  and  perfect  in  every  respect ;  the  first  on  October  30th,  nearly  two 
months  from  date  of  pupation,  only  slightly  forced  ;  the  second  on  Novem- 
ber 9th,  a  case  of  quick  development,  produced  in  a  fairly  constant  tempera- 
ture of  90°  F.,  and  plenty  of  moisture.— A.  M.  M.  ;  Nov.  9th,  1900. 

CoLiAS  EDUSA  IN  SCOTLAND. — I  saw  a  specimen  of  C.  edusa  flying  over 
a  turnip  field  at  Inverary,  Argyllshire,  on  or  about  September  10th  last.  I 
succeeded  in  boxing  it,  but  it  escaped  before  I  could  get  the  box  closed.  I 
saw  no  other  specimens. — John  A.  Nix  ;  20,  Hans  Place,  S.W.,  Novem- 
ber 2nd,  1900. 

Vanessa  cardui  in  Bucks. — I  took  two  specimens  of  this  insect  on 
August  19th.  Both  were  in  good  condition,  and  were  flying  along  the 
roadside  near  Beaconsfield. — W.  H.  Barton  ;  The  Poplars,  Spencer  Road, 
Grove  Park,  Chiswick,  W. 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Essex. — On  September  20th,  G.  Ruffel,  one  of 
the  boys  at  the  Countess  of  Warwick's  School  at  Bigods,  near  Dunmow, 
captured  a  butterfly  which  he  reported  at  the  time  to  be  a  Camberwell 
Beauty,  and  stated  that  he  had  seen  another  the  same  day,  but  failed  to 
catch  it.  I  have  been  waiting  to  verify  the  record  before  publication,  and 
have  just  received  the  specimen  taken,  which  is  V.  antiopa,  and  I  have  no 
doubt  that  the  captor  was  correct  in  his  recognition  of  the  other  specimen. 
— R.  Meldola  ;  November  8th,  1900. 

SiREX  juvENCUS  AT  Chichester. — A  fine  female  of  this  giant  sawfly 
was  taken  here  on  Sept.  28th,  in  the  office  of  Mr.  J.  Loder  Cooper,  the 
town-clerk,  by  whom  it  was  given  to  me.  A  few  days  later  another  was 
seen  by  my  brother,  on  the  pavement  of  one  of  the  streets.  S.  gigas  is  of 
frequent  occurrence  in  this  locality. — Joseph  Anderson  ;   Chichester. 

Neuropteron  {Linn.)  at  Sugar. — In  the  New  Forest,  at  the  beginning 
of  August  last,  several  lace-wing  flies  were  taken  at  sugar.  One  brought 
away  and  identified  was  Ghrysopa  fiavifrons. — W.  J.  Lucas  ;  Kingston-on- 
Thames. 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  355 

Late  Grasshopper. — A  single  female  of  Stenohothrus  hicolor  was  taken 
on  Esher  Common,  on  Nov.  4th.  This  is  much  later  than  I  have  ever 
noticed  the  species,  or  any  of  its  congeners,  before. — W.  J.  Lucas  ;  King- 
ston-on  Thames. 

CiRRHCEDiA  XERAMPELiNA. — I  took  forty-three  specimens  of  (?.  xeram- 
pelina  on  Aug.  23rd,  1900,  all  on  ash-trunks  and  twigs  around,  drying 
their  wings.  1  consider  the  scarcity  is  on  account  of  entomologists  in 
general  not  knowing  when  and  how  to  find  it.  — G.  Henderson;  Arnold 
Road,  Old  Basford,  Notts. 

Note  on  Gonoptera  libatrix. — With  reference  to  the  note  [a^ite, 
p.  305)  on  the  finding  of  pupae  of  G.  libatrix  on  black  poplar,  I  may  say 
that  here  the  larva  is  regularly  beaten  from  both  sallow  and  black  poplar. 
On  sallow  it  spins  the  "  oval  white  cocoon  "  mentioned  by  Newman,  but  on 
poplar  makes  no  cocoon,  simply  curling  over  the  end  of  a  leaf,  or  drawing 
two  leaves  together  and  fastening  them  with  a  few  silken  threads,  the  pupa 
itself  being  perfectly  visible  between  the  leaves. — Frank  Littlewood  ; 
Lynn  Garth,  Kendal,  Nov.  8th,  1900. 

Caradrtna  ambigua  at  Pagham.— When  at  Bognor,  in  September, 
I  took  a  doubtful-looking  Caradrina,  at  sugar,  at  Pagham,  and  have  now 
been  enabled  to  identify  it  as  C.  ambigua.  In  view  of  the  remarkable 
spread  of  this  moth  round  the  South  Coast,  it  may  be  of  interest  to  add 
this  capture  to  the  records. — R.  Meldola  ;  Nov.  8th. 

Gerris  lacustris  nymph  in  October. — On  Oct.  14th  last  I  was  rather 
surprised  on  picking  up  out  of  a  dyke  on  the  sandhills  at  Deal  a  nymph  of 
Gerris  lacustris — rather  late  for  nymphs,  I  thought. — G.  W.  Kirkaldy. 

Sugaring  in  a  Garden. — Sugaring  in  the  garden  here  during  October 
proved  rather  attractive.  Between  the  9th  and  17th  the  following  species 
occurred: — Agrotis saucia,  Orthosia  lota,  Arichocelis pistacina [very  common), 
A.  litura,  Cerastis  vaccinii,  C.  ligula  (spadicea),  Xanthia  ferruginea  (com- 
mon), Polia  flavicincta,  Miselia  oxijacanthce  (including  a  good  many  ab. 
capucina),  Phlogophora  meticulosa,  and  Hadena  protea. — Philip  J.  Bar- 
raud  :  Bushey  Heath,  Herts. 

Notes  from  the  Lake  District. — In  June  I  took  a  three  weeks' 
holiday,  from  the  7th  to  •28th.  1  stayed  at  a  place  in  the  parish  of  Set- 
murthy,  but  the  station,  which  was  quite  close,  was  labelled  Bassenthwaite 
Lake,  and  was  situated  in  the  parish  of  Wythop.  The  village  of  Wythop 
was  on  one  side  of  Wythop  Fells  and  the  church  on  the  other,  and  the 
village  of  Bassenthwaite  is  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  lake  to  the  station 
of  Bassenthwaite  Lake.  The  weather  was  all  that  could  be  desired,  which 
is  not  always  the  case  in  the  English  Lake  District.  I  did  not  sugar ;  iu 
fact,  I  only  took  such  insects  as  came  directly  under  my  notice.  The 
following  is  a  list  of  the  Lepidoptera  which  I  either  took  or  saw  :—Pieris 
brassier,  rapce,  and  napi;  all  these  were  very  common,  but  in  poor  con- 
dition. Euchlo'e  (Anthocharis)  cardamines,  common,  and  in  good  con- 
dition ;  exceedingly  variable  in  size,  some  males  being  the  smallest  I  have 
ever  seen,  and  others  the  largest.  Argynnis  selene,  very  common  and  in 
splendid  condition.  A.  euphrosyne,  only  caught  a  few,  which  were  very  worn. 
Vanessa  urticcB,  larvae  common  everywhere,  especially  near  Crossthwaite 
church  and  in  the  Vale  of  Newlands.  I  took  about  forty,  which  soon 
turned,  and  are  small,  but  dark,  with  very  distinct  markings.     V.  atalanta. 


356  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

saw  a  few  very  fine  specimens  near  Wythop  church  and  Buttermere.  F. 
cardui,  saw  a  specimen  at  Braithwaite,  and  another  in  the  Vale  of  New- 
lands.  Epinephele  ianira  (janira),  only  saw  one  male.  Ccenonympha pam- 
philus  and  Polyommatus  pidceas,  both  common.  Lycmna  icarus  [alexis], 
caught  six  males,  but  did  not  see  a  single  female,  in  a  field  off  the  Udale 
road.  Nisoniades  tages,  very  common  and  in  excellent  condition  near  Isel, 
and  on  the  Udale  and  Aspatria  roads.  Spilosoma  menthastri,  one  male 
near  Ouse  Bridge,  and  a  pair  near  Higham.  The  female,  taken  at  Higham, 
laid  about  a  hundred  ova,  which  I  have  fed  on  elder,  as  both  dock  and 
nettle  are  difficult  to  get  at  Bolton.  Hepialus  hunmli.  saw  one  male. 
Phalera  bucephala,  one  specimen,  at  rest  on  a  leaf,  near  Higham.  Aci'o- 
nycta  leporma,  one  specimen  at  rest  on  a  willow-trunk  behind  the  Pheasant 
Hotel.  Xylophasia  monoglypha  {polyodon),  made  the  acquaintance  of  one 
in  my  bedroom.  I  was  fortunate  enough  to  see  no  more.  Euplexia  luci- 
para,  caught  one  in  bedroom.  Plusia  pulchrina  and  P.  gamma,  one  of  either 
kind.  EucUdia  glyphica,  saw  one  or  two  on  the  Udale  road,  along  with 
selene,  pamphilus,  and  tages.  Rumia  luteolata,  very  common  after  dusk 
along  the  lane  hedges.  Boarmia  repandata,  one  very  dark  specimen  in 
woods  on  Armathwaite  estate,  off  the  Udale  road.  Geometra  vernaria,  one 
specimen  at  Higham.  lodis  lactearia,  one  specimen  off  Udale  road. 
Cabera  pusaria  and  exanthemaria,  both  exceedingly  plentiful.  Abraxas 
(Zerene)  grossulariata,  only  saw  one  larva  by  the  roadside  near  Cocker- 
mouth.  A.  sylvata  [ulmata),  very  common  near  the  Wythop  Estate 
Woods ;  took  over  sixty  one  afternoon,  at  rest  on  low  plants.  Lomaspilis 
marginata,  common  everywhere.  Larenda  viridaria  {pectinitaria),  took  one 
specimen  resting  on  an  ash-trunk  by  Wythop  Estate  Woods.  Thera 
juniperata,  fairly  common.  Melanthia  ocellata,  Melanippe  sociata,  M.  mon- 
tanata,  and  Camptogramnia  bilineata  were  all  common.  Bupalus  2)iniar\a, 
males  common  everywhere,  but  did  not  see  any  females.  Eubolia  plum- 
baria  (palumbaria),  fairly  common  off  the  Udale  road.  Tanagra  atrata 
[chcerophyllata),  common  in  the  same  places  as  E.  plumbaria.  Botys  urti- 
calis,  saw  a  left  primary  of  this  species  on  a  nettle,  Coleoptera. — 
Cicindela  campestris  var.  funebris,  caught  one  specimen  near  Crummock 
Water,  where  it  seemed  common.  Melolontha  vulgaris,  common.  Phyllo- 
pertha  horticola,  very  common  on  bracken  uear  Buttermere,  and  in  the  Vale 
of  Newlands  ;  less  so  on  Lattrigg.  Corymbites  ceneus  and  cupreus,  one 
specimen  of  the  former  ;  the  latter  was  common  on  Lattrigg.  Lampyris 
noctiluca,  four  males  flew  in  at  the  bedroom  window  about  11  p.m.,  evidently 
attracted  by  the  candle.  Rhagium  inquisitor  and  bifasciatum,  one  specimen 
of  each  ;  the  former  on  the  boat-house,  the  latter  flew  out  of  some  pine 
woods. — Oscar  Whittaker  ;  Morelands,  Heaton,  Bolton,  Aug.  21st,  1900. 

Three  Dais'  Collecting  at  Deal. — Three  days  is  not  a  long  time  to 
work  up  a  strange  locality,  but  having  nothing  else  to  do  from  July  31st  to 
August  3rd,  I  determined  to  run  down  to  Deal,  my  principal  object  being 
to  try  and  obtain  a  series  of  Llthosla  pygmceola  and  Llparis  chrysorrhcea, 
the  former  of  which  I  understood  to  be  getting  very  scarce,  and  the  latter 
very  common  in  this  particular  locality.  I  was  also  anxious  to  see  the  old 
place  again,  as  in  my  early  school  days  I  had  spent  three  summer  holidays 
there,  and  had  then  collected  butterflies  in  a  more  or  less  casual  way  ;  in 
1886,  the  last  of  these  three  years,  capturing,  and  recording  in  this  maga- 
zine, Colias  edusa,  var.  hellce — this  record,  by  the  by,  being  my  earliest 
effort  in  print,  being  then  only  twelve  years  old.  It  is  curious  that  this  my 
next  visit  should  again  be  during  a  "  Colias"  year. 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  357 

I  put  up  at  a  boarding-house  in  the  Sandhills,  "  Martinsfield  "  by  name, 
and  I  may  say  that  anyone  working  Deal  could  not  do  better.  The  catering 
is  very  good,  the  rooms  comfortable,  and  the  position  is  close  to  the  best 
treacling  ground ;  there  are  also  two  bungalow  bedrooms,  one  of  which 
should  be  secured  beforehand,  as  one  is  then  able  to  get  in  and  out  at  any 
time  of  night.  In  the  garden  at  "  Martinsfield  "  there  is  a  large  quantity 
of  privet,  which  attracted  Vanessas  and  Macroglossa  stellalarum,  by  day, 
and  countless  moths  by  night.  As,  however,  moths  were  even  more  plen- 
tiful on  treacle,  I  did  not  work  this  privet  beyond  a  final  quick  look  round 
before  turning  in.  Still,  it  might  be  very  useful  if  treacle  were  not  paying. 
Arriving  about  3.30  on  31st,  I  commenced  operations  during  my  lunch 
by  boxing  three  AmhlyptlUa  acanthodactyla  and  one  Acidalia  imitaria  off 
the  dining-room  ceiling,  and  immediately  after  netted  a  fine  M.  stellatarum 
over  the  garden  privet.  Up  to  dinner  time  I  did  nothing  much  except 
prospecting  the  ground  and  putting  treacle  on  some  hundred  odd  posts,  in 
two  lines  of  fences  running  across  the  sandhill  half-a-mile  apart.  This 
plan  worked  well,  as  the  space  between  the  two  gave  a  good  opportunity  for 
working  for  Lithosia  pygmcBola,  &c. 

This  little  "  footman  "  has  certainly  become  very  scarce,  as  hard  work 
on  three  evenings  only  produced  eight  specimens  in  all.  Only  one  was 
netted  at  dusk,  two  more  on  treacle,  and  the  others  at  rest  on  the  marram 
grass  stems.  In  this  situation  they  are  very  conspicuous  in  the  lamplight, 
and  I  feel  sure  I  did  not  miss  any  over  the  ground  I  searched.  The  three 
nights,  however,  were  all  very  windy,  and  probably  a  still,  warm  night  is 
wanted  for  this  species,  as  for  Nudaria  sene.v,  in  the  Fens.  The  wind, 
though  very  strong,  was  south-west,  and  did  not  in  any  way  interfere  with 
treacle.  On  the  contrary,  the  best  posts  were  the  most  exposed  ones— two 
or  three  on  a  high  sand-hill,  and  others  on  a  shingle  ridge  at  the  top  of  the 
beach,  being  always  the  most  favoured. 

There  was  a  truly  vast  assemblage  of  moths,  the  last  night  being  the 
best.  The  commonest  species  was  undoubtedly  Xylophasia  polyod'on,  of 
which  I  took  one  almost  black  ;  then  came  in  order  Amphipyra  trayopogonis, 
Triph(ena  pronuba,  Agrotis  tritici,  Hydrcecia  nictitans,  and  Ayrotis  puta, 
all  in  the  finest  possible  condition.  I  took  long  and  variable  series  of 
A.  tritici  and  H.  nictitans,  and  some  nice  forms  of  T.  pronuba,  amongst 
which  I  picked  out  one  fine  T.  fimbria,  but  A.  trayopogonis  &u6.  A.  puta 
were  wonderfully  constant.  A.  valligera  was  much  scarcer,  only  about 
half-a-dozen  each  night,  and  there  were  no  A.  citrsoria,  a  species  I  rather 
expected.  A.  suffusa  occurred  in  about  the  same  numbers  as  A.  valligera, 
and  was  as  usual  in  grand  condition,  whilst  A.  nigricans  was  a  bit  commoner 
and  very  variable,  but  nowhere  near  tritici  in  numbers.  Amongst  a  num- 
ber of  common  Caradrinas,  a  close  search  failed  to  turn  up  C.  ambigua,  in 
this  almost  its  earliest  British  locality.  A  specially  striking  feature  (more 
noticeable,  perhaps,  after  several  "  fen  seasons ")  was  the  scarcity  of 
"  wainscots."  Even  Leucania  impura,  which  was  the  commonest  of  them, 
rarely  visited  the  treacle,  being  far  fonder  of  the  flowering  heads  of  marram 
grass,  where  it  kept  company  with  H.  nictitans,  Cerigo  cytherea,  and 
Miana  faruncula,  the  few  Lithosia  pygmaola  taken  being  all  on  the  stems. 
Six  L.  conigera  were  the  only  other  Leucanias,  all  but  one  on  treacle,  and 
the  other  on  grass  ;  and,  in  one  httle  corner  where  the  fence  ended  at  a 
reedy  dyke,  Ccenobia  despecta  occurred  sparingly,  both  on  treacle  and  round 
the  reeds  at  dusk.     Calamia  phragmitidis  did  not  come  to  treacle,  although 

KNTOM. — DECEMBER,    1900.  2  H 


358  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

I  kicked  one  up  in  the  evening  on  the  neighbouring  pasture  land  very  worn. 
The  only  other  species  worth  mentioning  were  M.  literosa  (scarce),  and  two 
very  poor  Apamea  fibrosa.  It  is  curious  that  the  latter  should  be  so  worn, 
as  three  or  four  days  later,  last  year,  they  were  only  just  coming  out  at 
Wicken  Fen.  Most  of  the  above  also  occurred  commonly  on  the  privet, 
and,  in  addition,  plenty  of  Plusia  gamma  and  Hadena  cheunpodii,  the  latter 
being  very  scarce  on  treacle.  This  species  I  also  saw  on  the  privet  in  the 
day  time,  flying  with  P.  gamma  in  the  afternoon  sun.  Whilst  working  for 
L.  pygmcEola,  and  when  putting  on  the  treacle,  Mesotype  virgata  occurred 
sparnigly,  and,  amongst  the  Crambi,  C.  perlelliis  and  var.  warringtonellus 
(common)  and  C.  contaminellus  (very  scarce). 

I  worked  hard  during  the  two  and  half  days  I  had,  although  the  first 
day  and  last  morning  were  very  wet,  and  the  second  day  so  exceedingly 
windy  that  scarcely  anything  flew  except  under  shelter.  On  August  2nd, 
however,  in  sheltered  spots,  butterflies  were  very  abundant,  and  1  then  got 
my  first  glimpse  of  Colias  hgale,  netting  two  fine  males  on  the  Kingsdowu 
cliffs.  This  first  indication  of  a  Colias  year  was  abundantly  realised  when 
during  the  next  fortnight  I  took  large  numbers  of  both  C  edusa  and 
C.  hyale  at  Littlehampton. 

I  walked  along  the  cliffs  in  the  wind  to  St.  Margaret's  Bay,  and  here 
found  Argynnis  aglala  common,  but  small  and  mostly  worn.  Lycana  corydon 
literally  swarmed,  but  it  was  too  windy  to  work  for  vars.  Lyccena  astrarche 
was  fairly  common  (but  more  plentiful  on  the  sand-hills),  and  a  single 
female  L.  arglolus  occurred  in  Upper  Walmer.  Pyrameis  cardui  turned  up 
everywhere,  defying  the  wind  with  its  strong  flight,  and  Melanargla  galatea 
was  common  on  the  Kingsdowu  cliffs.  This  species  was  also  very  small 
compared  with  some  taken  at  Chattenden  a  fortnight  earlier.  Polyommatus 
pJilcEUS  was  abundant,  and  the  specimens  uniformly  dark  and  dusky,  some 
of  them  being  very  extreme  in  this  direction.  This  darkening  in  colour 
was  probably  due  to  the  effect  of  the  excessive  heat  of  raid-July  upon  the 
pupae.  1  found  Liparls  clirysorrluca  at  once  on  the  first  morning,  and, 
although  exceedingly  local,  it  was  abundant  in  its  special  locality,  so 
abundant  in  fact,  and  the  food  so  limited,  that  I  should  imagine  the  larvae 
would  next  year  be  in  great  danger  of  starvation. 

The  hawthorn  bushes  in  this  spot  are  few  and  stunted,  and  from  one  of 
them,  not  two  feet  high,  I  took  eleven  females,  and  counted  twenty-one 
batches  of  eggs.  From  a  larger  bush  I  took  twenty-three  females,  each 
one  having  a  batch  of  ova  beside  her,  and  every  bush  had  several  specimens, 
in  many  cases  ten  or  more.  There  were  also  a  number  on  blackthorn  and 
wild  rose.  I  had  no  hesitation  in  taking  a  large  number  of  specimens,  all 
but  two  having  oviposited,  and  consequently  minus  their  "tails,"  which  of 
course  are  used  as  a  covering  for  the  ova,  but,  curiously  enough,  could  only 
find  three  males.  Their  condition,  owing  to  the  rough  weather,  might 
have  been  better,  but  many  were  very  fair  indeed.  The  batches  of  eggs, 
judging  from  the  ten  I  brought  home,  are  very  large.  Three  of  them,  in  a 
chip  box,  hatched  unawares,  and  disported  themselves  on  a  lace  window- 
curtain,  making  such  a  show  that  I  wished  the  batches  had  been  smaller. 
Leucoma  salicls  was  also  very  common  on  a  row  of  small  poplars,  both 
sexes  equally,  sitting  on  the  under  side  of  ihe  leaves,  in  the  same  way  as 
L.  chrysorrhma  did  on  the  hawthorns;  and  a  long  series  of  Bryophila  jjerla 
was  taken  off  walls  in  the  town,  two,  with  a  bright  orange-yellow  ground 
colour,  coming  off  a  wall  covered  with  a  bright  yellow  lichen. 

Ou  the  Kingsdowu  cliffs  I  spent  about  an  hour  each  day  searching  knap- 


SOCIETIES. 


359 


weed  blossoms  for  Eremohia  ochroleuca,  and  by  this  means  secured  six  fine 
specimens  and  left  a  seventh  bad  one.  They  were  all  sitting  well  in  the 
centre  of  the  flowers,  but  I  could  find  none  on  scabious,  which  I  believe 
they  are  supposed  generally  to  favour.  Aspilates  gilvaria  was  common  on 
the'slopes  at  St.  Margaret's  Bay,  and  Eubolia  hipunctata  literally  swarmed 
on  the  chalk,  rising  in  confusing  numbers  at  every  step,  in  company  with 
countless  Plusia  gamma.  Melanippe  galiata  and  M.  rivata  occurred,  but 
were  scarce  ;  and  amongst  the  plumes  Ambbjptilla  acanthodactyla ,  Mimm^ 
seoptilus  hipunctidacUjlus,  and  Pterophorus  monodactghis  were  walked  up 
commonly.  Pijrausta  purpuralis  was  also  in  great  evidence  when  the  sun 
shone.— Russell  E.  James  ;  18,  Onslow  Gardens,  Highgate,  Sept.  17th. 

Erratum.— Page  281,  line  2  from  bottom,  for  July  read  September, 


SOCIETIES. 

•  Entomological  Society  of  London. — October  11th,  1900 — Mr.  G.  H. 
Verrall,  President,  in  the  chair.  Mr.  J.  Digby  Firth,  The  Grammar 
School,  Chorlton-cum-Hardy,  near  Manchester,  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Society.— Mr.  A.  H.  Jones  exhibited  a  series  of  Pararge  iimra— 
a  light  form  resembling  P.  megaira,  from  the  Basses  Alpes  and  the 
Cevennes  ;  a  dark  form  approaching  P.  hiera,  from  Cortina ;  and  an 
intermediate  form,  from  the  Italian  Lakes  ;  also  a  variety  of  Lycana 
corgdon,  female,  in  which  the  under  wing  showed  a  decided  blue 
coloration,  taken  at  Lago  di  Loppio,  near  Riva.  Dr.  Chapman  sug- 
gested that  the  union  between  the  three  named  species  of  Pararge  was 
very  near,  if  the  species  were  not  indeed  identical. — Mr.  A.  J.  Scollick 
exhibited  a  specimen  of  Cethosia  cyanea,  a  species  inhabiting  North-west 
India,  which  had  been  taken  this  year  on  the  wing  near  Norwich.  It 
was  suggested  by  Mr.  Distant  that  this  was  a  case  of  accidental 
importation,  probably  in  the  pupal  condition. — Mr.  H.  Rowland-Brown 
exhibited  specimens  of  Erebia  glacialis,  taken  this  year  on  the  Stelvio 
Pass,  showing  transitional  forms  to  the  var.  alecto.  He  said  that  the 
typical  form  and  the  variety  were  not  found  flying  together,  but  on 
opposite  sides  of  the  valley.  Dr.  Chapman  observed  that  the  darker 
specimens  approached  to  the  form  of  E.  melas  found  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Cortina-di-Ampezzo.  Specimens  of  E.  glacialis  also  exhibited 
from  Saas  Fee  and  Evolena  showed  marked  inferiority  in  size  and 
brilliancy  of  colour. — Mr.  W.  L,  Distant  exhibited  a  piece  of  Hawkes- 
bury  sandstone  from  Australia,  showing  the  borings  of  Termites,  and,  in 
connection  with  the  same,  communicated  a  note  from  the  '  Pro- 
ceedings '  of  the  Linnean  Society  of  New  South  Wales  (pt.  iii.  1899, 
p.  418),  as  follows :—"  Mr.  D.  G.  Stead  exhibited  specimens  of  Hawkes- 
bury  sandstone — (1)  from  the  sea-shore  between  tide-marks,  showing 
the  tunnelling  of  marine  Isopods  {Sphceroma)  with  the  living  animals 
in  situ;  and  (2)  from  the  hill-tops  overlooking  Port  Jackson,  offering 
examples  of  the  borings  which  so  often  attract  notice,  and  the  pro- 
duction of  which  has  been  attributed  to  Hymenoptera  and  also  to  the 
Termites.  Since  last  meeting  Mr.  Stead  reported  that  he  had  investi- 
gated the  matter,  and  that,  after  breaking  up  a  quantity  of  stone,  he 
had  come  upon  Termites,  of  a  species  at  present  undetermined,  actually 
at  work,  specimens  of  which  he  exhibited."  —  Mr.  M.  Burr  exhibited  a 


360  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

male  and  female  specimen  of  Anisolabis  colossea,  Dohrn.,  from  New 
South  Wales — the  largest  known  earwig  in  the  world. 

November  7th,  1900.  —  The  President  in  the  chair.  —  Dr.  John 
Cotton,  of  126,  Prescot  Road,  St.  Helen's;  Mr.  George  H.  Howes,  of 
Spey  Street,  Invercargill,  New  Zealand ;  the  Hon.  F.  M.  Mackwood, 
M.I.C.,  of  Colombo,  Ceylon ;  Mr.  William  J.  Rainbow,  of  the  Australian 
Museum,  Sydney ;  and  Mr.  Percy  Charles  Reid,  of  Feering  Bury,  Kel- 
vedon,  Essex,  were  elected  Fellows  of  the  Society.  —  Mr.  George  S. 
Saunders  exhibited  specimens,  from  Devonshire,  of  Pieris  rapce  and 
Plusia  gamma  caught  by  the  proboscis  in  flowers  of  Araujia  albens, 
Don,  a  climbing  plant  of  the  natural  order  Asclepiadacece :  and  ex- 
plained the  nature  of  the  mechanism  by  which  the  insects  were 
entrapped  by  the  flowers.  He  also  showed  specimens  of  the  "  bede- 
guar  "  gall  formed  apparently  on  the  "  hips,"  or  fruit,  of  Uosa  canina, 
the  formation  of  the  galls  on  the  hips  being  considered  unusual.  They 
were  taken  from  a  small  briar  about  four  feet  high,  having  more  than 
thirty  of  these  galls,  which  was  growing  on  the  top  of  the  North 
Downs  near  Reigate.  Mr.  Gahan  remarked  that  the  capture  of  insects 
by  Araujia  albens  had  recently  been  investigated  in  France  by  MM. 
Marchand  and  Bonjour,  whose  account  appeared  in  the  '  Bulletin  de  la 
Soc.  des  Sciences  Nat.  de  I'Ouest  de  la  France'  for  1899.  These 
authors  concluded  that  insects  were  captured  only  by  immature  flowers, 
the  anther-wings,  in  the  cleft  between  which  the  proboscis  of  the 
insect  is  caught,  being  at  that  time  stiff  and  resistant ;  but  when  the 
flowers  are  ripe  the  anther-wings  become  less  rigid  and  do  not  offer 
sufficient  resistance  to  the  withdrawal  of  the  proboscis,  which  carries 
with  it  the  pollinia  ready  to  be  transferred  to  the  stigma  of  the  next 
flower  visited  by  the  insect.  —  Mr.  Tutt  exhibited,  for  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Burrows,  a  large  series  of  Ejmnda  lutulenta  from  Mucking,  in  Essex, 
and  made  remarks  upon  several  interesting  variations  included  in  the 
series.  —  Mr.  W.  J.  Kaye  exhibited  Hi/drocampa  stagnalis,  var.,  with 
examples  of  the  typical  form  for  comparison  ;  the  variety  differed  in 
having  the  basal  line  nearly  obsolete,  the  sub-median  double  line  much 
strengthened  internally  and  reduced  externally,  and  the  cross-band 
connecting  the  sub-median  and  post- median  bands  almost  entirely 
obliterated.  —  Mr.  F.  Merrifield  exhibited  a  variety  of  Argynnis  dia 
taken  with  a  few  examples  of  the  ordinary  form  at  Ilanz,  in  the  Vorder 
Rhein  Valley,  early  in  September  last,  when  what  was,  he  believed,  a 
third  brood  of  this  species  was  abundant ;  the  variety  was  much 
blackened  on  the  basal  half  of  all  the  wings. — Canon  Fowler  exhibited 
a  specimen  of  Orochares  angustatus,  Erichs.,  a  Staphylinid  beetle  new 
to  the  British  list,  taken  at  Leverstock  Green,  Herts,  by  Mr.  Albert 
Piffard. — The  Rev.  F.  D.  Morice  mentioned  as  a  fact  of  some  interest 
that  in  a  nest  of  Formica  sanguinea  at  Weybridge,  in  which  he  found 
males  and  workers  of  that  species,  he  found  also  males  and  females  as 
well  as  workers  of  the  slave-ant  Formica  fusca,  an  experience  same  what 
different  to  that  of  Huber  and  Darwin,  who  stated  that  workers  only  of 
the  slave-species  were  found  in  the  nests  of  sanguinea. — The  Secretary 
read  "  Some  notes  on  variations  oi Zeritis  thysbe,  Linn.,"  communicated 
by  Mr.  H.  L.  L.  Feltham,  of  Cape  Town,  and,  on  the  latter's  behalf, 
exhibited  one  female  and  two  male  specimens  of  one  of  the  rare  forms 
referred  to  in  the  paper.     This  form  was  originally  noticed  by  Mr. 


RECENT    LITERATURE.  361 

Trimen  as  an  "  aberration."  Mr.  Feltliam  succeeded  in  taking  several 
specimens  on  the  summit  of  the  mountains  overlooking  Minzenberg, 
and  was  inclined  to  consider  it  a  distinct  dark  variety.  He  requested 
that  the  specimens  exhibited  should  be  placed  in  the  British  Museum 
collection. — C.  J.  Gahan  and  H.  Eowland-Brown,  Hon.  Sees. 


RECENT    LITERATURE. 

Aug.  Lameere.     La  raison  d'etre  des  metamorphoses   chez  les  Insectes : 

Discours  du  President  a  V Assemblee  Generale  de  la  Societe  Entom.  de 

Belgique  (1900,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.  xliii.  (for  1899)  pp.  619-36). 

Aug.  Lameere.     Notes  pour  la  Classification  des  Coleopteres  (1900,  I.  c, 

xliv.  pp.  355-76,  and  Cl'assificatory  Table). 

Whatever  may  be  the  ultimate  reception  afforded  to  the  views  pro- 
pounded in  these  two  papers,  no  one  will  be  disposed  to  deny  their — in 
great  part — boldness  and  originality,  or  the  intimate  knowledge  of  en- 
tomology upon  which  they  are  based. 

The  author  considers  that  the  ancestors  of  other  winged  insects 
cannot  be  found  among  the  Amphibiotica — and  consequently  that 
wings  have  not  been  developed  from  tracheal  branchiae— for  they,  as 
well  as  their  near  allies  the  Orthoptera  and  Embioptera,  have  a  large 
number  of  malpighian  tubes,  while  almost  all  the  other  winged  insects 
have  but  few,  and  a  vanished  organ  (according  to  the  "  law  of  irre- 
versibility of  evolution")  never  reappears,  nor  does  a  perfected  organ 
return  to  a  former  simple  state. 

Five  orders  are  embraced  by  the  Holometabola,  viz. : — Neuroptera 
(Planipennia  and  Plicipennia),  Coleoptera,  Diptera,  Lepidoptera,  and 
Hymenoptera ;  these  are  all  closely  allied,  and  are  probably  mono- 
phyletic,  the  last  four  being  specialised  Neuroptera.  The  Rhipiptera 
are  considered  to  be  evidently  the  last  term  of  evolution  of  the  Rhipi- 
phoridse,  therefore  coleopterous,  while  the  Fleas  (Pulicidse),  which  up 
to  the  present  have  been  universally  regarded  as  either  dipterous  or — 
according  to  the  recent  researches  of  Brauer  and  Heymons — forming 
a  separate  order  (Aphaniptera),  are  positively  stated  to  be  coleopterous, 
belonging  without  doubt  to  the  group  of  Staphylinoides  of  Ganglbauer, 
It  is  noted  in  passing  that  the  antennae  are  composed  of  eleven,  and 
not  three,  segments,  as  formerly  supposed. 

On  one  point  we  are  not  altogether  certain  of  Prof.  Lameere's 
meaning.  On  page  622  the  Cicadidae  are  cited  as  an  exception  to  the 
rule  that  the  Rhynchota  have  a  direct  development ;  and  on  page  627 
it  is  stated  that  this  family  possesses  a  true  larva,  adapted  to  a  sub- 
terranean life,  and  offering  especially  this  peculiarity,  viz.  that  the 
anterior  legs  are,  during  this  period — sometimes  very  long — of  the 
insect's  existence,  curiously  modified  into  digging  apparatus. '■= 

Now  we  do  not  think  that  these  statements  are  borne  out  by  the 
actual  facts.  It  is  true  that  the  terms  "larva"  and  "pupa"  are 
loosely  used  by  many  entomologists  in  speaking  of  Rhynchota,  Ortho- 

*  Les  Cicadides  ont  une  veritable  larva  adaptee  a  une  vie  souterraine,  et 
offrant  notamment  cette  particularite  que  ses  membres  anterieurs  sont 
pendant  cette  periode,  parfois  tres  longue,  de  I'existence  de  I'insecte, 
curieusement  modifies  en  appareils  fouisseurs." 


362 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


E 

0 
0 

u 


Silphidae. 


X   I    Histeridae. 
0-   I   Stapliylinidae. 
**•    '    Pselaphidae. 

Plaiypsyllidae. 

Pulicidae 


Silphinae. 

Clambiaae. 

Sphaeriiuae. 

Hydi'oscaphiuae. 

Scaphidiiuae. 

Corylophiuae. 

IVichopterygiiiae . 

Scydmaeuiuae. 


Rhysodidae. 

Carabidae. 

Paussidae. 


Dytiscidae. 


Gvriuidae. 


Omophrouinae. 

Haliplinae. 

Ampnizoiuae. 

Hygi'obiiuae. 

Hydroporinae. 

Dytisciuae. 


Lymexylidae. 
Anobiidae. 

Bostrychidae. 

Cupesidae. 
Derodontidae. 

i[ 

s  I  Cantharidi'-'ae. 

w    I 
S  < 


Melyridae. 


Dascillidae. 


H    J  Elateridae. 


Buprestidae. 

Pai'uidae. 

Dermestidae. 
Byrrhidae. 

k-3  \  Hydrophilidae. 


'  Nitidulidae. 

Mycetophagidae. 
Cisidae  ? 

Erotylidae. 

\  Phalacridae. 
Colydiidae. 
Latni'idiidae. 

Endomychidae 

Coccinellidae. 

Cucujidae. 

^      Breuthidae. 
a  1  Cerambycidae. 
a   \  Cbrysomelidae. 

g    J  Bruchidae. 

^   I 

g  \  Curculiouidae. 

;  Teuebriouidae. 
^  I  Melaudryidae. 


*  I  Lagriidae. 


iLucanidae. 
Scarabaeidae. 


j  Auobiinae. 
I  Ptininae. 
3  Lyctiuae. 
r  Bostrychiuae. 


ICautharidiuae. 
Lyciuae. 
Lampyriuae. 
Driliuae., 
(  Malachiinae. 
/  Melyriuae. 
J  Coryaetiuae. 
\  Clerinae. 

iDascillinae. 
Chelouariiiiae, 
Euciiietiuae? 
Cyphoniilae? 
Cebriouinae. 
Pei'othopiuae. 
Eucnemiuae. 
Cerophytinae. 
Soleuiscinae. 
Elateriuae. 
Throsciaae. 

iPsepheuiuae. 
Parniuae. 
Elmidiu^e. 

iByrrhiuae. 
Nosodeudriuae!" 
j  Helophoi'iuae. 
(  Hydrophiliaae. 

(liypocephaliuae 
Sphaeritiiiae. 
<  Ti'ogositiuae. 
J  Nitiduliuae. 
I  Byturinae. 

J  Sphiudinae? 
I  Cisiiiae. 
J  Cryptophagiuae. 
I  Erotylinae. 


Mycetaeinae. 
Eudomychiuae. 

Cucujiuae. 
Helotiuae. 


Bruchiiiae. 
Anthribiuae. 


Melaadryiuae 

Mordellinae. 

•Rhipipboriiiae. 

Stylopiuae. 

Lagriinae. 

Pythinae. 

Pyrochroinae. 

Aieloinae. 

Oedemeriuae. 

Authiciuae. 

Lucauinae. 

Troginae. 

Scarabaeinae. 

Meloloufhinae. 

Dyiiastiiiae. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST.  363 

ptera,  &c.,  when  "  nymph  "  ought  to  be  employed  for  all  the  stadia 
between  the  ovum  and  the  imago  ;  but  the  learned  Belgian  has  evi- 
dently not  fallen  into  this  error,  for  he  speaks  of  "une  veritable  larve." 
So  far  as  our  knowledge  goes,  the  CicadidcB  are  certainly  no  exception 
to  the  general  direct  development  in  the  Rhynchota,  inasmuch  as  there 
is  no  "  resting-stage  "  as  in  the  true  Holometabola  ;  "  the  larval  and 
pupal  changes  "  in  the  periodical  Cicada  are  normal  "  (Marlatt,  "  The 
Periodical  Cicada"  [1898,  U.  S.  Dep.  Agriculture,  Entom.  BulL  14, 
N.  s.  p.  84]).  As  regards  the  structure  of  the  legs,  moreover,  the 
author  of  the  work  just  cited  states  that  this  is  "  perhaps  the  best 
means  of  distinguishing  the  adolescent  stages  of "  the  periodical 
Cicada  {Tibicen  septendecim.  (Linn.))  "  from  other  Cicadas  "  (/.c.,p.85). 
On  the  other  hand,  we  ourself  possess  nymphs,  in  two  stages,  of  an 
Oriental  species  of  Dundubia,  in  which  the  anterior  legs  are  developed 
quite  as  greatly,  proportionately,  as  in  Tibicen.  It  must  also  be 
remembered  that  the  anterior  femora  are  of  very  considerable  size  in 
almost  all  the  Cicadidte  in  the  imaginal  stage. 

We  reproduce  the  classificatory  table  of  Coleoptera,  merely  noticing 
that  the  Lymexylidje  are  supposed  to  be  the  nearest  to  the  ancestral 
Planipennian  Neuropteron,  and  that  the  presence  of  an  ocellus,  or  of 
ocelli,  in  certain  Dermestidae  and  Staphylinidae,  points  to  the  high 
antiquity  of  these  families.  The  Cantharidfe  are  perhaps  more  gene- 
rally known  as  Telephorids,  while  the  Cicindelidse  of  authors  are 
swallowed  up  in  the  Carabidaa.  After  the  inclusion  of  the  fleas  in  the 
order,  the  most  daring  innovation  is  perhaps  the  removal  of  the  Bren- 
thidte  from  association  with  the  Rhyuchophora  and  other  Phyto- 
phaga  and  the  placing  of  them  in  the  Clavicornes.     (See  opposite.) 

G.  W.  K. 

L.  0.  HowAED.  Notes  on  the  Mosquitoes  of  the  United  States  (1900,  U.  S. 
Dep.  Agriculture,  Div.  Entom.;  Bull.  25,  n.s.,  pp.  1-70;  22  figs.). 

This  valuable  addition  to  the  numerous  practical  bulletins  issued 
by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  consists  of  introductory 
remarks  upon  mosquitos  in  general,  their  connection — vigorously  dis- 
cussed and  experimented  upon  in  all  quarters  at  the  present  time — 
with  malaria,  their  life-history,  natural  enemies,  and  remedial  measures 
against  their  presence  and  attacks.  A  synoptic  table  is  furnished  of 
the  five  genera — Anopheles,  ^-Edes,  Megarhinus,  Psorophora,  and  Ciilex — 
and  of  the  twenty- three  recognized  and  eighteen  unrecognized  species 
of  the  North  American  fauna.  Figures  of  several  of  these,  in  various 
stages,  are  inserted  in  the  text. 

Mosquitos  appear  to  be,  occasionally,  sad  victims  of  alcoholic  in- 
temperance. Dr.  Gray,  of  St.  Lucia,  quoted  by  Dr.  Howard,  relates 
how  he  put  a  few  mosquitos  "under  a  bell -jar  one  day,  in  order  to 
watch  them.  I  put  a  single  drop  of  port  wine  under  the  jar,  as  I  had 
heard  that  mosquitoes  could  be  kept  alive  for  a  long  time  on  wine. 
"When  I  went  to  look  at  them  a  few  hours  later,  I  found  them  all 
apparently  dead,  so  I  put  them  in  a  dry  bottle,  intending  to  pin  them 
later.  "When  I  went  to  pin  them,  shortly  afterwards,  they  were  all 
staggering  about  in  a  most  extraordinary  manner — they  were  drunk!  " 

*   By  the  context  it  is  evident  that  "  nymphal "  changes  are  intended. 


364  RECENT    LITERATURE. 

Having  regard  to  the  heavy  charges  laid — and  proved — against  the 
female  mosquito,  it  is  only  fair  to  say  that  it  is  only  the  males,  appa- 
rently, who  indulge  in  bibulous  pleasures. 

As  to  the  alleged  breeding  of  mosquitos  in  mud,  the  author 
believes  that  they  must  necessarily  all  perish  when  the  mud  dries  up 
completely,  but  that  they  may  be  able  to  live  for  some  little  time  in 
sufficiently  wet  mud. 

Mosquitos  exist  over  almost  the  entire  globe.  Dr.  Bessels,  of  the 
Polaris  Expedition,  was  obliged  to  interrupt  his  work  in  lat.  72°  N. ; 
while  in  Texas  "hundreds  of  thousands  of  millions"  of  these  insects 
blow  in  upon  the  towns  when  the  wind  is  in  certain  directions.  They 
are,  however,  devoured  in  enormous  numbers  in  their  immature  stages  ' 
by  the  Hydrophilid^,  Dytiscidse,  various  fish,  and  by  the  larvse  of 
dragonflies  ;  while  in  the  winged  state  they  fall  an  easy  prey  to 
dragonflies  and  various  birds,  an  observer  finding  six  hundred  in  the 
crop  of  a  night-hawk. 

As  preventives  and  remedies  for  use  in  houses,  the  author  favours 
a  thorough  screening  and  mosquito  bars  about  the  bed,  and  the  burn- 
ing of  pyrethrum  powder ;  for  bites,  glycerine  or  indigo ;  and  for  the 
destruction  of  larvae  and  the  abolition  of  breeding-places,  the  pouring 
of  kerosene  on  the  breeding-pools,  or  the  introduction  of  fish  into 
Ashless  breeding-pools. G.  W.  K. 

Malcolm  Bukr.     Collecting  in    South  Eastern   Europe  (1899,    Trans. 
Oxford  Univ.  Jun.  Sci.Club,  pp.  112-6). 

The  author  briefly  describes  the  general  features  of  the  little-known 
Herzegovina,  Dalmatia,  and  Montenegro,  and  enumerates  the  principal 
insects  encountered.  The  fauna  does  not  appear  to  be  very  rich, 
although  three  new  species  of  Orthoptera  {Platycleis  spp.)  rewarded  the 
author's  endeavours.  Two  of  these,  captured  at  Tisavica,  appeared  to 
have  an  extraordinary  distribution,  for  Mr.  Burr  "  failed  to  find  a  single 
specimen  of  either  species  outside  the  few  beds  of  nettles  to  which  each 
appeared  to  be  confined." 

Mr.  Burr  bears  a  good  Scottish  forename,  though  we  believe  he  is 
an  Englishman  ;  but  he  is  certainly  qualifying  for  an  Irishman  by  the 
following  remarkable  sentences:    "The  father  of  the  present  Prince 

fell  in  love it  so  happened  that  he  died  childless." 

G.  W.  K. 

C.  Darwin.  Origin  of  Species.  New  Impression  (John  Murray).  1900. 
This  new  impression  is  a  reprint  of  the  sixth  (1872)  edition,  and  is 
well  printed,  though  the  paper  is  rather  thin.  It  has  been  long  anti- 
cipated, as  the  copyright  will  shortly  be  out.  A  fine  portrait  forms  the 
frontispiece.  As  the  price  is  exceedingly  low  there  is  now  no  excuse 
whatever  for  the  absence  of  this  classic  from  the  shelves  of  any  one 
having  the  remotest  claim  to  the  title  of  "  zoologist." 

G.  W.  K. 


Obituary. — The  regretted  death  of  Josef  Mik  on  the  13th  October 
is  announced.  The  well-known  Austrian  dipterist  was  one  of  the 
joint  editors  of  the  '  Wiener  Entomologische  Zeitung,'  in  which  he 
published  a  very  large  number  of  small  papers. — G.  W.  K. 


o^ 


p^°rft?VcAu«-