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THE 


MOLOGIST 


^n  ilUustratii   Journal  .  ^   j 


GENERAL    ENTOMOLOGY. 


EDITED    BY    EICHARD    SOUTH,    F.E.S. 


WITH    THE    ASSISTANCE    OF 


ROBEKT  ADKIN,  F.E.S.  W.   F.   KIRBY,   F.L.S.,   F.E.S. 

W.   LUCAS   DISTANT,   F.E.S.,   &c.  G.  W.  KIRKALDY,  F.E.S. 

EDWARD  A.  FITCH,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.  W.   J.    LUCAS,    B.A.,  F.E.S. 

F.   W.   FROHAWK,   F.E.S.  Dk.  D.   SHARP,   F.R.S.,   F.E.S.,  &c. 

MARTIN   JACOBY,   F.E.S.  G.   H.    VERRALL,   F.E.S. 


••By  mutual  conscience  and  mutual  aid 
Great  deeds  are  done  and  great  discoveries  made." 


VOLUME    THE    THIRTY-FOUETH. 


L  O  N  D  0  iN  : 

WEST,   NEWMAN   &   CO.,   54,   HATTON   GARDEN, 

SIMPKIN,    MARSHALL,    HAMILTON,    KENT    &    CO.,    Limited. 

1901. 


""-'% 


3EC  23  190i 


LIST    OF    CONTRIBUTORS. 


Adams,  Joseph,  321 

Adkin,  Robert,  F.E.S..  16,  17.  23,  252, 

310,  311,  353 
Allen,  J.  E.  R.,  43 
Andebson,  Joseph,  317,  357 
Andrews,  T.  B.,  287,  292 
Annett,  H.  E.,  1(30 
Arkle,  J.,  107,  127,  182,  257.  354 
Baker,  Charles,  99.  100 
Baker,  H.  W.,  55 

Bankes,  Eustace  R.,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  311 
Barrett,  J.  P.,  20.  21.  22,  23.  294,  29(5. 

319 
Barradd,  Philip  J..  28,  256.  294.  311. 

314,  360 
B.\RTON,  W.  H.,  313 
Beadnell,  Herbert,  208 
Bell.\my,  Fred.  G.,  292,  311 
Bell-Marley,  H.  W.,  98 
Birch,  Frederick.  135.  163,  186.  364 
Bl.\ir,  K.  G.,  251 
Blakeborough,  Thos.  B.,  24.  256 
Blenkarn,  Stanley  A.,  26 
Blyth,  S.  F.  p.,  291 
BoLAii,  George,  99,  100 
Boxer,  C.  R.  L.,  99 
Brooks,  W.,  298 
Brown,  Henry  H..  295,  296 
Browne,  G.  B.,  254 
Brunetti,  E.,  172 
Butler,  A.  G.,  PhD.,  &c.,  7,  301 
Butler,  W.  E.,  255,  292,  313 
Cambridge,  Rev.  0.  Pickard-,  227 
Cameron,  Peter,  262,  269,  330 
Campbell-T.\ylor,  J.  E.,  160 
Cardinall,  Allan  W.,  99 
Carpenter,  Joseph  H.,  292 
Carr,  F.  M.  B.,  23,  112,  131,  l8l,  253, 

254,  288,  297,  320 
Carr,  J.  W.,  130 
Carter,  W.  A..  297 
Chapman,  Dr.  T.  A.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.,  17. 

180,  189 
Chittenden,  D.,  315,  316 
Churchill,  J.  Aylward,  161,  231 
Cl.\xton,  Rev.  W.,  353 
Cock.ayne,  E.  a.,  256.  312 
Cockerell,   T.   D.   a.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S., 

90,  127,  190,  204,  223,  248,  342 
Colthrup,  C.  W.,  292,  294 
CoTTAM,  Arthur,  131 
Crabtree,  B.  H.,  288 
Crall.\n,  G.  E.  J.,  312,  314,  316,  352, 

353. 
Crocker,  M.,  160 
Dale,  G.  W.,  F.E.S.,  53,  54 
Day,  Geo.  0.,  F.E.S.,  55,  58 
Day,  Rev.  A.,  296 


Daws,  Willl\m,  182 

Delver,  W.,  293 

DisT.\NT,  W.  L.,  F.E.S.,  88,  247,  284,  346 

Doidge,  Harris,  130,  332 

Donovan,  Capt.C.,M.D.,F.E. S..&C., 333 

Donovan,  R.  J.  F.,  333 

Edwards,  W.,  315 

Elliott,  Ernest  A.,  F.E.S..  343 

Fe.\ther,  W.,  58 

Fern.^lo,  Prof.  C.  H..  F.E.S.,  146 

Fitch,  Edw.\rd  A.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  253, 

254,  255 
Fletcher,  T.  Bainbrigge,  R.N.,  F.E.S., 

54,  71,  154,  173,  197.  216.  220.  244 
FORSYTHE,   C.  H.,   253 
Fountain,  J.  T.,  298 
Fowler,  J.  H.,  18,  45,  317,  321 
Freke,  Percy  E,,  351 
Froh.\wk,  F.  W.,  F.E.S.,  *c..  2.  42,  167. 

204,  293,  295,  325,  352 
Garratt,  Richard,  289 
Garrett,  D.  T.,  230 
Garrett,  Henry  E.,  22 
Giles,  Lt.-Col.  G.  M.,  M.B.,  F.R.C.S., 

&c.,  192 
Giles,  L.  S.,  235 
GiLLES,  W.  S.,  157 
Gillespie,  N.  L.,  256 
Goss,  Herbert,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S..  &c..  133, 

162 
GouLTON,  E.  C,  353 
Green,  E.  E.,  F.E.S.,  113 
Grimshaw,  F.  G.,  255 
Grosvenor,  T.  H.  L.,  315 
Hansen,  Dr.  H.  J..  149 
Harris,  W.  T.,  25 
H.\rrison,  a..  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  *c.,  203, 

314 
Heath,  G.  H.,  B.A.,  B.  Sc,  267 
Hewett,  W.,  19,  21 
Hill,  H.  Ainslie,  F.E.S.,  20,  180 
Hill,  L.  F.,  294,  297 
HiCKLiN,  B.,  296 
Hodge,  Dorrien,  296 
Hooker,  W.  G.,  353 
Howe,  T.  L.,  131 
HuGGiNS,  H.,  208,  253,  255 
Hyams,  H.,  351 
Hyde,  John  T.,  101,  314,  357 
Imms,  a.  D.,  205 
Jackson,  F.  W.  J.,  317 
Jacoby,  Martin,  F.E.S.,  146 
Jager,  J.,  303 
Jefferys,  T.  B.,  25,  291 
Jenkyns,  M.  S.,  314 
Johnson,  Rev.  W.  F.,  M.A.,  F.E.S,,  19 
Kane,  W.  F.  de  Vismes,  M.A.,  F.E.S. , 

&c.,  14,  85 


IV 


LIST    OF    CONTRIBUTORS. 


Kemp,  S.  W.,  290,  295 

KiRBY,  W.  F.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  289 

Kir.XKK,  A.  K.,  315,  317 

KiUKALDY,  G.  W.,  F.E.S.,  5,  9,  18,  31, 

38,  49,  53,  55,  63,  64,  116,  138,  140, 

141),  176,  188,  211,  212,  218,  233,  234, 

241,  256,  285,  300,  308,  336 
Kiss,  W.,  255 
Kitchener,  Geo.  P.,  295 
Lane,  E.  W.,  102 
Lang,  Rev.  Henry  C,  M.D.,  F.E.S..  263, 

291,  292,  293 
Lathy,  Pp:kcy  I.,  10 
Lawrance,  a.  J.,  22,  229,  255,  288,  314, 

318,  355 
Lawson,  J.  P.,  315 
Leigh,  G.  F.,  348 
Littlewood,  Frank,  213 
Lucas,  W.  J.,  B.A.,  F.E.S.,  32,  53,  54, 

56,  65,  70, 130, 138.  165, 180, 181, 188, 

204,  205,  212,  215,  228.  230,  261,  287, 

290 
Main,  Hugh,  B.Sc.  F.E.S.,  203,  313 
MACKINNON,  J.   M.   H.,   295 
Marsh.\ll,  A.,  56,  57,  58,  205 
Marshall,  Gdy  A.  K.,  F.Z.S.,F.E.S.,  73 
Mason.   Philip    B.,    M.R.C.S..   F.L.S., 

F.E.S.,  228 
Mathew,GervaseF.,K.N.,F.L.S.,F.E.S. 

.tc,  19,  21,  23,  56,  98,  100,  127,  281, 

311,  317 
May,  Albert,  314,  316,  31K 
McArthur,  H.,  160 
McLeod,  E.  a.,  230 
Meade -Waldo,  G.,  207 
Meldola,  Prof.  R.,  F.R.S.,  F.E.S.,  &c., 

128 
Merrifieli),  F.,  F.E.S.,  98.  341 
Middleton,  B.  L.,  102 
Miller,  J.,  131,  230 
Mitchell,  A.  Vincent,  298 
MiTFORD,  R.  S.,  ]28,  160,  207 
MOBERLY,  J.  C,  F.E.S.,  18 
MoRLEY,  Claude,  F.E.S.,  343 
Moss,  Rev.  A.  Miles,  20,  294 
Nash,  W.  Gifford,  230 
Nevinson,  E.  B.,  F.E.S.,  19,  23 
Newman,  T.  P.,  236 
Nix,  John  A.,  56 

Oldaker,  F.  a.,  180,  206,  229,  354 
Oliver,  G.  B.,  99,  291 
Partridge,  Colonel,  246 
Peachell,  F.  H.  &  G.  E.,  103 
Perkins,  Miss  A.  Steele,  131 
Phillips.  Rev.  W.  J.  Leigh,  F.E.S    255 

313,  316 
Pierce,  F..  N.,  F.E.S. ,  204 
Pilley,  J.  B.,  58 
PODMORE,  A.,   316 
PoRuiTT,  Geo.  T.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  312, 

Prideaux,  R.  M.,  130,  180 
PROUT,  Loris  B.,  F.E.S..  H,  303 
PvKTT,  Claude  A.,  315 


Quail,  Ambrose,  F.E.S.,  47,  141 

Rainbow,  K.,  F.E.S.,  160 

Eaynor,  Rev.  Gilbert  H.,  99,  253 

Eeii),  Percy  C,  F.E.S.,  157 

Robbins,  R.  W.,  298 

Robinson,  Theodore  H.,  182 

RoBSON,  John  E.,  F.E.S.,  353 

Rollason,  W.  a.,  23,  313,  315,  318,  353 

Routledge,  G.  B.,  F.E.S.,  58 

RowDEN,  A.  0.,  293,  296 

Rowland-Brown,  H.,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  55, 
1        133,  158,  162,  184,  210,  323,  361 
[    Russell,  G.  M.,  229 

Sladen,  Rev.  C.  A.,  299,  316 

Seth-Smith,  L.  M.,  57,  254,  293,  295 
I    Shaw,  V.  E.,  182 

)    Sharpe,  Miss  Emily  Mary,  Suppl.,  pp. 
;        1-8 
j    Sharpin,  Archdale,  24 

Shepheard-Walwyn,  H.  W.,  F.E.S..  208 
,    SicH,  Alfred,  F.E.S.,  19 

Simmons,  A.,  22 

Smith,  Geoffrey,  276,  293,  306 

Solly,  R.  V.,  316,  318 

Sopp.  E.  J.  Burges,  F.E.S.,  &c.,  93, 117 

South,  Richard,  21,  22,  23,  33,  55,  56, 
139,  157,  159,  175,  180,  182,  204,  238, 
254,  256.  260,  288,  296,  297,  298.  300, 
305,  312,  316,  348 
j    Sparke,  E.  G.  J.,  F.E.S.,  296 

Spencer,  Leonard  A.,  52,  315 
j    Standfuss,  Dr.  Max,  11,  75 
j    Steuart,  a.  M.,  352 
)    Stockwell,  H.  Douglas,  27 

Tait,  Robert,  40 

Tedden-Fisher,  Miss  Gladys,  208 
'    Tetley,  a.  S.,  56,  103,  160 
I    Theobald,  W.  G.,  130,  352 
I    Thompson,  Harold,  291 

Thornewill,  Rev.  Chas.  F.,  20,  231,  313, 
350 

Thwaytes,  j.  E.,  182 

ToNGE,  Alfred  E.,  311 

Turner,  Hy.  J.,  F  E.S.,  30,  62. 134, 186. 
210,  232,  260,  324,  361 

Vaughan,  j.  W.,  100 

Verrall,  G.  H.,  F.E.S.,  84,  158 

Vinall,  Hugh  J.,  58 

Wainwright,  Colbran  j.,  F.E.S.,  137, 
187,  201,  232,  324,  363 

Walker,  J.  C,  315 

Walker,  Rev.  F.  A..D.D.,F.L.S.,F.E.S. 
22,  183,  356 

Walsh,  Geo  B.,  315,  318 

W^ARBURG,  J.   C,   212 

Warne,  E.  a.,  230,  297 

Webb,  Sydney,  57 

Wells,  H.  O.,  208 

Wheeler,  William,  C.  E.,  230 

Whittakek,  Oscar,  24 

Winder,  Edmund,  20 

WooDFORDE,  F.  C,  F.E.S.,  56 

WOODBRIDGE,    F.    C,    179 
WOOLHOUSE,   J.  W.,   294 


INDEX. 


GENERAL. 


Aberration  of  Gonopteryx  rhamni,  261 

Aberrations  of  Colias  hyale  and  Gono- 
pteryx rhamni,  352 

Abnormal  Coleoptera,  63,  64 

Abundance  of  Cyaniris  argiolus  in  the 
Metropohtan  area,  251 

Abundance  of  Lyciena  argiolus  in  East- 
bourne, 16  ;  at  Lee,  254 

Acherontia  atropos  in  Cornwall,  318  ;  in 
Durham,  353;  at  Kendal,  20  ;  in  Kent, 
294  ;  in  Norfolk,  294  ;  in  Northumber- 
land, 100;  in  Scotland,  21;  in  South 
Africa,  348;  in  Suffolk,  55;  in  Sussex, 
318 ;  in  Staffordshire,  55 :  in  Warwick- 
shire, 100  ;  in  Yorkshire,  20,  318 

Acherontia  atroi^os  larva  :  a  variety,  317 

Acherontia  atropos  and  Sphinx  convol- 
vuli  in  the  Harwich  district,  281 

Acherontia  atropos  and  Vanessa  (Cyn- 
thia) cardui  m  Salop,  20 

Acidalia  contiguaria,  Hb..  at  Criccieth, 
23 

A  contribution  towards  a  revision  of  the 
British  Torymina,  269 

A  correction,  179 

Acronycta  alni  taken  at  rest,  230 :  in 
Warwickshire,  255 

Addendum,  130 

j'Eschna  cyanea,  &e.,  in  Yorkshire,  312 

A  few  notes  on  rearing  Cossus  ligniperda, 
287 

Agrion  pulchellum  var.  resembling  A. 
puella,  215  (fig.) 

Anesychia  (Psecadia)  bipunctella,  298 

Apatura  iris  in  Sussex,  293 

Application  for  British  Stratiomyida?, 
158 

A  preliminary  list  of  the  Lepidoptera  of 
Wei-hai-wei,  173,  197 

Argynnis  aglaia  var.  charlotta,  351 

Argynnis  latonia  in  Dorsetshire,  352 

Atherix  crassipes,  Mg.,  a  dipteron  new 
to  British  list,  28 

Autumnal  emergence  of  Lophopteryx 
cucuUia  and  Acronycta  menyanthidis, 
352 

Berlin  Congress  of  Zoology,  204 
Biologic  notes  on  some  Ceylonese  Ehyn- 
chota,  113 


Boletobia  fuliginaria  at  Walthamstow 

297 
British  and  Finnish  species  of  the  Or- 

thopterous  genus  Acrydium,  241 
Butterflies  in  Thanet,  318 
Butterfly  collecting  in  Austro-Hungary 

in  1900,  263 
Buff  variety  of  Amphidasys  betularia, 

the,  180,  203.  228,  252 

Callimorpha  hera  in  England,  255 ;  in 

the  Exeter  district,  296 
Camptogramma  fluviata  at  Rhyl,  130 
Caradrina  ambigua  in  Hampshire,  45 ; 

at  Eingwood,  317 
Captures  at  electric  light,  103 
Catalogue  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  Ireland : 

SuiDplementary  List,  14,  85 
Catocala  fraxini  in  Suffolk,  352 
Catocala  nupta  in  London,  296 
Cerambyx  jedilis  in  S.  Yorkshire,  298 
Chariclea  umbra  at  sugar,  229 
Choerocampa  celerio  in  Wilts,  318  ;  nerii 

in  Scotland,  56 
Chrysophanus    phloeas    var.    schmidtii 

near  Paisley,  352 
Cirrhcedia  xerampelina  in  N.  Wales,  296 
Cirrhoedia  xerampelina  var.  unicolor  in 

the  Midlands,  99  :  in  Notts,  22 
Cleora  glabraria  in  Scotland,  56 
Cffinonympha   davus   var.   rothliebi   at 

Delamere,  287 
Colias  edusa  and  Acherontia  atropos  in 

North  England,  99 
Colias  edusa  and  C.  hyale  in  1900.  19  ; 
in  Buckinghamshire,  291 ;  in  Hamp- 
shire, 19,  315  ;  in  Kent,  292 ;  in  York- 
shire, 19 
Colias  edusa  in  Kent,  292  ;  in  Northum- 
berland, 99  ;  near  Winchester,  99  ;  in 
Staffordshire,  56  ;   in  N.  Wales,  56 ; 
in  1900,  20,  56 
Colias  hyale,  20  ;  in  June,  130,  208 ;  in 
Berkshire,  291 ;  in  Cornwall,  315  ;  in 
Essex,  253,  291 ;  in  Hampshire,  291 ; 
in  Kent,  253,  292,  316;   at  Maldon, 
253  ;  in  Surrey,  293  ;  in  Wiltshire,  316 
Colias  hyale  and  C.  edu.sa,  &c..  at  Folke- 
stone, 351 
Colias  hyale  and  varieties  of  Syrichthus 


VI 


INDEX. 


malva'  and  Melita>a  cinxia  in  the  Isle 

of  Wight,  207 
Colias  hyale  pupa :  a  collection,  204 
Collecting  Lepidoptora  in  Tangier,  200 
Coremia  quadrifasciaria  and  Melanippe 

procellata  in  Essex,  22 
Courtship  of  Anthocharis  cardaniines, 

128 
Cyanii-is  argiolus  abundant  in  Southend, 

293 

Dasycampa  rubiginea  in  Berks,  22 
Deiopeia  pulchella  in  London  district, 

230 ;  in  Surrey,  297 
Description  of  a  new  genus  of  Bees  from 

India,  262 
Description  of  a  new  species  of  Crypturus 

from  Spain,  330 
Description  of  a  new  species  of  Cicadidafi 

from  the  Island  of  Hainan,  247 
Descriptions  of  four  new  species  of  Di- 

sonycha     (Coleoptera,     Phytophaga. 

fam.  Halticidas),  146 
Descriptions  of  four  new  species  of  Noc- 

tuidffi  from  the  Transvaal,  284 
Descriptions  of  two  new  species  of  Phyllo- 

Morphin£e(Heteroptera,fam.Coreid8e), 

88  (ligs.) 
Diptera  and  Hymenoptera  in  Norfolk, 

201 
Diptera,   Pediculidas,  &c.,  parasitic  on 

Man,  140 
"  Dircenna  barettii,"  the  genus  of,  10 

Early  appearance  of  Chterocampa  elpe- 

nor,  100 
Early  appearance  of  Hydrilla  palustris 

at  Carlisle,  182 
Early  appearance  of  Phigalia  pedaria,  58 
Early  appearance  of  Pieris  rapre  in  Lon- 
don, 131 
Early  dates  for  Anax  imperator,  180 
Early  spring  in  West  Sussex,  160 
Easter  (1901)  in  the  New  Forest,  181 
Editoriiil,  1 

Emergence  of  Drepana  binaria,  52 
Ennomos  autumnaria  (tiliaria),  21 
Entomological  Fauna  of  Berkshire,  252 
Entomological  notes  for  May,  1901,  205  • 

for  June,  1901,  228 
Erebia  glacialis  :  a  correction,  17 
Errata,  183,  313 
Esiton  sumichrasti,  140 
Euchloe  cardamines  at  rest,  204 
EuRonia  autumnaria  at  Dovercourt,  317 
Evening  flight  of  butterflies,  54 
Evolution  in  buttertly-scales,  350 

Female  pouch  in  Acraja,  on  the,  73 
Forcing  Agrotis  ashworthii,  40,  246 
Forliculidii!  and  Hemimerida,  138 
Formic  acid,  the  strength  of,  209 
Formicida),  nomenclature  of  parts  of  the 
thorax  in,  140 


Four  months"  collecting  in   the  Isle  of 

Lewis,  3u5 
Further  notes  on  Sinhalese  Ehynchota, 

38 

Genitalia  of  certain  Aculeata,  male,  140 ; 

in  Eupithecia,  value  of,  139  ;  in  Micro- 

lepidoptera,  139 
Gerris  costje,  H.-Sch.,  at  Deal,  256 
Gymnusa  brevicollis  in  Yorkshire,  256 
Gynandrous  Amphidasys  betularia,  203, 

322  ;  Lyciena  bellargus,  184 
Gynandromorphic  Macro-lepidoptera,  11 
Gynandromorphism  in  Lepidoptera,  348 

Hadena  genistffi  at  Chichester,  317 
Hecatera  serena  larva;  not  on  Goat's- 

beard,  126 
Hemerobius  concinnus,  bred,  204  ;  stig- 
ma (limbatus)  in  December,  56 
Hesperia  sylvanus,  204 
Hybernation  of  Vanessidaj,  316 
Hybernia  pilosaria  in  December.  99 
Hybrid  Lepidoptera,  12,  60 

Insect  fauna  of  Hampshire,  18 ;  of 
Middlesex,  54:  of  Nottinghamshire, 
130 

Insects  of  Malta,  252  ;  in  Norfolk  Broad- 
land  in  June, 343 

Intermediate  forms  of  Amphidasys  betu- 
laria (tigs.),  213 

Irregularity  in  emergence  of  Drepanidre, 
98 ;  of  emergence  and  larval  retarda- 
tion, 128 

Ischnura  pumilio  in  Cornwall,  181 ;  in 
the  New  Forest,  205 

Knaggs'  Lepidopterist's  Guide,  130 

Labelling  insects,  on,  172,  216 

Lac-insect  from  South  Africa,  a  new, 
342 

Larvit-beating  in  Epping  Forest  in  1901, 
101 

Larvas  of  Cassida  equestris  feeding  on 
hemp-nettle,  290 ;  of  German  Macro- 
lepidoptera,  140;  of  Nyssia  lajjpo- 
naria,  255 ;  of  Sphinx  convolvuli  at 
Maldon,  254 

Larvffi  and  pupa  of  Plusia  moneta  in 
Kent,  208 

Late  brood  of  Pachycnemia  hippocasta- 
naria,  288 

Late  butterflies.  58 

Late  and  early  dates  of  certain  Lepi- 
doptera in  Cornwall,  23 

Leech  Collection  of  Lepidoptera,  157; 
presented  to  the  nation,  175 

Lepidoptera  at  Farnborough,  Kent,  and 
neighbourhood,  354 

Lepidoptera  at  light  in  Hertfordshire, 
357 

Lepidoptera  in  August  in  South  Devon, 


INDEX. 


Vll 


267 ;  in  Central  Germany,  303 ;  in 
Co.  Westmeath,  102  ;  in  the  New- 
Forest  at  Whitsuntide,  207 

Lepidoptera  of  County  Cork,  a  list  of 
the,  333 

Lepidoptera  of  Lewis,  159,  288 

Lepidoptera  Ehopalocera  of  Paris,  355 

Lepidopterous  fauna  of  Hampshire, 
312 

Leucania  extranea  and  Dasycampa  rubi- 
ginea  at  Torquay,  160 

Leucania  vitellina,  16 

Life-history  of  Colias  hyale,  167 ;  of 
Hesperia  comiua,  325 

Limenitis  sibylla,  etc..  in  Shropshire, 
99  ;  in  Woolmer  Forest,  293 

List  of  British  Spiders,  55 

Lucanus  cervus  in  London,  256 

Lycaena  jegon  and  L.  astrarche  (medon) 
in  Cornwall,  353 

Lyc;Tena  argiolus  in  London,  160;  and 
other  insects  in  May,  182 

Lycasna  corydon  protected  by  resem- 
blance, 228 

Lycfena  minima  (alsus)  double-brooded, 
29'4;  (Polyommatus  alsus)  in  August, 
254  ;  in  Warwickshire,  229 

Macroglossa  stellatarum,  21 ;   at  Cran- 

brook,  Kent,  56 ;  in  Thanet,  295 
Mamestra  abjecta  and  Spilodes  palealis, 

at  Komford,  353 
Margarodes  unionalis,  182 
Marginal  wing-bristles  in  Lepidoptera, 

•±7,  116 
Melanippe  sociata  var.  obscurata,  364 
Melitcea  athalia  in  Devon,  127 
Migrants,  23 

Miscellanea  Ehynchotalis,  5,  116 
Morphology  and  Classitication   of   the 

Auchenorrhynchous  Homoptera,  149 
Moths  carried  off  sugar  by  sandhoppers 

(Talitrus  locusta),  127 

Names  and  delinitions  of  hybrids,  189 

Names  of  legs  of  insects,  84 

Naval  manoiuvres  of  1900,  from  an 
entomologist's  point  of  view,  71 

Nemeophila  (Chelonia)  plantaginis  in 
autumn,  312 

Neuroptera  other  than  Odonata  in  1900, 
70 

New  and  little-known  bees  from  Ne- 
braska, 190 

New  work  on  British  Diptera,  55 

-Note  on  Macroglossa  fuciformis  and  M. 
stellatarum,  208 ;  on  Ehizotrogus 
solstitialis,  256 ;  on  the  occurrence 
of  Phyllodromia  germanica,  L.,  in 
Birmingham,  204  ;  on  Vanessa  poly- 
chloros,  1.80 

Notes  from  Brighouse,  23 ;  from  Brodick, 
Arran.  N.B.,  24  ;  from  Cranbrook, 
Kent,   58;     from   Devon   and   North 


Somerset,  319;  from  Dover,  26;  from 
Eastbourne,  25  ;  from  Ilford,  &c.,  321 ; 
from  Norfolk,  25 ;  from  North  Kent, 
28  ;  from  Portland,*  1900,  100  ;  from 
Somersetshire,  24  ;  from  South  Devon, 
329  ;  from  the  Chester  district,  256  ; 
from  the  North-west,  103  ;  on  British 
dragonflies,  53 ;  on  buttertiies  from 
the  Maritime  Alps,  298 ;  on  Lepido- 
ptera during  July  and  August,  258; 
on  Lepidoptera  for  Se^jtember,  354 ; 
on  Lepidoptera  from  the  Mediterra- 
nean, 22i),  244  ;  on  Lepidoptera  from 
Portland,  357  ;  on  Lepidoptera  from 
Wiltshire,  299 ;  on  some  Coccidas  of 
the  earlier  writers,  90 ;  on  some 
Rhynchota  collected  chiefly  in  China 
and  Japan,  by  Mr.  T.  B.  Fletcher,  49  ; 
on  Spilosoma  (Arctia)  fuliginosa,  353 ; 
on  the  division  Veliiaria,  285,  308 ; 
on  the  larva  of  Eupithecia  subfulvata, 
349  ;  on  the  Lepidoptera  observed  at 
Chichester  and  neighbourhood  in  1901, 
356 ;  on  the  season,  108 ;  on  the 
season  of  1900  in  Carnarvonshire, 
102 ;  on  Vanessa  io  and  V.  cardui, 
290 ;  on  Vanessa  polychloros  at  Lee, 
253 

Nonagria  neurica  var.  dissoluta,  Treit- 
■•ichkc,  56 

Northumberland  Odonata,  289 

Notidobia  ciliaris,  180 

Nyctemera  annulata,  Boiad.,  of  New 
Zealand,  life-history,  141 

Obitdakies  : — 

Le  Baron  Michel-Edmond  de  Selys- 

Longchamps,  32 
John  Henry  Leech,  33 
Alexandre  Constant,  212 
Eleanor  A.  Ormerod,  235 

Odonata  and  Lepidoptera  at  Llandrin- 
dod  (Eadnorshire),  257  ;  at  Watford, 
Herts,  354;  at  Hythe,  Kent,  297  ;  at 
Lee,  Kent,  23 ;  in  1900,  65 

G3nistis  (Gnophria)  quadra  in  Dublin, 
230  ;  in  Ireland,  317 

Oldest  existing  moth,  the,  42 

On  the  nomenclature  of  genera  Ehyn- 
chota,  Heteroptera,  and  Auchenor- 
rhynchous Homoptera,  176,  218 

On  the  occurrence  of  Colias  edusa  and 
C.  hyale  in  1900,  and  the  results  of 
rearing  the  var.  helice  from  helice 
ova,  2 

Oporabia  autumnaria,  182 ;  at  home,  43 

Orobena  extimalis  (for  externalis)  in 
Suffolk,  296 

Orthographical  and  classical  "  emenda- 
tions "  in  nomenclature,  8 

Orthoptera,  55 ;  in  Renfrewshire,  130  ; 
in  1900,  165 

Orthosia  rutina  flying  by  day,  312 

Oxygastra  curtisii  taken  in  Hants,  230 


Vlll 


INDEX. 


Pachycuemia  hippocastanaria  double- 
brooded,  000 

Pairing  of  Euchlot'  cardaniines,  179 

Plilogophora  meticulosa  in  winter,  181 

Plusia  bractea  in  Scotland.  297 

Plusia  gamma,  22 

Plusia  moneta  at'Bickley,  Kent.  255 ;  at 
Bromley,  Kent,  229,  297;  at  Cam- 
bridge, 317 ;  at  Reading,  255 ;  in 
Hampshire,  229 ;  in  North  London, 
182 ;  in  Sussex,  208 

Pieris  daplidice  at  Dover,  252  ;  Colias 
edusa,  and  C.  hyale  at  Folkestone, 
252  ;  in  Jersey,  291 ;  in  Sussex,  Sol ; 
migrating,  98 

Pieris  raptf,  204 

Preliminary  list  of  the  Lepidoptera  of 
Wei-hai-wei,  15-1 

Pterostoma  palpina  double-brooded,  288, 
310 

Pupal  wings  of  Aporia  cratasgi,  mark- 
ings on,  29 

Purple  larva  of  Sphinx  ligustri,  254 

Rearing  Acherontia  atropos,  on,  227  ; 

Lasiocampa  (Bombyx)  quercus,  250 
Recent  Litekatcre  : — 

Report  of  Insect  Pests  for  1899,  by 

F.  V.  Theobald,  31 
Insects  of  New  Jersey,  by  John  B. 

Smith,  63 
Flies  Injurious  to   Stock,   by   E.  A. 

Ormerod,  (53 
Das  Tierreich,  13S 
British  Flies,  by  ii.  H.  Verrall,  138 
Third  Annual  Report  of  the  Kendal 

Entomological  Society,  163 
Transactions  of  the  City   of  London 

Entomological  and  Natural  History 

Society  for  the  year  1900,  164 
On  the  Mating  Instinct  in  Moths,  by 

A.  G.  Mayer,  164 

Note  on  Cordyceps  sinclairii,  by  W.  B. 
Benham,  187 

Die  Dermatopteren  und  Orthopteren 
vou  Osterreich-Ungarn  und  Deut- 
schland,  by  Joseph  Redtenbacher, 
188 

The  Principal  Insects  affecting  the 
Tobacco  Plant,  by  L.  0.  Howard, 
211 

Proceedings  of  the  Twelth  Annual 
Meeting  of  the  Association  of  Eco- 
nomic Entomologists,  211 

Lcs  Insectes  Comestibles  dans  I'anti- 
(luile  et  d«  nos  jours,  by  E.  Daguin. 
211 

Die  Geradfliigler  Miteleuropas,  by  Dr. 

B.  Tiimpel.  212 

The  Swinuiiing  jieculiarities  of  Daph- 
uia  and  its  allies,  by  D.  J.  Scour- 
tield,  232 

Sixteenth  Report  of  Injurious  and 
other  Insects,  by  E.  P.  Felt,  233 


The  Logarithmic  Plotting  of  certain 
Biological  Data,  by  D.  J.  Scourfield, 
234 

Economic  Entomology,  234 

Familiar  Butterflies  and  Moths,  by  W. 
F.  Kirby,  260 

Proceedings  of  the  South  Loudon  En- 
tomological and  Natural  History 
Society  for  1900,  260 

Enemies  of  Cucumbers  and  Related 
Plants,  &c.,  by  H.  Garman,  300 

The  Lepidoptera  of  the  British  Islands, 
300 
Revised  list  of  Cheshire  Lepidoptera, 

55 
Rhizobius  jujub®,  127 
Rhizotrogus  solstitialis,  298 

Season  of  1900,  the,  24 

Seasonal  phases  of  butterflies  of  the 
genus  Precis,  on  certain,  7 

Second  brood  of  fipinephele  ianira, 
310 

Second  brood  of  Epinephele  ianira  and 
E.  tithonus,  287 

Segments  of  the  leg  in  Insecta,  140 

Selenia  illustraria  (tetralunaria)  and  its 
broods,  341 

Selenia  tetralunaria  (illustraria)  in  Scot- 
land, 179 

Sesia  andreniformis  in  Kent,  255 

Sesiidffi  of  North  America,  289 

Scales  in  Lycaina,  18 

Sirex  gigas,  256 

Six  new  species  of  Culicida;  from  India, 
192 

Smerinthus  ocellatus,  215 

Societies  : — 
Birmingham  Entomological,  135,  232. 

324,  361 
Entomological  of  London,  28,  59, 131, 

161,  183,  209,  321,  360 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomologi- 
cal, 134,  162,  186,  368 
South  London  Entomological  and  Na- 
tural History,  30,  60,  133,  184, 210, 
281,  259,  323,  361 

Some  notes  on  Xylomiges  conspicillaris, 
832 

Some  systematic  work  published  durmg 
the  last  five  years  upon  North  Ameri- 
can Auchenorrhynchous  Homoptera 
(Rhynchota),  836 

Sounds  produced  by  puptc,  17 

South  African  CoccidiB,  223,  248 

Sphinx  convolvuli  pupa,  295 

Sphinx  convolvuli  in  1901,  230 ;  Berk- 
shire, 313 ;  Bromley,  294 ;  Bucks,  313 
Cornwall,  813;  Devonshire,  313;  Dor 
setshire,  318  ;  Eastbourne,  23  ;  Essex 
255, 314  ;  Hampshire,  314,  853  ;  Hert 
fordshire,  314;  Kent,  314;  Lancashire 
(larvffi),  254;  London  district,  295 
Middlesex,  315;   Norfolk,  294;   Nor- 


INDEX. 


IX 


thumberland,  353;  Ringwood,  320; 
Scotland,  23,  295 ;  Somersetshire,  315 ; 
Southampton,  294 ;  Suffolk.  315 ;  Sur- 
rey, 295  ;  Sussex,  255,  295 ;  Thanet, 
294 ;  Worcestershire,  315 

Staudinger's  Catalogue,  the  new  edition 
of,  237 

Sterrha  sacraria  in  Worcestershire,  296 

Stridulation  of  Corixa  (Rhynchota),  the, 
9,  52 

Study  of  life  history,  the,  93,  117 

Sugaring  lamps,  98 

Supernumerary  joints  and  limbs  in  in- 
sects, 30 

Swamnierdam  on  Dragonfly  nymph.  53 

Synopsis  of  Experiments  in  Hybridiza- 
tion and  Temperature  made  with  Lep- 
idoptera  up  to  tlie  end  of  1898,  11,  75 

Tffiniocampa  gracilis  depositing  ova  in 

sponge,  97 
Thecla  w-album,  231 
Third  brood  of  Selenia  illustraria.  note 

on.  157 
Three  generations  of  Selenia  illustraria 

in  one  year,  288 

Undescribed  Indian  Rhynchota  :  Penta- 
tomidiB,  34t) 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Bucks,  293 ;  in 
Devonshire,  316;  at  Epsom,  316;  in 
Essex,  293 ;  in  Hampshire,  316 ;  in 
Huntingdonshire,  352  ;  in  North  Lon- 
don, 316  ;  in  South-east  London,  254  ; 
in  Surrey,  57  ;  in  Sussex,  293 

Vanessa  atalanta,  160  ;  in  Scotland,  22  ; 
Macroglossa  stellatarum,  and  .Eschna 
mixta  in  Kilburn,  22 

Vanessa  c-album  in  Ireland,  18 

Vanessa  polychloros,  160  ;  and  Argynnis 
paphia  at  Witherslack,  253  ;  in  1900, 
57  ;  &c.,  in  London,  31(5 

Vanessa  urtics>,  57  ;  attracted  bv  light, 
230 

Vanessids  in  19U0,  the,  17,  57,  100,  159 

Variation  of  the  genus  Erebia,  276,  306 

Varieties  : — 

Abraxas  ulmata,  60 
Acherontia  atropos,  62 
Acronycta  menyanthidis,  162 
Amphidasys  betularia,  231,  232,  324 
Amphipyra  tragopogonis,  30 
Aplecta  nebulosa,  132 
Arctia  caia,  60 

Argynnis   aglaia,    59,    60,    139 ;    var. 
charlotta,  351 ;  paphia,  59,  60,  324  ; 
?  sp.,  324 
Aspilates  citraria,  61 


Bryophila  muralis,  60,  133 
Carterocephalus  palffimon,  131 
Catocala  nupta  var.  cterulescens,  60, 

61 ;  promissa,  60  ;  sponsa,  61 
Chelonia  plantaginis,  60 
Chrysophanus  j)hloeas  var.  schmidtii, 

352 
Ca'uonympha  pamphilus,  61 
Colias  edusa,  131 ;  hyale,  61,  352 
Coreniia  designata,  60 
Diloba  Cffiruleocephala,  60 
Drepana  falcula,  61 
Ephyra  pendularia,  60 
Epinephele    hyperanthus,    60,    324  ; 

tithonus,  324,  361 
Endrosa  aurita,  132 
Euchloris  pustulata,  231 
Eurrhypara  urticata,  259 
Fidoma  atomaria,  132,  361 
Gonopteryx  rliamni,  2()1,  352 
Hesperia  thaunias.  30 
Hydrocampa  stagnalis,  (il 
Lithosia  quadra.  60 
Libellula  quadriuiaculata,  61 
Macaria  liturata  var.  nigrofulvata,  364 
Malacosoma  neustria,  60 
Mamestra  brassicas,  61 
Jlelanippe  fluctuata,  61;  galiata,  60; 

subtristata,  364 
MelitfBa  cinxia,  207,  209,  259,  300 
Notonecta  glauca,  61 
Odoulopera  bidentata,  364 
Papilio  machaon,  (31 
Pararge  egeria,  (51 
Pieris  rap;i3,  61 
Polyommatus  icarus,  61,  134 
Psyiliodes  cyanoptera,  133 
Snierinthus  populi,  30;  tilije,  209 
Sphinx  ligustri,  323 
Spilos.ima  radiata,  62 
Syrichthus  malvffi,  207 
Tripliania  fimbria,  60 
Vanessa  polychloros,  00 
Zoiiosoma  linearia,  60 ;  porata,  259 
Variety  of  Euchloris  (Phorodesma)  pus- 
tulata, 231 
Visitors  to  sugar,  290 
Vitality  of  Alpine  Rhopalocera,  157  ;    of 
Hybernia  rupicapraria,  131 

Xanthia  gilvago  at  Balham.  353,  at 
Tooting,  296  ;  in  the  Brondey  district, 
22 

Xylomigesconspicillaris,  157;  in  Somer- 
setshire, 130, 160,  332 

Xyphidia  camelus,  54 

Zonosoma  pendularia  in  October,  179 
Zygsena  filipendulas  in  Banffshire,  290 


Errata. — P.  314,  line  15  from  top,  for  "easily"  read 
7  from  top.  for  "  September  1st  "  read  "  October  1st." 


rarely."     P.  315,  line 


PLATES. 

Portrait  of  the  late  Mr.  J.  H.  Leech to  face 

I.— First  and  second  segments  of:  1,  Agrion pulchcllum  $  ;  2,  A-puella 
(J ;  3,  A.  hastulatum  $ ;  4,  J.  mercunale  $ ;  5,  Enallagma 
cyathigerum  $ 

II.— Anal  segments  of  Ischnura  pumilio  $  and  I.  elegans  $ ;  abdomen 
of  Pyrrhosoma  nymplmla  J  var. ;  abdomen  of  P.  tenellum  $  J 
vars • 

III. — Tettix  bipunctatus  and  T.  suhulatus 

IV. — Varieties  of  Irish  Lepidoptera  (coloured). 


PAGE 

33 


65. 

Ga 
165. 


ILLUSTEATIONS    IN    THE    TEXT. 

Stridulating  apparatus  of  Corixo  geoffruyi 9 

Rhododipsa  miniana .  A'2 

Mai'ginal  Wing  Bristles  in  Lepidoptera       ......  47 

Pephricus  fragilis,  Distant ..89' 

P.  fuse iatm.  Distant .  90 

Amorgius  indicus — fig.  1,  egg-cluster;  fig.  2,  single  egg                .         .  114 

Disphinctus  formosus,  Kirkaldy — fig.  3,  egg  in  section;  fig.;4,  showing 
part  of  egg  exposed     .... 


Nijctemcra  annulata,  Boisd.  (details)  . 
Intermediate  forms  of  ADipJiidaxysi  hctularui 
Agrion  pulcltellum  ^  ab. :  segments  1  and  2 
Aberration  of  Gonopteryx  vlutmiii 


.  115 
.  141 
213,  214 
.  215 
.  261 


INSTRUCTIONS  to  BINDER.—The  SPECIAL  INDEX,  ^iveii  with 
the  'Entomologist'  for  January,  1902.  belongs  to  this  Volume,  and 
should  be  placed  next  to  this  General  Index. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIV.l  JANUARY.     1901.  [No.  452. 


EDITORIAL. 

We  are  very  pleased  to  announce  that  Messrs.  Kirkaldy  and 
Lucas  have  kindly  consented  to  join  the  Reference  Committee  of 
the  '  Entomologist,'  and  will  therefore  become  more  intimately 
associated  with  the  Journal.  These  gentlemen  are  already  well 
known  to  our  readers,  and  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that 
their  articles  on  British  Rhynchota,  Odonata,  and  Orthoptera, 
which  have  recently  appeared  in  our  pages,  have  greatly  stimu- 
lated interest  in  these  groups. 

En  passant  we  may  remark  that  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  not 
only  will  insects  of  the  orders  adverted  to  receive  increasing 
attention  in  the  future,  but  that  workers  on  the  Coleoptera, 
Diptera,  and  Hymenoptera  of  this  country  may  give  us  evidence 
of  their  activity. 

The  Editor  wishes  it  to  be  understood  that  he  is  responsible 
for  all  unsigned  matter  published  in  the  '  Entomologist.'  All 
responsibility  for  articles  and  notes  rests  with  their  resjDective 
contributors,  whose  names  or  initials  are  always  given.  If  the 
writer  be  a  member  of  the  Reference  Committee,  the  views  or 
opinions  expressed  by  him  are  on  his  authority  alone. 


ENTOM. — JANUARY,    1901. 


2  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

ON  THE  OCCURRENCE  OF  COLIAS  EDUSA  AND  C.  HYALE 
IN  1900,  AND  THE  RESULTS  OF  REARING  THE  VAR. 
HE  LICE  FROM  HE  LICE  OVA. 

By  F.  W.  Frohawk,  M.B.O.U.,  F.E.S. 

The  first  news  I  heard  of  respecting  these  butterflies  during 
.the  past  season  was  that  on  June  10th  last,  when  my  friend 
Mr.  W.  A.  Cope  forwarded  me,  for  inspection,  a  hvmg  C.  hyale 
male,  which  he  had  just  captured  near  Cudham,  Kent.  A  few 
days  after  this  capture  I  heard  of  others  having  been  seen  in  the 
south-eastern  counties,  principally  Kent.  I  then  predicted  m 
the  '  Field '  that  C.  hyale  would  prove  plentiful  during  the 
following  August  and  September. 

Excepting  seeing  one  C.  edusa  on  July  1 1th,  in  North  Corn- 
wall, I  heard  nothing  more  of  either  species  until  Aug.  15th, 
when  I  learnt  that  C.  hyale  was  common  in  different  parts  of 
Kent,  and  that  C.  edusa  was  swarming  in  South  Devon. 

On  Aug.  18th  three  friends  and  myself  journeyed  down  to 
Sheerness,  where  we  found  C.  hyale  fairly  plentiful,  capturing 
over  sixty  specimens  and  about  two  dozen  C.  edusa,  including 
one  helice ;  the  twenty  hyale  which  I  took  consisted  of  eighteen 
males  and  two  females.    One  female,  being  quite  freshly  emerged, 
I  killed ;    the  other,  rather  worn,  I  kept  alive  for  ova,  which, 
on   the   following   day,   deposited    about   forty,    and   continued 
depositing  for  one  week,  during  which  time  I  placed  her  upon 
five  separate  plants  of  clover.     The  number  of  eggs  deposited 
upon  the  plants  were  40,  80,  60,  42,  and  14 — total  236,  which 
is  about  the  full  complement  for  this  species.     The  eggs  com- 
menced hatching  on  Aug.  29th,  and  the  larvae  are  now  (Nov. 
17th)  eighty  days  old,  and  hybernating.     Some  of  them  occa- 
sionally feed  a  very  little,   the   majority   remaining   perfectly 
motionless  (in  this  respect  they  precisely  agree  in  habit  to  the 
hyale  larvae  that  I  had  under  observation  in  the  autumn  of  1892, 
when  I  published  notes  on  the  earlier  stages  in  the  '  Entomo- 
logist,' then  stating  that  C.  hyale  hybernated  in  the  larval  state). 
Although  these  larvae  were  subjected  to  much  heat  and  sunshine 
during  September,  they  grew  but  slowly,  while  all  the  heliee  and 
edusa  larva3,  which  were  kept  under  exactly  similar  conditions, 
fed  up  and  pupated   during  the  month.     The   hyale  remained 
quite  small,  having  only  moulted  twice  by  the  time  the  helice 
and  edusa  were  in  pupae.     Another  female  C.  hyale,  captured  by 
my  wife  at  Addington,  Surrey,  on  Sept.  7th  (where  we  subse- 
quently took  others,  as  well  as  C.  edusa)  deposited  140  ova,  the 
greater  part  of  them  being  deposited  on  the  12th.     We  also  cap- 
tured about  forty  0.  hyale  near  Broadstairs,  Kent,  between  the 
18th  and  25th  September,  and  also  found  C.  edusa  common,  but 


OCCURRENCE  OF  COLIAS  EDUSA  AND  C.  HYALE.  S 

only  observed  three  helice.  The  edusa  varied  much  in  condition, 
some  being  freshly  emerged,  while  others  very  very  worn ;  one 
pair  I  took  in  coitu  on  Sept.  22nd ;  the  female  was  so  much  worn 
that  it  evidently  had  been  flying  for  several  days,  but  the  male 
was,  from  its  perfect  condition,  only  just  emerged.  This  worn 
female,  and  others  kept  alive  for  "the  purpose,  deposited  freely, 
and  the  worn  one  continued  producing  eggs  until  Oct.  3rd ;  the 
larvae  from  them  are  now  feeding,  and  will  probably  produce 
imagines  about  the  end  of  December  or  early  in  January. 

On  Aug.  15th  last  I  received  a  communication  stating  that 
C.  edusa  was  swarming  in  South  Devon,  and  that  the  var. 
helice  was  numerous.  I  thereupon  wrote  to  my  friend.  Dr. 
Elliot,  of  Kingsbridge,  expressing  a  wish  to  obtain  living  ex- 
amples of  helice,  for  the  purpose  of  getting  eggs  and  in  the  hope 
of  rearing  the  variety.  Upon  receipt  of  my  letter  the  doctor, 
most  kindly,  at  once  set  out  in  search  of  specimens,  and 
despatched  five  living  helice  to  me  on  the  17th.  These  arrived 
at  noon  the  next  day,  during  my  visit  to  Sheerness  after  C. 
hijale.  Upon  their  arrival  my  wife  found  them  to  be  in  a  very 
feeble  state,  owing  to  their  long  journey  in  the  excessive  heat 
then  prevailing ;  she  therefore  fed  them  with  sweetened  water, 
and  four  of  them  survived.  They  were  then  placed  upon  a 
clover-plant,  and  one  almost  immediately  commenced  depositing. 
The  following  day  I  singled  them  out  on  to  four  separate  plants 
of  clover,  and  during  the  following  eight  days  the  four  deposited 
in  all  between  850  and  900  eggs ;  these  began  to  hatch  on  Aug. 
24th,  remaining  only  six  days  in  the  egg  state,  accountable  to 
the  hot  weather.  The  first  larva  became  full-fed  and  spun  up 
on  Sept.  19th  ;  it  pupated  on  the  21sfc,  and  the  first  imago 
emerged  on  Oct.  5th. 

As  will  be  seen  by  the  following  notes,  the  results  attained 
out  of  the  entire  number  reared  are  very  interesting,  as  it  shows 
the  large  proportion  of  helice  produced  from  helice  parents, 
which  almost  equal  the  normal  females  ;  in  fact,  exactly  the 
same  number  of  each  emerged  for  several  days,  and  it  was  only 
during  the  last  few  days  of  their  emergence  that  the  normal 
females  gained  slightly  the  lead. 

As  might  be  expected,  the  first  specimens  that  emerged  were 
males,  many  appearing  before  any  females.  The  number  of 
males  bred  amount  to  302,  of  normal  females  125,  and  helice  110, 
making  a  total  of  537  of  both  sexes.  It  will  be  thus  seen  that  the 
number  of  helice  bred  almost  equals  that  of  the  normal  females, 
and  that  the  total  number  of  females  is  235  against  302  males.  I 
had  expected  to  breed  a  larger  number  of  specimens,  but  from 
some  mysterious  cause  quite  250  or  300  larvae  disappeared,  as  I 
had  about  850  feeding  when  they  were  between  the  first  and 
third  moults  (as  I  counted  quite  that  number  when  changing  their 
food-plants)  ;  but  upon  counting  all  the  pupse  and  the  few  larvae 

B  2 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST, 


which  I  found  from  time  to  time  dead,  I  was  only  able  to  account 
for  about  580,  instead  of  about  850.  As  the  larvae  were  care- 
fully protected  against  earwigs,  which  are  so  destructive  to 
young  Colias  larvae,  and  not  finding  any  trace  of  their  remains, 
I  am  quite  at  a  loss  to  understand  what  became  of  about  270 ; 
possibly  cannibalism  might  account  for  some,  but  that  seems 
hardly  "likely  to  be  the  case,  otherwise  I  think  I  could  not  have 
failed  noticing  some  trace  of  them,  unless  they  fell  from  the 
plants  and  quickly  decayed  among  the  stems  and  earth,  and 
thus  escaped  my  notice. 

However,  the  result  attained  is  sufficiently  satisfactory,  as  the 
helice  form  a  most  interesting  and  beautiful  series,  varying  as 
they  do  in  depth  and  tone  of  colour ;  the  primaries  vary  in 
ground  colour,  from  a  mellow  huffish  orange  to  pure  white. 
Between  these  two  extreme  forms  every  gradation  of  tone  exists, 
even  to  clear  lemon-yellow ;  there  is  also  much  variation  in  the 
secondaries ;  those  with  the  deepest  coloured  primaries  have  the 
secondaries  only  very  slightly  greyer  than  a  normal  female ;  while 
the  whitest  specimens  have  delicate  lilac-grey  secondaries  ;  two 
dozen  specimens  are  more  or  less  of  the  huffish  orange  form," 
being  intermediate  between  the  normal  edasa  female  and  a  typical 
helice.  The  spots  on  the  marginal  borders  vary  a  good  deal  in 
size  and  number ;  also  does  the  central  orange  spot  in  the 
secondaries  ;  in  some  it  is  intensely  rich  and  deep  in  colour  ;  in 
others  it  is  light  chrome-yellow,  encircled  with  pale  lemon- 
yellow.  The  under  sides  present  most  beautiful  delicacy  of 
colouring,  especially  the  primaries,  and  one  specimen  has  the 
whole  of  the  ground  colour  of  the  primaries  of  a  soft  orange  hue; 
the  discoidal  spots  also  vary  much  in  size.  Two  of  the  helice 
are  rather  singular  aberrations,  one  having  the  whole  of  the 
costal  area  of  all  four  wings,  from  the  median  nervure  to  the 
apex,  of  a  pale  greyish  buff,  making  the  usual  black  of  the  apex 
and  discoidal  spots  very  faint,  and  the  central  secondary  spots 
very  pale  yellow ;  the  antennae  are  also  pale  grey,  instead  of  rosy 
red.  The  other  specimen  has  the  whole  colouring  very  pale,  the 
only  part  of  the  marginal  band  approaching  to  black  is  that  at 
the  anal  angle  of  the  primary,  but  the  discoidal  spots  remain 
quite  black. 

The  males  bred  vary  a  great  deal  in  depth  of  ground  colour, 
showing  all  degrees  of  strength,  from  a  very  deep  rich  orange,  to 
the  palest  chrome-yellow  ;  the  marginal  bands  also  vary  in 
width,  and  those  of  the  primaries  are  all  more  or  less  powdered 
with  yellow  scales ;  none  have  the  borders  anything  like  so  black 
as  in  captured  specimens;  in  many  examples  the  yellow  nervules 
run  through  the  borders  of  all  the  wings;  in  one  specimen  they 
are  so  strongly  marked  that  it  gives  the  insect  a  strikin^^ly 
different  appearance.  A  large  proportion  of  the  males  have  the 
secondaries  shot  with  a  beautiful  amethystine  hue 


MISCELLANEA  RHYNCHOTALIA.  5 

The  normal  females  vary  to  mucli  the  same  extent  as  the 
males  in  depth  of  the  orange  ground  colouring.  One  rather  fine 
aberration  emerged  on  Oct.  12th.  having  the  marginal  bands  of 
the  primaries  very  broad,  and  the  apical  portion  suffused  to  the 
discoidal  spot,  which  is  abnormally  large ;  the  spots  in  the 
borders  are  all  but  obliterated  ;  it  is  of  the  same  type  of  variation 
as  the  second  figure  in  the  second  column  represented  on  the 
coloured  plate  of  C.  ednsa  aberrations,  published  in  the  '  Ento- 
mologist,' March,  1878,  but  in  my  specimen  the  pattern  is  sym- 
metrical, and  the  black  borders  of  greater  width. 

I  may  add  a  few  words  relating  to  C.  ednsa.  Of  those  I  cap- 
tured at  Sheerness,  Aug.  18th,  six  were  males  and  one  female ; 
the  latter  started  depositing  the  next  day,  and  died  on  the  24th, 
after  depositing  about  ninety  eggs  ;  these  soon  hatched,  owing  to 
the  hot  weather,  and  by  the  end  of  September  most  of  the  larv£e 
had  pupated  ;  from  these  an  interesting  series  of  imagines  have 
emerged,  showing  about  equal  variation,  as  in  the  males  and 
normal  females  bred  from  the  Jielice  ova.  One  female  is  an 
extremely  handsome  aberration  as  regards  colour,  having  black 
secondaries  shot  with  blue-green  iridescence,  and  large  light 
golden-yellow  central  spots  and  light  golden-yellow  primaries, 
which  contrast  in  rich  harmony  with  the  dark  secondaries;  and 
the  base  of  the  primaries  is  also  much  darker  than  in  normal 
examples. 

November,  1900. 


MISCELLANEA   RHYNCHOTALIA. 
By  G.  W.    Kirkaldy,  F.E.S. 

Anisops  fieberi,  h.  v. 

=A.  niveus,  Fieb.  1851,  nee  (Fabr.). 

The  true  nivea,  Fabr.,  is,  as  I  have  previously  shown  (1899, 
Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  p.  105),  a  small  variety  of  ciliata,  Fabr. 
The  type  is  in  the  Fabrician  Collection  of  the  British  Museum, 
and  the  species  seems  to  be  distributed  over  Central  and  Southern 
Africa,  and  Asia  from  Madras  to  China.  The  female  of  fieheri 
is  scarcely  distinguishable  from  that  of  productus,  Fieb.,  but  the 
male  differs  by  the  form  of  the  cephalic  projection.  In  productus 
this  is  long  and  triangular,  apically  pointed,  somewhat  roundedly  ; 
\n  fieheri  it  is  shorter  and  distinctly  truncate  apically.  Fieheri  is 
distributed  over  British  India  ;  Celebes  (Breddin,  Mus.  Halle). 

Anisops  breddini,  sp.  n. 

The  species  of  Anisops  are  very  variable  within  certain  limits, 
and,  as  they  are  nearly  always  pallid,  sordid  whitish  in  colour 


a  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

(individuals  sometimes  having  an  orange-red  «^^^t^j|^^'^^^^ 
occasionally)  abdomen  above),  it  is  not  easy  to  distmguisti 
the  closely  allied  species.  The  present  species,  which  i  dedi- 
cal  to'iSy  fnend  L.  Breddin,  of  Halle,  -d  -Inch  -  fonnd 
in  Celebes,  Lura  See  bei  Dun  (Sarasm,  vni.  95),  can  only  be 
confused  superficially  with  vitreus,  Sign.,  from  Madagascar  In 
both  sexes,  however,  of  hreddini  the  eyes  are  actually  contiguous 
intero-posteriorly;  while  in  vitreus  even  m  thV^^f'^YJ^, 
interioJ  margins  of  the  eyes  do  not  touch  together.  This  chaiactei 
is  constant  in  eight  hreddini  and  thirty-seven  vitreus  that  i  have 
examined.     The  type  is  in  Coll.  Breddin. 

Localities. 

Corixa  affinis,  Leach.      Madeira;  Zetland;  (Mus.  Perth  and 

my  collection).  ,r   i  •       /tv/t 

C.    lateralis,   Leach    {hieroglyjMca,   Duf.).      Madeira  (Mus. 

Perth  and  my  collection). 

Miscellaneous  Notes. 

Apache  v.  v.=Hynnis,  Burm.  (nee  Cuv.)-     Type,  rosea,  Burm. 

Calmarrj..v.=M(Eonia,  Stal  (nee  Dana,  1850).  Type,  pwnc- 
tata,  Sign. 

Colmadona  n.Yi.  -^Telmessus,  Stal  (nee  White,  1848).  Type, 
fenestratus,  Thunb. 

Dikraneiira,  Hardy,  l^hQ=Dicraneura  auctt. 

Embolophora,  Stal,  1859=^Lihnruia,  Stal,  1866. 

Hoplophorion  n.  yi.=^Hoplophora,  Germ,  (nee  Perty). 

Kalli23terygia  v.  subg.  y\. ^Pterygia,  Lap.,  1832  (nee  Boit., 
1798  [subg.  of  Notocera,  Am.  Serv.]  subg.  Type,  macquarti, 
Lap. 

Kallitaxila  v.n.-^Taxila,  Stal  (nee  Doubl.,  1847).  Type, 
granulata,  Stal. 

Montandonista  n.  subg.  n.  =  Belostoma,  subg.  auct.  [subg.  of 
Amorgius,  Stal] .  In  the  typical  subgenus  the  pronotum  has 
very  wide  lateral  margins ;  these  are  much  narrower  in  subg. 
Montandonista. 

Peggia  v.  ri.=Nehrissa,  Stal  (nee  Walk.).     Type,  nitida,  Stal. 

Temoran.n.=Rudia,  Stal  (nee  Costa,  1869).  Type,  dilutus, 
Stal. 

Tristan  v.v.=Scaphula,  Fairm.  (nee  Bens.  1834). 


ON    CERTAIN    SEASONAL   PHASES    OF   BUTTERFLIES 
OF    THE    GENUS    PRECIS. 

By  a.  G.  Butler,  Ph.D. 

Some  few  years  ago  my  friend  Mr.  G.  A.  K.  Marshall  ex- 
pressed the  opinion  that  P.  simia  of  Wallengren  would  prove  to 
be  the  wet-season  form  of  P.  cuama  of  Hewitson,  at  the  same 
time  regarding  my  P.  trimenii  as  an  intermediate  variation  of 
the  same  species. 

My  great  objection  to  this  association  of  butterflies,  differing 
so  greatly  from  each  other  as  P.  simia  and  cuama,  was  that  in 
several  collections  which  had  reached  me  at  various  times,  and 
from  different  parts  of  Eastern  Africa,  not  only  P.  simia  and 
P.  cuama,  but  also  P.  trimenii  were  obtained  at  all  seasons,  and 
therefore  could  not  strictly  be  regarded  as  seasonal  forms.  It 
also  struck  me  that  whereas  P.  simia  and  P.  cuama  have  the 
outer  margin  of  the  primaries  strongly  angulated,  and  even  sub- 
falcate  below  apex,  the  insect  to  which  I  gave  the  name  of 
trimenii  shows  a  much  less  developed  angle  to  these  wings. 
Another  point  which  I  noted  was  the  strong  rosy  belt  across  the 
wings  in  P.  trimenii,  which  is  wholly  wanting  in  P.  simia,  and  is 
rather  less  developed  though  present  in  P.  cuama. 

Being  now  engaged  upon  a  revision  of  the  genus,  I  have  been 
able  to  look  thoroughly  into  this  question,  with  the  following 
interesting  result : — 

Under  P.  cuama  I  find  that  two  quite  distinct  species  have 
been  confounded — P.  antilope,  Feisthamel,  and  P.  cuama,  Hewit- 
son— both  palpably  dry  phases.  Comparing  these  carefully  with 
P.  simia  and  P.  trimenii,  I  find  that  P.  simia  is  undoubtedly  the 
wet  phase  of  P.  antilope,  which,  as  Prof.  Aurivillius  has  pointed 
out,  is  more  heavily  marked  above  with  black,  and  lacks  the 
subapical  white  spots  of  P.  cuama.  It  also  differs  in  the  shorter 
costa  and  less  falcate  outer  margin  of  the  primaries.  P.  trimenii, 
on  the  other  hand,  is  without  question  the  wet  phase  of  P.  cuama, 
between  which  we  have  intermediate  examples  serving  com- 
pletely to  link  them. 

So  far  as  our  localities  show,  although  all  four  forms  occur  in 
Southern  and  South-eastern  Africa,  P.  simia  =  antilope  has  a 
more  northerly  range  than  P.  trimenii  ■=■  cuama.  The  fact  that 
the  phases  are  not  confined  to  season  in  these  species  seems  to 
me  a  strong  argument  against  the  indiscriminate  use  of  the 
term  "  seasonal  form  "  for  these  variations.  As  we  know,  the 
P.  sesamus  and  P.  natalensis  forms  of  the  eastern  representative 
of  P.  octavia  may  be  captured  not  only  during  the  same  month, 
but  on  the  same  day  of  the  month,  and  therefore,  though 
phases  characteristic  of  certain  seasons,  are  not  strictly  seasonal 
forms. 


8  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

ORTHOGRAPHICAL    AND   CLASSICAL    "EMENDATIONS" 
IN    NOMENCLATURE. 

By   Louis    B.   Prout,    F.E.S. 

So  much  has  ah-eady  been  written  on  this  thorny  and  very 
uninteresting  subject  that  I  ought  to  apologise  for  bringing  it 
forward  at  all ;  but,  as  I  am  doing  a  good  deal  of  work  at  entomo- 
logical nomenclature,  I  feel  it  necessary  to  state  succinctly  the 
reasons  which  have  led  me  to  cast  in  my  lot  with  the  compara- 
tive few  who  reject  "emendations"  altogether  (excepting  in  so 
far  as  to  add  in  brackets  "  recte  "  so-and-so). 

1.  They  are  fatal  to  stability  in  nomenclature,  giving  occasion 
for  endless  controversy  on  matters  of  personal  opinion  and  taste. 
E.  g.  because  the  name  siterata  of  Hufnagel  was  not  published 
with  an  etymology,  and  no  satisfactory  one  could  be  found,  it 
was  seriously  argued  that  it  must  be  a  misprint  for  "  Uterata  "  ; 
but  what  possible  proof  have  we  that  this  was  so  ?  And  is 
Uterata,  Don.,  to  sink  as  a  homonym  to  please  these  faddists  ? 
If  anyone  wants  to  see  what  intricacies  originate  from  the  ad- 
mission of  "  emendations,"  let  him  turn  toProc.  Ent.  Soc.  1870, 
pp.  v-viii. 

2.  It  is  sometimes  very  difficult  to  say  what  is  absolutely 
the  ideally  classical  form  of  a  name,  even  when  we  know  the 
root.     See  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.  xxxvi.  p.  194. 

3.  Names  are  names  and  nothing  more,  and  insect  names 
are  no  more  subject  to  the  rules  of  orthography  than  personal 
names.  When  we  "  classically  amend  "  Mr.  Smyth  and  Mr. 
Phillips,  and  turn  Miss  Clara  George  into  Clarus  George,  we  may 
reasonably  begin  to  interfere  with  the  insects. 

4.  It  is  absolutely  illogical  to  allow  names  which  are  obviously 
mere  combinations  of  letters  with  no  meaning,  such  as  the  oft- 
quoted  Datana,  &c.,  of  Walker,  and  yet  to  reject  or  alter  others 
because  their  spelling  does  not  indicate  their  meaning  with 
sufficient  accuracy. 

Of  course,  I  am  not  advocating  bad  spelling  or  incorrect 
construction  ;  the  Ejnchnoptorix,  &c.,  of  Hiibner  are  as  great  an 
eye- sore  to  me  as  to  anyone,  and  I  would  conclude  by  urging 
nomenclators  to  act  up  to  their  best  light,  but  at  the  same  time 
pleadmg  for  the  absolute  inviolability  of  a  name  as  first  pub- 
lished ;  it  is  what  I  have  long  desired,  but  I  had  not  the  "  courage 
of  my  convictions "  until  emboldened  by  the  decided  position 
which  my  friend  Mr.  Kirkaldy  is  taking  (Entom.  xxxiii.  p  26)  in 
dealing  with  the  Rhynchota. 

246,  Hichmond  Road,  N.E.,  Nov.  10th,  1900. 


THE    STRIDULATION    OF    COEIXA    [RHYNCHOTA] . 
By  G.  W.  Kirkaldy,  F.E.S. 

In  the  '  Irish  NatnraHst,'  1894,  pp.  253-6,  G.  H.  Carpenter 
discussed  this  interesting  subject,  and  concluded  that  it  was 
caused  b}'  the  movement  of  the  "  comb  "  on  the  inner  surface  of 
the  anterior  tarsi  across  the  face.  Corixa  does  at  times  move  the 
anterior  tarsi  across  the  face,  but  this,  I  beheve,  is  merely  to 
cleanse  the  latter  (and  possibly  the  former).  The  stridulatory 
area  lies,  in  fact,  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  anterior  femora, 
close  to  the  base.  It  consists  of  a  very  large  number  of  minute 
sharp  points,  arranged  regularly  in  more  or  less  parallel  rows. 
The  stridulation  is  caused  by  one  of  the  tarsi  being  drawn  across 
the  femur  of  the  opposite  leg.  For  stridulation  to  take  place 
through  the  interaction  of  the  tarsus  and  the  face,  the  movement 
would  have  to  be  longitudinal  (whereas  it  is  actually  transverse), 
the  apical  part  of  the  face  being  strongly  multicarinate  trans- 
versely.* 

This  femoral  area  and  the  tarsal  comb  are  not  found  in  any 
females  of  Corixa,  and  not  in  the  males  of  Cymatia,  Flor,  usually 
treated  as  a  subgenus  of  Corixa.  It  therefore  seems  well  to  treat 
Cymatia  as  a  distinct  genus,  as  was  done  by  Douglas  and  Scott. 
The  whole  apparatus  can  be  seen  very  clearly  in  C.  geojfroyi, 
Leach,  from  which  the  accompanying  figures  are  taken. 


-^ 


Explanation  of  Figures. 


Fig.  1.  Anterior  femur,  tibia,  and  tarsus  of  C.  geoffroyi.  a,  femur; 
6,  stridulating  area;  c,  tibia;  d,  tarsus;  e,  "comb";  /and^/,  two  rows  of 
bristly  hairs.  2.  Femur  further  enlarged.  3.  Tarsus  further  enlarged. 
Letters  as  m  fig.  1.  (The  two  rows  of  bristles  are  not  shown  in  fig.  3,  and 
the  figures  are  all  a  little  diagrammatic  for  the  sake  of  clearness.) 

'■■'■  It  is  true  that  this  part  of  the  face  is  also  medianly  carinate  longitudi- 
nally, but  it  could  scarcely  be  a  stridulatory  area  adapted  to  the  highly 
specialised  tarsal  apparatus,  and  moreover  this  form  of  the  face  is  common 
to  both  sexes. 


IQ  THE     RNTOMOLOGIST. 

THE    GENUS   OF    ^^  DIRCENNA    BAREETTIi;'    Dannatt. 
By  Percy  I.  Lathy. 

Me.  Walter  Dannatt  (Entom.  xxxiii.  p.  299)  describes  and 
figures  a  new  butterfly,  belonging  to  the  Neotropidae,  under  the 
above  name  ;  he  states  that  "  this  remarkable  species,  though 
believed  by  Dr.  Staudinger  to  be  a  Dircenna,  differs  in  some 
respects  from  hitherto  known  species  in  this  genus." 

A  single  male  of  this  species  has  been  for  some  time  in 
Mr.  Adams's  collection,  and  when  I  arranged  the  Neotropidse  I 
placed  it  in  the  genus  Hi/menitis,  next  to  H.  dircenna,  Feld.  ;  on 
identifying  it  from  Mr.  Dannatt's  figure  and  description,  I  com- 
pared it  with  several  species  of  Dircenna  and  Hymenitis,  and, 
though  it  differs  slightly  in  neuration,  I  think  it  is  in  the  latter 
genus  that  it  should  be  placed,  among  H.  zavaletta,  Hew.,  and 
its  allies. 

In  the  neuration  of  the  fore  wing,  harrettii  differs  from  both 
Dircenna  and  Hymenitis  in  the  cellular  spur  being  emitted  above 
lower  discoidal  nervule ;  this  character,  however,  does  not  seem 
to  be  of  great  importance,  as  in  long  series  of  H.  zavaletta,  Hew., 
H.  zygia,  G.  &  S.,  and  allied  species,  the  position  of  cellular  spur 
in  relation  to  lower  discoidal  nervule  shows  considerable  varia- 
tion, and,  though  in  no  case  is  it  actually  above,  in  some  speci- 
mens it  is  emitted  from  the  same  point.  In  the  position  of  the 
middle  median  nervule,  which  at  its  origin  is  more  than  twice  as 
far  from  lower  median  than  upper,  and  in  the  lower  median 
nervule  being  given  off  further  from  base  than  in  Dircenna,  it 
agrees  with  Hymenitis. 

It  is  in  the  neuration  of  the  hind  wing  that  the  relation  to 
Htjmenitis  is  most  clearly  seen  ;  here  the  upper  median  nervule 
is  shorter,  the  lower  discoidal  further  from  upper  median,  and 
upper  angle  of  cell  further  from  outer  margin  than  in  Dircenna. 
The  prsecostal  nervule  is  forked,  as  in  H.  zavaletta  and  its  allies  ; 
in  H.  oto,  Hew.,  H.  libethris,  Feld.,  and  similar  species  the  pra- 
costal  is  simple,  as  in  Dircenna. 

The  character,  however,  which  above  all  others  makes  me 
assign  this  species  to  Hymenitis,  is  the  anastomosing  of  the 
upper  discoidal  nervule  with  the  subcostal  nervule  near  apex, 
thus  forming  a  loop ;  this  peculiar  neuration  is  not  found  in  any 
other  genus  of  the  Neotropidfe.  The  upper  and  middle  median 
nervules  are  nearer  together  at  their  origin  than  in  typical 
Hymenitis. 

The  locality  of  Mr  Adams's  example  is  Chanchamayo,  South- 
east Peru  ;  It  differs  shghtly  from  the  type,  inasmuch  as  there  is 
a  faint  dark  bar  crossing  middle  of  cell  of  fore  wing.  In  this 
respect  it  approaches  //.  dircenna,  Feld.,  but  it  may  be  easily 


EXPERIMENTS    IN    HYBRIDIZATION    AND    TEMPERATURE.  11 

distinguished  from  that  species  by  the  absence  of  dark  patch  at 
anal  angle  of  hind  wing,  and  marginal  markings  below  being 
without  reddish  brown. 

Lynton  Villa,  Sydney  Road,  Enfield. 


SYNOPSIS  OF  EXPERIMENTS  IN  HYBRIDIZATION  AND 
TEMPERATURE  MADE  WITH  LEPIDOPTERA  UP  TO 
THE   END   OF   1898. 

By  Prof.  Dr.  Max  Standfuss. 

(Continued  from  vol.  xxxiii.  p.  348.) 

If  we  count  all  the  secondary  hybrids  together,  they  amount 
to  two  hundred  and  eighty-two,  among  which  was  the  consider- 
able number  of  twenty-seven  gynandromorphic  specimens,  which 
were  divided  over  at  least  twenty  broods.  When  we  think  that, 
after  careful  calculation,  the  lamented  and  capable  entomologist, 
A.  Speyer,  came  to  the  conclusion  that  there  was  only  one 
gynandromorphic  specimen  to  every  thirty  thousand  typical  ones 
in  nature,  and,  to  quote  a  special  case,  during  the  eighty  years 
during  which  my  father  and  I  have  collected,  only  sixteen 
gynandromorphic  specimens  have  been  taken  in  the  open  or 
have  been  bred  from  material  obtained  thence,  of  which  three 
were  hermaphrodite — it  would  be  absurd  to  regard  this  high 
percentage  of  gynandromorphic  forms  of  these  secondary  hybrids 
as  a  mere  matter  of  chance. 

There  must  be  a  certain  reason  for  this  fact.  Is  it  to  be 
sought  perhaps  in  their  hybrid  origin '? 

We  know,  from  the  fine  work  on  gynandromorphic  Macro- 
Lepidoptera  of  Max  Wiskott,  of  Breslau,  and  0.  Schultz,  of 
Berlin,  that,  among  all  the  hybrids  thus  far  bred,  there  were 
only  ten  gynandromorphic  specimens.  To  this  must  be  added 
another,  bred  by  me  in  1897,  from  a  pairing  of  S.  pavoniaS'  x 
pyri  $  ,  the  only^*^  one  among  more  than  two  thousand  primary 
hybrids,  which  I  have  as  yet  bred. 

The  percentage  of  gynandromorphic  specimens  among  prim- 
ary hybrids  is  without  the  slightest  doubt  infinitesimal,  compared 
with  their  occurrence  among  secondary  hybrids.  It  is,  however, 
relatively  higher  than  among  individuals  of  pure  origin,  which 
must  not  be  lost  sight  of. 

The  condition  of  all  the  female  parents  of  these  secondary 

10  A  fiu'tlier  gynandromorphic  primary  Sattirfiia  hybrid  developed  in 
1898  from  a  crossing  of  S.  pavonia  ^  x  spini  2  •  The  number  of  primary 
hybrids  bred  by  me  is  now  increased  to  over  four  thousand,  on  account  of 
the  large  hybridization  experiments  with  the  genera  Drepana  and  PijgcEra. 


12  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

hybrids  has  certainly  still  less  to  do  with  the  high  percentage  of 
gynandromorphic  forms.  These  were  entirely  pure  females, 
drawn  direct  from  nature,  which,  according  to  experience,  have 
no  inclination  to  produce  gynandromorphic  offspring. 

We  are  therefore  limited,  above  all,  to  the  condition  of  the 
male  parents,  that  is,  as  to  the  quality  of  their  genital  products 
as  the  resulting  factor. 

This  with  all  the  more  surety,  since  the  genital  products 
of  the  female  hybrids  of  the  same  form  had  shown,  even  on 
microscopic  examination,  various  degrees  of  degeneration,  or, 
indeed,  on  microscopic  examination,  were  found  quite  wanting. 
The  authenticity  of  this  idea  is  supported  by  the  fact  that  the 
degree  of  fertility  of  these  male  hybrids  is  parallel  with  the 
degree  of  development  of  the  egg  germs  and  eggs  in  the  ovaries 
of  their  sister  females.  The  fertility  of  the  hybrid  male  of  the 
crossing  S.  j^avonia  $  x  splni  ?  was  constantly  higher  than  that  of 
the  male  of  the  crossing  *S'.  pavonia  $  xpyri  ?  ,  just  as  the  females 
of  the  first  hybrid  have  more  highly  developed  egg  germs  and 
eggs  than  those  of  the  second. 

The  condition  of  these  male  sexual  products  must,  on  their 
side,  undoubtedly  be  regarded  as  a  result  of  the  hybrid  origin  of 
these  forms,  and  depends  to  a  large  extent  on  the  physiological 
affinity  of  the  species  hybridized.  The  lesser  the  divergence 
and  difference  of  the  crossed  forms,  the  more  normal  will  be  the 
qualities  of  the  sexual  products  of  the  resulting  intermediate 
form. 

As  the  sexual  products  of  female  hybrids  have  suffered  per- 
ceptible damage  and  disturbance  of  their  development  through 
their  hybrid  origin,  so  also  have  the  sexual  products  of  the  males  ; 
the  latter  is  perceptibly  proved  by  the  frequent  failure  in  function 
of  these  sexual  products.  Sometimes  they  do  not  act  at  all, 
sometimes  result  in  individuals  of  abnormal,  that  is,  gynan- 
dromorphic, build,  and  finally,  sometimes  at  least,  according  to 
then-  outward  appearance,  in  thoroughly  normally  developed 
males  and  females. 

From  these  results  it  must  be  granted  that  there  are  factors 
which,  passive  m  the  normal  male  sexual  products,  cause  the 
development  of  the  resulting  individual  in  the  direction  of  a 
normal  male  or  female  build. 

Moreover,  we  saw  from  the  figures  that  the  germ  of  the 
temales  of  the  two  pure  parent  forms  were  by  no  means  equally 
intiuenced  by  the  male  sexual  products  of  the  same  hybrids. 

ihe  male  hybrid  S.  pavonia^  x  pyri  ?  paired  with  pavonia  ? 
onb'  produced  brood  in  33  per  cent,  of  the  pairings,  which  varied 
in  lertihty  from  4  to  62  per  cent. ;  the  same  male  crossed  with 
7)yn?was  in  ertile  m  more  than  60  per  cent,  of  all  pairings, 
and  the  fertile  pairings  only  resulted  in  1  per  cent,  offspring: 
Hinderances  of  a  purely  mechanical  nature  are  in  this  case 


EXPERIMENTS    IN    HYBRIDIZATION    AND    TEMPERATURE.  13 

highly  improbable,  and  we  are  therefore  limited  to  the  physio- 
logical aspect. 

The  cause  of  this  exceeding  difference  in  fertility  of  the  two 
above  named  secondary  hybrids  must  be  sought  in  the  different 
degrees  of  physiological  affinity  between  the  pavonia  ?  and  this 
hybrid  male  on  the  one  hand,  and  between  the  pi/ri  ?  and  the 
same  hybrid  male  on  the  other,  as  regards  the  whole  physio- 
gnomical build  of  this  hybrid  form. 

The  degree  of  fertility  of  a  form  stands  now,  doubtless,  in 
direct  connection  with  the  percentage  of  gynandromorphic  in- 
dividuals in  its  offspring  ;  the  greater  the  fertility  the  smaller 
percentage  of  gynandromorphic  forms,  and  vice  versa. 

In  this  sense  the  gynandromorphic  forms  are  according  to 
their  number  entirely  dependent  upon  the  species  of  female  used 
— that  is,  they  are  dependent  upon  the  degree  of  relationship  that 
exists  between  this  female  to  the  parent  male. 

We  must  now  come  to  the  conclusion  that  also  the  female 
sexual  products  possess  in  poteiitia  factors  which  influence  the 
build  of  the  brood  in  the  sense  of  normal  males  and  females. 

Now",  to  go  back  a  bit,  to  judge  the  percentage  of  gynandro- 
morphism  among  primary  hybrids.  This,  as  we  saw,  was  by  no 
means  high,  but  still  higher  than  among  individuals  of  pure 
origin. 

The  sexual  products  of  both  parents  are  in  this  case,  of 
course,  of  normal  quality,  but  not  their  relationship,  their 
physiological  affinity.  It  seems  here  actually  to  be  the  fact  that 
the  less  the  physiological  affinity  of  the  crossed  pure  species  is, 
the  higher  the  number  of  gynandromorphic  individuals  among 
the  resulting  hybrids,  and  vice  versa.  Among  the  hybrids  of  the 
crossing  of  S.  pavonia  <?  x  pyri  ?  five  gynandromorphic  indi- 
viduals have  been  noted — three  by  Mr.  W.  Caspari  (Wiesbaden), 
and  two  by  me ;  whereas  among  the  hybrids  of  the  cross 
between  *S'.  pavonia  <?  x  spini  ?  ,  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge,  not 
a  single  gynandromorphic  specimen  is  known. 

The  number  of  these  two  hybrids  at  present  bred  is  about 
equal,  and,  from  the  results  of  our  experiments,  it  must  be  con- 
cluded that  the  physiological  affinity  between  S.  spini  and  *S'. 
pavonia  is  greater  than  that  of  S.  pyri  and  pavonia. 

Further,  that  the  degeneration  and  malformation  of  the  egg- 
germs  which  these  gynandromorphic  forms  have  been  shown  by 
anatomical  investigation  to  possess  is  directly  connected  with  the 
appearance  of  secondary  female  sexual  characters  in  male  in- 
dividuals, and  vice  versa.  ;  the  occurrence  of  secondary  male 
characters  in  female  individuals  has  long  been  known  to  be 
a  fact. 

(To  be  continued.) 


14  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

CATALOGUE    OF    THE    LEPIDOPTERA    OF    IRELAND: 
SUPPLEMENTARY    LIST. 

By  W.  F.  de  Vismes  Kane,  M.A.,  M.R.I. A.,  F.E.S. 

(Continued  from  vol.  xxsiii.  p.  333.) 

Phothedes  captiuncula,  Tr.  —  Numerous  about  Bally- 
vaughan,  Co.  Clare,  and  much  varied  in  colour,  often  wanting 
the  rosy  tinge,  but  always  strongly  marked  and  well  defined. 
Tore  Mt.,  Killarney,  one. 

Agrotis  saucia,  HZ).— Enniskillen  {A.);  Dromoland,  Co. 
Clare,  abundant  {Hon.  E.  O'Brien). 

A.  corticea,  Hh.  —  Ballinskelligs  Bay,  and  Castle  Gregory, 
Kerry,  abundant;  Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 

A.  Rip^,  Hh. — Again  I  am  enabled  to  reinstate  one  of 
Birchall's  doubtful  species.  Mr.  W.  Salvage  informs  me  that 
he  has  taken  a  very  reddish  and  well-marked  form  of  ripae  at 
Eossbeigh,  Kerry. 

A.  cuRSOREA,  Both. — Whitepark  Bay,  near  Ballycastle,  Co. 
Antrim,  grey  forms,  but  some  with  whitish  stigmata  and  costa 
like  those  taken  at  Yarmouth ;  Rossbeigh,  Kerry,  very  abundant 
and  variable,  some  approaching  Shetland  examples  {W.  Salvage). 

Panolis  piniperda,  Panz. — Single  specimens  at  Enniskillen 
(P.) ;  Tempo,  Sligo  [McC.) ;  also  Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 
It  is  probable  that  this  moth  is  getting  a  wider  distribution  of  late 
years. 

Pachnobia  leucographa,  Hh. — Several  taken  at  Clonbrock 
{R.E.  D.). 

T^^^NiocAMPA  opiMA,  i?6.— Tcmpo,  one  ;  Enniskillen  {A.)  ; 
Armagh  (J.). 

T.  MiNiosA,  Fb. — Glenmalure,  abundant,  and  Derrybawn,  Co. 
Wicklow  {G.  V.  H.). 

T.  MUNDA,  ^sp.— Delete  the  entry  of  Clonbrock  as  a  locality. 

T.  pulverulenta,  Esp.  —  Timoleague,  Co.  Cork,  scarce 
{R.  D.)  ;  Tempo,  Enniskillen,  one. 

Anchocelis  helvola  (rufina),  L.— One  (banded  form),  Ma- 
gilligan,  Derry. 

Dianthcecia  luteago  var.  barrettii,  Dbl.—One  taken  at  the 
chfts  of  Coohn,  Courtmacsherry  Bay,  Co.  Cork,  by  Mr.  R 
Donovan,  this  summer.     Characters  similar  to  theHowth  form.' 

D.  cAPsopHiLA,  Dmj). —Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 

Hecateua  SERENA,  Fb.-Two  at  Castle  Bellingham ;  Howth, 
one ;  Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 


CATALOGUE    OF    THE    LEPlDOPTERA    OF    IRELAND.  15 

Dasypolia  templi,  Thnh. — One  larva  at  Clonmacnois. 

Cleoceris  viminalis,  Fh. — Near  Sligo  {McC). 

Hadena  protea,  Bork. — One  taken  at  Killynon,  Westmeath, 
by  Miss  Reynell.  The  occurrence  of  single  specimens  in  Galway 
and  Westmeath  of  a  moth  so  plentiful  in  its  English  habitats  is 
a  phenomenon  more  inexplicable  than  would  be  its  total  absence. 

H.  DissiMiLis,  Knock. — ArdtuUy,  Kenmare,  Co.  Kerry ;  Timo- 
league,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 

AsTEROscopus  SPHINX,  Hujh. — During  the  last  few  years  this 
moth  has  been  captured  in  various  Irish  localities,  having  been 
very  numerous  in  1896,  from  ten  to  twenty-eight  specimens  per 
night  having  been  taken  by  Mr.  Dillon  and  myself  at  Clonbrock. 
In  that  year  it  was  numerous  at  Curraghmore,  Co.  Waterford 
(Rev.  W.  Flemtjng)  ;  and  its  capture  was  recorded  in  the  Co. 
Dublin  at  Dundrum  and  Templeogue  (Ir.  Nat.  v.  317).  Dromo- 
land,  Co.  Clare  {Hon.  E.  O'Brien). 

CucuLLiA  VERBASCi,  L. — TMs  species  must  be  deleted.  Prof. 
Hart's  record  was  a  clerical  error  for  C.  diamomilUe. 

C.  ABSiNTHii,  L. — One  taken  flying  to  lime  blossom  at  Timo- 
league,  Co.  Cork,  this  year,  by  Mr.  R.  Donovan.  A  small  example, 
but  in  fair  condition. 

Plusia  bractea,  Fh. — Single  examples  have  occurred  at 
Drumreaske,  Monaghan,  Castle  Bellingham,  and  Belleisle,  near 
Lisbellaw ;  and  seventeen  were  taken  by  Mr.  Allen  at  Ennis- 
killen  on  honeysuckle. 

P.  interrogationis,  L.— Cloonee,  near  Kenmare  {R.  E.D.). 

Heliothis  armigera,  Hb. — One  at  Killynon,  Westmeath, 
1896  {Miss  Reynell). 

Chariclea  umbra,  Hufn. — Several  at  Howth  {G.  V.  H.) ; 
Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 

Bankia  argentula,  Hh. — Clonbrock  {R.E.D.). 

Hydrelia  uncula,  Clerck. — Dromoland,  Co.  Clare  {Hon.  E. 
O'Brien). 

Euclidia  glyphica,  L. — I  have  met  with  this  species  plenti- 
fully all  over  the  Burren  of  Clare,  and  south  to  Dromoland. 

Catocala  fraxini,  L. — A  specimen  flew  into  the  window  of 
Mr.  Thompson's  house,  Marlborough  Street,  Derry,  September, 
1896.     Possibly  imported  by  a  ship. 

Bomolocha  fontis,  Thnh. — Dalyston,  near  Loughrea,  Co. 
Galway.  Var.  riifescens,  Tutt ;  and  var.  sujfusa,  Tutt.  The 
same  forms  also  occur  in  Kerry ;  Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 


16  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

GEOMETEiE. 

Venilia  iAiACULAEiA,  L. — Near  Corcomroe  Abbey,  Co.  Clare  ; 
Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 

Eueymene  dolabraria,  L. — Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 
Amphidasys  strataria,  Hiifn. — Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 
BoARMiA  gemmaria,  BmJwi. — Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 
B.  ciNCTARiA,  Schiff. — Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  (R.  D.). 

Dasydia  obfuscaria,  Hh. — One  taken  on  ragwort  at  Dowros 
Head,  Co.  Donegal,  in  1898,  by  G.  P.  Farren.  Birchall's 
reference  to  its  occurrence  in  Kerry  may  perhaps  be  sub- 
stantiated by  some  future  collector.  The  addition  of  this 
species  and  Larentia  flavicinctata  to  our  list  is  an  additional 
link  between  the  Irish  and  the  Scottish  fauna. 

Hyria  muricata,  Hufn. — Two  at  Cloonee,  near  Kenmare,  by 
Mr.  Dillon,  rather  larger  and  more  suffused  with  purple  than 
those  he  has  taken  in  Galway,  A  few  at  Creagh,  near  Ballin- 
robe  ;  and  at  Clonmacnois. 

Asthena  candidata,  Schiff. — Plentiful  at  Dromoland,  Co. 
Clare. 

AciDALiA  subsericeata,  Hciw. — Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 

A.  iMiTARiA,  Hb. — Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 

Bapta  tebierata,  Hb. — Sligo  (McC). 

Selidosema  ericetaria,  Fi7^.— Kecess,  Connemara  (Wolfe)  ; 
Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  (R.  D.). 

(To  be  continued.) 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS. 

Leucania  viTELLiNA.— a  siugle  specimen  of  Leucania  viteliina  re- 
corded from  Romford  (Eutom.  xsxiii.  306)  appears  to  be  an  exceptional 
occurrence,  and  to  mark  the  eastern  range  of  the  species  m  this 
country  for  the  past  season.  It  is,  however,  within  my  knowledge 
that,  startmg  with  a  few  specimens  taken  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Brighton,  and  pursuing  a  western  course,  the  species  lias  occurred  in 
increasing  numbers  at  several  places  to  the  extreme  hmit  of  the  south 
coast. — EoBT.  Adkin  ;  Lewisham,  Nov.  1900. 

Abundance  OF  Lyc^na  akgiolus  near  Eastbourne.  —  On  visiting 
the  ruined  castles  at  Pevensey  and  Hurstmonceux  in  September  last, 
I  found  Lyca^na  ar,,wlus  ^ymg  about  the  tall  ivy-covered  walls,  in  the 
afternoon  sunshine,  in  far  greater  numbers  than  I  had  ever  before  seen 
the  species  I  had  previously  noticed  the  butterfly  flitting  about  the  ivy 
patches  in  the  town  of  Eastbourne,  but  not  more  commonly  than  I  had 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  17 

been  accustomed  to  see  it  in  recent  years.  A  careful  scrutiny  of  the 
ivy  flower-bud  heads,  however,  revealed  the  presence  of  eggs  and 
recently  vacated  egg-shells  in  abnormal  profusion ;  sufificiently  good 
evidence  that  the  butterflies  also  had  been  unusually  abundant,  but 
that  I  arrived  on  the  scene  too  late  to  see  them  in  their  greatest 
numbers.  I  hear  also  that  in  the  Abbotts  Wood  district  the  butterfly 
was  unprecedentedly  common. — Robt.  Adkin  ;  Lewisham,  Nov.  1900. 

The  Vanessids  in  1900. — The  pages  of  the  entomological  journals 
have  contained,  during  the  past  few  months,  an  unusual  number  of 
records  of  the  observation  or  capture  of  rare  species,  among  which  are 
included  several  of  Vanessa  antiopa.  It  is,  however,  surprising  how 
seldom  reference  is  made  to  the  more  common,  though  from  many 
points  equally  interesting,  members  of  the  group.  Vanessa  [Cynthia) 
cardui,  V.  to,  V.  atalanta,  and  even  V.  polijchlorus,  are  generally  regarded 
as  "  such  common  species  "that  few  entomologists  appear  to  attach 
any  importance  to  their  occurrence  or  absence;  but  I  venture  to  think 
that  much  useful  information  might  be  gathered  from  precise  records 
of  the  abundance  or  otherwise  of,  and  exact  details  regarding,  the  various 
species  in  particular  districts,  especially  in  a  season  like  the  past, 
which  appears,  in  many  respects,  to  have  been  a  peculiar  one.  Such 
records,  if  concisely  put,  need  occupy  but  little  space,  and  yet  convey 
3-  large  amount  of  information. — R.  Adkin  ;  Nov.  1900. 

Erebia  glacialis  :  a  Correction. — At  the  meeting  of  the  Entomo- 
logical Society  of  London  held  on  October  17th  last,  I  made  some 
remarks  on  some  specimens  of  ft'.  ijlaciaUs  then  exhibited  by  Mr.  H. 
Rowland-Brown.  In  the  report  of  that  meeting  published  in  the 
December  number  of  the  '  Entomologist '  (xxxiii.  359)  I  am  made  to 
say  that  "  the  darker  specimens  approached  to  the  form  of  E.  melas 
found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Cortina-di-Ampezzo."  This  is  not 
quite  correct ;  what  I  said  was  that  the  darker  specimens  were  like 
"  the  form  that  had  been  supposed  to  be  E.  melas  found  near  Cam- 
piglio."  I  refer  to  the  examples  first  brought  into  notice  by  Mrs. 
Nicholl,  and  afterwards  taken  by  Calberla,  myself,  and  others,  and 
proved  by  Calberla  to  be  E.  glacialis.  —  T.  A.  ChapxMan  ;  Betula, 
Reigate. 

Sounds  produced  by  Pup.e. — I  reared  about  forty  larv^  of  Thecla 
quercus,  and  after  they  reached  the  pupal  stage  I  placed  them  in  a  tin 
tobacco  box,  and,  by  chance,  placed  the  lot  upon  a  cardboard  box. 
Daring  the  evening,  whilst  setting  insects,  I  constantly  heard  a  sound 
like  the  ticking  of  many  watches,  but  with  a  kind  of  slight  rasping  as 
well.  Upon  opening  the  tin  all  was  quiet,  but,  on  gently  tapping  the 
tin,  the  sounds  commenced  again.  I  then  placed  the  tin  upon  the 
table  and  tapped,  when  the  same  ticking  was  resumed,  but  it  was  not 
quite  so  audible.  The  position  they  first  occupied  acted  as  a  kind  of 
sounding-board  ;  I  could  repeat  the  experiment  any  number  of  times. 
All  the  pupte  produced  imagines,  so  the  sounds  could  not  have  been 
made  by  parasites.  About  twenty  pupte  of  Vanessa  polychloros  fell  from 
off  the  cover  of  a  cardboard  box  which  I  had  placed  upon  a  chair.  I 
experimented  upon  these  by  striking  the  floor  sharply ;  the  pupae  then 
made  a  very  peculiar  noise,  a  repeated  tapping,  and  when  I  ceased 

ENTOM.— JANUARY,    1901.  C 


18  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

they  did  likewise.     Walking  across  the  room  would  also  cause  the 
pup£e  to  tap  again. — J.  H.  Fowler  ;  Ringwood. 

The  Insect  Fauna  of  Hampshire.  —  Mr.  H.  Goss's  interesting 
article,  in  the  new  '  History  of  Hampshire,'  on  the  Lepidoptera,  is  not 
quite  exhaustive  as  to  the  species  which  have  been  found  in  Hampshire 
and  the  Isle  of  Wight.  There  is  a  favoured  nook  in  the  downs  near 
Winchester  where  Procris  geryon  has  been  not  uufrequently  met  with. 
Sphmx  convolvuli  has  been  often  taken  in  gardens  near  Southampton. 
Sesia  sphegiformis  and  S.  formiciformis  have  been  often  taken  near 
Basingstoke.  I  have  found  Melanippe  hastata  in  some  numbers  in  a 
wood  near  Southampton,  and  Chesias  obliquaria  frequently  near  the 
same  locality  where  the  broom  abounds.  Leucania  conigera  and  Miana 
J'asciuncula  are  not  at  all  uncommon.  Cymatophora  or  has  been  fairly 
frequently  taken  at  sugar  in  a  wood  near  Winchester.  Leucania  extranea 
was  taken  at  sugar  in  a  wood  near  Lyndhurst  Road  station  in  the 
autumn  of  1897.  Laphygma  exigua  has  been  taken  more  than  once 
at  Freshwater.  I  might  add  that  Callimorpha  dominula  is  abundant 
in  the  water  meadows  between  Winchester  and  Twyford  ;  that  PJiiba- 
lapteryx  tersata  and  vitalbata  are  quite  common  in  the  chalk  districts ; 
and  that  I  have  taken  many  specimens  of  Triphcena  subsequa  (though 
unfortunately  generally  in  a  worn  condition)  in  Parnholt  Wood, 
between  Winchester  and  Romsey.  Is  Mr.  Goss  quite  sure  that  Thera 
simulata  occurs  in  the  county  ?  I  believe  it  to  be  a  northern  species, 
though  there  are  specimens  of  T.  variata  which  may  be  very  like  it.  I 
have  collected  now  for  many  years  in  this  neighbourhood,  but  have 
never  come  across  Ennomos  fusccmtaria  (though  I  have  bred  it  from 
ova  sent  me  from  Yorkshire),  and  have  never  heard  that  it  "  is  common 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Southampton."— J.  C.  Moberly;  Woodlands, 
Basset,  Southampton,  Dec.  4th,  1900. 

Scales  in  Lyc^na.  —  Kohler  discusses  the  battledore  scales  in 
Lycana  (1900  Zool.  Jahrb.  xiii.  247-58;  1  Plate  and  6  figs.),  and 
regards  them  as  sexual  scent-scales.  He  combats  Kenuel's  con- 
clusions, and  asserts  that  they  are  not  degenerating   structures. — 

G.  W.  KiRKALDY. 

Vanessa  c-album  in  Ireland.— Up  to  the  present  time  there  has 
been  no  satisfactory  proof  of  the  occurrence  of  this  butterfly  in  Ireland. 
Birchall,  It  IS  true,  gave  a  record  of  it  from  Powerscourt  (E.  M.  M. 
1st  series  vni  p.  6),  but  Mr.  W.  F.  de  V.  Kane  has  shown  (Eutom. 
xxvu.  p.  17)  that  this  record  was  unreliable.  I  have  now  the  pleasure 
ot  puttmg  on  record  what  is,  I  believe,  an  undoubted  instance  of  its 
occurrence  in  this  country.  I  have  submitted  the  matter  to  Mr.  Kane, 
and  he  appears  to  be  satisfied.  Last  month  the  Rev.  C.  L.  Garnett, 
Rector  of  Ardtrea  Stewartstown,  Co.  Tyrone,  was  on  a  visit  in  this 
neighbourhood,  and  came  to  have  a  look  at  my  collection.  In  the 
inTl  /°7''f  ^^°f  ^'^  mentioned  that  he  had  met  with  F.  c-albim 
IJnfnv  nn  ;  1  M  '^  ^  ^'^^"^^^  ^"'^^^'^t'  ^^'^^  ^^^  Very  kindly  gave, 
via  s  .n  4  ••  ?''"'^'  ^'  "°*^  '"'''  °^  *^^  y^^''  b^^t  ^'  ^^as  several 
fiom  Mlhuii  ''.  "'  ?f'ur"^  •-"  ^^  '^^^  ^^°^t  o^e  and  a  half  miles 
m^aS  «  T  °"  ''  ^"^^'^  ''"^'  J"^y  °^'  A^g'^^t.  I  could  not  be 
mistaken,  as  I  saw  the  creature  settled,  and  it  basked  in  the  sun  for  a 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  19 

time  with  its  wings  well  spread.  I  made  a  bad  shot  in  trying  to  catch 
it,  and  it  made  off  in  a  very  rapid  manner  indeed."  Of  course  this 
was  a  case  of  migration,  and  it  is  a  great  pity  Mr.  Garnett  cannot  fix 
the  year,  as  then  there  would  be  a  possibility  of  tracing  the  origin  of  the 
insect,  whether  from  abundance  in  England  or  on  the  continent. — 
W.  F.  Johnson  ;  Acton  Glebe,  Poyntypass,  Nov.  16th,  1900. 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  EEPORTS. 

CoLTAS  EDUSA  AND  C.  HYALE  IN  1900.  —  I  Captured  several  of  the 
former  and  one  of  the  latter  here  early  in  September,  and  took  both  species 
at  Needham  Market,  and  saw  theoa  near  Aldeburgh,  Woodbridge,  Sax- 
mundham,  and  Dunwich,  in  Suffolk,  during  the  same  month.  —  Gervase 
F.  Mathew;  Dovercourt,  Essex,  Dec.  10th,  1900. 

Considering  the  abundance  of  C.  hyale  in  England  this  year,  a  note  on 
its  appearance  in  the  Rhine  Valley  may  be  interesting.  I  saw  the  first  one 
on  Aug.  J2nd,  careering  over  a  wet  meadow,  on  the  slopes  of  the  Taunus 
Hills,  near  Wiesbaden.  On  the  7th  I  saw  several  on  a  lucerne  field,  and 
took  four  close  to  Wiesbaden.  On  Aug.  12th  we  took  the  species  again,  at 
Brauufels,  in  the  valley  of  the  Lahn,  near  Wetzlar,  and  from  that  date  till 
the  2l8t  of  the  month  we  noted  it  daily  there.  On  the  whole,  however,  I 
should  not  call  it  abundant  in  that  district  this  year,  and  C.  edusa  was 
entirely  absent.  Other  butterflies  were  very  numerous,  but  of  these  I 
hope  to  send  vou  notes  later. —  Alfred  Sigh;  65,  Barrowgate  Road, 
Chiswick,  Nov." 20th,  190U. 

In  answer  to  your  enquiry  as  to  the  northern  distribution  of  C.  edusa,  I 
may  say  that  I  noticed  a  few  females  flying  on  the  low  cliffs  at  Criccieth, 
North  Wales,  during  the  early  part  of  July  last. — E.  B.  Nevinson  ; 
3,  Tedworth  Square,  Chelsea,  S.W. 

Colias  edusa  AND  C.  HYALE  IN  YORKSHIRE,  1900.  —  Two  males, 
Skipwith  (Ash);  Pocklington  (Leadman)  ;  Ripon  (Watts);  two  males 
Easingwold  (Walker);  two  males  and  one  female,  Clifton-York  (Hawkins)  ; 
Rotherham  (Bloor);  one  specimen  in  lane  near  VVadworth  Wood  (C.  E. 
Young);  Shipley  Glen,  Bradford  (Booth  and  Beanland)  ;  "  more  plentiful 
in  the  Hull  neighbourhood  than  since  1887  ;  one  collector  took  over  fifty 
specimens  in  one  day  near  Beverley,  and  some  three  dozen  were  seen  in 
a  clover-field,  on  the  Humber-bauk,  by  another  ;  also  odd  specimens  in  the 
town  (Boult);  a  specimen  captured  on  Aug.  16th,  near  Guisborough,  by 
the  Rev.  C.  M.  Wuhington,  of  Great  Ayton  ;  one  seen  in  Grange  Road, 
Middlesborough,  on  Sept.  10th,  by  Mr.  C.  Milburu  ;  another  seen  in  a 
clover-field  near  Middlesborough,  on  Sept.  12th,  by  Mr.  Elgee  "  ;  sixteen 
specimens  obtained  on  the  Newbald  Road,  Beverley  (Lowther);  several  speci- 
mens, one  on  the  south  cliff,  Sept.  25th,  by  Mr.  Gyngell,  Scarborough  (Lowns- 
boro).  One  example  of  the  var.  helice  was  taken  on  the  Yorkshire  coast 
(Stevens).  C.  hyale,  Bridlington  (Corbett),  Aug.  25th  ;  Ripon  (Fawcett)  ; 
Beverley  (Lowther);  seen  at  Redcar,  Middlesborough,  and  Newtou-under- 
Roseberry,  Sept.  13th  (Sachse);  oue  taken  bv  a  friend,  on  a  privet  hedge,  at 
8.45  a.m.,  near  Hull  (Cauldwell).— W.  Hewett  ;   12,  Howard  Street,  York. 

CoLiAs  EDUSA  AND  C.  HYALE  IN  HAMPSHIRE. — On  Aug.  25th  I  cap- 
tured C.  hyale  at  Fort  Cumberiaud,  near  Portsmouth,  on  a  grassy  bank 

c2 


20  THfe    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

close  to  the  sea-shore.  Another  specimen  was  captured  by  me  on  Sept. 
6th,  at  Gurnard,  near  Cowes,  Isle  of  Wight.  It  was  flying  very  slowly 
along  the  shore,  and  was  not  difficult  to  net.  Immediately  after  this 
capture  I  saw  yet  another  specimen,  but  was  not  fortunate  enough  to 
secure  it,  as  it  was  flving  too  fast.  C.  edusa  was  in  profusion  this  year  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  also  on  Portsdown  Hill.  At  Hayling  Island,  near 
Portsmouth,  C.  edusa  was  abundant,  and  I  saw  C.  hyale  there  also— 
Edmund  Windeh  ;  108,  Lawrence  Road,  Southsea,  Nov.  28th. 

CoLiAS  EDUSA  IN  OCTOBER,  I900.-On  Oct.  19th  I  took  a  female 
C  edusa,  in  the  garden  of  a  house  on  the  cliff-front  at  Bournemouth,  and 
on  the  •24th  of  the  same  month  the  species  was  flying  in  some  numbers  on 
the  sides  of  both  the  east  and  west  cliffs  at  the  same  place,  but,  owing  to 
the  difficult  nature  of  the  ground,  I  was  only  able  to  secure  one  specimen— 
a  male.  Both  this  latter  specimen  and  the  one  taken  in  the  garden  above- 
mentioned  are  of  interest  from  the  fact  that  they  were  in  absolutely  perfect 
condition,  notwithstanding  the  lateness  of  the  season  and  the  bad  weather 
which  we  were  then  experiencing.  I  should  say  they  had  only  emerged  on 
their  respective  dates  of  capture.  They  are,  moreover,  considerably  smaller 
than  the  usual  size,  and  particularly  well  marked,  especially  the  female. 
From  this  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  they  represent  a  second  autumnal 
brood.  I  may  add  that  I  saw  no  C.  Jujale  at  Bournemouth. — H.  Ainslie 
Hill;  9,  Addison  Mansions,  Kensington,  W. 

CoLiAS  HYALE.  —  Three  worn  specimens  captured  by  a  youth  iu 
Birchington  Marshes,  in  mid-July,  set  us  on  the  watch.  The  first  fresh 
specimen  was  noticed  Aug.  15th,  and  on  the  17th  I  netted  and  pinned 
exactly  fifty  specimens  in  two  hours.  Afterwards  I  was  content  to  look  for 
varieties,  but  without  success,  as  to  size.  The  insects  scattered  and  got 
worn  so  quickly  that  I  doubt  if  they  winter  here. — J.  P.  Barrett. 

ACHERONTIA    ATROPOS    AND    VaNESSA    (CyNTHIa)   CARDUI     IN    SaLOP.-^ 

In  reply  to  your  note  in  the  December  '  Entomologist,'  I  beg  to  state  that 
A.  atropos  has  occurred  in  several  localities  about  this  district  during  the 
present  year.  I  had  four  full-fed  larvse  brought  to  me,  from  which  1  have 
succeeded  in  rearing  three  perfect  insects  by  forcing.  I  hear  also  that  a 
collector  iu  the  neighbouring  town  of  Whitchurch  has  obtained  three 
larvae,  one  of  which  I  saw  before  its  pupation.  And  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Market  Drayton  a  large  number  of  pupae  have  been  found  by  the 
potato-diggers,  as  many  as  a  hundred  being  met  with  on  one  farm,  though 
they  did  not  find  their  way  to  me.  I  have  also  taken  several  fresh  speci- 
mens of  V.  cardui.—GBAs.  F.  Thornewill  ;  Calverhall  Vicarage,  Whit- 
church, Salop,  Dec.  14th,  1900. 

Acherontia  atropos  in  Kendal  District. — It  might  be  of  interest, 
to  complete  my  note  on  A.  atropos  (Entom.  xxxiii.  353),  to  add  that  four 
more  males  (the  last  of  female  proportions)  have  successfully  emerged  (all 
from  larvae  I  myself  found),  under  gentle  warming  bv  the  fire,  on  the  follow- 
ing dates:— Ist,  Nov.  11th;  2nd,  Nov.  12th;  Srd",  Nov.  I6th ;  4th,  Nov. 
24th.  All  the  specimens  emerged  between  8  and  12  p.m.— A.  M.  Moss; 
12,  Greenside  Kendal. 

Acherontia  atkopos  in  Yorkshire. — Hovingham,  August  (Worsley); 
Boston  Spa,  Aug.  19th  (Prince) ;  two  larvse,  Ripon  (Smith)  ;  fifteen  larvae, 
Beverley  (Boyes);  Keighley,  Aug.  30th  (Longton) ;  an  imago,  Aug.  30th, 
Horsforth;  larvse,  Netherton  (White).     The  above  records  are  from  the 


CAPTURES    AND    FIELD    RKPORTS.  21 

'  Yorkshire  Post,'  whilst  the  following  are  what  I  have  had  sent  me  by 
many  correspondents : — One  imago  at  the  electric  light,  St.  Sampson's 
Square,  York,  Oct.  22od  (Hawkins);  one  larva,  Beningborough  (Hewett) ; 
larvae  at  Goole  (Roper),  Bridlington  (Hobson),  Normanton  (Townsend), 
Skipwith  (Ash);  one  larva,  Haxby  (Thurgood).  Several  larvae,  Pocklington, 
one  of  these  the  finder  had  stuck  a  knife  into,  "  to  see  if  it  was  alive  ";  and 
another  was  cut  into  with  a  spade,  "  to  see  what  it  was  like"  (Hewett); 
plentiful  all  over  the  Hull  district,  one  collector  had  eleven  dozen  larvae 
sent  from  Kilnsea,  at  four  shillings  a  dozen  (Boult);  three  larvae,  Stanley, 
near  Wakefield ;  one  larva,  Newton-on-Ouse,  near  York  (Hawkins) ;  two 
larvae,  Pickering  (Metcalf);  "from  August  to  October  larvae  were  frequently 
brought  to  me  by  potato-pickers ;  through  forcing  I  have  bred  several 
imagines  from  these,"  Doncaster  (Corbetl);  "some  fifty  larvae  and  pupae 
obtained  at  Beverlev,  four  of  which  I  secured  myself"  (Lowther);  two 
larvae,  Sept.  '21st,  Kildale,  and  pupa,  Nov.  3rd,  Redcar  (Sschse) ;  larva, 
Witherusea  (Cauldwell) ;  "  one  caught,  Worsborough  Bridge,  June  18th  ; 
flew  in  at  open  bedroom  window  at  night "  (Whittaker);  one  imago  taken 
at  Scarborough,  Aug.  4th  ;  larvae  at  Sherbuni,  Aug.  24:th  ;  at  Broughton, 
Sept.  3rd  (Lowusboro):  one  perfect  insect  in  the  spring,  three  larvae  in 
August,  one  pupa  in  September,  all  close  to  Ayton  (Hey^ ;  four  larvae  at 
Whitby  (Halliday)— W.  Hewett  ;  12,  Howard  Street,  York. 

AcHERONTiA  ATROPos  IN  SCOTLAND. — Mr.  A.  A.  Dalglish  (Ann.  of  Scott. 
Nat.  Hist.  J900,  p,  250)  records  a  specimen,  taken  in  York  Street, 
Glasgow,  on  Sept.  20th,  and  one  taken  off  a  beehive  at  Kilmarnock,  on  July 
11th  last.  Mr.  R.  Service,  in  the  same  journal,  records  a  larva  of  this 
species  from  near  Dumfries,  another  from  near  Lockerbie,  and  a  third 
example  from  Borgue,  in  Kirkcudbrightshire ;  all  these  were  found  in  the 
latter  part  of  August.  A  pupa  was  obtained  on  Sept.  20th,  also  near  Dumfries. 

Cleora  glabraria  in  Scotland. — Eight  specimens  of  this  species  are 
recorded  by  Mr.  A.  Elliott  from  Roxburgh.  They  were  found  on  July  25th 
and  27th  last,  at  rest  on  the  trunks  of  Scotch  fir.  Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett,  who 
has  seen  the  specimens,  confirms  their  identity.  (Ann.  of  Scott.  Nat. 
Hist.  1900,  p.  250.) 

Ennomos  autumnarla  (tiliaria). — I  think  this  species  is  well  natu- 
ralized here  now,  as  it  occurs  every  season.  This  autumn  I  captured  two 
females,  with  few  eggs  left  in  them.  The  larva  feeds  up  readily  on  the 
balsam  poplar.  Given  a  suitable  summer  next  year,  I  expect  the  gas-lamp 
at  my  front  door  (which  is  in  direct  line  with  the  North  Foreland  Light- 
house) will  attract  a  fair  series. — J.  P.  Barrett  ;  St.  John's  Villas,  Margate. 

CoLLix  sparsata  Double-brooded. — For  three  years  past  I  have  met 
with  images,  more  or  less  worn,  in  June,  and  twice,  on  going  for  the  larvae 
in  August,  took  images  in  similar  condition.  This  season  was  backward. 
On  June  20th  I  captured  about  a  score  images,  no  traces  of  larvae  ;  on  July 
30th  a  few  larvae  nearly  full-fed,  no  images  ;  on  Aug.  25th  another  score  of 
images,  mostly  fine,  no  larvae ;  on  Oct.  6th  full-fed  larvae  not  uncommon. — 
J.  P.  Barrett. 

Macroglossa  stellatarum.  —  After  being  comparatively  scarce  for 
some  years,  the  "  humming-bird  moth  "  seems  well  established,  the  larvae 
having  been  obtainable  wherever  a  bit  of  bedstraw  grew  in  the  autumn. 
During  October  six  or  seven  fresh  images  have  come  into  the  house  to 
hybernate ;  one  is  still  hidden  in  my  bedroom,  but  I  have  neither  seen  nor 


22  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

heard  of  a  epecimen  in  the  open.  Is  this  the  usual  habit  of  the  insect  ? 
J.  P.  Barrett. 

COREMIA    QUADRIFASCIARIA   AND    MeLANIPPE    PROCELLATA  IN  EsSEX. 

With  reference  to  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  these  species  in  this  county, 
in  this  year's  '  Entomologist,'  by  the  Rev.  Gilbert  H.  Ray  nor  and  others,  1 
may  mention  that  I  have  taken  the  former  on  several  occasions  in  this 
district,  ai:d  once  bred  it,  though  I  cannot  remember  where  I  took  the  larva, 
or  what  it  was  like.  Of  the  latter,  one  was  taken  by  one  of  ray  sons  here, 
on  Julv  30th.  There  is  no  chalk  in  the  neighbourhood,  nor  is  there  any 
wild  clematis  within  ten  or  twelve  miles  that  I  know  of,  though  I  have 
noticed  it  in  a  few  gardens,  and  have  some  in  my  own. — Gervase  F. 
Mathew;  Dovercourt,  Essex,  Dec.  10th,  1900. 

Dasycampa  rubigtnea  in  Berkshire. — Whilst  collecting  insects  at 
ivy-bloom,  on  Oct.  16th,  at  Padworth,  my  father,  Mr.  H.  Garrett,  took  a 
fine  and  perfect  specimen  of  D.  rubiginea  ;  he  searched  for  more  several 
nights  after,  but  was  unsuccessful  in  obtaining  another  specimen. — Henry 
E.  Garrett;  3,  Brewer's  Green  Mews,  Victoria  Street  Westminster,  S.W. 

Vanessa  atalanta,  Macroglossa  stellatarum,  and  ^schna  mixta 
IN  KiLBURN. — On  the  morning  of  Oct.  1st  V.  atalanta  and  V.  urticcB  were 
still  on  the  wing,  in  the  nursery  garden  close  to  the  Kilburn  and  Brondes- 
bury  Met.  Station,  and  captured  by  the  proprietor.  I  also  noticed  a 
specimen  of  M.  stellatarum  darting  in  and  out  among  the  flowers  there.  On 
the  morning  of  Oct.  9th  V.  atalanta  and  .E.  mixta  were  noticed  by  me  in 
the  vicinity  of  West  End  Midland  Railway  Station.  This  is  only  the 
second  specimen  of  ^3?.  mixta  that  I  have  seen  in  this  neighbourhood.— 
(Rev.)  F.  A.  Walker;  Dun  Mallard,  Shoot-up-Hill,  N.W.,  Oct.  9th,  1900. 

Vanessa  atalanta  in  Scotland. — According  to  Mr.  R.  Service  (Ann. 
Scott.  Nat.  Hist.)  this  species  was  abundant  in  Solwav  last  autumn,  espe- 
cially in  gardens,  in  one  of  which,  not  far  from  Southerness,  he  counted 
over  two  hundred  specimens. 

CiRRHffiDIA    XERAMPELINA   AND    VAR.    UNICOLOR    IN    NoTTS. 1    tOok    a 

good  number  of  the  above  last  August,  and  one  of  the  females  is  a  splendid 
variety.  The  fore  wings  are  all  of  the  same  ground  colour  as  the  central 
band,  The  band  on  the  hind  margin  is  also  a  shade  darker,  and  more  of 
a  purple  tmt.  Two  faint  yellow  lines  mark  where  the  central  band  should 
be.  Is  this  rare  insect  subject  to  much  variation  ?— A.  Simmons  ;  Rutland 
House,  West  Bridgford,  Nottingham. 

[The  variety  referred  to  above  appears  to  be  an  example  of  var.  unicolor, 
btaud.  A  few  specimens  of  this  form  have  been  previously  recorded  from 
localities  in  the  North  of  England,  and  we  understand  that  it  is  of  regular 
occurrence  in  the  Isle  of  Man.— Ed.] 

Xanthia  gilvago  in  the  Bromley  DisTRicT.-During  the  first  week 

Ket'NoTstrmO.-'-  ^™^^^^^  ''  ""''''  ^^^''  ^^'-'^y  C— ' 

Plusia  gamma  —To-day  has  been  beautifully  bright  and  warm  and 
while  walking  on  the  sea-wall  about  noon,  I  saw  a  moth  fly  in  fromThe  sea 
It  passed  over  my  head  and  settled  on  a  tuft  of  grass,  andLon  Zkin.  up 

pecis'^Bv  the'wV  r  !,'"^  f-«W-king%xamp]e  !i  this  common' 
species.     By  the  way,  how  does  gamma  pass  the  winter-in  the  perfect, 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  23 

pupa,  or  egg  state?  I  have  often  seen  the  larva  quite  small  at  the  end  of 
October. — Gervase  F.  Mathew;  Dovercourt,  Essex,  Dec.  10th,  1900. 

AciDALiA  coNTiGUARiA,  Hb.,  AT  Criccieth. — I  do  not  think  that  this 
locality  has  been  recorded,  but  as  this  is  the  third  year  I  have  met  with  it 
there,  it  may  fairly  be  said  to  have  established  itself  some  distance  from  its 
old  haunts.  The  case-bearing  larvae  of  Diplodoma  marginepunctella,  St., 
were  also  taken  in  some  numbers  off  the  lichens  growing  on  the  rocks  and 
stones  in  the  field-walls  at  the  same  place. — E.  B.  Nevinson  ;  3,  Tedworth 
Square,  Chelsea,  S.W. 

Odonata  AT  Lee,  Kent. — I  captured  Lestes  sponsa,  Ischnura  elegans, 
and  Agrion  puella  at  Lee  in  August  last. — F.  M.  B.  Carr. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  at  Eastbourne. — Whilst  attending  a  concert  at 
the  Floral  Hall  at  Eastbourne,  one  evening  at  the  end  of  August  last,  I  met 
a  gentleman  who  was  holding  a  live  specimen  of  S.  convolvuli  between  his 
finger  and  thumb.  He  told  me  that  he  had  just  knocked  it  down  with  his 
hat  while  it  was  flying  to  electric  light  in  the  garden. — R.  Adkin. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  in  Scotland. — Mr.  R.  Service  (Ann.  Scott.  Nat. 
Hist.  1900,  p.  "248)  states  that  a  specimen  of  S.  convolvuli  was  taken  at 
Portpatrick,  on  Aug.  20th. 

Migrants. — Our  proximity  to  the  Continent  gives  a  touch  of  excite- 
ment to  sugaring  (not  often  does  the  prize  appear)  as  to  what  may  turn  up. 
I  recollect  rejoicing  over  one  Agrotis  saucia  in  Dulwich  Wood ;  well,  on 
Sept.  '21st  last,  A.  saiicia  was  commoner  here  than  I  have  ever  seen 
Xylophasia  polyodon.  Last  year,  in  same  locality,  I  took  six.  Leucania 
vitellina  has  hovered  about  for  twenty  years  past ;  this  year  we  had  five 
specimens  and  more  seen,  but  not  captured ;  L.  alhipuncta  also  turned  up. 
Aporia  cratcegi :  I  had  become  afraid  that  this  species  had  entirely  dis- 
appeared from  this  neighbourhood,  but  lads  with  nets  teach  us  something 
sometimes,  and  they  have  caught  at  least  a  dozen  specimens  in  1900. — 
J.  P.  Barrett. 

Late  and  Early  Dates  of  certain  Lepidoptera  in  Cornwall. — 
On  Oct.  18th,  1897,  I  took  Polijommatus  phlccas,  Pieris  hrassiccB,  P.rapoB, 
Culias  ediisa  (two  males),  Pyrameis  cardid,  Vanessa  atalanta,  Pararge 
egeria,  and  P.  megmra,  all  on  one  railway  bank  in  a  sheltered  cutting; 
C.  ediisa,  Nov.  9th,  1889  ;  Oct.  18th,  1897  ;  Oct.  26th,  1898  ;  Nov.  16th, 
1899.  Polyommatus  phlmas  :  Oct.  18th,  1897;  Nov.  3rd,  1900,  the  latter 
in  beautiful  condition  and  fairly  strong  in  flight.  V.  atalanta,  Oct.  18th, 
1877;  Nov.  4th,  1900;  in  strong  flight  and  good  condition.   V.  to:  Feb.  12th, 

1899,  on  the  wing.     Macroglossa  stellataruni,  Nov.  24th,  1899  ;  Nov.  28th, 

1900.  Arctia  [Chelonia)  caia:  Nov.  10th,  1899;  emerged  from  pupae  in  a 
cold  outhouse,  from  larvae  taken  Aug.  25th,  and  which  pupated  early  in 
October.  Phlogophora  meticulosa:  Nov.  3rd,  1900;  larva  of  this  species, 
Feb.  16th,  1898,  and  which  pupated,  and  the  imago  emerged  May  2nd, 
1898;  also  a  full-fed  larva,  Dec.  2nd,  1900,  found  feeding  on  chrysanthemum 
flowers  in  garden,  and  is  now  pupating. — W.  A.  Rollason  ;  The  White 
House,  Truro,  Dec.  lOtb,  1900. 

Notes  from  Brighouse. — Macroglossa  stellataruni  has  been  commonly 
taken  in  this  district  this  year.  Plusia  gamma  in  extraordinary  numbers. 
P.  chrysitis  and  P.  iota  have  also  been  taken,  not  uncommonly.  Vanessa 
atalanta  and  V.urtica  have  been  present  in,good  numbers,  as  well  as  Pieris 


24  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

hrassica.  I  may  also  mention  that  at  10.30  p.m.,  Aug.  2nd,  a  fine 
specimen  of  M.  stellatarum  came  in  at  the  open  window  of  my  bedroom, 
apparently  attracted  by  the  light.  Is  this  anything  unusual  ?— Thos.  B. 
Blakeborough  ;  "  Ashlea,"  Brighouse,  Nov.  17th,  1900. 

Notes  from  Brodick,  Arran,  N.B.— In  reply  to  your  note  in  the 
December  number  of  the  '  Entomologist,'  as  to  the  few  reports  of  Colias 
htjale  and  C.  edusa  in  the  northern  districts  of  England  and  Scotland,  I 
may  mention  that  I  spent  the  month  of  August  and  the  beginning  of 
September  at  Brodick,  Arran,  N.B.,  and  during  that  time  I  did  not  see  a 
single  specimen  of  either  of  these  species.  The  following,  however,  were 
some  of  my  captures  : — Argrjnnis  aglaia,  Nonagria  fiilva,  Hydrcecia  nicti- 
tans,  H.  micacea,  Charceas  graminis,  Polia  chi,  Mania  maura,  Larentia 
olivata,  L.  miata,  Cidariarussata,  M.  tristata,  Melanthia  ruhiginata, 
Anaitis  jAagiata,  Choreutes  scintilhdana,  Hedya  paylailliana,  Peronea 
schalleriana,  P.  comjiarana,  Leptogmmma  [Oxygrapha]  literana,  Dictyo- 
vteryx  contaminana,  Pamplusia  monticolana ,  Grapholitha  (Calosetia)  nigro- 
maculana,  Eupcecilia  aiigiistana,  PluteUa  cruciferariun,  Cerostonia  xylo- 
Stella,  Depressaria  umhellana,  Ghelarla  hubyierella,  Pterophorus  acantho- 
dactyhis. — Archdalk  Sharpin  ;  23,  Kimbolton  Road,  Bedford. 

Notes  from  Somersetshire. — From  August  9th  to  17  th  I  stayed  with 
my  friend  Mr.  W.  W.  Lane,  at  his  house  in  Weston-super-Mare.  Though 
the  time  was  very  much  taken  up  with  other  things,  I  managed  to  do  a 
little  eutomologising,  of  which  the  following  is  the  result.  Pieris  rapce  and 
napi  were  of  course  common.  In  the  woods  at  the  back  of  the  town  I  saw 
two  Argynnis  paphia,  and  also  a  lovely  var.  valesina,  which  was  in  perfect 
condition,  but,  alas,  I  was  unarmed.  In  these  woods,  too,  Pararge  egeria 
and  Ejiinephele  ianira  were  both  common.  On  the  rough  stony  ground 
which  fringes  these  woods  I  found  Vanessa  io,  atalanta,  cardui  (the  last  of 
these  seemed  to  come  out  just  before  I  left),  Pararge  megara,  Pohjommatus 
phlceas,  Lyccena  icarus  {alexis),  and  L.  argiolus  very  plentiful.  Macroglossa 
stellatarum  was  very  common  flying  about  in  the  sunshine.  Some  old 
poplar  trunks  in  the  Park  were  very  badly  bored  by  Cossus  Ugniperda. 
Triphana  comes  [orboua)  and  pronuba  were  very  common,  while  Plusia 
gamma  was  more  plentiful  close  to  the  woods  than  was  pleasant.  We  went 
to  Cheddar  to  see  the  world-famed  caverns,  and,  after  having  done  this,  we 
climbed  the  cliffs  which  border  the  roadside.  Here  I  noticed  the  follow- 
ing :— P.  rapa  and  napi,  Vanessa  io,  Satyrus  semele,  Epinephele  ianira, 
Lycana  astrtrache  [medon),  and  Hesperia  thaumas  {linea) ;  also  one  young 
larva  of  Bomhyx  ruhi  and  three  or  four  of  Euchelia  jacobcea.  Gonopteryx 
rhamni  and  E.  tithonus  were  common  along  the  hedges,  where  I  also  found 
a  few  Phalera  hucephala  larvae.  Returning  home,  I  found  a  male  Bombyx 
quercus  on  Yatton  Station  platform.  Locusta  viridissima  was  very  common 
at  Weston-super-Mare  among  the  raspberry  canes  in  the  garden,  where,  I 
am  told,  It  established  itself  about  three  years  ago.— Oscar  Whittaker  ; 
Morelands,  Heaton,  Bolton,  August  21st,  1900. 

The  Season  of  1900.— The  season  just  passing  has  been  again  a  good 
one  for  the  Rhopalocera  generally  in  localities  I  have  visited.  But  I  think 
the  midsummer  and  autumn  species  have  been  on  the  whole  more  numerous 
than  those  of  the  spring  or  early  summer.  This  seemed  specially  to  be  the 
case  with  Euchloe  cardamines  and  Argynnis  euphrosyne,  both  of  which  I  did 
not  notice  so  frequently  in  South  Wales  as  in  some  seasons.  In  the  month 
of  May  several  days  were  cold  in  temperature,  which  may  have  had  some 


CAPTURES    AND   FIELD    REPORTS.  25 

influence  ;  and  yet,  on  the  other  hand,  Lycmia  argiolus  occurred  in  fair  num- 
bers as  usual.  Towards  the  end  of  June  (28th)  I  noticed  two  specimens  of 
Colias  edusa  in  the  valley  of  the  Tawy,  Carmarthenshire;  and,  again,  one 
specimen  in  Montgomeryshire,  in  the  Dovey  Valley,  on  July  10th ;  a 
male  specimen  of  Euchlo'e  cardamines  was  taken  on  July  3rd  in  the  same 
district.  During  this  month  Arrjynnis  arjlaia  and  adippe  might  frequently 
be  met  with.  Larvae  of  Vanessa  io  were  very  abundant;  and  later  on  the 
imagines  began  to  appear  frequently.  F.  cardui  I  have  seen  now  and  again 
throughout  the  summer,  but  never  commonly  ;  atalanta.  however,  has  been 
most  abundant  during  the  autumn  months.  Colias  edusa,  I  imagine  the 
first  of  the  new  brood,  I  again  saw  in  Montgomeryshire  on  August  IP.th  ; 
and  during  September,  when  in  North  Devon,  it  might  frequently  be  turned 
up;  and  I  have  heard  of  C.  hyale  being  found  in  several  different  localities, 
but  I,  personally,  did  not  see  a  specimen.  Lycana  icarus,  second  brood,  was 
abundant  in  N.  Devon  ;  and  Polyo)ninatus  phhcas  fairly  so.  I  saw  a  few 
specimens  of  Macroylossa  steUatarum  at  the  end  of  July  in  Wales,  and  occa- 
sionally later  in  the  autumn  in  Devonshire,  but  not  as  it  occurred  last  season  ; 
the  last  specimen  noticed  was  on  October  6th.  Larvae  and  pupae  of  Ache- 
rontia  atropos  have  been  reported  not  un frequently  in  parts  of  Somersetshire, 
but  I  have  not  heard  of  Sphinx  convolvidi.  Three  larvae  of  Deilephila 
euphorbice  were  reported  to  have  been  found  near  Cirencester,  Gloucester- 
shire, at  the  end  of  the  month  of  August ;  two  of  them  found  by  a  lad 
just  below  the  surface  of  the  soil.  The  account  appeared  in  the  '  Gloucester- 
shire Standard.'  I  am  making  enquiries  respecting  this  find. — T.  B. 
Jefferys  ;  Bath,  October,  1900. 

Notes  from  Norfolk. — During  the  latter  part  of  July  and  August  I 
did  some  collecting  in  Norfolk,  all  the  following  insects  being  seen  within 
a  three-mile  radius  of  Norwich.  Sugar  was  fairly  successful  as  regards  the 
number  of  insects  that  turned  up  ;  these  were  : — Thyatira  derasa  (rather 
worn),  Dipterygia  pinastri,  Mamestra  brassicce,  X.  c-niyrum,  N.  plecta, 
Triphama  pronuba,  T.  fimbria  (mostly  in  poor  condition),  T.  orhona,  T. 
ianthina,  Ampliipyra  pyramidea,  A.  tragopogonis,  Phlogophora  vieticidosa, 
Plusia  gamma,  Catocala  nupta  (in  splendid  condition),  Dianthcecia  cucubali, 
Agrotis  s!///'usa.  A.  puta,  Leucaiiia  2^<^^l^^^^>  Xylophasia  polyodon,  X. 
lithoxylea,  Eitplexia  lucipara,  Hypeiia  rostraUs,  Gonopteryx  libatrix, 
Acronycta  megacephala,  and  Xanthia  citrago.  Light  was  rather  a  failure, 
only  producing  the  following  : — Smerinthus  populi,  Philodonta  palpina, 
Odonestis  potatoria  (one  very  dark  male),  Triphtena  pronuba,  T.  fimbria, 
Plusia  gamma,  Abraxas  grossidariata,  Lasiocampa  qiiercifolia  (one  very 
dissipated  specimen),  Lithosia  complanula,  Cilix  spinula,  and  Cerigo 
cytherea.  Larvae  I  neglected,  but  somewhat  casual  hunting  produced  : — 
Cerura  vinula  (of  which  I  found  over  twenty  caterpillars  in  about  three  days, 
and  could  have  probably  collected  more  had  I  so  wished),  Acronycta  aceris 
(one),  Smerinthus  tilia;  (one),  and  Sphinx  ligustri.  —  W.  T.  Harris  ;  17, 
Micheldever  Road,  Lee. 

Notes  from  Eastbourne.  —  On  June  9th  I  went  to  Eastbourne  for 
three  weeks.  Although  I  arrived  somewhat  late  in  the  evening,  I  got  out 
my  "  apparatus,"  and  started  for  a  place  called  "  Paradise,"  the  only  piece 
of  wooded  land  near  Eastbourne  itself.  The  first  thing  that  turned  up  was 
Hepialus  lupulimis,  a  white  var.  of  which  occurred  in  swarms  ;  besides 
these  Bapta  taminata  was  very  common,  Melanthia  ocellata  occurred  spar- 
ingly, Eupithecia  vulgata   was   common,  and  single  specimens  of  Agrotis 


26  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

rip(B,  Melanippe  galiata,  Coremia  fermgata,  Cidaria  russata,  and  Larentia 
pectinitaria  turned  up.  This  ended  my  first  evening,  and  I  was  somewhat 
disappointed  with  the  prospects.  June  10th.  I  did  not  get  much  work  in. 
Besides  C.  fernigata,  B.  taminata,  and  H.  lupulimis,  I  took  specimens  of 
Zonosoma  '{Ephyra)  punctaria,  Apilates  citraria  (one),  Lycmia  bellargus 
(common),  Syrichthus  malva,  Euclidia  mi,  and  Cidaria  corylata,  mostly  at 
Beachy  Head.  June  11th.  I  got  out  before  breakfast,  and  again  went  to 
Beachy  Head.  L.  bellargus  swarmed,  as  also  did  L.  icarus  and  L.  minima, 
and  single  specimens  of  Melanippe  stibtristata  and  Eupithecia  centaureata 
turned  up.  Later,  T  trained  to  Hailsham,  and  walked  thence  to  Polegate 
through  Abbott's  Wood.  Argynnis  euphrosyne  was  very  common,  and  I 
was  very  much  surprised  to  capture  a  specimen  of  Melitaa  athalia,  the  only 
one  I  took.  Besides  these,  Melanippe  montanata,  Asthena  candidata, 
Acidalia  remutata,  Cidaria  corylata,  Zonosoma  porata,  Cabera  jmsaria,  and 
lodis  lacteana  were  common  ;  while  single  specimens  of  Euchloe  carda- 
mines,  Polyomniatus  phlceas,  Strenia  clathrata,  Platypteryx  haraula, 
Coremia  propugnata,  Anaitis  plagiata,  Cabera  exanthemaria,  Thera  obelis- 
cata,  and  Eupithecia  virgaureata  occurred.  In  the  evening,  as  it  was 
getting  dusk,  I  was  astonished  to  see  three  specimens  of  Vanessa  cardui 
flying,  and,  after  a  deal  of  patience,  I  succeeded  in  capturing  two.  Does 
this  species  usually  fly  at  dusk  ?  Although  I  have  seen  many  before,  I 
never  saw  one  on  the  wing  at  dusk.  Among  other  species,  Cidaria  russata, 
C.  corylata,  Grammesia  trilinea  (a  smoky  van).  June  12th.  Acontia 
{Dysthymia)  luctuosa,  Strenia  clathrata,  and  LyccBua  minima  were  taken. 
In  the  evening  of  June  13th  I  went  to  "  Paradise  "  again.  Besides  the 
usual  number  of  common  species,  I  found  two  beautiful  specimens  of 
Numeria  pulveraria,  and  one  male  Arctia  villica.  14th.  I  did  not  do  any 
very  active  collecting,  but  took  a  nice  specimen  of  Lobophora  viretata  off"  a 
wall  in  Eastbourne.  16th.  I  went  raothing  in  the  evening,  and  obtained, 
among  other  things,  Cidaria  immanata,  a  single  specimen  of  Coremia  uni- 
dentata,  and  a  female  Orgyia  pudibunda. 

Thecla  rubi  and  Argynnis  selene  occurred  sparingly  in  Abbotts  Wood  on 
the  18th,  and  among  other  species  that  I  captured  was  Tephrosia  exter- 
saria.  ^Sth.  Plusia  gamma  swarmed  at  Eastbourne,  and  single  specimens 
of  Hecatera  serena,  Caradrina  cubicularis,  and  Dianthoecia  conspersa  turned 
up.  20th.  I  visited  Heathfield,  and  took  in  a  fine  pine-wood  there, 
I.  lactearia,  T.  obeliscata,  Bupalus  piniaria  (very  common),  and  single 
specimens  of  Melanthia  albicillata,  Eupithecia  coronata,  Z.  porata,  and 
Ellopia  fasciaria.  27th.  A  specimen  each  of  Plusia  chrysitis,  Melanippe 
rivata,  and  M.  galiata  at  Eastbourne,  besides  the  ordinary  moths.  28th. 
I  again  visited  Heathfield,  the  weather  being  more  promising  than  on  the 
26th.  Euthemonia  russula  was  common  on  heath  ;  I  took  twelve  males  to 
two  females.  Bupalus  piniaria  was  also  very  common — two  females  to  one 
male.  (I  have  never  before  observed  the  se.xes  of  this  species  in  these  pro 
portions.)  T.  obeliscata  (common),  L.  pectinitaria  (one),  Ematurga  ato- 
maria  (males  and  females  common),  three  Macaria  liturata,  two  Zygtena 
Jilipendula,  Eubolia palumbaria  (very  common),  and  single  specimens  of 
Lithosia  mesomella,  lodis  vernaria,  and  Phytometra  anea.  29th.  Took 
two  beautiful  specimens  of  Chcerocampa  porcellus  in  some  long  grass  at 
Beachy  Head.  —  Stanley  A.  Blenkarn  ;  Clifton  House,  East  Dulwich 
Eoad,  S.E. 

Notes  from  Dover.— Although  I  have  done  but  little  collecting  this 
season,  yet  a  few  notes  of  the  insects  taken  in  this  neighbourhood  may  be 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  27 

of    interest.      During  March   and   April   I   bred,   amongst   other   thinag, 
Dasychira  pudibunda,  Drepana  unguicula,   and    Demas  coryli.      On  April 
21st  Fararge  egeria  was  out ;   I  only  took  one  specimen  this  year,  where  in 
previous  years  I  have  taken  them  in  plenty.     The  advance  of  bricks  and 
mortar  is  the  cause  of  this.     On  the  same'day  two  nice  Cidaria  suffumata, 
with  Anticlea  badiata  and  Taniocampa  rubricosa.    There  are  so  few  sallows 
about  this  district,  and  what  there  are  are  so  far  from  the  town,  that  I  did 
nothing  in  this  hue.      During  May  Halias  prasinana  and  Zonosoma  punc- 
tana  emerged,  and  a  nice  Notodonta  chaonia  was  taken  on  the  sea-front  at 
the   electric  light.     On   the   '24th   Euchloe  cardamines,  Nisoniades  taqes 
Lyc(Bna{Cijamris)argwlus,L.{Polijom.matus)heUarqus,Neineobiushicm 
Thecla{Callophrys)  rubi  were  out.    This  year  L.  argiolus  seems  to  have  been 
more  plentiful  than  ever— it  was  everywhere.     I  noticed  several  specimens 
of  the  second  brood,  which  I  do  not  remember  having  done  before.     June 
brought  (inter  alia)  Zonosoma  vmioonaria.  Bapta  temerata,  B.  bimaculata 
[taminata),  Minoa  murinata  [euphorbiata],  Ligdia  adustata,   Euclidia  mi, 
E.  ghjphica.     A   couple  of  Dianthcecia  albimacula  were  taken  flviua  at 
Silene  nutans.     One  turned  out  to  be  a  female,  and  I  obtained  a  few  ova  • 
they   duly   hatched,   and   were  fed  on   bladder-campion,  and   all  went    as 
I  thought,  well.     On  turning  them  out,  however,  I  found  bur  two  punte  and 
a  fat  larva,  while  another  pupa  was  partly  eaten.  I  think  these  larvge  must  be 
cannibals.     Larvae  of  Porthesia  chrysorrhcea  were  in  large  numbers,  along 
with    a   few  Diloba  camleocephala,   on   the   whitethorn   hedges      Lycce'm 
{Cupido)  minima  was  to  be  taken  plentifully  up  by  the  convict  prison,  and 
one  could  obtain  perfect  specimens  when  the  sun  was  down  as  they  sat  on 
the  grass.     One  or  uso  Chcerocampa  porceJlus  were  also  taken  on  the  cliff 
by  the  prison.     In  July  I  made  two  excursions  for  Aporia  cratagi ;  on  the 
first  occasion  I  saw  none,  and,  in  fact,  there  seemed  scarcely  any  insect-life 
about  m  the  cratayi  locality.     On  my  second  visit  things  were  almost  as 
bad,  for  I  only  took  one  cratagi,  and  that  such  a  poor  ragged  female  that  I 
let  her  go  again.     I  believe  a  few  specimens  have  been  taken  this  vear   but 
they  are  certainly  getting  scarcer  year  by  vear.    It  seems  verv  strancrg'that 
in  1896  this  insect  should  have  been  so  plentiful— it  was  in  scores— and 
nobody  be  able  to  throw  any  light  as  to  the  cause  of  this  profusion.     If  the 
insect  has  been  planted  in  this  neighbourhood,  as  some  seem  to  think    whv 
does  not  the  man  who  did  so  come  forward,  and  let  us  have  particu'lars''? 
Anyhow,  the  species  is  evidently  dying  out,  and  will  soon  need  replenishing 
with  a  fresh  stock.     Will  it   be  forthcoming  ?     In  August  I  took  a  few 
Cohas  hyale  and  C.  edusa.     They  were  to  be  taken  on  the  downs,  and  in 
almost  any   clover-field   round  here,  along   with   a   few   Pyrameis\ardui 
Hyale  was  the  more  plentiful,  and  varied  considerably ;  but  neither  edusa 
nor  hyale  could  be  said  to  occur  abundantly.    I  have  not  heard  that  the  var 
hehce  has  been  taken  here.     Some  Eremobia  ochroleuca  on  the  heads  of 
"ragged  jack  "(knapweed),  and  several  Aspilates  citraria  and  A.  gilvaria 
on  the  downs  completed  my  August  captures.     In  October  the  ivy  had  its 
usual  visitors,  including  Orthosia  macilenta,  Anchocelis  pistacina,  Cerastis  ■ 
vaccimi,  a  spadica,  Xanthiajerruginea,  &c.    A  nice  male  Himera pennaria 
on  a  gas-lamp  on  the  26th,  and  a  Caradnna  quadripunctata  on  the  3rd 
inst.,  with  an  Agrotis  sufusa  on  the  8th,  complete  my  season's  captures. 
The  list  IS  rather  a  poor  one,  owing  to  my  time  for  collecting  having  been 
very  limited.     I  should  judge  from  what  I  can  gather  from  local  collectors 
that  the  season  has  been   one  of  the  best.— H.   Douglas  Stockwell  • 
2,  Albert  Road,  Dover,  Nov.  24th,  1900.  ' 


28  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Notes  from  North  Kent.— My  cousin,  Mr.  T.  Mitford  Cottam,  and 
myself  had  about  five  days'  collecting  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Darenth 
Wood,  Farningham,  and  Eynsford  between  June  9th  and  14th,  1900.  The 
weather  most  of  the  time  was  fine  and  hot,  but  we  were  let  in  for  one  bad 
storm,  accompanied  by  terrific  rain.  Butterflies  were  fairly  plentiful  ;  we 
observed  seventeen  species.  Pieris  hrassicm,  P.  ropcB,  P.  napi,  Euchloe 
cardamines,  Ccenonympha  pamphilus,  and  Lymna  icarus  were  all  common. 
We  saw  a  few  Gonopteryx  rhamni,  one  Argynnis  euphrosyne,  one  Vanessa 
io,  a  few  V.  urticcB,  and  Polyommatus  phlceas ;  and  captured  a  few  Thecla 
rubi,  Lycana  argiolus,  L.  ayestis,  and  Nisoniacles  tages ;  two  Lyc(B)ia  alsus, 
and  one  Syrichthus  malvoi.  The  only  Bombyces  that  we  saw  or  captured 
were  Euchelia  jacohcBcc  (one  taken,  others  seen),  Arctia  villica  (one  from 
palings,  another  seen  flying),  Spilosoma  menthastri,  Hepialus  lupulinus 
(common),  H.  hectus  (few),  Bombyx  neustria  (larvae  abundant),  and  Drepana 
falcula  (few).  The  following  moths  were  taken  over  red  valerian  : — Sphinx 
liyustri,  Chosrocampa porcellus,  Leucania  comma,  Mamestra anceps  (common), 
M.  brassica.  Apamea  basilinea,  Caradrina  morpheus,  Agrotis  segetum,  A. 
exclamationis,  Noctua  c-nigrum,  Dianthcecia  carpophaga,  Pladena  trifolii, 
CuculUa  chaviomillcB  (one),  and  Plusia  gamma  (abundant).  We  also  found 
another  Cumllia  chamomiilcB,  and  one  Miana  striyilis  at  rest;  one  more 
Dianthcecia  carpophaga  at  campion,  and  a  few  Euclidia  mi  flying  in  the 
sunshine.  Our  only  capture  at  sugar  was  one  Miana  strigilis.  Thirty-two 
different  species  of  Geometrse  were  captured.  The  following  were  obtained 
by  beating  : — Rumia  cratmgata,  Venilia  macularia  (also  seen  very  commonly 
flying  in  sunshine),  lodis  lactearia,  Ephyra  porata,  E.  punctaria,  Asthena 
candidata  (common),  Eupisteria  obliterata,  Acidalia  trigeminata,  A.  ornata, 
A.  marginepunctata,  A.  remutaria  (abundant),  Cabera  piisaria  (common), 
Bapta  temerata,  B.  taminata,  Numeria  pulveraria  (one),  Panagra  petraria, 
Lomaspilis  marginata  (common),  Melanippe  sociata  (common),  M.  montanata 
(abundant  in  Birch  Wood),  M.  galiata  (one),  Camptogramma  bilineata 
(common),  Phibalaptenjx  vitalbata,  Cidaria  corylata  (one).  On  tree-trunks 
we  found  Tephrosia  biimdularia  (one),  T.  extersaria,  T.  punctularia  (com- 
mon), Eupithecia  exiguata  i?)\  and  two  Anailis  plagiata,  one  at  rest  and 
one  flying.  Dusking  produced  the  following  additional  species  : — Eupitheda 
oblongata,  Hypsipetes  impluviata,  Ephyra  pendidaria,  and  Melanippe  fliictu- 
ata.  The  Deltoides  were  represented  by  Herminia  barbalis  and  H.  grisealis. 
Philip  J.  Barraud  ;  Bushey  Heath,  Herts. 


SOCIETIES. 
Entomological  Society  of  London.  —  November  21st,  1900 — Mr. 
G.  H.  Verrall,  President,  in  the  chair.— Mr.  H.  Wood,  of  the  Old 
Grammar  School,  Ashford,  Kent,  and  Herr  Moser,  of  90,  Bulow 
Strasse,  Berlin,  were  elected  Fellows  of  the  Society.  —  Mr.  H.  W. 
Andrews  exhibited  Atherix  crassipes,  Mg.,  a  dipteron  new  to  the  British 
list,  _  taken  near  Ticehurst,  Sussex.  Mr.  Verrall  remarked  that  the 
species  was  but  little  known  on  the  Continent,  and  quite  unexpected 
in  England.  Originally  described  in  1820,  there  was  no  record  of  its 
re-occurrence  until  1864,  and  there  have  been  only  one  or  two  slight 
references  to  it  since.  He  added  that  it  was  a  most  distinct  species, 
and,  like  Leptis,  was  addicted  to  settling  upon  the  leaves  of  alder.— 
Col.  Yerbury  exhibited  (a)  Anthrax  paniscus,  bred  from  a  lepidopterous 
pupa  found  m  sand  at  St.  Helen's,  Isle  of  Wight,  by  Mr.  Holland 


SOCIETIES.  29 

Hope  Museum,  Oxford.     Pupa  found  7th  July,  1899,  fly  emerged  12th 
of  the  same  month.     Schiner  records  Anthrax  as  being  parasitic  in  the 
larvffi  and  pupa  of  Lepidoptera  and  Hymenoptera.     Dr.  Sharp  states 
that    M.    Kiiuckel    d'Herculais   bred    Anthrax   fenestralis  { fmestrata  n 
from  the  egg-case  of  a  large  locust,  Ocnerodes  sp.     He  also  exhibited 
(b)  Tabanus  bromius — pupa  found  as  above,  emerged  12th  July,  1899, 
observing  that  Tabanus  is  generally  supposed  to  breed  in  wet  mud 
round  the  margin  of  pools;  and  (c)  a  new  species  of  Cord>/lura,  of 
which  five  males  and  five  females  were  taken  at  Aviemore  'in  July, 
1899,  and  further  specimens  again  in  abundance  in  tlie  same  place 
June,  1900.     Col.  Yerbury  mentioned  also  that  he  had  sent  some  of 
them  to  Herr  Th.  Becker  in  Silesia,  in  the  hope  that  the  species  would 
have  received  ere  now  a  distinctive  name. — Mr.  L.  B.  Prout  exhibited 
three  male  specimens  of  Proutia  betulina,  Z.,  and  two  of  P.  eppingella, 
Tutt,  bred  from  larvae  taken  this  season  in  Eppiug  Forest.      He  re- 
marked that  both  species  occurred  in  the  same  part°  of  the  forest,  and 
the  larvffi  appeared  to  be  attached  chiefly  to  old  hawthorns.    Excepting 
in  the  smaller  size  of  P.  eppimjella,  no  superficial  difierence  was  ob- 
servable   between  the   two  species.       The   specimens   of  P.  betulina, 
however,  emerged  about  ten  days  earlier,  the  dates  being  July  5th,  8thi 
and  9th,  while  P.  eppimjella  appeared  between  July  14th  and   21st.' 
Dr.  Chapman  said  that,   accepting  provisionally  Mr.  Tutt's  name  of 
eppiiujella  for  the  last  species,  as  a  way  of  avoiding  the  difficulty  of 
determining  whether  it  be  the  salicolella  of  Bruand  or  his  anicanella, 
which  seems  more   probable,    or  a   distinct    species,   he   might   call 
attention  to  the  fact  that  he  knew  of  no  other  British  males  of  the 
species,  except  one  previously  bred  by  Mr.  Prout,  and  one  of  unknown 
locality  in  Dr.  Mason's  collection.     It  is  at  once  distinguishable  from 
P.  betulina  by  the  numerous  joints  to  the  antennre  (27  instead  of  21-24, 
24  instead  of  18-21,  if  only  the  joints  visible  by  their  pectination  out- 
side the  head  clothing  be  counted),  which  are  nevertheless  shorter,  and 
by  the  shortness  of  the  anterior  tibiae  (-21  mm.  instead  of  -29  mm.),  as 
well  as  by  the  less  difficult  characters  of  the  colour,  size,  form  of  wing, 
&c.— Dr.  Chapman  said  that  Mr.  Merrifield  had  called  attention  at  a 
recent  meeting  of  the  Society  to  the  difierence  in  the  wing  markings 
in  the  pupa  and  in  the  imago  of  Aporia  cratceyi,  and  exhibited  some 
specimens  of  considerable  interest  in  relation  to  the  question  of  corre- 
spondence or  otherwise  of  pupal  and  imaginal  wings,  viz.  the  imaginal 
wings  of  Aporia  crat<£<ji  removed  from  the  pupa  at  a  certain  stage  of 
their  development.     The  specimens  showed  that  at  this  particular  stage 
the  imagmal  wings  presented  the  markings  of  the  pupal  wing,  a  set  of 
markings  which  are  in  a  way  the  reverse  of  those  of  the  mature  imago. 
The  specimens  also  showed  that  this  stage  was  one  when  the  imaginal 
wing  was  still  so  immature  that  it  was  almost  impossible  to  handle  it 
without  producing  injury  and  distortion.     Though  the  markings  were 
there,  they  were  not  produced  by  pigmentation,  at  least  not  by  formed 
pigment.     The  dark  markings  of  the  pupal  wings  were  represented  by 
areas  that  were  more  transparent  than  the  rest  of  the  wing.     The  fact, 
he  remarked,    was    curious   enough  whatever   might    be   its    minute 
anatomy  and  precise  meaning.     The  pigmentation  of  dark  areas,  Dr. 
Chapman  remarked,  is  usually  the  latest  to  develop,  and  here  we  have 
apparently  a  less  development  in  the  dark  area  than  on  the  pale  ;  and 


30  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

this  may  be  therefore  a  reminiscence  of  an  ancestor  that  possessed 
these  dark  markings  as  an  imago.  He  very  much  doubted  this,  how- 
ever, partly  because  of  the  great  variabihty  of  these  dark  pupal  mark- 
ings, and  partly  because  there  was  no  question  of  pigment  involved. 
Exhibited  specimens  of  the  wings  at  a  later  stage,  showed  the  true 
imagiual  markings  developed.  The  white  pigment  was  well  developed, 
while  the  dark  markings  were  still  very  transparent,  little  pigment  being 
yet  developed  on  them.  The  solidity  and  firmness  of  these  specimens 
showed  how  much  later  they  are  than  the  others.  With  regard  to 
these  effects,  Dr.  Chapman  explained  them  to  some  extent  as  analogous 
to  photographic  effects.  It  was  quite  possible,  he  thought,  that  light 
and  heat  caused  a  differential  effect  through  the  different  coloured  areas 
of  the  pupa.  Another  specimen.  Dr.  Chapman  thought,  might  throw 
some  light  on  the  question  of  supernumerary  joints  and  limbs  in  insects. 
He  had,  he  said,  in  this  connection  made  several  hundred  experiments 
upon  Porthetria  dupar  last  summer,  but  of  these  had  as  yet  only 
examined  about  a  dozen,  one  of  them  being  the  specimen  exhibited. 
The  larval  limb  in  this  case,  by  some  mistake,  had  not  been  cleanly 
amputated,  but  partially  crushed.  This  was  done  at  the  last  larval 
moult,  and  also  probably  so  immediately  after  the  moult  that  the  parts 
had  not  yet  fully  expanded,  still  less  hardened,  resulting,  as  the 
specimen  showed,  in  their  remaining  only  partially  expanded.  The 
result  in  the  imago  was  a  limb  in  which  all  the  parts  were  abnormal, 
even  the  trochanter,  whilst  the  femur  was  curiously  flattened  out 
triangularly,  bearing  on  one  angle  an  unquestionable  tibia  and  tarsus, 
and  on  the  other  a  member  that  was  no  doubt  an  abortive  tibia,  since 
it  bore  at  least  one  short  spur. — A  paper  was  also  communicated  on 
"  Contributions  to  a  Knowledge  of  the  Rhynchota,"  by  W.  L.  Distant, 
and  "  An  Account  of  a  Collection  of  Ehopalocera  made  at  Zomba, 
British  Central  Africa,"  by  Mr.  P.  I.  Lathy.— C.  J.  Gahan  and  H. 
Rowland  Brown,  Hon.  Sees. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. — 
October  25th,  1900.— Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the 
chair.  Mr.  Kirkaldy,  Worple  Road,  Wimbledon,  was  elected  a  member. 
Mr.  MacArthur  exhibited  specimens  of  Agrotis  vitelUna  from  Shore- 
ham,  an  example  of  J)»/*/u/y//m</7/(7o/>o_ryo«/s  with  pale  marginal  blotches 
on  the  fore  wings,  and  a  specimen  of  Hesperia  {ThymelicHs)  thaumas 
of  a  pale  straw  colour.  Mr.  Lucas,  a  specimen  of  the  cockroach 
Hhyparobia  iiiaderie,  taken  in  a  desk  in  Covent  Garden  Market.  Mr.  T. 
D.  A.  Cockerell,  a  photograph  of  a  hollyhock  plant  as  an  example  of 
the  ravages  of  the  larva?  of  Pmataeis  cardui  at  Raton  in  New  Mexico. 
Mr.  West,  a  series  of  a  local  homopteron,  Acocephalus  brunneo-bifasciatus, 
taken  at  Blackheath.  Mr.  R.  Adkin,  a  series  of  the  plain  and  banded 
forms  of  Acidalia  aversata,  bred  in  September  from  ova  deposited  by  a 
banded  female  taken  at  Lewisham  in  July,  and  contributed  notes  on 
their  history  and  variation  ;  together  with  living  larvfe  of  Caradrina 
ambiyua.  Mr.  Mera,  specimens  of  Culias  edusa  and  var.  heiice,  with 
intermediate  varieties  ;  very  pale  specimens  of  C.  Jujale ;  and  a  speci- 
men of  ,S)iierint/a(s  popuU  with  the  basal  area  of  the  hind  wings  suffused 
with  yellow  instead  of  dull  red.  Dr.  Fremlin  read  a  short  paper  on 
*'  Bacteria,"  illustrating  his  remarks  with  a  varied  exhibit  showing  the 
methods  of  culture. — H.  J.  Turner,  Hon.  Rep.  Sec. 


31 

KECENT    LITERATURE. 

F.  V.  Theobald.  Report  of  Insect  Pests  for  1899  (1900,  Jouru.  South 
Eastern  Agric.  Coll.,  21-48;  five  plates  and  two  tigs.). 

The  life-history  of  the  asparagus  beetle  [Crioceris  asparcuji)  has  been 
worked  out  anew  and  compared  with  the  American  results  detailed  by 
Chittenden.  Very  few  insects  live  on  asparagus  in  this  country,  and 
only  one — this  beetle — does  any  amount  of  harm.  Although  very 
destructive  in  An^erica  and  Continental  Europe,  its  ravages  here  are 
very  slight.  Its  natural  enemies  are  the  larvie  and  imagines  of  Adalla 
hipunctata  (the  2-spot  ladybird),  which  feed  on  the  ova  and  larv^  of 
Chrysopidae  (lace- wing  flies).  The  author  considers  hand-picking  a 
sufficient  remedy  for  small  gardens,  and  spraying  in  August  with 
arsenate  of  lead  for  larger  areas. 

An  unknown  species  of  thrips  destroying  scarlet  runner  beans  is 
described  and  figured,  and  attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  practically 
nothing  has  been  done  with  the  British  Thripid*  since  Haliday's 
'  Synopsis,'  which  is  now  very  incomplete. 

Among  the  other  notices  in  the  Report  are  extended  notes  on  the 
life-history  of  the  hop  aphis  (Phorodun  himmli),  and  the  record  of  new 
pests,  viz.  the  common  cockchafer  on  hop,  the  moth  Gortyna  Jiaoago 
on  tomato,  and  the  great  grasshopper — Leptophyes  punctatissima — on 
peach  trees ;  the  latter  occurred  in  great  numbers,  many  iti  copula, 
near  Minster. 

Lepidoptera. 

V.  Weiszmantel  (1900,  '  Rovartani  Lapok,'  vii.  pp.  17 5 ,  Knd  resume 
16)  saw  an  individual  of  Pieris  brassiccB,  at  Tusniid  in  the  Siebenge- 
birge,  whose  under  side  had  a  bright  rosy- red  lustre,  but  failed  to 
capture  it. 

H.  G.  Dyar  (1900,  Entom.  News,  xi.  517-26,  pi.  xhi.)  gives  an 
account,  with  coloured  plate,  of  the  life-history  of  the  remarkable 
Central  and  South  American  slug-caterpillar,  Sibine  fusca. 

Christ  Burger  describes  (1900,  Illustr.  Zeitschr.  fiir  Entom.  v. 
330,  figure)  a  melauic  aberration  of  Pieris  napi  as  follows  : — "  Upper 
side :  Ground  colour  unicolorous  blackish  grey ;  in  obliquely-falling 
light,  a  faint  violet  iridescence,  especially  at  the  base  and  in  the  dorsal 
cells  of  the  fore  wings.  The  black  speck  at  the  apex  always  present 
in  typical  napi,  and  the  occasional  black  spots  in  cells  1  and  3  of  the 
fore  wings  are  altogether  absent.  In  the  middle  cells  the  ground  colour 
is  a  trifle  brighter.  Nervures  of  the  hind  wings  not  widened.  Fringes 
of  the  ground  colour.  Under  side :  Colouring  as  above.  Specks  and 
spots  absent  also  from  the  fore  wings.  In  the  middle  cells  and  in  the 
inner  part  of  cells  1  and  2  of  the  hind  wings  the  colouring  is  somewhat 
brighter.  The  first  four  nervures  of  the  hind  wings  appear  consider- 
ably widened  on  account  of  the  scattered,  somewhat  darker,  scales  on 
both  sides.  This  is  the  only  character  by  which  this  specimen  can  be 
recognized  as  belonging  to  napi,  L.  Fringes  of  the  ground  colour, 
antennae  unicolorous  black,  not  annulate,  apex  of  the  club  bright  yellow 
ochre.  Body  covered  with  deep  black  hair,  legs  black,  eyes  brownish 
yellow.  This  extremely  interesting,  probably  unique,  specimen  was 
found  last  spring  at  Dretzel,  near  Gladau,  in  Saxony." 


32  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

L.  AiGNER  notices  (1.  c.  331)  some  gynandromorphs  lately  captured 
near  Budapest: — (1)  Pieris  daplidice,  L.,  var.  belUdke,  0.      Right  ^  , 
left  ?  ,  abdomen  ?  .     (2)  Colias  hyale,  L.   Right  <?  ,  left  ?  ,  abdomen  S  • 
(3)  Lucccna  hellarnus,  Rett.     Right  $  ,  left  ?  . 
^  ^  G.  W.  K. 


OBITUARY. 

Le  Baron  Michel-Edmond  de  Selys-Longchamps. — Almost  simul- 
taneously with  the  century  has  ended  a  career  which  lacked  in  length 
but  twelve  years  of  the  century  itself — that  of  the  veteran  Belgian 
entomologist,  the  Baron  Michel-Edmond  de  Selys-Lougchamps. 
Though  born  in  Paris  (May  25th,  1813),  Liege  had  long  been  his 
home,  and  in  connection  with  the  district  in  which  he  lived  the  Baron 
held  from  time  to  time  most  important  positions  politically.  His 
worth  as  a  man  of  science  was  attested  by  his  election  on  May  7th, 
1841,  as  correspondaiit  of  the  Academie  Royale  de  Belgique.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  same  in  December,  1846,  and  was  chosen 
Directeur  de  la  Classe  de  Sciences  in  1854  and  in  1879.  Amongst 
other  recognitions  of  his  work  was  liis  election  as  honorary  fellow  of 
the  Entomological  Society  of  London  in  1871. 

De  Selys'  name  will  always  be  associated  with  his  labours  in 
connection  with  the  Odouata  (dragonflies)  as  an  authority  on  which 
order  he  has  long  been  in  the  foremost  rank.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  century  these  insects  were  almost  utterly  neglected,  and  what  little 
knowledge  of  them  existed  was  in  great  confusion.  The  work  of 
De  Selys,  however,  ably  assisted  as  it  has  been  by  that  of  Mr.  R. 
McLachlan,  Dr.  H.  A.  Hagen,  and  a  few  others,  has  now  placed  this 
branch  of  entomology  in  such  a  position  that  those  who  take  it  up 
have  a  solid  foundation  on  which  to  build. 

There  remain  to  attest  De  Selys'  great  activity  over  two  hundred 
and  fifty  works  and  articles  of  greater  or  less  length  and  importance, 
most  of  them  having  been  published  by  the  Belgian  Academy  and 
other  learned  societies.  They  cover  a  wide  range  of  subjects  ;  but 
the  bulk  of  them  treat  of  the  Odonata.  In  1840  appeared  the  '  Mono- 
graphic des  Libellulidees  d'Europe,'  this  being  the  same  year  in  which 
T.  de  Charpentier's  '  Libellulinte  Europsas '  saw  the  light.  The  latter, 
an  edition  de  luxe  with  forty-eight  well-coloured  plates,  savours  of  the 
old  school,  however,  while  the  work  of  De  Selys  is  of  the  new.  The 
'  Mouographie '  was  followed  ten  years  later  by  a  supplement,  which 
holds  at  least  equal  importance  with  the  original  work — the  '  Revue 
des  Odonates  ou  Libellules  d'Europe' ;  in  this  De  Selys  had  Dr.  Hagen 
as  collaborator.  The  long  list  of  his  writings  contains  detailed  synopses 
and  monographs  of  several  of  the  subfamilies  of  the  dragonflies  of  the 
world,  as  well  as  lists  and  monographs  of  these  insects  °f or  numerous 
restricted  areas— all  being  contributions  of  the  first  importance  to  our 
knowledge  of  the  Odonata. 

With  the  death  of  the  venerable  Baron  on  Tuesday,  December  11th, 
1900,  at  the  ripe  age  of  87,  the  world  of  entomology  is  the  poorer  by 
the  loss  of  a  prolific  and  careful  writer,  and  a  most  genial  corre- 
spondent.— W.  J,  L.  . 


We  have  to  announce,  with  very  sincere  regret,  that 
John  Henry  Leech  died  on  December  29th  last,  at  his 
residence,  Hurdcott  House,  Salisbury.  A  further  notice 
will  appear  in  the  February  number. 

The  funeral  will  take  place  on  Thursday,  January  3rd. 
A  train  leaves  Waterloo  for  Dinton  Station  at  9  a.m., 
returning  from  Dinton  about  3  o'clock. 


0--*-^ 


'^C^U*^^^ 


-^    -^^     c^^.^ 


JOHN      HENRY      LEECH 

Born  December  sth,    1862  ; 
Died  December  29th,  1900. 

AGED     THIRTY  =  EIQHT     YEARS. 


An    Earnest   Student   of   Nature  ;    a  Staunch   and 
Generous   Friend. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIV.]  FEBKUARY.     1901.  [No.  453. 


THE     LATE     JOHN     HENRY     LEECH. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Leech,  whose  death  we  briefly  announced  in  our 
last  number,  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Leech,  of 
Gorse  Hall,  Dukinfield,  Cheshire,  and  of  Mrs.  Leech,  of  4,  Ken- 
sington Palace  Gardens.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  B.A.  degree.  Quite 
early  in  his  boyhood  he  evinced  a  strong  passion  for  all  kinds  of 
natural  history  objects,  and  later  he  commenced  to  systematically 
collect  and  to  study  both  Coleoptera  and  Lepidoptera.  Although 
he  had  lost  his  left  hand,  the  result  of  a  gun  accident  in  his 
college  days,  he  was  able  to  net  and  to  box  or  bottle  insects 
in  the  field  almost  or  quite  as  deftly  as  before  the  misfortune 
occurred. 

His  first  attempt  to  give  practical  effect  to  his  views  respecting 
the  purpose  and  utility  of  a  collection  was  in  1886,  when  he  was 
chiefly  interested  in  British  Lepidoptera.  He  then  published 
'  British  Pyralides,'  a  book  in  which  all  the  Deltoids,  Pyralides, 
Crambi,  and  Pterophori,  known  at  that  date  to  occur  in  these 
islands,  were  each  represented  by  a  coloured  figure.  No  doubt  he 
would  have  produced  similar  works  on  the  other  neglected 
groups  of  moths  if  he  had  not  about  that  time  devised  a  very 
much  more  ambitious  scheme  in  the  interests  of  science.  This 
was  no  less  than  the  exploration  of  Japan,  Corea,  and  certain 
untried  or  little  known  parts  ^  the  North-western  Himalayas, 
and  of  Central  and  Western  China.  This  plan  was  no  sooner 
matured  than  it  was  put  into  execution,  and  from  1886  to  1893 
there  was  a  steady  accumulation  of  entomological  material  in  his 
museum  from  the  countries  mentioned.  After  1887  he  did  not, 
himself,  again  collect  abroad,  but  commenced  to  work  out  and  to 
publish  papers  on  the  Lepidoptera  he  had  met  with  in  his  travels, 
or  had  received  from  his  collectors ;  and  he  continued  to  find 
pleasure  in  these  labours  up  to  almost  the  last  month  or  so  of 

ENTOM. — FEBRUARY,  1901.  15 


34  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

his  regrettably  short  life.  His  magnum  opus  was  '  Butterflies 
from  China,  Japan,  and  Corea,'  a  sumptuous  work  in  three 
volumes,  which  will  probably  remain  the  standard  authority  on 
the  subject  for  many  years  to  come. 

At  one  time  Mr.  Leech  possessed  a  very  large  collection  of 
Coleoptera.  In  1889  or  1890,  however,  he  decided  to  devote  the 
whole  of  his  attention  to  the  formation  of  a  collection  of  Palse- 
arctic  and  Eastern  Asian  Lepidoptera,  and  he  then  discarded  the 
beetles,  and  these  passed  into  the  museum  at  Tring.  In  amassing 
the  lepidopterous  material  from  which  his  collection  has  been 
built  up  he  never  for  one  moment  allowed  the  matter  of  cost  to 
deter  him  from  the  attainment  of  his  desires.  Independent  of 
minor  acquisitions  of  British  Lepidoptera,  he  purchased  several 
continental  collections,  among  which  were  those  of  G.  d'Emmick 
(Buda  Pesth),  Dolman  (Denmark),  M.  Sand  (Central  France), 
and  Mlitzell  (Berlin).  The  latter,  for  which  somewhere  about 
one  thousand  pounds  were  paid,  was  well  known  for  its  fine 
series,  especially  of  Butterflies,  Sphinges,  and  Bombyces,  and  the 
very  large  number  of  aberrations  comprised  therein.  Selections 
of  Amurland  species  were  also  obtained  from  Dieckman,  and  of 
Central  Asian  Lepidoptera  from  Tancre  and  Grum-Grshimailo. 

The  following  chronological  account  of  the  various  entomo- 
logical expeditions  personally  undertaken  by  Mr.  Leech,  or 
organised  and  equipped  by  him,  will  convey  some  idea  of  the 
very  thorough  and  comprehensive  manner  in  which  he  carried 
out  any  work  that  he  took  in  hand  : — 

In  1885  he,  assisted  by  Mr.  Meek,  collected,  with  grand 
results,  in  Morocco,  Canary  Isles,  and  Madeira.  In  1886  he 
commissioned  Mr.  Pratt  to  collect  in  North  Syria,  whilst  he 
himself  started  on  a  journey  to  Corea  and  Japan.  Arriving  at 
Foochau,  in  Eastern  China,  about  the  beginning  of  April,  he 
secured  the  loan  of  a  houseboat  from  a  friend,  and  proceeded  to 
explore  the  Yuen-fu  and  Min  rivers,  and  to  investigate  the  insect 
fauna  of  the  adjacent  country.  From  Foochau  he  went  north  to 
the  Snowy  Valley,  near  Ningpo,  a  locality  which  had  previously 
been  found  rich  in  insect-life  by  the  late  W.  B.  Pryer.  Here  he 
obtained  accommodation  in  a  Buddhist  monastery,  and  stayed  for 
a  week  or  so,  instructing  during  the  time  a  native,  whom  he  left 
to  collect  during  the  season  ;  he  then  continued  his  journey  to 
Japan.  Nagasaki,  in  the  southern  island  of  Kiushiu,  was  the 
first  Japanese  locality  visited,  and  there  Lepidoptera  were  found 
abundantly  wherever  there  was  suitable—i.  c.  uncultivated- 
ground.  A  small  native-built  vessel  was  obtained,  in  which  he 
visited  the  islands  and  parts  of  the  western  and  southern  coasts 
of  Kiushiu,  collecting  with  the  greatest  diligence  wherever  there 
seemed  to  be  any  prospect  of  success.  Early  in  June  he  reached 
J^usan  Corea  (but  not  in  the  native  boat),  where  he  was  con- 
siderably hampered  in  his  movements  on  account  of  cholera, 


THE    LATE    JOHN    HENRY    LEECH.  35 

which  he  fortunatel}^  escaped,  but  which,  by  reason  of  the 
quarantining  and  fumigating  that  he  was  subjected  to,  caused 
him  endless  trouble  then  and  for  two  months  afterwards  in 
Japan.  After  a  short  stay  at  Gensan,  where  his  assistant,  Mr. 
Smith,  was  left  to  collect,  he  returned  at  the  end  of  June  to 
Nagasaki,  and  thence  commenced  to  travel,  chiefly  by  land,  to 
Yesso,  the  northern  island  of  Japan,  arriving  at  Hakodate  on 
Aug.  5th.  From  the  latter  place  he  visited  Nemoro  and  the 
Kurile  Islands,  but  the  results,  from  an  entomological  point  of 
view,  were  not  satisfactory,  and  he  returned  to  Hakodate,  finally 
making  his  way  to  Yokohama,  vin  Sendai  on  the  east  coast  of 
Central  Japan,  and  reached  that  city  at  the  end  of  September. 
Here  he  met  the  late  Mr.  Henry  Fryer,  whose  extensive  collection 
of  Lepidoptera  (less  a  portion  of  the  "Micros")  and  Neuroptera 
he  purchased  en  bloc.  Before  returning  to  England  native 
collectors  were  engaged  to  work  in  Corea  and  the  island  of 
Kiushiu  during  the  following  year. 

In  1887  Mr.  Lionel  de  Niceville  accompanied  Mr.  Leech  in  his 
travels  throuj^h  the  North-west  Himalayas,  when  a  large  collec- 
tion of  Lepidoptera  was  made,  and  some  very  interesting  species 
obtained,  among  them  being  several  new  to  science,  which  have 
since  been  described  by  Sir  George  F.  Hampson  in  his  '  Moths 
of  British  India.'  Some  of  the  experiences  connected  with  this 
trip  appear  to  have  been  of  a  somewhat  hazardous  character, 
as,  for  example,  when  working  among  the  glaciers  of  Baltistan, 
at  an  altitude  of  18,000  ft.  or  thereabouts,  Parnassius  cJiarltonius 
was  met  with.  The  nature  of  the  locality  did  not  afford  anything 
in  the  way  of  a  comfortable,  not  to  say  safe,  camping  pitch. 
Mr.  Leech,  however,  being  aware  that  this  species,  and  also 
Colias  eogene  and  some  other  desiderata,  were  to  be  had  in  this 
inhospitable  situation,  was  determined  not  to  move  far  from  the 
spot  without  obtaining  a  good  series  of  each  species.  The  coolies 
were  therefore  set  to  work  to  level  out  a  space  so  that  the  tents 
might  be  fixed  up ;  this  was  accomplished,  and  two  or  three 
days  were  spent  on  the  mountain  side,  and  the  coveted  quarry 
secured,  the  series  of  C.  eogene  including  some  most  remarkable 
aberrations.  In  1887  also  Mr.  Pratt  was  engaged  by  Mr.  Leech 
to  proceed  to  China,  with  special  instructions  to  investigate  the 
insect  fauna  of  the  Yang  tze  Valley.  This  he  did  for  two  seasons, 
and  when  Herr  Kricheldorff,  a  German  collector,  was  sent  out  to 
assist  him  in  1889,  they,  together  with  a  number  of  natives, 
journeyed  into  Western  China,  and  explored  the  country  almost 
up  to  the  Thibetan  frontier  ;  a  second  journey  was  made  in  1890. 
In  1888  Mr.  W.  H.  McArthur  was  commissioned  to  collect  in 
parts  of  the  North-West  Himalayas,  and  was  away  two  years, 
returning  with  a  very  fine  collection.  In  1891  Capt.  B.  Thomp- 
son went  out  to  the  ground  previously  worked  by  Mr.  McArthur  ; 

D  2 


36  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

collecting  was  carried  on  by  natives  in  China,  Japan,  and  Syria, 
and  consignments  were  received  from  Capt.  Young,  of  Sullan- 
pore,  Kulu. 

Mr.  Leech  also  went  to  South  America  in  1884,  and  collected 
on  the  Amazons,  but  the  material,  largely  Micro-Lepidoptera, 
and  mostly  obtained  at  Para,  was  not  kept  by  him.  On  one 
journey  inland  the  whole  party  was  attacked  by  yellow  fever,  and 
several  of  bis  followers  died. 

Not  only  was  it  due  to  Mr.  Leech's  great  activity  and  lavish 
expenditure  that  many  collections  have  been  enriched  by  the 
additions  thereto  of  species  of  which  only  one  or  two  examples 
were  previously  known,  but  our  knowledge  of  the  insect  fauna  of 
Eastern  Asia  has  been  considerably  increased  by  the  results  of 
his  commendable  enterprise.  Over  one  thousand  species  of  Lepi- 
doptera  have  been  described  by  him,  and  a  very  large  number  of 
other  msects,  as  well  as  Lepidoptera,  have  been  made  known  to 
science  by  various  specialists  to  whom  the  material  obtained 
either  by  himself  or  his  collectors  was  submitted. 

At  the  close  of  1889  he  purchased  the  '  Entomologist.'  One 
of  his  objects  in  acquiring  proprietorship  of  this  Journal  was 
that  he  might  have  a  ready  means  of  publishing  papers  on  the 
insects  he  was  then  receiving  from  his  collectors  in  China. 
Although  those  papers  in  no  way  trespassed  upon  the  space 
usually  available  for  matters  connected  with  British  Entomology, 
a  certain  section  of  the  readers  considered  themselves  justified 
in  raising  objections  to  their  publication  in  the  Journal.  The 
consequence  of  this  antagonistic  feeling,  which  was  largely 
fostered  by  the  ungenerous  comments  of  a  contemporary,  was 
that  Mr.  Leech,  in  1892,  almost  entirely  withdrew  from  the 
'  Entomologist,'  and  transferred  his  right  in  it  to  the  then,  and 
present,  editor. 

Mr.  Leech  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Linnean  Society  in 
1884,  of  the  Zoological  and  Geographical  Societies  in  1885,  and 
of  the  Entomological  Society  of  London  in  1887.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  following  continental  Societies  :— Societe  Entomo- 
logique  de  France  (1888),  Entomologischen  Verein  zu  Berlin 
(1889),  and  Gesellschaft  Lis  zu  Dresden  (1890). 

For  about  two  years  Mr.  Leech  had  been  troubled  with 
asthma  and  bronchitis,  and  rather  over  a  year  ago  he  was 
advised  that  one  lung  was  shghtly  affected;'  but  he  was  not 
thought  to  be  seriously  ill  until  a  very  few  hours  before  the  end. 
The  malady  assumed  an  acute  form  on  the  evening  of  Dec.  28th, 
and  he  passed  away  peacefully  in  the  early  hours  of  the  following 
morning. 

His  death  creates  a  void  in  the  entomological  world  which 
may  not  be  readily  filled,  and  he  will  be  greatly  missed  by  all 
who  had  the  pleasure  of  knowing  him  personally.  The  writer  of 
this  memoir,  who  for  over  thirteen  years  had  the  privilege  of 


THE    LATE    JOHN    HENRY    LEECH.  37 

being  associated  with  him  in  his  entomological  work,  will  ever 
hold  him  in  tender  remembrance. 

The  following  are  Mr.  Leech's  contributions  to  entomological 
literature : — 

1879. — Coloured  Paper  for  Cabinet  Drawers  (Entom.  xii.  p.  256). 
1880. — Variety  of   L-'ohimnmatus  phlaeas  [var.  schmidtii]    (Entom.  xiii. 
p.  278). 
Ch(Broc(impa  celeriom  the  Isle  of  Wight  (Entom.  xiii.  p.  280). 
1881, — How  Insects  cross  the  Cliannel  (Eutoiu.  xiv.  p.  19). 

Abundance  of  Lithusia  ruhricollis  i  Entom.  xiv.  p.  158). 
1882.— A  Day's  Collecting  on  Ben  Tigh  (Entom.  xv.  pp.  269-271). 
1884. — A  Fortnight's  Collecting  in  Sicily  (Entom.  xvii.  pp.  133-136). 
1886. — British  Pyralides,  including  the  Pterophoridre,  pp.  i-viii  and 

1-122,  pis.  i.-xviii. 
1887. — On  the  Lepidoptera  of  Japan  and  Corea :  Pt.  I.  Rhopalocera 
(Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  1887,  pp.  398-431,  pis.  xxxv.  xxxvi.) 
1888. — On  the  Lepidoptera  of  Japan  and  Corea  :  Pt.  II.    Sphinges 
and  Bombyces  (Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  1888,  pp.  580-655, 
pis.  XXX. -i.) 
On  a  Collection  of  Lepidoptera  from  Kiukiaug  (Trans.  Ent.  Soc. 
Lond.  1889,  pp.  99-148,  pis.  vh.-ix.) 
1890. — New  Species  of  Lepidoptera  from  China  (Entom.  xxiii.  pp.  26- 
50,  81-83,  109-114,  187-192). 
Two  Days'  Collecting  in  Normandy  (Entom.  xih.  pp.  223-227). 
Five  Days'  Collecting  in  Normandy  (Entom.  xxiii.  pp.  228-290). 
Collecting  on  the  Northumberland  Coast  (Entom.  xih.  p.  292). 
1891. — New    Species   of    Lepidoptera   from    China    (Entom.    Suppl. 
pp.  1-6). 
New  Species  of  Rhopalocera  from  North-west  China   (Entom. 

Suppl.  pp.  23-31). 
Descriptions  of  New  Species  of  Geometridge  from  China,  Japan, 

and  Corea  (Entom.  Suppl.  pp.  42-56). 
New   Species  of  Rhopalocera  from  Western  China   (Entom. 

Suppl.  pp.  57-61,  66-68). 
Sire.v  (jigas  in  Ireland  (Entom.  xxiv.  p.  248). 
1892. — Lepidoptera  in  the  Black  Forest,  Germany  (Entom.  xxv.  p.  218). 
1893. — A  New  Species  of  PapUio  and  a  new  form  of  Pamassius  del- 
plans  from  Western  China  (Entom.  Suppl.  p.  104). 
1894. — Sesia  vnjopifonnis  at  Kensington  i Entom.  xxvii.  p.  245). 
1892-1894. — Butterflies  from  China,  Japan,  and  Corea,  pp.  i-lv  and 

1-181,  pis.  i-xlii.,  and  map  and  other  illustrations. 
1896.— Uniformity  in  Setting  (Entom.  xxix.  pp.  269-272). 
1897. — On  Lepidoptera  Heterocera  from    China,  Japan,    and    Corea 
(Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (6),  xix.  pp.  180-235,  297-349, 
414-463,  pls.vi.andvii.)  [Epicopiidte,  Uramidae,Epiplemid8B, 
Geometridffi.] 
On   Lepidoptera  Heterocera  from  China,  Japan,  and  Corea  : 
Pt.  II.  (Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.   (6),  xix.   pp.  543-573, 
640-679 ;    xx.    pp.  65-110,   228-248,    pis.    vh.   and  vhi.) 
[Geometridse.] 


^.g  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

1898.-Lepidoptera  Heterocera  from  Northern  China,  Japan  and 
Corea:  Pt.  I.  (Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Loud.  1898,  pp.  261-379). 
[Sphinges  and  Bombyces.]  . 

New  Species  of  Sijntomis  from  Chma  (Entom,  xxxi.  pp.  152- 

1899.— LepidoiDtera  Heterocera  from  Northern  China,  Japan  and 
Corea:  Pt.  11.  iTrans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  1899,  pp.  99-219i. 

[Bombyces.]  ^i  •  t  a 

1900  — Lepidoptera  Heterocera  from  Northern  Chma,  Japan,  and 
Corea:  Pt.  HI.  (Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  1900,  pp.  9-161). 
[Cymatophoridge  and  Noctuidse.] 
Lepidoptera  Heterocera  from  Northern  China,  Japan,  and 
Corea:  Pt.  IV.  (Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  1900,  pp.  511- 
663).  [Noctuidse.] 


FURTHER    NOTES    ON    SINHALESE    RHYNCHOTA. 
By  G.  W.  Kirkaldy,  F.E.S. 

Fam.  Tetigoniidje. 

Tribe  Gyponini  [=  subf.  Gyponina,  Stal.] . 

This  tribe  has  been  in  a  chronic  state  of  fluctuation  as  regards 
its  components ;  at  present,  however,  it  may  be  regarded  as  dis- 
tinguished by  the  generally  flat  and  horizontal  vertex,  two  basal 
ocelli,  antennae  remote  from  the  eyes,  juga  usually  considerably 
expanded,  posterior  lobe  of  intermediate  coxee  without  an  acute 
spine. 

EoGYPONA,  gen.  nov.* 

Closely  allied  to  the  American  Gypona,  Germ.  Head  clypeate, 
not  foliaceous,  subhorizontal,  slightly  inclined  upwards  apically, 
subhemispherical,  subangular  apically,  lightly  carinate  medianly 
longitudinally  ;  frons  :  basal  half  tumid,  widely  but  superficially 
sulcate  medianly  longitudinally,  the  apical  half  consists  simply 
of  a  narrow  carina.  The  antennae  are  situated  about  midway 
between  the  lateral  margins  of  the  head  and  the  frons ;  the  first 
segment  of  the  peduncle  is  not  so  wide  compared  with  the 
second,  as  in  Gypona.  Rostrum  very  short,  reaching  to  midway 
between  anterior  and  interior  coxse.  The  genae  are  greatly 
expanded  dorsally  and  ventrally.  Head,  thorax,  and  elytra 
somewhat  closely  punctured.  Anterior  margin  of  pronotum 
slightly  convex,  posterior  margin  slightly  roundly  excavate; 
antero-lateral  margin  slightly  longer  than  postero-lateral,  these 
two  forming  an  obtuse  angle  with  one  another.  Scutellum  large, 
subequilateral ;  base  of  metanotum  rounded.      Elytra  :    claval 

■■■•  ''Eoogypofia''  perhaps  more  correctly,  but  the  form  given  exceeds  in 
euphony. 


FURTHER   NOTES   ON    SINHALESE    RHYNCHOTA.  39 

suture  strongly  marked,  neuration  of  corium  very  much  as  in 
Giipona  (flaiica  (Fabr.),  but  there  is  no  membrane.  The  second 
apical  area  of  the  wings  is  quadrangular.  Posterior  femora 
apically  bispinose,  tibias  externally  with  five  strong  short  spines, 
tarsi  short  and  stout.  There  is  a  somewhat  elevated  transverse 
carina  extending  across  the  sterna,  separating  the  anterior  and 
posterior  lobes  of  the  intermediate  coxie.  Connexivum  ventral, 
subvertical,  strongly  developed.     Type,  E.  kirbyi,  Kirkaldy, 

This  genus  is  distinguished  from  its  American  ally  by  the 
form  of  the  head  and  of  the  antennae. 

1.  E.  KiRBYi  (Kirkaldy). 
\Gijpona  (?)  kirhiii,  Kirk.,  1900,  Entom.  p.  294. 
iGypona  striata,  Kirby,  1891,  nee  Burmeister,  1835. 
In  the  female  the  6th  abdominal  segment  is  convexly  rounded 
apically,  and  not  excavated  as  in  most  species  of  Gijpona.     The 
head  is  shorter  and  squarer  than  in  E.  ivalkeri,  being  5-angulate, 
while  in  walkeri  it  is  triangulate. 

E.  WALKERI  (Kirkaldy). 
\Gypona  (?)  ivalkeri,  Kirk.,  1900,  Entom.  p.  294. 
\Gypona  prasina,  Walk.,  nee  Burm. 

In  the  female  the  6th  abdominal  segment  is  straight  apically, 
the  7th  being  enormously  long  in  proportion  to  the  others. 

Fam.  FuLGORiD^. 
EoDELPHAX,  gen.  no  v.' 
Belongs  to  subf.  Asiracinse  (Delphacinae  of  authors).  Vertex 
nearly  square,  depressed  inwardly,  the  lateral  margins  forming  a 
sharp  carina  extending  alongside  the  inner  margin  of  the  eyes  as 
far  as  the  intero-posterior  angle  of  the  latter,  which  extends 
posteriorly  almost  as  far  as  to  the  base  of  the  pronotum.  These 
carinae  are  continued  forward  to  the  apex  of  the  head,  forming  a 
right  angle  there ;  the  part  of  the  vertex  anterior  to  these  carinae 
is  depressed  inwards,  declivous,  and  rounded  marginally.  Vertex 
feebly  carinate  medianly  longitudinally.  Frons  long-oval,  trun- 
cate at  each  end,  carinate  (with  clypeus)  medianly ;  clypeus 
long,  triangular.  Antennae  prominent,  very  large,  first  segment 
compressed  and  dilated,  obliquely  triangular,  the  interior  side 
longer  than  the  exterior  ;  second  segment  slightly  longer  than 
the  first,  compressed,  very  tuberculate.  Eyes  latero-ventrally 
deeply  grooved  medianly  to  admit  the  cariniform  first  segment  of 
the  antennfe  during  repose.  Eostrum  reaching  to  posterior  coxae. 
Pronotum  slightly  narrower  apically  than  the  base  of  the  head, 

■■•  '■^Eos"  in  this  combination  and  in  "Eogypona"  has  reference  to 
"  dawn  "  as  applied  to  the  Oriental  Eegion,  not  as  supposing  an  ancestral 
form,  as  in  Eoliippus,  &c. 


40  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

expanded  broadly  about  as  far  as  the  exterior  margins  of  the 
eyes,  feebly  tricarinate  ;  scutellum  longer  than  head  and  pro- 
notum  together,  feebly  5-carinate.  Tegmina  extending  far  be- 
yond apex  of  abdomen,  the  majority  of  the  nervures  somewhat 
closely  granulate.  Legs  simple,  posterior  tibife  trispinose.  Type, 
E.  serendiba,  Kirkaldy. 

Somewhat  closely  related  to  Pitndahioya,  Kirkaldy. 

E.  SERENDIBA,   Sp.  n. 

Subfuscous,  hyaline,  tegmina  obscurely  marked  with  dark 
brown,  three  small  spots  on  the  interior  margin  of  the  clavus, 
and  some  irregular  ones  on  the  membrane.  The  legs — especially 
femora — antennae,  &c.,  chequered  with  blackish  brown.  Venter 
dirty  stramineous.     Length,  7|  mill. 

?  .  Only  the  first  (apparent)  ventral  segment  is  entire,  the 
ovipositor  extending  backwards  as  far  as  the  apex  of  the 
(apparent)  third. 

Pundaluoya,  October,  1898  (E.  E.  Green). 


FORCING     AGROTIS    ASHWORTHII. 
By  Robert  Tait,  Jun. 

After  failing  for  two  years  in  succession,  I  have  again  been 
successful  in  forcing  Afirotis  asliwortlm,  and  have  been  able  to 
get  the  perfect  insect  to  emerge  in  exactly  nine  weeks  from  the 
hatching  of  the  ova. 

I  paid  a  visit  to  the  Penmaenmawr  locality  on  July  21st,  and 
found  the  perfect  insect  over,  notwithstanding  the  late  season. 
By  careful  searching,  however,  I  secured  a  couple  of  batches  of 
ova,  and  also  found  the  remains  of  several  batches  which  had 
already  hatched.  I  again  visited  the  spot  a  few  days  later,  and 
found  a  few  more  ova,  bringing  my  take  up  to  about  a  hundred 
and  thirty.  They  began  to  hatch  on  July  23rd,  and  as  I  was  not 
returning  home  for  another  week,  they  were  kept  in  a  small 
flo\yer-]mt,  covered  with  fine  loam,  and  supplied  with  sallow, 
which  was  kept  fresh  by  being  in  water. 

I  returned  home  on  July  30th,  and  at  once  divided  the  laws 
into  four  batches,  putting  them  into  medium-sized  flower-pots, 
and  placing  ihem  on  the  kitchen  mantelpiece.  I  then  had  one 
hmuhed  and  twenty-five  larvae,  and  they  fed  well  on  sallow  until 
the  end  of  August.  Some  of  them  fed  up  much  more  rapidly 
than  others,  and  when  they  were  nearly  full  grown  I  removed  them 
to  a  roomy  cage,  with  earth  for  them  to  pupate  in,  and  kept  them 
on  the  wooden  covering  of  a  hot-water  cylinder.  As  they  grew, 
I  gradually  moved  them  from  the  flower-pots  to  this  cage,  and 
they  soon  began  to  disappear  in  the  soil  provided  for  them. 


FORCING    AGROTIS    ASHWORTHII.  41 

About  the  middle  of  Septeml)er  the  sallow  began  to  fail,  and 
those  larvie  which  were  then  left  were  given  lettuce.  This,  how- 
ever, did  not  agree  with  them  very  well,  and,  after  about  seventy 
had  pupated,  the  remainder  either  died  off  or  absolutely  refused 
to  feed. 

On  September  30th,  or  exactly  nine  weeks  from  the  ova,  the 
first  imago  emerged,  and  they  continued  to  do  so  until  November 
9th,  when  the  last  specimen  appeared,  making  sixty-two  in  all. 
I  examined  the  remaining  pupse  and  found  them  dead,  probably 
having  been  damaged  when  removing  them  from  the  earth  in 
order  to  take  them  with  me  when  I  had  to  leave  home  for  a  week 
in  October. 

The  largest  number  which  emerged  on  one  day  was  seven,  on 
October  9th,  and,  though  I  have  one  or  two  small  ones,  there  is 
not  a  single  cripple.  I  found  that  they  emerged  at  all  times, 
from  early  morning  to  late  in  the  evening,  and  rarely  moved  after 
their  wings  had  dried.  As  soon  as  this  had  taken  place  they 
settled  in  some  corner  or  crevice  in  the  cage,  just  as  they  do  in  a 
state  of  nature.  They  never  flew  at  night,  and,  although  I  left 
several  which  came  out  late,  they  were  perfectly  fresh  the  next 
morning. 

I  am  inclined  to  think  that  the  insect  is  sluggish  by  nature, 
and  this  will  probably  account  for  its  being  so  seldom  taken  at 
sugar.  I  have  sugared  regularly  in  its  haunts,  when  I  have  taken 
it  at  rest  during  the  day,  but  have  onl}^  caught  three  specimens 
by  this  method. 

The  bred  specimens  vary  considerably,  and  range  from  the 
palest  dove  colour  to  a  dark  slate  colour,  with  intermediate  forms, 
having  a  dark  band  on  a  light  ground. 

I  think  my  success  in  rearing  the  species  was  due  to  the  fact 
that  the  larvae  were  put  into  warm  quarters  soon  after  hatching. 
On  previous  occasions  they  were  kept  for  about  a  fortnight  before 
the  forcing  commenced,  owing  to  my  absence  from  home. 

One  thing  about  A.  ashicorthii  which  puzzles  me  is  that 
batches  of  ova  are  laid  in  small  tufts  of  grass  among  the  rocks, 
yards  away  from  growing  plants  of  any  kind,  so  that  either 
many  of  the  larvae  must  perish  from  hunger,  or  else  they  must 
be  great  travellers.  The  former  appears  very  probable,  as  in  my 
exi)erience  the  number  of  imagos  to  be  found  in  any  season  is 
not  proportionate  to  the  number  of  ova  laid.  The  female 
deposits  the  ova  in  batches  of  from  twenty  to  fifty,  and,  if  only 
half  of  the  larvae  lived,  the  insect  should  be  quite  plentiful  in 
most  seasons. 

15,  Rectory  Eoad,  Crumpsall,  Manchester:  Dec.  15th,  1900. 


42  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

THE     OLDEST     EXISTING     MOTH. 

By  F.  W.  Feohawk,  F.E.S.,  M.B.O.U. 

I  RECENTLY  received  for  examination  a  moth  which  is 
undoubtedly  the  oldest  existing  specimen,  probably  about  one 
hundred  years  older  than  any  now  in  existence.  It  was  found 
last  October,  compressed  between  a  document  written  in  Mexico 
in  the  year  1650,  dealino;  with  the  sale  of  laud.  This,  with  others 
written  at  the  same  period,  and  relating  to  similar  transactions, 
were  all  wrapped  in  a  leather  covering  and  stored  away,  as  I 
understand,  in  a  government  locker,  with  other  ancient  deeds. 
These  documents  had  remained  untouched  since  the  time  they 
were  written  and  stored  away,  two  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago, 
until  last   October,  when  the  specimen  now  figured  was  found 


completely  flattened  between  its  folds.  The  moth  is  so  much 
flattened  that  it  is  obvious  that  the  document  was  folded  up  with 
the  specimen  inside,  so  there  remains  no  doubt  whatever  that  it  did 
not  enter  afterwards,  as  that  would  have  been  an  impossibility. 

_  The  finder,   not  being  accustomed  to  handle  such  delicate 
objects,  unfortunately  damaged  both  wings  on  the  right  side, 
and  broke  off  the  antennse,  otherwise  it  would  have  been  quite 
perfect.     The  colouring  is  in  a  wonderful  state  of  preservation, 
being  beautifully  fresh.     Not  finding  the  specimen  represented 
in  the  British  Museum  or  in  other  large  collections,  T  sent  a 
sketch  of  the  moth  to  Mr.  Herbert  Druce,  who  kindly  identified 
the  species  for  me  as  Rhododipsa  miiiiana,  Grote,  belonging  to 
the  family  Acontidse ;    the  type  described  from   Northern  New 
Mexico  is  in  the  collection  of  Prof.  Snow,  at  Lawrence,  Kansas 
It  was  described  by  Grote  in  "  Papilio,"  vol.  i.  p.  175  (1881) 
and  figured  by  him  in  vol.  ii.  pi.  i.   (1882).     My  friend  Dr' 
Butler  writes  me:  "The  figures  in  'Papilio'  are  rather  rough 
and  the  neuration  is  not  given,  so  that  a  really  good  figure  with 
neuration  would  be  useful." 


OROEABIA    AUTUMNATA    AT    HOME.  48 

The  specimen  is  a  female.  The  primaries  have  the  ground 
colour  ochreous  huff,  each  crossed  hy  two  whitish  bands  ;  the  first 
near  the  base  is  slightly  curved  and  bulging  in  the  centre,  the 
second  beyond  the  middle  is  zigzag;  there  is  an  apical  crescentic 
spot  of  brilliant  rose-red,  a  very  small  dot  of  the  same  colour  at 
the  hinder  angle,  also  traces  of  others  indicating  a  submarginal 
series;  secondaries  are  bright  rose-red  blending  into  pale  ochreous 
along  the  costal  area,  fringes  yellowish,  head,  thorax,  abdomen, 
and  legs  all  pale  ochreous,  antennae  missing ;  as  shown  in  the 
figure  of  the  neuration,  the  discoidal  cell  of  the  secondary  is 
open,  and  partly  so  in  the  primary. 

Janucary,  1901. 


OPORABIA   AUTUMNATA    AT   HOME, 
By  J.  E.  R.  Allen,  M.A. 

The  various  forms  occurring  in  the  genus  Oporahia  have 
been  very  fully  described,  in  all  their  stages,  by  Mr.  Prout,  but 
not  much  has  been  said  concerning  the  habits  of  the  insects 
in  their  wild  state.  My  experiences  in  hunting  0.  autmnnata, 
during  the  years  1898-1900  may  therefore  be  of  some  interest. 

During  my  first  three  seasons  at  Enniskillen,  I  did  not  find 
0.  aiUiunnata,  though  specimens  had  been  taken  by  both  Colonel 
Partridge  and  Captain  Brown.  My  failure  was,  no  doubt,  due 
to  the  somewhat  restricted  habitat  of  the  species.  In  1898, 
putting  together  hints  received  from  Captain  Brown  and  Mr. 
Prout,  I  tried  a  plantation  of  tall  alder  trees  in  a  private 
demesne  near  Enniskillen.  I  soon  found  some  Oporahia  larvae, 
which  seemed  to  be  different  from  those  which  I  had  previously 
been  taking.  The  first  difference  noticed  was  that  the  alder 
larvae  were  more  backward  in  growth  ;  afterwards  I  noticed  that 
not  one  of  them  showed  any  trace  of  purple  markings,  while  the 
larvae  beaten  from  oak  and  whitethorn  (chiefly  the  latter),  in  an 
adjacent  open  park,  separated  only  by  a  thorn  hedge  from  the 
alder  plantation,  included  a  fair  proportion  of  purple-marked 
individuals.  The  alder  larvae  in  the  early  stages  had  indistinct 
yellow  stripes  in  addition  to  the  spiracular  line,  but  in  the  last 
stage  they  were  of  a  uniform  green  but  for  the  spiracular  line, 
and  practically  indistinguishable  from  the  whitethorn  larvae, 
except  when  the  latter  showed  the  purple  stripe. 

The  two  lots  of  larvae,  from  whitethorn  and  alder,  were 
carefully  kept  separate,  and  maintained  their  difference  of 
growth  throughout.  A  number  of  the  former  and  a  few  of  the 
latter  were  full-fed  about  May  14th ;  some  of  the  former  were 
feeding  up  to  May  31st,  some  of  the  latter  up  to  June  10th  ; 
the  former  emerged  September  24th  to  October  7th,  the  latter 
September  24th  to  November  6th.  I  should  add  that  I  had  sent 
away  a  few  of  the  earliest  of  the  whitethorn  larvae,  otherwise 


44  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

the  dates  for  these  would  have  been  a  little  earlier.  The  two 
series  of  moths  were  easily  distinguishable,  both  by  colour  and 
by  the  direction  of  the  median  line  on  the  fore  wings.  The 
aider-bred  moths  were  silvery-grey,  varying  in  depth,  but  never 
approaching  brown,  with  the  median  line  bent  at  a  right  angle 
about  a  fourth  of  the  distance  from  the  costa.  Those  bred  from 
whitethorn  were  brown,  with  the  median  line  irregularly  waved 
and  dentated. 

From  September  30th  to  October  5th  I  took  a  few  moths  in 
the  alder  plantation,  all  resembling  those  bred  from  alder.  I 
disturbed  them  by  jarring  the  trunks  of  the  trees,  but  they  often 
flew  from  one  tree  to  another,  without  descending  low  enough 
for  the  net.  None  were  seen  at  rest  on  the  trees,  and  no  females 
were  taken.  An  attempt  to  hunt  the  moths  by  lantern  light 
proved  a  failure. 

I  submitted  all  these  specimens  to  the  inspection  of  Mr. 
Prout,  and  his  reply  satisfied  me  that  I  had  two  distinct  forms, 
the  alder-bred  specimens  being  autiimnata,  and  the  whitethorn- 
bred  dilutata.  In  1899  I  did  not  keep  any  larvae,  except  a  few 
found  on  birch  (which  I  failed  to  rear),  and  a  part  of  a  small 
brood  of  autiimnata  from  an  accidental  pairing  in  captivity. 
These  began  to  hatch  March  22nd,  and  took  to  whitethorn  so 
readily  that  I  never  offered  them  any  other  food.  I  reared  ten 
specimens,  all  closely  resembling  the  parents. 

In  1900,  I  found  the  larvae  fairly  common  in  another  alder 
plantation,  near  the  former  one,  consisting  of  lower  trees,  and 
therefore  easier  to  work.  The  moths  bred  in  this  year  show  a 
much  wider  range  of  variation,  some  being  very  dark,  like  the 
specimens  figured  by  Mr.  Prout  in  Entom.  xxxiii.  PI.  I.,  figs.  12 
to  15,  while  one  resembled  fig.  5  on  the  same  plate  (var.  sand- 
bergi).  The  most  interesting  circumstance  was  that  I  bred  an 
unmistakable  dilutata  from  the  alder-fed  larvae;  also  a  yellowish 
specimen,  which  Mr.  Prout  refers  to  his  var.  christyi  o(  dilutata. 
The  larvae  from  the  two  plantations  were  not  kept  separate,  and 
I  suspect  that  these  larvae  came  from  the  new  plantation,  as  I 
also  captured  a  few  dilutata  in  this  plantation.  In  the  original 
plantation  I  had  this  year  a  curious  instance  of  the  way  in 
which  the  two  forms  keep  within  their  respective  bounds.  From 
a  small  hazel  tree  growing  in  the  midst  of  the  alders  I  beat  a 
few  larvae,  one  with  conspicuous  purple  marks.  I  kept  these 
separate,  and  the  moths  turned  out  to  be  typical  dilutata.  I 
also  reared  this  year  two  autumnata  from  larvae  taken  on  birch, 
but  in  the  midst  of  the  alder  plantation.  Of  these  two,  one  was 
the  lightest  and  the  other  almost  the  darkest  I  have  ever  bred. 
I  have  never  known  autumnata  to  stray  away  from  the  alder 
plantations.  All  the  moths  taken  at  street-lamps  in  the  town, 
and  in  other  parts  of  the  district,  are  most  obviously  dilutata. 
A  few  specimens  which  were  taken  at  a  short  distance  from 
the  autumnata  localities,  and  which   1  once  thought   might  be 


CARADRINA    AMBIGUA    IN    HAMPSHIRE.  45 

aiitumnafa,  are  referred  by  Mr.  Prout  to  dilutata  var.  christyi. 
In  addition  to  bred  specimens.  I  captured  a  fair  number  of 
autmnnata  this  j'ear.  Of  the  captured  specimens  only  one  was  a 
female,  and  only  one  was  seen  at  rest  on  an  alder  trunk.  All 
the  others  were  disturbed  from  the  alders,  as  in  1898,  though 
this  year  they  seemed  not  to  fly  so  high. 

A.  few  notes  on  0.  fiUgrammaria  by  way  of  contrast.  It 
occurs  on  the  open  moors  in  Lancashire,  and  may  be  found  at 
the  end  of  August  and  in  the  first  half  of  September,  at  rest  on 
stone  walls,  where  it  is  easily  captured  without  net.  I  believe 
it  may  also  be  taken  at  dusk.  It  is  smaller  than  autumnata,  and 
runs  into  glossy  dark  brown  forms,  such  as  do  not  seem  to  occur 
in  autumnata,  though  the  lighter  forms  oi Jilicirammaria  resemble 
autumnata  very  closely.  The  larvae  of  0.  filigrammaria  hatch 
early  in  February.  They  have  in  all  stages  distinct  yellow 
stripes  in  addition  to  the  spiracular  line,  differing  in  this 
respect  from  O.  autumnata,  though,  like  it,  they  never  show 
any  trace  of  purple  marking. 


CARADRINA   AMBIGUA    IN    HAMPSHIRE. 
By  J.  Hy.  Fowler. 

During  the  last  week  in  September  I  put  about  a  dozen 
females  of  Caradrina  amhigua  in  a  box  amongst  primrose  leaves, 
and  succeeded  in  obtaining  some  hundreds  of  ova,  which  were 
deposited  indiscriminately  upon  the  leaves  and  on  the  sides  of 
the  box ;  the  ova  were  very  small,  pale  yellowish  white.  The 
larvae  hatched  out  in  about  sixteen  days'  time,  and  were  long  and 
thread-like,  at  first  dark  brown  grey  in  colour,  and  hairy.  As 
they  grew  to  full  size  they  became  much  less  hairy ;  they  had 
two  hairs  upon  each  segment,  forming  a  row  lengthwise  upon 
each  side  of  the  dorsal  stripe,  each  hair  placed  upon  a  slight 
pale  tubercle ;  the  spiracles  black  and  hairy ;  numerous  very 
short  grey  hairs  scattered  about  the  body  also. 

When  full  grown  the  larva  is  just  an  inch  long,  stout,  and 
onlj'  slightly  tapering  towards  the  head  ;  it  is  several  shades  of 
brown  and  grey,  underneath  a  little  paler  than  the  sides,  lateral 
stripe  semi- double  and  yellow,  bordered  broadly  dark  brown 
with  fine  black  lines,  which  radiate  into  the  dorsal  stripe ; 
dorsal  stripe  light  brown,  narrowing  towards  the  head,  latter 
small  and  shining  brown,  divided  by  a  yellow  V,  which  contains 
a  black  dot  in  the  middle.  The  first  three  segments  are  more  or 
less  dark  all  over  ;  on  the  upper  surface  is  an  interrupted  white 
line  bordered  with  dark  brown,  followed  by  eight  arrow-head 
markings,  the  barbs  being  hair-like,  with  the  terminals  having 
distinct  dots ;  the  anal  spot  is  long  and  centred  with  paler.     I 


46  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

supplied  the  larvae  with  plantain  and  groundsel ;  they  eat  each 
plant  readily.  They  commenced  to  pupate  on  November  20th, 
amongst  the  rootlets  of  the  groundsel,  upon  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  and  between  plantain  leaves ;  one  spun  a  neat  cocoon  of 
dark  grey  silk  upon  the  muslin  cover.  When  spun  upon  the 
soil  the  cocoon  is  soft  and  loose,  but  tough.  The  larva  does  not 
change  for  over  a  fortnight  after  spinning ;  the  pupa  is  nearly 
white  at  first,  gradually  changing  to  a  lively  light  red.  I  have  over 
a  hundred  pupa,  so  far,  and  many  larvae  of  all  sizes  still  feeding. 

As  previously  mentioned  (Entom.  xxxiii.  272),  I  took  this 
species  upon  the  wing  in  abundance  during  September ;  it 
occurred  upon  clematis  flowers  right  up  to  October  21st.  Some 
nights  scarcely  any  were  seen,  others  it  was  plentiful ;  three  of 
us  obtained  over  eighty  one  evening ;  worn  ones  were  numerous 
and  unmolested. 

It  is  usually  stated  that  this  second  brood  is  smaller  than 
the  first,  but  this  does  not  seem  to  be  correct,  as  most  of  mine 
quite  equalled  them  in  size.  The  only  difference  I  find  is  that 
they  are  much  darker ;  the  shades  of  grey  in  fresh  specimens 
vary  considerably ;  a  few  are  uniformly  dark,  with  stigmata 
and  lines  indistinct ;  some  are  mottled  grey,  stigmata  clear, 
lines  distinct  and  strongly  dentated ;  others  are  quite  brownish, 
in  fact  a  few  would  pass  for  C.  hlanda  were  it  not  for  their  white 
hind  wings  ;  one  or  two  very  pale  and  yellowish,  quite  fresh, 
but  all  specimens  as  they  get  old  are  extremely  pale,  and  with 
ragged  fringes.  The  best  I  took  is  very  light  all  over,  with 
thorax  and  body  nearly  white.  The  hind  wings  vary  also ;  a 
few  females  are  brown  all  over,  others  have  the  nervules  dark, 
also  the  borders  of  the  wings,  the  latter  narrowly  edged  with  a 
clear  yellow  line  before  the  dark  fringes ;  in  most  specimens  the 
centre  of  the  wings  contain  a  remnant  of  a  line,  generally  three 
or  four  dots,  which  are  more  conspicuous  in  this  species  than 
any  other  of  this  group  that  I  am  acquainted  with. 

The  stigmata  vary  very  much;  in  some  specimens  that  I 
have  they  are  of  nearly  equal  size,  some  very  large  and  clear, 
one  scarcely  showing  any  at  all ;  but  most  are  filled  in  with  a 
slightly  darker  shade  than  the  ground,  the  only  exceptions  being 
the  pale  varieties,  and  the  dark  reddish  specimens. 

Upon  the  clematis  flowers  there  were  many  large  grey 
spiders  roaming  about  in  search  of  prey,  and  it  does  not  seem 
possible  that  they  could  manage  to  catch  and  hold  such  large 
game  as  a  Caradmia,  but  many  an  anihiifua,  and  even  one 
P.  meticidom,  fell  victims  to  them.  I  saw  in  many  instances  a 
moth  being  firmly  held  by  the  head,  the  part  the  spider  always 
attacks;  it  kills  the  moth,  and  eats  out  the  interior,  leaving 
only  the  wings  and  abdomen.  The  meticulusa  was  very  lively^ 
but  did  not  escape. 

Eingwood,  Hants:  January,  1901. 


47 

MARGINAL    WING    BRISTLES   IN   LEPIDOPTERA. 

By  Ambrose  Quail,  F.E.S. 

In  the  present  article  I  do  not  make  an  exhaustive  enquiry 
into  the  subject,  and  although  not  previously  observed  by  me  in 
my  examination  of  the  wings  while  studying  the  neuration — 
maybe  the  bristles  have  been  destroyed  when  the  wing  scales 
were  being  removed — it  seems  impossible  that  they  have  been 
overlooked  by  others.  Incidentally,  I  have  read  a  good  deal  that 
has  been  written  in  reference  to  wing  structure  in  the  Lepidoptera, 
but  I  cannot  recollect  a  record  hitherto,  and  such  works  as  are 
available  make  no  reference  to  the  presence  of  erect  marginal 
bristles  at  regular  intervals  on  the  wings  of  certain  Lepidoptera. 


A 


^^. 


I  first  noticed  them  while  preparing  drawings  of  wing  scales  for 
illustration  by  lantern  in  a  recent  local  lecture. 

Having  examined  different  species  amongst  the  Geometrie  and 
observed  the  bristles  to  be  present,  I  selected  a  British  specimen 
of  Melanippe  fluctuata  to  demonstrate  the  existence  of  the 
bristles.  This  species  has  considerable  affinity  to  the  antipodean 
AsapJiodes  meaaspilata,  on  which  I  first  observed  them. 

The  bristles  once  observed  are  very  noticeable,  and  remind 
one  of  the  smooth  setae  of  some  larvae.  So  far  as  my  observations 
go  they  rise  from  the  upper  surface  in  the  Geometry  ;  they  are 
erect,  not  perpendicular,  but  nearly  so  ;  smooth  and  apparently 
circular  in  section,  and  taper  from  a  substantial  base  to  a  fine 
curved  point — the  curve  directed  inward  away  from  the  fringes. 
At  the  base  of  the  bristles  is  a  round  elevated  "button,"  several 


48  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

diameters  larger  than  the  cavities  into  which  the  stems  of  the 
wing  scales  are  inserted.  On  the  fore  wings  the  bristles  may  be 
observed  near  the  base  of  the  costal  edge,  and  at  regular 
intervals  along  the  costa,  round  the  apex  and  the  outer  edge,  to 
near  the  extremity  of  the  first  cubital  nervule ;  there  are  none 
beyond  this  point,  nor  on  the  inner  margins  of  the  fore  wings. 
On  the  hind  wings,  the  first  bristle  may  be  observed  at  the 
extremity  of  the  first  radial  nervule,  and  they  occur  at  regular 
intervals  to  very  near  the  anal  nervure. 

The  wing  scales  are  of  entirely  different  structures,  and  are 
horizontal  to  the  surface  of  the  wing ;  the  fringe  scales  continue 
the  horizontal  plane  beyond  the  margin  of  the  membrane.  All 
round  the  margin  of  each  wing,  the  scales  are  inserted  into 
cavities,  very  close  together,  and  there  are  at  least  three  rows  of 
such  parallel  to  each  other.  The  bristles  are  so  far  removed 
from  the  extreme  margin  of  the  wing  that  they  are  inner  to  the 
second  row  of  scales,  and  between  each  of  the  bristles,  according 
to  the  distance  apart,  there  are  from  nine  to  twenty-one  scales  in 
each  row.  The  bristles  are  wider  apart  on  the  costal  margin 
than  they  are  on  the  outer  margin  of  the  wing. 

Many  species  of  Geometrae — Boarmia  repandata,  Hyheniia 
leucopliearia,  Cheimatohia  bnimata — rest  with  wings  expanded, 
and  touching  the  surface  of  tree  trunk,  branch,  paling,  or  what 
not,  on  which  the  insect  may  be  during  day-time  ;  but  observe 
these  same  insects  at  night,  either  settled  or  in  copulation,  and 
the  wings  are  erect.  I  have  seen  them  so  during  the  day-time, 
and  remember,  on  at  least  one  occasion,  speculating  as  to  why 
the  erected  wings  were  not  blown  apart  by  the  strong  wind  which 
was  blowing  direct  on  to  the  edges,  I  would  now  suggest — in 
fact,  it  seems  obvious— a  function  of  the  marginal  bristles  is  that 
of  fastening  together  the  edges  of  the  oi)posite  wings  when  they 
are  erect.  It  is  probable  that  the  normal  action  of  the  muscles 
at  the  base  of  the  wings  is  to  expand  them,  and  the  ability  to 
keep  them  erect  is  largely  helped  by  the  marginal  bristles. 

BoGtnse—Orlhosia  macileiita,  Caotcala  nupta,  Maiiiestra  hras- 
sie<g— have  the  marginal  bristles.  Mamestra  {Melanchra)  miitans 
(N.  Z.  sp.),  which  I  have  just  examined,  has  stronger  bristles, 
with  a  more  pronounced  curve,  than  most  Geometrae  ;  in  Noctu^, 
however,  the  marginal  bristles  rise  from  the  under  surface  of  the 
wing.  Clearly,  the  function  ascribed  to  tbe  bristles  among 
Geometne  does  not  apply  to  the  Nocture.  Here  is  a  problem 
wbich  I  will  leave  to  anyone  who  feels  sufficient  interest  in  the 
subject,  and  will  merely  remark  that  the  marginal  bristles  occur 
m  both  male  and  female  of  Asaphodes  megaspilata,  and  is  probably 
not  a  sexual  character. 

Palmerston  North,  New  Zealand :  Sept.  1st,  1900. 


49 


NOTES  ON    SOME  RHYNCHOTA   COLLECTED  CHIEFLY  IN 
CHINA  AND  JAPAN  BY  MR.  T.  B.  FLETCHER.  R.N.,  F.E.S. 

By  G.  W.  KiRKALDY,  F.E.S. 

My  friend  Mr.  Fletcher's  very  limited  opportunities  for 
entomological  work  while  with  H.M.  S.  'Centurion,'  on  the 
China  Station,  were  chiefly  directed  towards  the  acquisition  of 
Lepidoptera,  so  that  the  Ehynchota,  which  he  has  kindly  added 
to  my  collection,  are  hut  few  in  numher,  though  of  some  interest. 
The  following  is  a  preliminary  list.  (P)  =  probably  in  Palsearctic 
region;  (0)=probably  in  Oriental  region.  Castries  Bay  is  just 
south  of  the  mouth  of  the  Amur ;  Kama  Kura  is  close  to  Yoko- 
hama :  Kornilof  is  in  the  north-east  of  Cho-sen  (as,  I  believe, 
Korea  ought  properly  to  be  termed) ;  Leu-Kung-tao  is  an  island 
near  Wei-hai-wei ;  Port  Lazareft",  in  Cho-sen,  near  Gen-san ; 
and  Pei-tai-ho,  near  Shan-hai-Kwan,  in  the  Gulf  of  Leao-toug. 

My  thanks  are  due  to  my  amiable  friend.  Dr.  Arnold  L. 
Montandon,  who  has  been  so  kind  as  to  examine  the  species 
marked  with  an  asterisk  (*). 

Fam.  Tetigoniid.5:. 

1.  Tetigonia  ferriiginea  (Fabr.).  Cho-sen,  Port  Lazareff,  Oct. 
2nd,  1897  '(P). 

Fam.  Cercopid^. 

2.  Aphrophora  sp.  ?     China,  Castries  Bay,  Sept.  8th,  1896  (P). 

Fam.  CicADiD^. 

3.  Pycna kcempferi  (Fabr.).   Japan,  Yokohama,  A-ug.,  1898  (P). 

4.  Graptopsaltria  colorata,  Stal.    Japan,  Yokohama,  Aug.  1898 

(P). 

5.  Diuidiibia  (subg.  Cosmopsaltria)  opalifera,  Walker.  Japan, 
Kama  Kura,  Aug.  1898;  China,  Leu-Kung-tao,  Aug.  1898  (P). 

6.  Cicada  hihamata,  Motschulsky.  Japan,  Hakodate,  Aug. 
1897  (P). 

7.  Cicada flamiiiata,  Distant.  Japan,  Hakodate,  Aug.  1897  (P). 
As  Mr.  Distant  was  acquainted  with  the  female  only  (Mon. 
Orient.  Cicad.,  p.  99,  pi.  13,  fig.  15),  the  following  details  are 
added.  Belongs  to  Distant's  section  A.  a.  bb.,  and  looks  some- 
what like  a  large  broad  hihamata,  being  perhaps  intermediate 
between  the  latter  and  leechi,  Dist.  Anterior  femora  armed  with 
two  very  strong  si)ines  ;  opercula  reaching  beyond  the  middle  of 
the  abdomen,  overlai)ping  interiorly,  rounded  apically.  Last  two 
"abdominal"  dorsal  segments  spotted  with  reddish-ochraceous, 
first  genital  segment  above  not  spinosely  produced  in  the  middle. 

8.  Crifptotipnpana  pustulata  (Fabr.).  China,  Wei-hai-wei, 
July  16th,  1898  (P). 

ENTOM. — FEBRUARY,    1901.  E 


50  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

9.  Cicadetta,  n.  sp.  ?     Japan,  Kornilof,  July  9th,  1899  (P). 
Almost  certainly   a  new  species,  but  only  one  female  m  the 
collection;  allied  to  C.pellosoma  lUhler),  from  China. 
Fam.  FuLGORiD^. 

10.  Geisha  distinctissima  (Walker)  (P). 

11    Piirops   [=Fidqora,  auct.]  candelarius  (Linn.).     Ulnna, 
Hongkong,  Mar.,  1898,' Ai-nl  22nd,  1899 ;  Kaulung,  Dec.  1898  (0). 

Mr  Fletcher  has  been  good  enough  to  send  me  a  copy  ot  liis 
observations  on  this  in.ect,  recorded  at  the  time  in  his  Journal : 
"  Sometimes  they  were  on  the  trunk  [of  the  tree],  with  which 
they  harmonize  very  well,  and  sometimes  high  up  in  the  branches ; 
in  the  latter  case,  they  are  easily  beaten  out,  and  then  fly  quite 
a  distance,  their  vivid  yellow  hind  wings  rendering  them  very 
conspicuous  on  the  wing.  .  •  .  A  tree  at  the  top  ot  the  [Botanical] 
Gardens  [at  Hongkong] ,  with  a  Chinese  coolie  gesticulating  under 
it,  attracted  "  Mr.  Fletcher's  attention,  and  he  found  a  pair  of 
candelarius  "  settled  on  a  branch,  with  whose  environment  they 
harmonized  well."  Mr.  Fletcher  insists  on  the  harmony  of 
caiuielarius  with  its  environment,  but  Mr.  E.  E.  Green's  account 
of  the  Sinhalese  macidatus  is  very  different.  "  Our  Pyrops 
macidatus  is  a  very  conspicuous  insect,  when  at  rest,  and  takes 
no  measures  to  conceal  itself,  trusting  to  its  marvellous  agility  " 
(E.  E.  Green  in  litt.  Aug.  22ud,  1900). 

Mr.  Fletcher  also  tells  me  that  the  people  at  Kaulung  had 
never  heard  of  candelarius  being  luminous.  I  asked  him  also  if 
he  could  afford  any  solution  as  to  the  use  or  purpose,  if  any,  of 
the  cephalic  prolongation,  and  if  this  were  any  assistance  in 
flying,  but  Mr.  Fletcher  emphatically  denies  this.  "When 
alive,  the  long  '  nose '  is  quite  soft  and  fleshy,  and  they  do  not 
seem  to  mind  bending  it  up  at  all,  as  it  straightens  out  again 
afterwards.  They  walk  almost  on  the  tips  of  the  two  first  pairs 
of  legs,  with  the  head  up,  keeping  the  third  pair  close  to  the 
body,  and  with  these  they  can  give  a  long  leap,  the  wings  then 
sustaining  the  flight"  (Journal,  in  litt.  Dec.  10th,  1898);  and 
again,  "Generally  speaking,  they  fly  up  into  the  leaves,  high  up, 
when  disturbed.  They  use  their  legs  awkwardly,  and  walk  in  a 
gimierly  kind  of  way.  I  found  that  on  a  flat  surface,  such  as  a 
desk,  they  could  leap  about  three  feet  with  the  bind  legs.  .  .  . 
They  are  very  wary  and  suspicious  when  settled,  and  are  easiest 
to  catch  on  the  wing,  or,  better  still,  just  when  they  have  settled, 
before  they  have  got  their  bearings,  so  to  speak"  {in  litt.  July  5th, 
1900).  Mr.  Fletcher  suggests  that  the  cephalic  prolongation 
may  possibly  serve  to  resemble  a  twig  of  the  tree  on  which  it  is 
resting. 

Fam.  Belostomatid^. 
12.  *Amurqius  deyrollii  (Vuillefroy).    China,  Yang-tze-Kiang, 
Aug.,  1898. 


RHYNCHOTA    F-ROM    CHINA,    JAPAN,    ETC.  51 

13.  ■^Amoniius  indicHs  (Lep.-Serv.).  Siam,  Bangkok  (0),  flew 
to  light  on  board  the  'Centurion,'  about  twenty  miles  from  land, 
Dec.  3rd,  1899. 

Fam.  Nepid^. 

14.  *Nepa  cinerea,  Linne.  China,  Chi-fu,  May  9th,  1899,  in 
a  stream  (P). 

15.  *Ranatra  uiiicolor,  Scott.  China,  Pei-hai-to,  Sept.,  1898 
(P).  Dr.  Montandon  remarks  : — "  Cette  espece  est  bien  voisine 
de  R.  vicina,  Sign.,  mais  en  diftere  par  les  yeux  plus  globuleux, 
aussi  longs  que  larges,  moins  transversaux,  I'espace  interoculaire 
un  peu  plus  retreci;  les  deux  epines  du  milieu  du  lemur  anterieur 
plus  espaeees  ;  I'extremite  du  femur  anterieur  non  epineux.  Les 
pattes,  les  elytres  et  le  metasternum  sont  conformes  de  facon  a 
peu  pres  identique.  Chez  R.  vicina,  Sign.,  les  deux  epines  du 
femur  anterieur  situees  a  I'extremite  du  tibia  au  repos  sont 
presque  sur  le  meme  plan  transversal "  {in  litt.  Oct.  11th,  1900). 

16.  *Ranatra  rhinensis,  Mayr.  Cho-sen.  Dr.  Montandon 
writes  me: — "J'ai  aussi  dans  ma  collection  un  exemplaire  sembla- 
ble  du  Japon  re9u  jadis  de  MM.  Staudinger,  sous  le  nom  de  Ranatra 
prlnceps,  Westw.,  nom  que  je  ne  connais  pas  et  qu'il  faudrait  veri- 
fier "  (i/t  litt.  May  19th,  1900).  The  i)ul)lication  of  this  name  is 
unknown  to  me  also. 

Fam.  Gekrid.e. 

17.  Metrocoris  lituratm  {^tw\) .  China,  Hongkong.  "Common 
in  pools  and  streams  on  the  hills,"  but  only  one  pair  captured, 
March,  1899  (0). 

18.  Gerris  Jietcheri,  sp.  n.  Very  closely  allied  to  G.  najas 
(De  Geer),  Kirk,  [paladiun  (Fabr.),  auctt.l  ,  but  is  scarcely  so 
robust,  and  a  trifle  longer.  The  general  structural  characters 
are  those  of  najas,  but  the  second  segment  of  the  antennae  is 
distinctly  longer,  in  proportion  to  the  third,  than  in  that 
species,  and,  in  the  female,  the  first  genital  segment  is  wider  in 
proportion.  In  colour,  the  pronotum  is  more  or  less  rufescent, 
and  the  elytra  are  pale  fuscous,  dirty  whitish  at  the  base,  with 
dark  brown  nervules.  Had  najati  {paliidiiui^)  been  recorded  from 
Siberia  or  Japan,  I  would  probably  have  regarded  this  as  a  local 
form  of  it,  but  it  seems  to  be  sufficiently  distinct  by  the  characters 
given  above. 

China,  Wei-hai-wei,  May  20th,  1899  (P).  1  have  great 
pleasure  in  naming  this  addition  to  the  Palsearctic  fauna  after 
Mr.  Fletcher. 

Fam.  IlEDuviiD^ffi. 

19.  Peirates,  sp.     China,  Wei-hai-wei,  May  27th,  1899. 

t  I  have  demonstrated  in  Entom.,  1899,  p.  203,  that  the  true  najas, 
De  Geer,  is  identical  with  ])aliidum,  Fabr. ;  the  najas  of  authors  is 
canalium,  Dufour. 

E    2 


52  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Fam.  Geocorid^  L^Lyg^sid^,  auctt.J . 

20.  Dindijmus  sanguineus  (F&hi:).    China,  Hongkong,  March, 

21.  PhysopeltaguttaiBvLvm.).  China,  Hongkong,  March,  1899. 

Common  on  trees  (0).  „t  •  i    •       -t         iooo/dx 

22.  GeocoriscolouiFiehev).  China, Wei-hai-wei, June,  1899 (r). 

Fam.  Lyg^id^  [=CoREiDiE,  auct.]. 

23    Myodochav(iricornis{F-dhY.)  \ Leptocorisa  v.  auct] .   China, 

Hongkong,  March,  1899.     On  a  small  Hower  above  the  cemetery 

in  Happy  Valley. 

U.  Mictis  pro/ana  {Fahr.).     Australia,  Sydney. 

25.  Megalotnmas,  ?sp.  In  company  with  (probably  mimicking) 
ants.     China,  Wei-hai-wei  ,P). 

Fam.  CiMiciD^. 

26.  Tectocorislineola(E-Ahv.).     Australia,  Sydney. 

27.  Tessaratome  papiUusa  (Drury).  China,  Hongkong,  Dec, 
1898  (0).  Mr.  Fletcher  writes  me,  that  when  attempting  to 
capture  this,  the  bug,  which  was  then  about  sideways  to  him, 
squn-ted  some  lluid  into  his  right  eye,  the  somewhat  considerable 
pain  lasting  about  half  an  hour.  He  also  writes :  "When  irritated, 
it  quivers  its  antennse  rapidly,  emits  a  most  powerful  odour  [from 
the  thorax],  and  squeaks  plaintively." 

28.  Pycanum  rubens  (Fabr.).     Labuan,  Oct.  25th,  1899  (0). 

29.  Catacanthus  nigripes  (Sulz.).     Australia,  Sydney. 

30.  Dicty<)tusvUis{\\ sJliev).  Australia,  Sydney,  Jan.,  1898. 
Agrees  with  examples  received  from  New  Zealand,  from  Mr. 
Ambrose  Quail,  F.E.S. 

31.  PkiLia  senator  (Fabr.).     Australia,  Sydney. 

32.  Catitao  ocellatm  (Thunb.).  China,  Hongkong,  Mar.,  1899 
(0).     A  little  smaller  and  darker  than  Western  oriental  forms. 

33.  Graphosuma  rubrulineatum,  Hope.  Cho-sen,  Korniloff, 
Aug.  9th,  1899  (P). 

NOTES    AND     OBSERVATIONS. 

Emergence  of  Drepana  binaria  (Platyptkryx  tramula)  extending 
OVER  Three  Months. — in  June  of  last  year  1  obtauied  ova  of  P.  hamnla 
from  a  captured  teuiale,  and  succeeded  in  rearing  seven  larvae  to  the 
pupal  stage.  From  tiiese  pupae  two  males  emerged  on  Aug.  1st  iind 
4ih;  four  more  emerged  ou  Nov.  Uth,  14th  and  '26Ui,  and  l3ec.  19th. 
The  pupae  have  been  kept  in  an  opt-n  box  out  of  doors,  I  shall  be 
glad  to  know  if  tliis  prolonged  emeigeuce  is  unusual,  and  ii  any  of 
your  readers  have  had  a  similar  experience. — Leonard  A.  Spencer  ; 
52,  Burghley  Road,  Highgate  Road,  N.W.,  Jan.  5th,  1901. 

The  Stridulation  of  Corixa. — I  received,  by  the  kindness  of  the 
author,  a  copy  of  Auton  Handhrscb's  "  Zur  Kenntniss  der  Stridula- 
tiousorgaue  bei  deu  Rhyuchoten  "  (1900,  Annalen  Naturh.  Hofmus. 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  53 

Wien,  pp.  127-141 ;  1  plate  and  15  text-figures),  but,  unfortunately, 
it  was  too  late  to  stop  my  own  brief  communication  last  month  (page 
9),  or  to  add  a  footnote.  As  Handlirscli's  conclusions  do  not  alto- 
gether accord  with  mine,  I  hope  very  soon  to  discuss  his  valuable  and 
interesting  paper.— G.  W.  Kirkaldy, 

SwAjiMERDAM  ON  THE  Dhagonfly  Nymph. — In  coiinection  with  Mr. 
CalverL's  note  in  Eutom.  xxxiii.  p.  350,  it  is  i)iteresting  to  find  that 
Swammerdam  wrote  in  1080: — "The  limbs  {i.e.  of  the  dragonfly 
nymph)  come  out  of  the  egg  imperfect."  He  further  states  that  he 
does  not  iaiow  how  long  a  period  elapses  between  the  laying  of  the  eg» 
and  its  hatching,  nor  how  long  the  nymph-stai,'e  lasts,  though  he 
thinks  the  latter  is  two  years — a  result  which  Mr.  East  arrives  at  in 
the  case  of  .Esc/ma  cyimea  (see  Entom.  xxxiii.  p.  258).  The  insect  that 
Swammerdam  subjected  to  examination  appears  to  have  been  a  species 
of  Gomplnis.  I  have  made  use  of  the  English  translation  of  his  work, 
'Biblia  Natura?,'  by  Dr.  J.  Hill,  in  1758.  By  the  way,  eggs  of  Sym- 
petnim  striolatnin  hatch  in  captivity  in  three  or  four  weeks. — W.  J. 
Lucas  ;  Kingston-on-Thames. 

Notes  on  British  Dragonflies. — Isclnmra   pumilio.     This  pretty 
little  dragonfly  was  taken  by  my  father,  near  Lyudhurst,  in  August, 
1820  ;  on  Parley  Heath,  June  18th,  182-4  ;  on  Knighton  Heath,  near 
Dorchester,  in  July,  1835  ;  at  Glanvilles  Wootton  (two  only),  Aug. 
17th,  1859.     In  a  bog  near  Land's  End  (commonly),  in  August,  1864, 
by  my  father  and  myself ;  at  Lodmore,  near  Weymouth  (one  specimen 
at  least),  in  May,   1887,   by  myself.     It  is  recorded   by  Mr.   Henry 
Doubleday  as  occurring  in  old  gravel  pits  at  Epping  (Ent.  Monthly 
Magazine  for  1871-1872,  p.   87).     It  has  also   been  reported  from 
Cambridgeshire  and  Ireland   (see  De  Selys  Longchamps'    paper   on 
British  Libellulidae  in  '  Annals  of  Natural  History '  for  1846). — Ar/rion 
mercuriale.     One  taken  by  my  father,   in  the  New  Forest,  on  June 
12th,  1832  ;  subsequently,  at  Winchester,  on  June  17th,  1832 ;  and 
at  Cosmore    Quay,   about  two  miles  from  here,  on  July  1st,   1839, 
and  July  6th,  1844. — ^Hschna  rufescens  (isosceles).     This  grand  fellow 
was  taken  by  my  father,  at  Whittlesea  Mere,  on  June  22nd,  1818,  and 
July  18th,  1827,  by  Mr.  Sparshall,  at  Horning,  on  Aug.  5th,  1824.     It 
has  also  been  reported  from  Halvergate  and  Yarmouth.     The  latter  is 
probably  a  mistake,  as  the  species  is  omitted  from  Paget's  '  History  of 
Yarmouth.' — Libellula  terunensis.     Mr.  Lucas  gives  this  as  =  S.  scoti- 
cum  (see  Entom.  xxxiii.  p.  260).     I  possess  the  specimen,  and  it  de- 
cidedly is  not  scoticuin,  but  the  true  vnhiatuin.     De  Selys  Longchamps 
saw  it  in  August.  1851,  and  told  my  fatlier  he  was  right.     It  was  taken 
at  Hull  by  Mr.  Harrison. — Afirion  zonatiim  (Eatom.  xxxiii.  p.  260)  is 
ci/ai/iiffeiHDi.      The  late  Baron  de  Selys  came  over  to  England  to  view 
the  collection,  specially  of  Curtis  and  Evans,  and  as  the  result,  wrote 
a  paper  on  the  British  Libellulid^  in  the  '  Annals  of  Natural  History ' 
for  1846,  vol.  xsiii.— C.  W.  Dale;  Glanvilles-Wootton,  Nov.  3rd. 

[Of  the  distribution  of  jE.  isosceles  [m/escens  must  give  way  to  the 
prior  name),  I.  pumilio,  and  A.  mercuriale,  a  summary  will  be  found  in 
my  '  British  Dragonflies,'  pp.  213,  270,  and  297.  The  older  captures 
of    Mr.    J.   C.  Dale  and  others,  though    mentioned    there   as   being 


54  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

extremely  interesting,  are  of  little  practical  use  to  the  present-day  field 
naturalist.  There  are.  however,  two  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Dale  himself— of 
/.  pwniMo,  near  Land's  End,  in  1864,  and  of  the  .same  insect  near 
Weymouth  in  1887— but  a  later  search  in  the  latter  locality  only 
revealed  /.  fhijans  ;  while,  if  my  memory  serves  me  rightly,  Mr.  C.  A. 
Briggs  sought  in  vain  for  jmmilio  at  Land's  End.  Of  course,  this 
does  not  prove  that  the  last  is  not  now  to  be  found  in  these  two 
localities,  for,  besides  the  fact  that  pumilio  is  a  very  inconspicuous 
insect,  both  species  of  the  genus  may  fly  together,  as  is  the  case  in 
the  locality  discovered  last  season  in  the  New  Forest.  By  the  way, 
this  can  scarcely  be  the  part  of  the  forest  in  which  Mr.  J.  C.  Dale  took 
pumilio  in  1820 — it  is  too  far  from  Lyndhurst.  With  regard  to 
veronensis  (Entom.  xxxiii.  p.  260),  the  name  given  by  Curtis  is  Lib. 
veronensis,  Charp.,  and  the  veronensis  of  Charpentier  is  certainly 
Sympetmm  scoticnm  (vid.  Lib.  Eur.  p.  85  and  pi.  xii.).  De  Selys,  in 
his  '  Revue  des  Odonates  '  (1840),  says  :— "  Je  n'ai  pas  vu  I'exemplaire 
pris  a  Hull  en  Angleterre  et  cite  sous  le  nom  de  veronensis  par  M. 
Curtis  ;  mais  M.  Dale,  qui  le  possede,  m'ecrit  que  c'est  probablement 
la  vraie  vuhjata,  d'apres  la  forme  de  I'ecaille  vulvaire."  (See  also 
Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  1846.)  As  it  appears  the  insect  was  examined  after- 
wards (in  1851)  by  De  Selys,  it  is  a  pity  his  opinion  seems  never  to 
have  been  published,  especially  as  three  specimens  of  S.  vuhfcitum  have 
been  taken  in  England  during  the  last  few  years. — W.  J.  L.] 

Evening  Flight  of  Butterflies. — In  reply  to  Mr.  Blenkarn's 
query  [nnte  p.  26)  as  to  the  twilight  flight  of  Pijrameis  [Vanessa)  cardui, 
I  should  say  it  is  not  a  very  unusual  occurrence.  I  have  few  back 
volumes  of  the  magazines  at  hand  to  refer  to  now,  but  I  think  that  Mr. 
E.  F.  Studd,  amongst  others,  has  recorded  taking  this  species  and 
P.  atalanta  in  his  motli-trap  at  night.  Indeed,  the  Vanessids  especially 
seem  to  have  a  tendency  to  nocturnal  flight.  On  July  19th,  1899, 
when  we  were  at  Korniloff,  in  Korea,  a  specimen  of  Vanessa  v-album 
came  off  to  the  ship,  attracted  by  light ;  and  in  1897,  when  we  were 
there,  I  took  three  specimens  of  the  same  species  at  light  on  board  ; 
these  all  catue  to  lii^'lit  about  ten  p.m.  It  struck  me  as  a  strange  thing 
that  I  never  saw  any  on  shore  there  in  the  day-time,  though  it  must 
have  been  fairly  common.  At  home,  of  course,  we  look  on  butterflies 
as  essentially  creatures  of  the  sun,  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  in 
many  genera  abroad  the  species  fly  only  at  twilight ;  at  Hongkong,  for 
example,  though  I  have  taken  Lethe  europa  on  the  wing  in  the  day- 
time, I  have  found  that  its  flight  is  much  swifter  in  the  evening  after 
sunset,  and  it  seems,  so  to  speak,  much  more  at  home  on  the  wing 
then.— T.  B.  Fletcher  ;  H.M.S.  'Gladiator,'  Mediterranean  Station, 
January  12th,  1901. 

Xyphidia  camelus. — This  rare  sawfly  was  taken  by  my  father,  in 
the  New  Forest,  on  June  23rd,  1840.  My  other  specimens  were  taken 
by  Mr.  Serrel,  in  the  Isle  of  Man.  Mr.  Waller  used  to  find  it  common 
at  Newcastle.  It  probably  still  exists  in  the  New  Forest,  and  onlv  awaits 
re-discovery,  like  hchnura piwrilio  and  Mecostethm  (Jrossus.—G.^Y .  Dale. 

Insect  Fauna  of  Middlesex.— I  shall  be  greatly  obliged  if  any 
collectors  who  have  made  observations  and  captures  of  Lepidoptera,  or 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  55 

any  other  orders,  will  send  me  their  lists,  with  a  view  to  assist  in  a 
compilation  of  records  for  Middlesex  (only),  particularly  in  the  south- 
western districts  of  the  county. — H.  Rowland-Brown  ;  Oxhey  Grove, 
Harrow  Weald,  Middlesex. 

New  Work  on  British  Diptera. — The  first  volume  of  '  British 
Flies,'  by  G.  H.  Verrall,  President  of  the  Entomological  Society  of 
London,  was  issued  on  January  1st  of  the  present  year.  The  work 
when  completed  will  extend  to  some  fourteen  volumes.  The  book  now 
before  us  is  vol.  viii.,  and  treats  of  the  Platypezidfe,  Pipunculidae,  and 
SyrphidaB.  A  more  extended  notice  will  be  given  in  the  next  number 
of  the  '  Entomologist.' 

List  of  British  Spiders. — The  Rev.  H.  Pickard-Cambridge,  author 
of  the  '  Spiders  of  Dorset,'  has  recently  published  a  '  List  of  British 
and  Irish  Spiders.'  We  have  much  pleasure  in  introducing  this  useful 
brochure  to  the  notice  of  all  who  are  interested  in  British  Araneidea. 

Orthoptera. — Redtenbacher  has  published  a  monograph  of  the 
Orthoptera  of  Austria-Hungary  and  Germany,  with  general  notes  on 
the  structure  and  development ;  collection  and  preparation  of  speci- 
mens, literature,  analytical  tables,  and  descriptions,  &c.,  of  the  species. 
('Die  Dermaptereu  und  Orthopteren  von  Oesterreich-Ungaru  und 
Deutschland.'  Vienna,  1900.  148  pp.  and  one  Plate.)  A  detailed 
notice  will  appear  later. — ^G.  W.  K. 

Revised  List  of  Cheshire  Lepidoptera. — The  President  of  the 
Chester  Society  of  Natural  Science  has  appointed  a  small  committee, 
consisting  of  Mr.  J.  Arkle,  Dr.  Herbert  Dobie,  Mr.  R.  Newstead,  and 
myself,  to  revise  and  extend  Mr.  A.  0.  Walker's  List  of  the  Macro- 
lepidoptera  of  the  district,  published  in  1885.  The  district  will  now 
comprise  Cheshire,  Flintshire,  Derbyshire,  Carnarvonshire,  and  Angle- 
sea.  I  should  be  much  obliged  to  any  one  interested  in  the  entomology 
of  these  couaties,  especially  the  Welsh  ones,  if  they  will  send  me 
records  or  notes  ;  and  I  will  supply  li.-ts  for  maiking  to  those  who  may 
apply  to  me  for  the  same. — Geo.  0.  Day  ;  Knutsford,  Cheshire,  January 
22ud,  1901. 


CAPTURES   AND   FIELD   REPORTS. 

Achkrontia  atropos  in  Suffolk. — It  may  be  of  interest  to  record  the 
capture  of  twenty-six  larvae  of  A.  atropos  at  Stowmarket,  Suffolk,  during 
July  and  early  part  of  August  last,  by  my  friend  Herbert  Graves  of  that 
town.  They  were  found  chiefly  on  the  tea-vine.  They  pupated  in  flower- 
pots, which  he  placed  on  the  top  of  a  steara-boiler,  and  on  Sept.  --iSth,  1900, 
the  fir^t  imago  emerged  ;  they  continued  cining  out  till  the  enri  of  Octo- 
ber, VIZ.  fii'teen  perfect  iniaijos,  eight  cripples  ;  there  were  also  two  dead 
pu[)£B,  and  one  pupa  is  Iviiig  over.  My  fiieml  sent  me  on  six  perfect  iiihects, 
one  tine  female  measuring  5^^  inches  across  th^-  wings;  the  others  are  also 
very  fine. —  H.  W.  Bakek;  20,  Alsen  Road,  Holloway,  London,  N. 

Achkrontia  atropos  in  N'.  SrAFFotiDSHitiK. — A.  atropos  has  been 
abundant  m  the  larval  and  pupal  stages  in  the  Market  Drayton  district  this 
autumn.  About  twenty  larvae  were  brought  to  me,  and  nearly  two  hundred 
pupae,  by  men  digging  potatoes.     One  hundred  and  seven  were  found  and 


56  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

brought  me  from  one  farm.  This,  of  course,  represents  only  a  small  pro- 
portion of  the  actual  number  of  purse,  as  the  machine  only  turns  ov^r  the 
ridges  without  disturbing  the  furrows.— F.  C.  Woodforde. 

CoLiAS   EDusA   IN    N.  Staffordshirk. — On    Sept.  13th   I   saw  and 

captured  a  male  C.  edusa.  This  was  the  only  specimen  I  personally  saw, 

though  I  heard  of  several  being  seen  by  others  in  the  neighbourhood. — 
F.  C.  Woodforde. 

CoLiAS  EDUSA  IN  N.  Walks.— In  the  first  fortnight  of  June  I  saw  two 
or  three  female  C.  edusa  on  the  Carnarvonshire  coast.  I  caught  and 
examined  a  couple  and  set  them  free. — F.  C.  Woodforde. 

Colias  edusa  in  1900. — A  few  specimens  of  C.  edusa  have  occurred 
in  this  neighbourhood.  One  was  seen  by  my  wife  in  our  garden  at  New- 
town towards  the  end  of  July ;  and  several  more  turned  up  a  couple  of 
miles  further  up  the  Severn  valley.  On  Aug.  31st:  I  saw  a  fine  male  on 
the  roadside,  on  the  border  of  Montgomeryshire  and  Salop.  I  also  observed 
specimens  of  this  butterfly  near  Northampton,  in  August;  and  one  male 
specimen  in  Lincolnshire,  near  Biigg,  on  Sept.  l"2th. — A.  S.  Tetlky  ; 
Newtown,  N.  Wales,  Dec.  15lh,  1900. 

Macroglossa  stell.\tarum  at  Cranbrook,  KtiNT. — This  species  was 
again  very  common  during  last  season ;  several  could  be  seen  at  once  on  a 
large  bed  of  scarlet  geraniums  and  a  large  bed  of  petunias,  in  a  nursery 
garden  near  here.  A  specimen  was  seen  as  late  as  Nov.  '^Tth,  although 
the  early  part  of  the  month  had  been  very  wet  and  windy. — A.  Marshall; 
Cranbrook,  Kent,  Jan.  I8th,  1901. 

NoNAGRiA  NEDRicA  VAR.  DissoLUTA,  Treitschke. — Several  examples  of 
this  black  varietv  of  N.  neurica  were  taken  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Need- 
ham  Market,  Suffolk,  in  August  last.  This  is  a  fresh  locality,  I  believe, 
for  this  species.  The  Rev.  E.  N.  Bloomfield,  in  his  Catalogue  of  the 
Lepidoptera  of  Suffolk,  gives  Lakenheath  and  Lowestoft  only,  and  says  it 
is  local  and  rare. — Gkrvase   F.  Mathew;  Dovercourt,  Essex,  Jan.  9th. 

Hemerobius  stigma  (limbatus)  in  December. — On  Dec.  16th  last, 
I  took  from  a  small  fir-tree  on  Esher  Common,  a  single  specimen  of  H. 
stigma.  It  was  rather  small,  and  the  wings  somewhat  darker  than  usual. 
It  must,  I  suppose,  be  looked  upon  as  an  early  arrival  owing  to  the  mild 
weather,  rather  than  a  late  survival. — W.  J.  Lucas. 

Ch(Erocampa  NERii  IN  SCOTLAND.— Mr.  And.  Adie  Dalglish,  of  Pollock- 
shields,  records  a  specimen  of  this  fine  hawk-moth  as  having  been  taken  by 
"  a  farm  servant,  who  saw  it  alight  on  a  sheaf  of  corn  in  a  field  near 
Barrhead,  about  the  end  of  Seotember."  He  adds  that  a  specimen, 
previously  recorded,  was  taken  m  September,  1886,  at  Glasoow  (Ann.  Scott' 
Nat.  Hibt.,  No.  37,  p   52). 

Cleora  glabraria  in  Scotland.— Referring  to  the  note  under  this 
headmg,  ante,  p.  21,  it  may  be  worth  recording  ihat  I  have  taken  this 
species  several  times  in  Argyllshire  during  the  last  four  years,  iu  each  case 
durmg  the  first  fortnight  in  August.  These  Scotch  specimens  do  not 
appear  to  differ  in  any  respect  from  those  I  have  taken  in  the  New  Forest 
John  A.  Nix;  20,  Hans  Place,  S.W. 


CAPTURES    AND    FIELD    REPORTS.  57 

Vanessa  polychloros  in  1900. — I  have  not  seen  iu  any  of  the  maga- 
zine notices  of  1900,  with  the  exception  of  the  '  Entomologist,'  that 
V.  polychloros  has  attracted  any  attention.  This  appears  to  me  curious, 
for  although  of  late  years  it  has  scarcely  been  seen  where  formerly  it 
occurred  pretty  freely,  in  East  Kent  last  season  it  was  far  from  uncommon  : 
Folkestone,  Dover,  Shepherdswell,  Wingham,  Waliner  and  Deal,  Sand- 
wich, Margate,  Canterbury,  have  all  to  my  knowledge  yielded  specimens, 
and  iu  most  cases  series,  to  net  wielders  ;  and  friends  have  informed  me 
that  it  has  been  common  at  Norwich,  Surrey.  Hants  iNew  Forest),  and 
Devonshire  too. — Sydnei  Webb  ;  22,  Waterloo  Crescent.  Dover,  Jan. 
3rd,  1901. 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Surrey,  1900. — I  am  able  to  add  one  more  to  the 
list  of  captures  of  V.  antiopa  during  1900.  A  very  poor  specimen  was 
caught  on  a  wmdow  at  Englelield  (ireen,  Surrey,  about  Sept.  ist.  It  was 
given  to  a  boy  of  seven  years  old,  who  had  no  collection,  as  a  "  Purple 
Emperor."  When  I  saw  it,  a  fortnight  ago,  it  was  indeed  a  pitiable  sight, 
with  a  large  needle  through  it  and  wings  on  only  one  side  :  the  bits  of  the 
other  wings  had  been  kept — no  antennae.  Though  in  this  bad  state,  there 
was  no  mistaking  it,  and  I,  having  patched  it  up  as  well  as  possible,  have 
it  now  in  my  cabinet.  —  L.  M.  Seth-Smith  ;  Alleyne,  Caterham  Valley, 
Surrey,  Jan.  11  th,  1901. 

Vanessa  uktic.e. — A  specimen  of  V.  luticcB,  in  good  condition, suddenly 
appeared  m  the  dining-room  of  a  house  here,  on  the  evening  of  Dec.  26lh, 
having  probably  been  brought  in  with  the  evergreens  used  for  decoration. 
We  have  also  one  example  of  the  same  species,  at  present  on  the  wall  of 
the  stairwell  in  this  house,  wiiere  it  has  been  since  the  end  of  September 
last. — A.  Marshall ;  Windmill  Hill,  Craubrook,  Kent,  Dec.  '^Sth,  1900. 

Vanessids  in  1900. — In  reply  to  Mr.  Adkiii's  note  (ante,  p.  17)  1  give 
the  following  notes  of  my  captures.  1  took  a  number  of  pu[  86  of  V.  poly- 
chleros,  suspended  from  tai-covered  palings  near  Winciifield  in  Hants,  on 
July  6th  last,  the  mnjority  of  which  emerged  on  July  16th.  I  also  took  a 
number  of  V.  polychloros  pujae,  suspended  from  the  round  rails  of  iron 
hurdles  at  Shoieham,  Kent,  on  July  12th;  imagos  emerged  on  July  22nd; 
one  was  ichneumoned.  a  large  numiier  of  tiies  emerging.  1  found  V.  cardui 
plentiful  at  Margate,  Sept.  18th,  flying  iu  a  lucerne  field,  at  Cia\ford,on 
railwav  banks  (one  female  full  of  eggs);  on  Sept.  7ih,  at  Sandwich;  Sept. 
25th,  in  the  lanes,  at  Deal  ;  Sept.  26th,  at  Hythe  ;  Oct.  2nd,  in  lanes;  and 
at  Worcester  Park,  Surrey,  on  July  oUth.  1  have  noticed  that  certain  ot  the 
Vanessids  seem  to  enjoy  the  neighbourhood  ot  brick-works  and  gas-works, 
but  cannot  understand  what  it  is  that  attracts  them,  unless  it  be  the  vile 
smells  they  find  there.  They  are  very  fond  of  se'ilmg  on  the  cinders  used 
in  brick-niaking,  and  when  driven  off  will  return  to  them,  in  preference  to 
settling  on  flowers  or  mother  earth,  and  there  sun  themselves.  V.  atalanta 
I  found  not  so  plentiful  as  in  lt>9U,  although  I  had  been  on  the  looK-out 
every  day  in  the  week,  right  through  the  season.  V.  io :  I  have  seen  odd 
specimens  at  Hyihe,  Aug.  :31&t,  and  at  Margate,  (Jet.  18th. — C  W. 
CoLTHRUl^;   127,  Barry  Road,  East  Dulwich,  S.E. 

I  did  not  see,  in  this  district,  a  single  specimen  of  either  Vanessa 
cardui,  V.  io,  or  V.  polychloros,  although  V.  atalanta  was  very  common  up 
to  Oct.  7th,  on  the  over-ripe  fruit  iu  this  neighbourhood,  wliere  baskets  of 


58  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

plums,  &c.,  were  allowed  to  rot  under  the  trees. — A.  Marshall;  Cran- 
brook,  Kent.  Jan.  18th,  1901. 

V.  atalanta  has  been  abundant  in  the  autumn  here  during  the  last  few 
seasons.  V.  {Pyrameis]  cardui :  a  few  were  seen  in  1897.  V.  io  has 
always  been  very  scarce;  in  fact,  during  the  last  tweutv-two  years  I  have 
only  seen  four  specimens.  V.  {Ar/lais)  urticcE  is  generally  abundant  every 
year. — G.  B.  Routledge  ;  Tarn  Lodge.  Headsnook,  Carlisle,  Jan.  8th.  I'JOl. 

V.  atalanta  during  the  past  season  has  been  more  than  ordinarily  abun- 
dant in  the  neighbourhood  of  Carlisle,  and  also  in  the  district  round 
Lazonbv,  in  the  south-east  of  Cumberland.  Not  since  1894  have  I  seen 
it  so  plentiful.  V.  io  has  hardly  been  seen  for  a  good  many  years  until  last 
season,  when  several  were  seen  or  taken  near  Carlisle,  and  near  Maryport 
on  the  coast  it  was  not  uncommon,  so  that  it  is  hoped  that  this  fine  species 
is  about  to  re-establish  itself  with  us.  Twenty  or  more  years  ago  it  was, 
I  believe,  almost  as  common  as  V.  urliccB. — T.  H.  Day  ;  Carlisle,  Jan.  7ih. 

Referring  to  Mr.  Atkin  s  note  (ante,  p.  17),  the  following  observations 
from  Lewes  and  district  may  be  of  interest.  The  past  season  has  been 
marked  by  an  abnormal  abundance  of  V.  atalanta,  while  V.  {Cynthia) 
cardui  has  occurred  in  tolerable  numbers.  V.  io  appears  to  have  almost 
completely  disappeared  from  the  neighbourhood,  since  in  places  where  it 
was  formerly  plentiful  I  have  hardly  seen  a  specimen  for  the  past  six  years. 
The  late  Mr.  Watkins,  of  Eastbourne,  informed  me  that  he  had  noticed 
the  same  in  reference  to  the  Eastbourne  district.  V.  polychloros,  formerly 
also  plentiful,  is  now  but  seldom  seen.  I  have  only  noticed  two  specimens 
during  the  past  six  years. — Hugh  J.  Vinall,  ;  Lewes. 

Early  Appearance  of  Phigalia  pedaria  (pilosaria) — T  took  a  fine 
male  (black  variety)  off  a  gas-lamp  on  Dec.  16th  last. — W.  Feather; 
7,  Harding  Houses,  Crossbills,  Yorks. 

Late  Butterflies. — I  see,  on  referring  to  my  notes,  that  I  captured  a 
male  Euchlu'e  cardamiaes  on  Aug.  4th,  1879.  Pararge  egeria  I  saw  on 
Oct.  16th  the  same  year.  Grapta  c-alhum  was  in  my  garden  on  Nov.  2nd 
this  year,  and  at  the  end  of  the  month  Pieris  rapcB  was  seen,  on  two 
occasions,  near  this  city.  Several  days  during  the  month  were  as  warm  as 
at  the  end  of  September ;  violets  and  prirnroses  in  plenty  in  the  open. — 
J.  B.  PiLLEY ;  Hereford,  Dec.  18ih,  1900. 

Notes  from  Cranbrook,  Kent. — The  number  of  butterflies  in  this 
district  seems  to  me  to  be  on  the  decrease,  and  I  believe  this  is,  partly  at 
least,  attributable  to  the  keenness  of  our  up-to-date  agriculturists  for 
"  hedge-brishing,"  which  means  that,  when  the  hay  and  corn  has  been 
carried,  all  the  hedges  are  trimmed  up,  and  the  herbage  from  the  banks 
and  ditches  cleared  away.  These  "  brishings  "  are  either  burnt  or  thrown 
into  the  cattle-yards,  which  must  mean  the  destruction  of  a  lot  of  ova, 
larvae  and  pupae.  Specimens  of  Pieris  napi  were  in  good  condition  up  to 
Oct.  7th  ;  many  of  the  late  females  had  the  under  side  of  the  secondaries  a 
beautiful  bright  lemon-yellow  colour.  Oonppteryx  rhamni,  Vanessa  iirtica, 
and  Polyommatus pklceax  were  also  common  ht-re  up  to  end  of  S^^pteinher^ 
One  specimen  only  of  Culias  edusa  seen,  on  Aug.  11th.  Re  F.  cardui 
(ante,  p.  26),  one  autumn,  some  few  years  ago,  I  several  times  saw  specimens 

flymg  round  oak-trees  on  some  high  ground   near  here,  after  sunset. 

A.  Marshall;  Cranbrook,  Kent,  Jan.  I8th,  1901. 


59 


SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London. — December  5tli,  1900. — Mr. 
G.  H.  Verrall,  President,  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Jacoby  exliibited  speci- 
mens of  Hi/pocephalits  annatus  irom  Bahin  and  Chrt/someln  salisburiensis, 
a  new  species,  from  Mashoualand.  — Mr.  Bower  exhibited  a  specimen 
of  Spilof;oma  montanxim,  an  Asiatic  species,  bred  from  a  larva  found  at 
the  beginning  of  September,  1897,  feeding  on  birch  on  a  moor  near 
Paisley.  The  larva  hybernated  and  spun  a  cocoon  the  following 
spring,  not  feeding  after  hybernation.  Moth  bred  June  2nd,  1898.  The 
larva  was  given  to  Mr.  Wm.  Smith,  of  Paisley,  by  a  friend  who  found 
it  on  a  moor  used  by  the  Glasgow  Corporation  for  rubbish,  the  supposi- 
tion being  that  the  ovum  or  larva  had  been  introduced  with  the  refuse 
matter. — Mr.  McLachlan  exhibited  a  female  of  a  Dragonfly  of  the 
genus  Tetracanthaijijua,  from  North  Borneo,  similar  to  T.  vittata,  McLach., 
but  with  a  very  broad  ante-apical  fascia  on  the  wings,  and  with  some 
asymmetrical  markings.  He  said  there  might  be  a  question  as  to  the 
specific  identity  or  otherwise  of  the  insect.  And  there  was  also  the 
question  as  to  whether  the  insect  described  by  Mr.  C.  0.  Waterhouse 
as  Gi/nacantlia  phuiiata  in  the  'Transactions'  for  1878  was  specifically 
the  same.  Mr.  Waterhouse  was  of  opinion  that  the  species  was 
distinct. — Mr.  R.  Adkin  exhibited  two  aberrant  male  specimens  of 
Arfiijimis  ar/laia.  In  one  of  them  the  basal  two-thirds  of  all  the  wings 
were  almost  completely  covered  with  black,  and  broad  black  streaks 
crossed  the  remaining  third  of  the  wings  to  the  outer  margin,  following 
the  venation.  In  the  other  specimen  the  peculiarity  consisted  in  the 
presence  of  a  greenish-white  blotch  on  each  of  the  wings  on  the  left 
side,  similar  in  character  to  the  pale  blotches  not  infrequently  observed 
in  A.  paphiii.  Both  specimens  were  taken  near  Brighton  in  July  last, 
where  the  species  was  unusually  abundant. — Papers  were  communi- 
cated, on  "  Observations  on  some  species  of  Orina,  a  genus  of  vivi- 
parous and  ovo-viviparous  beetles,  by  Mr.  G.  C.  Champion  and  Dr. 
T.  A.  Cliapuian,"  reported  by  Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman ;  "  Illustrations  of 
the  sixth  male  ventral  segment  in  seventeen  Osmia  species  of  the 
Adu'ica  group,  with  a  note  on  the  synonymy  of  three  species,  and 
descriptions  of  five  which  appear  to  be  new,"  by  the  Rev.  F.  D.  Morice, 
M.A. ;  and  an  obituary  notice  of  the  late  Dr.  Otto  Staudinger,  by  Mr. 
H.  J.  Elwes,  F.R.S. — C.  J.  Gahan  and  H.  Rowland-Brown,  Hon.  Sees. 

Wednesdai/.  Januart/  IQth,  1901. — The  sixty-eighth  annual  meeting. 
Mr.  George  H.  Verrall,  President,  in  the  chair.  After  an  abstract  of 
the  Treasurer's  accounts,  showing  a  large  balance  in  the  Society's 
favour,  had  been  read  by  one  of  the  Auditors,  the  Secretary  read  the 
Report  of  the  Council.  It  was  then  announced  that  the  following  had 
been  elected  Oflfii^ers  and  Council  for  the  Session  1901-1902.  President, 
the  Rev.  Canon  Fowler,  M.A.,  F.L.S. ;  Treasurer,  Mr.  Robert 
McLachlan,  F.R.S. ;  Secretaries,  Mr.  Herbert  Goss  and  Mr.  H. 
Rowland-Brown  ;  Librarian,  Mr.  George  C.  Champion, ;  and  as  other 
members  of  the  Council,  Professor  T.  Hudson-Beare,  F.R.S.E., 
and  Messrs.  R.  Adkin,  Charles  G.  Barrett,  William  L.  Distant,  H.  St. 
J.  Donisthorpe,  Charles  J.  Gahan,  Robert  W.  Lloyd,  Edward  Saunders, 
G.  H.  Verrall,  and  Colbran  J.  Wainwright. — The  President  referred  to 
the  losses  the  Society  had  sustained  during  the  past  session  by  the 


60  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

deaths  of  Mr.  Spence,  the  Baron  de  Selys-Longchauips,  Mr.  Blatch, 
Major  George  Cockle,  Mr.  Philip  Crowley,  Lord  Dormer,  Mr.  J.  H. 
Leech,  Dr.  W.  H.  Lowe,  Professor  Joseph  Mik,  Professor  Emile 
Blanchard,  Dr.  Staudinger,  and  other  entomologists.  He  then  delivered 
an  address.— A  vote  of  thanks  to  the  outgoing  President  was  proposed 
by  the  Rev.  Canon  Fowler,  seconded  by  Colonel  Swinhoe,  and  carried. 
— H.  Goss  and  H.  Rowland-Brown,  Hun.  Sees. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. — 
November  8(/t.— The  President  in  the  chair.  Tne  Annual  Exhibition 
of  Varieties  was  held  on  this  evening,  and  was  a  most  successful  and 
interesting  meeting.  Mr.  B.  Adkin,  a  bred  Vanessx  {EiKjoiiia)  ixilt/cldorus 
with  a  very  pale  ground  colour  ;  a  Tripluenajinibria  having  tlie  black 
band  on  the  hind  wings  extending  along  the  inner  margin ;  and 
examples  of  (Jatocala  pruniissn  with  paler  upper  wings,  and  hind  wings 
with  narrow  and  straight  median  band.  Mr.  Wnikley,  (Jatocahi  nupta 
var.  carulescens,  taken  in  August,  1892.  Mr.  R.  Adkin,  varieties  of 
Aniyiinis  ayluia  (1)  with  basal  two-thirds  black,  except  a  yellow  dis- 
coidal  spot  (on  the  under  side  the  silver  spots  were  reduced  to  two  on 
each  hind  wing  ;  (2)  with  greenish  blotch  on  both  left  wings,  similar  to 
those  frequently  found  in  A.  papliia;  (3)  with  black  spots  on  the  central 
portion  of  the  under  side  run  together  into  irregular  bands  ;  (4)  two 
unusually  daik  females,  one  having  an  unpigniented  patch  on  both 
left  wings  ;  also  a  long  series  of  Melanippe,  (/aliata,  showing  extreme 
variation  in  the  width  and  intensity  of  the  band.  Mr.  Urwick,  a 
graduated  series  of  variations  of  Abraj-as  uhnata  from  smoke-coloured 
to  almost  white ;  hermaphrodite  var.  of  Anpjnnts  paplua,  having  the 
right  wings  var,  valezina,  and  the  left  wings  ordinary  male  type,  except 
a  few  dark  splashes ;  a  suffused  var.  of  the  same  species  ;  several 
vars.  of  Lithosia  quadra  showing  variation  in  depth  of  colour  and 
absence  of  spots ;  a  sagittate  variety  of  EpinepJiele  liyperanthus  and  grey 
forms  of  the  same  species  ;  a  richly  banded  form  of  Kplujra  jiendiilaria; 
and  sixteen  very  striking  varieties  of  Chelonia  plantayinis,  showing  a 
complete  gradation  between  the  extreme  form  with  pure  white  ground 
colour  and  black  markings  to  a  much  intensified  form  of  var.  hospita, 
being  an  inbred  series.  Mr.  Nevinson,  Malacosonm  castrensis  showing 
extreme  variation  ;  a  light  form  of  Lasiucampa  trifolii ;  light  and  dark 
forms  of  Cosmotriche  potatoria  ;  Arctia  caia  with  radiated  black  markings 
on  hind  wings  ;  hybrids  Pi/ipxra  cnrtula  X  T.  piyra  ;  light  and  dark 
Hfiiotkis  pdtiyera  ;  a  banded  form  of  Zonosoma  Unetnia  ;  and  extreme 
light  and  dark  forms  of  Melanippe  Jiuctuata.  Mr.  F.  M.  B.  Carr,  an 
example  of  Diloha  candeocephala,  in  which  the  8-mark  is  represented 
by  two  small  spots  ;  a  Curemia  propiiynnta  (desiynata)  with  a  very 
narrow  brown  transverse  band,  and  one  without  a  trace  of  the  flame 
colour  ;  and  a  male  Malacusovia  viistria  with  scarcely  any  sign  of  the 
pale  transverse  Imes.  Mr.  H.  J.  Turner,  a  series  of  Callimorpha  hera, 
taken  in  August  at  Dawlish,  showing  a  complete  gradation  in  colour 
between  the  rich  red  of  the  type,  through  the  terra-cotta  form  to  the 
brilliant  yellow  form,  var.  lutescens ;  and  a  very  long  and  varied  series 
of  BrynpkUa  viuralis  {ylandi/era)  from  the  same  place,  remarkable  in 
all  the  forms  being  dark,  many  of  a  rich  yellow  brown  coloration,  most 
with  black  markings  conspicuous,  and  in  all  the  hind  wings  were  dark, 
and  in  some  very  dark.     Mr.  Adkin  and  Mr.  Colthrup,  series  of  the 


SOCIETIES.  61 

latter  species  from  Eastbourne  and  Folkestone  respectively  to  compare 
with  them.  In  Mr.  Colthrup's  series  was  a  specimen  with  the 
"cottage-loaf"  mark  cut  asunder  by  a  broad  streak  of  black,  a  most 
unusual  form.  Mr.  Lucas,  a  series  of  nine  Libelhda  quti/h  itnacuhitn, 
showmg  a  complete  gradation  between  the  type  and  an  extreme 
example  of  the  v aw  jucBinibila.  Mr.  Chittenden,  a  large  number  of 
varieties  taken  or  bred  mostly  from  Kent,  including  Btipnhis  piniaria, 
right  side  female,  left  side  male  coloration  ;  dark  brown  Diepana 
fiilcula:  red,  dark,  and  light  forms  of  TcBiiincampa  (jracilis ;  dark  and 
light  forms  of  Pachetra  Icuco/iiuea  ;  Fhitpilia  pedaria,  dark  vars.  ; 
Hi/hernia  mmyinaria,  intermediate  forms  and  wsbr. /iisc((t(i  :  and  extreme 
light  and  dark  forms  of  Cidana  iiitnuinata,  Aplectn  pmsiiia,  Xi/lophasia 
woiioyli/pha,  &c.  Dr.  Chapman,  a  number  of  specimens  of  several 
European  species  of  the  genus  Krehia,  to  show  that  the  most  well- 
marked  forms  tend  to  have  black  spots  with  a  white  pupil  in  each 
marginal  cell,  set  in  a  bright  brown  band,  which  may  invade  a  con- 
siderable area  of  the  wing ;  while  at  the  other  extreme  tiie  d;irk 
ground  colour  may  cover  the  whole  wing  to  the  exclusion  of  all  the 
spots.  Mr.  J.  P.  Barrett,  to  show  variation  in  size,  (1)  Ciduis  In/ale,  one 
2|  in.,  another  1:^  in.  in  expanse;  (2)  Eimumos  alnutria,  one  2^  in., 
another  1^  in.  in  expanse;  a  pure  yellow  var.  of  Aspilates  citraria 
without  lines  ;  and  a  specimen  of  the  spring  brood  of  A  tj  rot  is  putris. 
Mr.  H.  Moore,  forms  of  Papilio  machium  from  Greece,  India,  the  Amur, 
and  Japan  (var.  hippooates)  ;  and  a  series  of  /'.  xutlms  from  China  and 
Japan.  Mr.  A.  Harrison,  long  and  varied  series  of  Xanthia  tmrago, 
Miselia  oxyacantha  with  var.  capucina,  and  Scopelosuma  satellitia  taken  at 
sugar  near  Chingford  in  October.  Mr.  Main,  two  CoUns  edusa  var. 
helu-e,  bred  from  ova  laid  by  a  female  helice  taken  at  Hanwell.  Mr. 
Mera,  dark  varieties  of  Abraxas  <jrossulariata ;  and  a  Ccenomjmpha 
pamphiius,  having  the  left  wing  on  the  under  side  of  the  colour  of  the 
upper  wing.  Kev.  J.  Tarbat,  very  dark  Ruber nia  defoliaria,  small  and 
varied  Tanaijra  atrata,  and  bred  Staumpus  f/n/i  from  spring  ova.  Mr. 
Kemp,  F.pinephele  hijperanthus  (1)  witli  apical  ocelli  wanting,  (2)  a 
bleached  variety  ;  and  a  similar  variety  oi  E.  tithonns.  Mr.  Nicholson, 
Catocala  sponsa,  with  left  upper  wing  entirely  suffused  with  umber- 
brown  ;  Pararije  eijeria,  a  bred  specimen  thinly  scaled  with  obscure 
markings ;  Pieris  rupee,  with  an  indistinct  spot  on  the  disc  of  the  hind 
wings  ;  Mamestra  brassica,  of  a  uniform  shiny  leaden  grey  colour  ;  and 
a  series  of  Melanippe  Jiuctaata,  including  var.  costovata,  and  several 
banded  forms  resembling  M.  suciuta.  Mr.  Cole,  Catocala  nupta  var. 
carulesceus,  taken  on  sugar  at  Brondesbury :  and  a  var.  of  C.  hijale, 
with  a  broad  elongated  splash  of  black  on  the  under  side  of  the  fore 
wings.  Mr.  Kirkaldy,  long  series  of  various  species  of  waterbngs, 
especially  Xotouecta  i/lauca  and  var.  iuacnlata,  to  show  colour  variation, 
and  how  unreliable  it  is  as  a  specific  character.  Mr.  Kaye,  a  specimen 
of  Papilio  viacliaon,  with  the  submarginal  band  of  the  fore  wings 
internally  edged  with  a  broad  black  baud,  and  with  the  discoidal  spot 
enlarged  into  a  blotch  uniting  with  the  band  ;  and  a  specimen  of 
HtjdrocaiHpa  staijna/is,  with  several  of  the  transverse  markings  much 
diminished  or  obsolete.  Mr.  Buckstone,  Po/yommatus  icarus,  female, 
with  blue  right  upper  wing,  and  a  specimen  smaller  than  Cupido 
minima.  Mr.  Newman,  Smerinthus  ocellatus,  variety  ;  dark  forms  of 
Ennomos    (Bhiyonia)  J'liscantaria :  and    a   red    form  of   Xoctua   neqlecta. 


62  THR    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Mr,  Brooks,  bred  Acheruntia  atropos,  with  a  very  pale  variety,  and  one 
with  very  broad  and  dark  markings  ;  a  Pyranieis  atalanta  with  a  pale 
border  on  one  hind  wiug  ;  a  black  fringed  SpUosoma  radiata ;  a  very 
varied  series  of  Melanippe  hastata  :  and  living  pupae  of  the  first  named, 
which  he  distributed  to  the  members. 

November  22n(/.— The  President  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Cane,  of  East 
Dulwich,  was  elected  a  member.  Mr.  Adkin  exhibited  a  varied  series 
of  Abraxas  (irossnlariata  and  coutributed  notes.  Mr.  Ashly,  a  long  and 
varied  series  of  the  Coleopteron,  Onthophaiius  caeca,  from  Willesden. 
Mr.  F.  M.  B.  Carr,  series  of  ToEniocampa  (jothica  taken  at  sallow  in  the 
New  Forest,  at  Easter,  in  1899  and  1900  ;  and  a  pair  of  Trichiura 
cratarji,  bred  from  larvge  taken  at  Hailsham.  Mr.  Turner,  a  number 
of  species  of  Lepidoptera  and  a  few  specimens  of  other  orders,  from 
Dawlish,  and  read  notes  on  the  fauna  of  that  place,  entitled,  "  Desultory 
Days  at  Dawlish  in  August,  1900.'" 

December  ISth. — The  President  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Nottle,  of  Lower 
Sydenham,  and  Mr.  R.  L.  Hewitt,  of  Lewisham,  were  elected  members. 
Mr.  Turner,  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Tnnaley,  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Spilodes 
paleaih  taken  in  the  Isle  of  Wiglit  in  July,  with  five  specimens  of 
Aclierontia  atropua  bred  from  larvfe  taken  at  Purlock,  North  Devon.  Mr. 
R.  Adkin,  living  examples  of  Caradrina  ambir/iia,  bred  on  Dec.  12th  from 
South  Devon  ova,  and  presented  them  to  the  Society's  collection.  Mr. 
Clarke,  a  specimen  of  Locusta  viridissima  from  Deal,  and  presented  it 
to  the  Society's  collection.  Mr.  Turner,  large  and  well-bred  examples 
of  Ocneria  dispar.  Mr.  Sich,  an  example  of  Oporabia  autumnata,  bred 
November  7th,  from  a  larvae  taken  on  ehn  in  Sussex.  Mr.  Manger,  a 
number  of  species  of  Rhopalocera  taken  in  and  around  Ladysmith, 
Natal,  including  Fieris  hellica,  Colias  electra,  C  hijale,  Pyrameis  cardui, 
Precis  sesamiis,  Tenicoli  Johnston i,  ifec.  Mr.  MacArthur,  a  large  number 
of  Arcda  caia,  including  one  with  very  pale  wings.  Mr.  Tutt,  speci- 
mens of  an  Alpine  form  of  Pohjommatm  dorilis,  and  made  remarks  on 
the  double-broodedness  of  the  species.  Mr.  Kemp,  a  Psocid  Clothilla 
shidiosa.  Mr.  Moore,  a  specimen  of  Ophion  lateum,  and  said  that  he 
frequently  took  this  species  of  Ichneumon  in  October  and  November. 
Dr.  Chapman,  a  number  of  specimens  prepared  to  show  the  various 
points  in  his  paper.  "  Some  Wing-structures  in  Lepidoptera." 

Januarii  10th,  1901.— The  President  in  the  chair.  Mr.  R.  Adkin 
exhibited  a  specimen  of  Hepiah(s  sylvanus,  which  he  took  on  the  downs 
near  Birling  Gap,  Sussex,  September  4th,  while  drying  its  waigs  on  a 
plant  of  viper's  bugloss  {Eehium  vulrpire),  together  with  the  pupa  skin, 
which  he  found  protruding  from  the  root  of  the  same  plant.  Dr.  Chap- 
man exhibited  a  nice  series  of  Arrpjunis  thore,  an  Alpine  species  from 
Pontresina,  6,000  feet.  Mr.  H.  J.  Turner,  specimens  of  Locusta  viri- 
disdma  from  Ventnor,  where  it  was  common  in  1899,  and  a  specimen 
of  the  milk  thistle,  Carduus  {SUi/bum)  marianum,  found  on  the  downs 
near  Swanage.  Mr.  Montgomery,  long  bred  series  of  Colias  edusa  and 
var.  helice,  with  intermediate  forms  and  contributed  notes.  Mr.  Lucas, 
specimens  of  the  land  shell,  Ciamilia  laminata  and  var.  albinos.  Mr. 
F.  Noad  Clarke,  with  the  lantern,  a  large  number  of  Photomicrographs 
of  Lepidopterous  ova,  and  contributed  notes.  The  whole  of  the 
photographs  were  very  skilfully  produced,  and  were  all  to  one  scale  of 
size. — H.  J.  Turner,  Idon.  Rep.  Sec. 


68 


RECENT   LITERATURE. 

John  B.  Smith.  Insects  of  New  Jersey.  Suppt.  27  Ann.  Rep.  State 
Board  of  Agriculture  for  New  Jersey  for  1899  (1900,  755  pp. 
and  2  maps  ;  328  figs.). 

This  comprehensive  catalogue  is  an  extension  of  a  similar  list  pre- 
pared some  ten  years  ago.  After  introductory  chapters  on  the  deve- 
lopment of  insects,  the  injury  caused  by  them,  insecticides,  machinery, 
&c.,  a  complete  list,  so  far  as  is  known,  is  given  of  all  the  insect 
orders,  twenty-two  of  these  being  recognized.  Brief  diagnoses  of  the 
families  are  followed  by  an  euumeratiou  (after  each  family)  of  the 
species,  with  locahties.  Three  hundred  and  twenty-eight  figures  of 
the  more  noteworthy  insects  are  inserted,  either  in  tlie  text  or  in  full- 
page  plates ;  most  of  these  are  from  well-known  sources,  such  as  Dr. 
Smith's  own  'Experiment  Station  Reports,'  Riley's  Missouri  lieports, 
and  those  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  The 
second  map  (of  New  Jersey,  showing  the  location  of  the  San  Jos6 
Scale  Colonies)  is  by  mistake  numbered  fig.  392  instead  of  329. 

A  very  useful  feature,  for  local  workers,  is  the  "Index  to  Localities" 
(pp.  703-20),  stating  the  best-known  centres  for  collecting,  and  their 
characteristics.  The  total  number  of  New  Jersey  Insecta  is  8537 
species,  an  increase  of  2439  since  the  first  edition,  ten  years  ago : 
Coleoptera,  with  2845;  Lepidoptera,  with  1570;  Diptera,  with  1193; 
and  Hyraenoptera,  with  1718,  have  been  the  most  fully  worked  orders 

G.  W.  K. 


E.  A.  Ormerod.   Flies  Injurious  to  Stock  (London,  1900,  80  pp.  24  figs.). 

This  little  work  is  professedly  a  compilation,  to  a  large  extent  from 
the  authoress's  previous  writings,  for  the  use  of  those  interested  or 
engaged  in  farm-work.  At  the  same  time  it  contains  a  large  amount 
of  information  anent  the  habits  of  the  various  British  Diptera  impli- 
cated, particularly  (Extras  oc/.s  (by  misprint  in  list  of  subjects  "oi-inus") 
and  Melophaijiis  oviniis  on  sheep ;  (iastrophilus  equi,  Hlppobosca  equina, 
seven  TabanidiB  and  Hijpoilermit  sp.  on  horse  ;  and  Hijpoderwa  bovis  on 
ox.  The  work  ought  to  be  in  every  British  entomologist's  library,  and 
it  is  for  this  reason,  and  on  account  of  the  nominal  price,  that  a 
longer  notice  is  not  given.  The  only  fault  of  the  book  is  the  length  of 
the  extracts  from  correspondence,  which  could  probably  have  been 
much  abbreviated,  and  the  gist  of  the  matter  more  ably  submitted  to 
the  reader  in  the  authoress's  own  words. 

G.  W.  K. 


Coleoptera. — R.  Scholz  records  (1900,  Illus.  Geit.  fur  Entom.  298),  a 
beetle,  Stenocorus  fusciatus,  Fabr.,  with  monstrous  abdomen.  The  first 
ventral  segment  is,  according  to  the  author,  twisted  out  of  its  place ; 
the  second  segment  is  smashed,  part  (on  the  left  side)  being  anterior 
to  the  first,  part  (on  the  right  side)  being  posterior  to  the  first. 
G.  DE   Rossi  records   {I.  c,   813)    an  example  of    Geotrypes  spiniyer, 


64  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Marsh.,  of  which  the  left  elytron  is  entirely  red;  a  male  example  of 
Ptinns  bruiinms,  Dft.,  with  a  round  vesicle  {Blase)  on  each  elytron;  one 
of  Melasowa  cutireuni,  Fb.,  which  lias  only  the  rudiment  of  an  anterior 
tarsus  with  the  claw-segment;  Adalia  hipunctata,  L.,  with  the  left 
elytron  var.  lurhsti,  the  right  var.  jn-ind.  In  nine  hundred  examples  of 
Lfptinotarsii  lO-Hneatd,  Say,  only  three  were  abnormal. 

J.  JozsA  notes  (1900,  '  Kovartani  Lapok,'  p.  152,  with  2  figures  and 
resu)ne  14)  a  monstrosity  of  Carabus  Itonipei,  Kust.,  collected  at  Dees. 
The  left  posterior  femur  is  very  strongly  thickened  and  divided  into  two 
parts  close  to  tlie  apex  ;  from  each  of  these  parts  arises  a  normal  tibia; 
on  the  upper  tibia  are  arranged  in  a  row  the  normal  five  tarsal  seg- 
ments ;  on  the  under  tibia  there  are  only  two  tarsal  segments,  the 
second  of  which  is  somewhat  flat  and  pointed  at  the  apex. 

Diptera. — J.  J.  Kieffer  discusses  the  Claws  and  Arolia  in  the 
Diptera  (1900.  "  Ueber  die  Krallen  und  die  Haftlappchen  der  Di- 
ptereu,"  in  Illustr.  Zeitschr.  fiir  Entom.,  v.  pp.  337-40.     Plate). 

L.  Weber  notices  the  Diptera  parasitic,  &c.,  on  Man  and  the  other 
"higher  Mammalia")  Abh.  Ber.  Ver.  Naturk.  Cassel.,  xlv.  pp.  1-20 
[?  Sep.] . 

Hymenoptero, — W.  Pospjelow  contributes  an  article  on  the  para- 
sites of  the  Hessian  Fly  (Ctciduim/ia  destructor)  in  Eussia(1900,  Illustr. 
Zeitschr.  fiir  Entom.,  261-4  ;  6  figs.). 

BhynchotK. — W.  W.  Froggatt  monographs  the  Australian  Psyllidse 
(1900,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  New  South  Wales,  250-802  ;  plates  xi.-xiv.) ; 
10  genera  (3  new)  and  25  species  (18  new)  are  described. 

Economic  EntomnUnjij. — W.  W.  Froggatt  has  lately  published  (1900) 
a  number  of  small  pamphlets  on  Australian  Insects,  in  the  "  Miscel- 
laneous Publications  "  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  of  New  South 
Wales,  viz. : — 

(a)  "  Notes  on  AustraUan  Coccidae,"  no.  858,  9  pp.,  1  plate. 

(/i)  "  Plague  Locusts."  no.  363,  9  pp.,  1  plate. 

(y)  "The   Hessian   Fly    {Cecidowyia   destructor,    Say)   and    allied 
Grain  Pests,"  no.  369.  6  pp.,  1  plate. 

(3)  "Insects  living  in  Figs,  with  some  account  of  Caprification," 
no.  388,  10  pp.,  1  plate. 

(e)  "  Insects  and  Birds,"  no.  387  ;  11  pp. 
Also  a  pamphlet — which  appears  from  negative  evidence  to  be  a  sepa- 
rate publication — on  "Scale  Insects  that  produce  Lac";  5  pp.  and 
1  plate. 

Fossil  Kntomologij. —  Herbert  Goss.  "The  Geological  Antiquity 
of  Insects."  2iid  edition  (Gurney  &  Jackson) ;  52  pp.  Practically  a 
reprint  of  the  useful  first  edition  published  twenty  years  ago,  with  a 
preface  embodying  the  more  recent  discoveries  of  Palaeozoic  Insects. 
Unfortunately  tlie  author  lias  been  unable  to  discuss  the  vast  mass  of 
information  aneut  fossil  Kainozoic  insects  published  within  the  last 
decade  by  Scudder  and  others. 

G.  W.  K. 


Eniomologist,  March,  1901. 


Plate  I. 


1 


W.  J.  Lucas,  del. 


4- 


West,  Newman,  photo-typ. 


1.  Anal  Segments  of  Ischnura  pumilio  g  (x  Iti). 

2.  Anal  Segments  of  „         elegana  ^   (x  12), 

8.  Abdomen  of  Pyrrhoaoina  nymphula   J   var.  ( x  3). 

4.  Abdomen  of  ,,  tenellum       J   var.  ( x  3). 

5.  Abdomen  of  ,,  ,,  J   var,  ( x  3). 


Entomologist,  March,  1901. 


Plate  II. 


West,  Neiniitni,  iihoto-typ. 


First  and  Second  Segments  of: — 1.  Aiirioii  pulcJieUinn  J  ;  2.  A.  pnelhi  J 
B,  A.  Iiustitlutiiin  J  ;  4,  .(.  incrcuriale  ^  ;  5,  Knalhujtna  iiiathincruin  J  . 

All  much  magnified. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIV.]  MARCH,     1901.  [No.  454. 


ODONATA    IN    1900. 

By  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

Plates  I.  and  II. 

Though  perhaps  somewhat  earHer  than  m  1899,  yet  the 
spring  dragouflies  were  rather  slow  to  assume  the  imaginal  con- 
dition. Specimens  of  what  were  probably  LibelliLla  quadrimacu- 
lata  were  certainly  noticed  as  early  as  April  22nd — one  inEpping 
Forest  (A.  Harrison),  and  another  at  Merton,  in  Surrey  (J.  S. 
Brocklesby)  ;  one  or  two  Pyrrhosoma  uipnphula  were  found  on 
Esher  Common  on  May  5th,  and  at  the  same  place,  on  May  13th, 
a  male  of  Enallagma  cyathigerum,  and  another  of  CorduUa  cenea, 
both  but  just  emerged  ;  a  specimen  of  L'lhelUda  depressa  was 
secured  in  the  New  Forest  on  May  16tli  (W.  J.  Cross),  and 
Ischiura  elegans  (S.  W.  Kemp)  was  taken  at  Acton  the  next  day. 
But  still  it  was  not  till  the  very  end  of  May  that  the  earlier 
species  began  to  appear  at  all  commonly,  and  even  at  the  begin- 
ning of  June  many  of  them  were  still  in  a  very  teneral  condition 
as  regards  colouring.  Passing  to  the  end  of  the  season,  Pyrrho- 
soma tenellum,  which  was  first  seen  in  the  New  Forest  at  the  very 
beginning  of  June,  was  last  taken  on  September  16th  ;  E.  cyathi- 
gerum (first  seen  May  13th)  lasted  a  little  longer,  till  September 
22nd.  .Eschna  mixta  was  about  in  some  numbers  on  Esher 
Common  till  October  7th  at  least.  Sympetrum  scoticum  and 
S.  striolatum  were  seen  on  Esher  Common  on  October  28th,  and 
the  last  no  doubt  might  have  been  found  in  decreasing  numbers 
for  about  three  weeks  longer,  till  the  middle  of  November,  after 
which  date  I  have  never  seen  it. 

No  specimen  of  Sympetrum  vulgatum  seems  to  have  been  de- 
tected during  1900,  but  I  have  to  record  a  male  which  I  possess 
myself.     It  is  labelled  "  Richmond  Park,  September  11th,"  and 

liNTOM. — MAKCH,    1901.  ¥ 


(56  THE    KNTOMOLOGIST. 

was  taken  in  1898,  but  was  put  away  unset,  not  being  dis- 
tinguisbed  at  tbe  time  from  S.  striolatum,  which  it  so  closely 
resembles.  Males  of  Sijmpetrum  flaveolum  were  again  present  on 
Ockham  Common,  and  Major  Kobertson  secured  a  male  at  Denny 
Bog,  in  the  New  Forest.  No  females  were  again  detected. 
Should  we  still  consider  their  presence  due  to  an  immigration  ? 
Dr.  F.  A.  Walker  took  both  sexes  in  Alderney  in  June  and  July. 
Males  and  females  of  Siimpetrum  sanguineum  were  taken  on 
Ockham  Common.  Could  it  have  been  overlooked  when  for 
several  seasons,  a  few  years  since,  Mr.  C.  A.  Briggs  worked  the 
locality  so  carefully?  The  species  was  received  from  Hors- 
monden,  in  Kent  (E.  South). 

About  Libellula  quadrimaculata  the  most  interesting  point  is 
a  large  migration  noticed  in  the  west  of  Europe  in  June.  By 
some  continental  observers  it  was  thought  to  have  come  from 
England.  The  reverse,  however,  was  the  case.  At  Margate,  on 
June  10th,  Mr.  H.  Stocks  observed  an  immigration  of  what  by 
description  must  have  been  dragonfiies  of  this  species.  The  same 
flight  was  also  observed  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Mann  between  Margate  and 
Broadstairs  the  same  day  :  Mr.  Mann  took  three  specimens.  On 
June  19th  Mr.  G.  Bolam,  of  Berwick,  wrote  to  the  Editor  of  the 
'Entomologist,'  saying  that  he  had  seen  an  immigration,  pre- 
sumably on  July  17th :  that  it  was  of  L.  quadrimaculata  was 
proved  by  the  specimen  forwarded  for  identification.  Part  of  the 
migration  appears  to  have  reached  Huddersfield  (vide  Entom. 
xxxiii.  pp.  210,  247,  248).  Libellula  fulva  does  not  seem  to  have 
been  noticed  during  the  season. 

Orthetrum  ccernlescem  was  again  very  common  in  the  New 
Forest.  It  was  just  coming  on  the  wing  during  the  first  days  of 
June,  when  one  was  taken  (F.  M.  B.  Carr)  with  lateral  dark 
bands  on  the  abdomen,  somewhat  like  those  in  its  British  con- 
gener. A  nymph-skin  was  obtained  on  June  5th  in  the  company 
of  a  newly-emerged  imago,  and  another  as  late  as  the  end  of 
July.  They  somewhat  resemble  Sympetrum  scoticum  in  general 
appearance,  but  are  darker  and  slightly  incrusted  with  mud. 
Apparently  they  are  bred  in  the  very  wet  boggy  ground  rather 
than  in  the  pools  or  streams.  A  new  Surrey  locality  is  Chob- 
ham  Common  (E.  Vincent).  A  female  of  Orthetrum  cancellatum 
was  taken  by  Mr.  D.  Kirkaldy  at  the  Broads— an  interesting 
capture,  as  there  have  been  no  records  of  late  years  except  from 
the  South  of  England. 

A  specimen  of  Gomphus  vulgatissimus  was  taken  at  Walton- 
on-Thames  (A.  B.  Higgs),  and" Mr.  McLachlan  tells  me  he  took 
several  at  Weybridge  in  1871;  many  nymph-skins  were  also 
taken  at  Eynsham,  in  Berkshire  (A.  East).  These  points 
strengthen  the  position  of  G.  vidqatissimus  as  a  Thames  insect. 
Two  captures  in  the  middle  of  last  century  (i9th)  have  been 
made  known  for  Sussex. 


ODONATA    IN    1900.  67 

On  June  17tli  a  fine  female  Cordulegaster  an nnlat us  was  tnken 
on  Esher  Common,  Surrey.  It  was  at  rest  on  the  vegetation  by 
the  margin  of  the  pond,  and  when  captured  did  not  attempt  to 
fly.  It  died  in  the  box  on  the  way  home,  and  when  captured 
was,  no  doubt,  in  a  moribund  condition.  What  was  its  origin  ? 
But  one  locahty  in  the  county —  Ottershaw,  near  Chertsey — had 
previously  been  recorded  for  the  species.  On  June  3rd  a  male 
was  taken  in  the  New  Forest  (F.  M.  B.  Carr)  by  the  side  of  the 
nymph-case,  from  which  it  had  recently  emerged.  The  latter  was 
of  a  peculiar  appearance — broad  head  and  tiny  prominent  eyes, 
sturdy  form,  and  sharply  tapering  abdomen,  hairy  at  the  sutures. 
The  nymph  apparently  lives  in  the  mud,  for  the  dingy  skin  of 
this  specimen  was  somewhat  encrusted  with  it.  L.  Cabot's 
figure  of  the  slightly  immature  nymph  in  his  "  Immature  State 
of  the  Odonata  "  gives  a  good  idea  of  the  full-grown  form. 

Atiax  imperator  was  bred  on  June  13th.  A  nymph  had 
crawled  up  out  of  the  water  about  10  o'clock  the  previous 
evening,  but  had  fallen  back  again  into  the  water.  In  all  proba- 
bility it  must  have  crawled  up  again  very  quickly,  for  it  had 
emerged  (a  male),  and  was  full-grown  with  wings  expanded  by 
6  o'clock  the  next  morning.  By  6.30  it  had  flown  ofl'  from  its 
support.  As  regards  immature  colouring,  head,  eyes,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  were  in  general  yellowish  green,  but  there  was  a 
slightly  bluish  tinge  on  parts  of  the  abdomen.  The  costal  mar- 
gin of  the  wings  and  the  pterostigma  were  pale  yellow.  The 
divisions  between  the  segments  of  the  abdomen  were  yellowish, 
and  they  were  of  the  same  colour  when,  a  day  or  two  later,  the 
insect  was  killed.  The  segments  themselves  were  then  of  a 
strange  lavender-green  tint.  The  species  was  as  usual  pretty 
plentiful  on  Esher  Common,  bnt  very  diflicult  to  catch. 

On  June  6th  Brachijtron  pratense  was  taken  (F.  M.  B.  Carr) 
at  Hatchet  Pond,  in  the  New  Forest.  A  nymph  which  was  bred 
early  in  June  remained  some  days  with  its  head  above  water 
before  disclosing  the  imago. 

One  of  the  most  striking  features  of  the  season  was  the  com- 
parative abundance  of  the  usually  scarce  dragonfly  .Eschna 
mixta  ;  but  so  wary  an  insect  is  it,  that  the  captures  in  all  pro- 
bability have  not  been  really  numerous.  A  considerable  number 
of  localities  have,  however,  been  added  to  the  half  dozen  or  so 
previously  known.  These  are — Surrey  :  near  Elstead  (W.  J.  L.) ; 
Sussex :  Worthing  (F.  Summerson)  ;  Camber  Sands  (?  whether 
1900.  E.  Connold)  ;  Kent:  Shoreham  (A.  Buckstone) ;  Kings- 
gate  (H.  Sauze),  Ramsgate  and  Hythe  (C.  Colthrup),  Folkestone 
(S.  Hills)  ;  Hants:  New  Forest  (W.  J.  L.)  ;  Dorset:  Abbotsbury 
(W.  J.  L.)  ;  Essex:  Pitsea  (H.  J.  Turner),  Loughton  (F.  M.  B. 
Carr);  Norfolk:  Cromer  (S.  Blenkarn),  Mundesley-on-Sea  (S. 
Kemp).  On  Esher  Common  the  species  was  very  plentiful. 
There  may  have  been  an  immigration,  but  if  so  females  came 

F  2 


68  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

also  ;  it  is,  however,  more  probably  an  instance  of  the  periodical 
abundance  of  an  insect  without  any  clear  reason,  for  early  speci- 
mens were  immature,  and  it  would  seem  therefore  must  have 
been  bred  here.  Has  the  succession  of  warm  summers  anything 
to  do  with  the  increase  in  numbers  ?  Eev.  A.  East'smost  inter- 
esting observations  and  experiments  in  connection  with  Mschna 
cyanea  have  been  recorded  in  this  magazine,  and  it  will  therefore 
only  be  necessary  now  to  give  the  references  to  them  (Entom. 
xxxiii.  pp.  88,  211, 257  ;  vide  also  xxxiii.  p.  350,  and  xxxiv.  p.  53). 
xiLschna  isosceles  still  awaits  a  rediscoverer. 

Although  the  Channel  Islands  are  not  geographically  in  the 
British  Islands,  it  may  be  well  to  note  that  Dr.  F.  A.  Walker 
took  Lestes  harhara  commonly  in  Alderney. 

At  the  canal  between  Byfleet  and  Weybridge  a  few  imagines 
of  Platyanemis  pennipes  were  found  by  Mr.  H.  Stocks  and  myself, 
and  I  again  bred  the  species  from  a  New  Forest  nymph.  Mr. 
East  also  took  the  imago  by  the  Thames  near  Bablockhythe. 
Er>)thromnia  naias  was  bred  by  Mr.  F.  Enock  from  nymphs  taken 
at  Loughton. 

In  the  New  Forest  last  season  I  captured  two  extreme  forme 
of  the  female  of  Pi/rrhosouia  tenellum — one  with  abdomen  black- 
bronze,  the  other  with  abdomen  crimson  like  that  of  the  male. 
For  purposes  of  reference  and  description,  I  will  call  the  former 
var.  (eneatiim,  and  the  latter  var.  rubratum.  In  ceneatiim  (PI.  I. 
fig.  5)  all  the  segments  are  black-bronze  except  narrow  circlets 
at  the  sutures,  which  are  yellow  interrupted  with  bronze  ;  the 
ventral  surface  of  the  abdomen  is  yellow.  Mr.  A.  H.  Hamm 
took  several  specimens  of  the  same  form  in  Devonshire,  at 
Newton  Abbot  and  Bovey  Tracey.  It  is  probably  only  a  co- 
incidence that  the  nymph-skin  of  a  specimen  bred  of  this  variety 
was  perceptibly  darker  than  the  skin  of  a  nymph  which  produced 
a  normal  female.  Mr.  J.  C.  Dale  took  this  variety  in  Dorset 
(De  Selys,  '  Revue,'  p.  181).  A  year  or  two  since  I  took  in  the 
New  Forest  an  intermediate  form.  In  rubratum  (PI.  I.  fig.  4) 
all  the  segments  are  crimson,  but  there  are  narrow  black  circlets 
between  segments  2-7  at  least ;  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  thorax 
is  entirely  black-bronze,  the  face  also  is  as  in  the  male.  I  have 
so  far  met  with  only  two  or  three  specimens,  all  in  the  New  Forest. 
De  Selys  describes  this  variety  ('  Revue,'  p.  181),  and  refers  to 
an  intermediate  form.  Before  leaving  this  species  I  might  say 
that  the  nymph  closely  resembles  that  of  P.  mjmphula  in  minia- 
i^\  -puring  an  emergence  observed  on  June  23rd  the  "  rest  " 
which  lasted  eleven  minutes  was  taken  with  the  head  and 
thorax  upright. 

Pyrrhosoma  mjmphula  has  also  a  var.  cEiieatum  (PL  I.  fig.  3). 
ihe  dorsal  surface  of  all  the  segments  is  practically  black-bronze, 
except  the  circlet,  which  is  yellow,  interrupted  mid-dorsally  with 
black-bronze  ;  the  sides  are  yellow,  and  so  are  the  markings  on 


ODONATA    IN    1900.  69 

head  and  thorax.  They  were  taken  by  Mr.  F.  M.  B.  Carr  and 
myself  in  the  New  Forest  early  in  the  season ;  perhaps  later  on 
the  yellow  might  have  changed  to  crimson  ;  in  fact,  in  one 
specimen  at  least  it  seemed  to  be  doing  so,  especially  towards 
the  apex  of  the  abdomen.  De  Selys,  however  ('Eevue,'  p.  179), 
in  speaking  of  the  same  variety,  describes  the  not-black  parts  as 
yellow. 

Early  last  year  Mr.  S.  A.  Blenkarn  brought  for  my  inspection 
several  dragonflies  which  he  had  taken  daring  the  previous 
season.  Amongst  them  were  two  or  three  specimens  of  the  long- 
lost  Ischnura  pumilio.  Strange  to  say,  in  the  beginning  of  June 
last  year,  Messrs.  Carr  and  myself  found  the  species  in  a  very 
restricted  locality  in  the  New  Forest,  and  between  us,  after  dili- 
gent search  on  three  or  four  days,  secured  eleven  specimens, 
two  only  being  females  and  both  belonging  to  var.  aurantiaca. 
It  is  still  more  strange  that  Mr.  Blenkarn,  while  collecting  in 
Abbot's  Wood  in  July  last,  should  capture  two  more  examples  of 
the  same  species,  Mr.  Blenkarn  gave  me  two  of  his  specimens, 
and  some  of  the  remainder  are  in  the  cabinet  of  Mr.  G.  T.  Porritt. 
The  most  striking  point  of  distinction  between  males  of  /.  pumilio 
and  its  congener  Ischmua  elec/ans  lies  in  the  position  of  the  blue 
spot  near  the  apex  of  the  abdomen.  This  will  be  seen  better 
from  PL  I.  figs.  1,  2,  than  from  a  lengthened  description.  It 
should  be  recollected  that  in  the  female  of  /.  elegaus  the  blue 
spot  is  present,  from  that  sex  of  /.  pumilio  it  is  absent.  I 
visited  the  locality  in  the  New  Forest  again  at  the  end  of  July, 
but  pumilio  was  over. 

Perhaps  more  satisfactory  than  the  capture  of  I.  pumilio  is 
the  discovery  in  Scotland  of  a  species  new  to  the  British  list. 
Amongst  some  dragonflies  captured  in  Strathglass  by  Colonel 
Yerbury  was  a  single  male  of  Agrion  hastulatum.  In  the  usual 
way  the  male  of  this  species  is  easily  distinguished  from  Enallagma 
cyathigerum,  which  in  general  appearance  it  closely  resembles,  by 
the  spots  on  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  second  segment  (see  PI.  II. 
figs.  3  and  5).  The  two  lateral  spots  are,  however,  sometimes 
absent,  as  is  the  case  in  the  Scotch  example,  and  the  remaining 
spot  resembles  the  corresponding  spot  on  some  forms  of  E. 
cyathigerum.  However,  on  consideration  of  other  less  conspicuous 
points  of  difference,  the  Scotch  insect  has  been  found  to  be  a 
true  Agrion  Jiastulatum,  and  we  hope  soon  to  find  the  number  of 
captures  increased,  when  amongst  them  will  no  doubt  be  found 
examples  of  the  typical  form. 

It  should  be  stated  that  many  new  localities  for  the  common 
species  have  been  found  during  the  year ;  but  the  list  is  too 
lengthy  for  insertion  here. 


70  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST, 

NEUROPTERA,    OTHER    THAN    ODONATA,    IN    1900. 
By  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

So  few  localities  for  many  of  the  Nenroptera  have  heen 
recorded  that  perhaps  a  list  of  my  captures  in  1900,  even  of 
common  species,  may  be  of  interest.  They  were  not  collected 
systematically. 

PsociD^. — Stenopsocus  cmciatus,  New  Forest,  August  13th  ; 
Elipsocus  unipunctatas,  Esher  Common,  July  1st ;  E.  abieti,  New 
Forest,  August  13th. 

Perlid^. — Cliloropeiia  grammatica,  New  Forest,  beginning  of 
June ;  Isopteryx  torrentium,  New  Forest,  beginning  of  June ; 
Leuctra  {nigra  probably),  Esher  Common,  May  19th;  Nemoura 
inconspicua,  Esher  Common,  May  19th  and  September  10th; 
N.  variegata,  Esher  Common,  May  19th. 

Ephemerid^.  —  Ephemera  vulgata,  Byfleet  Canal,  Surrey, 
July  8th  ;  Leptophlehia  siibinarginata,  Esher  Common,  May  19th; 
New  Forest,  beginning  of  June  ;  Cloeon  simile,  Ockham  Common, 
June  23rd ;  C.  nifidum,  New  Forest,  July  28th. 

Planipennia. — Sialis  lutaria,  Esher  Common,  May  19th  and 
June  17th ;  New  Forest,  beginning  of  June ;  Raphidia  notata, 
Esher  Common,  July  14th;  R.  macidicollis,  Esher  Common, 
May  19th  and  June  10th;  Osmyhis  macidatus,  New  Forest, 
June  4th ;  Hemerobius  nitididus,  Esher  Common,  April  24th, 
May  19th  ;  H.  micans,  near  Horsley,  Surrey,  May  30th  ;  New 
Forest,  August  13th ;  H.  stigma,  Esher  Common,  January  6th, 
February  25th,  March  10th,  April  24th,  May  19th,  June  17th, 
September  1st,  December  16th ;  H.  concinnus,  very  numerous, 
Ocldiam  Common,  Surrey,  June  23rd  ;  Chrysopa  flavifrons,  at 
sugar,  New  Forest,  August  11th;  C.  tenella  {\n'ohiih\y),  Esher 
Common,  June  10th  ;  C.  vulgaris,  New  Forest,  August  7th ;  near 
Studland,  August  8th  ;  C.  phyllocliroma,  New  Forest,  July  31st ; 
C.  perla,  Esher  Common,  June  10th  and  17th ;  Coniop)teryx 
aleyrodiformis,  Esher  Common,  May  19th;  Panorpa  communis, 
New  Forest,  beginning  of  June  ;  P.  germanica,  Bagley  Wood, 
Berks,  August  29th ;  near  Claygate,  Surrey,  September  10th. 

Trichoptera. — Phryganea  varia,  Esher  Common,  June  30th  ; 
Glyphotcslius  pellucidus,  Esher  Common,  May  19th;  near  Chert- 
sey,  Surrey,  July ;  Umnophilus  affinis,  near  Studland,  Dorset, 
August  8th;  L.  centralis,  Esher  Common,  May  19th  ;  near  Esher, 
June  30th  ;  Micropterna  sequax,  near  Horsley,  Surrey,  July  7th  ; 
Sericustoma  jjersoyiatum,  New  Forest,  beginning  of  June  ;  Goera 
pilosa,  New  Forest,  beginning  of  June  ;  Leptocerus  cinereus,  Wey- 
bridge,  Surrey,  June  24th,  July  8th ;  L.  alboguttatus,  Kingston- 
on-Thames,  June;  Holocentropus picicornis,  near  Ockham,  Surrey, 
June  23rd;  Cyrniis  trimaculatus,  Weybridge,  June  24th. 


71 


THE     NAVAL     MANCEUVRES     OF     1900,     FROM     AN 
ENTOMOLOGIST'S    POINT    OF    VIEW. 

By  T.  B.  Fletcher,  R.N.,  F.E.S. 

Though  the  connection  between  the  naval  manoeuvres  and  a 
scientific  magazine  may  at  first  sight  appear  rather  distant,  I 
have  thought  that  a  few  entomological  extracts  from  my  log  for 
the  period  may  prove  of  interest. 

We  commissioned  H.  M.  S.  '  Edinburgh  '  at  Chatham  on 
July  10th,  and  left  Sheerness  on  the  l'2th  for  Portland,  which 
\yas  the  rendezvous  of  the  "  A  "  Fleet.  It  was  much  too  busy  a 
time  just  now  to  do  any  collecting,  though  visions  of  Portland's 
far-famed  products  in  the  way  of  Acidalia  degeneraria  and  Agrotis 
prcecox,  with  Thymelicus  actcBon  quite  in  the  neighbourhood, 
seemed  to  offer  temptation  enough.  All  the  ships  having  joined 
the  flag,  we  left  again  on  July  16th  for  Berehaven,  where, 
however,  our  stay  proved  to  be  only  for  five  hours,  as  we  were 
hurried  on  to  Lough  Swilly. 

Here  we  had  a  day  or  two  before  hostilities  commenced,  so  I 
managed  to  get  ashore  on  July  21st.  There  were,  however,  not 
many  butterfiies  about,  though  it  was  a  bright  afternoon  and  hot 
enough  climbing  the  hills  in  the  sun.  Epinephele  ianira  was  the 
commonest  species  on  the  wing ;  the  markings  on  the  under  side 
of  the  hind  wings  seem  more  pronounced  than  usual.  Satyrus 
semele,  two  only,  apparently  just  emerging.  Lyccena  icarus, 
common  in  cornfields.  Pieris  najn,  one  only.  P.  brassiccB, 
common.  When  I  left  England  in  1896  I  had  not  seen  one  for 
two  or  tbree  years.  I  think  it  was  in  1894  that  they  seemed 
suddenly  to  disappear,  but  now  they  have  apparently  become  as 
common  as  ever.  Camptogramma  bilineata,  one,  beaten.  The 
absence  of  moths  seems  remarkable. 

On  July  26th  we  left  Lough  Swilly  to  make  a  long  detour 
into  the  Atlantic  and  up  the  Channel  to  Qaeenstown,  and  by  the 
time  we  got  there  hostilities  had  ceased.  After  another  stay  of 
a  few  days  at  Portland  we  returned  to  Sheerness  to  pay  ofi",  and 
now  there  was  more  leisure  for  collecting. 

On  August  11th  I  took  the  net  out  along  the  clay  cliffs  of 
Sheppey — well-known  to  fossil-hunters.  In  the  Dockyard,  on 
the  way,  I  saw  a  few  worn  Stiljynotia  salicis  on  the  poplars,  and 
a  Macroglossa  stellatarum  buzzing  around  a  coal-heap,  an  object 
which  seems  to  exercise  a  great  fascination  for  this  species. 
Arrived  at  the  cliffs,  the  lucerne  fields  were  found  to  be  the  great 
attraction,  being  simply  alive  with  insect  life.  Colias  edusa  was 
represented  by  a  few  specimens,  but  C.  liyale  was  simply  in 
scores.  This  latter  is  more  easily  captured  than  edusa,  but  must 
be  caught  at  the  first  stroke  of  the  net,  for,  once  alarmed,  pursuit 
through  the  heavy  lucerne  is  almost  useless.    Gonepteryx  rhamni, 


72  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

one  male,  quite  fresh.  Pieiis  hrassicce  and  P.  rapce,  abundant. 
P.  najji,  one  female  only.  Aglais  (Vaiiessa)  urticce,  very  common. 
Vanessa  polychloros,  V.  io,  and  Pyrameis  atalanta,  single  speci- 
mens of  each.  P.  cardui,  common.  Pararge  megcera,  a  few  of 
the  second  brood ;  just  emerging.  Einnephele  ianira  and  E. 
tithonus,  abundant,  but  worn  and  tattered.  Lyccena  astrarche, 
one.  L.  icarus,  several  on  grassy  patches,  but  none  on  the 
lucerne.  Hei^peria  thainnas  {linca),\  few,  very  worn,  along  the 
cliffs.  I  netted  all  I  saw  in  hopes  of  lincola,  which  occurs  here, 
but  they  were  all  thaumns.  Anthrocera  Jilipenduke,  one  colony, 
about  half-way  down  the  cliffs.  Spilarctia  menthastri,  one  larva. 
Bryophila  perla,  one,  on  a  gate-jiost  in  the  town.  Eremohia 
ochroleuca,  two,  both  at  rest  on  flower-heads.  Hadena  trifolii, 
one,  flying  round  the  lucerne  in  the  sunshine.  Plusia  gamma, 
absolutely  in  thousands  round  the  lucerne.  Strenia  clatJtrata,  a 
few  along  the  cliffs.  Euholia  limitata,  common  amongst  mallow. 
E.  hipunctaria,  one  only. 

On  August  14th  I  went  out  along  the  cliffs  again.  It  was 
beautifully  bright  and  hot,  but  a  strong  easterly  breeze,  which 
got  up  in  the  afternoon,  could  well  have  been  dispensed  with 
from  a  collecting  point  of  view.  Colias  hyale  and  C.  edusa  were 
again  abundant  in  the  lucerne  fields,  the  latter  being  now  more 
plentiful.  Of  C.  hyale  I  took  a  very  nice  white  female.  Pieris 
hrassicce  and  P.  rapce,  common ;  full-fed  larvae  and  pupse  of 
P.  rapce.  Aglais  urticce,  a  few ;  several  chrysalids  near  nettles. 
Pyrameis  cardui,  common.  P.  atalanta,  several  full-fed  larvae  on 
nettle.  The  larva  spins  a  leaf  together  lengthwise  and  pupates 
inside  it.  E.  ianira  and  tithonus,  common,  but  very  worn. 
L,  icarus,  common;  one  "dwarf"  specimen.  Chrysophanus 
phloeas,  one  only.  M.  stellatarum,  one,  on  lucerne.  Porthesia 
siniilis  (auriflua),  several  settled  on  leaves  at  the  bottoms  of 
hedges.  Plusia  gamma,  abundant  on  the  lucerne.  Strenia 
clathrata,  common.  Hepialus  sylvanus,  one,  on  a  post  in  the 
Dockyard. 

On  August  16th  I  lauded  again  with  the  net.  It  was  beauti- 
fully fine  and  bright,  but  there  was  a  north-easterly  breeze, 
which  was  much  too  strong  for  the  butterflies,  and  few  were 
about  except  in  sheltered  corners.  Colias  hyale  and  edusa, 
abundant  iri  the  lucerne  fields.  Aglais  urticce,  only  one  butterfly, 
but  quantities  of  larvae  of  all  ages.  Vanessa  polychloros,  one  at 
rest  under  a  hedge.  Pararge  megcera,  common  along  the  sunny 
sides  of  hedges,  out  of  the  wmd.  E.  ianira  and  tithonus,  common 
along  hedges,  but  very  worn.  Coenonympha  pamphilus,  common. 
Chrysophanus  phloeas,  one,  very  worn.  Cyaniris  {Lyccsna)  argiolus, 
one  worn  male  along  a  hedge.  L.  icarus,  common.  L.  astrarche, 
one.  Smerinthus  ocellatus,  a  fine  larva  on  willow.  Plusia  gamma, 
not  nearly  as  plentiful  as  previously.  It  seems  as  if  they  had 
dispersed  or  migrated.     The  difference  in  numbers  was  to-day 


ON    THE    FKMALE    POUCH    IN    ACR^A.  73 

most  striking.  Two  clays  ago  there  were  thousands  on  the  wine 
round  the  lucerne  flowers ;  to-day  a  few  solitary  specimens  wer? 
all  that  remained. 

This  concludes  my  collecting  during  the  manoeuvres.  Except 
for  the  last  week  at  Sheerness,  which  yielded  twenty  species  of 
butterflies,  there  were  few  opportunities  of  collecting,  if  we  omit 
1  iiiea  bisehella,  which  was  only  too  abundant  on  board  '  It  is 
evident  that  1900  will  long  be  remembered  as  "  the  great  Colias 
year,"  but  I  do  not  recollect  having  seen  in  the  magazines  any 
previous  record  of  either  species  from  Sheppey. 

H.M.S.  '  Gladiator,'  Mediterranean  Station. 


ON    THE     FEMALE    POUCH    IN    ACBMA. 
By  Guy  A.  K.  Marshall,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 

In  the  November  issue  of  the  '  Entomologist '  Dr.  Chapman 
raises  an  interesting  question  as  to  the  significance  of  the  curious 
anal  pouch  which  is  found  in  the  females  of  Parnassius  It 
may  therefore  be  as  well  to  record  the  fact  that  a  similar  struc- 
ture occurs  in  the  females  of  Acraa,  these  being,  I  believe  the 
only  two  genera  of  butterflies  which  exhibit  this  pecuharity'and 
it  seems  at  least  probable  that  it  may  serve  the  same  purpose 
in  both  cases.  ^ 

A  year  or  two  ago,  when  writing  to  me  on  this  subject 
rrotessor  Poulton  suggested  that  possibly  the  structure  mi^ht  be 
of  use  in  guiding  the  egg  during  oviposition,  or  even  that  the 
egg  might  be  carried  in  it  until  a  suitable  place  for  it  had  been 
found.  Therefore,  in  order  to  obtain  some  evidence  for  the 
former  proposition,  I  carefully  watched  several  examples  of 
Acrcea  caldarena  and  A.  nohara-halali  during  the  act  of  laying 
their  eggs.  As  a  result  of  this  I  found  that  the  egg,  on  extru- 
sion, did  not  in  any  way  come  into  contact  with  the  pouch,  this 
latter  being  placed  too  much  upon  the  ventral  surface  of  the 
abdomen  to  render  it  of  any  use  for  the  purpose  of  oviposition 
indeed  in  some  cases  it  appeared  to  be  rather  an  obstruction 
than  otherwise,  for  in  the  food-plant  of  these  Acrcece  the  sides  of 
the  leaves  sometimes  fold  together  rather  closely,  and  more 
than  once  I  have  seen  a  female  trying  to  insert  her  abdomen  in 
such  a  place,   but  prevented  from  doing  so  by  the  projecting 

Again,  both  the  position  and  construction  of  the  pouch 
render  it  highly  improbable  that  it  can  be  used  for  the  purpose 
of  transporting  the  eggs,  and  although  I  have  caught  some 
hundreds  of  the  insects  at  various  times,  I  have  never  yet  found 
this  to  be  the  case. 


74  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Further,  so  far  as  the  genus  Acr^a  is  concerned,  the  struc- 
ture cannot  be  used  for  jerking  the  eggs  away,  as  suggested  by 
Dr.  Chapman  for  Paniassitis,  for,  as  stated  above,  the  eggs  do 
not  touch  it ;  and,  besides,  in  the  six  species  of  Acnea  which  I 
have  seen  laying  their  eggs,  these  were  always  deposited  on  the 
plant,  and  not  jerked  away. 

I  am  thus  inclined  to  believe  that  in  Acr^ea  the  sac  has  no 
connection  with  oviposition,  but  that  its  use  consists  in  protect- 
ing the  gravid  females  from  the  advances  of  unattached  males. 
But  the  question  then  arises,  why  the  female  Acrcea  should 
require  this  special  protection.  In  reply  thereto  I  may  say  that, 
so  far  as  my  observation  goes,  in  all  our  South  African  butter- 
flies, "  marriage  by  courtship  "  is  the  rule,  with  the  exception  of 
the  Acrseas,  among  which  "marriage  by  capture"  is  certainly  a 
frequent,  and  probably  the  general,  method ;  at  least,  I  have 
observed  its  occm-rence  in  no  less  than  eight  different  species  of 
the  genus.  The  male  Acrcea  does  not  indulge  in  the  graceful 
fluttering  and  "showing-off"  which  is  so  characteristic  of  the 
courtship  of  most  butterflies,  but  his  chief  idea  seems  to  be  to 
seize  the  female  with  his  legs.  In  the  case  of  the  sylvan 
A.  petr(Ea  and  A.  horta  I  have  frequently  seen  a  male  capture  a 
female  in  mid-air  by  grappling  the  costa  of  her  fore  wing,  thus 
bearing  her  to  the  ground,  when,  after  a  few  seconds,  they  would 
fly  away  paired.  In  the  open  veldt  species,  as  doubledayi, 
nohara,  violarum,  &c.,  the  female  is  more  often  pounced  upon 
while  settled  on  the  ground. 

The  importance  of  some  protection  for  the  female  while 
laying  her  eggs  under  these  cirucmstances  is  sufficiently  evident, 
and  the  development  of  the  pouch  has  therefore  been  probably 
fostered  by  natural  selection.  However,  there  is  evidence  to 
show  that  the  protection  afforded  by  the  secretion  of  this  process 
is  not  absolute,  for  I  have  taken  three  females  in  which  the  sac 
has  been  duplicated,  which  I  can  only  attribute  to  the  result  of 
a  second  pairing.  In  every  case  both  sacs  were  more  or  less 
distorted  or  abnormal  in  shape,  and  it  is  therefore  probable  that 
the  second  pairing  must  have  taken  place  almost  immediately  after 
the  first,  that  is,  whilst  the  first  pouch  was  still  soft  or  pliable. 
If  this  be  so,  these  exceptions  need  not  invalidate  the  supposition 
that  that  the  pouch,  when  hardened,  would  offer  a  sufficient 
obstruction  to  the  use  of  the  complicated  male  claspers.  It  may 
be  mentioned,  that  after  a  certain  time  the  sac  is  more  easily 
detached  from  the  ventral  plate,  and  it  is  thus  frequently  want- 
ing in  old  and  battered  specimens. 

In  those  butterflies  in  which  courtship  precedes  pairing  the 
male  soon  ceases  his  attentions  after  persistent  refusal;  but 
among  many  of  the  Pieridse  a  characteristic  attitude  is  adopted 
by  the  female  for  this  purpose.  The  wings  are  laid  flat  on  the 
ground,  but   directed  so  much  backwards  that  the  fore  wing 


EXPERIMENTS    IN    HYBRIDIZATION    AND    TEMPERATURE.  75 

almost  entirely  conceals  the  hind  wing,  and  the  abdomen  is 
raised  high  in  the  air.  As  pairing  generally  takes  place  from 
the  side  in  these  butterflies,  such  a  position  effectually  prevents 
it;  and  from  the  numerous  cases  which  have  come'^under  my 
notice,  I  can  have  but  little  doubt  that  the  significance  of  the 
attitude  is  appreciated  by  the  male. 

It  will  be  of  much  interest  to  learn  whether  there  is  any 
reason  to  believe  that  the  mating  habits  of  Pamassius  are  similar 
to  those  of  Acma;  for,  if  it  be  so,  it  will  lend  considerable 
support  to  the  explanation  of  the  pouch  proposed  above. 

Salisbury,  Mashonaland  :  December,  1900. 


SYNOPSIS  OP  EXPERIMENTS  IN  HYBRIDIZATION  AND 
TEMPERATURE  MADE  WITH  LEPIDOPTERA  UP  TO 
THE    END   OF   1898. 

By  Prof.  Dr.  Max  Standfuss, 

(Concluded  from  p.  13.) 

These  peculiar  phenomena  will  be  more  easily  understood  by 
two  observations  made  by  Darwin,  who  gathered  a  lot  of  inte- 
resting material  about  these  matters  in  his  wonderful  works. 

Firstly,  he  cites  a  number  of  facts,  which  apparently  prove 
the  presence  of  characters  which  are  present  in  a  latent  form  in 
the  living  creature,  and,  under  normal  conditions,  remain  latent. 
He  states,  that  there  exist  in  all  females  secondary  male 
characters  in  a  latent  form,  and,  vice  versa,  which  are  in  a 
state  of  quiescence,  but  are  ready,  under  certain  conditions,  to 
develope. 

Secondly,  Darwin  proves  the  existence  of  a  correlative  change, 
in  fact,  the  correlation  of  parts  of  the  living  organism.  A  special 
case  of  correlation  of  characters  is  that  between  primary  and 
secondary  sexual  characters.  Stags,  whose  testicles  have  been 
injured  either  by  a  shot  or  in  any  other  manner,  grow  monstrous 
+u  ^^^'j  ^^  ^°^  testicle  is  entirely  lost,  the  horn  on  that  side  of 
the  body  ceases  entirely  to  develope. 

It  is,  further,  by  no  means  rare  for  female  individuals,  whose 
genital  apparatus  has  been  injured,  removed  by  an  operation,  or 
become  atrophied  by  age,  to  acquire  secondary  male  sexual 
characters ;  as,  on  the  other  hand,  the  male  may  acquire 
secondary  female  sexual  characters.  These  facts  are  to  be 
traced  to  the  presence,  in  a  latent  form,  of  the  characters  of  the 
other  sex. 

In  our  special  case  of  gynandromorphic  structures  among 
secondary  hybrids,  the  malformation  and  degeneration  of  the  egg- 


76  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

germs  of  these  forms  are  to  be  traced,ii  chiefly,  to  the  evil  influ- 
ence on  the  sexual  products  exercised  by  the  primary  hybrid 
parents  ;  and,  secondly,  in  a  lesser  degree,  to  their  own  hybrid 

oi^igiii-  ...         LA 

The  appearance  of  a  male-female  form— that  is,  in  outward 

appearance— is,  therefore,  directly  connected  with  this  degenera- 
tion and  malformation  of  the  egg-germs.  It  would  be  of  great 
interest  to  ascertain  the  condition  of  the  genital  products  of 
female  hybrids  capable  of  reproduction.  The  hybridization  ex- 
periments, recently  tried  with  other  Bombycid  species,  whose 
female  hybrids  produce  numerous  and,  to  outward  appearance, 
normal  eggs,  can  be  used  for  such  a  study. 

It  may  here  be  observed,  that  the  close  correlation,  which 
undoubtedly  exists  between  the  structures  situated  in  the  centre 
of  an  organism,  the  germ  products,  and  the  secondary  sexual 
characters  situated  on  the  outer  periphery  of  the  body— centri- 
fugal relationships,  as  we  may  call  them — make  probable  the 
existence,  on  the  other  hand,  of  close  correlation  in  a  reversed  or 
centripetal  direction ;  that  is  to  say,  changes  which  appear  in 
the  periphery,  also  those  which  owe  their  appearance  to  factors 
of  the  outer  world,  cause  changes  in  the  central  organs,  that  is, 
the  egg-germs  and  their  products.  An  influence  in  a  centripetal 
direct'ion  actually  occurred  in  the  frost  experiments  with  regard 
to  the  altered  markings  of  Vanessa  urticce,  as  the  latter  were 
actually  transmitted  to  the  offspring.  The  warmth  experiments 
with  the  pupte  of  Rhodocera  rhamui  exhibit  a  singular  example  of 
the  resulting  centrifugal  influence. 

A  number  of  females  obtained  by  this  experiment  had  almost 
entirely  taken  over  the  male  coloration.  Those  female  individuals 
which  were  experimented  with,  while  throwing  off  the  larval  skin  or 
as  fresh  pupse,  were  especially  influenced  in  the  direction  of  male 
coloration.  But  these  latter  also  showed  a  distinct  crippling  of 
the  egg-germs,  which  could  generally  be  observed  from  the  out- 
side, by  a  noticeable  shrinkage  of  the  whole  abdomen  of  freshly- 
emerged  specimens.  As  a  result  of  the  latest  experiments  may 
be  mentioned,  that  the  females  of  Saturnia  cacigena,  Cup., 
obtained  feathered  antennse,  which   otherwise  are   confined  to 

the  male. 

These  females  were  obtained  from  pupae,  which  were  experi- 
mentally compelled  to  hybernate,  and  these  insects  also  showed 
a  decided  and  anatomically  easily  proved  crippling  of  the  egg- 
masses.  The  experimental  influence  on  the  egg-germs  is  in 
both  cases  bilaterally  symmetrical,  and  following  the  correlative 
alteration  in  the  periphery  of  the  body  in  an  entirely  systematic 
manner,  even  when  the  change  is  only  partial.   These  are,  then, 

11  Compare  0.  Hertwig  (' Zeit  imd  Streitfragen  der  Biologie.'  Jena: 
G.  Fischer,  1894,  pp.  120,  121). 


EXPERIMENTS    IN    HYBKIDIZATION    AND    TEMPERATURE.  77 

phenomena  closely  related  to  gynaudromorphism.  On  the  other 
hand,  it  is  obvious  that  the  individuals  are  not  hermaphrodites. 
The  females  remain  females,  only  their  fertility  has  suffered  by 
the  experiment,  or  has  been  destroyed  by  the  same. 

At  this  opportunity  it  would  be  well  to  mention,  that  female 
germs  seem  to  be  much  more  sensible  to  influences  than  the 
male. 

Firstly,  all  were  females  in  the  above-mentioned  temperature 
experiments,  at  least  as  far  as  our  present  experience  goes. 

Secondly,  the  gynandromorphic  individuals  of  the  secondary 
hybrids  are  predominantly  female  in  their  character. 

Thirdly,  the  fact  that  the  female  hybrids,  with  rare  ex- 
ceptions, are  not  capable  of  reproduction,  whereas  the  male 
hybrids  are  always  fertile. 

Fourthly,  must  here  be  mentioned  the  inclination  of  female 
individuals  to  sterility  when  badly  fed,  if  this  want  of  food  is 
caused  by  man  (I  have  mentioned  such  instances  in  my  book 
'  Paliiarctische  Gross-Schmetterlinge,'  pp.  194,  195),  or  from 
the  habits  of  certain  social  insects — for  instance,  Hymenoptera 
(ants  and  bees)  and  Termites.  Prof.  Emery  (Bologna)  has 
pul)lished  many  facts  about  this  alimentary  castration,  as  he 
calls  it,  of  ants  ('  Compte-rendu  des  seances  du  troisieme  congres 
international  de  Zoologie,'  Sept.  IGth  to  '21st,  1895 :  Leyde, 
pp.  395-410). 

But  now  to  return  to  the  continuation  of  the  hybridization 
experiments  in  1897.  Among  the  primary  hybrids  obtained  in 
the  first  crossings  between  the  Saturnias  spini,  pyri,  and  pavonia, 
neither  in  my  own  experiments  nor  in  those  made  by  others  was 
a  single  primary  hybrid  obtained  which  was  capable  of  repro- 
duction, even  in  the  slightest  degree,  when  crossed  with  one 
another,  only  one  secondary  hybrid.  No.  18,  was  fertile  to  a 
slight  degree. 

Moreover,  no  other  primary  hybrid  bred  by  me  had  the 
necessary  qualifications,  with  the  exception  of  the  crossing 
between  Zygcena  trifolii  3  and  Z.  Jilipendalce  $  ;  and  that  cross- 
ing was,  at  that  period,  unfortunately  not  investigated  with 
regard  to  this  question ;  nor  has  such  a  capability  of  reproduc- 
tion been  noticed  in  any  of  the  other  Lepidopterous  hybrids  which 
have  been  reared  up  to  the  present. 

It  was  not  to  be  expected,  according  to  present  experience, 
that  this  blank  in  the  experiments  could  be  filled  by  related 
species  which  exhibited  marked  differences  in  physiognomical 
aspect ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  nearly  related  types,  with 
habitats  either  entirely  or  nearly  entirely  separated,  could  not 
be  used  for  the  experiment.  In  the  latter  case,  there  was  always 
the  possibility  that  these  were  only  local  races  of  the  same 
species.  It  is  well  known  that  local  races  of  the  same  species 
often    exhibit    highly    important    physiognomical    differences. 


78  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Moreover,  forms  had  to  be  selected  which,  although  nearly 
related,  were,  however,  undoubtedly  specifically  distinct,  but 
with  common  habitat. 

The  Drepana  species,  falcataria,  L.,  and  curvatida,  Bkh.,  and 
the  various  species  of  the  genus  Pygara — pigra,  Hfn.,  curtula, 
L.,  and  anachoreta,  F. — fulfilled  these  conditions. 

Fertile  crosses  between  Drepana  curvatida  3"  ?ind  falcataria  ?  , 
and  between  Pi/gara  curtula  3-  and  pigra  ?  ,  and  curtula  3  and 
anachoreta  ?  ,  were  obtained.  All  these  crossings  were  success- 
fully reared  to  the  imago. 

The  hybrid  of  the  two  hook  tips  (PI.  IV.  figs.  5  and  6),  which, 
in  honour  of  my  colleague.  Dr.  H.  Rebel,  of  the  Vienna  Natural 
History  Museum,  I  have  named  Drep.  hyhr.  rebeli,  mihi,  paired 
very  easily,  and  the  females  laid  a  varying  number  of  eggs, 
which,  to  outward  appearance,  were  normal. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  embryos  developed  in  a  number  of  these 
eggs,  but  finally  none  of  the  larvae  escaped  from  the  shells;  they 
all  died  in  the  egg.  Three  eggs  which  were  opened  contained 
normally  developed,  though  dead,  caterpillars. ^^ 

The  hybrid  brood  of  Pi/ga-ra  curtula  3  a^nd  pigra  2  produced 
normal  male  and  female  (PI.  IV.  figs.  11  and  12).  A  pairing  of 
this  form,  owing  to  the  short  life  of  the  imago,  would  hardly 
have  been  possible,  as,  curiously  enough,  the  male  imagines 
developed  much  faster  than  the  female,  which  is  not  the  case  to 
such  a  degree  in  pure  species  of  this  genus.  Therefore  a  number 
of  large,  apparently  strong  males  were  placed  in  the  cellar,  and 
again  brought  into  ordinary  temperature,  when  the  females 
belonging  to  this  form  commenced  to  emerge.  In  this  manner 
five  pairings  of  this  hybrid  were  obtained,  and  the  five  females 
laid  eggs  in  the  following  numbers  :  85,  103,  112,  121,  154.  In 
a  fair  number  of  these  eggs  larvae  developed,  but  the  majority 
of  these  did  not  emerge.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  from  the  103 
developed  5;  the  121,  12;  and  the  154,  17  larvae. i=^  All  these 
took  readily  to  their  food,  and  seemed  to  promise  a  successful 
development.  This  could,  however,  only  be  followed  for  a  short 
time,  as  on  August  22nd,  1897,  I  was  suddenly  called  to  North 
Germany  on  pressing  duties.  The  larvae  had  to  be  sleeved  out 
on  a  willow  tree,  and  there  all  died. 

The  rearing  of  the  last  hybrid  to  be  mentioned — P.  curtula  3 
and  P.  anachoreta  $  — produced  a  curious  result.  The  greater 
number  of  the  larvae  rapidly  obtained  their  growth,  and  about 

12  In  1898  a  small  number  of  these  caterpillars  emerged  from  the  egg, 
but  breeding  them  was  not  successful,  although  the  little  larvae  were  full  of 
life.  They  took  very  little  or  no  food,  and  all  died  within  forty-eight  hours 
after  leaving  the  egg.  ,  .     ,    ,     ,         ,         .      „ 

13  In  1898  I  also  obtained  offspring  from  this  hybrid,  and  again  from 
numerous  pairs,  but  the  larvae  soon  died,  in  spite  of  good  weather  and  food  ; 
they  apparently  were  wanting  in  energy- 


EXPERIMENTS    IN    HYBRIDIZATION    AND    TEMPERATURE.  79 

the  middle  of  June  pupated,  and  during  tbe  same  montli  pro- 
duced imagines,  which  were  one  and  all  males  (PI.  IV.  fig.  14). 
These  crossed  back  with  anachoreta  ?  produced,  at  the  beginning 
of  August,  a  further  imaginal  generation,  but  again  only  males ; 
all  the  female  pupa  of  this  secondary  hybrid  hybernated.  The 
secondary  hybrid  males  and,  as  has  been  since  found,  also  the 
females  are  much  nearer  to  P.  anachoreta,  but,  by  exact  com- 
parison, ditier  in  a  regular  manner  from  the  last-named  species, 
especially  in  the  reduction  of  the  group  of  dark  spots  at  the 
dorsal  angle  of  the  upper  side  of  the  fore  wings.  The  above- 
mentioned  secondary  h3'brid  males  were  again  paired  with 
anachoreta  2  ,  and  produced  offspring,  which,  however,  on 
account  of  press  of  other  work,  were  sleeved  out,  and  not  noted 
further.  14 

The  minority  of  the  primary  hybrid  larvffi  of  the  crossing — 
P.  curtida  ^  xP.  anachoreta  9  — developed  very  slowly,  and  in  a 
somewhat  difi'erent  physiognomical  form  to  the  first  series ; 
whereas  the  former  was  an  intermediate  form,  which  stood 
nearest  to  the  phylogenetically  oldest  form,  curtida,  but  which, 
however,  had  distinct  traces  of  its  anachoreta  origin ;  the  slow 
developing  larva  obtained  more  and  more  the  characters  of  pure 
curtida  larvie.  On  Aug.  loth,  1897,  when  the  offspring  of  nephews 
— obtained  from  the  other  portion  of  the  brood,  which,  however, 
were  treated  in  exactly  the  same  manner — were  in  the  larval 
stage,  not  a  single  one  of  this  second  series  had  pupated,  and 
only  two  individuals  were  nearly  full  grown,  which  were  much 
larger  than  a  big,  full-grown  anachoreta  larva.  One  of  these  two 
individuals  pupated  on  the  21st,  and  the  other  on  the  23rd  of 
August;  both  were  females.  1"'  All  the  remaining  specimens  of 
this  series  would  no  doubt  have  been  females,  but  they  all  died 
during  my  absence  from  Zurich.  During  this  time  the  imagines 
had  also  emerged  from  the  two  pupte  obtained ;  I  found  them  at 
the  beginniug  of  October  still  alive,  but  knocked  to  pieces ;  they 
were,  as  far  as  could  be  seen  from  their  condition,  mostly  related 
in  form  to  the  phylogenetic  oldest  of  the  parent  species.     Both 

1*  In  the  autumn  of  1898  a  small  number  of  imagines  of  this  pairing, 
No.  80  (see  Table,  No.  15),  were  reared.  They  resulted  entirely  in  male 
specimens,  which  differed  very  little  from  P.  anachoreta.  These  males  were, 
without  doubt,  capable  of  reproduction,  although  in  a  lesser  degree. 

^^  Of  two  further  female  pupae  of  this  interestiug  hybrid  from  1898 — 
which  I  have  named  P.  hybr.  rcBschhei,  after  my  assistant,  E.  F.  Esschke, 
who  has  rendered  me  great  assistance  in  my  experimental  entomological 
work  during  the  last  few  years — one  imago  emerged  in  October,  and  the 
other  died  during  the  winter.  The  imago  bred  in  October,  1898,  is  illustrated 
(PI.  IV.  fig.  13).  It  shows  tbe  immense  size  of  this  female  hybrid.  This 
female  is,  however,  not  so  closely  allied  to  the  type  of  curtida  as  the  two 
individuals  bred  in  1897,  which  unfortunately  escaped.  The  capabilities  of 
development  of  the  eggs  of  this  female  could  not  be  ascertained  this  time,  as 
not  a  single  Pygcera  male,  either  of  hybrid  or  pure  origin,  was  present  at 
that  time. 


80 


THK    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


females  had  distributed  in  the  breeding-cage  masses  of  eggs, 
which  seemed  to  be  normally  constructed,  and  whose  capabilities 
of  development  should  be  proved.  How  are  these  curious  results 
to  be  explained  ? 

The  fact,  that  in  our  experiments  the  male  Pygcera  hybrids 
develop  much  quicker  than  their  sister  females,  and  that  the 
male  hybrid  immediately  produces  a  big  third  generation  of 
males,  indicates  a  progressive  developmental  tendency,  which  is 
further  confirmed  by  other  facts.  But  above  the  tendency  to 
progressive  development  in  a  biological  and  morphological 
direction,  is  the  law  again  to  the  fore  among  these  Pygseras, 
that  the  characters  of  the  oldest  pliylogenetic  species  are  im- 
pressed upon  the  offspring ;  we  will,  however,  not  reiterate  this 
question. 

On  the  other  hand,  with  regard  to  the  females  of  the  Pygcera 
hybrids,  they  later  endeavour  to  return  to  the  original  simple  one 
generation  during  the  year  (for  this  was  certainly  the  primitive 
condition).  This  state  comes  about  sometimes  directly;  and, 
moreover,  the  females  of  this  hybrid  form,  both  as  larvae  and 
imagines,  revert  to  a  greater  degree  than  the  males  to  the  oldest 
phylogenetic  form. 

It  is  quite  a  common  character  of  the  Lepidoptera  (of 
which  I  have  mentioned  several  important  facts  in  my  Hand- 
book) that  the  male  individuals  have  a  well-marked  tendency  to 
progression,  and  to  the  creation  of  new  forms ;  whereas  the 
females  are  more  conservative,  and,  in  some  cases,  show  a 
tendency  to  retrogress.  If  we  now  regard  the  hybrids,  who,  in 
comparison  with  individuals  of  pure  origin,  must  be  conceded 
to  have  a  greater  freedom  and  individuality  in  their  evolution, 
their  development  is  not  influenced  by  the  junction  of  two  germs 
which  are  pushing  forward  in  the  same  direction,  but  by  the 
junction  of  influences  pushing  in  two  opposite  directions  :  in  the 
male  sex  a  tendency  to  development  in  a  definite  and  progressive 
direction  ;  in  the  female,  an  opposing  tendency  to  retrogress. 
The  tendencies  directing  development,  which  are  here  forced 
upon  our  notice,  are  no  doubt  inherent  sexual  peculiarities,  or, 
as  we  may  well  say,  sexual  characters  which  have  become 
constitutional.  Unfortunately  we  can  only  give  a  passing  notice 
to  this  extraordinary  fact. 

From  these  new  hybridization  experiments  we  have,  firstly, 
filled  the  gap  in  our  former  hybridization  experiments.^*^  There' 
have  now  actually  been  found,  from  three  diflerent  crossings, 
primary  hybrid  females  which  are  apparently  normally  formed, 

16  As  will  be  seen  in  footnotes  11  to  14,  the  crossing  experiments  with 
Drepana  falcataria  and  curvatula,  and  with  Pygcera  jJ^V/ra,  Hfn.,  curtula, 
L.,  and  anachoreta,  F.,  were  repeated  in  18ii8.  Not  only  these,  but  a 
number  of  new  experiments  were  added  to  those  already  made  with  the 
Bombycid  species. 


EXPERIMENTS    IN    HYBRIDIZATION    AND    TEMPERATURE  81 

and  have  scarcely  a  less  number  of  eggs  in  their  ovaries  than  is 
averaged  by  the  pure  species.  The  in-breeding  of  two  of  these 
hybrids  resulted  in  eggs  from  which  emerged  a  number  of  larvae 
(see  footnotes  11  and  12),  which,  however,  up  to  the  present, 
have  not  been  successfully  reared. 

Secondly,  they  have  confirmed  that  the  physiognomical 
aspect  of  the  hybrid  will  be  mainly  influenced  by  the  phylo- 
genetic  oldest  species. 

Tliirdly,  subordinate  to  this  law,  certain  characters  found 
more  or  less  pronounced  expression  (especially  with  hybrids 
of  the  genus  Pi/fi(era),  which  may  be  regarded  constitutional 
to  the  sexes  of  Lepidoptera,  viz. :  in  the  male,  a  tendency  to 
progressive  development ;  in  the  female,  conservative  tendencies 
and  inclination  to  retrogress. 

To  gain  a  quick  and  systematic  view  of  the  matter,  the 
following  twelve  hybrid  broods  were  obtained  : — 


20.  21  22. 

/  curvatti 
arratgla  Bkh     5  r>  faloataria   r$  n       •      falcatar 

faloatana  L.   ?  curvatula  t  /  curvatuJa  d 


/  curvatnla  (J 

^  fnlrAtAria    O 


'  falcataria  Q  '  Q 

23.  24.                                   25.                                     26. 

rvraera     "'«"  "^°    ^              Py,  <=°'^°'»  ^              P^e        cnrtnla  L.  j                          anachoreta  <? 

outtuia  L   s.                '^  pigra  £                         anachoreta  F.  Q              '^'        ourtnla  Q 

27,  28. 

(  P'g^»  6    \  i  /onrtnla  <5  \  $ 

_.           '  canula  C  '  „           V    piera  i    '                    _ 

PVE   1 Pyg.  1_£ 1 Pyg   , 


/  pigra  i     \  ^^        /Onrtala   (5  \ 

\  ourtula  9  '  $  V  Diffra  Q    / 

80. 

/J    ourtnta  $    "\3\  0 

I  \  anachoreta  Q  '       1 

„  V     anachoreta  C         '  - 

Pyg  .  Pyg 


aaachoreta  9 


(anachoreta  <J  \  ^5 
ourtula  Q     / 


anachoreta  Q  "  °'  ourtula  S 

From  a  number  of  pairings  of  Nos.  22,  27,  and  28,  a  small 
number  of  larv»  were  obtained,  but  they  were  never  successfully 
reared.  The  whole  of  these  creatures  showed  evident  signs  of 
want  of  energy.  The  remaining  nine  crossings  were  all  reared 
to  the  imago,  some  of  them  in  numbers. 

The  hybrid  of  Drepana  curvatula  $  xfalcataria2  (No.  20)  is, 
as  already  stated,  figured  (PI.  IV.  figs.  5  and  6),  being  a  male 
and  female  ;  PI.  IV.  figs.  8  and  9,  show  a  pair  of  the  reciprocal 
hybrid  No.  21.  Of  No.  20  the  males  and  females  emerged 
together,  whereas  in  No.  21  the  male  imagines  soon  emerged,  but 
none  of  the  females  developed  at  once,  but  hybernated  as  pupae. 
This  biological  difference  was  already  very  apparent  during 
pupation.  The  male  individuals  only  bent  round  a  small 
portion  of  the  edge  of  the  leaf,  fixed  to  the  same  in  its  concave 
shape  by  a  few  small  threads  on  the  surface,  and  changed  to  a 

ENTOM. — MARCH,    1901.  G 


32  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

pupa  in  this  more  or  less  open  pocket.  The  females,  on  the 
other  hand,  rolled  a  large  portion  of  the  leaf  sharply  around, 
beginning  at  the  edge,  and  closed  over  the  so-formed  pocket 
with  numerous  strong  silk  threads,  with  the  exception  of  a  small 
opening  to  allow  the  larva  egress,  and  then  gnawed  this  cocoon 
loose  from  the  rest  of  the  leaf,  so  that  it  fell  to  the  ground,  or 
rather  into  the  sleeve,  and  then  fastened  up  the  opening.  In 
this  manner  the  pupa  was  better  protected  against  many 
dangers  than  if  it  fell,  in  late  autumn,  with  the  rest  of  the 
leaves.  These  females  also  had  regularly  a  number  of  eggs  in 
their  ovaries,  the  developing  powers  of  which  have,  however, 
not  as  yet  been  ascertained. 

Both  hybrids  Nos.  20  and  27  are  nearer  to  Drepana  curvatida 
than  falcataria,  but  it  cannot  be  determined,  with  accuracy,  as 
to  whether  the  male  has  a  stronger  influence  on  the  aspect  of 
the  hybrid  than  the  female,  on  account  of  the  limited  number 
of  imagines  of  cross  No.  21  as  yet  obtained. 

PI.  IV.  figs.  9  and  10  shows  a  female  and  a  male  of  the  crossing  between 
Pygcera  pigra^  xcurtula^  No.  23  ;  and,  as  we  have  already  seen,  PI.  IV. 
figs.  11  and  12,  a  female  and  male  of  the  reciprocal  cross  No.  24.  As  in 
the  latter,  so  in  the  former,  the  males  emerged  previous  to  the  females,  but 
not  with  such  a  great  interval  of  time  as  in  No.  24.  It  was,  therefore,  possible 
to  obtain  numerous  in-breedings  of  No.  23  without  resorting  to  artificial 
means  to  keep  back  the  males.  It  was  not,  however,  found  possible  to 
rear  the  numerous  offspring  of  this  hybrid,  as  the  larvae  died  soon  after 
leaving  the  egg.  Both  crossings  Nos.  23  and  24  are  nearer  to  pigra  than 
curtula ;  but  the  females  have  a  prevailing  influence  on  the  aspect  of  the 
hybrids,  if  either  sex  predominates. 

PL  IV.  figs.  15  and  16  shows  a  pair  of  hybrids  of  P.  anachoreta^  xctor- 
tula2  No.  26.  The  reciprocal  hybrid  No.  25,  which  is  figured  PI.  IV.  figs. 
13  and  14,  has  already  been  dealt  with  in  the  text  and  in  footnote  14.  Both 
forms  are  nearer  the  phylogenetically  older  form  curtula  than  the  younger 
anachoreta ;  but,  in  a  subordinate  manner,  the  influence  of  the  male  prevails 
in  the  aspect  of  these  reciprocal  hybrids. 

The  hybrid  No.  26  is  very  difficult  to  obtain,  and,  according  to  the  pre- 
sent experiments,  only  gives  a  small  percentage  of  living  progeny.  In  1898, 
out  of  six  pairings,  each  of  which  contained  from  150  to  200  eggs,  only 
seventy  larv*  were  obtained,  and  from  which  only  twenty-seven  imagines  were 
bred.  Two  of  these  insects  were  females,  both  of  small  size,  whose  ovaries 
could  only  hold  a  few  eggs.  One  of  these  females  is  figured,  PL  IV.  fig.  15. 
Further,  appeared  among  these  hybrids  an  individual  with  wonderfully 
irregular  coloiu-  tones,  light  and  dark,  grey  and  brown  being  mixed  up 
together  in  the  colouring  of  the  upper  side  of  the  right  and  the  under  side 
of  the  left  fore  wings.  Perhaps  this  is  a  gynandromorphic  form,  as  the  (un- 
figured)  female  actually  has  a  darker  coloration  than  any  of  the  males.  The 
antenna  of  this  specimen  are  true  male,  but  it  possesses  a  monstrous  abdo- 
men, of  which  more  later. 

Further,  among  the  twenty-seven  hybrids  were  three  specimens,  which, 
although,  to  all  appearances  male,  did  not  have  the  abdomen  composed  of  the 
usual  nnie  segments  ;  the  specimen  just  mentioned  above  also  comes  under 
this  head.  Two  of  these  specimens  had  the  seventh  abdominal  segment  de- 
veloped to  Its  proper  extent  on  the  left  side  onlv,  and  the  remaining  two  had 
this  same  seventh  segment  properly  developed  only  on  the  right  side,  de- 
creasing in  size,  in  all  four  cases,  to  the  middle  of  the  back,  and  beneath  to 
the  middle  of  the  belly,  and  disappearing  towards  the  opposite  side  of  the 


KXPERIMENTS    IN    HYBRIOIZATION    AND    TKMPKHATtRK.  RB 

body.  This  monstrous  si'owth  was  noticeable  when  the  larvip  emerged  from  the 
eggy  and  remained  throughout  all  their  stages  to  the  same  degree  and  extent. 

The  twenty-one  remaining  individuals  were  ordinary  males  (PI.  IV.  fig. 
16).  One  of  them  paired  with  a  female  of  P.  curtnla.  From  this  brood 
male  imagines  were  (juickly  obtained,  which  were  very  close  to  P.  cartula, 
cross  No.  31. 

These  males  were  not  used  for  further  experiments.  The  female  indivi- 
duals of  tliis  secondary  hybrid  did  not  emerge  at  once,  but  remained  in  pupae 
over  the  winter,  and  emerged  in  the  spring  of  1899.  They  are  also  very  like 
P.  curtnla,  and  are  sexually  well  developed  ;  when  paired  with  P.  curtula^ 
large  broods  were  obtained.  These  experiments  are  at  present  still  being 
pursued,  so  I  must  save  information  as  to  their  results  for  a  later  publication. 

Conclusion. 

The  results  of  oui-  Hybridization  Experiments  can  only  sup- 
port the  original  idea  as  to  the  formation  of  species,  expressed  as 
an  introduction  to  these  experiments. 

We  found  by  this  examination  of  the  physiological  divergences 
and  differences  of  related  types  that  the  various  pairs  of  species 
are  related  to  each  other  in  very  varying  degrees.  But  this 
observation  was  to  be  expected  on  the  assumption  of  a  gradual 
separation  and  evolution  of  related  forms  going  on  alike  in  the 
past,  present,  and  future. 

Beginning  with  pairs  of  species,  with  which  one  was  able  to 
effect  crossings,  without,  however,  their  l)eing  capable  of  pro- 
ducing offspring,  and  with  such  degrees  of  relationship  that 
hybrid  offspring  could  be  obtained,  but  apparently  without  life 
energy  (crosses  Nos.  4  and  7),  there  were  further  evinced  many 
steps  to  a  higher  and  higher  physiological  affinity  between  the 
various  pairs  of  species  experimented  with,  until  at  last,  although 
not  to  a  very  high  degree,  hybrids  were  found  (crosses  Nos.  22, 
27,  and  28)  which  were  actually  capable  of  reproduction,  although 
their  offspring  were  not  successfully  reared.  In  another  case,  by 
crossing  back  the  primary  hybrid  male  with  one  of  the  parents 
(pp.  17  and  18,  crossing  No.  13),  the  physiological  affinity  was 
so  far  restored  that  a  hybrid  was  produced  which  was  capable  of 
reproduction  in  a  slight  degree,  and  from  which  two  male  ofl'- 
spring  were  actually  bred  to  the  imago  (cross  No.  18,  also  p.  18, 
footnote  5). 

A  lengthy  period  of  existence,  phylogenetically  speaking,  of 
the  divergence  between  nearly  related  types,  according  to  our 
experiments,  is  in  no  way  connected  with  the  higher  degree  of 
difference  on  the  lines  of  biological,  physiognomical,  and  physio- 
logical characters  than  between  pairs  of  species  which  have  been 
divergent  for  a  lesser  period,  even  when  nearly  related  groups  of 
species  are  in  question.  The  long  separated  S  imvonia  and 
spini  are,  in  most  of  their  characters,  less  separated  from  each 
other  than  the  later  formed  S.  pyri  from  either  of  them. 

Ordinary  selection  between  differently  formed  individuals,  in 
the  sense  of  Weismann's  pre-formation,  cannot,  we  think,  account 

g2 


84  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

for  these  appearances.  We  should  be  far  more  inclined  to  say 
that  the  divergence  was,  in  the  first  instance,  the  direct  result  of 
certain  modifying  factors  of  nature,  one  of  which  would  be  tem- 
perature, whose  undeniable  effects  in  changing  the  aspect  of 
species  we  have  already  seen  in  the  temperature  experiments. 
It  is  easily  understood  that  a  factor  causing  slight  divergence 
during  a  long  period  would  have  less  result  than  a  factor  causing 
strong  divergence  in  a  shorter.  Perhaps  the  capability  of  re- 
action or  change  is  increased  when  certain  individuals,  through 
the  influence  of  natural  factors,  have  been  driven  from  a  con- 
dition of  relative  stability  to  one  of  unstable  equilibrium.  The 
probability  of  this  theory  is  confirmed  by  certain  groups  of  the 
Lepidoptera,  in  their,  one  might  say,  explosive  change  of  form, 
for  example,  in  the  tribes  of  Zygaena  and  Agrotis.  Among 
plants,  the  families  Hieracium,  Rubus,  and  Rosa  seem  to  be 
similarly  situated. 

[The  four  plates  accompanying  Mr.  Dadd's  translation  of 
Prof.  Standfuss's  paper  are  reduced  copies  of  the  originals  in 
'  Insekten  Borse,'  1899,  published  by  Frankenstein  &  Wagner, 
of  Leipzig.] 


NAMES    OF    LEGS    OF    INSECTS. 
By  G.  H.  Verrall,  F.E.S. 

When  will  entomologists  of  the  present  time  correctly  name 
the  legs  of  insects  '? 

All  entomologists  know  that  insects  have  three  pairs  of  legs, 
but  after  that  (in  at  least  Dipterology)  they  seem  to  be  in  hope- 
less confusion. 

The  three  pairs  of  legs  are — 

1.  Front  \egs=  Pedes  antici. 

2.  Middle  \egs= Pedes  niedii. 

3.  Hind  legs=Pedes  postici. 

For  convenience  there  exist  the  combinations  of — 

o' [Anterior  legs=Pe^es  anteriores  (excluding  "jyostici"). 

2  ) 

o*  [Posterior  \eg8=Pedes  posteriores  (excluding  "  antici "). 

Let  it  be  clearly  understood  that  there  is  only 

One  pair  of  front,  middle,  or  hind  legs ; 
but  that  there  are 

Two  pairs  of  anterior  or  posterior  legs. 
The  above  definition,  of  course,  applies  to  parts,  audi  as 
femora,  tibiae,  tarsi,  &c. 

Anterior  does  not  mean  front  only. 

Posterior  does  not  mean  hind  only. 

N.B.— American  journals  please  copy. 


85 


CATALOGUE    OF    THE    LEPIDOPTERA   OF    IRELAND: 
SUPPLEMENTARY    LIST. 

By  W.  F.  DE  VisMEs  Kane,  M.A.,  M.R.I.A.,  F.E.S. 

(Concluded  from  p.  16.) 

BuPALUs  piNiARiA,  L. — Near  Kildare  (Freke). 

Sterrha  sacraria,  L. — One  taken  at  Timoleague,  Co.  Cork, 
27th  August,  1898,  by  Mr.  E.  Donovan. 

Abraxas  sylvata.  Scop. — Kenmare  (B.  E.  D.). 

Hybernia  rupicapraria,  Hh. — Sligo  {McC). 

H.  aurantiaria,  Esp. — Enniskillen  (P.). 

Cheimatobia  boreata,  Hb.  —  Achill  Island,  Connemara 
{R.E.  D.). 

Oporabia  dilutata,  Bkh.,  and  0.  autumnata,  Bkh. — The 
notice  of  0.  autumnata  and  the  two  allied  species  by  Mr.  Prout 
in  the  March  number  of  the  *  Entomologist '  for  this  year  has 
again  called  my  attention  to  the  question  of  the  distinction  of 
these  three  alleged  species.  I  have  already  noted  the  occurrence 
of  a  form  from  the  Belfast  hills,  recognised  by  Mr.  Barrett  as 
probably  0.  autumnata,  Gn.  From  a  careful  survey  of  a  long 
series  of  Oporabias  in  my  own  collection,  I  cannot  detect  any 
which  conform  to  Mr.  Prout's  diagnosis  of  the  latter  species. 
For  the  most  part,  however,  they  are  woodland  examples ;  and, 
though  very  varied,  belong  to  the  varietal  forms  of  0.  dilutata. 
Ab.  chi'isti/i  is  one  of  the  most  numerous  from  Hazlewood,  Sligo, 
and  Mucross,  Killarney,  cf.  Ent.  xxxiii.  pi.  ii.  figs.  7,  8,  9, 10;  while 
fig.  14  is  also  represented  from  three  or  four  localities.  There 
are,  moreover,  some  very  beautiful  forms  with  very  white  ground 
barred  with  four  sharply  defined  fuscous  bands.  I  trust  that 
Irish  lepidopterists,  with  Mr.  Prout's  paper  to  assist  them  in 
diagnosis,  may  for  the  future  pay  more  attention  to  this  inter- 
esting group. 

Larentia  flavicinctata,  Hb. — At  Murlough  Bay,  Ballycastle, 
Co.  Antrim,  the  long  grassy  slopes  which  stretch  up  from  the 
sea  to  the  foot  of  the  chalk  cliffs  are  full  of  Saxifrac/a  hijpnoides, 
the  food-plant  of  this  species.  It  was  here  resting  on  the  rock 
face  that  in  1897  that  I  met  with  numerous  worn  and  a  few  fresh 
examples  of  this  moth,  a  new  addition  to  the  Irish  fauna.  Pro- 
bably it  will  be  found  all  round  the  Antrim  coast- line,  and 
elsewhere,  as  in  Sligo  and  the  Burren  of  Clare,  where  this 
saxifrage  is  plentiful. 

L.  salicata,  Hb. — Dromoland,  Co.  Clare  {Hon.  E.  O'B.). 

Emmelesia  T.ENIATA,  St. — Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.D.). 

EupiTHEciA  puLCHELLATA,  St. — Timoleaguc,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 


86  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

E.  suBFULVATA,  Hmv. — Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  (R.  D.). 

E.  scABiosATA,  Bork. — Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 

E.  PLUM15E0LATA,  Haw.  —  TimoleaguB,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.) ; 
Dromoland,  Co.  Clare.     Three  at  Clonbrock  (R.  E.  D.). 

E.  isoGEAMMATA,  H.-S. — Cloiibrock  (it.  E.  D.). 

E.  PYGM/EATA,  Hb. — ArdtuUy,  near  Kenmare,  one  ;  Timo- 
league, Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 

E.  jASioNEATA,  Cveive. — One  at  Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  (22.  Z).). 

E.  viRGAuRBATA,  DLL — Plentiful  at  Timoleague,  where  Mr. 
Donovan  reports  two  annual  emergences,  and  has  taken  the  larvaB 
both  on  Solidago  virgaurecB  and  ragwort. 

E.  VALERiANATA,  Hh. — Dromolaud,  Co,  Clare,  not  rare  {Hon. 
E.  O'Brien) ;  Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 

E.  iNDiGATA,  Hh. — Mr.  Allen  writes  that  he  was  not  the 
captor  of  this  species  near  Gal  way.  The  locality  was  Merlin 
Park,  where  the  food-plant  grows  in  great  abundance. 

E.  coNSTRiCTATA,  Gn. — Near  Clonakilty,  Co.  Cork  (R.D.). 

E.  LARiciATA,  Frr. — Sligo  {McC). 

E.  DODONEATA,  Gn. —  Sligo  {McC).  Mr.  Allen  writes  that 
the  Galway  record  attributed  to  him  is  an  error. 

E.  TOGATA,  Hb. — Dalyston,  near  Loughrea,  Co.  Galway, 
abundant;  Enniskillen  (P.);  Dunmanway,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 

EupiTHKCiA  DEBiLiATA,  Hh. — Abundant  at  Timoleague,  Co. 
Cork.     Mr.  Donovan  has  taken  one  unicolorous  specimen  also. 

LoBOPHORA  SEXALiSATA,  Hh. — Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 

L.  HALTERATA,  Hh. — Pontoon,  Foxford,  Co.  Mayo. 

L.  viRETATA,  Hb. — Dromoland,  Co.  Clare  {Hon.  E.  O'Brien). 

Melanippe  tristata. — The  Burren  of  Clare,  local ;  Dalyston, 
near  Loughrea. 

Phibalapteryx  vittata,  Bork. — Killarney  {R.  E.  D.) ;  Timo- 
league, Co.  Cork  {R.  D.)  ;  Dromoland,  Co.  Clare,  abundant. 

Tanagra  atrata,  L. — Near  Belleeck,  Co.  Fermanagh  {J.). 

PYRALIDES. 
ScoPARiA  basistrigalis,  Knaggs. — Timoleague,  Co. Cork  {R.D.). 
S.  mercurella,  L. — Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.D.). 
S.  resinea,  Haiv. — Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 
S.  angustea,  St. — Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.D.). 
Orobena  straminalis,  Hh. — Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 

PTEROPHORI. 

Platyptilia  bertrami,  Rossi. — Bundoran  {J.);  Clonbrock 
{R.  E.  D.)  ;  Timoleague,  Co,  Cork  {R.  D.). 


CATALOGUE    OF    THE    LEPIDOPTERA    OF    IRELAND.  87 

P.  isoDACTYLus,  Zell. — Knockagh,  near  Carrickfergus  (IF.). 

P.  GONODACTYLA,  Schif. — Kenmare  {R.  E.  D.). 

P.  TESSKRADACTYLA,  L. — SincG  Writing  my  notice  of  this 
species,  new  to  the  British  Islands,  my  expectation  of  discover- 
ing new  haunts  has  been  fulfilled.  Many  fresh  areas  about 
Ardrahau,  Co.  Galway,  and  thence  through  the  Burren  of  Clare 
to  Corcumroe  and  Ballyvaughan,  have  furnished  Specimens  ;  so 
that  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  species  is  spread  over  a  very 
large  area  in  Clare  and  Galway. 

Amblyptilia  acanthodactyla,  Hh. — Woodenbridge,  Co.  Wick- 
low  {G.  V.  U.) ;  Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 

OxYPTiLus  PARviDACTYLus,  Hciw. — Clonbrock  {R.  E.  D.). 
Leioptilus  lienigianus,  Zell. — Kenmare  {R.E.D.);  Sligo(JS.). 

L.  TEPHRADACTYLUs,  Hb. — Dromoland,  Co.  Clare ;  Clonbrock 
{R.E.D.). 

L.  MicRODACTYLUs,  Hb. — Clonbrock  (R.E.D.)  ;  Sligo  {R.). 
AcYPTiLiA  GALACTODACTYLA,  Fib. — Two  at  Kenmare  {R.E.D.). 
A.  BALIODACTYLA,  Zell. — Sligo  {R.). 

A.  TETRADACTYLA,  L. — Kenmare  {R.  E.D.);  Ballyvaughan,  Co. 
Clare. 

A.  PENTADACTYLA,  L. — Dromoland,  Co.  Clare,  a  few.  (Hon.  E. 
O'Brien). 

CKAMBI. 

ScHfENOBius  FORFicELLUs,  Thiib. — Sligo  {R.) ',  Timoleague,  Co. 
Cork  {R.D.). 

Phycid^. 

HoM(EosoMA  BiN^VELLA,  Hb. — Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 

Nephopteryx  splendidella,  H.-S. — Timoleague,  bred  by  Mr. 
Pi.  Donovan  from  larvae  feeding  in  spruce  fir-cones. 

Khodoph.ea  consociella,  Hb. — Timoleague,  Co.  Cork  {R.  D.). 

Zelleria  Phillyrella,  Mill. — Since  recording  the  capture 
of  one  specimen  of  this  moth  by  the  Piev.  Canon  Cruttwell,  at 
Renvyle,  Connemara,  "  among  heather  on  the  mountain  side, 
though  very  near  the  plantation  "  {in  litt.),  I  visited  the  locality. 
Unfortunately  a  tempest  of  wind  and  rain  made  collecting  im- 
possible. But  I  carefully  examined  the  garden  and  plantations, 
and  can  confidently  state  that  no  species  of  Pkillyrea  grows 
there  ;  nor  is  there,  for  many  miles  round,  any  shrubbery  in 
which  the  plant  could  be  looked  for.  In  my  correspondence  on 
the  sul)ject  with  Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett  he  wrote  as  follows; — "  It  is 
not  always  the  habit  of  a  Zelleria  to  keep  close  to  its  food-plant. 
It  likes  to  hide  in  any  dense  cover.  The  nearest  ally  of  Zelleria 
'phillyrella  is  Z.  liepariella.  This  species  has  long  been  known  to 
frequent  yew  {Taxus  baccata),  and  to  be  obtained  by  beating  that 
tree.     Its  larva  was  there  confidently  looked  for  upon  it,  and  it 


88  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

came  quite  as  a  surprise  when  the  insect  was  discovered  to  be 
an  ash  feeder  !  This  makes  it  very  probable  that  Z.  phillyrella 
had  only  hidden  itself  among  heather,  and  had  fed  on  something 
quite  different."  From  indications  obligingly  given  me  by  Canon 
Cruttwell,  I  think  that  the  spot  in  which  he  captured  it  will  be 
found  by  turning  to  the  right  out  of  the  Eenvyle  gate,  and 
following  the  road  bordered  by  the  plantation  to  nearly  the  end 
of  the  trees.  Here  there  are  ash  growing ;  and  as  Phillyrea 
belongs  to  the  natural  order  of  Oleacefe  (olive  worts),  as  also  ash, 
privet,  and  lilac,  it  seems  likely  that  further  research  will 
establish  Mr.  Barrett's  suggestion  as  correct,  and  that  the  phe- 
nomenal occurrence  of  this  rarity  in  the  extreme  wilds  of  Conne- 
mara  will  be  satisfactorily  explained.  I  have  to  thank  Can(m 
Cruttwell  and  Mr.  Barrett  for  their  very  obliging  letters  and 
information. 

ADDENDA. 

The  following  information  has  just  come  to  hand  from 
J.  E.  Ft.  Allen,  Esq.,  of  Portora,  Enniskillen  :  — 

LiTHosiA  DEPLANA,  Esp. — One  taken  at  Killarney,  identified 
by  Mr.  Prout. 

Triph^na  orbona,  Hufn.  {subsequa,  Hb.) — One  at  Lisbellaw, 
which  I  have  examined. 

Tethea  subtusa,  Fb. — Eecorded  already  from  near  Ennis- 
killen. Mr.  Allen  informs  me  that  it  is  frequent  in  the  various 
islands  of  lower  Lake  Erne. 

EucLiDiA  GLYPHicA,  L. — Common  about  Enniskillen. 

EuRYMENE  DOLOBRARiA,  L. — One  at  Enniskillen. 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    TWO    NEW    SPECIES    OF   PHYLLO- 
MORPHIN^    (HETEROPTERA :    Fam.    COREID^E). 

By  W.  L.  Distant. 

The  Phyllomorphinse  constitute  a  small  subfamily  of  the 
Coreidse,  of  which  at  present  only  three  genera  and  some  thirteen 
species  are  known  to  entomologists.  They  are  in  structure  the 
most  aberrant  forms  of  all  Coreids,  and  their  phylogeny  is  quite 
unworked.  Three  species  are  recognized  in  the  western  Palae- 
arctic  region,  and  are  located  in  the  true  genus  Fhyllomorpha. 
The  two  other  genera,  Pephricus  and  Craspedum,  are  almost 
entirely  Ethiopian  in  distribution.  Westwood  described  and 
figured  an  Indian  species.  We  have  evidently,  at  present,  a 
very  slight  knowledge  of  the  Phyliomorphiuse. 


TWO    NKW    SPECIES    OF    PHYLLOMORPHINiE. 


89 


The  old  Swedish  traveller  in  South  Africa,  Dr.  Sparrman, 
who  lirst  discovered  (1775)  the  curious  Pepliricus  paradoxus,  was 
impressed  by  its  mimetic  resemblance  to  a  leaf.  He  narrates  :  — 
"  At  noontide  I  sought  for  shelter  among  the  branches  of  a 
shrub  from  the  intolerable  heat  of  the  sun.  Though  the  air 
was  now  extremely  still  and  calm,  so  as  hardly  to  have  shaken 
an  aspen  leaf,  yet  I  thought  I  saw  a  little  withered,  pale, 
crumpled  leaf,  eaten  as  it  were  by  caterpillars,  fluttering  from 
the  tree.  This  appeared  to  me  so  very  extraordinary,  that  I 
thought  it  worth  my  while  suddenly  to  quit  my  verdant  bower  in 
order  to  contemplate  it ;  and  I  could  scarcely  believe  my  eyes 
when  I  saAv  a  live  insect,  in  shape  and  colour  resembling  the 
fragment  of  a  withered  leaf,  with  the  edges  turned  up  and  eaten 
awa}'  as  it  were  by  caterpillars,  and  at  the  same  time  all  beset 
with  prickles.  Nature,  by  this  peculiar  form,  has  certainly 
extremely  well  defended  and  concealed,  as  it  were  in  a  mask, 
this  insect  from  birds  and  its  other  diminutive  foes."* 

We  know  most  about  the  European  species.  Phijllomorpha 
laciniata  has  been  well  observed.  Bolivar  has  described  its 
stridulation  and  mode  of  carrying  eggs  ;  t  and  Giard  has  also 
written  on  its  habits.  I 

Pephricus  frag  His,  sp.  n. 

Varying  in  colour  from 
pale  creamy  white  to  ochra- 
ceous ;  pronotum  with  the 
base  slightly  concave,  the 
lateral  lobes  broadly  gibbous 
anteriorly,  their  apices  some- 
what obliquely  truncate,  the 
abdominal  lobes  broad  with 
their  apices  truncate,  a  more 
or  less  distinct  transverse 
fuscous  fascia  crossing  abdo- 
men beyond  middle  and  ex- 
tending through  the  fourth 
and  longest  lobe  ;  the  upper 
surface  varies  in  the  number 
and  position  of  some  scattered 
small  fuscous  spots. 

Long.  ^  and   ?   12  millim. 

Hab.  West  Africa;  N.  Nigeria  (G.  Migeod— Brit.  Mus.) ; 
Abyssinia  (Brit.  Mus.). 

Allied  to  P.  pellicula,  Westw.,  but  differing  by  the  broader 
anterior  angles  of  the  pronotal  lobes,  &c. 


P.fragilis,  Dist. 


-  '  Voyage  to  Cape  of  Good  Hope,'  Engl,  transl.  2nd  edit.,  vol.  ii.  p. 
t  Feuille  Natural.,  xxiv.  pp.  43-4  (1894). 
I  Bull,  Soc.  Eat.  Fr.  p,  hxix.  (1895). 


16. 


90 


THE    ENTOMOr-OGIST. 


'K     / 


P.  fasciatus,  Dist. 

Allied  to  p.  livijigstoni,  Westw. 
apices  of  the  abdominal  lobes,  &c. 


Pephricus  fasciatus,  sp,  n. 

.— .  Ochraceous  ;  a  broad  fus- 

cous fascia  traversing  the 
prouotuni  and  its  lateral 
lobes,  and  another  crossing 
the  abdomen  and  extending 
through  the  fourth  abdominal 
lobe  and  occupying  the  whole 
of  its  apex  ;  apex  of  the  fifth 
abdominal  lobe  also  fuscous. 
A  few  irregular  scattered 
small  fuscous  spots  on  the 
upper  surface. 

Long.  11  millim. 
Hab.  West  Africa  (Brit. 
Mus.). 

but  differing  by  the  truncate 


NOTES    ON    SOME    COCCID^    OF    THE    EARLIEE 
WRITERS. 

By  T.  D.  a.  Cockerell. 

In  the  course  of  my  bibliographical  investigations  among  the 
earlier  works  treating  of  Coccidse,  I  have  found  so  much  that  has 
been  misunderstood  by  later  writers,  that  it  seems  worth  while 
to  report  the  following  results,  although  the  more  startling  dis- 
coveries are  not  here  mentioned,  having  been  set  forth  in  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1899. 

PuLViNARiA  viTis  (L.) ;  Coccus  vitis,  L.,  S.  N.  X.  1758,  p.  456. 
— This  is  the  well-known  Pulvinaria  of  the  vine,  well  figured  by 
Reaumur,  whose  figure  is  duly  cited.  Calypticus  spiimosus, 
Costa,  Faun.  Nap.  1829,  is  said  to  be  the  same,  in  which  case 
Calypticus  apparently  takes  the  place  of  Pulvinaria,  and  the 
species  becomes  Calypticus  vitis  (L.). 

Pulvinaria  mesptli  (Gmel.) ;  Coccus  mespili,  Gmel.,  Syst. 
Nat.  1788,  p.  2221.— This  is  based  on  Geoffroy,  Ins.  Par.  i. 
p.  508,  No.  16.  Fonscolombe  in  1834  describes  Coccus  craUegi, 
Fb.,  and  gives  mesp?7i,  Geoff.,  as  a  synonym.  Signoret  says 
this  is  mespili,  but  not  cratcegi,  which  is  oxipicanthce,  L.  Fons- 
colombe's  description  evidently  relates  to  a  Pulvinaria.  Signoret 
later  referred  Geoffrey's  insect  to  Pseudococcus  [i.  e.  Phenacoccus) , 
which  is  evidently  an  error. 

Pulvinaria  sericea    (Fourc.) ;    on   oak   near  Paris,    lanata, 


NOTES    ON    SOME    COCCIDiI<:    OF    THE    EARLIER    WRITERS.  91 

GmeL,  is  said  to  be  the  same.  This  is  Geoffroy's  ovai  and 
cottony  Cherines  of  the  oak. 

PuLViNARiA  BETUL.E  (L.)  ;  CoccHS  bcfiila,  L,,  S.  N.  X.  1758, 
p.  455. — Linue  in  the  place  cited  gives  no  description,  but  refers 
to  'Fauna  Suecica.'  The  latter  work  informs  us  that  it  occurs 
solitar3'on  the  branches  of  B(  tula  alba,  but  still  gives  no  descrip- 
tion. Fabricius  says  of  the  insect,  "  corpus  minutum,  album," 
and  cites  only  Linne.  I  have  seen  only  the  '  Fauna  Suecica  '  of 
1761,  and  do  not  know  what  an  earlier  edition  may  contain; 
but  on  the  face  of  things  there  seems  nothing  to  prove  that  the 
Linneau  insect  is  the  lUdvinaria  hetuhe  of  Signoret  and  authors, 
or  even  a  Pulrinaria. 

PuLviNARiA  CARPiNi  (L.)  ;  Coccus  carpini,  L.,  S.  N.  x.  1758, 
p.  455. — Signoret  says  this  is  the  same  as  Reaumur's  pi.  vi. 
figs.  5,  9,  11.  These  three  figures  are  all  Pulvinaria,  but  fig.  5 
is  the  type  figure  of  /'.  vitis  ;  fig.  9  is  a  species  on  oak,  I  suppose 
P.  sericca ;  fig.  11  is  the  type  figure  of  /-'.  oxyacanthce.  It  seems 
ver}'-  doubtful  whether  the  Linnean  carpini  can  be  identified, 
but  Signoret's  carpini  is  presumably  identical  with  Lecaniuin 
carpini,  Ratzeburg,  Forstins.  iii.  p.  194,  pi.  ii.  f.  6. 

The  whole  question  of  the  classification  of  the  European 
species  of  Pulvinaria  needs  to  be  reconsidered,  both  as  to  the 
validity  of  the  species,  and  the  correct  application  of  the  names 
currently  assigned  to  them. 

Lecanium,  Illiger,  in  Burmeister,  '  Handbuch  der  Ento- 
mologie,'  ii.  pt.  i.  1835,  p.  69. — The  first  species  mentioned  is 
L.  hesperidum  (L.),  which  must  be  regarded  as  the  type.  Calym- 
natus,  Costa,  with  the  same  type,  dates  from  1827  or  1828,  and 
therefore  has  priority,  unless  an  earlier  publication  of  Lecanium 
can  be  discovered.  Scudder,  following  Agassiz,  writes  Lecanium, 
Burm.,  1835,  in  the  '  Nomenclator  Zoologicus.' 

The  following  species,  hitherto  placed  in  Lecanium,  are  the 
more  typical  members  of  Calymnatus  : — C.  hesperidum  (L.),  C. 
longulus  (Dough),  C.  minimus  (Newst.),  C.  viridis  (Green),  C. 
schini  (Ckll.),  C.  flaveolus  (CklL),  C.  nanus  (CklL),  C.  acuininatus 
(Sign.),  C.  terminalice  (Ckll.),  C.  angustatus  (Sign.),  and  a  few 
others.  Eulecanium  and  Saissetia  ought  probably  to  be  regarded 
as  distinct  genera. 

Eulecanium  fuscum  (Fourc.) ;  Chermes  fuscus,  Fourcroy, 
1785  ;  Coccus  fuscus,  GmeL,  1788,  in  part. — Fourcroy's  name  is 
based  on  Geoffroy's  account  (Ins.  Par.  i.  p.  507,  No.  11) ; 
Geoffroy  says  the  species  seems  not  to  difter  from  that  of  the 
elm,  but  he  quotes  Reaumur's  pi.  v.  tig.  2,  which  has  the  appear- 
ance of  a  Kermcs.  Douglas  (Ent.  Mo.  Mag.  1887,  p.  98)  declares 
that  Reaumur's  figure  represents  a  Lecanium  known  to  him, 
even  in  details  of  marking  ;  but  to  me  the  shape  and  mode  of 
attachment  to  the  twig  indicate  a  species  of  Kermes.  Gmelin's 
account  of  the  insect  seems  decidedly  mixed,  and  he  says  of  it, 


92  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

"albo  tomento  obductus."  His  first  citation  of  literature  is 
"Modeer,  Act.  Gothenb.  i.  p.  24,  §  18";  Douglas  says  that 
Modeer's  insect  is  Geoffroy's  Chermes  quercus  reniformis,  i.e. 
quercus  (L.),  which  is  a  Kermes. 

EuLECANiuM  coRYLi  (L.) ;  Coccus  covyli,  L.,  S.  N.  1758,  p.  456. 
— Based  on  Keaumur's  figures,  which  represent  a  very  convex 
Eulecanmm. 

EuLECANiuM  ALNi  (Modeer,  1778)  ;  Coccus  alni,  GmeL,  Syst. 
Nat.  1788,  p.  2221. — Gmelin's  account  is  entirely  based  on  that 
of  Modeer.  Compare  Douglas,  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  September,  1886, 
p.  80. 

EuLBCANiuM  viNi  (Bouclie)  ;  Lecanium  vini,  Bouche,  Stett. 
Ent.  Zeit.  1851,  p.  112.— The  description  is  extremely  short,  but 
it  may  be  possible  to  determine  the  species. 

EuLECANiuM  TiLi^  (L.)  ;  Coccus  tUue,  L.,  S.  N.  x._  1758, 
p.   456.  —  Based   on   Eeaumur's  figures ;    the    species   is  well 

known. 

EULECANIUM  PERSIC^  (Fabr.,  1766)  ;  Coccm  persicce,  Gmel., 
Syst.  Nat.  1788,  p.  2220;  Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  1798.  — We  used  to 
think  we  knew  this  species,  but  it  has  lately  become  involved  in 
obscurity.  Fabricius  in  1798  describes  it  as  found  on  the  peach, 
and  having  "  corpus  medium,  subrotundum,  infequale,  brun- 
neum."  Gmelin  does  not  quote  Fabricius,  and  describes  it  as 
"  nitens,  rubicundus,  spadiceus  aut  niger."  He  quotes  Modeer, 
Geoffroy,  and  Reaumur.  Reaumur's  figures  represent  an  un- 
determinable Lecaniine  on  peach.  Geoffroy  quotes  Reaumur's 
figures,  and  says  the  insect  is  round  and  brown,  with  four 
"filets"  at  its  "tail!  Modeer's  insect  is  the  Coccus  persiccs 
rotimdus,  which,  is,  I  suppose,  Signoret's  L.  rotimdum  {cr edited 
to  Reaumur),  this  being  identical  with  L.  prunastri,  Fonsc. 
Signoret's  L.  persicce  is  Reaumur's  Coccus  persicce  oblongus.  I 
have  not  access  to  the  descriptions  of  the  supposed  synonyms 
costatus,  Schr.,  1781,  persicorum,  Ramer,  1789,  and  amygdali, 
Fourcroy,  1785.  The  last  was  doubtless  founded  on  Geoffroy's 
account. 

L.  prunastri,  as  shown  by  mounted  specimens  kindly  lent  to 
me  by  Mr.  Theo.  Pergande,  has  antennae  varying  from  6-  to  7- 
jointed,  the  respective  formulae  (omitting  the  first  joint  in  each 
case)  being  3  6  2  5  4  and  4  (2  3)  7  6  5.  In  the  6-jointed  form  the 
suture   between  joints  3   and  4  of  the  7-jointed   form  is  ob- 

Jl4-py»Q'r/iri 

Coccus  cLEMATiDis,  Gmel.,  Syst.  Nat.  1788,  is  based  on 
Geoffroy's  account  of  a  coccid  on  clematis  It  is  apparently  a 
Lecanium,  but  Geoffroy  seems  to  have  mixed  up  Lecaniines  and 
mealy  bugs  in  a  hopeless  fashion. 

Coccus  uvA,  Gmel.,  Syst.  Nat.  1788,  if  a  coccid,  can  only  be 
a  Margarodes.  The  description  reads,  "  C.  testa  fusca  sphaerico- 
gibba  subflavescens,"  and  it  is  stated  to  be  found  in  Sweden 


THE    STUDY    OF    LIFE-HISTORY.  93 

under  stones.  This  is  apparently  taken  from  Modeer,  whose 
insect  has  hitherto  been  referred  with  doubt  to  Orthezia  nrticcB. 

Coccus  TUBERCULATUS,  Bouche,  Nat.  der  Insekten,  1834,  p.  18, 
pi.  1. — Found  on  Malvaceae,  and  probably  from  South  America. 
It  is  certainly  a  Lecaniine,  and  probably  a  Pidrinaria ;  but  I 
have  never  seen  anj^thing  exactly  as  described  and  figured.  The 
antennae  are  figured  as  10-jointed,  and  there  is  a  row  of  small 
tooth-like  objects  down  the  back. 

AspiDioTus  MYRTHi,  Bouche,  S.E.Z.  1851,  p.  112,  has  been 
erroneously  catalogued  as  a  Chionaspis  ;  it  appears  to  be  a  Myti- 
laspis. 

East  Las  Vegas,  New  Mexico,  U.S.A.  :  Jan.  2iid,  1901. 


THE     STUDY     OF    LIFE  HISTORY.- 

"  I  have  gathered  a  posic  of  other  men's  flowers,  and  nothing  but 
the  thread  that  binds  them  is  mine  own." — Montaigne. 

"  The  life  of  individual  man  is  of  a  mixed  nature.  In  part 
he  submits  to  the  free-will  impulses  of  himself  and  others,  in 
part  he  is  under  the  inexorable  dominion  of  law.  He  insensibly 
changes  his  estimate  of  the  relative  power  of  each  of  these 
influences  as  he  passes  through  successive  stages.  In  the  con- 
fidence of  youth  he  imagines  that  very  much  is  under  his  own 
control ;  in  the  disappointment  of  old  age,  veiy  little.  As  time 
passes  on  and  the  delusions  of  early  imaginations  vanish,  he 
learns  to  correct  his  more  sanguine  views,  and  prescribes  a 
narrower  boundary  for  the  things  he  expects  to  obtain.  The 
realities  of  life  undeceive  him  at  last,  and  there  steals  over  him 
at  times  the  knowledge  that  the  things  he  has  secured  are  not 
always  the  things  he  5xpected."  t 

Nevertheless,  philosophically  considered,  the  general  trend  of 
that  life  may  be  summed  up  in  the  one  word  "progression." 
And,  as  with  individual  man,  so  it  is  with  groups  of  men,  for 
communities  are  influenced  by  the  same  disasters,  or  complete 
the  same  cycle  as  the  individual.  Many  never  pass  beyond 
infancy,  some  reach  the  vigour  of  manhood,  whilst  others  perish 
suddenly  or  die  of  sheer  old  age.  But  though  during  existence 
they  may  not  infrequently  encounter  ill-fortune,  or  what  is 
popularly  designated  "  bad  luck,"  their  absolute  course  can  never 
be  retrograde;  in  infancy,  childhood,  manhood,  old  age,  it  is 
ever  onward.    And  as  with  communities  in  general,  so  it  is  with 

-•=  Address  to  the  Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society  de- 
livered at  the  Koyal  Institution,  Liverpool,  on  January  14th,  1901,  by  Vice- 
President  E.  J.  Burgess  Sopp,  M.E.Met.Soc,  F.E.S. 

I  J.  W.  Draper. 


94  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

our  own  Society  in  particular — there  can  be  no  exception  to  the 
rule.  Like  an  individual,  it  may  experience  its  "ups  and  downs" 
of  life,but —  having  successfully  passed  through  the  dangers  inci- 
dent to  infancy  and  childhood,  attained  its  majority,  and  (still 
under  the  able  leadership  of  the  respected  President  who  has 
made  it  what  it  is)  entered  upon  the  vigorous  growth  of  early 
manhood — its  continued  development  and  increased  usefulness 
and  prosperity  can  be  looked  forward  to  with  the  utmost  confi- 
dence. This  unchecked  growth,  or  "healthy  running  on,"  to 
use  a  horticultural  expression,  bas  imparted  to  the  Society  the 
same  sound  and  healthful  condition  that  it  always  does  to  the 
thriving  plant ;  and  just  as,  under  like  favourable  circumstances, 
the  latter  is  able  to  successfully  withstand  the  very  many  trying 
vicissitudes  to  which  it  in  its  nature  is  exposed,  so  luckily  is  the 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society  now  far  too 
strongly  established  to  be  injuriously  affected  by  such  ephemeral 
disasters  as  the  possession  of  an  inexperienced  Vice-President  or 
the  delivery  of  a  weak  Annual  Address. 

To  any  member  therefore  who  should  happen  to  be  present 
to-night  for  the  first  time,  I  would  appeal  that  he  judge  not  the 
calibre  of  the  Society  by  this  evening's  discourse,  but  rather 
regard  the  event  as  one  of  those  momentary  trials  or  adverse 
epochs  in  its  history  to  which  communities  in  common  with 
individuals  are  exposed.  To  the  older  members  I  can  only  ofi'er 
my  condolences ;  like  them,  I  sincerely  regret  the  loss  of  the 
usual  interesting  Address  by  our  worthy  President,  and  still  more 
deeply  lament  the  cause  which  prevents  him  from  being  present 
amongst  us  this  evening.  Those  of  you  who  have  so  often 
enjoyed  the  great  privilege  of  listening  to  the  keen  scientific 
observations  and  wealth  of  anecdotal  experience  of  so  veteran  an 
entomologist  as  Mr.  Capper  will  understand  me  when  I  say  that 
although  exceedingly  attractive  to  listen  to  he  is  a  difficult  man 
to  succeed,  more  especially  for  one  who  has  so  recently  embarked 
upon  the  study  of  that  branch  of  Natural  History  with  which 
we  are  concerned  this  evening.  Thus  early  does  my  difficulty 
begin. 

A  general  survey  of  the  entomological  progress  during  the 
century  just  closed  would  have  been  desirable,  but  beyond  rae, 
and  I  thought  it  better  to  leave  the  matter  untoucbed  to  a  more 
able  successor.  A  review  of  the  work  of  the  past  twelve  months 
had  also  to  be  abandoned,  since  owing  to  illness  and  other  causes 
I  have  of  late  been  sadly  out  of  touch  with  tbe  subject.  Then 
in  the  presence  of  authorities  like  Mr.  Pierce  and  the  Rev.  E. 
Freeman  I  could  scarcely  descant  on  the  Lepidoptera,  wbilst  it 
seemed  equally  presumptuous  to  address  Dr.  Ellis  or  Mr.  Wilding 
on  the  topic  of  beetles.  And  alas  !  it  is  with  the  study  of  these 
two  orders  of  insects  that  the  majority  of  our  members  are 
concerned. 


THE    STUDY    OF    LIFK-HISTORY.  95 

Since,  then,  it  was  obvious  I  coukl  hope  to  discourse  on  little 
of  interest  to  our  older  members,  it  struck  me  that  as  a  com- 
paratively young  entomologist  I  might  be  permitted  to  address 
myself  more  particularly  to  the  younger  and  less  experienced 
students  amongst  us,  and  bring  to  their  notice  a  few  of  the 
simpler  of  Nature's  man}'  secrets  still  awaiting  solution  at  the 
hanJs  of  the  zealous  and  thoughtful  observer.  By  so  doing  I  am 
not  without  hope  that  some  may  become  sufficiently  interested 
in  the  sui)ject  to  eventually  give  more  attention  to  a  branch  of 
the  studj'  of  Zoology  which  aiipears  somewhat  neglected  to-day — 
I  refer  to  the  study  of  life-history,  an  investigation  requiring 
much  careful  training  and  long  practice  in  observation,  and 
which  cannot  therefore  be  well  started  too  early  in  life. 

This  general  neglect  of  attention  to  the  living  insect  by 
beginners  is  easily  understood.  It  matters  not  what  order  of 
Entomology  we  take  up,  our  lirst  endeavour  is  naturally  to  amass 
a  collection ;  our  next  to  get  it  named,  classified,  and  arranged  in 
the  latest  orthodox  and  most  approved  style.  This  is  as  it 
should  be,  provided  always  that  the  possession  of  such  collection 
is  not  the  object  in  itself;  it  should  but  serve  us  as  a  kind  of 
illustrated  catalogue  to  those  wonderful  little  works  of  nature 
whose  method  of  existence  we  should  endeavour  to  fathom  and 
understand.  I  think  it  was  Bolingbroke,  in  his  '  Letters  on 
History,'  who  wrote : — "  Some  (histories)  are  to  be  read,  some 
are  to  be  studied,  and  some  may  be  neglected  entirely,  not  only 
without  detriment  but  with  advantage."  The  life-histories  of 
insects  undoubtedly  belong  to  the  earlier  category,  and  should 
not  only  be  read,  but  occup}'  a  foremost  place  in  any  study  of 
Entomology.  True,  the  student  of  this  branch  of  his  subject 
has  little  to  show  of  tangible  form  for  much  time  and  trouble 
expended.  There  will  be  few  pocket-box  exhibits  for  our  energetic 
junior  Secretary  to  insert  in  the  monthly  circular;  no  long 
columns  of  captures  in  the  cabinet ;  and  little  enough  for  ex- 
change :  but  on  the  credit  side  of  his  account  will  appear  ere 
long  ample  and  continually  increasing  compensation,  with  a 
wealth  of  genuine  knowledge  and  pleasure  to  which  the  mere 
collector  is  for  ever  a  stranger. 

Far  be  it  from  me  to  underrate  the  work  of  classification. 
To  H.  T.  Stainton  and  G.  R.  Waterhouse— who  may  perhaps  be 
said  to  have  been  the  tirst  to  reduce  to  a  semblance  of  order  the 
chaos  existing  in  our  lists  of  Lepidoptera  and  Coleoptera  at  the 
commencement  of  the  nineteenth  century — entomologists  owe  a 
deep  debt  of  gratitude ;  and  since  their  time  so  many  and  able 
have  been  the  exponents  of  these  groups  along  the  same  lines 
that  their  study  has  now  been  rendered  comparatively  simple. 
To  such  an  extent  indeed  has  the  labyrinth  of  synonymy  which 
formerly  obtained  been  pruned,  and  to  so  great  perfection  has 
the  general  arrangement  of  the  various  groups  of  insects  been 


96  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

brought  by  the  present  generation  of  workers,  that  not  only  this 
Society  but  Entomology  as  a  whole  can  now  well  afford  to  spare 
the  labours  of  some  of  its  younger  and  rising  members,  and 
should  moreover  encourage  them,  by  every  means  in  its  power,  to 
give  increased  attention  to  the  important  subject  which  I  have 
ventured  to  bring  to  your  notice  this  evening. 

I  have  said  along  the  same  lines,  but  I  do  not  admit  those  lines 
to  be  the  best  that  could  be  desired.  It  is  much  more  likely 
that  the  classification  of  our  insects  will  eventually  be  considered 
historically ;  the  ideal  arrangement  being  based  upon  the  deve- 
lopment of  internal  structure  and  genealogy  rather  than  upon 
any  arbitrary  divisions  resting  solely  upon  features  of  an  external 
character  as  at  the  present  day. 

The  study  of  life-history  is  in  its  broadest  interpretation 
divisible  into  two  portions,  which  may  be  conveniently  described 
as — (1)  observation  of  the  habits  of  the  living  insect,  and  (2)  the 
examination  of  its  parts.  The  first  of  these  can  of  course  be 
pursued  separately,  but  the  diligent  student  who  enjoys  the 
advantage  conferred  by  even  a  moderately  good  microscope  will 
be  well  advised  to  combine  the  two,  since  some  knowledge  of 
the  anatomy  of  his  subject,  no  matter  in  how  small  a  degree,  will 
always  be  of  great  service  to  him  in  the  intelligent  interpretation 
of  much  in  the  life  of  an  insect  which  may  otherwise  prove 
puzzling  and  obscure. 

Of  the  systems  of  teaching  of  various  naturalists  with  whose 
methods  I  have  become  acquainted,  that  of  Dollinger,  of  Wiirz- 
burg,  was  most  successful ;  the  fact  that  such  men  as  Pander, 
Baer,  and  Agassiz  were  amongst  his  pupils  speaks  for  itself.  In 
our  own  times  his  system  has  been  followed  by  the  late  Professor 
Huxley  and  other  eminent  workers  ;  although  at  the  present  day 
the  great  bulk  of  zoologists  in  general — and  I  think  I  may  add 
entomologists  in  particular — appear  to  be  almost  entirely  en- 
gaged in  renaming,  reclassifying,  and  the  rearrangement  of 
generic  and  specific  values,  rather  than  in  any  systematic  attempt 
to  elucidate  much  that  is  as  yet  unknown  of  the  habits  and 
functions  of  the  living  animals  themselves.  That  there  are 
several  distinguished  exceptions  I  am  well  aware  ;  their  compara- 
tive smallness  of  number,  however,  seems  but  to  accentuate  the 
assertion  advanced. 

But  that  one  epoch  of  life  is  not  all  life  is  a  truism  throughout 
the  universe  ;  and  just  as  at  one  end  of  the  chain  of  natural 
phenomena  there  are  cycles  or  periods  of  time,  at  the  expiration 
of  which  certain  aspects  of  the  giant  heavenly  bodies  repeat 
themselves,  and  at  the  other  well-marked  though  irregular  and 
less  understood  recurrences  of  the  abnormal  assertion  and  activity 
of  insect  and  other  minute  life ;  so,  too,  perhaps  does  the  ento- 
mological student  of  life-history  enjoy  his  periodicity,  and  in  the 
fulness  of  time,  through  the  exceedingly  obscure  albeit,  usually 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  97 

irresistible,  force  of  fashion  or  other  potent  influence,  may  be 
evolved  a  race  of  entomologists  whose  chief  aim  and  object  will 
be  the  unravelment  of  the  complicated  skein  of  existence  of  living 
species  rather  than  the  collecting  and  arranging  of  their  mummi- 
lied  forms  after  death.  A  list  of  such  students,  both  in  the  past 
and  present,  includes  many  honoured  names,  of  which  it  is  only 
necessary  to  mention  Malpighi,  whose  essay  on  the  silkworm 
(1G69)  has  been  described  as  "  an  almost  perfect  example  of  an 
anatomical  treatise  in  a  new  field  "  (Miall) ;  Swammerdam,  whose 
posthumous  work  '  The  Book  of  Nature '  contained  the  life- 
histories  of  many  insects,  of  which  perhaps  that  of  the  may  flies 
(Ephemeridae),  although  less  quoted  than  the  more  elaborate 
dissertation  on  the  honey  bee,  is  the  more  valuable  ;  Lyonnet, 
who  has  charmed  us  with  his  observations  on  the  larva  of  the 
goat  moth  {Cossns  U(inipcnla) ;  Reaumur,  the  French  naturalist, 
whose  chief  work,  '  A  History  of  Insects,'  contains  an  admirable 
account  of  the  caddis  worms  (Trichoptera) ;  Straus-Diirckheim, 
whose  classic  expos-ition  on  the  common  cockchafer  {Melolontha 
vulfjaris)  is  a  masterpiece  of  careful  research;  De  Geer;  Durfour ; 
Newport ;  Leydig ;  Newman ;  Kirby  ;  Professor  Miall,  to  whom 
I  am  indei)ted  for  much  of  my  knowledge  of  insect  life  ;  our 
member,  Mr.  S.  L.  Moseley,  of  Huddersfield,  whose  technical 
work  in  connection  with  injurious  insects  is  known  to  you  all ; 
and  last,  but  certainly  not  least,  the  distinguished  lady  whose 
membership  is  an  honour  to  our  Society,  Miss  Ormerod. 

(To  be  continued.) 


NOTES    AND     OBSERVATIONS. 

T.i:XIOCAMPA   GRACILIS    LaYING   ITS   EgGS    IN   A  PlECE    OF   SpONGE.— On 

May  4tb  last  I  took  a  female  of  this  species  sitting  iu  the  daytime 
upon  a  froud  of  dead  fern,  and  placed  her  in  a  large  chip-box  with  a 
small  piece  of  sponge  saturated  with  syrup.  She  lived  for  a  fortnight 
or  more  and  then  died,  apparently  without  depositing  any  eggs,  and  I 
was  on  the  point  of  throwing  her  and  the  piece  of  sponge  away  when 
something  peculiar  iu  the  appearance  of  the  latter  caught  my  eye,  and 
upon  examining  it  closely  through  a  lens,  I  discovered  a  quantity  of 
eggs  laid  in  the  cells  and  placed  some  way  in.  They  were  of  a  pale 
straw  colour  when  I  first  saw  them,  and  remained  so  until  May  28th, 
when  they  got  a  shade  darker,  and  on  June  1st  I  found  many  of  the 
larvte  had  hatched.  They  were  then  of  a  leaden  hue,  with  shining 
black  heads,  and  kept  inside  the  sponge-cells,  and  I  could  not^  shake 
them  out,  so  I  placed  the  bit  of  sponge  in  a  jam-pot  with  a  piece  of 
sallow  and  covered  them  up  ;  but  the  larvae  would  not  leave  the  sponge, 
and  all  died  within  the  cells.  I  fancy  they  were  held  by  the  sticky 
syrup,  and  were  unable  to  get  out.  This  was  unfortunate,  but  a  piece 
of  sponge  seems  to  be  a  good  thing  to  place  in  a  box  with  moths  that 

ENTOM. — MARCH,    I'.jOl.  " 


98  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

do  not  readily  lay  in  confinement,  only,  of  course,  the  syrup  must  be 
omitted.— Gervase  F.  Mathew;  Dovercourt,  Essex,  Feb.  11th,  1901. 
SuGAEiNG  Lamps. — Have  there  been  any  improvements  lately  m 
the  manufacture  of  these  lamps  ?  If  so,  I  should  like  to  know.  For 
the  past  two  seasons  I  have  been  using  one  of  the  usual  kind,  as 
supplied  by  the  dealers— one  with  bent  glass  front  and  burning  a 
mixture  of  colza  and  American  petroleum.  It  gives  a  fair  light,  but  I 
think  it  might  be  vastly  improved ;  the  reflector  seems  to  be  a  weak 
point.  Has  anyone  invented  any  sort  of  electric  lamp  ?  I  shall  be  glad 
to  hear  the  experience  of  other  collectors  as  to  the  best  kind  of  lamp  to 
use,  &c.,  and  where  to  obtain  it.— Gervase  F.  Mathew  ;  Feb.  12th,  1901. 
PiERis  DAPLiDicE  MIGRATING. — Tliis  spcciss  passcd  ovcr  here  to-day 
(January  19th,  1901)  in  a  large  cloud,  the  time  about  2-30,  with  a 
temperature  of  101°  in  the  shade.  The  butterflies  appeared  to  be 
making  for  a  north-westerly  point ;  their  progress  was  slow  for  such 
a  high  elevation,  and  the  spectacle  against  the  deep  blue  sky  had  the 
appearance  as  if  studded  with  gems.  On  the  ground  they  collected 
in  batches  where  the  spots  were  mostly  damp  and  shady ;  towards 
sunset  they  had  entirely  disappeared. — H.  W.  Bell-Marley,  I.L.I.  ; 
Ingagane,  South  Africa. 

Irregularity  in   Emergence   of   Drepanid^. — With   reference   to 
Mr.   Leonard    Spencer's   observations   on   the   length   of    time   over 
which   the  emergence  of    Drepana  hamula    {blnarla)    extended    {ante, 
p.  52),   I  may  adduce  for  comparison  my  experience  with  falcataria 
(falcula).     I  had  a  fine  brood  last  summer,  which  pupated  between 
the  16th  and  27th  July.     Some  were  forced  at  about  90°  F. ;  of  these 
about  half  emerged  at  various  dates  extending  from   five  to  fifteen 
days ;    the  other  half  were  placed  at  the  ordinary  room  temperature 
about  the  11th  August,  when  I  went  abroad.    I  returned  8th  September, 
and  found  all  these  had  emerged  and  died  durmg  my  absence,  except 
one,  which  was  living  and  in  good  condition,  and  therefore  could  not 
have  emerged  earlier  than  about  the   5th  September.     Some  others 
were  kept  from  the  beginning  at  the  room  temperature ;  about  half  of 
these  emerged  in  from  seven  to  thirteen  days,  the  rest  while  I  was 
abroad,  except  one,  which  did  not  emerge  until  the  9th  December. 
Many  others  were  placed  within  a  day  or  so  after  pupation  at  various 
low  temperatures,  mostly  at  about  48°  F.,    and  kept  there  for  about 
fifty  to  seventy  days,  being  brought  into  room  temperature  at  intervals 
between  the  16th  and  28th  September.     Many  of  these  emerged  while 
at  the  low  temperatures,  but  many  others  at  various  times  afterwards, 
several  of  them  in  November  and  December,  and  one  on  the   12th 
January  ;  as  I  have  some  healthy-looking  pupse  remaining,  I  expect 
more.    The  artificial  coohug  to  which  most  were  subjected  was  a  cause 
of  much  retardation,  but  it  will  be  observed  that  the  extreme  irregu- 
larity in  the  appearance  of  the  perfect  form  was  not  confined  to  these. 
The  regularity  of  appearance  of  some  summer  insects — for  example, 
V.  io  and  V.  polychluros — contrast  strongly  with  this ;    I  have  often 
found  all  that  pupated  on  the  same  date  emerge  on  one  and  the  same 
day. — F.  Merrifield. 

Erratum.— Page  55,  line  28,  for  "Derbyshire"  read  "Denbigh- 
shire." 


99 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS. 

LiMENiris  SIBYLLA  &G.,  IN  Shhopshire.  —  In  August,  1900,  I  saw 
a  fresh-looking  L.  sibijlla  at  Hoptou  Court,  near  Cleobury  Mortimer, 
Salop.  Also  I  found  a  caterpillar  of  the  same  species,  but,  unfortunately, 
it  dieil.  Grapta  c-album,  Vanessa  {Cynthia)  cardiii,  V.  io,  were  very  com- 
mon during  that  month,  especially  the  latter. — C.  R.  L.  Boxkr;  151,  Burnt 
Ash  Hill,  Lee,  Kent. 

CiRRHCEDIA    .XIORAMPELINA  VAR.   USICOLOR    IN  THE   MIDLANDS. — It  may 

be  of  interest  to  record  that,  whilst  living  at  Panton,  in  Lincolnshire,  some 
forty  miles  from  Nottingham,  where  Mr.  A.  Simmons  took  his  specimen 
last  year,  I  dug,  in  August,  1895,  about  twenty  pupae  of  C.  xerampelina, 
under  ashes,  and  from  them  had  the  good  fortune  to  breed  two  lovely 
females  of  the  var.  luiicolor.  According  to  Mr.  Tutt  ("  British  Noctuse  and 
their  Varieties,'  vol.  iii.  p.  17  I,  this  form,  besides  occurring  in  Douglas,  Isle 
of  Man,  has  been  recorded  from  Derbyshire,  Gloucestershire,  Statfordshire 
(Burton-on-Trent),  and  Yorkshire  (Ripou).  Staudinger,  who  gave  it  the 
name  anicolor,  describes  it  with  terse  accuracy  as  "  alls  anticis  fere  uni- 
coloribus  rufescentibus,  flavo-bistrigatis."  Gueiiee,  who  describes  it  as 
"  var.  A,"  but  did  not  name  it,  says  that  the  ground  colour  of  the  wings  is 
a  clear  carnation  red,  and  also  remarks  that  the  two  sexes  are  similar.  I 
find  I  have  also  a  note  that  Mr.  William  Prest,  of  York,  took  one  near  that 
city,  on  Aug.  22nd,  1872.  The  ground  colour  is  aptly  described  by  him  as 
being  of  a  dull  coppery  red. — (Rev.)  Gilbert  H.  Raynor  ;  Hazeleigh 
Rectory,  Maldon,  Essex,  Feb.  1st,  1901. 

Hybernia  pilosaria  in  December. — 1  took  a  fine  specimen  of  H. 
pilosaria  ofi  A  gas-lamp  on  Dec.  11th  last.  — Charles  Baker;  Atherstone, 
Jan.  21st,  1901. 

CoLiAS  edusa  in  1900,  NEAR  WINCHESTER. — I  saw  on  the  downs  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Winchester,  about  Sept.  29th,  a  single  specimen  of 
C.  edusa.  This  was  the  only  specimen  about,  and  I  did  not  notice  any 
clover  or  lucerne  fields  anywhere  near. — Alan  W.  Cardinall  ;  18,  Crom- 
well Road,  Hove. 

Colias  edusa  in  Northumberland. — On  June  28th,  1900,  I  saw  a 
single  specimen  of  this  butterfly  on  the  roadside  near  Berrington,  about  seven 
miles  south  of  Berwick.  It  was  strong  upon  the  wing,  a  male,  in  fine  con- 
dition. I  had  expected  to  have  seen  others  as  in  former  years  when  the 
species  has  appeared  here,  but  have  not  heard  of  a  single  other  occurrence 
upon  the  eastern  borders  during  the  past  season.  The  last  previous  occur- 
rence of  this  species  in  the  district  of  which  I  have  any  note  was  in  1884, 
when  I  saw  one  flying  near  Bamburgh,  on  July  14th.  In  1877  it  was 
numerous,  and  generally  distributed.  —  George  Bolam  ;  Bervvick-ou- 
Tweed,  Jan.  28th,  1901. 

Colias  edusa  and  Acherontia  atropos  in  North  England.— During 
August,  September,  and  October  last,  I  was  in  different  parts  of  Lancashire 
and  \''orkshire,  and  saw  C.  edusa  on  one  occasion  only,  that  was  on 
Aug.  14th,  when  I  noted  a  specimen  flyiug  along  the  roadway  by  Cressing- 
ton  Park,  five  miles  from  Liverpool.  I  was  told  that  the  pupae  of  A.  atropos 
had  been  turned  up  in  fair  nunabers  by  potato  diggers  in  the  Doncaster  and 
Selby  district. — G.  B.  Oliver;  Tettenhall,  Wolverhampton,  Feb.  I5th. 

h2 


100  'ruE  Entomologist. 

AcHERONTiA  ATROPOs  IN  Warwickshike. — Auioug  the  mauv  interest- 
ing reports  of  A.  atmpos,  I  have  not  observed  any  from  Warwickshire. 
During  August  I  had  five  fine  larvae  brought  to  me,  which  had  been  found 
in  various  gardens  near  the  town,  and  also  one  large  pupa,  which  was  found 
in  a  coal-heap  in  a  garden,  where  one  of  the  larvae  had  also  been  obtained. 
Of  the  larvae  two  failed  to  pupate  successfully,  but  the  other  three  changed 
all  right.  I  adopted  the  forcing  plan  suggested  by  Messrs.  J.  and  W. 
Davis,  and  am  pleased  to  say  I  was  rewarded  with  three  very  fine  imagines, 
two  females  and  one  male.  It  would  be  interesting  to  hear  if  many  of  those 
reported  in  the  larval  state  have  successfully  attained  the  perfect  stage, 
and  in  what  proportion  as  regards  numbers. — Chas.  Baker  ;  Atherstone, 
Jan.  21st,  1901. 

Acherontia  ATROPOS  IN  NORTHUMBERLAND,  1900. — This  species  has 
been  unusually  numerous  in  this  district,  in  common  with  other  parts  of 
the  country,  during  1900.  The  following  captures  of  larvae  have  come 
under  my  notice,  all  upon  the  English  side  of  the  Border,  and  I  have  no 
doubt  many  others  have  occurred: — Sept.  Ist.  One  at  Smafield  station, 
upon  the  main  line  of  railway  between  Berwick  and  Bel  ford  ;  another,  at 
the  same  place,  about  a  week  later.  5th.  One  at  Lilburn  Tower.  20th. 
One  from  a  garden  at  VVooler.  22nd.  One  from  Plea  Piece.  18th.  One 
near  Ancroft ;  one.  Holy  Island.  October.  One  at  Brock  Mill,  near  Beal. 
A  year  seldom  passes  without  one  or  two  of  these  strange-looking  cater- 
pillars being  found  in  the  distiict,  the  imago  being  much  less  frequently 
Seen. — George  Bolam  ;   Berwick-ou-Tweed,  Jan.  23rd,  1901. 

Early  Appearance  of  Chcerocampa  elpenor. — On  Jan.  9ih  I  received 
from  my  friend  Mr.  M.  F.  Thomas,  of  Brecon,  a  very  fine  specimen  of  this 
moth,  and  he  also  kindly  sent  me  the  following  particulars.  The  catei'- 
pillar  was  found  during  the  first  week  in  August  last,  among  some  lilies-of- 
the  valley  underneath  a  climbing  white  jessamine;  after  trying  several 
things  it  was  found  to  eat  lettuce  leaves.  It  pupated  the  last  week  in 
August,  and  was  kept  in  a  cardboard  box  on  the  mantelshelf  of  the 
smoking-room.  The  moth  came  out  on  Jan.  2nd.  It  is  a  beautiful  speci- 
men, perfect,  in  every  respect.  Is  not  this  a  curious  time  of  year  for  its 
emergence? — J.  W.  Vaughan  ;  Bryn-y-Mon,  Tenby,  Jan.  12th,  1900. 

The  Vanessids  in  1900. — The  larvae  of  Vanessa  urtica  were  exces- 
sively abundant  here  last  June  and  July,  as  usual,  terribly  ichneumoned. 
I  noticed  hundreds  of  their  chrysalids  hanging  from  copings  of  walls,  &c., 
and  collected  several  dozen,  but  not  one  produced  a  butterfly.  However,  in 
August  and  September  the  butterflies  were  tolerably  common  in  clover- 
fields,  but  not  abundant.  F.  io  and  V.  polychloros  were  more  numerous 
than  usual,  and  V.  atalanta  was  common,  particularly  in  the  larva  state. 
Of  V.  [Cynthia)  cardid  I  only  noticed  three — two  very  battered  examples 
early  in  July,  and  one  quite  fresh  on  Sept.  5th.  I  was  surprised  there 
were  not  more  of  them,  as  they  are  usually  plentiful  during  a  clouded 
yellow  year.— Gervase  F.  Mathew;  Dovercourt,  Feb.  llth,  1901. 

Notes  from  Portland,  1900.— The  following  particulars  respecting 
some  of  the  best  insects  obtained  here  by  me  this  season  may  be  worth 
putting  on  record,  Colias  edusa  was  plentiful,  and  on  the  wing  from 
Aug.  llth  to  Sept.  19th.  I  had  one  worn  male  brought  me  on  June  12th, 
which  I  liberated.     Of  the  variety  hclice  I  took  six  specimens.     C.  hyale  I 


CAPTURES    ANDFIELD    REPORTS.  101 

captured  here  for  the  first  time,  netting  six  during  the  above  period. 
Between  Aug.  14th  and  Oct.  V2th  I  had  nine  larvae  of  Acheronlia  atropos 
brought  me,  the  last  two  being  onlv  about  one-third  part  grown,  and  these 
died.  I  look  the  first  Sphinx  convolvuli  on  Sept.  7th,  and  from  this  date 
until  Oct.  9th  I  took  seven  others.  On  Sept.  25th  I  had  a  full-grown 
larva  of  this  species  brought  to  me,  which  had  been  dug  up  in  a  patch  of 
potatoes.  It  went  down  again  before  I  had  time  to  examine  it  minutely,  as 
I  purposed  doing,  with  a  view  to  fully  describing  it.  From  the  finding  of 
this  larva  and  the  capture,  some  seasons,  of  a  large  number  of  the  perfect 
insect,  many  in  fine  condition,  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  the  species  breeds 
here.  Heliophohus  hispidus  was  out  from  Aug.  ^Srd  to  Oct.  7th,  and  I 
secured  upwards  of  a  hundred  examples.  Of  Aporophijla  australis  1 
captured  eighteen  specimens,  at  sugar  and  on  grass,  between  Sept.  21st 
and  Oct.  7th.  On  Oct.  llth  I  took  one  Epunda  tiigra  dt  sugar. — John  T. 
Hyde  ;  The  Grove,  Portland. 

Larv^beating  in  Epping  Forest  in  1900.  —  Following  on  my 
previous  notes  published  last  year  (Kntom.  xxxiii.  p.  95),  I  append  a  short 
summary  of  larvae  beating  in  the  above  locality  during  the  past  year.  The 
first  excursion  was  on  May  l'.2th,  to  Loughton,  and  on  this  date  the  oaks  were 
by  no  means  in  a  forward  condition.  The  day  itself  was  bleak,  and  larvae 
were  few  and  far  between ;  Hijlophila  bicolorana  (three)  was  the  most  im- 
portant item.  On  the  19th  a  similar  journey  resulted  in  an  equal  number  of 
this  species,  and  larvae  taken  included  Crocallis  elinguaria,  Hiniera pennaria, 
Nyssia  hispidaria,  and  Selenia  tetraluiiaria.  On  the  26th,  walking  through 
from  Loughton  towards  the  '  Wake  Arms,'  and  beating  suitable  oaks,  a 
very  fair  number  of  H.  bicolorana  were  taken,  ten  in  all.  Many  other 
larvae  were  obtained,  including  the  four  above  mentioned,  and  the  more 
common  things  were  fully  as  abundant  as  in  the  previous  year.  On  June 
2nd,  isolated  full-fed  larvae  of  H.  bicolorana  was  the  only  species  worthy  of 
note.  On  the  9th,  an  excursion  to  Ctiingford,  where  the  blackthorns  came 
in  for  treatment,  proved  the  fact  that  Thecla  betida  was  well  in  evidence, 
and  in  point  of  numbers  bid  fair  to  outdo  1899.  The  larvae  were  then 
very  small ;  about  twelve  were  taken,  and  more  were  to  be  had  if  one  cared 
to  work  for  them.  Misetia  oxyacanthoR,  Diloba  caruleocephala,  Bonibyx 
neustria,  Odontopera  bidentata,  were  met  with  together,  with  a  single 
Trichiura  cratrngi.  On  the  16th  T.  betulce  was  exceedingly  common,  and 
from  this  date  to  the  80th  many  larvae  were  to  be  had.  Several  collectors 
were  working,  and  all  with  some  success.  It  is  extremely  gratifying  to 
those  who  know  its  locality  well,  to  find  that,  despite  the  popularity  of  the 
Forest  as  a  place  for  school  treats,  military  manoeuvres,  &c.,  this  insect 
holds  its  own  against  all  comers.  I  consider,  personally,  the  working  ot 
the  generally-known  locality  by  entomologists  will  never  be  sufficient  to 
exterminate  it,  owing,  I  think,  to  two  breeding-grounds  in  the  near  neigh- 
bourhood which,  I  believe,  are  little  known,  and  less  worked,  by  the 
majority  of  collectors.  Among  things  which  fell  into  the  tray  on  the  23rd 
was  a  beautiful  female  specimen  of  Eurymene  dolabraria,  and  this  was 
equalled  on  the  30th  by  a  fertile  female  of  Angerona  pninaria,  in  perfect 
condition,  which  laid  freely  in  captivity. 

On  July  14th,  an  excursion  to  Loughton,  walking  towards  Theydon, 
resulted  in  sotne  interesting  larvae;  oaks,  poplars,  birch  and  sallows  were 
touched,  and  the  captures  included  three  Pterostoma  palpina,  two  Noto- 
donta  dictaa,  four  Lophopteryx  camelina,  and  three  very  small  Smerinthus 


102  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

ocellatus.  On  the  Silst  a  further  number  of  the  above  larvae  were  taken, 
and  others,  including  Pygara  pigra  (?)  and  some  Eupithecia  larvae  (species 
unknown).  On  the  28th  the  most  notable  was  a  single  Macroglossa 
fuciformis,  which  probably  fell  off  honeysuckle. 

On  Si-pt.  7th  a  visit  to  the  birches  resulted  in  a  single  specimen  of 
Notodonta  dromedarius,  three  Drepana  falcataria,  five  D.  lacertinaria,  and 
a  few  common  larvae. 

To  sum  up,  the  year  itself,  so  far  as  this  locality  is  concerned,  must  be 
considered  distinctly  satisfactory;  and  though  one  regrets  the  absence  of 
such  larvae  as  Pcecilocampa  populi  and  Thecla  quercus,  yet  the  profusion  of 
the  others  makes  the  Forest  still  worthy  of  the  lepidopterist's  attention. — 
E.  W.  Lane  ;  9,  Teesdale  Street,  Hackney  Road,  N.E.,  Feb.  2ud,  1901. 

Lepidoptera  in  Co.  Westmeath. — As  I  have  been  collecting  here  for 
the  last  few  years,  a  list  of  some  of  the  insects  I  have  met  with  may  be  of 
interest.  Among  others,  I  have  taken  the  following  species: — Euchloe 
cardamines,  Argynnis  paphia,  Melitaa  aurinia,  Vanessa  io  (fairly  abundant 
last  season),  Thecla  ruhi  (very  common),  Polyommatus  phlceas,  ClicErocampa 
porcellus,  C.  elpenor,  Smerinthus  ocellatus  (larvae  abundant),  S.  populi, 
Macroglossa  stellatarum,  Trochilium  crabroniforinis,  Ino  statices,  Gnophria 
rubricoUis,  Euchelia  jacobcBtB  (extremely  common),  Phragmatobiafuligliiosa, 
Lexwoma  salicis  (abundant,  but  very  localized),  Orgyia  antiqua.  Saturiiia 
carpini,  Cilix  glaucata,  Cerura  furcula,  C.  vinula,  Lophopteryx  camelina, 
Notodonta  dromedarius,  N.  ziczac,  Pygara  pigra,  Cyviatoplwra  duplaris, 
Bryophila  perla,  Acronycta  megacephala  (pupae  not  uwcommou),  A.  rumicis, 

A.  menyanthidis,  Tapinostola  fulva,  Xylophasia  subhistris.  Neuroma  popu- 
laris,  Luperina  testacea,  Mamestra  furva,  Apamea  unanimis,  Lampetia 
arcuosa,  Miana  literosa,  Celana  haivorthii,  Agrotis  saucia  (not  uncommon 
last  year),  A'^.  c-nigrum,  Tripha:na  interjecta,  Nania  typica,  Mormo  maura, 
Panolis  piniperda  (one),  Paehnobia  rubricosa,  Taniocawpa  j^opuleti,  T.  gra- 
cilis, Orthosia  pistacina,  Hadena  dentlna,  H.  pisi,  Xylocampa  areola,  Calo- 
campa  vetusta,  Xylina  socia,  Plusia  bractea  (took  eight  specimens  of  this 
moth  last  season,  and  I  have  a  number  of  the  larvae  at  present  hyber- 
nating),  P.  iota,  P.  pulchrina,  P.  festuca,  Erastria  uncula,  Euclidia 
glyphica,  Eurymene  dolabraria  (one),  Crocallis  elinguaria,  Biston  strataria 
(one),  Amphidasys  betularia,  Tephrosia  crepuscidaria,  Abraxas  adtistata, 
Lobophora  carpinata,  Thera  firmata,  Melantliia  albicillata,  Phibalapteryx 
vittata,  Coremia  designata,  Cidaria  miata,  C.  siderata,  Tanagra  atrata. — 

B.  L.  MiDDLETON  ;   Belsize  House,  Mullingar,  Ireland. 

Notes  on  the  Season  of  1900  in  Carnarvonshire. — Sallows  at 
Capel  Curig,  in  Carnarvonshire,  were  not  very  productive.  Taniocampa 
stabilis  and  T.  gothica  were  abundant ;  and  Paehnobia  rubricosa  occurred 
sparingly,  along  with  a  few  T.  incerta.  The  varieties  of  this  insect,  where 
it  occurs  among  the  mountains,  seem  to  be  very  remarkable  and  confusing. 
I  found  Melitcea  aurinia  very  common  on  June  10th,  in  one  of  the 
localities  near  here,  where  I  discovered  it  six  years  ago.  I  was  not  able  to 
repeat  my  last  year's  excursions  to  Dinas  Rawddwy,  in  Merionethshire, 
where,  in  June,  1899,  I  captured  between  forty  and  fifty  fine  Chcerocampa 
elpenor,  at  rhododendron  bloom.  They  swarmed  in  scores  at  one  small 
bush,  along  with  a  few  specimens  of  C.  porcellus.  Sugar  has  been  totally 
unproductive  ail  the  year,  and  light  nearly  as  bad.  Among  the  butterflies, 
Vanessa  io  has  been   very  abuudant  this  summer ;   V.  c-album  I  saw  twice. 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  lOB 

I  have,  however,  one  addition  to  record  to  our  small  list  of  butterflies  here. 
One  of  my  bovs,  Master  George  Rowlands,  took  five  specimens  of  Thecla 
betula  in  August,  in  a  lane  close  by,  which  I  have  often  worked  myself, 
though  without  any  such  result.  I  was  rather  incredulous  at  first  when  I 
heard  of  its  occurrence  here ;  but  I  have  seen  the  specimens,  one  male  and 
four  females,  all  rather  worn.  Larvae  and  pupae  of  Acherontia  atropos 
have  been  found  occasionallv  during  the  autumn  in  the  neighbourhood. — 

A.  S.  Tetlky  ;  Newtown,  North  Wales,  Dec.  15th.  1900. 

Captures  at  Electric  Light. — As  Bucks  appears  to  be  a  county 
which  is  little  worked,  a  list  of  captures  taken  at  electric  light  during  the 
last  year  may  prove  interesting.  We  were  only  able  to  work  the  lamps  on 
a  few  Saturday  evenings  in  the  months  of  May,  June,  and  October,  but  we 
were  able  to  give  them  more  attention  from  July  ^Oth  to  the  end  of 
September,  with  the  exception  of  the  first  fortnight  of  August.  Nearly 
all  the  moths  enumerated  were  taken  at  five  arc-lamps  in  the  middle  of  the 
town,  and  the  results  would  doubtless  be  better  if  the  current  were  not 
switched  off  punctunlly  at  II  o'clock.  The  only  points  worth  noticing  are 
the  capture  of  E.jacobcBCS  on  April  21st  (an  early  date),  and  the  abundance 
of  the  "  Thorns."  S.  illunaria  (common),  E.  tiUaria,  E.fuscantaria  (com- 
mon, but  in  poor  condition),  E.  angidaria,  and  E.  erosaria,  whilst  one  H. 
pennaria  was  taken  on  Nov.  3rd  Thirteen  C.  xerampeUna  turned  up  in 
September,  and  two  L.  quercifolia  and  one  N.  trepida  in  June.  The 
following  is  a  complete  list  of  the  species  which  were  taken,  one  hundred 
and  eleven  in  number: — 

Sphinges  :  — S.  ligtlstn,  S.  ocellatus. 

Bombyces  :  —  L.  complanula,  E.jacobcecB,  A.  caia,  S.  fuliginosa,  S.luhri- 
cipeda,  S.  menthastri,  H.  hiimuli,  H.  lupulinus,  L.  aurijlua,  D.  piidibunda, 

B.  neustria,  P.  populi,  T.  cratcegi,  L.  quercifolia,  P.  unguicula,  P.  Jiamula, 
P.falcula,  C.  spiinila,  N.  dictaa,  N.  trepida,  P.  bucqihala. 

Noctuae: — A.  psl,  D.  caruleocephala,  L.  conigera,  L.  comma,  L.  im- 
pura,  L.  pallens,  C.  liitosa,  A.  putris,  X.  Uthoxylea,  X.  monoylypha,  N. 
saponari(B,  N.  popularis,  C.  cytherea,  L.  testacea,  M.  brassiccB  M.  persicarice, 
A,  basilinea,  A.  didyina,  G.  trilinea,  0.  morpheus,  C.  aUines,  A.  puta,  A. 
sVtffasa,  A.  segetuni,  A.  exclainatio7iis,  A.  corticea,  N.  plectu,  N.  c-nigrian, 
N\  xanthographa,  T.  ianthlna,  T.  subsequa  (one),  T.  orbona,  T.  pronuba. 
A.  pyramidea,  M.  maura,  P.  rubricosa,  T.  gotkica,  T.  itistabilis,  T.  stabilis, 
Orthosia  ynacdenta,  A.  litura,  A.  pistacina,  A.  liinosa,  X.  ferriighiea,  X. 
citrago,  X.  flavago,  X.fidvago,  X.  aurago,C.  xerampeUna,  D.  cucubali,  H, 
Serena,  P.  jiavicincta,  E.  nigra  (one),  P.  meticidoaa,  H.  trifolii,  H.  oleracea, 
H.  genistcB,  X.  lithoriza,  C.  umbratica,  H.  tnplasia,  P.  chrysitis,  P.  gamma, 
P.  iota.  A.  tragopogonis,  C.  niipta. 

Geometrae : — M.  sambucaria,  R.  c^-atcegata,  S.  illunaria,  C.  elinguaria, 
E.  tiliaria,  E.  angularia,  E.  erosaria,  E.fuscantaria,  A.  pennaria,  H.  ab- 
ruptaria,  A.  grossulariata,  H.  progemmaria,  H.  defoliaria,  A.  cescidaria,  C. 
brwnata,  0.  dilutata,  A.  betularia,  B.  rhomboidaria,  M.  sociata,  M.  mon- 
tanata,  M.  fluctuata,  C.  associata,  C.  pusaria. — F.  H.  &  G.  E.  Peachell  ; 
High  Wycombe,  Bucks,  Dec.  30th,  1900. 

Notes  from  the  North-west.  —  Again  has  the  season  been  one  of 
such  considerable  interest,  if  not  of  surprises,  that  I  am  tempted  to 
continue  a  list  of  the  more  important  observations,  the  last  of  which 
appeared  in  the  '  Entomologist '  for  June  (xxxiii.  183), 


104  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

May.  — Looking  through  my  manuscript  notes  for  the  last  ten  years,  I 
have  been  struck  by  the  occurrence  of  a  May  storm  about  the  middle  of  the 
month.  The  only  exception  worth  notice  was  in  1893,  when  fine  weather 
broke  up,  with  rain  and  north-east  winds,  on  the  3rd.  Generally  speaking, 
the  trouble  is  one  of  cold,  high  winds  with  rain,  and  even  snow — "  winter 
lingering  in  the  lap  of  May  " — but,  on  three  occasions — 1895,  1898,  and 
1899  — the  storm  was  one  of  thunder  and  lightning.  This  year  (1900)  we 
had  the  cold  week,  with  the  wind  northeast,  about  May  17th.  As  "  the 
weather  "  is  always  a  matter  of  moment  to  entomologists,  these  remarks 
may  be  of  interest.  The  only  other  thing  worth  referring  to  under  this 
month  is  a  Euchloe  cardamines,  which  I  saw  flying  along  Eastgate  Street, 
Chester,  on  the  '^^Oth. 

June. — Heliaca  te7iebrata  {arbiiti)  was  plentiful  on  the  hedge-banks 
this  year;  I  took  a  dozen  along  a  few  yards,  and  in  a  few  minutes,  on  the 
4th.  On  the  Ist  I  saw  the  dragonflies,  Ischniira  elegans  and  Ayrio7i  puella 
— ^just  out — flying  together.  A  delicate  pink  sutfusion  on  the  thorax, 
particularly  in  the  case  of  A.  puella,  showed  they  were  immature.  Enallayma 
cyathigerum,  Libellula  quadrimaculata,  and  Lexicorrhinia  duhia  appeared 
on  the  Delamere  heaths,  but  also  immature,  on  the  23rd.  Pyrrhosoma 
nymphula  [  =  Ayr  ion  minium)  was  well  out  on  the  30th.  A  common  beetle 
on  the  Delamere  heaths,  in  June,  is  the  handsome  and  variable  Cicindela 
campestris.  The  night-feeding  larvae  taken  in  Delamere  Forest  from 
sallow,  birch  and  hawthorn,  on  April  38th  (Entora.  x.xxiii.  183),  began  to 
appear  on  June  11th  as  perfect  insects.  Among  them  were  six  or  eight 
Aplecta  nebulosa,  including  three  black  forms.  The  Delamere  type  is  a 
much  darker  moth  than  the  one  I  come  across  in  North  Wales — say,  in  the 
county  of  Merioneth.  That  from  Delamere  is  about  as  dark  as  A.  occulta, 
whilst  the  Merioneth  one  is  about  as  pale  as  Polia  chi.  A  new  and 
successful  experience  in  June  was  the  searching  for  moths,  with  the  aid  of 
a  lamp,  on  flowers,  particularly  those  of  the  campions,  and  of  hogweed 
(Heracleum  sphondylium).  I  have  a  lively  recollection  of  those  quiet  and 
beautiful  June  nights — all  the  world  asleep — and  the  seas  of  great  white 
scented  trusses  of  flowers  flecking  the  sides  of  the  lanes  and  river  embank- 
ment. We  took  no  r&rities  from  these  hogweeds,  but  they  were  well  worth 
working  by  anyone  who  wished  to  renew  common  species.  Foremost 
among  these,  in  abundance,  were  Axylia  putris,  Noctua  c-nigrum,  N. /estiva 
(with  endless  varieties),  Ayrotis  segetum  (equally  as  variable — the  females 
often  with  red  margins),  A.  exclamationis  (with  pale  to  almost  black  forms). 
Triphmia  pronuba  in  all  sorts  of  bhades  and  patterns,  the  mottled  variety  of 
Apamea  gemina  (often  taken  for  Mamestra  furva),  and,  of  course,  the  type 
and  varieties  oi  Xylophasia  rurea.  The  best  geometers,  and  there  were 
plenty  of  them,  were  Timandra  amataria,  Emmelesia  decolorata  and  Eupi- 
thecia  castiyata,  the  last  species  being  a  new  record  for  Chester.  At 
campion  flowers  we  took,  amongst  others,  Dianthoscia  cucubali,  aglow  with 
marginal  purple  band  and  yellow  streak — alas  !  ihey  fade.  Oiher  moths 
at  campion  flowers  were  Plusia  pulchrina  and  E.  venosata.  One  night,  or 
rather  morning  (but  this  was  in  July),  we  strayed  among  some  fields,  on  the 
way  home,  to  visit  a  growth  of  marsh  mallows.  The  flowers  were  closed, 
but  seven  larvae  (night-feeders)  of  Eubolia  cervinata  were  secured.  From 
these  I  had  five  moths  between  the  lUth  and  the  end  of  September.  A 
double  surprise,  this  month,  was  the  abundance  of  Lycmna  agoyi  and 
ZyyoBna  Jilipendulm  in  the  Delamere  Forest  district.  The  butterfly  was 
out  in  hundreds  on  the  30th,  but  all  males,  and  flying  in  company  with 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  105 

L.  alexis.  The  dark  marginal  shading  of  the  lower  wingp,  in  the  Delamere 
forra,  is  often  replaced  by  seven  black  spots.  These  spots  also  appear  in 
the  females,  and  enclosed  in  crescents  of  orange-red,  frequently  repeated 
less  distinctly  on  the  margins  of  the  upper  wings;  the  orange-red  is  often 
entirely  absent  in  this  sex.  All  tliese  marginal  spots  and  crescents  I  found 
most  pronounced  in  specimens  obtained  at  Abersoch  (Carnarvonshire).  The 
females  were  abundant  on  the  19th  of  July ;  and  it  was  an  interesting 
sight  to  see  them  all  asleep  on  the  heather-tops,  at  Delamere,  at  five  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon,  both  sexes,  and  in  every  case  head  downwards.  Coming 
back  to  June  30th,  I  picked  thirty-four  cocoons  of  Z.  jilipendulcB  from  the 
heather,  in  the  hope  of  getting  the  variety  with  the  lower  wings  orange. 
Years  ago.  from  a  dozen  or  more  larvae  taken  a  few  miles  from  Chester,  1 
reared  a  couple  of  examples  of  this  orange  form.  I  have  never  seen  the 
variety  since.  From  the  thirty-four  cocoons  several  of  the  moths  appeared 
with  the  two  apical  spots  on  the  upper  wings  confluent.  From  nineteen 
larvae  of  A.  ashworthii  I  had  nine  moths  in  June  and  July — a  poor  result ! 
Mr.  Gregson  used  to  say  the  species  would  never  become  extinct,  but,  as 
far  as  my  experience  goes,  it  is  decidedly  becoming  scarcer,  either  as  larva 
or  imago.  Acting  upon  information,  as  our  friends  the  police  would  say, 
I  examined,  accompanied  by  another  brother  of  the  net,  on  June  18th,  the 
flowers  of  the  goat's-beard  on  the  Dee  embankment  for  larvae  of  Hecatera 
Serena.  We  were  too  late;  but  scores  upon  scores  of  the  flower-heads  had 
been  hollowed  out,  presumably  by  these  caterpillars.  At  the  electric  lamps 
history  repeated  itself,  but,  throughout  the  whole  season,  not  so  liberally  as 
in  last  year.  We  had  not  the  contiimed  high  temperature  of  last  year.  I 
took  a  specimen  of  Charidea  umbra  [Heliothis  marginata)  on  the  night  of 
June  5th.  Mr.  A.  O.  Walker's  record  for  the  insect  is — "  Wallasey;  New 
Ferry;  generally  scarce.  Rhyl."  On  June  6lh  I  captured  a  fine,  fresh, 
but  much  belated  Taniocampa  (jothica.  Some  years  ago  I  netted  a  T. 
stabilis,  also  in  June.  Tephrosia  crepuscularia  should  be  classed  among 
late  appearances,  as  the  species  was  continuously  seen  in  April,  May,  and 
June.  Two  fresh  specimens,  dark  forms,  we  captured  in  Delamere  Forest 
on  June  9th. 

July. — On  the  19th  we  netted  four  worn  specimens  and  one  good  example 
(the  last  a  female)  of  Ccenonympha  davits  on  a  Delamere  h^ath.  Among 
dragonflies  Lestes  sponsa  was  more  abundant  than  ever,  ^schna  juncea  and 
Sympetrwa  scoticui/i  were  just  out,  and  L.  diibia  was  nearly  over.  On  the 
2iih  1  was  among  the  Denbighshire  Lepidoptera.  I  particularize  the  date, 
as  it  was  one  of  the  hottest  in  the  summer,  and  I  shall  probably  never 
forget  its  pleasures.  One  of  my  experiences  was  standing  on  a  limestone 
precipice.  There  was  a  very  abrupt,  but  friendly,  slope  ;  for  a  per- 
pendicular descent  is  calculated  to  disturb  humanity.  Wherever  the  debris 
had  lodged  was  a  wealth  of  flowers  of  all  colours,  and  the  butterflies  came 
sailing  up  in  dozens  at  a  time  to  taste  their  sweets.  Three  times  higher 
than  the  sycamore-trees  below  stood  I,  and  yet  I  was  tempted  to  descend  to 
the  flowery  beds  and  net  Vanessa  cardui,  Satyrus  semele,  Lycana  astrarche 
[agestis],  and  other  butterflies.  But  discretion  is  the  better  part  of  valour. 
On  the  hilly  slopes  about.  Herbula  cespitalis,  Ennychia  cingulata  {cingu- 
talis).  Cianibus  inqninatellus,  and  Leioptilus  osteodactylus  were  common. 
Miinaseoptilus  bipunclidactyla  was  abundant,  in  the  middle  of  the  month, 
about  the  Chester  hedgerows.  My  best  captures  at  the  electric  lamps  were 
Charocainpa  elpenor,  A.  nigricans  (not  at  all  a  common  insect  with  us), 
Melanthia  bicolorata   {rubiginata),  Nephopteryx  spissicella  =  roborella  (a 


106  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

new,  district  record),  and  Rodophcea  consociella.  Out  of  thirteeu  larvae  of 
Callimorpha  hera  I  had  seven  alive  at  the  end  of  April,  and  four  of  these 
died.  Three  moths  emerged  on  the  17th,  19th,  and  "^Oth  of  July.  So 
much  for  keeping  hybernating  larvae  indoors!  Few  people  are  aware  what 
a  good  beetle  we  have  at  Chester — the  small  cockchafer,  Melolontha  solsti- 
tialis ;  and  it  is  plentiful,  though  local.  I  got  twenty  in  half  an  hour  or 
80  on  the  evening  of  the  17th,  and  sent  them  off  to  a  coleopterist  who  was 
without  the  species.     It  frequently  comes  to  the  electric  lights. 

August. — As  in  May,  there  is  commonly  a  serious  and  general  break  in 
the  weather  during  the  first  fortnight,  usually  about  the  l'2th.  On  the 
3rd  a  friend  and  I  made  an  early  start  for  the  VVirrai.  Hardly  had  we  got 
to  work  amongst  the  Lepidoptera,  when  a  black  and  angry-looking  cloud 
was  seen  coming  rapidly  over  the  horizon  from  the  south-east :  the  storm- 
path  here  is  usually  from  south-east  to  north-west,  and  vice  versa.  Epine- 
phele  tithonus  was  out  in  such  gratifying  numbers  that  we  anticipated 
varieties ;  but  they  were  flying  heavily  and  evidently  looking  about  for 
shelter.  We  were  out  in  the  open  country,  and  it  was  too  apparent  that 
time  only  admitted  of  hurrying  to  the  only  available  haven,  a  railway-bridge 
spanning  a  cutting.  Just  in  time,  and  then  came  the  thunder,  lightning, 
waterspout  and  setni-darkness  !  We  were  in  a  state  of  siege  for  hours,  for 
the  storm  was  driven  back  again  from  the  coast  by  a  fierce  Atlantic  gale. 
This  was  the  break-up  of  the  weather,  and  entomology  had  to  wait  for  quite 
a  week.  Colias  edusa  was  first  observed  on  the  17th.  Weighing  the 
evidence  at  hand,  and  trying  to  avoid  anything  undigested,  I  should  say 
the  subsequent  numbers  of  the  butterfly  were  not  due  to  migration  but  to 
climatic  and  other  circumstances  favourable  to  the  insects.  I  believe  that 
they  are  with  us  always.  Besides,  the  migratory  theory  is  always  exposed 
to  the  query,  Where  did  they  come  from  ?  Lxiperiaa  cespitis  appeared  at 
the  electric  lamps  on  the  14th,  and  Notodonta  dromedarius  on  the  17th. 
The  last  species  had  been  continuously  emergmg  from  the  chrysahs  since 
the  Ist  of  June,  and  I  am  therefore  inclined  to  put  the  insect  captured  on 
the  17th  down  to  a  retarded  emergence.  On  the  same  date  I  took  at  the 
lamps  a  fine  fresh  specimen  of  Hydnecia  petasitis — new  to  Chester  ;  and  ray 
friend  Mr.  Hargreaves  (Mr.  Cattermole),  of  the  "  Private  Secretary  "  Com- 
pany, captured'  an  Aplecta  occulta — also  new  to  Chester — on  the  JiSth. 
Xanthia  xerampelina  is  worth  mentioning,  in  August,  as  a  moth  not  quite 
so  scarce  as  in  previous  years.  Amongst  the  beetles  at  the  lamps  was 
Necrophorus  ruspator.  The  dragonfly  .3^schna  grandis  has  been  common 
as  usual  during  the  summer. 

September. — I  had  found  many  species  of  larvae  so  scarce  during  the 
season  that  I  paid  a  visit  to  Delamere  Forest  on  the  15th.  Here  the 
birch-feeders,  at  any  rate,  were  well  represented.  Brilliantly  coloured  are 
many  of  them,  and  distinguished  in  appearance.  A'',  camelhia  was  very 
common,  including  the  rose-coloured  variety.  The  same  observation 
applies  to  N.  dromedarius;  its  red  form,  with  the  tips  of  the  humps  a 
flaming  crimson,  is  indeed  a  handsome  caterpillar.  Dasychira  pudibunda 
was  also  beaten  from  the  birches  :  where  is  there  a  handsomer  caterpillar, 
with  its  delicate  birch-green,  its  velvet-black  segmental  divisions,  its  four 
pale  straw-coloured,  brush-like  tufts  or  ornaments,  its  radiating  groups  of 
golden  hairs,  and  anal  plume  of  maroon  or  purple?  There  were  examples 
m  plenty  of  a  whitish  or  very  pale  green  larva,  almost  white  below,  with 
legs  and  claspers  of  the  same  tint.  The  dorsal  surface  was  a  dark  olive- 
green,  the  head  light  reddish,  and  there  was  a  shining  black  shield  on  the 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  107 

second  segraeut.  It  reminded  me  of  Asphalia  fiavicornis,  and  I  fancy  it 
will  turn  out  to  be  Cijmatophora  duplaris.  Larvae  of  the  odd-shaped 
Drepana  falcataria  were  numerous,  clad  in  apple-green  with  a  chocolate 
dorsal  mantle.  Some  great,  brown,  sooty-looking  fellows,  with  little 
regard  for  their  personal  appearance  in  the  way  of  ornament,  occasionally 
dropped  into  the  umbrella.  I  put  them  down  as  A)iiphidasys  betularia,  but 
many  species  of  caterpillars  vary  very  much.  Amongst  hybernating  larvae 
were  Porthcsia  similis  =  Liparis  aurijiua  (they  spin  a  little  cocoon  for  their 
winter  covering i,  Geometra  pupilioiiaria,  and  Bombijx  nibi.  The  last  were 
ceaselessly  travelling,  as  usual  at  this  time  of  the  year,  and  I  let  them  go 
on  in  search  of  their  resting-places.  G.  papUionaria  are  now  (Nov.  10th) 
resting  nearly  upright  on  their  anal  claspers,  at  an  angle  of  about  30°,  upon 
birch  twigs,  for  all  the  world  like  twiglets  or  birch  buds.  This  may  be  an 
attitude  of  protective  resemblance  against  birds,  but  it  certainly  fails 
against  ichneumons.  Another  visit  to  the  forest  on  the  OOth  found  all 
these  species  still  present,  though  in  diminished  numbers,  except  G.  papi- 
lionaria.  They  had  evidently  left  the  terminal  twigs  from  which  I  had 
beaten  them  on  the  15th.  Ragwort  flowers  produced,  on  this  occasion,  two 
species  of  Eiipithecia  caterpillars:  (1)  delicate,  reddish  brown,  with  six 
paler,  oblique  marks  on  each  side,  ai^d  four  darker,  reddish-brown  diamonds 
dorsally  ;  ( '2)  pale  yellow,  with  varieties  pale  green  and  pale  brown;  five 
halberd-shaped,  brown  arrowheads  dorsally,  pointing  towards  the  head. 
Female  gnats  or  mosquitoes — for  a  gnat  is  a  mosquito  either  under  the 
microscope  or  by  its  lite-habits — were  almost  insufferable  during  this  visit. 
It  is  the  female  alone  which  "  stings,"  for  she  alone  possesses  the  five 
lancets  hidden  away  in  the  long  sucker  or  proboscis  ;  and  it  is  the  female 
only  which  emits  the  sharp,  well-known  cry,  from  what  I  believe  to  be 
musical  spiracles.  On  July  19th,  my  friend  and  I  were  among  myriads  of 
males  flying  in  and  out  among  each  other,  and  low  over  the  heather,  as  in 
a  vast  quadrille.  There  was  not  a  sound  from  them,  and  there  was  never 
a  "bite"!  Seen  under  a  lens  the  mosquito  is  a  beautiful  insect.  One 
cannot  help  admiring  its  pale  ashy  grey,  relieved  by  six  broad  equidistant 
black  bars,  the  fourth  being  the  widest.  The  two  wings,  with  their  delicate 
fringes,  are  a  study  in  themselves,  and  the  feathered  antennae  of  the  males 
compel  one's  admiration.  The  female  antennae  appear  simple,  except  under 
the  microscope.  I  captured  a  fine  specimen  of  the  dragonfly  Sympetriim 
striolatum  {  —  Libellula  vidgata)  in  the  forest  on  this  date.  A^.  cyanea 
was  taken  close  to  Chester,  and  brought  to  me  on  the  2"2nd.  Near  the  city, 
on  the  9th,  I  saw  a  remarkable  form  of  the  butterfly  Pararge  meycera,  but 
failed  to  capture  it.  It  had  a  broad  median  black  patch  or  bar,  one-third 
the  width  of  the  upper  wing,  and  stretching  from  the  base  to  half  the  length 
of  each  primary.  The  extraordinary  moths  inken  at  the  electric  lights  in 
September  were  Nonayria  lutosa  and  Xanthia  gilvayo,  both  new  to  Chester. 
The  second  broods  oi  P.festucce  and  N.  c-niynan  appeared  about  the  middle 
of  the  month. 

October. — The  only  capture  worth  alluding  to  was  the  water-beetle 
Dytiscus  pmictulatiis  and  a  female  Eugonia  {Ennomos) fuscantaria,  both  of 
which  I  took  at  the  electric  lights.    The  moth  laid  a  number  of  fertile  eggs. 

November  '^nd. — The  season  closed  with  P.  gamma  before  the  curtain. 

I  should  mention  that  four  beautifully  fresh  male  specimens  of  Zeusera 
pyrina  [cBscidi)  and  one  example  of  Gnophria  quadra,  both  species  new  to 
the  district,  were  taken  at  the  electric  lamps  here,  but  not  by  myself. — 
J.  Arkle;  2,  George  Street,  Chester. 


108  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Notes  on  the  Season. — The  season  of  1900  has  undoubtedly  been  a 
remarkable  one  in  many  ways.  Among  other  things,  the  abundance  of 
Lyctena  argiolus  and  Colias  hyale  was  very  marked.  At  Lee  several 
insects  turned  up  which  I  have  not  taken  there  before,  and  others  which 
had  disappeared  during  the  last  few  years.  In  June  a  few  larvae  of 
Leticoma  salicis  were  taken,  and  the  imago  appeared  at  light  in  July.  In 
July,  among  other  things,  Macrogolossa  stellatarum,  which  I  have  never 
seen  here  before,  was  taken  in  the  garden,  and  thirteen  larvae  were  found 
on  a  small  patch  of  Galium  verum  about  one  square  yard  in  extent. 
Zeuzera  cbscuH  iCatford),  Cossus  lupiiperda,  Nola  cuculatella,  Abrostola 
triplasia  (fairly  common — I  had  not  noticed  it  for  the  last  two  seasons, 
though  formerly  abundant),  and  a  single  very  fine  and  large  Scotosia 
dubitata,  which  is  curious,  as  there  is  no  buckthorn  very  near  here,  and  I 
have  failed  to  feed  the  larva  on  any  other  food-plant.  A  fine  pair  of 
Amphidasijs  betidaria  was  taken.  Larvae  of  CucuUia  chamomillcB  were 
present  in  a  large  chamomile  field,  but  some  very  hard  work  with  Mr.  R. 
L.  Hewitt  only  produced  two  larvce,  both  of  which  fell  to  his  sweep-net.  It 
was  a  blazing  hot  day,  and  my  share  of  the  spoils  was  a  huge  collection  of 
chamomile  seeds  down  my  back.  In  August  the  following  were  among  the 
principal  Lee  captures: — Larvfe  of  A.  betidaria  and  Ennomos  fuscajttaria 
(Catford);  imagines:  Hepialus  sylvinus,  Af/rotis  sujfiisa  A.  nigricans,  A. 
puta,  Hydrcecia  nictitans,  Cerigo  matura,  Noctua  plecta,  N.  c-nigrum,  Tethea 
subtusa,  Pyralis  costaiis,  Endotrlcha  Jiammealis,  and  Cataclysta  lemnata. 
In  September  Culias  eduna  was  seen  at  Bl^ckheath,  and  reported  from 
Hither  Green.  Agrotis  suffusa,  Noctua  c-nigrum,  Anchocelis  litura,  A. 
lunosa,  Ennomos  titiaria,  E.fuscantaria,  and  Anaitis  plagiata  were  taken. 
In  October  Hydrcecia  micacea,  Anchocelis  pistacina,  Hypena  rostralis, 
Himera  pennaria,  and  Oporahia  dilutata  were  noticed  ;  and  in  November 
Himera  pennaria,  Hyberuia  defoliarta,  Oporabia  dilutata,  and  Cheimatobia 
brumata.  A  good  many  of  the  above  species  I  have  never  taken  here 
before,  though  I  have  been  collecting  here  for  some  years  past.  Mania 
maura  and  Catocala  mipta  were  both  common,  as  usual,  but  I  missed 
Ncenia  typica  this  year. 

Our  first  visit  of  the  season  was,  as  usual,  paid  to  Bexley,  on  February 
24th ;  the  result  of  a  short  search  on  tree-trunks  being  a  male  Phigalia 
pedaria  and  a  goodly  number  ot  Hybernia  leucophaaria,  including  one 
female;  the  males  were,  as  usual,  variable.  The  following  day  my  father 
(Mr.  F.  B.  Carr)  and  I  paid  a  second  visit  to  the  same  locality,  taking 
several  more  male  H.  leiicophcearia  and  one  female,  also  another  P.  pedaria ; 
and  on  the  new  fences  on  Dartford  Heath  Anisopteryx  cescularia,  Hybernia 
progemmaria,  and  H.  riipicapraria. 

A  walk  to  Mottingham  and  Chislehurst  on  April  1st  was  only  produc- 
tive of  H.  progemmaria  and  Diurnea  fagella ;  and  a  visit  to  Addinglon  on 
the  7th  produced  A.  ascularia,  H.  progemmaria,  and  larvae,  from  oak- 
stumps,  of  Sesia  adliformis  [cynipiformis],  for  which  larvae  we  revisited  the 
same  spot  the  next  day,  and  took  Asphalia  flavicornis  as  well. 

A  vibit  to  Bexley  on  April  21st  was  on  one  of  those  most  delightful 
spring  days  which  we  so  seldom  get.  Pieris  rapa  and  Lyccena  argiolus, 
Tiiniocampa  cruda,  Vanessa  iirticcB,  and  Diurnea  fogella  were  noted.  On 
the  29ih  a  few  hours  were  spent  at  Bexley.  One  Xylocampa  lithorhiza 
was  the  only  imago  seen,  but  the  following  larvae  were  taken  : — Nola  cucul- 
latella,  Xanthia  cerago  (from  which  one  \nr.  Jlavescens  was  bred),  Miselia 
oxyacanth(B,  Rumia  luteolata,  Hemithea  thymiaria,  a?id  Cheimatobia  brw 


CAPTURES    AND    FIELD    REPORTS.  109 

mata.  The  afternoon  of  May  5th  I  spent  b\'  myself  at  Oxshott.  Males  of 
Satuniia  carpini  were  Hyiiif:;  furiou^^ly  over  the  heath,  but  all  attempts  to 
catch  them  were  unsuccessful.  Anarta  vujttUii,  Eupilhecia  nannta  (very 
abundant),  and  Fidonin  atoinaria  were  also  about  ;  also  larvae  of  Xanthia 
cerago  and  Thera  variata.  A  week  later  Ox^hott  was  again  visited,  but  it 
was  horriblv  cold,  and  the  foUowmg  insects  were  noticed: — Eupithecia 
nanaia,  Fidonia  atomaria,  and  single  specimens  of  Drepana  lacertinnrla, 
and  Zonosomn  (Ephyra)  pcndalaria.  A  very  bad  specimen  of  Agrotis  puta 
was  found  at  rest  near  the  station.  Lnrvse  taken  were  Agrotis  aijathina 
(five),  Metrocampa  vianjaritaria,  Oporabia  dilutata,  and  Cheimatobia  bru- 
niata.  With  regard  to  larvae  of  A.  aijathina,  both  in  the  New  Forest  aud 
at  Oxshott  I  have  taken  them  by  sweeping  the  heath  under  pine-trees,  and 
not  right  out  in  the  open.  We  managed  to  feed  them  up  on  plum,  which 
should  prove  a  useful  substitute. 

A  walk  to  Chislehurst  with  my  father  the  next  day  (May  13th),  pro- 
duced Xylocanipa  lithorhiza,  Liijdia  adustata,  and  a  very  fine  Anticlea 
badiata,  with  larvie  of  Cleoceris  viniinalis,  Orthosia  lotas  Ac.  On  May  ".iOth 
a  short  time  at  Bexley  produced  Lyccena  argioLus  and  Pieris  rapm,  and 
larviE  of  Thecla  queicus,  Cleoceris  viniinalis,  Orthosia  lota,  &c.  Six  days 
later  the  same  locality  produced  Argynnis  (Brenthis)  euphrosyne,  Drepana 
falcataria,  Tephrosia  luridata  {exiersaria\,  Zonosoma  poratn,  Cabera 
piisaria,  Astheiia  cundidata,  and  Melnnippe  montanata,  and  Iarva3  of  Hyber- 
nia  auruntiai ia  and  Oporabia  dilutiUa.  May  '-iTth,  at  Bexley,  produced 
Pieris  rapce.  P.  napi,  Eachlo'e  cardamines,  Vanessa  io,  Lyca^na  argiolus, 
Rumia  luteolata,  Venilia  maculata,  Tephrosia  punctulala.  Ligdia  adustata, 
Pauagra  petraria,  Zonosonia  punctarin,  Mehuithia  ocellata,  and  larvae  of 
Hylophila  bicolorana,  Phigalia  pedaria,  Hybemia  defoliaria,  Calymnia 
[Cosniia)  trapezina,  &c. 

The  afternoon  of  June  lOth  was  spent  with  the  South  London  Entomo- 
logical Society  at  Chipstead  and  Baustead.  Lycana  icarus,  L.  agestis, 
Ccenonyinpha  pamphilas,  Snierinthiis  tilia;,  JJapta  temerata,  B  taminata, 
Eupithecia  centaureata,  and  larvae  of  Scotusia  dubitata  and  TcEniocampa 
gracilis  falling  to  my  lot.  The  same  day  my  father  took  Tephrosia  punctu- 
lata  and  Cabera  pusaria  with  larvae  of  Bombyx  neustria  and  TcBniocampa 
stabilis,  at  St.  Paul's  Cray. 

A  short  time  spent  at  the  much-worked  Bexley  on  June  17th  and  18th 
produced  the  three  common  Pi^^rids,  Vanessa  atalanta,  Ccenonympha pam- 
philas, Hesperia  sylvanus,  Halias  prasinana,  Acronycta  aceris,  Hadena 
dentina,  Zanclognatha  grisealis.  Tephrosia  punctulata,  lodis  lactearia, 
Cabera  pusaria,  Astliena  candidata,  Acidalia  bisetata,  A.  reniutaria,  Zono- 
soma  pitnctaria,  Z.  porata,  Panagra  petraria,  Caniptogramma  bilineata, 
Melanippe  montanata,  M.  subtristata,  and  Coremia  unidentaria  \^). 

On  July  6ih  I  walked  to  the  Crown  Woods,  Eltham,  and  noticed  on 
palings  and  tree-trunks  Acronycta  aceris,  A.  psi,  Hecatera  serena,  Aplecta 
nehulosa  (rather  dark),  Boarmia  repandata,  aud  Acidalia  aversata,  whilst 
Epinepliele  ianira  flitted  about  the  hedges,  despite  a  thunderstorm.  On 
the  8th  my  father  took  Phorodesma  bajularia,  aud  larvae  of  Ligdia  adustata 
at  Bexley.  On  the  9th  a  wak  to  Mottingham  produced,  among  other 
things,  CuculUa  umbratica. 

July  11th,  a  very  hot,  fine  day,  was  spent  at  Oxshott.  Vanessa  atalanta 
was  seen.  Epinephele  ianira,  Ccenonympha  pamphilus,  and  Hesperia 
sylvanus  were  all  very  common,  but  Lyccena  agon  was  quite  fresh,  and  only 
males  were  netted.     Macroglossa  stellataruni  was  observed  hovering  about 


110  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

the  sides  of  the  sand-pit.  A  few  Euthemonia  russula  were  taken,  including 
one  female,  which  obliged  us  with  fertile  ova.  Vrepana  falcataria  (worn), 
Agrotis  porphyrea  (worn),  Xylophasia  polyodon,  Plusia  gamma  (worn), 
Erastria  fascula  {Jasciana),  JJropteryx  sambucaria,  Ellopia  fasciaria  {pro- 
sapiaria),  Geometra  papilionaria  (a  grand  male,  beaten  from  birch),  Fidoiiia 
piniaria  (one  male,  females  common),  Cahera  pusaria  (very  abundant), 
Melanthla  ocellata,  Melanippe  subtristata,  LomaspUis  marginata,  Acidalia 
aversata,  Thera  variuta,  and  Macaria  Uturata  complete  the  list  of  imagines. 
TeBniocampa  stabilis,  Trachea  piniperda,  Anisopteryx  cescidaria,  and  Zono- 
soma  puiictaria  were  the  only  larvae  noticed. 

On  July  14th  a  full  day  was  spent  in  the  company  of  Messrs.  F.  Enock 
and  W.  J.  Lucas  at  the  Black  Pond,  Esher.  On  the  way  to  the  pond  from 
Claygate  Station  the  following  species  were  noted  : — Ep'uiepliele  ianira, 
Ccenonympha  pamphilus,  Lyctena  cegon,  Hesperia  syivanus,  Calligenia 
miniata,  Erastria  fuscula  {  fasciana),  Ellopia  prosapiaria,  Fidonia  piniaria, 
Cabera  pusaria,  and  Acidalia  aversata.  Arrived  at  the  Black  Pond,  Anax 
imperator  occupied  most  of  our  time,  but,  though  fairly  common,  one  only 
was  taken.  Pyrrhosoma  tenellum  was  common,  but  only  a  few  P.  nymphula 
were  seen.  Enallagma  cyathigerum.  was  another  common  dragonfly,  and 
one  Jlischna  grandis  was  observed.  Libellula  quadrimaculata  was  not  un- 
common, and  I  had  the  pleasure  of  taking  vdv.  pranubila  (Newm.).  Calli- 
genia miniata,  Agrotis  porphyrea,  and  a  larva  of  Trachea  piniperda  were 
taken,  After  the  usual  tea  at  Oxshott,  we  walked  back  to  Claygate, 
putting  in  some  very  successful  dusking  on  the  way.  Hepialus  hectus  was 
conmou,  and  Calligenia  miniata,  Angerona  prunaria  (males),  and  Melanthia 
riibiginata  fairly  so.  Three  male  Phorodesma  bajularia  were  netted,  but  only 
one  was  worth  keeping.  One  Acidalia  emarginata  was  taken.  Cidaria 
fulvata  was  fairly  common,  whilst  Hemithea  thymiaria  was  very  abundant. 
A  single  specimen  of  Hypena  proboscidalis  was  seen.  The  best  catch  of  the 
day,  however,  was  a  specimen  of  Calymnia  [Cosmia)  pyralina,  which  had 
freshly  emerged,  and  had  not  spread  its  wings  when  taken,  but  afterwards 
developed  into  a  tine  specimen.  With  Claygate  now  before  us,  nets  were 
put  away,  and  a  most  successful  day  came  to  an  end. 

The  evening  of  July  18th  was  spent  with  Mr.  R.  L.  Hewitt  at  Bexley, 
There  was  very  little  about.  As  at  Oxshott,  Melanthia  riibiginata  flew  in 
large  numbers  at  dusk.  Calligenia  miniata,  Triphcena  pronuba,  Hemithea 
thymiaria,  Cabera  pusaria,  C.  xanthemata,  Acidalia  acersata,  A.  osseata, 
A.  bisetata,  LomaspUis  marginata,  Larenlia  didymata,  and  Endotricha 
JiammeaUs  (very  abundant)  were  also  noticed.  Treacle  was  a  failure  ;  but, 
while  waiting  for  our  train  at  Bexley  Station,  Leucoma  salicis,  Nola  cucul- 
latella,  Axylia  putris,  Hecatera  serena,  Caradrina  morpheas,  Xylophasia 
polyodon,  and  Eupithecia  subnotata  were  boxed  off  the  lamps  in  about 
ten  minutes,  making  one  wish  that  one  were  manipulating  a  light  in 
the  lens. 

Thanks  to  the  invitation  of  a  friend,  a  very  jolly  week-end  (July  31st 
to  23rd)  was  spent  at  the  picturesque  village  of  Westcott,  near  Dorking. 
The  weather  was  grand.  Pieris  brussicce,  Epinephele  ianira  (very  abun- 
dant), E.  tithonus,  E  hyperanthus,  Cainonympha  pamphilus,  Vanessa 
urticm,  V.  polychloros  (about  half  a  dozen,  and  a  pupa,  found  on  a  wall— 
the  imago  emerged  the  same  day),  Lycana  argiolus  and  Hesperia  thaumas 
were  all  the  butterflies  noticed.  Of  the  moths,  two  examples  of  Macroglossa 
stellatarum.  and  a  few  ZygcBnaJilipendulce  were  seen.  A  beautiful  specimen 
of  Zonosoma  omicronaria  was  taken,  and  two  Melanippe  procellata  were 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  Ill 

knocked  out  of  the  clematis  at  the  foot  of  the  chalk  hills.  Euholia  bipunctaria 
was  iu  countless  hundreds  on  the  chalk  slopes,  and  E.  mensuraria  was 
common  iu  the  sheltered  hollows.  Uroptenjx  samhucaria,  Metrocampa 
man/aritaria,  Acidalia  acersata,  A.osseata,  A.trif/eminata,  Cahera  pusaria, 
LtUreiitia  didyinata  [very  abundant).  Hypsipetes  t'/uiata  (swarming),  &c.,  were 
also  beaten  out.  In  the  hope  of  breediiiij  sume  of  the  Dianthcscian,  I  picked 
a  bagful  of  campion  capsules,  and  found  a  few  larvae  of  Eupithecia  venosata 
among  them.  Dusking  produced  swarms  oi  Larentia  didi/mata,  which  were 
flying  over  the  bilberry  ;  Acidalia  ii/iituria,  A.  aversata,  Leiicania  lithar- 
gyria,  Xylophasia  lithoxyleci,  and  Botys  niralia  ;  whilst  single  examples  of 
Apamea  opkioyranimd,  Acidalia  iniitaria,  and  Botys  far inalis  came  indoors 
to  light.     Bryophila  perla  was  found  on  walls  in  Dorking. 

My  ne.xt  excursion  was  to  Horsley,  with  Mr.  S.  W.  Kemp.  Several 
rather  worn  Ari/yiiiiis  aijlaia  were  seen,  and  one  A.  adippe.  Pieris 
brassicte,  l\  rupee,  P.  napi,  Epinephele  ianira,  E.  hyperanthus  (worn) 
Cceiionympha  painphilus,  Lycceiia  corydon  (very  abundant),  L.  Icarus, 
Polyomniatus  phUvas,  Hesperia  sylvanus,  H.  thaiimas,  and  a  few  very  fresh 
H.  comma  complete  the  list  of  butterflies.  Very  few  moths  were  seen  : 
Macroylossa  stellatarum,  Porthesia  siinilis,  Drepana  unyuicula,  Bryophila 
perla,  Plusiu  gamma,  Toxocam  pa  past  in  um  (one),  Phytometra  csnea  {worn), 
Acidalia  aversata,  Eubolia  bipunctaria  and  E.  mensuraria  (both  very 
abundant)  were  the  only  species.  The  day  was  spoilt  by  a  heavy  thunder- 
storm. 

August  Jst  was  spent  at  Bylleet,  with  Mr.  H.  J.  Turner  and  my  father. 
Here,  again,  we  were  fairly  drenched,  but  the  rain  ceased  about  1.30,  and 
did  not  begin  again  till  six.  A  single  male  Gonepteryx  rhamni  and  five 
other  more  or  less  common  species  of  butterflies  were  seen.  Lithosia 
griseola  was  common  alongside  the  canal,  and  three  specimens  of  var. 
stramineola  were  boxed,  and  another  seen.  Porthesia  similis,  Uropteryx 
sambucaria.  Zonosoma  punctaria  (common  and  fresh),  Z  porata,  Z.pendu- 
laria,  Eupisteria  heparata,  Cabera  pusaria,  Loniaspilis  margiaata,  Acidalia 
emaryitutta.  Eubolia  mensuraria,  E.  paluinbaria,  Fidonia  atomaria,  Enno- 
7)108  angidaria,  Botys  ruralis,  Ebulea  crocealis,  and  Hydrocampa  nympheata 
were  also  noticed.  The  following  krviB  were  taken,  among  others:  Gonep- 
teryx rhamni,  Xotodonta  dromedarius,  Spilosoma  mendica,  and  Acronycta 
leporina  (two  from  alder  and  one  from  birch).  The  wet  weather  was  too 
much  for  the  dragonflies,  and  the  following  species  only  were  noticed  : 
Erythromma  naias,  Ischnura  elegans  (very  abundant),  Platycnemis  pemiipes, 
and  Enallayma  cyathigeruni. 

August  l4ih,  at  West  Wickham,  produced  Hepialus  hectm  (one), 
Calymnia  trapezina  (common),  Plusia  gamma  (swarming),  Ennomos 
erosaria  (?),  Timandra  amataria,  Peiurga  comitata,  Zonosoma  punctaria, 
Z.  porata,  Botys  ruralis,  and  Endotricha  fiamntealis. 

August  Itjth,  a  very  enjoyable  day  was  spent  with  Mr.  F.  Enock  at 
Ockham  Pond  and  Wij^ley  Lake,  mainly  for  Odonata.  The  following 
species  were  noticed: — Sympetrum  scoticum  (very  common),  S.  sanguineum 
(a  few),  5.  striolutum  (very  common),  Mschna  grandis  (common,  but 
diffiimlt  to  catch),  A.  cyanea  (?),  Lestes  sponsa,  Ischnura  vlegans,  aud 
Enallayma  cyathigeruni.  Lepidoptera  noticed  were: — Va7iessa  cardui, 
Gonepteryx  rhamni,  the  common  Pierids,  Epinephele  ianira,  E.  tithonus, 
Pararge  megcera,  Ccenonympha  pamphilus,  Lyccena  icarus,  L.  argiolus, 
Polyommatus  phlceas,  Plusia  gamma,  and  Hydrcecia  nictitans,  and  larvae  of 


112  '  THE    E^T0M0L0G1SE. 

SmerinthiLs  ocellatus,  Dreparia  falcataria,  aud  Gonoptera  libatrix  (also  a 
pupa  spun  up  in  some  sallow  leaves). 

My  father  aud  I  spent  August  2and  at  Lougbton,  taking,  among  other 
things,  Thecla  betida  (a  peifectly  fresh  male),  Emwnos  anyulana, 
E.  tiliaria,  Hydrocampa  nympheata,  and  Paraponyx  straliolata.  Larvae 
of  Oryyia  pudihunda  and  Deinas  coryll  (two)  were  beaten  from  beech. 
Among  the  dragonflies  uEschna  yrandis  was  common,  and  so  were  some 
greenish  ^Eschnas,  whose  species  it  was  impossible  to  tell  on  the  wing. 
One  jEschna  rnijcta  was  taken.  Sympetruni  striolatum  was  common,  and 
hchnura  elegans  and  Enallagma  cyathiyerum  were  also  noticed. 

The  evening  of  the  same  dav  was  spent  at  Bexley,  where  treacle  pro- 
duced Miana  fiinincula.  Xylop'hasia  polyodon,  Mainestra  hmssica  (very 
common),  Ayrotis  suffusa,  A.  puta,  Noctua  xanthoyrapha  (common), 
N.  c-niynm,  N.  stiymatica,  N.  baia  (worn),  Triphana  pronuba  (very 
common),  T.  orbona,  Amphipyra  pyramidea  (worn),  A.  trayopoyonis, 
Hadena  cheiiopudil,  Phloyophora  meticulosa,  Cosmia  trapezina,  C.  dijinis 
(one,  quite  tresh),  Catocala  nupta,  Endotricha  flammealis  (v.  worn),  and 
Pyralis  costulis ;  whilst  ragwort  only  attracted  Noctiia  xanthographa, 
N.  stiipnatica,  Camptoyramma  bilineata,  and  Botys  niralis. 

August  31st  was  spent  at  Chelsfield  and  Shoreham,  Kent.  Gonopteryx 
rhamni  was  abundant.  Only  one  Collas  edusa  was  seen,  but  seven 
C.  hyale.  Vanessa  atalanta,  V.  io,  V.  urticcB  (abundant).  Epinephele  ianira 
(abundant),  Ccenonympha  pamphilus.  Satyms  semele,  Lyccejia  icarus,  L.  ar- 
yiolus,  and  one  Hesperia  comma  were  seen.  Hypena  rostralis  was  abundant ; 
and,  among  other  things,  Minoa  euphorbiata,  Acidalia  inornata,  aud  Anattis 
playiata  were  taken.  The  specimen  of  M.  euphorbiata  was  netted  in  the 
same  place  where  we  took  the  species  in  1898.  About  eight  small  larvae 
of  Acronycta  liyustri  were  beaten  from  ash.     They  fed  up  well  on  privet. 

On  September  7th  a  day's  collecting  was  enjoyed  with  a  friend  at 
Birchington-on-Sea.  We  succeeded  in  taking  fifteen  Colias  hyale  between 
us,  and  saw  many  more.  Only  one  C.  edusa  was  seen.  I  may  mention 
that,  among  other  common  butterflies,  Pieris  rapes  simply  swarmed  ;  one 
of  the  clover  fields  seemed  alive  with  them.  A  fresh  brood  of  Strenia 
dathrata  was  coming  out,  and,  among  other  things,  Aspilates  citrana, 
Hydrocampa  nympheata,  and  Cataclysta  lemnata  were  taken.  Very  little 
attention  was  given  to  the  Odonata,  as  the  primary  object  was  C  hyale. 
Sympetrum  striolatum,  Ischnura  eleyans,  and  Lestes  sponsa  were  noticed. 

Treacling  at  Paul's  Gray  Common,  on  September  10th,  produced 
Mamestrabrassic(e  (common),  Amphipyra  pyramidea  {common),  Phloyophora 
meticulosa,  Catocala  nupta,  Hadena  protea,  Anchocelis  litura,  aud  Xanthia 
ferruyinea. 

September  llth,  at  Brasted,  practically  wound  up  the  season,  as  far  ^s 
I  was  concerned.  Cidaria  immanuta,  Xanthia  cerayo,  and  a  battered  Colias 
hyale  were  the  only  species  worth  mentioning. 

On  the  whole,  I  think  that  many  will  look  back  on  the  year  1900  with 
pleasant  memories  of  its  productiveness,  and  I  am  sure  I  shall  be  one  of 
the  number.— F.  M.  B.  Carr  ;  46,  Handen  Road,  Lee,  S.E.,  November 
18th,  1900. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIV.i  APRIL.     1901.  TNo.  456. 


BIOLOGIC    NOTES    ON    SOME    CEYLONESE    RHYNCHOTA. 

No.  1. 

By  E.  E.  Green,  F.E.S. 

Amorgius  indicus  (Lep.  &  Serv.)   [=Belostoma,  oZm.] 

This  huge  waterbug  is  frequently  captured  in  Kandy  beneath 
the  electric  lamps  which  have  been  recently  erected  in  the 
streets.  They  probably  tjy  from  the  lake  in  the  centre  of  the 
town.  I  have  had  several  living  specimens  brought  to  me,  and 
have  kept  some  of  them  in  a  large  glass  aquarium  for  several 
months.  They  are  sluggish  creatures,  and  remain  during  the 
daytime  with  the  tip  of  the  tail  projecting  above  the  surface  of 
the  water,  seldom  moving,  unless  disturbed.  I  placed  some 
small  fish  and  tadpoles  in  the  aquarium  with  them.  I  could 
never  see  any  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  bugs  to  capture  either 
of  these  animals.  The  fish  have  remained  unhurt,  but  the  tad- 
poles have  disappeared  one  by  one,  seized  probably  during  the 
night,  when  the  bugs  are  more  active.  I  do  not  think  that 
Amorgins  is  quick  enough  in  its  movements  to  prey  regularly 
upon  fish,  though  doubtless  weakly  individuals  would  fall  easy 
victims.  I  am  of  opinion  that  the  natural  food  of  Amorgius  is 
rather  such  large  insects  or  small  terrestrial  animals  as  fall 
accidentally  into  the  water.  It  will  also  greedily  feed  upon 
frogs,  when  it  can  catch  them.  I  have  on  several  occasions 
placed  large  horny  beetles,  such  as  Orijctes,  in  the  water.  These 
have  been  quickly  seized  while  struggling  on  the  surface.  They 
are  held  by  the  powerful  front  legs  of  the  bug,  assisted  by  the 
second  pair,  and  are  turned  over  and  over  until  a  crevice  is 
found  into  which  the  point  of  the  rostrum  can  be  inserted. 
After  they  are  quite  dead  the  insects  are  usually  torn  into  pieces 
and  every  part  of  the  body  thoroughly  probed.  Large  grass- 
hoppers are  also  freely  taken,  but  smaller  insects  are  generally 

KNTO^f.— APRIL.     1901.  I 


114  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

ignored.  A  good-sized  water-beetle  (Di/tisci(s  sp.)  shared  the 
aquarium  for  about  a  week  before  it  fell  a  victim. 

Every  fresh  example  of  Amorgius  that  1  have  examined  has 
been  infested  by  a  peculiar  elongate  parasitic  Acarid,  wliich 
attaches  itself  in  clusters  to  various  parts  of  the  body  and  limbs 
of  its  host. 

On  October  26th  I  observed  two  egg-clusters  at  the  bottom  of 
the  aquarium,  presumably  deposited  by  the  Amorgius.  The 
smaller  cluster  contained  nine  eggs  ;  the  larger  cluster  over  fifty. 


Amorgius  indicus. — Fig.  1.  Egg-cluster,  nat.  size. 
Fig.  2.  Single  egg  x  4^  diam. 

They  were  somewhat  in  the  form  of  a  bunch  of  grapes  (fig.  1), 
the  eggs  cohering  together  by  some  fibro-gelatinous  matter,  the 
clusters,  unattached  to  any  object,  lying  loosely  on  the  earth  at 
the  bottom  of  the  vessel.  Each  egg  is  pyriform,  5"50  x  3  mm., 
the  larger  end  outwards,  and  slightly  flattened  on  one  side 
(fig.  2).  They  are  of  a  pale  greenish  yellow  colour,  with  alter- 
nate opaque  and  translucent  lines  radiating  from  the  centre  of 
the  larger  extremity,  and  extending  about  one-third  the  length 
of  the  egg,  except  on  the  flattened  area.  These  eggs  were 
removed  to  a  smaller  aquarium  with  growing  plants,  but  became 
discoloured  after  a  few  days,  and  are  apparently  dead.  Possibly 
they  were  unfertilized.*  Another  batch  of  eggs  was  deposited  on 
the  6th  November,  which  have  been  left  to  take  their  chance  in 
the  larger  aquarium.  To  prevent  the  escape  of  the  adult  insects 
the  vessel  is  covered  with  perforated  zinc. 

Since  writing  the  above,  I  have  detected  one  of  the  bugs  in 
the  act  of  feeding  upon  its  own  eggs.  It  was  holding  the  egg- 
cluster  in  its  front  legs  and  probing  the  separate  eggs,  one  after 
another. 

DisPHiNCTUS  FOKMOSUS,  Kirkaldy. 

This  species  is,  just  now,  abundant  on  plants  of  Cuphea 
jorullensis  in  the  Botanic  Gardens.  The  young  shoots  are  badly 
punctured  and  wilted,  and  the  plants  completely  disfigured,  the 
damage  being  done  chiefly  by  the  immature  insects.     The  adults 

*  For  an  account  of  the  ova  of  the  allied  American  Benacus  grisea  (Say) 
and  Amorgius  impressa  (H;ildem.)  [  ^=  amcricaiia,  auctt.]  see  C.  M.  Weed 
in  Bull.  Ohio,  Agricult.  Exper.  Sta.,  Technic.  Series,  vol.  i.  pp.  14-17,  Pi.  ii. 
figs.  6  and  7  (1889).— G.  W.  K. 


BIOLOGIC    NOTES    ON    SOMK    CEYLONESE    RHYNCHOTA.  115 

are  difficult  to  find  and,  being  very  active  on  the  wing,  make 
their  es^c.ipe  as  soon  as  the  |>lant  is  disturbed.  I  was  fortunate 
in  capturing  one  pair  iii  coita,  and  confined  them  in  a  glass  jar 
with  some  young  shoots  of  the  plant.  A  few  days  later  I  found 
several  eggs  embedded  in  the  fleshy  stalks.  They  are  deposited 
singly,  the  body  of  the  egg  completely  concealed  (fig.  4),  the 


DisPHiNOTDS  FORMOsus,  Kirkaldjr. — Fig.  3.  Egg  in  section  x  20  diam. 
Fig.  4,  showing  part  of  egg  exposed. 

position  marked — as  with  the  eggs  of  Helopeltis* — by  a  pair  of 
delicate,  glassy,  horn-like  processes.  The  complete  egg  (fig.  8) 
might  easily  be  mistaken  for  that  of  Helipeltis,  the  principal 
difference  being  that  the  two  processes  are  usually  divergent 
instead  of  convergent.  The  longer  process  has  a  knee-like  bend 
shortly  above  the  base.  The  cap  of  the  egg  is  delicately  pitted. 
The  body  of  the  egg  is  smooth,  curved,  elongate,  of  a  pale 
creamy  white  colour.  Length,  1*50  mm.  Breadth,  0  25  mm. 
Longer  process,  0*50  mm.     Shorter  process,  0*20  mm. 

Anoplocnemis  phasianus  (Fabr.). 
Both  the  adult  and  immature  insects  occur  frequently  on  the 
young  shoots  of  Erf/thrina  lithosperma.  They  puncture  the 
extremities  of  the  shoots,  causing  them  to  wilt  and  wither.  I 
noticed,  one  day,  an  adult  male  apparently  feeding,  and  ap- 
proached it  to  observe  the  modus  operandi.  The  bug,  however, 
resented  the  intrusion,  and  ejected  a  jet  of  fluid  backwards  to  a 
distance  of  fully  eighteen  inches.  The  jet  appeared  to  proceed 
"  ab  ana:' 

N.B. — Mr.  Albert  D.  Michael  has  kindly  examined  the  parasites 
tnentioued  above  as  being  fouud  on  Anioir/ius  imlicti,  and  deterruiups 
them  provisionally  as  larvae  of  Hi/drdchnn  belosiomcB,  Riley  (adult 
HijdnicIuKB  are  not  parasitic).  In  reply  to  my  note,  pointing  out  that 
the  American  Amnifjins  is  a  different  species  from  the  Sinhalese  one, 
and  asking  whether  the  parasite  of  the  former  is  actually  conspecific 

"-'  Compare  DadjTeon's  account  of  the  oviposition  of  Helopeltis  theivora, 
Waterh.  and  Disphinctas  dudgeoni,  Kirkaldy  (1894,  lud.  Mns.  Notes  iii. 
(5),  pp.  33-8 ;  3  figs.) ;  also  Sharp,  1899,  Cambridge  Nat.  Hist.  vi.  pp.  561-2 
(Sharp  incorrectly  cites  "  Dudgeon,  p.  53)." — G.  \V.  K- 

I  2 


116  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

with  that  of  the  latter,  Mr.  Michael  writes  me  :  "  Kiley  was  not  an 
acaroiogist,  and  his  descriptions  and  drawings  of  Acari  cannot  ever 
be  relied  on  foi*  small  differences  bet.ween  closely  allied  species.  "Xour 
specimens  naturally  had  not  any  adnlt  Hi/draclmcB  on  it,  but  so  far  as 
I  could  judge  from  Kiley's  drawings  and  very  imperfect  descriptions  of 
the  larva,  it  seems  to  agree  well  in  all  its  stages  with  your  specimens. 
The  water-mites,  when  parasitic,  do  not  usually  confine  themselves  to 
a  single  host,  but  are  often  found  on  several  species ;  and  the  geo- 
graphical distribution  of  Acari  is  usually  very  wide,  often  astonishingly 
so.  Riley  says  that  his  species  is  particularly  common  on  Zaitha  fiu- 
minea  (Say)"  =  Perthostoma  aurantiaca,  Leidy  "  {in  litt.  29  Jan.  1901). 

G.  W.  K. 


MISCELLANEA    RHYNOHOTALIA. 
By  G.  W.  Kirkaldy,  F.E.S. 

Fam.  Miridce. 
AusTRocAPsus,  gen.  nov. 

Belonging  to  Capsaria,  Reut.,  and  allied  to  Hyalopeplus,  Stal. 

Head  subtriaugular,  wider  with  eyes  than  the  anterior  margin  of 
pronotum ;  tylus  broad,  declivous ;  interior  margin  of  eyes  sub- 
sinuately  convex  ;  first  segment  of  antennae  stout,  its  length  equalling 
that  of  the  median  line  of  the  head  from  base  of  the  head  to  base  of 
tylus.  Pronotum  distinctly  collared,  the  collar  anteriorly  straight, 
posteriorly  somewhat  deeply  (comparatively)  convex.  Pronotum  raised 
posteriorly,  anteriorly  callous  on  each  side  behind  the  collar,  very 
rugose  transversely,  widely  somewhat  sinuately  rounded  posteriorly, 
lateral  margins  subsinuate.  Scutellum  transversely  impressed  near 
the  base.     Interior  cell  of  membrane  very  large. 

The  other  characters  are  those  of  the  division  as  signalized 
by  Renter  in  the  fifth  volume  of  the  *  Hemiptera  Gymnocerata 
Europae.' 

Type  A.  martigena,  sp.  nov, 

Head  yellowish ;  two  thin  median  longitudinal  lines  from  which  • 
branch  oft'  obliquely  six  or  seven  lines  on  each  side,  first  segment  of 
antennae  blood-red  ;  eyes  dark  blood-red.  Pronotum  and  scutellum 
yellowish,  very  closely  rugose  and  marked  with  blood-red.  Elytra 
(including  membranal  nervures),  abdomen  above,  and  beneath,  blood- 
red.  Wings  and  membrane  infuscate.  Head  beneath,  sterna  and 
femora  yellowish  with  bright  blood-red  subparallel  sinuate  lines. 

Though  the  ground  colour  is  really  yellowish,  it  is  so  closely 
marked  with  blood-red  that  the  general  effect  is  that  of  the  latter 
colour.  The  pubescence  is  scanty,  and  is  pale  golden  yellow.  Length 
6^  mill. 

West  Australia,  Perth  (my  collection). 

*  Now  known  as  Belostoma  fluminea.  Say. 


THE    STUDY    OF    LIFE-HISTORY.  117 

*  Fam.  Gerridre. 
2,  Gerris  anadyomene,  sp.  nov. 

Belongs  to  subgenus  Limnometra,  Mayr. 

Flavous  ;  head  with  an  irregular  diamond  and  two  lateral  stripes, 
pronotum  with  a  median  and  two  sublateral  lines,  irregular  markings 
on  ambulacra,  &c.,  black.  Elytra  dark  greyish  fulvous ;  nervures 
fulvous,  apically,  darker.  Spines  of  seventh  segment  extending 
beyond  apex  of  abdomen,  elytra  extending  far  beyond  apex  of  abdomen. 
Male  :  seventh  segment  deeply,  roundly  emarginate  veutrally.  Long, 
to  apex  of  elytra  14  mill. 

Ckylon,  Pundaluoya.     CoUns.  E.  E.  Green  and  Kirkaldy. 
Larger  and  stouter  than  mimita  (Mayr.),  to  which  it  is  some- 
what allied. 

3.  Gerris  sakuntala,  sp.  n. 

Belongs  to  subgenus  Limnometra,  Mayr, 

Black,  closely  set  with  pale  golden  pubescence ;  a  central  line  on 
head  and  anterior  lobe  of  pronotum,  lateral  margins  of  posterior  lobe, 
antennae,  legs.  &c.,  fulvous.  Elytra  infuscate,  nervures  pale  golden, 
pubescent.  Venter  pale  flavous.  Elytra  extending  far  beyond  apex 
of  abdomen.     Long.  5^  mill. 

Ceylon,  Pundaluoya  (collns.  E.  E.  Green  and  Kirkaldy). 

This  lovely  little  Gerris  is  quite  distinct  in  colouring  from 
any  other  Limnometra,  and  is  specially  distinguished  by  the 
entire  absence  of  any  connexival  spines. 


THE     STUDY     OF    LIFE-HISTORY. 
(Concluded  from  p.  97.) 

In  studying  the  habits  of  living  insects  instead  of  too  closely 
confining  our  observations  to  captive  specimens,  we  should,  when 
practicable,  contrive  to  give  at  the  same  time  constant  attention 
to  the  same  species  existing  in  a  state  of  nature ;  for  the  circum- 
stance must  never  be  overlooked,  that  it  matters  not  how  cunningly 
we  may  endeavour  to  conceal  the  fact,  nor  how  diligently  we  may 
attend  to  food  supply  and  other  details,  our  types  are  nevertheless 
living  under  purely  artificial  conditions.  Captive  insects  will 
teach  us  much,  and  will  more  often  than  not  prove  the  source 
from  whence  most  of  our  information  is  gleaned,  but  we  should 
still  regard  them  more  in  the  light  of  qualified  teachers  or  guides 
whose  principal  usefulness  lies  in  the  furnishing  us  with  valuable 
hints  and  data  upon  which  to  base  and  work  out  our  study  of 
their  species  in  the  open,  rather  than  as  the  sole  origin  from 
which  our  knowledge  is  to  be  derived.     It  is  in  all  probability 

*  These  species  will  be  treated  more  fully  and  figured  in  another  place. 


118  THE    KNTOMOLOQIST. 

the  neglect  of  this  combination  of  observation  which  has  contri- 
buted in  no  small  degree  to  some  of  the  curious  errors  so  often 
met  with  in  accounts  of  the  life-histories  of  even  our  commonest 
insects;  such  as,  for  instance,  in  the  egft-laying  of  the  Dytisci,  a 
genus  of  carnivorous  water  beetles,  where,  in  many  text-books, 
you  will  find  it  definitely  stated  that  the  female  extrudes  her 
eggs  at  random  in  the  water.  This  assertion  was  founded  in  the 
first  place  on  the  experience  of  Lj'onnet,  whose  captive  beetles 
thus  oviposited,  as  pent-up  insects  are  wont  to  do ;  whereas 
under  natural  conditions  the  eggs  in  this  genus  are  really  de- 
posited singly  and  with  circumspection  in  the  submerged  portions 
of  various  rusbes,  pond-weed,  and  other  aquatic  plants,  and  for 
the  careful  placing  of  which  the  ovipositors  of  the  females  are 
provided  with  two  sharply-edged  plates,  one  on  either  side  of  the 
oviduct,  with  which  incisions  are  made  in  the  submersed  stems 
to  receive  them.  This  tendency  to  promiscuous  oviposition  dur- 
ing captivity  I  have  often  noted  in  connection  with  Dytiscus 
punctiilatiis,  Gastroidea  I'ii'tdulus,  and  other  insects. 

Whilst  speaking  of  the  Dytisci,  I  will  here  call  attention  to 
one  or  two  of  the  simpler  problems  awaiting  solution,  to  which  I 
just  now  alluded.  Those  of  us  who  have  kept  Di/tisciis punctnlatus 
or  D.  mnrginaUs  alive  for  any  length  of  time  will  have  become 
cognisant  of  the  fact  that,  in  common  with  many  other  imagines 
and  some  few  larvae,  they  stridulate  at  times  with  great  energy. 
This  stridulation  is  produced  in  two  distinct  tones — the  one 
harsh  and  shrill,  the  other  a  lower  "  trill "  or  buzzing  sound. 
We  shall  moreover  have  probably  remarked  that  such  notes  are 
almost  invariably  emitted  towards  nightfall  or  during  the  evening 
hours,  and  I  am  strongly  inclined  to  the  opinion  that  the  Dytisci, 
like  the  Gyrini,  or  "  whirligig "  beetles,  are  in  the  habit  of 
stridulating  previous  to  flight ;  for,  in  so  far  as  my  own  experience 
goes,  these  musical  efforts  are  confined  to  the  evening,  during 
which  period,  too,  the  beetles  fly.  But  the  question  to  which  I 
particularly  wish  to  direct  your  attention  is,  by  what  mode  are 
these  sounds  generated  ?  The  only  definite  statement  I  can  find 
on  the  subject  is  by  Prof.  Miall,  who  says  "  the  sound  is  produced 
by  rubbing  the  under  side  of  the  wing-cases  against  the  ends  of 
the  body";  but  if  these  areas  are  examined  stridulating  organs 
are  not  readily  perceptible.  The  fact  that  Mr.  C.  J.  Gahan  made 
no  reference  to  the  Dytisci  in  his  exhaustive  paper  "On  the 
Stridulating  Organs  in  the  Coleoptera,"  read  before  the  Entomo- 
logical Society  of  London  during  the  session  just  closed,  prompted 
me  to  write  him  on  the  subject,  with  the  result  that  he  tells  me 
he  has  never  been  able  to  detect  the  presence  of  stridulating 
organs  in  the  genus.  "Whether  they  make  the  sound  in  the 
manner  described  by  Prof.  Miall  or  not,"  he  proceeds,  "  I  cannot, 
of  course,  say,  but  I  am  inclined  to  doubt  his  statement.  There 
is  nothing  on  the  elytra  or  abdomen  at  all  resembling  the  stridu- 


THE    STUDY    OF    LIFE-HISTORY.  119 

lating  areas  of  other  beetles,  nor  is  there  on  any  other  part  of  the 
body,  so  far  as  I  couhl  find.  Since  receiving  your  letter  I  have 
again  examined  a  Dytiscus  I  had  by  me,  but  I  have  not  been 
more  successful  than  before.  There  is  a  series  of  short  trans- 
verse ridges  near  the  edge  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  first 
abdominal  segment  in  J)ytiscns,  but  the  ridges  are  very  coarse, 
unlike  any  occurring  on  true  stiidulating  areas  of  other  beetles, 
and,  so  far  as  I  can  see,  it  is  not  possible  for  them  to  come  into 
play  against  the  elytra."  I  mij,dit  add  that  Dr.  Sharp,  our 
greatest  authority  on  the  carnivorous  water-beetles  (Dytiscidsei, 
makes  no  mention  of  stridulating  organs  other  than  those  of 
Pelubius  (Camb.  Nat.  Hist.). 

Since  writing  the  above  Mr.  Gahan  has  been  kind  enough  to 
again  communicate  with  me  on  the  matter,  calling  my  attention 
to  a  paper  entitled  "  Die  Tonapparate  der  Dytiscidae,"  by  Her- 
mann Keeker  ('  Archiv  fiir  Naturgeschichte,'  1891,  vol.  Ivii. 
pp.  105,  et  srq.),  in  which  he  states  that  stridulation  is  produced 
in  Dytiscus,  Pelohius,  and  other  members  of  the  family  by  rub- 
bing one  of  the  large  outer  wing  nervures  against  the  elytra,  the 
transverse  ridges  on  these  nervures  being  very  prominent,  and, 
according  to  Reeker,  more  numerous  in  the  Dytiscidae  than  in 
other  beetles.  But  "  many  other  beetles,"  writes  Mr.  Gahan, 
"  which  are  not  known  to  stridulate,  or  else  are  well  known  to  do 
80  in  a  different  way,  have  the  corresponding  wing-nervure  just 
as  prominent  and  as  strongly  ribbed  across ;  so  that  I  am  some- 
what inclined  to  share  Dr.  Sharp's  view  that  Keeker's  explana- 
tion is  erroneous.  I  certainly  believe  with  Sharp  that  it  is 
erroneous  so  far  as  it  applies  to  Pelubius,  but  he  may,  of  course, 
be  right  in  regard  to  Dytiscus ;  and  it  would  be  well  therefore  to 
call  attention  to  his  explanation." 

Here  then  is  one  of  the  enigmas  awaiting  solution  by  the 
diligent  naturalist,  and  any  young  member  here  present  who  may 
be  anxious  to  solve  the  mystery  will  meet  with  very  little  trouble 
in  obtaining  his  beetles,  liave  little  time  to  wait  ere  hearing  them 
stridulate,  and  experience  little  difficulty  in  obtaining  permission 
to  communicate  in  the  form  of  a  paper  at  an  early  meeting  of 
the  Society  the  successful  results  of  his  investigations. 

Still  confining  ourselves  to  the  same  insect,  we  may  further 
note  that  no  satisfactory  explanation  has  hitherto  been  advanced 
to  account  for  the  dimorphism  exhibited  by  the  females  of  this 
genus.  Of  our  six  British  beetles,  the  females  are  dimorphic  in 
four  species.  Camerano,  probably  quoting  from  Simmermacher, 
says  that  the  sculptured  females  belong  more  particularly  to 
northern  districts  ;  and  the  observations  of  Kedtenbacher,  who 
states  that  near  Vienna  the  smooth  form  of  female  is  as  general 
as  the  rough,  appears  to  supi)ort  this  assertion.  But  the  fact, 
even  if  estabUshed,  fails  to  furnish  us  with  any  clue  as  to  either 
cause  or  purpose.     In  the  allied  terrestrial  family  of  CarabidsB 


120 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the  males  as  well  as  the  females  are  usually  rough,  an  event  of 
rare  occurrence  in  the  Dytiscidae ;  whilst  in  Hyderodes,  the 
closely  allied  genus  which  combines  with  Dytiscus  to  constitute 
the  tribe  Dytiscina,  the  females,  although  dimorphous,  have 
almost  invariably  smooth  elytra  like  the  males.  Early  authors 
have  generally  associated  the  roughness  of  the  females  with  the 
perpetuation  of  the  species,  and  regarded  the  grooved  elytra  in 
Dytiscus  as  a  sjDecial  provision  of  Providence,  and  accessory  to 
the  suckers  on  the  fore  feet  of  the  male  beetles.  But  Plateau 
was  the  first  of  several  naturalists  whose  experiments  greatly 
tended  to  shake  our  faith  in  these  earlier  interpretations.  The 
results  of  Plateau's  investigations  have  been  summarized  by 
Miall,  whilst  the  subsequent  tests  of  Dr.  Lowne  formed  the  sub- 
ject of  a  paper  communicated  to  the  Eoyal  Microscopical  Society 
in  1871.  It  will  be  sufficient  for  our  purpose  to-night  to  quote 
the  former : — "  (1)  Furrows  on  the  elytra  diminish  instead  of 
increasing  the  holding  power  of  suckers  ;  ground  glass  and  paper 
do  not  on  trial  act  so  well  as  polished  glass.  (2)  The  suckers  of 
the  male  are  not  applied  to  the  furrowed  part  of  the  elytra  at  all, 
but  to  the  prothorax  and  the  smooth  edges  of  the  elytra.  (3) 
Females  with  smooth  elytra  occur  now  and  then  in  England,  and 
the  male  can  hold  these  as  well  as  the  common  form." 

The  subject  of  dimorphism  has,  since  the  publication  of 
Darwin's  '  Origin  of  Species,'  received  a  good  deal  of  attention, 
more  especially  from  botanists  and  lepidopterists.  Sexual 
dimorphism  is  shown  in  some  degree  by  a  large  portion  of  our 
British  Lepidoptera,  especially  amongst  the  blue  and  hairstreak 
butterflies ;  and  two  forms  of  the  same  sex,  as  in  Dytiscus,  are 
not  uncommon :  thus  in  the  clouded  yellow  {Colias  edusa)  one 
form  of  the  female  resembles  the  male,  save  that  the  broad  dark 
border  which  runs  round  the  wings  in  the  latter  sex  is  broken  by 
yellow  spots,  whilst  the  other  is  of  a  more  or  less  unicolorous 
creamy-yellow  tint.  Again,  in  the  silver-washed  fritillary  {Dryas 
paphia),  the  female  may  be  either  dark  brown  or  blackish  green. 
Whether  Mr.  Tutt,  Mr.  Pierce,  or  other  authority  has  successfully 
solved  the  reason  for  these  persistent  variations  in  the  same  sex 
amongst  lepidopterous  females,  I  am,  I  regret  to  say,  insufficiently 
acquainted  with  that  order  of  insects  to  state  ;  but  no  convincing 
or  satisfactory  explanation  has  hitherto  been  advanced  to  account 
for  the  dimorphous  females  in  Dytiscus,  and  I  have  therefore 
pleasure  in  further  calling  the  attention  of  some  of  our  more 
enthusiastic  members  to  this  interesting  fact. 

It  is  a  far  cry  from  the  rotund  and  solidly  constructed 
Dytiscus  to  the  fragile  form  of  Chironomus  plumosus,  the  earlier 
life  of  which  dipteron  furnishes  those  of  us  who  have  microscopes 
with  opportunity  for  very  careful  observation  and  minute  re- 
search, for  the  problem  here  set  us  falls  to  the  province  of  those 
who  combine   with  the   study   of   the   living   insect,  pure  and 


THE    STUDY    OF    LIFE-HISTORY.  121 

simple,   the  allied  interesting   microscopic   examination   of  its 
parts.     Although  perhaps  unfamiliar  hy  name,  several  species  of 
Chiro)wmus  Avill  be  known  to  us  by  sight,  the  insects  being  often 
common  about  our  window-panes  witliin  doors,  or  seen  perform- 
ing intricate  gyrations  in  the  air  without.     In  appearance  they 
closely  resemble  gnats,  or  mosquitoes  as  they  are  often  called, 
the  similitude  being  so  marked  that  there  is  every  excuse  for  our 
at   first  confounding  the  two.     A  rough  and   ready  way  of  dis- 
tinguishing between  them  is  to  watch  the  insects  at  rest,  when  it 
will  be  seen  that  in  CItironomiis  the  front  legs  are  raised,  and  in 
the  gnats  the  hinder  ones.     A  closer  examination  of  the  two 
insects  will  show  that  the  C/ttro»omHs  differs  very  materially  from 
AnopJieli's,   Cnlex,   and  other  of  the  true    gnats  in  having  the 
mouth-parts  unadapted  for  either  piercing  or  suction  ;  and,  from 
the  fact  also  that  the  stomach  is  almost  invariably  empty,  it  is 
conjectured  that,  in  common  with  many  other  insects,  the  Chiro- 
nonius  does  not  feed  in  the  imago  state.     It  is  not  my  intention 
to  enter  into  the   life-history  of  these  interesting   insects,  for 
details   of  which  it  will  be   sutHcient  to   refer  the  student  to 
Miall's   recently  published  works  on  the  subject.     Suffice  it  to 
say  that  the  females  lay  their  eggs  in  running  water,  on  the  top 
of  which  they  rest,  the  ova  requiring  continuous  access  to  the 
atmosphere.     To  prevent  them  being  carried  down  by  the  current, 
and  possibly  submerged  or  otherwise  destroyed,  they  are,  instead 
of  being  permitted  to  float  free,  deposited  in  long  rope-like  chains, 
one  end  of  which  is  firmly  attached  to  the  bank  or  other  suitable 
moorings,  the  string  of  eggs  thus  riding  easily  at  anchor  on  the 
surface  of  the  stream.     These  egg-ropes,  which  can  usually  be 
procured  throughout  the  summer,  will  prove  of  deep  interest  to 
the  young  entomological  microscopist,  for,  being  of  great  trans- 
parency, it  is  possible  to  examine  them  as  living  objects,  and 
this,  too,  without  preparation  of  any  kind ;  so  that  after  exami- 
nation   they    can  be  replaced  in    the   water  to  continue   their 
development,  the  whole  of  which  process  occupies  less  than  a 
week.     In  from  three  to  six  days,  according  to  temperature,  are 
hatched  little  red  larvae,  which,  when  full  grown,  attain  to  as 
much  as  an  inch  in  length.     Their  crimson  colour  has  gained  for 
them  the  popular  name  of   "  bloodworms."      These,    too,    are 
transparent,  and  furnish  most  excellent  material  for  the  biologist, 
since  the  heart,  nervous  system,  and  other  internal  arrangements 
are  easily  examined  through  the  clear  outer  body-wall.     But  it  is 
in  the  region  of  the  nuclei  of  the  cells  which  line  the  salivary 
glands  that  our  physiological  problem  in  this  species  lies.    These 
nuclei  will  be  found  to  be  large,  and,  in  addition  to  enclosing  one 
or  two  nucleoli,  or  smaller  spheres,  contain  a  peculiar  elongate 
irregularly-coiled  cord,  the  ends  of  which,  when  two  nucleoli  are 
present,  are  joined  to  both ;  but  should  one  nucleolus  only  be 
enclosed,  then  it  receives  the  two  ends  (Miall).     What  are  the 


122  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

functions  of  this  intricate  cord-like  structure  ?  What  part  does 
it  play  in  the  econoni}'  of  the  insect's  hfe?  Balbiani  (1881)  hfis 
given  us  much  information  respecting  the  saHvary  cells  and 
nuclei  of  the  Chironomua  larva,  to  whose  exhaustive  remarks 
Miall  (1895)  has  added  some  important  observations  ;  but  so  far 
no  entomological  biologist  has  been  able  to  throw  any  light  upon 
the  very  peculiar  cords  to  which  I  have  ventured  to  direct  your 
attention. 

There  is  another  gnat-like  fly  (Corethra  'plumicornis)  which 
deposits  ber  eggs  in  a  flat  mass  on  the  surface  of  still  and  shaded 
pools.  From  these  emerge  long  slender  transparent  creatures 
that,  from  their  peculiar  habit  of  suddenly  disappearing  by 
rapidly  changing  their  position,  have  not  inaptly  been  designated 
'•  phantom  larvae."  They  are  highly  predaceous,  and  somewhat 
smaller  tban  the  bloodworms.  Limbs  are  absent,  unless  a 
hooked  foot-like  protuberance  at  the  tail-end  can  be  described  as 
such  ;  but  the  antennae  being  prehensile,  the  larva  makes  good 
use  of  these  in  the  capture  of  its  prey,  which  consists  for  the 
most  part  of  small  aquatic  organisms  of  various  kinds.  But  the 
curious  part  about  the  phantom  larvie  is  that,  although  requiring 
air  for  breathing  purposes,  it  possesses  no  spiracles.  Is  respira- 
tion carried  on  through  the  body-wall  ?  For,  notwithstanding 
the  apparent  total  absence  of  external  orifices,  there  is  neverthe- 
less a  partially  developed  tracheal  system  consisting  of  two  tubes 
running  longitudinally  through  the  insect,  which,  although  devoid 
of  air  throughout  their  greater  length,  dilate  into  large  well-filled 
air-sacs  towards  either  extremity  of  the  body.  Prof.  Miall  bas 
discovered  that  in  newly-hatched  larvae  neither  the  tubes  nor 
sacs  contain  any  air  wbatever,  and,  although  a  good  deal  of 
attention  has  been  devoted  to  the  subject,  we  are  not  yet  in 
possession  of  any  facts  to  lead  us  to  the  knowledge  as  to  how  air 
is  first  admitted  to  the  air-chambers,  or  subsequently  renewed. 
Is  gas  generated  by  the  larva  itself  in  a  similar  way  to  that  by 
which  some  fishes  are  known  to  inflate  their  swimming-bladders, 
and  some  zoophytes  their  floats  ?  Bohr  and  Moreau  have  given 
much  attention  to  this  latter  subject,  and  the  former  has  shown 
us  that  the  air-bladder  of  a  fish  completely  refills  after  puncture, 
the  gas  generated  containing  as  much  as  80  per  cent,  of  oxygen. 
Does  the  minute  larva  of  Corethra  employ  similar  methods  to 
the  nautilus,  or  how  is  its  air  evolved  ?  This  is  yet  another  of 
Nature's  unsolved  mysteries,  the  satisfactory  unravelment  of 
which  would  probably  help  us  very  considerably  to  understand 
the  fact  of  the  possession  of  highly  oxydised  air  by  many  other 
aquatic  animals. 

Such,  then,  are  a  few  of  the  legion  of  pertinent  questions 
which  ever  confront  the  biological  investigator — problems  that 
the  entomological  student  will  constantly  meet  with  on  every 
hand.     I  might  allude  to  many  puzzling  circumstances  in  the 


THE    STUDY   OF    LIFE-HISTORY.  128 

life-l)istories  of  the  earwig,  grasshopper,  and  other  well-known 
insects  ;  but  by  thus  unduly  extending  my  address  I  should  run 
serious  risk  of  destroying  ihe  only  merit  it  stands  possessed  of, 
and  the  only  claim  it  has  upon  your  indulgence  to-night,  viz.  its 
brevity. 

I  will  in  conclusion  therefore  confine  myself  to  the  suggestion 
that  there  should  be  more  intercommunication  and  combination, 
for  dealing  with  matters  of  general  concern  to  all,  between  the 
various  Natural  History  Societies  throughout  the  length  and 
breadth  of  tbe  land  than  exists  at  the  present  day.  Any  member 
wbo  is  possessed  of  sufiicient  curiosity  to  till  in,  say  in  two 
colours,  on  an  ordinary  Bradshaw  railway  map,  the  various 
districts  covered  by  members  of  the  different  Entomological 
Societies  and  Natural  History  Field  Clubs  will  in  all  probability 
find  they  extend  to  far  greater  number  and  wider  distribution 
than  he  ever  supposed  ;  whilst  a  cursory  glance  through  the 
pages  of  the  '  Naturalists'  Directory '  will  disclose  the  fact  that 
in  our  ranks  are  also  included  many  persons  of  influence.  Were, 
then,  some  measure  of  intercourse  and  mutual  support  obtaining, 
it  would  enable  us  to  devote  attention  to  two  important  questions, 
one  of  vital  interest  to  ourselves,  and  the  other  to  the  community 
at  large.  With  regard  to  the  first  of  these — viz.  that  scientific 
societies  in  their  several  districts  should  either  by  concerted  or 
other  action  assist  in  the  endeavour  to  prevent  the  enclosing  of 
common  land  and  ground  in  the  possession  of  the  Crown — I  have 
been  somewhat  anticipated  by  the  very  apposite  remarks  of  Dr. 
Cotton  with  regard  to  Delamere  Forest,  and  therefore  now  only 
briefly  allude  to  the  subject  for  the  purpose  of  adding  one  or  two 
additional  facts,  which  it  mfiy  interest  ihe  Society  to  know.  We 
have  it  on  the  authority  of  Mr.  Fortescue  Horner,  one  of  H.M. 
present  Commissioners  for  Woods,  Forests,  and  Land  Revenues, 
that  five  and  forty  years  ago  the  woodlands  of  Delamere  extended 
to  nearly  4000  acres,  since  which  time  1800  have  been  cleared 
for  agriculture  and  12G  sold.  At  that  period  750  acres  of 
reclaimed  land  were  already-  let  out  as  farms,  a  total  which  at 
the  present  day  has  grown  to  2550  ;  so  that  from  1856  to  the 
end  of  the  century  just  closed,  the  woodlands  appear  to  have 
shrunk  from  nearly  4000  acres  to  but  little  more  than  half  their 
former  dimensions.  I  am  neither  a  prophet  nor  a  mathematician, 
and  will  tberetore  refrain  from  prognostications  as  to  the  future 
otber  than  to  express  the  opinion  that  unless  definite  action  is 
shortly  taken  to  prevent  further  encroachments,  Delamere  will, 
in  the  course  of  a  few  decades,  be  a  forest  only  in  name. 
Scientists  in  the  South  of  England  have  done  much  to  stop  the 
reclamation  of  land  which  formerly  obtained  in  the  New  Forest, 
and  we  ought  in  no  way  to  lag  behind  in  our  endeavour  to  save 
the  whole  of  that  part  of  Delamere  which  now  remains  for  the 
benefit  of  future  generations  of  naturalists. 


124  THB    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

In  passing,  and  as  also  bearing  on  this  subject  of  mutual 
support,  I  may  add  that  I  think  we  should,  as  an  independent 
organization,  endorse  the  action  taken  by  the  Liverpool  Biological 
Society  a  few  days  since  in  its  endeavours  to  obtain  a  more 
thorough  recognition  of  our  local  fauna  in  the  approaching  re- 
arrangement of  the  City  Museum  With  regard  to  our  own 
branch  of  natural  history,  the  collection  of  insects  in  the  past 
can  scarcely  be  said  to  have  been  in  any  way  up  to  date,  either 
as  representative  of  the  district,  or  in  the  matter  of  classification 
and  nomenclature ;  and  the  time  would  appear  opportune,  in 
view  of  the  additional  appointments  which  at  no  distant  date 
will  have  to  be  made,  for  us  as  the  recognised  Entomological 
Society  of  this  part  of  South-west  Lancashire  to  express  the 
hope  that  the  Museums  Committee  may  find  it  possible  to  add 
an  entomological  expert  to  the  already  hard-worked  staff  of  the 
distinguished  Director  of  our  City  Museums. 

With  regard  to  the  second  question,  one  cannot  help  feeling 
that  much  good  work  is  done  by  entomologists  which  is  never 
heard  of  outside  the  narrow  confines  of  their  several  districts, 
and  except  during  seasons  of  abnormal  appearance  of  certain 
rarities,  such  as  ^Egialia  rufa,  Colias  hyale,  Deilephila  galii,  &c., 
we  hear  nought  of  the  locality  to  which  they  belong.  Can  it  be 
that  during  the  intervening  years  nothing  of  general  interest  has 
been  learnt ;  nothing  observed  which  might  prove  of  ultimate 
value  ?  I  cannot  think  this,  but  I  do  think  that,  owing  to  the 
"  splendid  isolation  "  from  which  scientific  societies,  like  our 
great  daily  newspapers,  sometimes  affect  to  ignore  one  another's 
existence,  much  important  knowledge  on  lesser  rarities  is  irre- 
trievably lost.  And,  after  all,  it  is  with  the  less  rare  insects  that 
our  country  generally  is  most  vitally  concerned — pests  like  the 
turnip  beetle  (Phijllotreta  nemorum,  P.  imdulata,  &c),  magpie  and 
codlin  moths  {Abraxas  grossidariata  and  Carpocapsa  jjomonella), 
daddy  longlegs  {Tipida  oleracea,  T.  maculosa),  &c.  Would  it  not 
be  possible  for  every  natural  history  society,  in  addition  to  the 
important  local  work  in  which  they  are  now  mostly  engaged,  to 
contribute  yearly  valuable  information  on  many  economic  ques- 
tions of  general  importance  to  the  community,  by  forming  a 
small  committee  to  receive  and  arrange  the  observations  of  its 
members  on  their  experiences  during  the  year  of  any  abnormal 
variation  in  abundance  of  some  of  the  commoner  and  more 
injurious  insects  in  their  several  branches  of  entomology,  as  well 
as  to  tabulate  any  remarks  they  might  make  on  the  subject  ? 
Any  inquiry  into  the  question  of  such  variation  prevailing  during 
a  sequence  of  years  would  be  of  course  of  an  exceedingly  intricate 
and  complex  nature ;  and  as  it  is  probable  that  weather,  and 
especially  temperature — as  distinct  from  chmate — acting  either 
directly  at  some  critical  epoch  in  the  insect's  life,  or  indirectly 
through  food-plants,  &c.,  would  be  largely  responsible  for  many 


THE    STUDY    OF    LIFE-HISTORY.  126 

of  the  phenomena  noted,  it  would  be  the  duty  of  the  committee 
to  add  also  a  concise  epitome  of  any  special  local  feature  in  the 
type  of  weather  experienced  over  the  district  from  which  the 
observations  had  been  gleaned.  All  meteorological  conditions  of 
a  general  character  could  be  obtained  from  the  records  of  the 
Royal  Meteorological  Society's  one  hundred  climatological  stations 
established  in  various  parts  of  the  kingdom,  and  these  would  of 
course  be  available  to  the  specially  appointed  Central  Committee, 
to  which  at  the  end  of  each  season  every  society  would  forward 
its  report  for  arrangement  and  comparison. 

The  value  of  such  records  might  not  at  first  be  very  apparent, 
although  they  would  early  serve  to  show  us  whether  the  appear- 
ance of  any  insect  pest  w^is  of  a  general  or  only  local  nature, 
and,  if  the  latter,  the  Central  Committee  would  pay  particular 
attention  to  the  reports  received  from  the  stricken  districts  with 
the  object  of  discovering  any  possible  reason  for  such  occurrence. 
In  the  course  of  a  decade  or  two  a  mass  of  carefully  arranged 
observations  and  details  from  all  parts  of  the  kingdom  would  be 
in  the  possession  of  this  committee,  from  which  it  is  certain  many 
important  facts  would  have  already  begun  to  manifest  themselves, 
and  every  year  would  naturally  add  to  the  value  of  the  records 
by  furnishing  us  with  increasing  data  upon  which  both  to  base 
our  theories  and  determine  our  facts. 

That  the  rough  scheme  here  sketched  may  appear  difficult  of 
attainment  in  the  crude  and  skeleton  form  in  which  I  have  pre- 
sented it,  there  is  no  one  more  sensible  than  myself.  Neverthe- 
less I  do  not  regard  the  subject  as  chimerical,  nor  as  one  more 
fitted  to  the  columns  of  '  Punch  '  than  inclusion  in  the  transac- 
tions of  a  scientific  society.  Our  grandfathers  would  have  been 
sceptical  of  the  possibility  of  obtaining  from  a  central  bureau  in 
London  daily  forecasts  of  the  weather  for  all  parts  of  the  king- 
dom, yet  we  are  perfectly  accustomed  to  the  practice.  But  how 
many  of  us  a  year  or  two  ago  would  have  dreamed  of  the  value 
shortly  to  be  attached  to  the  yearly  reports  of  the  irregular  rain- 
fall in  India  ;  whilst  fewer  still  would  have  imagined  that  a  large 
portion  of  humanity  was  soon  to  benefit  by  the  accumulating 
records  of  so  apparently  uncommercial  a  proceeding  as  the  study 
of  the  spectra  of  sun-spots.  Yet  observations  of  these  two 
seemingly  fortuitous  events  covering  a  sequence  of  3'ears  exhibit 
sufficient  method  and  connection  to  warrant  Sir  Norman  Lockyer's 
stating  that  one  of  the  great  scientific  triumphs  of  the  early  years 
of  the  present  century  will  be  the  ability  not  only  to  foretell 
approaching  droughts  in  Australia  and  famines  in  Hindustan, 
but  to  add  details  as  to  area  and  extent.  And  who  knows  but 
that,  just  as  the  British  farmer  now  scans  in  his  morning  paper 
the  weather  predictions  for  his  district,  so  that  farmer's  grandson 
may  in  future  years  pay  even  greater  attention  to  the  monthly  or 
other  periodic  forecasts  of  the  Economic  Entomologist's  Depart- 


125  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

ment  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture — predictions  of  the  probahle 
occurrence  of  various  insect  pests  that  would  be  based  on  the 
relations  that  had  been  observed  to  exist  between  certain  natural 
phenomena  extending  over  a  considerable  number  of  years,  which 
would  render  it  possible  to  issue  timely  warning  and  advice  of 
inestimable  advantage  to  the  agriculturist  and  incalculable  value 
to  the  nation  at  large. 

I  trust  then  that  the  few  disjointed  remarks  it  has  been  my 
privilege  to  address  to  you  this  evening  may  serve  to  stimulate 
us  to  a  more  intense  interest  in  the  fascinating  study  of  insect 
life,  more  especially  with  a  view  to  the  solution  of  such  economic 
questions  of  importance  to  cultivators  of  the  soil  as  that  to  which 
I  have  just  alluded, — a  study  which,  whilst  providing  us  with 
every  opportunity  for  pleasant  recreation  and  interesting  investi- 
gation ourselves,  will  afford  us  additional  gratification  by  the 
knowledge  that  we  are  also  contributing  to  relieve  the  anxiety, 
lighten  the  labour,  and  increase  the  prosperity  of  thousands  of 
our  fellow  men. 


NOTES    AND     OBSERVATIONS. 

HeCATERA    SERENA    LARV.E    NOT    ON    GoAt'sBEARD. Mr.   L.    B.  PtOUt 

has  kindly  written  to  me  about  the  supposed  larvae  of  Hecatera  serena 
feeding  iu  the  flowers  of  goat's-beard  near  Chester  (ante,  p.  105).  His 
interesting  letter  makes  tlie  supposition  that  the  larvaB  were  H.  serena 
so  improbable,  that,  with  his  permission,  I  give  his  remarks  upon  the 
species  in  full.     He  says  : — 

*•  Unless  the  species  has  very  different  habits  at  Chester  from  the 
normal,  I  cannot  conceive  that  you  can  have  been  '  too  late '  for  the 
larva  on  June  18th,  and  half  fancy  your  'mformant'  must  have  been 
poking  fun,  and  that  it  was  something  else  which  had  hollowed  out 
the  flowers  of  goat's-beard.  In  all  places  where  I  have  collected,  the 
imago  of  serena  is  just  in  its  prime  in  the  latter  half  of  June  and 
beginning  of  July,  and  as  the  Isn-va,  f oil ows  the  imago  in  the  same  year 
(t.  e.  the  species  hybernates  in  pupa),  June  18th  seems  an  impossibly 
eaily  date.  Moreover,  I  doubt  if  you  wdl  find  '  goat's-beard ' — by 
which  I  understand  the  common  '  Jack-go-to-bed-at-noon'  {iragnporfon 
pnitense)  of  our  meadows — its  usual  foot-plant.  This  goat's-beard, 
with  its  grass-like  leaves,  is  in  flower  in  June,  which,  as  I  have  just 
said,  is  too  early  for  my  experience  of  serena  larvas.  I  used,  misled 
by  Newman,  to  search  for  it  on  '  sow-thistles,'  but  some  notes  by 
Dr.  Riding  and  Mr.  Fenn  some  years  ago  (Ent.  Rec.  ii.  p.  290,  iii. 
p.  84)  raised  doubts  whether  it  ever  fed  naturally  on  these,  and 
sug'^ested  that  it  should  be  sought  on  '  hawk's-beard '  (Crepis).  I 
immediately  put  this  hint  to  the  test — about  July  20th,  at  Sandown — 
and  beat  three  larvae,  half-size  to  nearly  full  grown,  out  of  the  very 
first  batch  of  Crepis  which  I  tried.  The  species,  however,  seems 
rather  scarce  at  Sandown,  and  it  was  not  till  1898,  when  I  visited 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  127 

Torquay,  that  I  found  tlie  larvne  in  abundance.  Here,  too,  they  were 
contJDed  to  the  Cie/)is,  though  plenty  of  sow-tliistle  (HiDioclicens)  and 
oilier  Compositie  grew  close  at  hand.  The  larvag  when  young  sit 
quite  exposed  by  day  on  the  flowers,  and  as  soon  as  one  has  once  '  got 
one's  eye  in'  tliey  are  extremely  easy  to  see — a  green  larva  sitting 
stretched  across  a  bright  yellow  flower.  Of  course,  they  are  better 
protected  when  they  sit  curled  round  the  calyx,  but  they  are  easily 
beaten  off.  They  are  full-fed  about  the  beginning  of  August,  or  on 
till  beyond  the  middle  of  thai  month.  In  confinement  they  will 
eat  almost  any  composite  flower,  including  our  plebeian  dandelion. 
Unfortunately,  a  large  percentage  are  '  stung.'  " 

The  following  additional  particulars  I  take  from  'Wilson's  Larvae': 
Imago  of  Ueciitera  senna,  June  and  July;  larva?,  July  and  August; 
pnpre,  September  to  May.  What  the  caterpillars  were  which  hollowed 
out  the  flower-heads  of  the  goat's-beard  it  is  diflicult  to  say.  But  the 
matter  will  not  be  lost  sight  of.  Wilson  gives  only  two  species  of 
Lepidoptera  as  feeding  on  the  flowers — Calocampa  exoleta,  the  larvae 
occurring  from  April  to  July,  and  Ampliijiijra  tra(j<ipoffoiiis,  larvae  in 
May  and  June.  ( '.  tjohia  is  not  a  common  insect  with  us,  but,  as 
A.  tra;io/iotjonis  certainly  is,  the  larvae  were  probably  the  latter  species. — 
J.  Arkle  ;  Chester. 

Moths  carried  off  Sugar  by  S.\xd-hoppers  (Talitrus  locusta). — 
At  one  time  I  used  to  sugar  posts  and  pieces  of  drift-wood  on  the 
coast  just  above  high-water  mark  for  AijiotU  > ipa,  &c.,  but  the  patches 
of  sugar  were  usually  so  densely  covered  with  sand-hoppers  there  was 
scarcely  any  room  left  for  moths,  so  I  had  to  give  it  up  and  retire  to 
where  the  posts  and  palings  were  further  removed  from  the  beach. 
Oil  several  occasions  I  have  seen  A.  ripce  being  carried  off  by  one  of 
these  creatures,  and  once  I  rescued  a  very  tine  variety,  which  was 
quite  uninjured,  and  making  no  attempt  to  escape  from  its  captor. — 
Gervase  F.  Mathew  ;  Dovercourt,  March  14th,  1901. 

Rhizobius  jujub.k. — A  supposed  aphid  is  described  under  this 
name  by  Mr.  G.  B.  Buckton  in  'Indian  Museum  Notes,'  1899,  p.  277, 
pi.  xvii.  It  there  appears  as  a  new  species,  though  I  find  liluzobius 
jujitb(P.,  Buckton,  witli  a  diagnosis,  in  Mou.  Brit.  Aphides,  vol.  iv. 
(1883),  p.  181.  The  insect  is  found  in  India  on  the  roots  of  Zizij/>hits 
jujiibit,  and  IS.  to  all  appearances,  judging  from  the  description  and 
figure,  a  coccid.  It  does  not  seem  exactly  to  fit  in  any  known  genus, 
so  it  seems  desirable  to  call  attention  to  it,  in  order  that  those  who 
have  the  opportunity  may  be  led  to  determine  its  true  atfiuities.'^^ — 
T.  D.  A.  Cockerell;  Jan.  16th,  1901. 

Melit.ea  athalia  in  Devon. — While  taking  M.  athdia  in  Devon- 
shire on  June  13th,  1897,  I  captured  a  specimen  of  the  var.  navarina, 
very  similar  to  that  figured  on  p.  46  of  Newman's  Brit.  Butt,  (the 
first  of  his  three  lower  figures),  but  with  the  orange  spots  on  the 

"^  It  may  be  worth  while  to  remark,  tliat  the  name  Ehizobius,  Burm., 
for  an  aphid,  conflicts  with  lihizobius,  Steph.,  applied  to  a  coccinellid  beetle. 
The  latter  was  originally  published  as  lilujzohius,  it  appears,  in  1835,  the 
same  year  that  saw  the  publication  of  the  aphid  genus.  I  have  no  means  of 
ascertaining  which  has  priority. — T.  D.  A.  C. 


128  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

borders  of  the  posterior  wings  much  more  elongated. — K.  S.  Mitford; 
35,  Kedcliflfe  Square,  South  Kensington,  March  4th,  1901. 

The  Courtship  of  Anthocharis  cardamines. — Since  the  spring  of 
1899,  there  has  been  on  my  notes  an  observation  which  I  have  not 
ventured  to  publish  because  confirmatiou  was  wanting  respecting  the 
interpretation  which  I  was  inclined  to  give  to  the  fact  in  question.  In 
the  present  (March)  number  of  the  'Entomologist'  (p.  73)  Mr.  Guy  A.  K. 
Marshall  has,  however,  independently  arrived  at  a  similar  conclusion 
in  the  case  of  the  South  African  Pierid^e,  and  it  seems  therefore  desir- 
able to  place  the  observation  upon  record.  At  the  period  mentioned 
I  noticed  near  Dunmow,  in  Essex,  a  male  C.  cardamines  hovering 
round,  and  advancing  towards  and  receding  from,  a  female  of  this 
species  sitting  low  down  among  the  herbage  with  open  wings  and 
raised  abdomen,  precisely  in  the  attitude  described  by  Mr.  Marshall. 
It  seemed  at  first  sight  as  though  the  male  had  been  a  successful 
suitor,  and  that  pairing  would  take  place.  The  female  remained  quite 
passive,  and  in  no  way  repelled  the  advances  of  her  suitor.  For  more 
than  fifteen  minutes  the  male  continued  his  evolutions,  and  then, 
without  being  in  the  least  disturbed  by  me,  the  insects  parted  company 
and  flew  away  in  different  directions,  I  was  much  puzzled  at  the 
time  to  explain  why,  with  no  other  rival  in  the  field,  and  with  an 
apparently  passive  female,  the  courtship  should  have  ended  in  this 
apparently  fruitless  way.  It  afterwards  occurred  to  me,  on  thinking 
the  matter  over,  that  the  passivity  and  attitude  might  have  been 
indications  that  mating  had  previously  taken  place,  and  that  the  new 
suitor  had  been  warned  off  for  this  reason.  This  conclusion  I  now 
find  to  be  completely  in  harmony  with  Mr.  Marshall's  wider  experience. 
I  do  not  know  how  long  the  male  liad  been  paying  his  attentions  before 
his  evolutions  attracted  my  attention,  but  it  was  certainly  more  than 
fifteen  minutes  after  my  arrival  before  he  realised  that  his  suit  was  a 
useless  one.  This  observation  appears  to  me  of  interest  also  as 
indicating  that  in  this  species  the  male  is  the  wooer,  and  this,  from 
the  point  of  view  of  the  theory  of  sexual  selection,  is  in  accord  with 
the  fact  that  he  is  the  more  brilliantly  coloured. — R.  Meldola  ;  6, 
Brunswick  Square,  W.C.,  March  16th,  1901. 

Irregularity  of  Emergence,  and  Larval  Retardation. — Reading 
with  interest  Mr.  Merrifield's  notes  on  irregularity  in  emergence  of 
the  Drepanidffi  {ante,  p.  98),  some  similar  observations  made  last  year 
may  be  worth  recording. 

Plvsia  iota. — Sixteen  larviB  of  this  species  were  successfully  hyber- 
nated,  during  the  winters  of  1899  and  1900,  amongst  dead  leaves  of 
Lamium  album,  all  having  hatched  on  the  same  day  the  previous 
summer,  and  being  of  very  similar  size  during  hybernation.  Feeding 
was  resumed  about  February  18th,  and  all  the  larvie  but  one  began  to 
spin  their  cocoons  from  April  23rd  to  25th,  the  moths  emerging  from 
May  27th  to  June  4th. 

The  one  exception,  although  perfectly  healthy,  appeared  to  cease 
growing  almost  entirely  during  April,  whilst  the  others  were  rapidly 
maturing,  but  after  the  middle  of  May  seemed  bent  on  making  up  for 
lost  time,  being  full-fed  about  June  6th.  when  it  was  unfortunately 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  129 

allowed  to  escape,  so  that  I  have  no  note  of  the  precise  period  of  the 
retardation  of  emergence  behind  the  others  of  the  brood. 

Par,ir;ie  e(j€rin. — Five  ova  were  laid  on  July  3rd,  the  larvae  hatching 
on  the  1-lth.  The  first  pupation  tooli  place  on  August  11th,  and  tha't 
of  two  more  a  few  days  later.  At  this  period  the  two  remaining  larva 
were  less  than  half-grown,  one  pupating  on  September  19th,  the  other 
a  day  or  two  later.  These  two  are  now  hybernating,  apparently  quite 
healthy,  as  pupae ;  but  the  former  three,  after  imaginal  development  had 
reached  an  advanced  stage,  dried  up  and  failed  to  emerge,  doubtless 
owing  to  unnaturally  dry  artificial  conditions  during  a  period  of 
unusual  heat. 

LijCiEna  (iniinlus. — Ova  from  the  first  brood  were  laid  on  May  28th, 
the  succeeding  larvae  being  full-fed  about  June  23rd.  All  but  five  of 
the  ensuing  puptB  emerged  in  due  course  on  July  12th  and  subsequent 
few  days;  these  five  are  now  hybernating,  and  appear  to  be  quite 
healthy.  In  contrast  to  this,  it  may  be  of  interest  to  record  that 
one  pupa  of  some  two  dozen  of  the  second  brood,  September,  1895, 
produced  a  female  butterfiy  of  a  third  brood,  the  same  autumn,  all 
the  other  pupae  waiting,  in  the  usual  course,  until  the  following  spring. 

Lycccna  alexia. — Ova  laid  June  18th,  hatched  29th;  larvee  developed 
well  for  a  few  weeks,  feeding  on  young  pods  of  Lotu'i :  then  all,  with 
one  accord,  ceased  growing  or  feeding  entirely,  although  ofiered  various 
other  Leguminosie,  but  remained  about  a  quarter  grown,  and  were 
alive,  but  still  in  this  stage,  in  October  last. 

Ant  id  ill  batliatd. — A  number  of  larvic  from  ova,  fed  up  well  and 
rapidly,  last  spring.  On  October  20tli  a  female  emerged,  slightly 
undersized,  but  not  otherwise  difl'erent  from  those  now  appearing  from 
the  uame  brood  (March  18th,  1901).  These  latter  are  all  slightly 
over  the  average  size. 

Melaiiifipe  unawniluta. — Ova  laid  July  lOtli,  hatched  19th;  had  all 
gone  to  earth  by  August  l-lth.  On  the  25th  of  the  same  month  a 
moth  emerged,  followed  by  eight  more  subsequently.  These  moths 
are  all  decidedly  smaller  than  specimens  taken  at  large  at  the  usiial 
time  of  flight.     The  greater  number  are  still  hybernating  as  pupae. 

C/injw}>/i((niis  i>fil(£iis. — Contrary  to  previous  experience  with  this 
species,  some  two  dozen,  reared  from  ova  last  year,  formed  an  example 
of  simultaneous  growth  and  development.  Ova  laid  July  8th,  hatched 
17th  and  18th;  all  the  butterflies  emerged  between  August  21st  and 
28th. 

Colias  eiima. — Considerable  diflerence  in  rate  of  larval  growth 
was  observed  with  this  species,  but  of  a  rather  different  significance 
than  attaches  to  those  mentioned  above ;  inasmuch  as  delay  seemed 
generally,  though  not  always,  to  be  the  accompaniment  of  feeble 
vitality,  such  specimens  that  were  much  behind  the  others  either 
producing  diminutive  specimens,  or  else  failing  to  reach  maturity. 

In  all  the  above  instances,  larvae  of  each  species  were  always 
confined  in  the  same  cage,  suitable  to  their  successive  changes,  and 
fed  on  the  same  leaves,  the  pup©  being  also  kept  together ;  so  that 
the  unnatural  uniformity  of  conditions  in  captivity  serves  to  emphasize 
the  importance  that  these  irregularities  must  have  to  the  species  in 
nature,  and  can  scarcely  fail  to  be  a  powerful  factor  in  the  production 


130  THE   ENTOMOLOGIST. 

of  those  unaccountable  "profusions"  and  "scarcities"  of  many  species, 
which  are  so  constantly  recorded. — E.  M.  Prideaux  ;  Reigate,  Surrey. 

Knaggs's  Lepidopterist's  Guide. — A  third  edition  of  this  exceedingly 
useful  work  has  just  been  published.  We  have  not  seen  a  copy,  but 
understand  that  it  contains  many  additional  pages  and  illustrations, 
and  although  issued  in  cloth  covers  the  price  remains  as  heretofore, 
i.  e.  one  shilling.  The  veteran  will  surely  find  the  '  Guide  '  of  service 
to  hini,  whilst  to  the  tyro  it  is  simply  indispensable. 

Insect  Fauna  of  NoTTiNGHAMsmRE. — I  am  preparing  for  publication 
a  list  of  the  insects  of  this  county,  and  shall  be  grateful  for  any  in- 
formation, list  of  captures,  &c.,  from  entomologists  who  have  worked 
in  the  county. — J.  W.  Carr  ;  University  College,  Nottingham. 

Addendum. — P.  37,  insert :  1889. — On  the  Lepidoptera  of  Japan 
and  Corea.  Pt.  iii.  Noctues  and  Deltoides  (Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond- 
1889,  pp.  474-571,  pis.  l.-liii.). 


CAPTURES  AND   FIELD   REPORTS. 

CoLlAS  HY.iLE  IN  JuNE.  —  Looking  through  back  numbers  of  the 
*  Kiitomologist,'  and  seeing  the  numerous  records  of  captures  of  C.  hijaU 
during  August  and  September  of  former  years,  I  thought  it  might  be 
interesting  to  mention  that  I  caught  an  example  in  June,  last  summer,  at 
Folkestone.  I  believe  the  date  was  June  16th,  though  it  possibly  might 
have  been  a  day  or  two  earlier  or  later.  It  was  a  poor  specimen,  but  gave 
a  most  "  sporting  run."  I  have  been  told  that  it  was  probably  a  con- 
tinental specimen.  Is  this  so?  I  might  also  add  that  I  caught  a  nice 
variety  of  C.  ediisa  in  Cornwall,  in  September.  Its  colour  was  between 
that  of  typical  C.  ediisa  and  its  white  variety  helice. — W.  G.  Tueobald  ; 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  March  3rd,  1901, 

Xylomioes  conspicillauis  jn  SoMiiusETSHiRE. —  I  have  to  report thi3 
insect  from  the  Taunton  district.  From  dug  pupae  a  friend  and  myself 
have  procured  the  following:— In  1899,  three;  in  1900,  two;  and  this 
year  two,  up  to  the  present  time.  On  looking  through  the  private  collec- 
tion of  the  late  Curator  of  the  Taunton  Museum,  I  noted  one  specimen, 
which  he  told  me  he  took  about  twenty  years  ago,  on  a  gas-lamp.  I  see 
Newman  mentions  only  three  localities,  and  adds  :  "  This  insect  is  ex- 
ceedingly rare  in  Great  Britain."  1  shall  be  glad  to  know  if  this  is  still 
the  case. — Harris  Doidge  ;  The  Elms,  Sherford,  Taunton. 

Orthoptera  from  Renfrewshire. — Mr.  A.  M.  Stewart  has  sent  me 
a  specimen  of  Gryllus  doinesticus,  and  another  of  Stenobothrus  viridulns, 
from  Kilbarchau,  together  with  a  Blatta  australasiiB,  which  last  was 
obtained  alive,  in  a  fruiterer's  shop  in  Paisley.  It  came  out  of  a  cluster  of 
bananas  from  the  Canary  Islands,  though  of  course  it  may  have  beeu  taken 
on  board  previous  to  the  vessel's  arriving  there.  — W.  J.  Lucas;  Kingston- 
on-Thames. 

Camptogramma  fluviata  at  Rhyl,  Flintshire.— On  Aug.  2nd,  1900, 
a  small  geometer  came  to  window-light  here  ;  to  establish  its  identity  it 
was  submitted  to  Mr.  Barrett,  who  pronounced  it  to  be  "  a  beautiful  female 


<OCIETIF,S.  ISI 

jJuHnfo  '  The  markings  on  the  wings  are  more  distinct  than  those  in 
Newman's  illustration,  the  median  bar  being  broken.  I  believe  it  to  be 
the  first  of  its  species  recorded  for  North  Wales,  and  it  is  now  in  the 
Grosvenor  Museum.  Chester. — (Miss)  A.  Steklk  Perkins. 

Vitality  of  Hyberma  rupicapraria. — On  Feb.  17th  I  found  a 
specimen  of  H.  rupica/)raria,  on  a  pond  covered  with  ice  nearlv  an  inch 
thick;  I  broke  the  ice,  and  put  the  piece  containing  the  moth  in  a  box; 
the  insect  must  have  been  in,  or  on  the  ice  about  two  davs ;  there  was 
quite  a  quarter  of  an  inch  of  ice  over  the  moth.  When  t  got  home  I 
dissolved  the  ice,  and  found  that  the  moth  was  quite  perfect.  I  was 
surprised  when  I  looked  at  it  two  hours  later  to  tind  it  alive. — T.  L. 
Howe  ;  Beaufort  House,  Penarth,  South  Wales. 

Phlogophora  mettculosa  in  Winter. — On  Feb.  15lh  last  I  had  a 
specimen  of  P.  meticulosa  brought  to  me  bv  a  lad,  who  found  it  on  an  oak- 
tree  on  Wimbledon  Common.  On  March  23rd,  last  year,  I  took  an 
example  of  this  species  at  sallow.  I  also  took  a  specimen  on  a  fence  in 
Richmond  Park,  Dec.  3uth,  1899.— J.  Miller;  44,  Longfield  Street, 
Wandsworth,  S.W. 

A  specimen  of  Phlogophora  meticulosa  was  taken  on  palings  on  Dartford 
Heath,  as  eailv  as  March  3rd  this  year.  My  previous  earliest  record  is 
March  31st,  1899.  at  sallow,  in  the  New  Forest. — I  have  taken  the  full- 
grown  larva  in  January. —  F.  M.  B.  Carr  ;  46,  Handen  Road,  Lee,  S.E. 

[See  also  Entom.  xxxiii.  13. — Ed.] 

Earlt  Appearance  of  Pieris  rap.e  in  London. — On  March  21st, 
as  1  was  walking  down  John  Street,  Adelphi,  at  5.30  in  the  afternoon, 
something  white  fluttered  down  on  to  the  pavement  in  front  of  me.  I 
picked  it  up  and  found  it  to  be  a  P.  rapcE,  evidently  just  fresh  out.  It 
probably  came  from  the  Embankment  (Jardens,  which  were  not  far  off; 
but  it  is  difficult  to  understand  why  it  should  have  emerged  on  such  a  day, 
for  there  was  then,  and  had  been  all  day,  a  bitterly  cold  and  very  high 
wind  from  the  north-east. — Arthur  Cottam  ;  Eldercroft,  Watford. 


SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London. — February  6th,  1901. — The  Rev. 
Canon  Fowler,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  President,  in  the  chair.— The  President 
moved  that  an  address  of  condolence  and  congratulation  be  presented 
by  the  Society  to  his  Majesty  King  Edward  VII.  on  his  accession  to  the 
throne,  and  remarked  that  in  1833,  when  the  Society  was  founded, 
her  Majesty  the  late  Queen,  with  her  mother  the  Duchess  of  Kent,  was 
the  first  to  sign  the  book  subscribed  by  members  and  fellows  upon 
admission  to  the  Society.  The  motion  was  seconded  by  Col.  Swiuhoe 
and  carried  unanimously.— Mr.  E.  B.  G.  Nevinson,  of  3,  Tedworth 
Square,  Chelsea,  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Society.— The  President 
announced  that  he  had  appointed  as  Vice-Presidents,  Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett, 
Mr.  E.  Saunders,  and  Mr.  G.  H.  Verrall.— The  President  exhibited  a 
specimen  of  Culins  edusa  var.  helice  with  the  margins  of  the  wings 
entirely  dark  as  in  the  male;  also  a  variety  of  Carterocephahis  palmnon 
^^•ith  the  hind  wings  dark  save  for  one  conspicuous  orange  spot. — Dr. 
T.  A.  Chapman  exhibited  a  large  series  of  Endros®  collected  during 


182  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

the  last  few  years  by  himself,  Mr.  A.  H,  Jones,  and  especially  by  Mr. 
Tutt ;  E.  roscida,  which  is  a  very  distinct  dwarf  form,  and  from  fre- 
quenting marshy  flats  must  live  on  lichens  growing  in  such  localities, 
and  not  on  stones  as  the  others  do;  E.  irrorella,  which  should  be  the 
rarest  species  in  the  Alps,  judging  by  the  comparatively  few  specimens 
met  with  ;  E.  aurita,  in  very  great  variety,  including  a  good  many 
specimens  that  are  called  Inihlweini  var.  alpestiis,  none,  however, 
reaching  the  type  of  kuhhveini,  but  sufficient  to  show  with  something 
approaching  to  certainty  the  question  whether  kuhlurini  is  simply  an 
extreme  form  of  aurita.  E.  aurita  and  E.  irrorella,  said  Dr.  Chapman, 
are  very  near  together,  no  point  in  their  anatomy  being  absolutely 
distinctive,  while  the  genitalia  are  practically  identical ;  E.  irrurella 
always  looks  much  slighter,  being  lighter  scaled  and  the  hairs  short 
and  smooth.  It  always  has  a  yellow  patch  on  the  mesothorax.  The 
venation  is  also  distinctive,  yet  individuals  of  each  species  approach 
each  other  completely  in  each  of  the  distinctive  items  of  the  venation, 
but  never  in  all  of  them,  so  far  as  examination  of  a  number  of  speci- 
mens goes.  The  specimens  exhibited  consisted  of  twenty-four  roscida 
from  two  localities,  twenty-two  irrorella  from  eight  localities,  and  two 
hundred  and  four  aurita  from  twenty-three  localities.  Except  irrurella 
from  England,  Finmark,  and  the  Tyrol,  and  a  few  aurita  from  the 
Tyrol,  all  were  from  the  Western  Alps  of  Switzerland,  Italy,  and 
France.  Examples  from  each  locality  when  sufficiently  numerous 
usually  have  a  special  facies.  Some,  as  all  those  from  Arolla,  radiate ; 
those  from  Bourg  St.  Mam-ice  are  without  radiate  forms;  and  so  on. 
Some  are  more  yellow  ;  others  deeper  orange  ;  some  more  mixed. 
Elevation  tends  to  produce  radiation,  but  no  other  general  conclusion 
as  to  the  effect  of  height,  latitude,  or  longitude  seems  fully  justified 
by  the  specimens. — Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett  exhibited,  for  Mr.  G.  0.  Day, 
of  Knutsford,  a  black  variety  of  Aplecta  nehulosa,  Tr.,  with  white 
cilia,  and  an  asymmetrical  female  var.  of  Fidonia  atomaria,  Linn. — 
Mr.  M.  Jacoby  exhibited  a  specimen  of  an  unknown  species  of  the 
Halticidae. — Mrs.  Nicholl  exhibited  a  collection  of  Rhopalocera  from 
the  Lebanon  district  of  Syria,  and  Mr.  H.  J.  Elwes,  on  her  behalf, 
read  a  paper  explaining  and  illustrating  the  several  species  included. 
He  said  that  Mrs.  NichoU's  expedition  had  been  both  remarkable  and 
successful.  The  lepidopterous  fauna  of  this  region  was  less  known 
than  that  of  other  parts  of  Western  Asia,  and  interesting  inasmuch  as 
the  mountains  of  high  Lebanon  contained  a  larger  proportion  of  Alpine 
species  than  might  have  been  expected.  Among  other  species  Mr. 
Elwes  drew  special  attention  to  T/tecla  mijrtale,  which,  since  it  was 
described  by  Klug  in  1832,  has  remained  one  of  the  least  known 
members  of  the  palaearctic  fauna.  No  examples,  it  appears,  had  been 
taken  in  the  interval  until  Mrs.  Nicholl  found  it  on  the  high  mountains 
not  uncommon  in  May  and  June.  I.  asterope  was  taken  in  some 
nurnbers  on  the  coast,  the  species  being  the  sole  representative  of  its 
family  between  Syria  and  Manchuria.  The  Nymphalidae  also  showed 
a  great  range  of  variation.  Sir  John  Llewellyn,  Bart.,  made  some 
-remarks  on  the  character  of  the  country  through  which  Mrs.  Nicholl 
had  travelled,  and,  in  reply  to  Mr.  Jacoby,  Mrs.  Nicholl  said  that  insects 
are  not  abundant  generally,  and  the  more  productive  spots  are  few  and 
far  between. — The  following  papers  were  communicated  :  "  A  revision 


8(U1RT1E8.  188 

of  the  genus  Astathes,  Newm..  and  allied  genera  of  Longieorn  Coleo- 
ptera."  by  C.  J.  Gaban  ;  and  "A  preliminary  catalogue'^of  the  Lepi- 
doptera-Heterocera  of  Trinidad."  by  W.  J.  Kaye.  —  H.  Rowland- 
Brow.v,  Hon.  St'r. 

March  Gth.~The   Rev.  Canon  Fowler,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,   President 
m    the  cliau-.  -  Mr.   E.   W.  Lane,  of  9,  Teesdale    Street.  Hackney 
Road.   N.E.,  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Society.  —  Mr.  H.  St.  J. 
Donisthorpe   exhibited   a   parasitic   Braconid,    bred    from    the    galls 
of    Centhnhiinchus  siilcicnilis   on   turnips,   together   with   the   host.— 
Mr.   A.  J.   Chitty  exhibited  a  variety  of   l\ijllio,ies  ciianofitera,  111., 
the  coloration  of  the  thorax  dark  instead  of  the  usual"  red.  taken  by 
him  along  with   the  typical  form  in  August,  1892,  at  Wicken  Fen 
close  to  the  Pumping   Station.— Mr.  H.  J.  Turner  exhibited  a  lon^^ 
series  of  Bnjophila  muralis  {tjlmidifera)  from  Dawlish.    The  whole  were 
either  taken  on,  or  bred  from  pupte  cut  out  of,  a  single  roadside  wall 
some  hundred  yards  long,  very  lofty,  and  facing  nearly  north,  on  which 
aspect,  however,  it  was  protected  by  higher  ground.     They  were  ob- 
tained in  mid-August,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  which  emerged  at 
intervals  during  September  and  October,  1900.     Generally  speaking, 
the  specimens  were  very  dark,  and  the  series  was  remarkable  in  that 
it  contained  but  a  few  isolated  examples  of   the   forms   which   are 
prevalent  in  more  eastern  localities  like  Freshwater,  Eastbourne,  or 
Folkestone.     The  hind  wings  of  all  the  specimens  were  dark,  while, 
in  the  majority,  the  black  markings  of  the  fore  wings  were  much 
intensified  and  increased  in  number,  and  a  few  specimens  were  largely 
suffused  with  black.    A  considerable  number  showed  a  dark  rich  green 
suffusion,  while  a  large  proportion  were  of  a  very  deep  yellow  or  olive 
colour  with  black  markings.     The  yellow  forms  were  perfectly  natuial, 
as  a  number  emerged  from  the  pup.i  exactly  of  that  hue.     Only  a  few 
showed  any  trace  of  the  typical  delicate  dove-colour,  and  it  was  also 
noteworthy  that  the  wings  had  a  comparatively  much  greater  area  of 
b'ack  scaling  than  the  eastern  forms.— On  the  motion  of  Mr.  H.  J. 
Eiwes,  seconded  by  Mr.  H.  Goss,  it  was  resolved  that  a  Committee  be 
appointed  to  consider  the  question  of  uniformity  in  nomenclature  for 
the  guidance  of  specialists  contributing  to  the* Victoria  County  His- 
tories.—The  following   papers  were  read : — "  Cetoniidas  collected  by 
Messrs.  H.  E.  Andrewes  and  T.  R.  D.  Bell  in  the  Bombay  Presidency, 
with  descriptions  of  the  new  species,"  by  0.  E.  Janson ;    and  "A 
Supplementary  Catalogue  of  British  Ichneumonidae,"  by  Claude  Morley. 
— H.  Goss  and  H.  Rowland-Brown,  Hon.  Sees. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. — 
January  IQth,  1901.  Annual  General  Meetinr/.—Ur.  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A., 
F.E.S.,  President,  in  the  chair. — The  Report  of  the  Council,  showing 
the  work  of  the  Society,  was  read,  and  the  balance-sheet  was  adopted. 
Tiie  following  hst  of  Officers  and  Council  were  declared  elected  for  the 
ensuing  year  :— President,  H.  S.  Fremlin,  M.R.C.S..  F.E.S. ;  Vice- 
Presidents,  F.  Noad  Clark,  and  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S. ;  Treasurer, 
T.  W.  Hall,  F.E.S.  ;  Librarian,  H.  S.  Sauze  ;  Curator,  W.  West 
{Greenwich;;  Hon.  Secretaries,  Stanley  Edwards,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S., 
and  Hy.  J.  Turner,  F.E.S. ;  Council,  R.  Adkin,  F.E.S.,  W.  J.  Ash- 
down,  T.  A.  Chapman.  M.D.,  F.E.S. :    A.  Harrison.  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. ; 


184  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

A.  M.  Montgomery  ;  E.  Step,  F.L.S. ;  and  J.  W.  Tntt,  F.E.S.  The 
President  read  his  address,  and  votes  of  thanks  to  the  retiring  Officers 
and  Council  were  passed.  A  proposal  was  made  to  close  the  rooms 
during  the  summer  holiday  season,  but  it  was  not  passed  by  the 
meetin?. 

Febrnarij  14f/(.— Mr.  H.  S.  Fremlin,  M.K.C.S.,  F.E.S. ,  President, 
in  the  chair. — Mr.  Garrett,  of  Brewer's  Green,  was  elected  a  member. 
Mr.  Colthrup  exhibited  a  drawing  of  a  dashed  and  radiated  under  side 
var.  of  Polyommatus  icarus,  taken  by  Mr.  Hill,  of  Folkestone.  Mr, 
Wyandotte,  a  large  number  of  specimens  of  amber  having  insects  em- 
bedded in  them.  Mr.  West  (Streatham)  read  a  paper,  "Fossil  Insects, 
with  especial  reference  to  insects  in  amber."  He  afterwards  showed  a 
very  large  number  of  photographic  lantern  slides  of  insects  in  amber, 
Hy.  J.  Turner,  Ho7i.  Report.  Sec. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society. — The  Annual 
Meeting  was  held  on  Monday,  January  14th,  in  the  new  room 
taken  by  the  Society  at  the  Royal  Institution,  Colquitt  Street, 
Liverpool.  The  Vice-President,  Mr.  E.  J.  Burgess  Sopp,  occupied 
the  chair.  The  Secretary  read  a  report  on  the  work  of  the  year 
1900.  The  Treasurer  read  his  report,  which  showed  a  credit  balance 
of  15s.  Mr.  Pierce  mentioned  incidentally  that  the  Library  had  been 
brought  over  to  the  new  premises,  and  would  be  lodged  in  an  adjoining 
room  as  soon  as  space  could  be  found  for  it.  The  election  of  officers 
for  1901  was  then  proceeded  with,  and  resulted  as  follows  : — President, 
S.  J.  Capper,  F.E.S. ;  Vice-Presidents,  R.  Wilding  and  Rev.  R.  Free- 
man, M.A. ;  Secretaries,  F.  N.  Pierce  and  Fredk.  Birch  ;  Treasurer, 
Dr.  J.  Cotton,  F.E.S.  ;  Librarian,  F.  C.  Tliompson.  Council,  A. 
Tippins,  B.  H.  Crabtree,  F.E.S.,  R.  Tait,  E.  J.  Burgess  Sopp,  F.E.S., 
and  Dr.  H.  Dobie.  The  outgoing  Vice-Pi'esident,  Mr.  E.  J.  Burgess 
Sopp,  then  gave  a  most  interesting  and  instructive  address.  The  Rev. 
R.  Freeman  proposed  a  hearty  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Sopp ;  this  waa 
seconded  by  Mr.  Wilding,  and  carried  unanimously.  Dr.  Cotton 
proposed,  and  the  members  agreed,  that  the  Secretary  should  write  to 
the  President,  expressing  their  regret  at  this  his  first  absence  from  the 
Society's  annual  meeting  for  so  many  years. 

jSlondaii,  February  11th. — The  usual  monthly  meeting  was  held  in 
the  Royal  Instituiiou,  CoL;iuitt  Street,  Liverpool,  with  the  Vice-Presi- 
dent, Mr.  R.  Wilding,  in  the  chair.  Minutes  of  the  preceding  meeting 
were  read  and  confii-med.  It  was  decided  by  a  vote  that  the  next 
meeting  should  be  held  at  St.  Helen's.  Mr.  F.  C.  Thompson,  Rev.  R. 
Freeman,  and  Dr.  J.  Cotton  were  appointed  to  make  the  necessary 
arrangements.  The  Secretary  read  a  letter  from  the  President,  Mr. 
S.  J.  Capper,  thanking  the  members  for  the  regrets  and  good  wishes 
they  had  caused  to  be  sent  to  him  on  the  occasion  of  his  first  absence 
from  the  Society's  annual  meeting,  held  on  January  14th,  on  which 
date  Mr.  Capper's  place  had  been  filled  by  Mr.  E.  J.  Burgess  Sopp, 
who  gave  a  stirring  address.  The  joint  Secretary,  Mr.  Frederick  Birch, 
then  read  a  paper  entitled,  "  Our  Raid  into  the  Highlands,"  in  which 
he  described  what  he  and  his  companions,  Messrs.  J.  and  H.  Tayler, 
did  and  saw  at  Rannoch  (north-west  Perthshire)  in  the  summer  of 
1900.      Starting  from  Liverpool  by  steamer  on  the  16th  of  June,  they 


SOCIETIES.  185 

landed,  after  a  delightful  trip  up  the  west  coast  of  Scotland,  at  Fort 
William  iu  the  evening  of  the  18th.  From  thence,  wheeling  their  two 
hundred  pounds  of  luggage  (camping,  entomological,  and  photographic 
apparatus), they  proceed  inland  to  the  foot  of  Ben  Nevis,  Here  they 
stayed  for  two  days — chmbiug  the  mountain,  exploring  the  glen,  and 
learning  "what  Nature  can  do  in  the  way  of  adornment  when  left  to 
herself."  On  the  20th  they  entrained  for  Rannoch.  Arrived  there, 
they  restocked  tlieir  box  with  provisions  from  the  single  store,  and 
started  on  a  twelve  mile  walk  to  the  far-famed  Black  Wood  of  Rannoch, 
lying  on  the  Hanks  of  the  hills  forming  the  southern  shore  of  Loch 
Rannoch.  Here,  betwixt  the  wide  loch  and  the  deep  wood,  they  en- 
camped, and  for  nine  delightful  days,  lived  a  wild,  free,  gipsy  life,  coUect- 
iug  the  insects,  observing  the  wild  mammals  and  birds,  and  revelling  in 
the  primitive  loveliness  by  which  they  were  surrounded.  The  finest 
bird  seen  was  an  eagle,  which  the  essayist  observed  (mobbed  by  lap- 
wings) in  its  stately  flight  over  the  Black  Wood.  Amongst  the  rare 
species  of  Coleoptera  taken  may  be  mentioned  Sapenla  scalan's  Eros 
aurura,  and  Tric/iius  fasciatns.  Of  Lepidoptera,  the  best  were,  Dasy.Ua 
o'>/Hscata  and  Fsodus  trepuhn  ia.  Mr.  Pierce  proposed  a  vote  of  thanks 
to  Mr.  Birch  for  his  paper,  which  was  carried  unannnously.  The  Rev. 
C.  J.  Buckmaster,  of  Wigan,  gave  some  interesting  reminiscences  of 
the  Rannoch  district,  which  extended  over  a  period  of  thirty  years. 
The  following  exhibits  were  made  : — Xoctua  sabrosm,  by  Mr.  Pierce  ; 
Devonshire  and  local  Lepidoptera,  by  Mr.  Tonkin  ;  Scotch  Coleoptera 
and  Lepidoptera,  by  Mr.  Birch  ;  Satumia  jxivonia  major,  taken  in  the 
south  of  France,  by  Mr.  Gardner;  K/jhestia  kiVmicUa  feeding  on  rice, 
by  Mr.  Holt;  and  two  species  of  the  genus  StiUcm,  new  to  the  local 
list,  by  Mr.  Wilding. — Frederick  Birch,  Joint  Hun.  Sec. 

Birmingham  Entomological  Society. — October  15th,  1900. — Mr.  G. 

T.  Bethune-Baker,  President,  in  the  chair.  A  letter  was  read  from 
Mr.  C.  A.  E.  Rodgers,  mentioning  the  occurrence  of  Colias  ednsa  on 
the  golf-links  at  Handsworth,  only  about  four  miles  from  the  centre  of 
Birmingham.  Mr.  T.  Clarke  exhibited  a  number  of  butterflies,  mostly 
taken  in  Yorkslnre  forty  years  ago  ;  they  were  in  excellent  preserva- 
tion. Mr.  Bradley,  Hyinenoptera  taken  at  West  Ruuton,  Norfolk,  iu 
August  labt — Tiphia  ftiii'jratd,  Mellinua  sabiilvsm,  Miinesa  equestris,  and 
Astaia  boops.  Mr.  F.  A.  Jackson,  the  following  Coleoptera : — yotio- 
philiis  i-puiictatux,  Bembidium  monticohi,  Tachypus  Jiavipes — all  from 
Tonbridge ;  Phtjllabrotica  i-maculata  from  Bradgate  (Leicestershire), 
Criuceris  asparcKji  from  Loughborough  (Leicestershire),  Apodenis  coryli 
from  Haywood  near  Birmingham,  Bnlaninus  venoms  from  Buddon 
Wood  (Leicestershire),  &c.  Mr.  H.  Willoughby  Ellis,  the  following 
Hemiptera-Heteroptera  from  Stroud  district : — .Eiia  acuminata,  vEli- 
oides  injiexus,  Pentatoiiia  verbasci,  Dasi/coris  hirticornis,  Stenucephalus 
arjilis,  Sabis  ni/fosiis ;  also,  from  the  Kuowle  district,  Anthocoris  ne- 
moruin,  Monanthiacnrdiii,  Scoiopostethiis  contractus,  Acantlwsoma yrisemn, 
&c. ;  also  a  number  of  Coleoptera  from  various  places,  including 
Anoplodera  sexfjuttata  (New  Forest,  1898),  Acanthocinus  cedilis  (Wal- 
sall, 1900),  Larinus  carlince  (Stroud,  June,  1900),  Corymbites  mieus 
(Dovedale),  Cteniopus  sulphureiis  (near  Cromer),  Melasis  buprestoides 
(Knowle),  Bryaxis  juncorum  (Kuowle),  &c.  :  also  Sesia  asiliformis  (from 


138  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Knowle,  July,  1898).  and  S.  cuUcifunnis  (also  from  Kuowle,  May,  1898). 
Mr.  A.  H,  Martineau  exhibited  Hymeuoptera,  incladiug  Crahro  4- 
maculatm  from  Coleshill,  Chri/sis  viridida,  L.,  and  Chelostoma  campanu- 
lariiin,  Kirby,  from  Solehill ;  also  Hcematopota  pluvialis  (male)  from 
Coleshill,  and  Plati/cnfmis  pennipes  (male  and  female)  from  Bridgnorth. 
Mr.  G.  W.  Wynn,  Xanthia  citrago,  Xijlophosia  scolopacina,  Cijmatophora 
duplaris,  and  Gonophora  derasa — all  from  Haywood  this  year. 

November  Idth. — Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Dixon,  149, 
Edmund  St.,  Birmingham,  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Society.  Mr. 
H.  Willoughby  Ellis  exhibited  Melasuma  csiiewn  from  Cannock  Chase ; 
Crioceris  asparai/i  from  Bromsgrove  (where  it  occurred  in  thousands)  ; 
Sinodendron  cijlindricum  from  Knowle  ;  Bi/tui  us  sambuci  from  Haywood ; 
and  Sitones  cambricaa  from  Knowle ;  also  a  few  Lepidoptera  from 
Knowle.  Mr.  G.  W.  Wynn,  a  number  of  Lepidoptera  taken  at  sugar, 
in  his  garden  at  Hamptou-in-Arden.  He  sugared  regularly  all  this 
summer  and  found  July  the  best  month.  TiiphcEna  ianthina  was 
especially  abimdaut,  often  five  or  six  being  on  one  patch  of  sugar ; 
also  two  T.  interjecta  turned  up ;  and  amongst  other  things  were 
Xijlophasia  sublmtris,  X.  hepatica,  Caradrina  morplieus,  C.  alsines,  C. 
cahiciclaris,  Arjrotis  nitjricans,  A.  triticl,  A.  corticea,  Xoct.ua  uinbrosa, 
Xantkia  [/ilua'/o,  Tethea  subtttsa  (1),  Cosmia  ajjinis  (common),  Catocala 
ntipfa  (1),  Mania  maura,  &c.,  &c.  Mr.  A.  H.  Martineau  showed  Crahro 
claoipes,  C.  tibialis,  Stifiniiis  solski/i,  and  TnjpoxijLoa  cJavicerum,  all  from 
Solihull  this  year.  Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley,  a  number  of  insects  of  various 
orders  collected  during  four  days'  trip  to  the  Cots  wolds,  near  Stroud, 
at  Whitsuntide  this  year  ;  amongst  other  things  taken  were  Isopogun 
brevirustris,  Platystoinaseminationis,  Xaiitlwijraiinna  ornata,  Tri.va  (Bstroidea, 
Hyaloiiiijia  pusilla,  and  the  following  bees,  Andrena  cingulata,  Osmia 
xunthomelana,  0.  bicolor,  O.  ciBndescens,  O.  auridenta,  Noinada  Jlavo- 
guttata,  N.  laterales,  &c.  Mr.  Colbran  J.  Wainwright,  his  collection  of 
the  Diptera  of  the  families  Trypetidte  and  Ortalidge,  including  several 
interesting  species  taken  this  year — Tryp"ta  curnuta,  T.  tusnlaginis,  and 
Tephritis  bardaim  ;  long  series  from  West'  Runton,  Norfolk,  where  all 
three  species  were  very  abundant ;  Ureliia  eluta  and  steUata,  Tephritis 
tesseJlata,  Ensnia  soncki,  all  from  W.  Runton,  eluta  being  only  in  italics 
in  Mr.  Verrall's  list,  and  T.  tessellata  being  absent  from  it ;  Ceroxys 
crassipennis  from  Stroud  district,  &c.,  &c. 

December  Yltli. — Mr.  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  President  in  the  chair. 
Messrs.  Aug.  D.  Imms,  Linthurst,  Oxford  Road,  Moseley,  and  W.  H. 
Flint,  Farm  Road,  Sparkbrook,  were  elected  members.  Mr.  R.  C. 
Bradley  exhibited  Sire.c  juvencus,  taken  at  Bournemouth  in  August 
last,  and  S.  giga-i,  taken  at  W.  Runton,  Norfolk,  also  last  August.  Mr. 
Colbran  J.  Wainwright,  a  number  of  Aculeate  Hymenoptera,  taken  at 
W.  Runton,  Norfolk,  July  and  August  last,  including  Ngsson  dimidiatus, 
Astata  boops,  Tachgtes  pectinipes,  MeiUnus  sabulusus,  Tiphia  minuta, 
Andrena  cetii,  A.  bimaculata,  Noniada  obtusifroiis,  and  many  others  ; 
also  three  females  of  Odgjierus  gracilis  from  Ran  Dan  Woods,  a  species 
not  previously  known  in  the  Birmingham  district.  Mr.  F.  A.  Jackson,  a 
number  of  Coleoptera,  including  C/Uanius  vestitus,  taken  at  Bewdley  on 
October  19th  last.  Mr.  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker  showed  a  number  of 
Palaearctic  Epinephele  and  Pararqe. 


RECENT    LITERATITRE.  187 

Janiiari,  21sf.  1901.— Tlie  President  in  the  chair.  Drs.  T.  H. 
Wilkins,  Small  Heath  ;  and  W.  Wright  Mason,  University  College, 
were  elected  members.  Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley  showed  a  series  of  Pelecocera 
nicincta  from  Bournemouth,  where  he  had  taken  it  fairly  commonly 
this  year,  more  so  than  anyone  had  previously  done  ;  also  Anthrax 
fenestnita  from  Bournemouth,  A.  pnnisrus  from  West  Eunton,  Norlolk, 
and  A.  fiiivK  (?)  from  Bournemouth,  all  taken  this  year  by  him,  though 
he  had  never  met  with  a  specimen  of  the  geuns  before  ;  also  all  three 
species  of  l>i(lea — aineti  from  Sutton  and  Wyre  Forest,  intennnlia  from 
Sutton,  undfaxcinta  from  Sutton,  Wyre,  and  Poole.  Mr.  A.  D.  Imms 
exhibited  Sinddendron  ciiiindiiciini  from  an  old  oak  at  Moseley.  Mr. 
C.  J.  Wainwright,  a  series  of  Stiationn/s  chaine'^eon  from  West  Runton, 
Norfolk,  taken  last  July  and  August.  Mr.  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  a 
drawer  full  of  Kpiuiphcle  ianira  and  its  allies. 

Fthniani  ith  (Annual  Meeting). — Mr.  II.  C.  Bradley  in  the  chair. 
The  Annual  Report  of  the  Council  was  read,  showing  an  increased 
number  of  members  in  the  Society  ;  and  the  Treasurer  presented  his 
aimual  statement,  sliowing  a  small  balance  iu  hand.  Mr.  G.  T. 
Bethune-Baker  was  re-elected  President,  and  Mr.  H.  Willoughby  Ellis 
was  elected  President  for  tlie  ensuing  year;  the  remaining  officers 
being  as  before.  The  following  were  exhibited : — By  Mr.  11.  C.  Bradley, 
Hyinenoptera  of  the  geints  Ammnphiln,  three  species — sabulosa,  hirsuta, 
and  cuni/it'stris — all  from  Bournemouth,  where  all  three  species  occurred 
together  last  August,  the  two  former  in  abundance,  the  latter  less 
commonly.  By  Mr.  Colbran  J.  Wainwright,  rare  Diptera  taken  in 
1900;  O.njo'rii  pnli-hflhi  from  West  Runton,  Norfolk  ;  Ditiea  famata 
and  Melannstoina  Iti/aliiuitiiin  from  Wyre  Forest.  By  Mr.  G.  W.  Wynn, 
a  long  series  of  I'^pnu'la  liitiilenia  taken  at  sugar  in  Wyre  Forest  last 
autumn  ;  they  were  very  constant  in  coloration,  all  being  dark,  but 
not  black,  specimens.  By  Mr.  A.  D.  Imms,  Acmmjcta  altii  bred  from 
a  pupa  found  under  rotten  palings  between  Hall  Green  and  Solihull. 
By  Mr.  H.  Willoughi)y  Ellis,  a  collection  of  Coleoptera  taken  in  only 
three  hours'  collecting  in'  Bedfordshire  at  Christmas  last ;  the  most 
noteworthy  capture  was  liaijoim  ci/lin'lnis,  of  which  species  he  obtained 
three  specimens ;  Atpibiis  iiehuloum  was  present  in  thousands  in  fine 
condition. 

Febnia'i/  18tli. — A  meeting  of  a  social  character  was  held  at  the 
house  of  the  President,  by  the  kind  invitation  of  himself  and  Mrs. 
Bethune-Baker.  Tiie  members  turned  up  in  force,  and  very  much 
enjoved  lo  )king  through  the  large  collection  of  paUearctic  and  other 
L;[)idoptera,  formed  in  part  by  Mr.  Bethune-Baker  aud  in  part  by  the 
late  Dr.  Jordan. — Colbran  J.  Wainwiught.   Hun.  Sec. 


RECENT    LITERATURE. 

Von  Lagerheim  (G).     (1900,  Ent.  Tidskr.  ;  see  also  Bot.  Centralbl. 

Ixx.Kii,  3a4-6,  and  Journ.  Roy.  Micr.  Soc.  577). 

This  paper  deals  with  the  cultivation  of  Septosporinm  Dii/rmecnphilum 

by  the  ant  Latins  fuUyinosus,  Latr.,  in  Swedeu.     "  The  point  of  interest 

is  that  the  motive  appears  to  be  different  from  that  in  the  other  known 

BNTOM. — APRIL.    1901.  L 


138 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


cases,  for  there  is  little  evidence  that  the  fungus  is  used  to  any  extent 
as  food.  The  ants  build  their  nests  usually  of  rotten  wood,  at  times 
also  of  particles  of  earth,  sand,  &c.  The  particles  are  fastened 
together  by  means  of  a  secretion,  but  the  walls  so  formed  are  also 
interpenetrated  by  fungoid  hyphae,  which  ramify  through  their  sub- 
stance and  appear  to  give  stability  to  the  whole.  In  addition  to  these 
intramural  hyphte,  the  fungus  also  appears  as  a  down-like  coating  on 
the  surface  of  the  wall.  The  evidence  as  to  intention  on  the  part  of 
the  ants  is  based  on  the  facts  that  the  fungus  occurs  as  a  pure 
culture,  uuinixed  with  other  genera;  and  that  it  always  occurs  in  the 
nests.  The  purpose  would  appear  to  be  to  give  stability  to  the  walls, 
but  this  applies  only  to  the  intramural  hyphae  ;  the  object  of  the  extra- 
mural coatmg  may  be  to  serve  to  some  extent  as  food ;  perhaps  it  also 
roughens  the  walls,  and  so  affords  the  ants  foothold.  The  fungus 
must  depend  for  food  chiefly  upon  the  mortar-like  secretion  by  means 
of  which  the  particles  of  the  walls  are  fastened  together."  (Proc.  Roy. 
Micr.  Soc).  Q   ^y  j^ 

Das  Tierreich.  11  Lieferunsr :  Forficulidas  and  Hemiraeridas.  A.  de 
BoRJiANs  and  H.  Kkauss.  Berlin  :  1900. 
In  October  last  De  Bormans  and  Krauss,  in  the  eleventh  number 
of  '  Das  Tierreich,'  gave  to  the  world  a  monograph  of  the  ForficulidEe 
and  Hemimeridas.  The  bulk  of  the  volume,  which  is  a  large  octavo 
of  142  pajjes,  in  paper  covers,  is  occupied  with  descriptions,  together 
with  short  synonymy  and  habitat,  of  308  species  of  earwigs ;  31  more 
or  less  doubtful  species ;  20  subspecies ;  and  one  variety.  These  are 
distributed  amongst  thirty  genera  (with  two  more  uncertain  ones). 
We  believe,  however,  that  the  work  has  been  so  long  in  progress  that 
it  is  even  now  somewhat  out  of  date.  The  total  does  not  seem  a  for- 
midable one  for  the  earwigs  of  the  whole  world,  though  beside  it  the 
British  list  of  eight  species  is  meagre  indeed,  especially  when  we 
consider  that  but  three  of  them — Forjicula  auriculano ,  F.  lesnei,  and 
Labia  minor — can  be  taken  naturally  out  in  the  open.  The  other  five 
are,  with  us,  dwellers  within  doors,  as  Anisolabis  annuHpes  and  Aptery- 
gicla  arachidis ;  or  historical,  as  Labidiira  ripnria,  Apteripjida  media 
[  =  albipeiniis),  and  Anisolabis  maiitima.  For  the  account  of  the 
curious  family  Hemimeridfe,  which  seems  to  lie  between  the  Forficu- 
lidse  and  the  rest  of  the  Orthoptera,  Krauss  is  responsible.  He  makes 
but  one  species,  Hemiuieitis  talpoides,  though  perhaps  there  is  a  distinct 
one — H.  hanseni,  both,  however,  being  found  in  the  equatorial  regions 
of  West  Africa.  The  book  contains  a  short  introduction,  a  number  of 
tables,  and  forty-seven  clear  outline  illustrations  in  the  text,  forty-six 
being  devoted  to  earwigs,  and  the  last  to  Hemimeriis  talpoides.  The 
text  is  in  German,  and  is  well  printed  by  Friedlander  und  Sohn,  of 

^^^'""-  W.J.Lucas. 


British  Flies.     Vol.  viii.     By  G.  H.  Verrall,  F.E.S.     Pp.  1-691,  with 
458  text-figures.     London:  Gurney  &  Jackson.     1901. 
Our  author  adopts  the   Suborders  —  Diptera-Orthorrhapha,  and 
Diptera-Cyclorrhapha — of  Brauer,  divisions  which  are  founded  on  the 


RECENT    LITERATURE.  139 

form  of  the  pupa.  The  volume  iviii.)  under  notice  treats  of  the 
Platypezidae.  Pipunculidae,  and  Syrphidje,  three  famiUes  belonginc^  to 
the  second  suborder,  and  in  these  families  the  student  of  Bridsh 
Diptera  will  now  have  an  authoritative  guide  to  aid  him  in  his  work. 
There  are  tables  of  genera  and  species,  and  tliese,  in  conjunction  with 
the  admirable  descriptions,  should  greatly  facilitate  the  labour  of  iden- 
tification of  species.  The  bulk  of  the  four  hundred  and  fifty-eight 
excellent  illustrations,  from  drawings  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Collin,  represent 
the  more  important  ornamental  or  structural  characters  ;  full  figures 
of  the  perfect  insect  are  given  of  only  twenty  species.  Tlie  matter  of 
synonymy  is  critically  discussed  in  a  note,  after  the  remarks  on  geo- 
grapliical  distribution  of  each  genus  and  species,  and  there  is  a  full 
synonymic  catalogue  at  the  end  of  the  volume. 

If  the  succeeding  tiiirteen  volumes  are  to  be  of  the  same  stately 
form  as  that  now  before  us,  the  entire  series  will  constitute  oue  of  the 
most  valuable  additions  to  British  entomological  literature  tbat  has 
been  published  during  recent  years.  In  his  prefatory  remarks  with 
reference  to  the  scheme  of  his  work  he  says :  "  In  default  of  other 
assistance,  the  author  of  the  present  volume  believes  himself  capable 
of  dealing  with  all  the  contemplated  volumes,  except  those  portions 
of  vol.  i.  which  concern  the  Cecidomyidje  and  Sciaiinas,  which  will 
necessitate  extensive  biological  and  minute  microscopical  work,  far 
beyond  his  available  time  and  eyesight.  If  some  young  student  will 
give  a  few  years  to  these  groups,  the  Bi-itish  Diptera  may  soon  be  as 
well  worked  out  as  the  British  Lepidoptera  or  Coleoptera." 

We  trust  that  there  will  not  be  any  great  intervals  of  time  between 
the  appearance  of  the  volumes  yet  to  be  issued  of  this  gieat  work. 


LEprooPTERA. — Chr.  Schroder  discusses  the  value  of  the  male 
genitalia,  for  specific  purposes,  in  Eupithecia  (1900,  lUustr.  Zeitschr. 
fiir  Entom.  v.  pp.  305-7,  fig.). 

Nenijkow  has  experimented  with  the  eggs  and  larvfe  of  Pieris  rapm, 
which  he  reared  under  light  passing  through  solutions  of  various 
colours.  The  development  was  most  rapid — both  as  a  whole  and  in 
its  component  periods — under  the  influence  of  ordinary  white  light ; 
after  white  light,  the  order  of  effectiveness  is  red,  violet,  green ;  but 
under  the  green  rays  the  development  was  markedly  retarded,  and 
there  was  great  mortality.  Neither  with  Pieris  nipce,  nor  with  Vanessa 
itrtica;,  was  any  change  in  the  coloration  of  larvae,  pupfe,  or  adults 
observed,  as  the  result  of  development  under  red,  violet,  and  green 
rays." — 1900,  Journ.  Roy.  Microsc.  Soc.  p.  456,  abstract  from  1899, 
Physiol.  Piusse,  i.  pp.  244-50. 

Arnold  Voelschow  records  the  capture,  on  July  2nd,  1900,  in  a 
swampy  meadow  in  Mecklenburg  Schwerin,  of  a  male  of  Aivjynnis 
aglaia,  with  beautiful  blue  upper  surface. — 1900,  Societas  Entom.  xv. 
p.  122. 

H.  Stiz  discusses  at  some  length  the  genitalia  of  the  Micro- 
lepidoptera,  Pyralid^e,  Tortricid^e,  Tineidfe  and  ButalidaB.  (1900, 
Zoolog.  Jahrb.  Anatom.  xiv.  pp.  135-76;  5  plates). 

The  '  Entomologische  Nachrichten  '  (1900,  p.  365)  announces  the 


140  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

publication  of  a  new  work  on  the  Larvae  of  German  Macro-lepidoptera, 
with  analytical  tables  for  the  determination  of  the  species. — R.  Rosler, 
'  Die  Raupeu  der  Grossschmetterlinge  Deutschlands,'  &c.,  with  2  plates 
(Leipzig,  1900,  xvi.  and  170  pp.). 

DiPTERA. 

Brues  has  investigated  the  enormously  swollen  metatarsi  of  Bittnco- 
mnrpha  clnvipes,  and  finds  that  an  enlarged  tracheal  tube  occupies 
almost  the  entire  cavity.  These  enlargements  probably  enable  it  to 
be  wafted  about  easily  by  currents  pf  air.  when  the  insect  bears  a 
striking  resemblance  to  drifting  thistle  seeds.  (1900,  '  American  Natu- 
ralist,' p.  677,  ex  Biol.  Bull.  1900,  i.  pp.  155-60). 

Lmhof  notes  three  ocelli  (a  new  feature  in  the  family)  in  a  Tipulid 
from  Baden,  Trichocera,  sp.  n.  (Zool.  Anzeiger,  1900,  xxiii.  p.  116). 

J.  C.  HuBER  publishes  a  bibliography  of  the  Diptera,  PediculidsD, 
&c.,  parasitic  on  man  (Jena:  4  parts,  1899-1900). 

Hymenoptera. 

W.  M.  Wheeler  contributes  two  interesting  papers  on  Myrmeco- 
philes  to  the  '  American  Naturahst '  for  1900,  viz.  (1)  "A  New  Myr- 
mecophile  from  the  Mushroom  Gardens  of  the  Texan  Leaf- cutting 
Ant  "  (pp.  851-62,  6  figs.),  and  (2)  '•  The  Female  of  Esiton  swuichrasti, 
Norton,  with  some  Notes  on  the  Habits  of  Texan  Ecitons,"  (pp.  563- 
74  ;  4  figs.). 

MicHAELis  and  Zander  discuss  the  structure  and  development  of 
the  male  genitalia  of  certain  Aculeata  ( 1900,  Zeitschr.  f iir  Wiss. 
Zool.  Ixvii.  pp.  439-60;  1  plate  (Michaelis),  pp.  461-89  ;  1  plate  and 
9  figs.  (Zander). 

C.  Emery  revises  the  nomenclature  of  the  parts  of  the  thorax  in 
FormicidsB  (1900,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  Ital.  xxxii.  pp.  103-19,  figs.  1-14). 

General. 

L.  B.  Walton  discusses  the  structure  and  formation  of  the  basal 
segments  of  the  leg  in  Insecta.  He  summarises  his  conclusions  as 
follows : — 

In  Hexapoda  the  "  coxa"  is  composed  of  two  more  or  less  fused 
segments,  "coxa  genuiua "  and  "meron."  The  antecoxal  piece 
results  from  the  chirinization  of  the  membrane  connecting  the  coxa 
with  the  sternum.  The  trociiantin  prol)ably  originated  from  a  lateral 
portion  of  the  same  membrane.  Audouin  erroneously  homologized 
the  lateral  margin  of  the  posterior  coxa  m  Dyiisciis  cifcumflexm  with 
the  trochantin  of  the  prothorax  and  mesothorax.  The  trochanter 
represents  a  distinct  segment  of  the  legs.  The  meron  and  coxa 
genuina,  together  with  their  corresponding  basal  segments,  epimeron, 
and  episternum,  give  evidences  of  a  fusion  between  two  primary  meta- 
meres.  The  anterior  metamere  bears  the  functional,  and  the  posterior 
the  rudimentary  leg.  Of  the  primitive  Hexapoda,  Neuroptera  Plani- 
pennia  exhibit  the  most  generalized  condition  in  the  development 
of  the  coxa,  while  in  Thysanura  and  Orthoptera  a  high  degree  of 
specialization  is  shown. — "The  Basal  Segments  of  the  Hexapod  Leg," 
in  '  American  Naturalist,'  1900,  xxxiv.  pp.  267-7-^ ;  6  figs. 

G.  w.  k. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIV.l 


MAY.     1901. 


[No.  456. 


NYCTEMERA   ANNULATA,    Boisd.,   OF  NEW   ZEALAND: 
LIFE    HISTORY. 

By  Ambrose  Quail,  F.E.S. 


ja 


Nycteueka  ANNDLATA.— Fig.  1.  Thiicl  abdominal  segment  of  newly  hatched 
larva,  enlarged  x  200.  Fig.  2.  Supra-spiracular  tubercle  after  first  ecdysis,  en- 
larged X  200.  Fig.  3.  Sixth  abdominal  segment  of  pupa,  enlarged.  Fig.  -i.  A j/c- 
temera  secundiana  of  Queensland,  nat.  size.  Fig.  5.  Nyctemera  annulata  ot  JNew 
Zealand,  nat.  size. 


ENTOM. — MAY,    1901. 


M 


14'2  THE    ENTOMOLDGIST. 

This  Arctid-Hypsid  is  very  plentiful  in  New  Zealand,  and, 
according  to  authors,  is  endemic  ;  but  *'  two  closely  allied  species 
belonging  to  the  same  genus  are  found  in  Australia."  I  believ, 
no  detailed  life-history  of  either  species  has  been  published,  an  t 
this  paper  may  interest  some  entomologists  to  compare  with  ib^ 
more  or  less  allied  Arctia  caia,  as  set  forth  in  Dr.  Chapman  a 
elaborate  paper  (Entom.  Eecord,  vols,  iv.,  v.)- 

Ovum, — During  the  month  of  March,  1900,  I  procured  save  a 
batches  of  ova  from  wild  females ;  though  some  were  laid  loose,  s 
others  were  deposited  in  regular  order,  iu  fact  iu  hexagonal  ordei^. 
Tue  ovum  is  globular,  a  little  flat  on  the  attached  surface;  coloi> . 
yellowish,  aud  the  opaijue  higlily  polished  surface  is  covered  with  'i 
very  fine  hexagoual  pattern.  Tiie  ovum  becomes  transparent  a  ; 
black  a  short  time  before  hatching;  it  liatches  in  nine  days  ;  the  empH 
egg-shell  is  eaten  by  the  newly  hatched  larva. 

The  young  larvae  eat  the  under  side  of  the  leaf  in  patchei  ^ 
they  do  not  eat  right  through  the  leaf,  but  leave  the  thin  u|)p  » 
epidermis.  One  larva  ate  right  through  the  le.if  while  in  its  fil  ' 
skin,  but  it  seems  to  be  in  the  last  skin  preceding  pupation  wh(  ^ 
they  eat  through  the  leaf  as  a  regular  proceeding,  ^ 

Larva  (newly  hatched). — Head  dark  brown,  remaining  segmer  g 
pale  in  colour  ;  the  tubercles  and  setae  soon  become  brown,  but  t] 
spiracles  remain  pale-coloured.  Viewed  from  above  the  segments  ha  . 
a  lumpy  appearance,  post-trapezoidal  and  supra-spiracular  tubercl 
being  on  conspicuous  swellings.  Tne  whole  larva-skin  is  covered  wi* 
minute  hairs,  and  nearly  all  the  setas  of  tubercles  are  spinulose ;  t 
structure  of  tlie  setae  is  exactly  the  same  in  newly  hatcbed  and  ad  ■ 
larvae.  Head  bas  more  than  a  dozen  hairs  on  each  lobe,  six  hairs  o 
clypeus ;  the  hairs  of  the  head  are  smooth.  Antenn®  are  broad  au 
base,  narrow  middle  joint,  wider  outer  joint  terminated  by  three  fleshy 
processes  aud  a  bristle.  Spinneret  short.  Prothorax :  the  dorsal 
plate  has  a  rounded  posterior,  is  dark  in  colour,  and  at  either  side  of 
the  mid-dorsal  line  are  two  remote  anterior  setae  aud  two  remote 
posterior  setae,  which  form  a  transverse  diamond  pattern  ;  below  the 
plate  a  subdorsal  tubercle  has  two  rims  (?with  pale  smoorli  hairs) ;  a 
mid-lateral  tubercle  bears  two  setae ;  posterior  to  this  is  the  spiracle  ; 
above  the  leg  a  large  tubercle  bears  two  set^e.  Meso-tborax :  a  large 
dorsal  tubercle  on  either  side  of  mid-dorsal  line  bears  three  setas 
arranged  triangule  pattern ;  a  small  subdorsal  tubercle  bears  one  pale 
smooth  seta  ;  an  anterior  lateral  tubercle  bears  one  seta  ;  the  leg 
tubercle  bears  two  set®.  Post-thorax :  dorsal  tubercles  bear  three 
setae  arranged  in  transverse  line,  otherwise  the  details  are  as  meso- 
tiinrax.  All  the  thoracic  legs  have  smooth  hairs  at  the  joints. 
Abdomen:  the  anterior  trapezoidal  tubercles  are  close  together,  poft- 
trapezoidals  remote,  one  seta  each ;  the  supra-spiracular  tubercle  bears 
one  seta,  and  is  anterior  to  the  post-trapezoidal  and  immediately  abc  ve 
the  spiracle  ;  the  sul)spiracular  tubercles  are  well  below  the  spiracle, 
remote  from  each  other,  and  bear  one  seta  each.  Segments  1,  2  have 
two  subventral  setae,  these  are  on  the  base  of  abdominal  feet  of  seg- 


NYCTEMERA    ANNULATA    OF    NEW    ZEALAND.  143 

ments  3,  4,  5,  6.  Segments  7,  8  have  one  subventral  seta  each.  Seg- 
ment 9  has  the  position  of  the  trapezoidal  tubercles  reversed  ;  one 
sul)ventral  seta  Segment  10  viewed  laterally  has  two  dorsal  tubercles 
and  two  subdorsal,  with  one  seta  each  ;  there  are  three  setae  in  tbe 
region  of  base  of  claspers.  The  abdominal  feet  and  claspers  are  cone- 
shaped  at  the  base,  sticking  out  of  which  a  pedicel  or  stalk  with  a 
>road  end  has  a  few  terminal  hooks.     Ventially  the  abdominal  feet 

ave  a  seta  on  the  inner  side,  and  corresponding  setaB  are  on  the 

aotless  segments. 

Five  diiys  old  (first  skin  full  fed).— Length  just  prior  to  ecdysis 
^^  inch  ;  larva  is  much  distended,  and  has  lost  the  lumpy  appearance. 
Eead:  dark  brown.  Prothorax :  dorsal  plate  very  dark  brown,  seg- 
nental  area  white.     Meso-tborax  :  mottled  red  longitudinally  between 

orsal  and  subdorsal  tubercles.  Post-thorax  :  the  red  extends  above 
dorsal  and  below  subdorsal  tubercles ;  segmental  area  yellow.     Abdo- 

ninal  segments  are  yellowish  white,  with  reddish  colour  enclosing  the 
, 'ost-trapezoidal  and  supra-spiracular  tubercles,  connected  dorsally 
Posterior  leaving  anterior  trapezoidals  on  a  median  patch  of  yellow 

dour;  transverse  mottling  connects  the  supra-spiracular  and  sub- 

piracular  tubercles. 

Ei()ht  days  old  (second  skin).— Length  about  ^^  inch.      Snnilar 

larking  to  "prior  to  ecdysis.     Head  shining  black.     Pro-  and  meso- 

iorax  white.  Abdominal  segments  are  yellow  :  between  the  tubercles 
'  ransversely  the  colour  is  brown  connected  dorsally.  Spiracles  brown. 
■  ietffi  shining  brown  ;  all  segments  appear  to  be  the  same  size  ;  larva 

jbust.    Head  :  all  hairs  are  smooth.     Prothorax  :  scutellum  at  eithe 

ide  has  an  anterior  series  of  five  setfe  and  two  posterior  set®.     A 

nail  subdorsal  tubercle  bears  two  hairs,  large  lateral  tubercle  about 
%.  sets  ;  posterior  to  this  is  the  spiracle  ;  below  the  spiracle  a  large 

aoercle  bears  about  nine  setae.  Meso-thorax  :  large  dorsal  tubercles, 
one  at  either  side  of  mid- dorsal  line,  bear  about  fourteen  setae  ;  a  small 
subdorsal  tubercle  has  one  hair  ;  large  mid-lateral  tubercle  bears  nine 
set®  ;  a  large  tubercle  above  legs  bears  about  nine  seta3.  Post- thorax 
as  meso-thorax.  All  the  thoracic  legs  have  spinulose  sets  at  the 
joints.  Abdomen  :  the  anterior  trapezoidal  tubercles  are  minute,  with 
a  single  spinulose  seta  each  ;  post-trapezoidal  tubercles  are  mid-dorsai 
at  either  side  with  aix  set®  each;  supra-spiracular  tubercle  (sub- 
dorsal) are  very  close  to  post-trapezoidals,  but  moved  a  little  forward  ; 
these  have  seven  set®.  The  spiracle  is  anterior  below  the  supra- 
spiracular  tubercle  ;  two  large  tubercles,  one  below  the  other  under 
the  spiracle,  bear  eight  set®  each.  It  is  difficult  to  make  sure  of  the 
tubercles,  owing  to  the  numerous  set®.  Segments  1,  2,  7,  8  have  a 
small  subventral  tubercle  with  four  set®  (short).  Segments  3,  4,  5, 
6  have  corresponding  tubercle  at  base  of  abdominal  feet,  which  are 
also  covered  with  numerous  short  spinulose  set®.  Segment  9  has  a 
v;ry  large  subdorsal  tubercle  with  about  seventeen  set®;  lateral 
ti  bercle  with  about  eight  set®,  and  subventral  tubercle  with  tour  set®. 
T  le  ventral  tubercles  have  about  five  set®  each,  and  the  abdomma 
fetit  have  numerous  spinulose  set®  all  over  inner  side,  ierminai 
hooks  are  only  on  inner  side  of  the  abdominal  feet.  The  whole  larva- 
skin  is  covered  with  fine  hairs. 


144  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

The  complete  change  after  first  ecdysis  to  tubercle  structures 
with  many  setae  is  of  great  interest.  The  tubercles  are  elevated 
cushions  which  form  a  common  base  for  the  setae.  Dr.  Chapman 
details  similar  alteration  from  tubercles  with  single  setae  in  first 
skin,  to  tubercles  with  numerous  setae  in  Arctia  caia ;  in  the  latter 
species,  however,  the  supra-spiracular  tubercle  bears  two  setae  in 
first  skin. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  detail  the  structure  in  each  skin ;  I  noted  in 
third  skill  that  the  lOih  abdominal  segment  has  two  dorsal  tubercles 
with  numerous  setae.  In  succeeding  skins  the  tubercles  become  more 
setiferous,  and  the  colour  and  marldngs  tend  to  that  of  the  adult  larva. 
I  counted  on  the  abdominal  post-trapezoidal  tubercles  twenty  setae  in 
the  sixth  skin.  The  skins  were  changed  at  13  days  old,  to  thn-d  skin; 
at  20  days  old,  to  fourth  skin ;  at  30  days  old,  to  fifth  skin ;  at  45  days 
old,  to  sixth  skin. 

Immediately  after  change  into  sixth  skin  the  larvae  went  into 
hybernation.  Three  larvae  hybernated  on  the  side  of  a  glass  jar, 
and  never  moved  until  near  completion  of  hybernation  ;  they  re- 
mained close  to  the  cast  skins.  One  larva  hybernated  in  its  fifth 
skin,  but  was  restless,  and  wandered  about  on  warm  days ;  it 
changed  its  skin  in  about  a  month,  and  then  settled  down  quietly. 
One  larva  I  suspect  had  not  changed  its  skin,  and  remained  always 
more  or  less  restless,  and  would  not  feed.  One  larva  was  in  its 
first  skin  (hatched  same  time  as  the  others)  when  the  others 
went  into  hybernation ;  this  simply  became  defunct.  The 
normal  position  of  the  larvae  in  hybernation  is  head  downwards. 
Only  two  larvae  recommenced  feeding  after  hybernation,  the 
others  appeared  too  weak  to  do  so,  and  although  they  wandered 
over  the  food,  they  did  not  eat,  but  died  off.  The  hybernating 
period  lasted  126  days. 

At  19  days  after  hybernation  =  190  days  old,  change  to  seventh 
skin.  At  202  days  old,  change  to  eighth  skin.  At  214  days  old,  one 
larva  commenced  to  make  shroud  in  which  to  pupate.  At  215  days 
old  the  shroud,  or  loose  horizontal  cocoon  similar  to  that  of  Arctia 
caia,  was  completed  ;  a  quantity  of  broken  setae  are  intermixed  with 
the  threads.  The  larva  became  much  contracted,  rested  on  its  dorsum 
within  the  cocoon,  and  turned  to  pupa  during  the  morning  at  216 
days  old. 

Seven  days  later  the  second  larva  pupated  ;  at  the  same  date 
wild  pupae  could  be  obtained  ;  and  five  days  after  this  I  observed 
the  first  wild  imago  ;  and  on  subsequent  days  others  were 
noticed.  My  friend  Mr.  A.  Bacot  describes  the  tubercle  setae  of 
certain  Liparid  larvae  as  having  a  bulbous  swelling,  and  that 
Lithosia  complana  and  L.  griseola  also  have  similar  setae  (Entom. 
Record,  vol  x.  74).  I  carefully  examined  the  setae  of  Nyctemera 
annulata  for  this  form  of  seta,  but  such  was  not  present ;  those 
setae  which  are  not  spinulose  throughout  their  length  are  simple, 
i.  e.  smooth  as  mentioned. 


NYCTEMERA    ANNULATA    OF    NEW    ZEALAND.  145 

Pupa. — Length  f  inch,  at  widest  nearly  ^  inch.  The  ground 
colour  is  black  ;  there  is  a  slight  brownish  tinge  on  some ;  one  speci- 
men has  the  wing  cases  almost  wholly  yellow,  but  normal  specimens 
have  only  the  nervnres  of  a  yellow  colour.  Some  yellow  spots  ou 
the  abdominal  segments  form  three  longitudinal  lateral  series,  and  two 
ventral  series,  and  one  mid-dorsal.  The  shape  is  robust,  thickest  at 
3rd  abdominal  segment.  The  head  is  ventral,  meso-thorax  swollen 
anteriorly,  and  a  waist  is  formed  dorsally  at  the  juncture  of  post- 
thorax  and  1st  abdominal  segments.  The  wing-cases  extend  to  the 
ventral  posterior  edge  of  4th  abdominal  segment.  Spiracles  are  con- 
spicuously elevated,  position  on  2nd  abdominal  being  almost  dorsal ; 
3rd  subdorsal  4,  5,  6,  7,  8  normal.  The  abdominal  incisions  are 
distinct  and  sharp ;  anterior  edge  of  segments  has  a  fiat  sloping  rim, 
and  all,  except  the  posterior  fixed  segments,  are  covered  with  innu- 
merable minute  pits  (only  distinguishable  under  microscope,  and  pro- 
bably associated  with  the  fine  larval  hairs).  I  cannot  detect  set£e 
(corresponding  to  tubercle  setae  of  larva).  The  terminal  segment  is 
round  and  blunt ;  the  anal  armature  consists  of  two  sets  of  hooks, 
twelve  each,  at  either  side  of  the  dorsal  posterior  extremity.  Dehis- 
cence :  dorsally  split  down  middle  of  meso-thorax  and  post-thorax, 
and  transversely  at  suture  of  same ;  the  headpiece,  with  eyes,  legs, 
and  anteunsB  intact,  separates  from  costal  edge  of  the  wing-cases, 
except  at  their  tips. 

The  first  imago,  a  male,  appeared  after  thirty-two  days  in 
pupa.  Second  imago,  a  female,  appeared  five  days  later,  after  a 
period  of  thirty  days  in  pupa.  Thus,  from  May  10th,  1900, 
when  the  ova  were  deposited,  to  November  23rd,  1900,  when  the 
male  emerged  =  257  days,  of  which  126  days  were  passed  in 
hybernation.  Wild  imago  females  of  N.  annulata  continued  to 
deposit  ova  right  up  to  the  time  that  my  larvae  went  into  hyber- 
nation, but  I  have  little  doubt  that  the  progeny  from  these  never 
pass  through  the  winter,  and  that  the  race  of  N.  annulata  is 
maintained  by  those  individuals  which  succeed  in  attaining  at 
least  the  sixth  skin  before  winter. 

So  far  as  I  can  learn,  thanks  to  the  kindness  of  Mr.  R. 
Illidge,  of  Queensland,  Nyctemera  secundiana  is  more  closely 
allied  to  N.  annulata  than  any  other  species ;  it  is  interesting  to 
observe  in  the  latter  the  decrease  in  size  of  the  white  wing- 
marking — indeed,  I  have  one  specimen,  sent  by  Mr.  G.  Howes 
from  the  extreme  south  of  New  Zealand,  in  which  the  white  spot 
of  the  hind  wings  is  almost  obliterated.  I  have  little  hesitation 
in  believing  that  N.  annulata  of  New  Zealand  has  been  directly 
derived  from  the  Queensland  species  N.  secundiana. 

Palmerston  North,  New  Zealand  :  Jan.  22nd,  1901. 


146  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

MARGINAL  WING-BRISTLES   IN   LEPIDOPTERA. 
By  Prof.  C.  H.  Fernald. 

In  the  February  number  of  this  Journal  {ante,  p.  47),  Mr. 
Ambrose  Quail  gives  an  illustrated  article  on  the  above  subject, 
and  states  that  he  has  read  a  great  deal  that  has  been  written 
in  reference  to  wing-structure  in  the  Lepidoptera,  but  finds  no 
reference  to  the  presence  of  erect  marginal  bristles  at  regular 
intervals  on  the  wings  of  certain  Lepidoptera. 

I  have  figured  and  described  these  bristles  in  two  different 
works — '  The  Crambidse  of  North  America,'  p.  10,  plate  A,  fig.  11 
(1896) ;  '  The  Gypsy  Moth,'  p.  341,  plate  52,  figs.  8  and  9  (1896). 
I  have  observed  these  spines  in  the  wings  of  many  of  the  Lepi- 
doptera, and  have  never  examined  the  wings  of  any  Lepidopterous 
insect  without  finding  them.  I  should  therefore  be  surprised  if 
they  are  not  found  in  all  the  species  of  this  order. 

They  are  not  always  curved  as  shown  in  Mr.  Quail's  illus- 
tration ;  but,  while  some  are  curved,  others  on  the  same  wing 
are  straight,  as  those  figured  in  the  Gypsy  Moth,  mentioned 
above,  which  under  high  powers  of  the  microscope  appeared  to 
be  hollow,  with  a  minute  opening  at  the  outer  end.  While  I 
do  not  feel  like  expressing  a  positive  opinion  as  to  their  function, 
I  had  supposed  that  they  might  be  connected  with  scent  glands 
beneath,  or  that  they  might  be  sense  organs  of  some  kind,  and 
that  the  two  circles  near  the  end  of  each  vein,  which  are  more 
easily  seen  than  these  spines,  are  also  sense  organs. 

I  have  less  doubt  about  the  function  of  the  spiny  area  near 
the  base  of  the  under  side  of  the  hind  margin  of  the  fore  wings 
of  many  (not  all)  Lepidoptera,  and  also  in  a  few  species  in  other 
orders.  A  good  account  of  this  area  and  its  function  may  be 
found  in  'Psyche,'  vol.  vii.  p.  395,  pi.  9  (1896). 

Amherst,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 


DESCRIPTIONS   OF  FOUR  NEW  SPECIES  OF  DISOXYCHA. 
(COLEOPTERA    PHYTOPHAGA,    Fam.   HALTICIDiE.) 

By  Martin  Jacoby,  F.E.S. 

DiSONYCHA    FLORIDANA,    Sp.  n. 

Head  fulvous  ;  antenna  (the  basal  joint  excepted),  the  tibiae,  tarsi, 
and  the  breast  black  ;  thorax  impunctate,  pale  fulvous,  margined  with 
flavous;  elytra  punctured  near  the  suture  with  five  more  or  less  distinct 
lont^itudiiial  costae,  pale  fulvous,  with  a  subsutural  and  a  submargmal 
narrow  tiavous  stripe  joiued  at  the  a[)ex.     Length  5|  millim. 

Head  impunctate,  fulvous,  the  anterior  portion  paler,  the  frontal 
elevations  flat  and  but  feebly  raised,  clypeus  broad,  labrum  and  palpi 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    FOUR    NEW    SPECIES    OF    DISONYCHA.  147 

black;  antennje  scarcely  extending  to  the  middle  of  the  elytra,  black, 
the  basal  two  joints  (sometimes)  flavous ;  the  fourth  and  fifth  joints 
equal,  longer  than  the  third  ;  thorax  more  than  twice  as  broad  as  long, 
the  sides  feebly  rounded,  with  a  narrow  margin,  the  anterior  angles 
obtusely  rounded,  the  posterior  ones  oblique,  the  disc  with  an  obsolete 
transverse  sulcus  near  the  base,  impuuctate,  pale  fulvous,  all  the 
margins  narrowly  flavous  ;  elytra  with  a  few  fine  punctures  near  the 
suture,  the  rest  of  the  surface  impunctate,  with  five  more  or  less  dis- 
tinct longitudinal  costfe,  the  first  and  the  fourth  pale  flavous,  the  lateral 
margins  and  the  elytral  epipleurae  of  the  latter  colour;  the  breast  and 
the  basal  segments  of  the  abdomen  black,  the  others  flavous ;  the 
femora  fulvous  ;  the  tibiae  and  tarsi  black. 

Hah.— East  Florida,  St.  John's  Bluff. 

This  species,  of  which  two  exactly  similar  specimens  are 
contained  in  ray  collection,  does  not  seem  to  have  been  known 
to  Dr.  Horn,  who  published  a  "  Monograph  of  the  North  American 
Halticidfe  "  (Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  xvj.  1889).  D.  pensylvanica, 
Illig.,  seems  the  most  nearly  allied  species,  but  differs  totally  in 
the  coloration  of  the  head,  the  elytra  and  under  side,  and  in  the 
want  of  the  elytral  costae.  D.  costipennis,  Jacq.  Duval,  from 
Cuba,  seems  to  agree  in  the  costate  elytra  with  the  present 
insect,  but  the  author  says  nothing  of  the  pale  thoracic  margins 
nor  elytral  bands,  nor  does  Suffrian,  who  had  seven  specimens 
of  the  last-named  species  before  him,  mention  this  character, 
although  he  gives  a  detailed  description  of  the  Cuban  insect.  I 
must  therefore  consider  this  well-marked  American  form  as  new. 

DiSONYCHA    ARGENTINENSIS,    Sp.  n. 

Flavous ;  head  and  antennae  bhick ;  thorax  flavous,  closely  and 
strongly  punctured  ;  elytra  nearly  impunctate,  blaci^,  a  snbsutural  and 
sublateral  posteriorly  united  band  flavous  ;  the  breast,  the  knees,  the 
apex  of  the  posterior  femora,  and  the  tarsi  black.     Length  5  millim. 

Head  deeply  rugose-punctate,  black  with  aeneous  gloss ;  antennae 
short  and  stout,  black,  the  basal  two  joints  more  or  less  stained  with 
flavous  ;  thorax  twice  as  broad  as  long,  the  lateral  margins  feebly 
rounded,  the  anterior  angles  slightly  produced  outwards  but  not 
pointed,  posterior  margin  oblique  at  the  an^rles,  the  surface  closely 
and  strongly  punctured,  flavous,  the  punctuation  partly  confluent  at 
the  sides ;"  scuteilum  broad,  impunctate,  blackish  aeneous;  elytra 
extremely  finely  punctured  near  the  base  and  suture,  the  rest  of  the 
surface  nearly  impunctate,  black,  with  a  narrow  subsutural  and  sub- 
marginal  flavous  band  joined  at  the  apex,  below  flavous ;  the  breast, 
the  knees,  the  extreme  apex  of  the  tibi»,  as  well  as  the  tarsi,  black ; 
the  posterior  femora  a^o  with  a  black  spot  at  the  apex ;  the  abdomen 
sparsely  clothed  with  pale  pubescence. 

Hub. — Argentine  E. 

There  are  four  specimens  of  this  species  before  me  which 
differ  from  any  of  its  nearly  similarly  coloured  allies  by  the  rugose 
sculpture  of  the  head  and  the  close  and  strong  punctuation  of 


148  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

the  thorax  ;  the  flavous  elytral  bands  are  about  half  the  width  of 
the  discoidal  black  vitta,  in  which  respect  the  species  somewhat 
resembles  D.  glabrata,  Fab.  In  two  of  the  specimens  this  black 
intermediate  band  is  emarginate  at  its  outer  margin,  but  no 
other  differences  are  to  be  found.  If  the  flavous  colour  of  the 
elytra  is  taken  for  that  of  the  ground  colour,  the  latter  may  be 
described  as  having  a  narrow  sutural  and  lateral  black  margin 
and  a  discoidal  broader  black  band  not  reaching  to  the  apex. 

DiSONYCHA    LABIATA,    Sp.  n. 

Broadly  ovate,  fulvous ;  the  autencje,  the  labrum,  breast,  the 
tibiae,  and  tarsi  black  ;  thorax  impunctate ;  elytra  scarcely  perceptibly 
puuctured,  pale  fulvous,  a  narrow  sutural  and  submarginal  stripe, 
joined  at  the  apex,  aud  a  broader  discoidal  one  not  extending  to  the 
latter,  black,     Leugth  7  millim. 

Head  impunctate,  with  the  exception  of  a  punctured  impression 
near  the  eyes,  fulvous ;  the  extreme  vertex  sometimes  black  ;  frontal 
tubercles  obsolete  ;  clypeus  triangularly  thickened  with  a  small  fovea 
above  its  base ;  labrum  black ;  anteunje  ratber  slender,  black,  the 
joints,  with  the  exception  of  the  small  second  one,  elongate,  the  third 
slightly  shorter  than  the  fourth  joint,  the  basal  one  more  or  less 
fulvous  ;  thorax  distinctly  narrowed  anteriorly,  scarcely  twice  as  broad 
as  long,  the  sides  rounded,  narrowly  margined,  the  anterior  angles 
slightly  oblique,  not  produced,  the  surface  entirely  impunctate,  rather 
convex ;  scutellum  black ;  elytra  very  minutely,  sometimes  scarcely 
perceptibly  punctured,  convex,  the  suture  of  each  elytron  and  a  longi- 
tudinal stripe  close  to  the  margins  very  narrowly  black,  joined  at  the 
apex,  the  middle  of  the  disc  with  a  broader  band,  not  quite  extending 
to  the  apex  ;  below  fulvous,  rather  densely  clothed  with  grey  pube- 
scence ;  the  breast  fuscous ;  the  extreme  apex  of  the  femora  and  the 
tibiae  and  tarsi  black. 

Hab. — Mexico. 

Of  this  species  I  have  lately  received  two  exactly  similar 
specimens  without  detailed  locality  which  do  not  agree  with  any 
of  those  described  by  me  in  the  '  Biologia  Centr.-Amer.,'  nor 
with  those  described  previously.  The  insect  seems  to  be  inter- 
mediate between  D.  caroliana,  Fab.,  and  D.  crenicolUs,  Say.  It 
differs  from  the  first-named  in  the  black  labrum  (always  pale  in 
the  allied  species),  in  the  unspotted  thorax,  and  in  the  black 
tibiae ;  from  D.  crenicollis,  with  which  the  species  has  the  black 
labrum  in  common,  it  differs  in  the  width  of  the  discoidal  black 
band,  which  is  distinctly  narrower  than  the  fulvous  portion,  not 
as  wide  or  wider,  as  Dr.  Horn  gives  as  one  of  the  distinguishing 
points ;  there  is  also  an  absence  of  the  three  black  thoracic 
spots  in  the  present  species. 

DiSONYCHA    VENEZUELA,    Sp.  n. 

Elongate  and  parallel,  black ;  thorax  closely  and  finely  punctured, 
fulvous,  with  a  transverse  black  band  ;  elytra  extremely  closely  punc- 


THE    AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS    HOMOPTERA.  149 

tared,  black  with  a  subsutural  and  subraarginal  fulvous  slightly  raised 
baud,  joined  at  the  apex.     Length  7  millim. 

Head  closely  punctured,  with  a  smootli  narrow  central  line-  frontal 
tubercles  distinct ;  antennae  extending  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the 
elytra,  blaclv,  the  lower  three  joints  more  or  less  fulvous  below 
terminal  joints  shorter  than  the  intermediate  ones  ;  thorax  twice  as 
broad  as  long,  narrowed  in  front,  the  sides  rather  strongly  rounded 
narrovyly  margined,  tlie  anterior  angles  not  produced,  the  surface 
reddish  fulvous,  with  a  broad  transverse  black  band  at  the  middle  not 
quite  extending  to  the  lateral  margins,  this  band  closely  and  finely 
punctured  the  fulvous  portion  nearly  impunctate ;  scutellum  much 
broader  than  long,  black,  impunctate ;  elytra  extremely  closely  and 
distinctly  punctured,  black,  with  two  narrow  dark  fulvous  bands  one 
near  the  suture  and  about  as  wide  as  the  black  sutural  interstice,  the 
other  near  the  lateral  margin,  of  the  same  width  and  joined  at  the 
apex  to  the  subsutural  band,  both  these  bands  are  somewhat  convex 
or  semicostate  ;  the  elytral  epipleurte,  the  entire  under  side  and  le-s 
black  finely  clothed  with  grey  pubescence ;  the  flanks  of  the  thorax 
and  the  prosternum  fulvous. 

Hab. — Venezuela. 

The  thoracic  black  and  closely  punctured  band,  the  very  close 
punctuation  of  the  elytra  and  the  semicostate  fulvous  bands  will 
distniguish  this  species  (of  which  three  specimens  are  before  me) 
from  any  of  its  congeners. 


ON    THE    MORPHOLOGY    AND    CLASSIFICATION    OF    THE 

AUCHENOBRHYNCHOUS    HOMOPTERA. 

By  Dr.   H.  J.  Hansen. 

(Continued  from  vol.  xxxiii.  p.  334.) 

The  Cercopidae  thus  differ  by  the  metasternum,  by  the  form 
and  articulation  of  the  posterior  coxfe  (partly  also  by  their  size), 
by  the  quality  of  the  articulation  between  the  trochanters  and 
femora,  and  by  the  presence  of  the  femoral  protuberance  just 
mentioned— from  the  following  and  preceding  families,  and  they 
form  in  many  respects  a  transition  between  them  and  the 
extremely  remarkable  Fulgoridffi. 

3.  Jassidce.  —  The  metasternum  is  strongly  chitinised,  and 
forms  merely  a  narrow  transverse  belt,  except  at  the  middle  line, 
where  it  sends  a  longitudinal  narrow  plate  backwards  between  the 
posterior  coxae.  These  are  very  large,  and  their  articulation  extends 
right  across  to  the  lateral  margin  of  the  body,  and  nearly  to 
the  middle  line.  Their  free  distal  part  is  proportionately 
moderately  short,  and  directed  downwards,  backwards,  and  to- 
wards the  middle  plane,  so  that  the  interior  angles  of  the  two 
coxae  approach  together  in  the  middle  line ;   the  trochantins  are 


150  THE    KNTOMOLOGIST. 

of  considerable  size ;  the  coxal  movements  are  similar  to  those  in 
the  Stridulantia,  and  there  is  no  meracanthus.  The  trochanters 
are  supporting,  and  the  movements  between  them  and  the 
femora  are  not  so  altogether  feeble.  The  femora  present  nothing 
distinctive. 

4.  Falgondce. — The  metasternum  (pi.  ii.  f  6)  has  a  comider- 
able  length  in  the  direction  of  the  insect's  longitudinal  axis,  and  is 
(with  the  exce[)tion  of  a  small  somewhat  firm  plate  (b^)  anteriorly 
in  the  middle  and  a  narrow  transverse  strip,  which  is  partly 
covered  by  the  middle  coxae,  along  the  anterior  margin)  com- 
pletely membranous  (b)  right  up  to  a  small  space  from  the  insect's 
lateral  areas ;  while  the  latter  (c),  which  are  bent  somewhat  in- 
wardly and  ventrally,  are  strongly  chitinised.  The  posterior 
coxse  are  most  nearly  contiguous  at  the  middle  plane  of  the 
insect,  and  are  inserted  as  far  back  as  possible  on  the  meta- 
thorax;  so  that,  in  spite  of  their  feeble  extension  in  the  direction 
of  the  insect's  length,  they  reach  somewhat  backwards  over  the 
base  of  the  abdomen,  whose  ventral  surface  lies  in  a  plane  which, 
seen  from  below,  is  considerably  lower  than  that  of  the  meta- 
sternum. The  coxae  are  contiguous  anteriorly  with  the  meta- 
sternal  membrane,  but  laterally  they  are  limited  by  firm  chitin 
(7  a),  with  ivhich  theg  are  consolidated  so  intimately,  that  a  true 
separating  suture  has  disappeared,  and  one  can  at  most  find 
only  a  feeble  furrow  (b).  The  presence  of  a  more  or  less 
developed  meracanthus  (7d),  and  a  compari^-on  with  the  struc- 
ture in  the  Cercopidse,  make  it  clear  that  the  coxae  extend  out  to 
a  shorter  distance  from  the  lateral  margins  of  the  insect.  (The 
whole  structure  of  the  coxae  and  their  attachment  are,  moreover, 
so  different  from  other  Auchenorrhyncha,  that  I  do  not  see  my 
way  to  elucidate  all  the  questions  hither  appertaining.  A  large 
prolongation  of  the  coxal  chitin  is  thus  continued  forward  and 
somewhat  outward  within  the  interior  of  the  metathorax,  but  the 
significance  of  this  is  unknown  to  me.)  The  trochantins  I  have 
not  been  able  to  discover.  The  trochanters  (fig.  7e)  are  short 
and  much  thicker,  up  to  twice  as  thick  as  the  femora;  their  move- 
ments with  the  coxae  follow  a  very  exact  and  precise  plan,  but  the 
axis  is  sometimes  (as,  for  example,  in  Falgora)  nearly  perpen- 
dicular to  the  body,  sometimes  more  oblique  ;  movements  in  the 
given  plane  are  very  large,  and  the  connecting  membrane  facing 
the  middle  line  has  an  extraordinary  breadth,  which  is  easily 
seen,  for  example,  in  Falgora.  The  articulation  between  the 
stout  trochanters  and  the  femora  (g)  differs  very  much  from  the 
condition  in  other  Auchenorrhyncha,  for  they  admit  of  a  by  no 
means  feeble  movement  in  several  directions.  The  femora  are 
almost  equally  stout  everywhere,  and  near  the  base  one  finds  on 
the  dorsal  side  an  oval  or  rounded,  bright  wJtitish  or  yellowish  spot 
(f.  8  a),  which  is  somewhat  convex,  sharply  limited,  and  whose 
outer   chitin-layer   shows,    seen   with   about   600   diameters,  a 


THE  AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS  HOMOPTERA.  151 

peculiar  punctured  and  rugulose  appearance.  I  have  made 
further  researches  on  the  structure  of  an  alcohohc  example  of 
Calyptoproctus  stigma,  Fabr.,  and  found  that  the  usual  chitinous 
skin  of  the  femur  at  that  place  where  the  spots  occurred  was 
darker  than  its  environs,  solid,  and  punctured  in  like  manner, 
and  that  the  substance  which  formed  the  brij^ht  spot  situated  on 
the  skin  could  be  cut  off  as  slices,  and  resembled  chitin  of  a 
peculiar  loose  and  tolerably  soft  consistency.  This  would  in- 
dicate that  that  spot  is  a  peculiar  organ,  but  its  nature  is  quite 
enigmatical  to  me.  Spots  of  this  nature  are  found  in  all  the 
Fulgoridse  examined  by  me,  and  they  are  usually  easily  enough 
discernible  with  a  lens  on  dried  specimens  when  the  abdomen  is 
raised  somewhat  upwards,  or  the  posterior  femora  turned  some- 
what downwards.  The  presence  of  this  may  be  considered  a  good 
family  character. 

The  posterior  coxse  are,  as  has  been  said,  immovably  fixed  to 
the  metathorax,  but  the  circumstance  that  the  metasternum 
nearest  to  it  is  entirely  membranous,  and  that  the  extent  of  the 
coalescence  between  the  posterior  coxae  and  metathorax  is  pro- 
portionately somewhat  short,  allows,  it  would  seem,  a  certain 
elasticity. 

The  largest  and  most  powerful  movement  of  the  legs  originates 
from  the  articulation  between  the  coxa  and  trochanter,  and  as 
the  insects — as  is  well  known — can  leap,  one  would  expect  to 
meet  with  strange  modifications  of  organization  ;  and  one  really 
finds  that  there  projects  forward  from  the  inner  side  of  the  tro- 
chanter a  pair  erf  id  tendon  (pi.  ii.  f.  7f)  terminating  in  an  exceed- 
ingly large,  flat,  plate-like  bowl  {P),  which  receives  the  obliquely 
forward  and  somewhat  outwardly  directed  adductor  muscle  (which 
is  often  visible  through  the  metasternal  articulation,  and  astonish- 
ingly strong),  the  contraction  of  which  certainly  produces  the 
spring.  (In  the  other  saltatory  Aucheuorrhyncha,  one  finds,  as 
was  to  be  expected,  the  same  muscle  with  the  tendon  and  its 
dilatation,  but  not  so  powerfully  developed.)  The  uncommonly 
free  movements  between  the  trochanter  and  the  femur  may  thus 
surely  enough,  in  part  at  least,  both  fill  their  usual  role,  and  at 
the  same  time  compensate  for  the  movements  lost  on  account  of 
the  firm  fixation  of  the  coxse,  for  the  legs  can,  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
serve  for  leaping  and  walking,  or  clambering  upon  plants,  and 
the  movements  of  the  femora  in  one  single  plan,  resulting  from 
the  fixed  segment-axis  in  the  articulation  between  the  coxa  and 
trochanter,  are  scarcely  sufficient  for  these  purposes. 

2.   Tarsi. 

These  are,  as  is  well  known,  always  trisegmentate,  except  in 

a  few  Stridulantia,  where  the  number  of  segments  is  reduced 

to  two.     The  tarsi  are  always  terminated  by  two  equal  claws, 

which  I  have  always  found  to  be  simple,  without  teeth  or  other 


152  THK    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

peculiarities.     Furthermore,  it  is  well  known  that  an  empodial 
formation  exists  in  all  families  except  Stridulantia. 

This  empodium  is,  what  has  apparently  hitherto  escaped 
notice,  differently  formed  in  these  families.  And,  first  of  all,  I 
may  say  that  I  have  never  found  fastening-hairs  on  the  empodia; 
and  that  in  the  same  insect  these  are  essentially  similar  in  all 
three  pairs  of  legs.  For  practical  reasons,  I  describe  the  tarsi  of 
the  Jassidse  before  those  of  the  Cercopidae. 

1.  Jassida. — The  empodium  is  always  firmly  fixed  to  the  inner 
surface  of  the  claivs  out  to  a  short  space  from  or  even  more  nearly 
out  to  their  apices,  ivhile  its  free  terminal  margin  is  always  deeply 
incised  in  the  middle  line  (pi.  ii.  f.  9,  tarsus  of  Ledra  aurita  ; 
f.  10,  of  Ulopa  reticulata ;  f.  11,  of  Membracis  tectigera).  From 
observations  upon  dry  specimens  with  a  lens,  one  receives,  as  a 
rule,  the  decided  impression  that  the  empodium  forms  a  thicker 
rampart  along  each  claw  from  base  to  close  out  to  its  apex,  and 
that  between  the  claws  it  is  cleft  close  to  the  base  ;  this  form  is 
fundamentally  different  from  that  which  one  observes  in  dried 
Fulgoridfe  (see  below).  On  account  of  the  contraction  caused  by 
the  shrinkage  in  drying,  the  cleft  appears  in  dried  specimens  to 
be  very  much  stronger  than  it  actually  is  in  fresh  material ;  but, 
when  treated  with  potash,  the  empodia  regain  practically  their 
proi)er  form  as  they  are  represented  in  my  figures.  In  the  forms 
examined  by  me  the  empodia  have  at  the  middle,  or  towards  the 
base,  two  short  and  broad,  or  long  and  narrow,  somewhat  firmly 
chitinised  plates  (ff.  9  and  11 1)  on  the  upper  surface,  the  rest 
of  which  is  for  the  most  part,  or  totally,  membranous  ;  the 
under  surface  is  membranous,  and  does  not  possess  longitudinal 
plates  or  the  processes  occurring  near  the  outer  angles  of  the 
empodia  in  the  following  family. 

2.  Cercopidae.  —  In  these  the  empodia  are  proportionately 
thicker  and  more  substantial  than  in  the  Jassidfe  ;  in  many,  and 
especially  in  larger  forms,  they  are  united  with  the  inner  surface 
of  the  claws  for  a  good  half  of  the  length  of  these  ;  in  others  the 
connection  with  the  claws  extends  out  to  a  little  way  from  the 
apex  of  the  latter,  and  in  these  forms  they  are  very  strong  and 
thick.  In  a  softened  and  distended  state  their  apical  margin 
often  reaches  out  a  good  way  beyond  the  claws  (pi.  ii.  f.  12),  but 
this  margin  is,  contrary  to  its  state  in  Jassidse,  not  sharply  nor 
deeply  incised,  hut  entire  or  somewhat  emarginate.  The  upper 
surface  is  towards  the  base  occupied  by  a  triangular  chitinous 
plate  (121),  which  is  more  or  less  membranous  along  the  middle 
line,  and  which  manifestly  answers  to  the  two  separated  plates 
in  the  Jassidae.  Exterior  to  this  plate  one  (always  ?)  finds  in  the 
middle  line  a  peculiar  bristle  (g),  consisting  of  a  thicker  cylin- 
drical basal  part,  and,  jointed  to  this,  a  bristle-shaped  terminal 
portion  along  the  under  side  (12  a,  b)  runs  close  to  the 
lateral   margins,   a   firmly   chitinised  setiferous  band ;   similar 


THE    AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS    HOMOPTERA.  163 

setsB  were  found  in  Ledra,  but  in  this  form  the  darker  coloured 
bands  were  wanting  (m).  In  all  the  forms  examined  with  the 
microscope  (see  enumeration  at  the  observations  on  antennae) 
a  peculiar  process  (n)  is  found,  projecting  somewhat  from  the 
inner  surface  of  the  claws  at  the  place  where  their  connection 
with  the  empodia  terminates.  This  process — which  is  generally 
firmly  chitmised,  sometimes,  however,  slight  and  feeble,  but 
always  furnished  with  small  chitinous  bristles — is  not  firmly 
united  to  the  claw,  and  appertains  decidedly  to  the  empodium, 
although,  seen  in  profile,  it  usually  resembles  a  tap  (or  stopple) 
from  the  inner  margin  of  the  ventral  part  of  the  claw.  These 
processes  are  easily  seen  in  many  dried  examples  of  exotic 
Cercopina3  and  Aphrophorinae,  but  in  several  forms  I  have  not 
been  able  to  detect  them  with  certainty,  and  I  have  no  very 
precise  opinion  whether  they  are  then  actually  lacking,  or  (as  in 
Pkilcenus  spamarius)  only  very  small  and  feebly  developed.  The 
tarsi  of  Machcerota,  which  have  been  examined  with  a  lens,  seem 
to  accord  with  the  other  Cercopidse. 

Family-characters,  therefore,  may  be  stated  thus  : — The  em- 
podia are  very  thick,  united  witJi  the  clau'S  for  a  condderahle,  or 
very  considerable,  part  of  the  length  of  the  latter,  their  free  apical 
margin  is  not  properly  incised,  and  on  their  underside  are  seen  two 
firm  longitudinal  baiids. 

3.  Fidgoridce. — In  Fulgora  the  empodium,  seen  from  above 
(f.  13),  is  short,  almost  rectangular,  oblique,  partly  somewhat 
firmly  chitiniaed,  and  is  only  united  with  the  claws  closely 
around  their  base,  and  for  the  rest  projects  freely  forward 
between  them.  In  Calyptoproctus,  Dictyophara,  Cixius — and  the 
Delphax  group  (f.  14)  and  Poeciloptera  (f.  15)  the  empodia  are 
notably  stoutly  formed  (strongest  in  the  two  last  named  types), 
and  project  for  some  distance  forwards  between  the  claws,  but 
are  only  united  with  these  for  a  shorter  (not  nearly  half  the 
length  of  the  claws),  or  very  short,  space,  and  may  be  either 
{Megamelm)  considerably — somewhat  difftisedly — chitinised,  or, 
on  the  contrary  {Pee  diopter  a),  entirely  membranous  with  a  couple 
of  small  chitinous  strips  out  near  the  margins  on  the  upper  side. 
In  Tettigometra  (f.  16)  they  are  entirely  membranous,  and  reach, 
seen  in  profile,  out  to  a  trifle  from  the  apices  of  the  claws ;  seen 
from  above,  however,  they  are  united  with  the  inner  margin  of 
the  latter,  only  for  somewhat  over  half  of  their  length.  In 
Calliscelis*  they  reach,  when  the  tarsi  with  extended  claws  are 

-  In  this  form  the  basal  segment  of  the  posterior  tarsi  is  strongly  dilated, 
and  the  under  surface  partly  beset  with  peculiar  bristles  (pi.  ii.  f.  17  b),  many 
of  which  are  flattened,  spatula-shaped,  with  rounded-off  ends;  while  others 
are  longer,  pointed,  and  somewhat  flattened  out.  These  do  not  appear  to  be 
fastening-hairs  of  the  quality  which  are  found,  for  example,  on  the  tarsus  of 
Cerambycidae.  Some  dilation  is  also  seen  in  the  middle  segment  of  the 
tarsus.     Similar  tarsal  structure  has  been  also  observed  in  Eurybrachyb. 


154  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

examined  from  above  (f.  17),  even  much  beyond  the  apices  of  the 
latter,  but  it  is  evident  too  that  their  edges  at  the  angles  incline 
very  strongly  around,  so  that  the  real  union  with  the  claws  takes 
place  farther  back,  and  at  least  their  apical  third  is  free.  The 
empodium  has  on  its  upper  surface  two  stout  chitinous  plates, 
on  the  under  surface  (f.  17  a)  two  bristles.  In  Issiis  a  similar 
structure  is  observed  ;  more  than  half  of  the  claws,  however,  are 
in  this  case  free. 

To  summarize:  at  least  the  exterior  third  and  generally  more, 
or  considerably  more,  than  one-half  of  the  claws  are  free,  ivithout 
union  with  the  empodia,  which  ivith  a  free  portion  extend  anteriorly 
between  them,  and  ivhose  free  apical  margin  is  rounded,  truncated, 
or  at  most  slightly  emarginate,  never  more  deeply  incised.  Even 
in  dried  specimens  these  characters — peculiar  to  this  family — are 
usually  easily  discernible.  I  have  not  found  chitinised  bands  on 
the  under  side,  nor  a  process  at  the  apex,  as  in  the  GercopidsB. 

(To  be  continued.) 


A    PRELIMINARY   LIST   OF    THE    LEPIDOPTERA    OF 
WEI-HAI-WEI. 

By  Thomas  Bainbridge  Fletcher,  R.N,,  F.E.S. 

On  the  24th  of  May,  1898,  the  Union  Jack  was  hoisted  at 
Wei-hai-wei,  which  from  that  date,  though  nominally  "  on 
lease,"  has  practically  been  a  British  colony.  The  principal 
feature  of  our  new  possession  is  Leu-kung-tao,  or  the  Island  of 
Leu-kung,  lying  roughly  east  and  west,  some  three  and  a-half 
miles  long  by  a  mile  in  extreme  breadth,  and  rising  to  600  ft. 
(Centurion  Hill)  at  the  western  end.  The  north  side  is  steep 
and  abrupt,  but  the  south  side  slopes  down  more  gradually  and 
overlooks  the  harbour  of  Wei-hai-wei,  which  is  some  two  miles 
across.  On  the  further  side  of  the  harbour  is  the  mainland, 
sweeping  in  a  curve  around  the  whole  southern  side  of  the 
island ;  it  is  for  the  most  part  hilly,  the  highest  point  (Mount 
Goschen)  rising  to  about  1800  ft.  The  hills  themselves  are 
mostly  rather  bare,  covered  with  loose  jagged  boulders,  and 
scantily  clothed  with  grass  and  a  few  small  bushes ;  but  their 
slopes  support  a  more  luxuriant  vegetation,  consisting  of  small 
firs  and  dwarf  oaks,  whilst  in  the  valleys  willow  and  alder  are 
plentiful.  Nearly  all  the  fairly  level  ground  is  under  cultiva- 
tion. There  are  few  flowers,  and  this  fact,  with  the  absence 
(except  for  a  few  willows)  of  trees  of  any  size,  gives  the  country, 
at  first  sight,  a  rather  dreary  and  barren  appearance.  The 
climate  is  milder  than  at  Pekin,  the  summer  temperature  only 
for   a  short  time  exceeding  80°  F.      The  rainfall   during   the 


LIST    OF    THE    LEPIDOPTERA    OF    WEI-HAl-WEl.  155 

summer  is  almost  entirely  in  July  and  August,  the  remainder  of 
the  period,  from  March  to  November,  being  dry  and  sunny. 

Chifu  (Chefoo)  is  some  forty  miles  along  the  coast  to  the 
westward  of  Wei-hai-wei,  and  is  so  similar  in  physical  and 
fauuistic  features  that  I  have  included  captures  made  there  in 
the  present  list. 

Wei-hai-wei  seems  to  be  well  within  the  Palsearctic  Region, 
the  Oriental  Region  not  extending  north  of  the  Chusau  Islands 
on  the  mainland,  though  there  is  a  considerable  admixture  of 
Oriental  with  Palsearctic  forms  in  the  south  of  Japan. 

The  periods  during  which  i  was  at  Wei-hai-wei  or  Chifu  were 
April  to  July,  October  and  November,  1898;  19th  April  to  20th 
June,  1899  ;  and  26th  September  to  18th  October,  1899.  Most 
of  my  collecting  was  done  in  Leu-kung-tao,  and  on  the  mainland 
around  "Flagstaff  Camp"  (the  nearest  point  to  the  island)  and 
the  walled  city  of  Wei-hai-wei,  which  gives  its  name  to  the 
district,  and  on  the  slopes  of  Mount  Goschen  at  the  back  of 
Flagstaff  Camp.  If  anyone  were  to  reside  on  shore  with 
opijortunities  for  night-work,  the  list  of  moths  would  almost 
certainly  be  increased  to  live  or  six  times  its  present  dimensions. 
Indeed,  I  myself  have  some  thirty  or  forty  additional  species, 
which  I  was  unable  to  identify  during  my  brief  stay  in  England. 

The  identifications  were  made  in  most  cases  from  specimens 
in  the  National  Collection,  and  1  have  to  thank  Dr.  A.  O.  Butler, 
Mr.  W.  F.  Kirby,  and  Mr.  F.  Heron,  for  their  kind  assistance  in 
naming  my  captures. 

RHOPALOCERA. 

Fam.  ]Symphalid;e. 

Sub-Fam.  Nymphalin^. 

Argynnis  adippe,  L. — Occurs  abnudautly  from  June  to  September ; 
I  have  found  it  as  early  as  27th  May  and  as  lute  as  16tb  October.  It 
has  a  great  liking  for  tall  dower-heads,  especially  thistles,  and  it  is  a 
fine  sight  to  watch  them  sail  from  dower  to  dower,  now  exhibiting 
their  tawny  velvet  markings,  and  now  dashing  their  silvery  lustre  in 
the  sunshine.  The  type,  as  we  know  it  in  Europe,  does  not  seem  to 
occur,  the  specimens  rangiug  from  var.  cureiiippe,  Leech,  to  var.  nerippe, 
Felder ;  this  latter  is  olteu  reckoned  a  distinct  species,  but  I  prefer  to 
consider  it  here  as  a  form  of  adippe.  Some  of  the  females,  taken  in 
July,  are  very  dark,  and  look  quite  black  when  on  the  wing. 

Pohjcjonia  c-aureuni,  L. — Worn  specimens  are  fairly  common  in 
April,  but  1  have  seen  none  in  the  autumn. 

Pyranieis  cadirrhoe,  Fb.  (=  mdica,  Herbst.). — Moderately  common 
on  the  mainland  hills  in  May  and  June  ;  I  have  seen  none  in  autumn. 
Apparently  does  not  occur  m  Leu-kung-tao,  as  it  is  essentially  a  hill 
species,  rarely  descenuing  below  lOUO  feet, 

Pijrmneis  cardui,h. — Abundant  all  the  fineweather— May  to  October. 
Especially  fond  of  hiil-tops. 

Hestina  nssimilis,  L. — Occurs  on  the  mainland  hills  in  June  and 
July,  but  is  not  very  common. 


156 


THE    BNTOMOLOOIST. 


Sub-Fam,   Satyrin^. 

Pararge  (Crebeta)  deidamia,  Ev. — Common  in  the  hills,  being  especi- 
ally fond  of  a  have  hill-side  strewn  with  fragments  of  rock.  Appears 
in  May  and  again  in  August,  being  double-brooded.  The  usual  form 
is  darker  than  the  type,  and  some  have  the  ocelli  distinctly  blue 
instead  of  white.  The  egg  is  perfectly  globular,  and  of  an  opaque, 
very  pale  greenish-white  colour. 

[pthinia  up. — One  specimen  seen  on  the  mainland,  18th  June,  1898. 

CceiPDii/inp/i'i  amarjllis,  Cram. — Common  in  June  and  August,  being 
double-brooded. 

(Eneis  moncjnlica,  Oberth. — Very  local.  Four  females  on  the  main- 
land, 25th  April,  1899,  on  a  hillside  covered  with  stones  and  coarse 
grass.  They  are  more  strongly  marked  than  in  the  type.  This  seems 
rather  a  scarce  species  ;  it  was  discovered  by  the  Abbe  David  in  Eastern 
Mongolia,  where  it  flies  in  summer  on  mountains  at  an  altitude  of  five 
hundred  metres.  My  specimens,  however,  were  taken  at  a  height  of 
only  two  or  three  hundred  feet  above  sea-level. 

Fam.  Lvo^NiDiE. 
Sub-Fam.   Lyo/Enin^. 

Theda  micans,  Brem. — One  specimen  (Leu-kung-tao,  20th  July, 
1898)  intermediate  between  the  type  and  var.  hetnloides.  Two  speci- 
mens of  var.  bctidoiiies  in  Leu-kung-tao,  at  the  beginning  of  June,  1898, 
flymg  amongst  oak  bushes.  Type  itself  not  found.  In  life,  the  tails 
so  exactly  resemble  antennae,  and  the  anal  ocelli  so  well  reproduce  the 
head,  &c.,  that  at  a  cursory  glance  we  can  hardly  see  which  is  the  head. 
This  is  probably  of  protective  value,  as  it  might  well  puzzle  a  foe  such 
as  a  lizard. 

Amblo/iala  avidienua,  Hewits. — Fairly  common  on  the  mainland, 
25th  April,  1899,  flying  over  dwarf  oaks.  Very  hard  to  catch,  and  apt 
to  beat  itself  to  pieces  in  the  net.  The  under  side  seems  beautifully 
adapted  to  mimic  a  dead  oak-leaf. 

XipJianda  ftisca,  Brem. — Not  common.  Two  specimens  on  a  hill- 
top m  Leu-kung-tao  on  12th  July,  1898. 

Cupido  ari/iadex,  Pall. — Common  all  the  warm  season.  There  are 
apparently  three  broods,  in  April,  June,  and  September.  The  forms 
amurensis,  Riihl.,  and  helhdia,  Men.,  occur. 

Cnpiiio  anjiis,  L. — Common  in  May  and  September. 

Everes  fisrheri,  Ev. — Leu-kung-tao  ;  common  on  3rd  May,  1899,  in 
sheltered  grassy  places. 

Cya)iiris  an/iolus,  L. — Mainland ;   two  females  on  18th  June,  1898. 

Zizera  maha,  KoU. — Common  in  grassy  places  from  May  to  October. 
The  earlier  forms  fall  under  var.  m<tr<jinata,  Poujade,  whilst  those 
found  later  in  the  year  are  referable  to  var.  upalina,  Pouj. 

Chrt/sflphanus  phlceas,  L. — Abundant  from  April  to  October,  being 
apparently  triple-brooded.  Vernal  specimens  are  much  more  typical 
{i.  e.  the  copper-colour  is  paler)  than  the  generality  of  Asiatic  specimens ; 
those  taken  m  June  are  small  and  much  sufi'used  with  black,  whilst 
those  captured  in  September  are  large  and  dark.  They  are  all  referable 
to  var.  chinensis,  Feld.,  and  the  two  later  broods  fall  under  var.  eleus,  Fb. 
I  have  seen  none  as  black  as  those  I  have  taken  in  Japan  (summer 
brood),  in  which  the  copper  is  almost  wholly  concealed  by  black  scales. 

(To  be  coiitiuued.) 


157 


NOTES     AND     OBSERVATIONS. 

The  Leech  Collection  of  Lepidoptera. — This  exceedingly  fine 
collection  has  been  deposited  in  the  Natural  History  Museum  at 
South  Kensington.  We  hope  to  have  something  further  to  say 
touching  this  matter  in  our  next  issue. 

Note  on  a  Third  Brood  of  Selenia  illunaria. — On  July  25th 
last  year  a  typical  female  specimen  of  the  var.  juliaria  was  captured 
near  here,  and  deposited  ova.  The  larvae  fed  up  well  on  plum,  and 
twelve  pupated  on  September  8th  and  following  days.  The  breeding- 
cage  was  kept  in  a  greenhouse,  and  the  weather  at  the  time  was  not 
unusually  hot ;  but  to  my  surprise,  nine  days  later  four  moths  had 
appeared,  two  of  each  sex.  On  comparing  the  specimens  with  normal 
juliaria,  I  was  unable  to  distinguish  them.  The  remaining  pups, 
following  the  ordinary  course  of  things,  began  to  emerge  March  16th 
last,  and  five  imagines  have  been  obtained  from  them  up  to  the  present 
time.  These  are  all  well-marked  examples  of  the  large  and  dark  spring 
form.  The  iraagmes  of  the  third  brood,  wiiich  appeared  in  September, 
readily  paired,  and  a  few  ova  hatched  in  about  fourteen  days.  Un- 
fortunately the  larvae  fed  up  very  slowly,  and  did  not  thrive  on  the 
honeysuckle,  which  was  all  I  had  to  give  them,  and  only  one  spun  up 
in  a  leaf  about  the  beginning  of  December.  This,  emerging  mdoors 
on  March  10th,  is  a  small  specimen,  not  larger  than  the  average 
juliaria,  but  has  the  richer  coloration  which  we  expect  from  the  winter 
pupje  of  the  species.  It  is  sufficient  to  show  that  a  complete  third 
brood  had  been  interpolated.  The  occurrence  of  treble  broods  of 
seasonallv  dimorphous  species  under  conditions  approaching  those  in 
nature  seems  of  interest,  since  it  may  possibly  add  something  to  our 
knowledge  of  that  very  interesting  subject.  The  evidence  produced 
above  is  meagre  enough,  but  so  far  as  it  goes  shows  that  Selenia  illu- 
naria —  juliaria  behaves  in  a  similar  way  to  Vanessa  levana  =  prursa, 
as  observed  by  Weismann  in  his  later  experiments  {vide  Ent.  xxix. 
p.  105,  et  seq.).  That  is  to  say,  the  third  brood  assumes  the  summer 
form  juliaria  when  it  takes  the  unusual  course  of  developing  rapidly 
the  same  year.  It  is  also  noteworthy  that  there  was  no  approach  to 
illunaria  in  my  specimens,  such  as  might  be  expected  if  there  were 
any  tendency  to  alternation  of  form,  apart  from  the  influences  of 
temperature  and  hybernation.— W.  S.  Gilles  ;  Bocking,  Braintree, 
April  12th,  1901. 

Xylomiges  coNSPiciLLARis. — In  your  last  issue  {ante,  p.  130),  Mr. 
Doidge  mentions  breeding  this  insect  from  "  dug  "  pup®.  As  Barrett, 
in  his  '  British  Lepidoptera,'  says  the  pups  are  generally  found  at  the 
roots  of  trees,  it  would  be  interesting  to  know  whether  Mr.  Doidge 
obtained  his  pupae  from  such  situations,  and,  still  more  so,  if  he  could 
tell  us  the  particular  species  of  tree.  As  the  larvae  feed  on  bird's-foot 
trefoil,  the  base  of  tree  trunks  seems  an  unlikely  situation.  But  I 
suppose  tht-re  is  no  possibihty  of  its  being  at  times  a  "  tree-feeder." — 
Percy  C.  Reid  ;  Peering  Bury,  Kelvedon,  April  5th. 

Vitality  of  Alpine  Rhopalocera. — Mr.  Howe's  note  on  the  vitality 
of  H.  rupicapraria  {ante,  p.  131)  is  interesting,  and  it  must  be  taken 

ENTOM. — MAY,    1901.  N 


158 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


for  granted  that  winter  flying  moths  are  capable  of  bearing  consider- 
able extremes  of  cold.  In  a  somewhat  similar  connection  I  have  more 
than  ouce  come  across  cases  in  the  Alps  of  what  appears  to  be  remark- 
able recuperative  powers  iu  Ehopalocera.  I  have  rarely  crossed  a  high 
mountain  pass,  where  the  snow  lies  from  year's  end  to  year's  end, 
without  coming  across  various  kiuds  of  insects  frozen  on  the  surface. 
I  remember  some  years  since  traversing  the  Neiderjoch  Pass  between 
Vent  and  Unser  Frau  on  the  way  to  Meran.  A  number  of  Pieridi 
were  scattered  upon  the  ice,  and  among  them  a  specimen  of  Colias 
phicoiiione,  a  high  flying  species.  The  Pieridi  seemed  to  be  dead, 
though  I  did  not  pick  any  of  them  up  ;  the  Colias,  however,  1  boxed, 
and  on  descending  below  the  snow  line  on  the  other  side,  exposed  it 
to  the  now  powerful  rays  of  the  sun,  with  the  result  that  it  recovered 
some  semblance  of  wing  action,  and  when  left  was  fluttering  about  in 
the  grass.  It  must  have  been  frozen  hard  for  some  hours,  as  I  was 
on  the  snow  about  six  o'clock  in  the  morning.  But  what  attracts 
non-migratory  species  to  these  altitudes  I  cannot  determine ;  yet  it  is 
a  common  experience  to  meet  such  generally  lowland  species  as 
Gonepteryx  rhaumi  and  even  Papilio  machaon  up  to  eight  thousand 
feet ;  and  among  other  butterflies  which  I  have  found  frostbound  is 
MelttcEa  ctjiithia,  an  alpine  species  certainly,  and  perhaps  for  that 
reason  the  less  likely  to  be  surprised  on  the  glaciers.  Eunning  water 
exercises  a  great  attraction  for  some  Lepidoptera.  Perhaps  the  glare 
of  the  snow  may  also  have  a  fascination  for  others  which  inhabit  the 
higher  regions  of  the  Alps.  —  H.  Rowland-Brown  ;  Oxhey  Grove, 
Harrow  Weald,  April  9th,  1901. 

Application  for  British  STEAxioMYiDiE,  &c. — In  this  magazine  for 
August,  1897,  I  made  a  request  that  I  might  be  assisted  in  examining 
freshly  caught  specimens  of  Platypezae.  The  result  was  astonishing, 
as  fine  series  of  little-known  species  were  sent  me  from  various  sources, 
and  I  was  consequently  enabled  to  clear  up  many  very  complicated 
cases  of  synonymy,  not  only  for  Britain,  but  also  for  Europe.  I  am 
now  working  at  a  second  volume  of  my  '  British  Flies,'  which  would 
be  vol.  V.  of  the  '  Scheme.'  This  volume  is  entitled  '  Stratiomyid®  to 
Cyrtidae '  in  my  introductory  notice.  I  want  to  see  British  specimens  oialL 
species  which  appeared  in  italics  in  my '  List  of  British  Diptera '  for  these 
families.  I  should  also  like  to  see  any  specimens  of  Odontomyia  (except 
0.  ornata,  0.  tiyrina,  and  0.  viridida),  and  any  specimens  of  Oxycera 
(except  0.  pulchella  and  0.  trilineata).  Sargus  jiavipes  is  at  present  a 
jumble,  and  I  specially  want  to  see  the  male  of  a  species  which  occurs 
in  the  Forest  of  Dean.  Any  Xylophagidse  will  be  welcome.  HcBtnato- 
pota  italica  should  be  looked  for  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Leigh  and 
Southend  in  Essex.  I  should  be  glad  to  examine  any  of  the  uncommon 
species  of  Tabanus,  and  I  especially  want  to  see  good  series  of  any 
species  of  Therevidas  (except  T.  annulata  and  D.  anilis),  but  they  must 
be  in  most  perfect  condition  as  to  their  pubescence.  In  a  similar  way  I 
want  to  see  series  of  the  "  Paniscus  "  group  of  the  genus  Anthrax,  but 
the  greatest  care  should  be  taken  that  the  pubescence  is  not  injured. 
Specimens  of  Scenopinas  are  welcome,  and  I  should  be  glad  to  receive 
authentic  localities  for  all  species  which  will  be  included  in  the 
volume. — G.  H.  Verrall  ;   Sussex  Lodge,  Newmarket,  April,  1901. 


CAPTURES    AND    FIKLD    REPORTS.  159 

The  Lepidoptera  of  Lewis. — Mr.  H.  McArthur  has  started  on  an 
entomological  expedition  to  the  island  of  Lewis,  where  in  former  years 
he  has  obtained  some  most  interesting  insects.  Collecting  in  the 
Orkneys,  Shetlands,  and  the  Western  Isles  of  Scotland  is  not  always  an 
unalloyed  pleasure.  There  are  difficulties  to  contend  with  and  discom- 
forts to  be  borne,  which  probably  few  of  us  feel  disposed  to  encounter. 
It  is  therefore  largely  due  to  Mr.  McArthur,  and  a  few  other  enthusiastic 
collectors,  professional  or  amateur,  that  our  cabinets  contain  specimens 
from  these  remote  localities.  His  last  journey  to  Lewis  was  in  1887, 
and  we  believe  that  little  entomological  material  has  been  brought 
from  the  island  since  that  date. 

Erratum. — P.  130,  last  line,  for  "female"  read  "male." 


CAPTURES   AND  FIELD    REPORTS. 

VANESsiDiE  IN  1900. — With  reference  to  some  notes  on  the  genus 
Vanessa  that  have  appeared  in  your  last  two  or  three  issues,  I  thought, 
perhaps,  that  a  few  observations  on  these  insects  made  in  Glamorganshire 
might  prove  interesting.  Vanessa  urticce  has  been  somewhat  scarce  as 
compared  with  the  three  years  previous.  V.  polychloros  is,  as  far  as  my 
observations  go,  very  scarce  in  this  district ;  during  19U0  I  saw  but  one 
specimen  (September  3rd).  V.  {Cynthia]  cardui  is  during  some  seasons  of 
frequent  occurrence,  but  during  this  season  I  did  not  see  it  anywhere  in 
this  district,  although  I  saw  it  several  times  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Channel  (Weston-super-mare).  It  is  of  V.  to  and  V.  atalanta  that  I  write 
chiefly,  and  of  these  two  Vanessids  I  saw  a  larger  number  at  one  time  than 
has  ever  before  been  my  lot  to  witness.  During  July  I  saw,  in  various 
localities  in  this  neigbourhood,  numbers  of  the  larvae  of  V.  io,  which  led 
me  to  expect  an  abundance  of  the  perfect  insect.  On  July  9th  I  tooli  ten 
full-grown  larvae,  eight  of  which  pupated  on  July  11th,  the  other  two  on 
July  12th  and  13th;  on  July  21st  they  all  emerged.  On  Sept.  3rd  I 
visited  "  Casteli  Coch,"  near  Taff's  Well,  about  seven  miles  from  Cardiff, 
and  on  entering  a  field  that  was  perfectly  blue  with  Centaurea  cyanus,  I 
was  struck  with  the  number  of  F.  io  and  V.  atalanta,  but  this  was  nothing 
as  compared  with  what  was  to  come,  for  on  passing  out  of  the  field  and 
entering  a  narrow  path,  at  the  bottom  of  a  woody  slope,  which  was  thickly 
clothed  on  either  side  with  the  same  pretty  blue  flower,  I  was  confronted 
with  swarms  of  these  two  Vanessids,  together  with  a  host  of  bees  and 
other  Hymenoptera  and  various  Diptera.  I  do  not  ever  remember  seeing 
such  a  remarkable  sight  as  presented  by  the  two  butterflies  (of  which  there 
must  have  been  several  hundreds)  as  they  rested  expanded  in  the  hot 
sunshine,  or  chased  one  another  from  flower  to  flower,  their  brilliant 
colours  contrasting  with  the  green  and  blue  of  the  foliage  and  flowers,  and 
the  more  sombre  brown  of  an  occasional  Argynnis  paphia  or  the  deep  red- 
brown  of  V.  c-albiim,  forming  a  picture  of  almost  kaleidoscopic  beauty. 
The  last-named  Vauessid  is  of  pretty  general  occurrence  in  Glamorgan- 
shire, but  never,  so  far  as  I  have  seen,  in  any  numbers.  I  noticed  that  the 
bees  were  very  intolerant  of  the  presence  of  the  butterflies,  driving  them 
off  the  flowers  repeatedly,  and  indeed  io  and  atalanta  seemed  to  adopt  a 
belligerent  attitude  towards  one  another.     I  hope  to  visit  the  same  place 


160  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

again  in  the  autumn  of  1901,  trusting  to  see  the  lineal  descendants  of  my 
last  year's  friends.  I  might  mention,  en  passant,  that  I  took  a  number  of 
Colias  editsa  during  September,  but  did  not  see  C.  hyale  at  all.  — 
J.  E.  Campbell-Taylor;   Roath  Park,  Cardiff.  April,  1901. 

Vanessa  polychloros. — A  fine  specimen  of  the  large  tortoiseshell, 
which  had  evidently  hybernated  there,  was  taken  in  a  house  at  Kingstou- 
on-Thames,  in  the  afternoon  of  March  Slst,  and  given  to  me.  —  H.  E. 
Annett;  Church  Street,  Walton-on-Tharaes. 

Vanessa  atalanta. — A  larva  of  this  butterfly,  about  one  and  a  quarter 
inch  long,  was  given  to  me  at  the  beginning  of  September,  1900.  It 
received  no  more  food,  and  pupated  at  the  end  of  the  month.  From  this  a 
very  small  but  perfect  imago  emerged  a  few  days  before  Christmas.  The 
pupa  had  of  course  been  kept  indoors.  —  K.  Rainbow;  King's  Road, 
Kingston-on-Thames. 

Leucanea  extranea  and  Dasycampa  rubiginea  at  Torquay. — I 
should  be  pleased  if  you  would  record  the  following  iu  the  pages  of  the 
'Entomologist':  —  In  searching  the  sallow  blossom  near  here,  I  had  the  good 
fortune  to  capture  two  specimens  of  D.  rubiginea,  one  of  them  a  splendid 
specimen  ;  also,  later  iu  the  evening,  I  saw  a  larger  moth  dart  from  the 
blossom  and  settle  on  a  piece  of  bramble.  This  I  captured,  and  found  it 
to  be  a  magnificent  example  of  Leucanea  extranea  (female).  As  I  could 
hear  it  very  restless  iu  the  box  I  killed  it,  and,  except  for  a  small  part  of 
fringe  of  right  upper  wing  missing  (this  it  knocked  off  during  the  few 
minutes  iu  box),  it  is  in  fine  condition  I  showed  it  to  my  friend  Mr.  Terry, 
and  he,  without  hesitation,  congratulated  me. — M.  Crocker  ;  7,  West- 
bourne  Grove,  Torquay,  April  11  th,  1901. 

Xylomiges  conspicillaris  in  Somersetshire. — I  am  glad  to  be  able 
to  confirm  the  occurrence  of  X.  conspicillaris  at  Taunton,  as  recorded  iu  the 
last  number  of  the  'Entomologist'  [ante,  p.  130).  On  Good  Friday, 
April  5th,  a  fine  specimen  of  this  insect  emerged  in  ray  breeding-cage,  from 
pupa  dug  near  Taunton  early  in  January  last.  —  Alfred  S.  Tetley  ; 
Llwynon,  Newtown,  North  Wales,  April  10th,  1901. 

LYCiENA  argiolus  IN  LoNDON. — At  half-past  ten  o'clock  this  morning  I 
observed  a  specimen  of  L.  argiolus  flying  about  a  chestnut-tree  in  the 
garden  of  Moreton  House,  which  stands  at  the  eastern  corner  of  the 
Gilston  and  Brompton  Roads,  South  Kensington.  Unless  the  butterfly 
had  been  bred  indoors  and  released  on  emergence,  its  appearance  at  so 
early  a  date,  considering  the  cold  and  backward  spring,  seems  as  strange  as 
the  locality  in  which  it  was  observed.  —  R.  S.  Mitford  ;  35,  Redcliffe 
Square,  South  Kensington,  S.W.,  April  2ind,  1901. 

On  April  25i;h  I  saw  a  specimen  of  L.  argiolus  flying  around  a  lilac 
hush  in  Lillie  Road,  West  Kensington. — H.  Mc Arthur;  35,  Averill  Street, 
Fulham  Palace  Road,  W. 

Early  Spring  in  West  Sussex — For  various  reasons  I  was  unable 
to  do  any  field-work  before  February,  when  I  began  pupa-digging.  The 
first  emergence  was  that  of  Taniocampa  incerta  on  Feb.  18ch,  and  on 
the  same  oate  I  took  a  fine  dark  Pkigaiia  pedaria,  at  light.  Tne  first 
Hybernia  leucophaaria  was  taken  the  tollowing  day.  On  the  '^Sth  Tanio 
campa  pulverulenta  emerged,  and  I  also  found  two  larvae  of  Arctia  villica 
in  their  winter  quarters  while  pupa-digging.     On   the  26th  Tmniocampa 


SOCIETIES.  161 

ijothica  and  T.  stabilis  begau  to  emerge,  followed  on  March  -^nd  by  T. 
minida.  Hyhernia  marginaria  I  did  not  see  till  March  4th,  and  on  the 
following  day  Eapithecia  abbieviata  emerged.  On  the  11th  H.  riipi- 
capraria  came  to  light  — the  only  specimen  I  have  seen  this  veur,  and 
Anisopteryx  <Escularia  has  been  conspicuous  by  its  absence.  Panolis 
piniperda  I  took  on  April  '2nd,  and  on  the  same  day  found  a  cocoon  of 
Dicranura  himspis,  empty.  Vanessa  io  was  seen  on  April  1st,  and  V.  urtica 
on  the  *2ud.  Two  Xylocampa  lithorhiza  were  taken  on  the  4th,  and  two 
nice  T.  yothica  var.  yothicina,  male  and  female,  at  sallow,  on  the  same 
evening.  Scopelosoma  satellitia  at  sallow  on  the  5th,  and  the  last  H.  mar- 
(jinaria  the  same  day.  V.  polychloros  was  first  seen  on  April  9th,  and  is 
now  absolutely  abundant ;  I  see  dozens  every  day.  Their  courtship  is 
chiefly  performed  around  the  tops  of  the  ash-trees,  which  are  now  in  full 
bud.  If  hyberuated  specimens  are  any  criterion,  this  should  be  a  great 
"  Vanessa  year  "  in  this  part  of  the  country  at  least.  V.  urtica,  of  course, 
is  everywhere,  and  V.  io  is  commoner  than  I  have  seen  it  for  some  years. 
On  April  1 0th  Andclea  hadiata  svas  taken  at  light,  and  on  the  11th  Gono- 
pteryx  rJiamni  was  seen  ;  this  species  is  also  abnormally  abundant.  On 
the  14th  Lithosia  sororctda  emerged  from  out  of  my  captures  while 
digging.  By  the  way,  I  notice  this  species  is  almost  unanimously  given  as 
feeding  on  the  lichens  of  larch,  pine  and  birch.  This  cannot  be  the  case 
here;  the  insect  is  fairly  common  on  all  the  oak-trunks  around  here,  but  we 
have  practically  neither  birch  nor  pine  within  six  or  seven  miles.  Pieris 
rapi  appeared  on  the  17th,  and  TcBniocampa  miniosa  (two)  at  sallow  on  the 
18th,  while  on  the  same  day  a  fine  male  Asphalia  ridens  emerged  ;  this 
from  a  larva  bred  last  summer.  On  the  20th  Heliaca  tenebrata  emerged 
from  a  captured  pupa,  and  on  the  21st  I  saw  the  first  Pieris  napi. — 
J.  Aylward  Churchill;  Billingshurst,  Sussex. 


SOCIETIES. 


Entomological  Society  of  London. — March20th,  1901. — Mr.  G.  H. 
Verrall,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair.— Mr.  Willoughby  Gardner,  F.L.S., 
Reform  Club,  Liverpool;  Mr.  F.  Hopson,  16,  Rosslyn  Hill.  N.W. ; 
Dr.  C.  A.  Ledoux,  Grabamstown,  South  Africa ;  Mr.  C.  P.  Pickett, 
Leytou,  Essex;  Mr.  W.  G.  Smith,  164,  Wells  Road,  linowle,  Bristol; 
Mr.  G.  A.  Waterhouse,  B.  Sc,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Mr.  H.  H. 
Wbyman,  M.A.,  Montreal,  Canada;  and  Mr.  F.  C.  Woodforde,  Market 
Drayton,  were  elected  Fellows  of  the  Society. — xVIr.  C.  J.  Watkins  sent 
for  exhibition  a  series  of  larch  twigs,  illustrating  the  winter  condition 
of  Coleophora  laricella,  the  special  feature  being  the  manner  in  which 
the  cases  of  the  larvae  assimilated  in  colour  with  the  bark  of  the  larch. 
— Mr.  G.  B.  Routledge  exhibited  a  specimen  oi  Hydrilla  palustiis,  taken 
on  the  wing  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Thwaytes  when  sugaring  near  Carlisle  on 
June  10th,  1899.  He  said  it  was  the  first  male  taken  in  that  district, 
and  Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett  remarked  that  it  was  the  most  definitely  marked 
specimen  of  any  known,  and  that  in  the  northern  locality  the  lines  on 
the  wings  seemed  to  be  brought  out  with  greater  distinction  than  in  the 
fen  country  and  elsewhere.  He  also  exhibited  specimens  of  Bembidium 
schiippeli,  a  rare  beetle  captured  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Irthiug. — 


162  THE    KNTOMOLOGIST. 

Mr.  R.  McLachlan  exhibited  Trichopterous  larva-cases  of  the  form 
known  as  "  Helicopsi/che,"  from  the  Prony  River,  New  Caledonia,  sent 
to  him  by  Mr.  J.  J.  Walker,  R.N.  They  were  large,  and  remarkable 
for  the  size  of  the  individual  sand-grains  of  which  they  were  built  up. 
These  sand-grains,  Mr.  Walker  informs  him,  were  water-worn  particles 
of  the  heavier  minerals  of  the  river-bed,  such  as  chrome,  nickel,  and 
iron  ores.  It  is  possible  tliat  similar  cases  were  alluded  to  by  Hagen  in 
the  Stett.  Entom.  Zeitung,  1864,  p.  129,  from  the  Munich  Museum. — 
Mr.  G.  T.  Porritt  exhibited  specimens  of  an  almost  black  form  of 
Acronycta  menijanthidis  from  Skipwith  Common,  near  Selby,  and  stated 
that  the  same  form  was  also  common  on  Strensall  Common,  near 
York.  For  comparison  he  also  showed  specimens  from  the  moors 
near  Huddersfield.  The  chief  interest  in  the  exhibit  consisted  in  the 
fact  that  in  both  the  districts  where  the  melanic  memjanthidis  occurred, 
melanism  was  not  a  common  feature  ;  whereas  in  the  Huddersfield 
district,  where  only  the  pale  form  of  menyanthidis  was  taken,  melanism 
was  a  conspicuous  feature  in  many  species,  even  in  and  close  to  the 
grounds  where  only  pale  Dieni/anthidis  could  be  found. — Mr.  H.  W. 
Andrews  exhibited  a  female  specimen  of  Amphidasys  betuloria,  with 
hind  wings  aborted  and  scarcely  developed,  taken  at  Paul's  Cray, 
Kent,  in  May,  1896. — Mr.  H.  Rowland-Brown  stated  that  he  had  seen 
an  announcement  that  the  County  Council  had  under  consideration 
the  feasibility  of  stocking  the  London  parks  with  Butterflies,  and  en- 
couraging those  which  already  existed  there.  He  said  that,  according 
to  the  latest  observations,  tliirty-nine  species  of  Rhopalocera  were 
recorded  within,  roughly  speaking,  a  ten-mile  metropolitan  limit,  but 
that  of  these  he  only  knew  of  Pieris  rapce,  P.  napi,  Vanessa  atalanta, 
V.  urticce,  and  perhaps  one  or  two  others  which  could,  strictly  speaking, 
be  said  to  inhabit  the  Metropolis  itself.  A  discussion  followed  on  the 
subject,  in  which  Mr.  A.  J.  Chitty  said  that  Pieris  hrassica  had  occurred 
in  the  garden  of  his  London  house,  and  that  he  thought  Vanessa  poly- 
chloros  might  be  added  to  the  list  of  those  open  to  experiment,  though 
Mr.  R.  MacLachlan  though  that  it  had  ceased  to  be  a  London  insect. 
Mr.  G.  H.  Verrall  also  advocated  the  introduction  of  tropical  and 
other  foreign  species  in  the  great  conservatories  of  Kew,  where,  without 
danger  to  the  plants,  they  would  be  objects  of  great  beauty  and  attrac- 
tiveness. He  considered  the  experiment,  at  any  rate,  worth  the  trial. 
Mr.  H.  Goss  continued  the  discussion,  and  Mr.  F.  Merrifield,  while 
recognising  the  difficulties  arising  from  soil,  climate,  and  surroundings, 
expressed  his  belief  that  certain  hardy  species  would  be  more  than  a 
match  for  their  bird  enemies. — H.  Rowland-Brown  and  H.  Goss,  Ho7i. 
Secretaries. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society. — March  11th, 
1901. — Mr.  F.  R.  Dixon-Nuttall  opened  the  meeting  by  giving  the 
Society  a  most  cordial  welcome  to  St.  Helen's.  The  Vice-President, 
Mr.  R.  Wilding,  occupied  the  chair.  Mr.  Wilding,  in  his  opening 
address,  said  that  he  thought  that  the  new  departure  of  holding 
occasional  meetings  in  other  towns  than  Liverpool  would  be  conducive 
to  the  life  and  well-being  of  the  Society.  The  Rev.  R.  Freeman  began 
his  paper  by  exhibiting  and  explaining  a  coloured  map,  drawn  by 
himself,  showing  the  district  which  the  St.  Helen's  naturalists   are 


RECENT    LITERATURE.  163 

working — a  district  of  five  miles  radius  around  the  town,  which  com- 
prises woodlands,  hills,  mosses,  marshes,  and  pastures.  From  his  own 
particular  section  of  Siraonswood,  he  recorded  one  hundred  and  eighty 
species  of  Macro-Lepidoptera.  Tlie  most  interesting  of  these  are 
Coenoni/mpha  davus,  Notodonta  dictmoides,  Acronycta  leporhm,  A.  uienyan- 
thidis,  A.  aini,  Mamestra  anceps,  Hadena  (jhiiica,  Heliodes  arbuti,  and 
Carsia  imbutata.  The  most  abundant  species  is  Cymatophora  diiplaris, 
whose  larvae  occur  in  thousands  on  the  birch  trees.  Mr.  F.  C. 
Thompson  gave  his  experience  of  the  Kuowsley  district,  which  is  rich 
in  old  woods,  mosses,  lakes,  and  pond-holes.  On  the  whole,  the  species 
are  the  same  as  at  Simonswood,  with  the  addition  of  Ayrotis  puta, 
Noctua  trianyHliwi,  DlantJicecia  capsincoJa,  Epione  apiciaria,  and  Ennomos 
erosaria.  Mr.  Alfred  Jackson  read  an  interesting  account  of  his  doings 
in  the  Bold  district.  He  stated  that  he  had  taken  the  eggs,  larvae, 
pup»,  and  imagmes  of  (hionestis  potatoria  in  a  single  hour.  He  also 
described  with  what  delight  he  had  captured  his  first  specimens  of 
Colias  edusa,  an  msect  he  had  thought  would  never  have  visited  this 
district  of  smoke.  He  told  an  amusing  story  of  a  policeman  who, 
attracted  by  his  lantern,  became  infected  with  the  entomological  fever, 
and  chased  0.  sanibucata  with  his  helmet,  thereafter  becoming  a  zealous 
collector.  Dr.  J.  Cotton  read  notes  on  the  Ecclestou  district,  and 
described  the  sight  which  may  be  seen  on  a  favourable  August  night 
at  Eccleston  Mere  of  thousands  of  Xanthias  (A'.  cera(jo,  silayo,  and 
ferruyinea)  sitting  on  the  leaves  of  the  sallows  which  grow  there.  To 
the  lists  of  his  colleagues  Dr.  Cotton  added  Thyatira  batis,  Plusia 
festuccR,  and  Melanippe  tristata.  The  Chairman  proposed  a  hearty  vote 
of  thanks  to  the  St.  Helen's  naturalists  for  a  most  enjoyable  and 
profitable  evening,  which  was  seconded  by  Mr.  F.  Birch,  and  carried 
unanimously.  Mr.  F.  R.  Dixon-Nuttall,  in  his  reply,  described  the 
St.  Helen's  parks,  and  assured  the  members  that  the  smoke  of  the 
factories  had  much  diminished  of  late  years.  Mr.  Wilding  exhibited 
a  case  of  specimens  of  Deilephila  yulii  reared  in  1887.  Mr  Pierce, 
a  unique  collection  of  Vancssfi  antiopa  showing  all  the  variations 
from  the  type  to  the  most  extreme  dark  forms.  Mr.  J.  Collins, 
of  Warrington,  exhibited  the  pupae  of  Acronycta  lepurhia  spun  up  in 
dead  sticks,  as  found  by  him  on  the  mosses. — Frederick  Birch,  Joint 
Hon.  Sec. 


RECENT    LITERATURE. 


Third  Annual  Report  of  the  Kendal  Entomoloqicnl  Societi/.  Session  1900. 
Pp.  31.     Kendal :  1901 

Contents  : — Rules  of  the  Society.  List  of  Members  (thirty- three, 
of  whom  six  are  honorary).  President's  Address  (5  pp.).  "  Notes  on 
Colias  edusa  and  Acherontia  atropus,'''  by  Rev.  A.  M.  Moss  (7  pp.). 
"  Rearing  of  Lepidoptera,'  by  Mr.  Frank  Littlewood  (10  pp.).  "  List 
of  the  Macro-Lepidoptera  of  the  Kendal  District"  (5  pp.).  Balance-sheet. 

In  his  interesting  remarks  on  the  occurrence  of  C.  edusa  and 
A.  atropos  in  1900,  Mr.  Moss  briefly  reviews  the  records  concerning 
the  first-named  species  since  1877.  The  paper  on  rearing  Lepidoptera 
is  a  most  useful  contribution  and  worthy  of  careful  perusal.     Three 


164  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

hundred  and  seventy-four  species  are  enumerated  in  the  local  list  of 
Lepidoptera,  which  is  admitted  to  be  incomplete,  and  it  is  proposed  to 
publish  supplementary  lists  in  each  succeeding  year.  In  his  address, 
the  president  (Rev.  A.  M.  Moss)  deals  chiefly  with  the  work  of  the 
Society,  but  in  his  opening  remarks  he  refers  to  the  progress  of  ento- 
mology during  the  latter  years  of  the  nineteenth  century.  We  are 
pleased  to  find  that  the  finances  are  in  a  flourishing  condition,  the 
cash  balance  at  the  close  of  the  past  year  being  almost  twice  as  large 
as  that  brought  forward  from  the  previous  year.  So  far,  not  much 
beyond  field-work  and  matters  directly  connected  therewith  have  been 
attempted,  but  these  have  been  well  done. 

Transactions  of  the  City  uf  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History 
Society /or  the  year  1900.  Pp.  74.  London  Institution,  E.G.  1901. 
The  entomological  papers  are: — "  Secondary  sexual  characters  in 
British  Coleoptera,"  by  Mr.  H.  Heasler  "  ;  "  Re -classification  of  the 
Lepidoptera,"  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Kaye  ;  "  A  few  Days  at  Fusio,"  by 
Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman  (with  notes  on  the  Geometrids  by  Mr.  L.  B.  Prout). 
A  further  instalment  of  the  lepidopterous  "  Fauna  of  the  London 
District,"  bringing  the  subject  up  to  the  end  of  Geometridae,  is  also 
given.  The  President's  address,  it  must  be  added,  is  exceedingly 
interesting  reading,  and  we  heartily  commend  it  to  the  notice  of  those 
who  are  not,  as  yet,  students  in  the  advanced  school  of  entomology. 
The  various  matters  referred  to  in  the  "  Reports  of  Meetings  "  are  of 
the  usual  instructive  character. 


Lepidoptera. — A.  G.  Mayer  carried  449  cocoons  of  Callosmnia  prome- 
thea  from  Massachusetts  to  Loggerhead  Key  (oft"  the  Florida  coast,  many 
hundred  miles  south  of  the  southernmost  range  of  the  species),  and 
experimented  on  the  way  in  which  the  emerged  females  attract  the 
males.  Males  do  not  come  to  females  in  hermetically  sealed  glass 
boxes,  though  they  congregate  about  boxes  which  do  not  admit  of  a 
sight  of  the" female,  but  which  allow  odours  from  the  female  to  escape 
to^the  outer  air.  They  will  seek  out  such  boxes  even  when  the  vapour 
of  carbon  bisulphide  is  escaping  from  the  box,  together  with  such 
odorous  material  as  the  female  may  produce.  Females  thirty  to  sixty 
hours  old  are  much  more  attractive  to  males  than  young  females  five 
to  ten  hours  old.  Virgins  are  somewhat  more  attractive  than  fertilized 
females  of  the  same  age.  The  sense-organs  thus  stimulated  are  the 
antenna},  for  when  these  are  covered  with  impervious  materials,  the 
males  no  longer  seek  the  females.  If  the  eyes  of  a  male  are  covered 
over  with  Brunswick  black  to  prevent  sight,  he  will  still  mate  normally 
if  placed  near  a  female.  The  wings  of  the  females  are  reddish  blue, 
those  of  the  males  darker;  yet,  if  these  be  interchanged  (by  means  of 
glue),  no  apparent  disadvantage  in  mating  is  sufiered  by  either.  These 
and  other  similar  observations  lead  the  author  to  conclude  that  the 
sexes  pay  no  attention  to  the  appearance  of  their  partners,  and  that  the 
dark  colouration  of  the  male  has  not  been  brought  about  through 
sexual  selection  on  the  part  of  the  female.—"  On  the  Mating  Instinct 
in  Moths,"  '  American  Naturalist,'  1900,  pp.  674-5,  ex  '  Psyche,'  ix. 
(1900),  pp.  15-20. 


Eiitoniologist,  June,   1901. 


W  /J 


Plate    III. 


c 


IX 


\ 


11 


/v 


^\,/\ 


A 


2     /; 


4 


\ 


W.  J.  Lucas  del. 


West,  Xewioau  photo. 


Tttti.r  bipunrtiitii-'. — 1.  Dorsal  view.     la.  Lateral  view,     x  4J. 
Tettix  .•'iihiil/itii.<. — "2.  Dorsal  view.     "ia.  Lateral  view,     x  4^. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIV.l  JUNE.     1901.  [No.  457. 


OKTHOPTEKA     IN     1900. 

By  W.   J.   Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

(Plate    III.) 

During  1900  little  of  importance  seems  to  have  been  done  or 
observed  in  connection  with  the  British  representatives  of  the 
Orthoptera,  and  were  it  not  that  records  in  connection  with  this 
order  are  few,  it  would  be  out  of  place  to  publish  the  following 
brief  notes  of  my  own,  especially  as  my  work  in  the  order  during 
the  year  was  very  spasmodic.  In  all,  or  nearly  all,  the  other 
orders  new  species  have  been  added  to  the  British  list,  but  the 
total  of  the  Orthoptera  remains  unchanged ;  perhaps  no  more 
are  left  to  be  discovered. 

Among  the  Earwigs,  Mr.  Ashdown  again  found  Forficula 
lesnei  common  in  the  old  locality  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Eanmore,  in  Surrey.  There  was,  of  course,  no  dearth  of  F. 
auricidaria.  On  Sept.  16th,  one  beaten  from  a  tree  on  Esher 
Common,  about  10.30  a.m.,  had  apparently  just  cast  its  last 
skin,  and  was  of  a  uniform  pale  creamy-white  tint,  except  the 
eyes,  which  were  black,  and  a  little  dark  cloudiness  in  one  part 
of  the  abdomen,  due  apparently  to  the  contents.  The  insect, 
which  was  a  male,  had  practically  assumed  its  correct  colouring 
by  the  evening. 

As  regards  the  Cockroaches,  females  of  Ectohia  lapponica 
were  taken  at  sugar  on  Aug.  7th  and  Aug.  11th  at  Eamnor,  in 
the  New  Forest ;  the  little  E.  panzeri  was  found,  and  seemed  to 
be  common,  at  the  sandhills  near  Studland  in  Dorset  ;  and  on 
Sept.  26th  a  specimen  of  Rhijparohia  maderce  was  received  alive 
and  in  good  condition  from  Mr.  South,  who  received  it  on  the 
night  of  Sept.  25th  from  Mr.  H.  0.  Dixon,  the  latter  statingtbat 
he  found  it  "in  his  desk  at  Covent  Garden  the  previous  evening." 
The  insect  is  now  in  my  possession. 

ENTOM. — JUNE,    1901.  ^ 


166  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Turning  to  the  grasshoppers  with  short  antennae  (Acridiodea), 
Mecostetlius  grossus  was  again  found  in  the  New  Forest,  and  at 
Denny  Bog  on  Aug.  7th  one  or  two  females  were  very  large. 
Stenobothrus  lineatns  was  taken  on  Aug.  8th  near  Studland,  in 
Dorset,  and  on  Aug.  18th  hetween  Lulworth  and  Weymouth. 
S.  viridulns  was  secured  in  the  New  Forest  on  Aug.  1st  and  13th. 
The  very  common  and  variable  species,  S.  hicolor,  was  noted  in 
the  New  Forest,  and  by  the  coast  near  Milton,  in  Hampshire ; 
near  Studland  and  Portland,  in  Dorset ;  at  Chilswell  Hill,  in 
Berks ;  at  E slier  Common  and  near  Oxshott  and  Claygate,  in 
Surrey.  On  Esher  Common  a  large  female  was  taken  as  late  as 
Nov.  4th.  The  almost  equally  common  S.  parallelus  was  noted 
in  the  New  Forest  and  near  Oxshott.  The  better  species,  S. 
rufipes  and  S.  elegans,  I  did  not  meet  with.  Gomphocerus  macu- 
latus  was  taken  in  several  places,  but  G.  rufiis  was  not  found. 
The  little  Tettix  hipunctatiis,  which  hybernates  in  the  perfect 
form,  was  met  with  on  May  19th  at  Oxshott,  early  in  June  in 
the  New  Forest,  and  on  August  11th  on  the  coast  near  Milford, 
in  Hampshire.  With  the  last  amongst  the  fallen  cliffs  I  also 
took  its  less  common  congener,  T.  subulatas,  which  I  had  not 
previously  captured.  As  these  two  grasshoppers  are  by  descrip- 
tion somewhat  alike,  and,  owing  to  their  very  diminutive  size, 
no  doubt  often  overlooked,  figures  of  their  dorsal  and  lateral 
aspect  are  given  on  Plate  III.  for  comparison.  Both  are  unique 
amongst  British  grasshoppers  in  having  the  pronotum  produced 
posteriorly  so  as  to  cover  the  dorsal  surface.  With  regard  to 
T.  hipunctatiis  should  be  noticed  its  stouter  build  ;  the  two  black 
spots  on  the  pronotum,  which,  however,  may  be  indistinct  or 
absent  ;  the  diminutive  wings,  and  the  backward  prolongation 
of  the  pronotum  extending  not  quite  to  the  knees.  T.  subidatiis 
is  more  slender,  does  not  possess  the  black  spots,  has  better 
developed  wings,  and  has  the  prolongation  of  the  pronotum 
produced  considerably  beyond  the  knees. 

Of  the  division  of  the  grasshoppers  with  long  antenna 
(Locustodea) ,  Leptophijes  punctatissima  was  met  with  on  several 
occasions  in  the  New  Forest,  and  was  there  perhaps  more 
common  than  usual  last  season.  Being  wingless,  it  must  either 
be  picked  off  the  herbage,  if  its  colour  will  allow  it  to  be  dis- 
covered, or  else  taken  with  the  sweeping  net.  To  preserve  the 
beautiful  green  colouring  the  abdomen  must  be  emptied,  and  its 
contents  replaced  by  a  tiny  roll  of  cotton-wool.  In  fact,  the 
same  must  be  done  with  all  the  Locustodea  and  the  larger 
Acridiodea.  Meconema  varium  was  taken  on  Oct.  7th  from  a 
fence  in  Kingston-on-Thames.  Xipliidimn  dorsale  was  again 
taken  at  Hengistbury  Head,  in  Hampshire.  On  Aug.  8th,  at 
the  sandhills  near  Studland,  in  Dorset,  an  immature  specimen 
was  observed  to  be  extremely  well  protected  on  a  blade  of  grass, 
where  it  rested  with  its  legs  stretched  out  in  a  line  with  its  body 


LIFE-HISTORY    OF    COLIAS    HYALR.  167 

in  some  such  manner  as  many  of  the  long-legged  spiders  do  ; 
such  a  position  it  took  up  very  readily.  This  grasshoi)per  seems 
ahvays  to  affect  the  same  kind  of  grass — a  soft  pale  green  species 
that  grows  in  great  tufts.  On  the  evening  of  Aug.  7th,  in  one 
of  the  rides  at  Eamnor  in  the  New  Forest,  I  found  some  numbers 
of  the  singular  wingless  grasshopper,  Thamnotrizon  cinereus,  one 
or  two  taken  being  still  immature.  After  being  killed  (as  was 
supposed),  eviscerated,  and  set,  two  were  found  after  several 
hours  to  be  alive  as  regards  the  fore  part  of  the  body — a  striking 
instance  of  vital  tenacity.  On  Aug.  13th,  near  Ehinefields,  a 
very  large  female  of  the  same  species  was  captured.  On  a  broken 
piece  of  cliff-side  between  Lulworth  and  Weymouth,  I  took,  on 
Aug.  18th,  two  females  of  Platycleis  (/risen,  this  being  my  first 
capture  of  the  species,  which  is  not,  I  believe,  a  specially  scarce 
one,  and  is  certainly  conspicuous.  P.  hracliyptera  was,  as  usual, 
plentiful  at  the  end  of  the  summer  on  Esher  and  Oxshott 
Commons. 

Of  the  Grillodea  (Crickets),  the  only  species  that  I  met  with 
was  Nemobiiis  si/lvestris,  which  was  found  in  several  distinct 
districts  in  the  New  Forest,  its  only  British  home.  No  doubt  it 
is  well  distributed  there,  its  favourite  haunts  appearing  to  be 
amongst  dead  leaves  on  the  banks  of  streams,  but  well  up  above 
the  water. 

Kingstou-on-Tbames :  May,  1901. 


LIFE-HISTOEY     OF     COLIAS     BY  ALE. 
By  F.  W.  Fkohawk,  M.B.O.U.,  F.E.S. 

(Continued  from  'Entomologist,'  vol.  xxv.  p.  274,  1892.) 

From  the  observations  I  carried  out  respecting  the  earlier 
stages  of  Colias  hyale  in  1892  and  1893,  I  then  felt  convinced 
that  this  species  hybernated  in  the  larval  condition,  as  stated 
in  the  'Entomologist,'  1893,  vol.  xxvi.  p.  146.  I  am  now  able 
to  verify  this  to  be  the  case  from  observations  made  dunng  the 
past  eight  months  upon  a  very  large  number  of  C.  hyale  larvae 
possessed  by  friends  and  myself,  and  by  their  assistance  I  have 
been  able  to  complete  the  life-history  of  this  most  interesting 
species. 

The  large  number  of  larvffi  I  had  last  autumn,  which  hatched 
from  the  ova  at  the  end  of  August,  were  all  subjected  to  a  high 
temperature  with  much  sunshine  during  September ;  but,  not- 
withstanding, they  grew  very  slowly,  and  towards  the  end  of 
the  month  they  ceased  feeding  and  entered  into  hybernation, 
being  then  quite  small,  the  majority  measuring  about  ?  in. 
long.     On  December  21st  I  placed  many  of  them  in  the  sun, 

o  2 


168  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

it  being  a  bright  warm  day  with  a  sun  temperature  of  73°, 
but  they  all  remained  motionless.  On  the  3rd  of  January,  with 
a  shade  temperature  of  48°,  I  observed  one  larva  feeding  slowly ; 
from  that  date  others  occasionally  fed.  On  January  17th  those 
from  ova  deposited  on  September  12th  began  crawling  about  in 
search  of  fresh  food.  The  plants  having  only  a  few  living  leaves, 
I  removed  forty  of  the  larvae  on  to  a  fresh  plant  with  a  good 
supply  of  young  leaves  ;  they  all  crawled  up  the  stems  and 
rested  on  the  petals,  mostly  on  the  under  side,  but  they  did  not 
commence  feeding  until  the  20th,  when  I  noticed  several  feeding, 
and  again  on  the  following  day,  when  it  turned  warmer,  the  out- 
door shade  temperature  at  11  a.m.  being  52°,  and  indoors  60°, 
where  the  larvae  were  kept.  It  apparently  is  the  usual  habit  of 
the  larvae  of  liyale  to  leave  their  hybernaculum  about  the  middle 
of  January  in  their  more  southern  home,  as  those  I  had  in  1892 
did  the  same.  February  12th  was  a  cold,  almost  cloudless  day 
after  a  very  cold  early  morning  of  22°,  but  a  slight  haze  prevented 
much  warmth  from  the  sun,  as  the  temperature  in  the  sun  did 
not  rise  above  54°  where  the  larvae  were,  but  for  the  want  of 
more  heat  they  remained  nearly  motionless  all  day. 

In  the  continuous  dull  weather  during  February  and  March 
the  larvae  were  kept  near  a  fire  during  the  daytime,  but  from  the 
dullness  of  the  weather  they  showed  little  signs  of  activity,  and 
fed  but  slightly ;  but  from  5  to  11  p.m.  nightly  they  were  placed 
on  a  chimney-piece  over  a  fire  and  directly  under  a  gaslight, 
which  appeared  to  suit  them  admirably,  as  they  became  active 
and  fed  on  and  off  all  the  time,  yet  they  made  but  slow  progress, 
although  a  few  moulted  for  the  third  time,  and  they  all  gradually 
died,  the  last  one  dying  on  March  16th,  having  lived  for  about 
two  hundred  days.  I  was  so  far  enabled  to  figure  and  describe 
the  larva  after  the  third  moult — description  presently. 

I  will  now  allude  to  another  brood  of  hyale  larvae,  which 
Messrs.  Cope  and  Hawkins  had  under  observation,  from  ova 
obtained  the  middle  of  August  last.  They  all  commenced 
hybernating  during  September,  and  at  the  end  of  that  month 
the  plants  containing  the  larvae  were  placed  in  a  greenhouse, 
which  was  kept  at  a  moderately  warm  temperature  throughout 
the  winter,  the  night  temperature  not  going  down  below  44°. 
These  were  left  untouched  until  the  third  week  of  February, 
when  my  friends  found  forty  still  living,  the  majority  of  them 
having  moulted  the  third  time.  They  made  satisfactory  progress 
until  many  had  reached  their  last  stage,  when  they  gradually 
died  off,  and  only  one  succeeded  in  pupating  on  March  6th, 
which,  however,  was  slightly  malformed,  and  produced  a  crippled 
yellow  female  on  April  4th. 

On  March  18th  Mr.  W.  A.  Cope  kindly  gave  me,  for  the  purpose 
of  figuring,  the  last  remaining  larva,  almost  full  grown,  which  I 
figured  the  following  day,  when  it  measured  just  an  inch  in 


I 


LIFE-HISTORY    OF    COLIAS    HYALE.  169 

length.  It  finally  became  fully  grown  on  April  6th,  and  mea- 
sured one  and  one-sixth  inch  long,  but  died  the  following  day. 

To  Mr.  J.  H  Carpenter  my  especial  thanks  are  due,  as  with 
his  assistance  I  have  been  able  to  complete  the  life-history  of 
this  species.  He  obtained  a  large  number  of  ova  from  a  female 
captured  at  Sheerness  on  August  18th  last.  The  larvae  started 
hybernation  at  the  same  time  as  those  of  all  the  others  we  had 
under  observation,  when  fortunately  he  placed  them  all  (between 
two  hundred  and  three  hundred)  in  a  store  room  which,  from  its 
situation,  remained  at  a  fairly  uniform  temperature  throughout 
the  winter ;  during  the  coldest  nights  it  did  not  go  below  about 
42^.  The  plants  on  which  the  larvae  were  confined  were  kept 
near  a  window,  and  were  unattended  to  all  through  the  winter, 
consequently  the  plants  dried  up,  which  evidently  is  the  cause 
of  the  success  he  has  attained  with  them,  which  he  says  is  due 
more  to  accident  than  otherwise,  as  he  had  but  slight  hopes  of 
pulling  them  through,  so  left  them  unattended.  From  the  result 
of  our  observations,  it  appears  that  it  has  been  the  moisture 
from  the  mould  in  the  pots  containing  the  living  plants,  which 
were  kept  watered  through  the  winter,  that  caused  so  much 
fatality  with  Messsrs.  Cope's,  Hawkins's,  and  my  own  larvae. 
As  the  temperatures  mine  were  subjected  to  until  the  end 
of  January  were  almost  similar  to  those  in  Mr.  Carpenter's 
possession,  it  therefore  seems  evident  that  it  is  during  hyber- 
nation that  they  require  dryness,  and  to  be  kept  from  frost. 
After  hybernation  my  friend  had  about  two  hundred  larva3  living  ; 
but  many  of  them  died  subsequently,  no  doubt  from  being  ex- 
posed to  a  few  (two  or  three)  degrees  of  frost,  coupled  with  the 
dampness  then  arising  from  the  freshly  potted  plants.  He  has, 
however,  met  with  so  much  success  that,  at  the  time  of  writing, 
he  now  has  over  one  hundred  pupas.  When  I  examined  his 
larva3  on  March  9th,  I  found  they  were  in  the  same  stages  as 
those  I  had.  On  April  24th  I  again  visited  him,  and  found  he 
had  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  larvae,  many  about  full  grown, 
and  a  couple  of  pupae ;  the  first  one  pupated  on  April  20th.  This 
and  some  larvae  he  very  kindly  gave  me  (from  this  pupa  a  male 
emerged  on  May  7th).  With  this  aid  I  have  completed  figuring 
and  describing  the  final  stages  of  this  butterfly. 

As  all  the  earliest  stages  from  the  deposition  of  the  ,egg  to 
second  moult  inclusive,  I  published  in  the  *  Entomologist,  1892, 
vol.  XXV.  pp.  271-274,  I  will  now  continue  with  the  various 
remaining  stages— from  larvae  which  hatched  on  August  29th, 
1900,  from  ova  deposited  August  19th.  The  hybernation  stages 
are  after  the  second  and  third  moults. 

After  the  third  moult  when  hybernating  and  one  hundred  and 
eight  days  old,  it  measures  ^  in.  long ;  colour  uniformly  green, 
the  spiracular  line  whitish  green,  dilated  and  divided  into  four  lobes 
of  unequal  sizes  ;  on  the  second  one,  which  is  the  largest,  is  placed 


170  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

the  large  conspicuous  shining  black  spiracle  ;  on  the  adjoining 
posterior  lobe  is  a  primrose-yellow  oblique  blotch ;  each  segment 
is  transversely  and  deeply  wrinkled,  the  centre  one  so  much  so 
that  it  gives  each  segment  a  double  appearance.  The  entire 
surface  is  densely  sprinkled  with  black  shining  warts  of  various 
sizes,  some  extremely  minute,  each  one  emitting  a  black  shining 
bristle;  these  are  straight  on  the  dorsal  surface,  and  rather 
curved  on  the  lateral  region,  all  being  directed  in  various  posi- 
tions. The  head,  legs,  and  claspers  are  similar  to  the  body,  all 
being  covered  with  bristles,  and  of  a  green  colour.  The  body  is 
also  extremely  finely  granulated  with  the  minutest  black  specks, 
principally  on  the  dorsal  area  ;  these,  together  with  the  black 
bristles,  give  the  larva  a  dark  green  colour  and  a  rough  appear- 
ance. From  this  stage  the  large  black  spiracles  become  less 
conspicuous. 

After  hybernation  and  after  third  moult — over  one  hundred 
and  sixty  days  old — it  measures  ^  in.  long ;  the  whole  colouring 
clearer  and  lighter  than  during  hybernation  ;  the  head  ochreous- 
olive,  and  the  spiracular  line  pale  lemon-yellow. 

About  a  week  after  the  fourth  moult — two  hundred  and  twenty 
days  old — it  measures  |  in.  long  ;  the  general  colouring  and  form 
almost  exactly  similar  to  the  previous  stage,  excepting  the  spira- 
cular line  is  rather  whiter,  and  in  some  specimens  the  yellow 
markings  on  the  line  are  faintly  shown ;  the  spiracles  in  most 
cases  are  less  black,  having  whitish  centres,  and  the  head  is 
generally  ochreous  tinged  with  green,  but  some  have  almost 
clear  green  heads. 

After  fifth  and  last  moult— fully  grown — it  measures  1^^  in. 
long ;  is  almost  cylindrical  but  slightly  largest  at  the  third 
segment,  and  tapering  at  the  anal  segments.  The  ground  colour 
is  a  clear  light  green,  but  has  a  darkish  velvety  appearance,  due 
to  the  entire  surface  being  densely  sprinkled  with  black  warts, 
each  emitting  a  moderately  long  bristle,  which  are  black  all 
over  the  dorsal  surface,  and  white  on  the  ventral  surface ;  each 
wart  is  encircled  with  whitish  green,  and  the  intervening  spaces 
have  excessively  minute  black  granulations  ;  the  spiracular  line 
is  tricoloured,  having  a  white  upper  border  running  the  whole 
length,  the  anterior  half  on  each  segment  is  a  beautiful  rich 
lemon-yellow  reaching  just  beyond  the  spiracle,  then  deepening 
into  orange-vermilion,  which  fades  into  orange  posteriorly  ;  the 
spiracle  is  white,  very  finely  outlined  with  black.  The  head, 
claspers,  and  legs  are  green,  and  covered  with  bristles  similar 
to  the  body. 

There  is  considerable  variation  in  the  colouring  of  the  spira- 
cular line ;  in  some  specimens  the  orange-vermilion  is  replaced 
by  deep  gamboge-yellow,  and  a  remarkable  variation  occurs  in 
some  specimens  by  having  a  conspicuous  black  spot  immediately 
below  the  spiracular  line,  precisely  similar  to  eclusa;    in  some 


LIFE -HISTORY    OF    COLIAS    HYALE.  171 

these  spots  occur  from  the  third  to  the  eleventh  segments  in- 
ckisive  ;  in  others  it  is  only  on  a  few  of  the  segments,  while 
others  have  no  trace  whatever  of  them  ;  but  usually,  when  they 
do  occur,  they  are  not  so  large  as  in  edusa.  The  similarity 
between  the  larva  of  the  two  species  is  remarkable,  and  the  only 
differences  which  I  can  detect  are  as  follows  : — In  liyale  the  black 
spots  below  the  line  are  usually  less  in  size,  also  in  number,  or 
altogether  absent ;  the  red  of  the  spiracular  line  extends  further, 
and  that  the  bristles  are  somewhat  darker  and  longer  than  those 
of  edusa. 

The  pupa:  the  length  varies  from  |-|  to  f  in.,  and  ^  in,  in 
greatest  diameter ;  the  head  terminates  in  a  short  straight  beak, 
the  thorax  is  humped  dorsally,  the  abdomen  rounded  and 
tapering  to  the  anal  point ;  wings  ample,  rounded  and  swollen 
in  the  middle,  reaching  the  division  between  the  fifth  and  sixth 
abdominal  segments,  base  of  wings  angular  ;  dorsal  half  of  head 
dark  green,  ventral  half  light  green,  the  two  shades  being  divided 
by  a  light  greenish  yellow  stripe,  which  extends  along  the  inner 
submargin  of  the  wing  and  spiracular  line,  enclosing  the  incon- 
spicuous whitish  spiracles.  The  whole  of  the  dorsal  surface  varies 
from  pale  green  to  light  greenish  yellow,  in  some  specimens  it  is 
decidedly  yellow  ;  there  is  a  medio-dorsal  longitudinal  line  rather 
darker  than  the  ground  colour.  The  wings  are  of  a  duller  and 
darker  green,  as  are  the  legs  and  antennae.  The  ventral  surface 
of  the  abdomen  is  of  the  same  yellow-green  as  the  dorsal  surface. 
The  inner  margin  of  the  wing  is  dusky  green,  which  borders  on 
the  submarginal  yellow  line.  A  subspiracular  series  of  three 
minute  black  dots  on  the  abdomen,  and  below  these  a  lateral 
dark  purplish  brown  band  composed  of  four  oblong  markings, 
one  on  each  segment  from  the  wings  downwards,  the  last  being 
very  pale  and  small.  On  the  wing  a  sub-hind-marginal  series 
of  six  black  dots,  each  situated  between  the  nervures  and  a 
central  black  discal  dot.  It  is  suspended  by  a  belt  of  silk  round 
the  middle,  and  the  attachment  of  the  anal  hooks  to  a  silken  pad 
spun  upon  the  stem  of  the  plant. 

The  resemblance  between  the  pupa  of  hijale  and  edusa  is 
almost  identical,  the  only  differences  which  appear  to  be  constant 
are  that  the  head  beak  of  hyale  is  straight,  which  in  edusa  is 
slightly  upturned,  and  the  apex  of  the  wing  in  the  latter  does 
not  reach  so  far  down  the  abdomen  as  in  hyale. 

The  first  specimen,  a  male,  emerged  on  May  7th,  1901. 

Croydon:  May  11th,  1901. 


172 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ON    LABELLING    INSECTS. 
By  E.  Brunetti. 

There  is  a  great  lack  of  uniformity  in  labelling  insects, 
owing  to  which  it  is  often  impossible  to  distinguish  the  name  of 
the  locality  from  that  of  the  collector ;  and  with  reference  to  the 
date  of  capture,  it  is  impossible  to  discover  what  is  meant  (when 
the  day  of  capture  happens  to  be  less  than  the  13th)  on  account 
of  some  collectors  placing  the  day  of  the  month  first,  and  others 
the  month. 

For  instance,  a  specimen  taken  on  May  10th,  1901,  would 
by  some  be  labelled  10.5.1901,  and  by  others  (chiefly  amongst 
Americans)  5.10.1901.  On  passing  from  one  collection  to 
another,  the  recipient  would  be  undecided  as  to  whether  the 
figures  referred  to  May  10th  or  October  5th. 

Again,  now  that  exchange  abroad  is  much  more  common 
than  formerly,  it  is  insufficient  to  give  simply  the  village  or 
wood  in  which  the  insect  is  taken. 

The  province  or  county  should  also  be  given,  in  full  if  pos- 
sible, unless  the  name  of  the  country  be  also  added,  when  both 
the  latter  may  be  abbreviated;  as,  for  example,  "Bradford, 
Yorks.,  Eng.,"  or  "  Shovel  Mount,  Burnet  Co.,  Tex." 

It  must  be  remembered  that  there  are  counties  of  Middlesex, 
Surrey,  and  Cornwall  in  Jamaica ;  that  there  are  similar  instances 
everywhere,  and  hosts  of  towns  with  well-known  English  names 
in  the  United  States,  in  Canada,  and  other  colonies;  so  that 
specimens  so  ambiguously  labelled  as  "London,"  "Victoria," 
&c.,  might  give  rise  to  much  confusion  in  general  collections. 

I  have  the  honour,  therefore,  to  propose  the  following  system 
of  labelling  all  insects  : — 

1st. — The  exact  locality  to  be  given  in  full,  invariably  in- 
cluding county  (or  province)  also,  such  as  "Bognor,  Sussex." 
"  Admont,  St.yria."  "  Palm  Beach,  Florida."  ;  or,  if  the  county's 
name  be  abbreviated,  the  country  also  to  be  added,  as  "Bradford, 
Yorks.,  Eng." 

2nd. — The  date  to  be  invariably  given  in  the  following  order : 
day,  month,  year;  and,  to  further  avoid  misunderstanding,  the 
month  to  be  given  in  roman  numerals ;  thus.  May  10th,  1901, 
should  read  lO.v.1901. 

3rd. — The  collector's  name  (if  added)  to  be  always  placed 
sideways  to  the  rest  of  the  inscription,  and  the  ticket  to  be 
attached  to  the  insect,  so  that  it  may  be  read  from  the  right 
hand  side  of  the  specimen.     Examples  : — 


New  Forest, 

Hants,  Eng. 

16.  vi.  1901 


Lake  KeuTia, 

New  York. 

14.  viii.  1901 


LIST    OF    THE    LBPIDOPTERA    OF    WEI-HAI-WEI.  173 

The  scientific  value  of  collections  thus  uniformly  labelled 
would,  I  think,  be  increased,  and  reference,  at  least,  much 
facilitated. 

11,  Mostyn  Road,  Brixton  Road,  London. 


A    PRELIMINARY   LIST   OF    THE    LEPIDOPTERA   OF 
WEI-HAI-WEL 

By  Thomas  Bainbrigge  Fletcher,  R.N.,  F.E.S. 
(Continued  from  p.  156.) 

Fam.  PiERiD^. 
Sub-Fam.  Piekin^e. 

Pieris  i  ajm,  L. — Common  all  the  summer  near  cultivated  ground 
round  the  villages.  They  seem  mostly  referable  to  var.  orientalis, 
Oberth. ;  the  females  as  a  rule  have  the  basal  black  markings  much 
developed  (var.  crucivora).  I  noticed  that  on  wet  days  they  often  settle 
on  willow-leaves,  evidently  selecting  these  because  they  are  of  a  light 
tint,  and  match  the  under  surface  better  than  would  most  other  leaves. 

Pieris  canidia,  Sparrm. — Common  in  May. 

Pontia  daplidice,  L. — Common  all  the  summer ;  there  seem  to  be 
two  emergences,  one  in  May  and  the  other  in  August,  but  the  species 
is  to  be  found  all  tlirough  the  warm  season.  It  has  a  decided  prefer- 
ence for  a  sandy  beach  overgrown  with  a  small  Concolvulus. 

Sub-Fam.   Callidryin^. 

Euryiniis  [Colias)  Jii/ale,  auct.  (=  kirbii,  Lewis). — Common  in  April 
and  May,  and  again  from  September  until  the  cold  weather  sets  in. 
A  white  form  of  the  female  is  fairly  common.  These  Wei-hai-wei 
specimens  agree  best  with  var.  eltcesii,  Butl.,  of  the  form  (?  sub-species) 
poliographiis,  Mots. 

Terias  anemone,  Feld.,  var.  mariesii,  Butl. — One  specimen  ;  Leu- 
kung-tao,  4th  September,  1898. 

Fam.  EQmxiD.E. 
Sub-Fam.  Equitin^e. 

Jasoniades  (Papilio)  xuthus,  L. — I  only  met  with  this  species  on  one 
occasion,  on  28th  August,  1898,  when  it  was  common  in  Leu-kuug-tao 
along  the  hills.  This  would  be  the  second  brood.  In  Japan,  I  have 
taken  the  first  brood  (var.  xuthuliis)  at  Nagasaki  in  April,  but  have  not 
seen  it  at  Wei-hai-wei. 

Achivus  (Papilio)  machaon,  L.— Fairly  common,  especially  round 
hill-tops  at  an  elevation  of  from  five  hundred  to  a  thousand  feet. 
There  are  two  emergences,  the  first  appearing  at  the  beginning  of  May, 
the  second  about  the  middle  of  August.  The  spring  brood  is  typical 
machaon,  the  ffistival  is  decidedly  var.  asiatica,  Men.  ;  it  is,  however,  of 
normal  size,  and  does  not  approach  the  large  form  hippocrates,  Feld. 


174  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Papilio  sp. — There  is  a  third  Equitid  to  be  found  at  Wei-hai-wei, 
but  I  cannot  vouch  for  the  species.  One  day  in  July,  1898,  I  saw  a 
large  black  Papilio  flapping  about  around  the  top  of  Centurion  Hill, 
but  failed  to  secure  it, 

Fara,  Hesperiid^. 

Sub-Fam.  HESPERiiNiE. 

Hesperia  {Syiichthioi)  macnlatus,  Brem. — Fairly  common  at  the  end 
of  April  and  beginning  of  May. 

Hesperia  (Si/ricltthm)  sinicus,  Butl, — Two  specimens;  Leu-kung-tao, 
23rd  July,  1898. 

Thanaiis  {Nisoniades)  montanus,  Brem. — Common  on  the  mainland 
amongst  oak-bushes  on  25th  April,  1899,  but  very  local.  Pryer  states 
that  the  larva  feeds  on  oak,  and  this  is  probably  correct,  as  I  have 
always  found  this  species  associated  with  oak,  both  at  Wei-hai-wei  and 
Nagasaki. 

Sub-Fam.  Pamphilin^e. 

Pamphila  guttata,  Brem. — Common  in  July  and  August,  and  strag- 
glers remain  on  the  wing  until  October. 

Pamphila  siiiensis. — One  female  taken  in  July,  1898,  by  Mr.  Ph. 
de  la  Garde.     It  is  much  larger  than  the  average. 

HETEROCERA. 
Fam.  Zyg^inid^e. 

'SortJiia  trista,  Brem. — Seems  fairly  common  on  the  hills  of  the 
mainland,  20th  May  and  13th  June,  1899.  The  flight  is  rather  weak 
and  "booming," 

Syntoviis  phegea,  L,,  var.  nigricornis. — Common  in  June  ;  abundant 
in  1898,  not  so  common  in  1899.  There  is  a  good  deal  of  variation  in 
the  size  of  the  white  spots,  especially  on  the  hind  wings.  The  form 
found  here  is  much  smaller  than  the  European  type,  and  constantly 
differs  in  wanting  the  characteristic  white  tips  to  the  antennae.  Sir 
George  Hampson  (Cat.  Lep.  Phal.  B.M.,  vol.  i.  p.  110)  calls  this  an 
aberration,  but  here  it  is  rather  a  true  variety  replacing  the  type.  The 
larva  is  common  in  May,  and  is  to  be  found  on  low  plants  and  under 
stones. 

Fam.  LiPARiD^. 

Caviria  sericea,  Moore. — Common  at  the  end  of  June.  The  larva 
feeds  on  willow  in  May, 

Euproctis  varians,  Walk.  (=  pnsilla,  Moore), — One  specimen,  bred 
2nd  July,  1899,  from  a  larva  found  in  Leu-kung-tao  on  10th  June. 
The  larva  recalls  that  of  S.  phegea,  and  is  found  in  the  same  sort  of 
locality.     The  cocoon  is  flimsy,  and  interwoven  with  larval  hairs. 

Porthetria  dispar,  L. — Abundant.  The  larvae,  which  appear  to  be 
polyphagous,  are  to  be  seen  in  thousands  during  May,  and  are  full-fed 
about  the  beginning  of  June.     The  moth  appears  in  July. 

Fam.  PsYCHiDiE. 

Metisa  aurea,  Butl. — One  male,  bred  7th  July,  1899,  from  a  larva 
found  on  willow  on  the  mainland  on  20th  June,  There  are  four  males 
in  the  National  Collection,  including  the  type  ;  two  of  these  are  from 
Yokohama,  and  two  from  Pryer's  collection,  Japan. 

(To  be  coutmued,) 


175 


THE  LEECH  COLLECTION  PRESENTED  TO  THE  NATION. 

The  National  Collection  of  Lepidoptera  located  in  the  Natural 
History  IMuseum  at  South  Kensington  has  recently  been  greatly 
enriched  by  the  addition  thereto  of  the  almost  unique  collection  of 
Butterflies  from  Europe,  and  Central  and  Eastern  Asia,  together 
with  the  collection  of  European  Moths,  formed  by  the  late  John 
Henry  Leech,  Esq.,  of  Hurdcott  House,  SalisJjury  (see  Bio- 
graphical Notice,  ante,  p.  33). 

Arrangements  had  been  made  during  Mr.  Leech's  lifetime 
under  which  the  Museum  became  possessed  of  his  Eastern 
Asian  Moths,  and  now  the  same  public  institution  has  acquired 
the  still  more  important  accessions  adverted  to,  through  the 
munificence  of  his  mother,  Mrs.  Leech,  of  Kensington  Palace 
Gardens.  No  more  fitting  memorial  of  the  eminent  entomologist, 
whose  early  removal  we  greatl}'  deplore,  could  have  been  devised 
than  that  the  collection  which  had  afforded  him  so  much  pleasure 
in  amassing,  and  which  furnished  him  with  considerable  valuable 
material  for  faunistic  and  descriptive  work,  should  find  a  per- 
manent home  in  the  Museum  of  his  own  country.  It  would 
have  been  most  regrettable  if  this  magnificent  collection  had 
been  broken  up,  and  its  component  parts  distributed  over  the 
face  of  the  globe — a  fate  it  would  probably  have  met  with  except 
for  the  kind  interest  in  the  matter  shown  by  Mrs.  Leech,  who, 
it  may  be  added,  had  at  all  times  encouraged  her  son  in  his 
entomological  studies.  We  have,  therefore,  very  great  pleasure 
in  tendering  our  most  sincere  thanks  to  the  generous  donor  for 
her  valuable  gift  to  the  nation,  and  in  doing  this  we  can  but 
feel  assured  that  we  are  giving  expression  to  the  feeling  of  all 
British  entomologists. 

We  understand  that  the  Museum  authorities  will  publish 
a  Catalogue  of  the  Butterfly  collection,  so  that  it  is  perhaps 
only  necessary  to  mention  here  that  of  Ehopalocera  there  are 
rather  more  than  eighteen  thousand  specimens,  representing 
some  eleven  hundred  species,  among  which  are  over  four  hun- 
dred male  and  female  types  of  species  described  by  Mr.  Leech. 
This  collection  of  Pal?earctic  butterflies  is  very  rich  in  Chinese 
and  Japanese  species,  and  in  local  forms  and  aberrations  of 
European  species.  The  European  Heterocera  number  about 
twenty-three  thousand  specimens,  including  some  fine  aberra- 
tions and  extensive  series  of  the  variable  species.  The  collection 
of  Eastern  Asian  Moths,  from  which  the  Museum  had  already 
made  a  selection,  comprised  nearly  three  thousand  species,  of 
which  about  eight  hundred  were  made  known  to  science  by 
Mr.  Leech. 


176  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ON  THE  NOMENCLA.TURE  OF  THE  GENERA  OF  THE  RHYN- 
CHOTA,  HETEROPTERA  AND  AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS 
HOMOPTERA. 

By  G.  W.  Kiekaldy,  F.E.S. 

(Continued  from  vol.  xxxiii.  p.  265.) 

1827.  Curtis^  Brit.  Ent.  [Feb.  Istj  154.  (a)  Dictyonota  t. 
eryngii,  nee  Latr.^ 

1828-30.  Heinecken,  Zool.  Journ.  v.  35-40.  (a)  Cerascopus^ 
t.  marginatits.''^ 

1829.  Latreille  in  Cuv.  Regne  An.  (Masson's),  iii.  27  et 
seqq.  (j3)  Dinidor,  Heteroscelis,  Cicadella  ;'^  Ciccus  ,-  Bocydium ; 
Tragopa.  (5)  Gonocerus,  Syromastes,  Anisoscelis,  Nematopus, 
Leptocorisa  (1825),  Calidia,  1821  ;  Eidopa,  1814  ;  Fallen,  Hem. 
Svec.  1-186.  (a)  Sciocoris  t.  ^imhrinus/^  (/3)  Bryocoris  ,-  Schil- 
ling, Beitr.  Ent.  Schles.  i.  34-93.  (a)  Platynotus^  t.  apterus. 
{(i)  Rhopalus,'^  Platygaster  ;^  Ophthalmicus,^  Heterogaster ;  Ste- 
phens, Nomencl.  Brit.  Ins.  64-8.  (J)  Ploa,  1818  [Kleidocerys] 
Plintliisus,  Hylophila,  Orthonotiis,  Poecilosoma,  Azinecei'a^'^]. 

1830.  Germar.  Thon's  Ent.  Arch.  ii.  1-8,  45-57.  {(5)  Amphi- 
scepa ;  Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  [Feb.  1st]  297.  (a)  Chorosoma  t.  arun- 
dinis;^^  Klug,  Symb.  Phys.  (a)  Blissns  t.  hirtidiis ;  Pachynomus 
t.  jJicipes ;  Amphibolus  i.  veiiator.  (/3)  Oncoccphalus,  Opsicoetus,^'^ 
Eumerus  ;^^  Guerin,  Duperrey's  Voy.  Coquille,  Zool.  ii.  pt.  2, 165- 
93.  (a)  Scutiphora  t.  picta  ;^'^  Agapophyta  i.  hipiinctata  ;  Lepto- 
glossus  t.  dilaticollis  ;  Ugyops  t.  percheroni.  (/3)  Platycoris,  Megy- 
menum,  Aphcena  ;  [Eurybrachys,  nee  descr.] . 

1830  ('?).  *Herrich^chaffer,  Panz.  Faun.  Germ.  Fortz.  135. 
(a)  Cryptostemma  t.  dlienum. 

1831.  Serville,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  xxiii.  213-22.  (/3)  Peirates ; 
J.  E.  GRAYjTVIiscell.  34.  (a)  Ptdocerus^^  t.fuscus  [Hahn,  Wanz. 
Ins.  i.  1-36  [Feb.]  (/3)  Cerhus,  Oriterus,  Lopus,  Largus,  Dicrano- 
merus,  Phylus,  Polymenis,  Apiomerus,  Loricerus,  Ai'ilus,  Cimhus, 
Aptus.^  ^^ 

1832.  *Say,  Het.  Hem.  Indiana,  p.  8.  (a)  Ascra^  ^  t.  hifida ;  *Say, 
Het.  Hem.  Indiana,  pp.  ?  (a)  PtocJdomera  t.  nodosus,  Cylnpus  t. 
tenuicornis.     (/3)  Pamera  n.  r\.  for  Pachymerus,  1825  [male  Pachy- 

1  =strichnocera,  Fieb.  °  =Geocoris,  1814. 

-  Homotyp.  Ploiaria,  1787.  ^°  All  undescribed,  and  to  me  invalid. 

3  =idomestica,  Scop.  ^^  =sc]iiUingi,  Schilling. 

*  Co-extensive    with     several     pre-  ^^  =Reduvius,  1775. 

viously  described  genera,  there  ^^  Preocc.  Meig.  182'2. 

used  as  subgenera.  ^*  =pedicellata,  Kirby. 

5  =terTeiis,  Schranck.  ^^  Preoccupied. 

^  Homotyp.  Pyrrhocor is,  1814.  ^^  These   twelve   genera    are   to  me 
7  :=Coriziis,  1814.  invalid,  not  being  described. 

«  Preocc.  Latr.  1809.  ^^  =Edessa,  1803. 


NOMENCLATURE  OF  THE  RHYNCHOTA,  ETC.  177 

mera]  .  (^)  Corixia,  1762  ;  Brulle,  Coram.  Sci.  Moree  Ins.  68-80. 
[h  Oelia,  1803 ;  LAPORTE^.XrmT  Soc.  Ent.  France,  i.  95-8.  (/3) 
Heteronotiis  ;  HAHN^Wanz.  Ins.  ]  Aug.]  i.  37-80.  (/3)  Cymus.  (y) 
Heterogaster,  18^9,  t.  urtuue  ;  [Nov.]  i.  81-118.  (a)  Myrmus  t.  miri- 
formis ;  Jalla  t.  dumosa  ;  Halticus  t.  palliconiis  ;^^  Attus  ^^  t.  puli- 
carius.  (/3)  Anna  ;  Rhynarim  ;^^  Laporte,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France, 
i.  221-31,  (a)  Poiocera  t.  luczoti ;  G^fnuana^^  i.  cucidlata ;'^'^  Schizia 
t.  servillei  ;  Atypa  t.  gihba  ;  Pterygia'^'^i.  macquarti;  Spharonotus'^^ 
t.  glohidaris  ;  CypJioniai.  ornata.'^'^^  (/3)  Acanthicus  ;'-^^  Perchbron 
in  Gueriu's  Mag.  Zool.  pi.  48,  pp.  1-2.  (a)  Cephalekis  t.  infwna- 
tiis.  (^}  Ciciis,  1829  ;  \VEST\voop  in  Gray's  Griffith's  Cuvier's  An. 
Kingd.  XV.,  Ins.  ii.  216-64.  (a)  Urophora^^  i.  harclwickii ;  Ortho- 
rapha  t.  cassidioides  ;  LAEaRTE,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  i.  386-415. 
(a)  Rapihirhinus  t.  adscendcns  ;'^^"^  Jjkvo'kt^,  Mag.  Zool.  i.  Suppl. 
1-88.  {a)  Harpactor  t.  angidosiis ;'^'^  Prionotus'^'^  i.serratus;''^^  Hex- 
atoma^'^  t.  marginalis i-^^Leptomeris  i.  picta ;  Macrophthalmiis^^  t. 
pcdlens;  Triatoma^^  t.  gigas  ;^'*  Lophocephala  t.  guerini;  Prostem- 
ma'^^  t.  guttida ;  Discomeriis'^^  t.  erosci;  Mononyx  t.  raptoria;  Di- 
plouychus  t.  riistica  ;^'^  Sphcerodema  t.  rotimdata ;  Stenopoda  t. 
cinerea;'^^  Micrclytrat.  aptcrus ;'^'-^  Meropachus  t. nigricans ;  Pachy- 
meria'^'^  t.  armata  ;  Acanthocephala  t.  compressipes  ;^^  Leptoscelis 
t.  hcBmorrhoidalis ;  Microtoma'^'-^  t.  ecJiii ,-  Nceogeus  t.  erythrocepha- 
lus  ;'^''^  Aphanus  t.  roland[r]i ;  Eurycephala  t.  lideicollis  ;'^'^  Odon- 
topus  t.  sexpiinctatiLs  ;  Meganotus'^^  t.  aptcrus  ;  Stenodema  t.  virens ; 
Menenotus  t.  limatus  ;  Hymeniphera  t.  crucifer:  Chariesterus  t.  ^ra- 
cilis  ;'^^  Chondrocera  t.  laticornis ;  Atractus^'^  t.  cinereus  ;  Phyllo- 
morphat.kistrix  ;^^  Zosmenas'^^  t.  macidatus  ;  Eurycera^^  i.nigri- 
cornis  ;^^  Pedeticus  i.  marmoratiis  r"'^  Piestosoma^'^  i.  depressus ; 
Bracliyrynchus  t.  orientalis  ;^'^    Dryptocephala  t.  hndlei ;   Disco- 

I''  —apteru8,  Linn.  •*'*  Homotyp.  Syrtin,  1803. 

1"  Preocc.  Walck.  1805.  ^'^  On  p.  83   ritstica   is  said  to  be  a 

2  0  —A^ithocoris,  1814.  Sphcerodema. 

'■^1  Preocc.  Desv.  1831.  ''^  =culiciformis,  Fabr. 

•2-  =marmorata,  F.  ■*'*  =fossidaritm,  Eossi. 

■^^  Preocc.  Boit.  1798.  ^"  Preocc.  Steph.  1829. 

2  4  =Bocydmm,  1829.  *^  =latipes,  Drury. 

■24a=  trijida,  Fabr.  *  -  Altered  invalidly  on  p.  84  to  Polya- 

2  5  Preocc.  Spin.  1829    [nymph-stage  canthus  (the  last  preocc.  Kuhl, 

of  Centrotine  genus] .  1831). 

•^6  Preocc.  Desv.  1830.  ^-^  =ptisillus.  Fall.,  var. 

■i<iA—p1iospliorea,  Linne.  '^^  =atrata,  Goez. 

•^^  By  error  angulatiis  (see  p.  88).  '^'^  Homotyp.  Pyrrhocoris,  1814. 

2  8  Preocc.  Lace  p.  1802.  '^'^  ^^armatus,  Tlmnb. 

2  9  =carinatus,  Forst.  *^  Preocc.  Wagl.  1828. 
='"  Preocc.  Latr.  1809.  *"  =laciniata,  Be  Vill. 
"  =tipidifon)us,  Fab.  *■'  =Plesma,  1825. 

3  2  Preocc.  Latr.  1829.  ^"  Homotyp.  Copius,  1822. 
^•'  Altered  invalidly  on  p.  77  to  Co-     '^^  ^cornutum,  Thunb. 

norhinus.  ^'^  =fasciata,  H.-S. 

34  —rubrofasciatus,  DeGeer.  ^^^  =^7-«£Ziis,  1803. 

3s  Homotvp.  A^aiis,  1802.  =*  —memhrcmaceas,  Fabr.,  var. 


178  THE    KNTOMOLOGIST. 

cephalai.  marmorea ;  Phi/llocephala  t,  senefialensis  ;  Aspongopus  t. 
janus;  Oncomeris  i.flavicornis;  Eiirydema  t.  oleracea ;  Brachyste- 
thus  t.marginatus;^^  Eusthenes  t.rohitsta;  Atelocera  t.  arniata;  Me- 
garhynchas^'^  t.  elongatas  ;^'^  Odontotarsiis  t.  purpureolineatiis  ;^^ 
Eiirygastcr  t.  hottentotii;^^  Trigonosomai.  nigellce;^^  Agonosoma^^ 
i.  fiavolineata ;  Calidca  t.  signata ;  Podops  t.  imuicta  ;  Copto- 
soina  t.  globus  ;^'^  Platycephala  t.  metallica  ;  Oxynotiis'^^  i.gihha; 
Odontoscelis  t.  /(diginosa  ;  Hammaceriis  t.  coispicillaris  ;  Cimhiis^'^ 
t.  versicolor ;  Platymeris  t.  biguttatus  ;  Tapeinus  t.  pictus  ;  Apio- 
merus^"^  i.hirtipes.^^  (/3)  Eiiryophthalmus  ;  Spartocera  ;  Bhaphi- 
g aster ;  Discocera  ;  Stiretrus;  Opiiius  ;^^  Graphosoma ;  Lasiocera.^'' 
(7)  Halobates,  1822,  t.  micans ;  Pachylis,  1825,  t.  pharaonis  ; 
Anisoscelis  [recte  Anisoscele] ,  1825,  t.  foliaceus ;  Stenocephalus 
[recte  StenocepJiale] ,  1825,  t.  nugax ;  Nematopus  [recte  Nema- 
tope] ,  1825,  t.  nervosus ;  Leptocorisa  [recte  Leptocorise],  1825,  t. 
linearis ;  Acanthoceras,  1805,  t.  sanctus ;  Monantliia,  1825,  t. 
echii;  Heteroscelis,  1829,  t.  servillei ;  Megymenum,  1830,  t.  den- 
tatiim  ;    Peirates,  1831,  t.  strididus.^^ 

1832-4.  Perty,  Delect.  161-216.  (a)  Scaptocoris  t.  castanea  ; 
Diactor  t.  elegans ;  Merocoris  t.  tristis ;  Platycoris^^  t.  varia ; 
Storthia'^'^  i.  lividiaJ^ 

1833.  CuRTis^Ent.Mag.  [Jan.]  i.  191-9.  (a)  Eupteryxi.picta;^'^ 
Amblycephalus'^'^  t.  viridis ;  Agallia  t.  consobrina  ;'^ '^  Megophthal- 
Dias  t.  bipimctatus  ;'^ ^  Phrynomorphus  t.  nitidus ;  Aphrodes  t.  tes- 
tiulo  ;'^'^  Criomorplius  t.  albomarginatus  ;  Galeatus  t.  spini/rons  ;'^^ 
Aspidotoma'^ ^  i.  capitata ;  Pantilius  i.  tiuiicatus  ;  Loricida^^  t. 
pselaphiformis  ;  Chlamydatus  i.  marginatus  ;  Hebrus^^  t.  pusilla. 
Hahn,  Wanz.  Ins.  i.  [Febr.]  119-58.  (a)  Lopust.liieracei.^'-^  (/3) 
Lygiis.  Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  [May]  453.  (a)  Coraims  t.pedestris.^'^ 
Hahn,  Wanz.  Ins.  i.  [June]  15-90.  (a)  Odietopus^^  t.  spinicol- 
lis ;^^  Strachiat.  cruciger.  (/3)  Hypselonotus.  Germar,  Kev.  Ent.  i. 
174-84.   (a)  Phenax  t.  variegata;  Oxyrhacis  t.  tarcindas ;  Paropia^^ 

55  ^^genicidatus,  Fabr.  '^  ^hi'idlei,  Lap. 

•5  6  Preocc.  Thunb.  1824.  '^^  ^atropunctata,  Goeze. 

57  ^rostratas,  Fabr.  '''^  Homotyp.  Tetigonia,  1762. 

58  =gramniicas,  Linn.  ''*  =^puncticeps.  Germ. 

59  =fuscocucullatus,  Goez.  ''^  =scanicus,  Fall. 

6  0  =rustica,  Fabr.  '^6  ^:A2}hrodes,  I800. 

61  Preocc.  Guerin,  1830.  ''''  —albifrons,  Linn. 

6  2  =zsciUcUatits,  Fonrcr.  ''^  —angasticolUs,  Rent. 

6'»  Preocc.  Kaff.  1810.  '"'  Homotyp.  Piesma,  1825. 

6*  Usually  ascribed  to  Hahn,  1831,     so  Preocc.  Cuv.  1829. 

q.  V.  **i  Homotyp.  Nceogeits,  1832. 

6  5  nigrilohus,  St;il.  ®2  =thunbergii,  Fall. 

66  =iTapeinus,  1832.  ^'^  =subapterus,  DeGeer. 

6'^  On  p.  i}Q  =  Holoptilas,  1825.  ^*  Homotyp.  Pygolam'pis,  1817. 

68  ^lybridiis,  Scop.  ®^  =denticalatus,  Germ. 
6"  Preocc.  Guerin,   1830;  altered  in     *^6  Homotyp.  Mcgoplitliahuus,  1833. 

1834  to  Homalocoris.  s?  Preocc.  Perty,  1830-2. 
''"  Homotyp.  Drijptocephala,  1832.        ^''a^^bonollii,  Latr. 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  179 

t.  scanica.  (ft)  Stegaspis  ,-  Smilia  ,-  Hoploplwra  ;^'^  Dicfyophara  , 
Bythoscopus,  Acucephalns,'^^  Combuphora,  Hemiptycha,  Entylia, 
Lamproptera,  Typhlocyha.  (7)  Bocydium,  1829,  t.  glohidaris.  {^) 
Ptyela,  1825;  Sinaris  for  Scaris  ;  Westwood,  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  vi. 
228-9.  (a)  Aphelocheiriis  t,  cestwalis ;  Dufour,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent. 
France,  ii.  104-18.  (/3)  Xylocoris ;  Laporte,  Ann.  Soc.  France, 
ii.  251-3.  (a)  Caliscelis  t.Jietcrodoxa  ;^'^^  Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  [Auw. 
Istj  465.  {^)  Pyrrhoceris,  1814;  Hahn,  Wanz.  Ins.  i.  [Sept.] 
191-236.  (a)  Leptocoris  t.  rufiis ;««  ii.  [Nov.]  1-32.  (a)  Corecoris^^ 
t.  cinnamomeus  ;   CoUiocoris^^  t.  griseits.^^     (j3)  Rhijnocoris. 

(To  be  continued.) 


NOTES    AND     OBSERVATIONS. 

Selenia  tetralunaria  (illustraria)  in  Scotland. — I  see  that  Mr. 
C.  G.  Barrett,  in  his  '  Lepidoptera  of  the  British  Islands,'  with  regard 
to  S.  tetralunaria,  so  far  as  Scotland  is  concerned,  merely  states  that 
"In  Dr.  Buchanan  White's  '  List  of  Scottish  Lepidoptera '  this  species 
is  recorded  as  occurring  at  Rannoch,  Perthshire,  but  no  particulars  are 
given,  and  confirmation  seems  desirable."  I  conclude  from  this  that 
records  of  this  species  in  Scotland  are  desired,  and  I  have  much 
pleasure  in  placing  on  record  the  fact  that  on  April  2oth  this  year  I 
bred  a  fine  male  specimen  from  a  larva  taken  by  me  last  September 
near  Dunkeld,  Perthshire, — Francis  C.  Woodbridge;  Northcroft,  Corn- 
wall Road,  Uxbridge,  Middlesex. 

Zonosoma  pendularia  in  October. — At  the  end  of  October  last  I 
bred  a  specimen  of  Z.  peiulularla  from  a  larva  taken  by  me  in  the 
preceding  August  at  Kingussie,  Inverness-shire;  I  took  other  larvae 
of  this  species  at  the  same  time  as  that  which  emerged  in  October, 
but  the  imagines  from  them  have  not  yet  appeared.  Is  it  not  some- 
what unusual  for  Z.  pendularia  to  appear  in  October  ?  My  pupte  are 
all  kept  in  an  outhouse,  and  the  October  specimen  could  not  have 
been  forced  in  any  way. — Francis  C.  Woodbridge. 

A  Correction. — The  drawing  that  I  exhibited  at  the  meeting  of 
the  South  Loudon  Entomological  and  Nat.  Hist.  Society  on  February 
14th  represented  a  variety  of  P.  bellaryus,  and  not  of  P.  iearus  as  stated 
in  the  report  of  that  meeting  {ante,  p.  134).— C.  W.  Colthrup,  127, 
Barry  Road,  East  Dulwich. 

The  Pairing  of  Euchloe  cardamines. — In  a  lane  near  here,  a 
female  specimen  of  E.  cardamines  was  seen,  settled  and  perfectly 
quiescent,  on  a  flower-head  of  hedge-garlic  mustard,  when  a  male 
specimen,  flying  down  the  lane,  made  straight  for  the  female,  and 
pairing  instantly  ensued.  A  note  was  made  of  the  occurrence,  it 
being  most  unusual,  in  my  experience,  for  butterflies  to  pair  at  such 

8  8  ^abdominalis,  Fabr.  ''°  Homotyp.  Cor  anus,  1833. 

«^  —S^artocera,  1832.  ^^  —subapterus,  DeGeer. 


180  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

short  acquaintance,  and  with  no  previous  courtship,  and  seems  specially 
interesting  in  view  of  Prof.  Meldola's  experiences  recorded  ante,  p.  128. 
E.  M.  Prideaux;  Reigate,  Surrey,  April  23rd,  1901. 

The  Buff  Variety  of  Amphidasys  betularia. — I  have  lately  been 
looking  over  some  of  the  back  volumes  of  the  '  Entomologist,'  and  was 
much  interested  in  the  notes  on  pages  113  and  162  of  vol.  xxii.  (1889), 
on  the  subject  of  the  buff  variety  of  Amphidasys  betularia,  which  was 
bred  in  the  Middletou  district  in  the  seventies,  inasmuch  as  I  have  a 
specimen  of  this  variety  in  my  collection.  This  insect  came  to  me 
through  a  dealer,  who  informed  me  that  it  was  from  the  Manchester 
district,  bred  about  1878,  and  I  think,  after  reading  Mr.  Thorpe's 
remarks  (Entom.  xxii.  163),  that  it  is  most  probably  one  of  those 
specimens  formerly  belonging  to  Jonathan  Fielding,  which  Mr,  Thorpe 
says  he  (Fielding)  exchanged  with  a  London  dealer  for  foreign  butter- 
flies for  "  picture  making."  "Manchester  district"  would,  I  take  it, 
include  Middleton.  As  this  form  seems  to  have  disappeared  entirely 
for  the  last  twenty  years,  it  would  seem  desirable  to  place  on  record 
the  existence  of  any  specimens  which  remain. — H.  Ainslie  Hill  ; 
9,  Addison  Mansions,  Kensington  \V.,  May  15th,  1901. 

[I  have  a  pair  of  this  curious  variety  of  A.  betularia.  They  were 
formerly  in  Mr.  Carrington's  collection,  and  he,  I  believe,  obtained 
them  from  a  London  dealer. — R.  S.l 


CAPTURES   AND   FIELD   REPORTS. 

Note  on  Vanessa  polychloros. — Ou  one  of  the  last  days  of  April  this 
year  I  saw  two  specimens  of  Vanessa jjolychloros  ou  Waltou  Heath,  and  two 
others  near  Betch worth  ;  several  others  may  or  may  not  have  been  these 
over  agaiu.  It  is  many  years  since  I  last  saw  this  butterfly  alive  in 
England. — T.  A.  Chapman  ;   Betula,  Reigate,  May,  1901. 

Note  on  Vanessa  polychloros,  &c. — Hybernated  specimens  of  this 
butterfly  seem  unusually  plentiful  this  year  in  our  neighbourhood.  I  have 
observed  it  ou  the  following  dates  :  April  1st,  7th,  8th,  19th,  and  May  1st. 
On  April  19th  I  worked  for  it,  and  came  upon  a  regular  swarm  at  the  side 
of  a  copse  near  Holmbury  St.  Mary,  and  took  as  many  as  I  wanted  for  ova. 
V.  urticm  is  plentiful,  but  not  so  plentiful  as  V.  polychloros  ;  and  I  have 
seen  two  specimens  of  V.  io.  Lyccsna  argiolus  is  out  in  some  numbers 
on  Holmwood  Common.  —  F.  A.  Oldaker  ;  Parsonage  House,  Dorking, 
May  1st,  1901. 

NoTiDOBiA  ciLiARis. — On  May  5th  this  caddis-fly  was  out  in  good  num- 
bers ou  the  herbage  along  the  bank  of  the  canal  near  Byfleet.  Having  but 
recently  emerged,  the  wings  had  not  lost  their  full  black  colour,  and  I 
noticed  that  several  females  were  carrying  a  yellow  mass  of  eggs  attached  to 
the  apex  of  the  abdomen  {vide  E.  M.  M.  vol.  i.  p.  216,  1865). — W.  J.  Lucas  ; 
28,  Knight's  Park,  Kingston-on-Thames. 

Early  Date  for  Anax  imperatou. — Rev.  F.  A.  Walker,  D.D.,  reports 
the  capture  of  a  female  of  this  magnificent  dragonfly  ou  May  11th  at  West 
Heath,  Hampstead.     The  earliest  date  previously  noticed  was  of  a  speci- 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  181 

the  particularly  early  season  of  1893.— W.  J.  Lucas  ;  Kingston. 

8carfelv?nV«^^?^^  '^  T  ^"'^  Fou.sT.-The  forest  half  under  water,  and 
scarcely  any  sallows  in  bloom,  was  the  state  of  things  we  found  on  arrival  at 

and  tirP.r'  "  t^''^  ''^'  -uVp  ''  ''''  ''^'  '^'^  -^^her  was  most  depress' ng 
ho?vP.i  "°  either  impossible  or  very  unpleasant.  A  few  fine  morning! 
we  pT^iH  "^^T  things  wonderfully,  and  the  results  of  a  week's  collecting 
b^ir  ^  f  T/^-  ^^^^'°  sufficiently  sunny  and  tempting,  hybernatin| 
butterflies  abaunded-£;«^o,i^a  ;.o/</cWoro.  and  Gonepterijxrhamni  beiaS 
especially  common,  whilst  a  fair  number  of  Aglals  urticm  were  seen! 
lirepws  parthenias  was  fairly  common  among  the  birches,  but  was,  as 
usual,  not  easy  to  catch,  though  a  few  specimens  were  obtained.  They 
suddenly  disappeared  on  the  11th,  though  perhaps  the  most  favourable  dav 

finil  7.U   "     i- r  /^^'^'  •''   "''^   ^''^   h^^^y  ^^'^  and  violent  winds  had 
nmsned  them  off  I  do  not  know,  but  not  one  was  to  be  seen.     One  rather 
worn  example  of  Asphalia  flavicornis  was  found  hanging  like  a  leaf  from  a 
Jow  birch-twig.     Xylocampa  Utkorhiza  scarcely  seemed  so  common  as  in  the 
two  previous  years,  though  three  examples  were  found  on  one  birch-trunk. 
J.  have  noticed  in   three  Easters  at   the  forest  that  this  insect  is  nearly 
always  on  birch-  and  fir-trunks,  generally  very  low  down,  and  not  in  places 
Where  the  trees  grow  thickly  together.     A  single  very  fresh-looking  Xylina 
rinzoLitlia  was  taken  from  a  fir-trunk.     A  nice  variable  lot  of  Tephrosia 
bistottata  was  obtained,  principally  from  larch  and  fir,  but  a  few  from  oak- 
trunks,      iwo   very  fine    specimens  of  Lobophora  lohulata  were   netted, 
showing    the    delicate   green   tinge   of  freshly   emerged   examples  of  this 
species.     A  few  odd  examples  of  Anticlea  badiata,  Hybernia  marginaria, 
Anisopteryx  cBscularia,  md  Hypena  rostralis  (1),  and  one  or  two  larvae  of 
^ombyx  trifola  and  Noctua  neglecta  (?),  complete  the  day-work.     At  night 
treacle  produced  a  nice  variable  series  of  Taniocampa  munda,  but  little 
else ;  Cemsjis  vaccinii  (very  abundant),  Scopelosoma  satelUtia,  Tceniocampa 
stabilis,   and    T.    cruda.       The   sallows,    once    found,    proved    productive. 
Imuocampa  stabUis  and  T.  cruda  swarmed.     A  few  T.  munda  were  taken, 
but  this  species  prefers  treacle.    T.  cjothica,  not  very  abundant.    T.  miniosa, 
a  tew  quite  fresh,  apparently  only  just  emerging.     I  was  pleased  to  meet 
with  £.  mstabdis,  as  I  had  not  previously  taken  it  in  the  forest,  and  made 
a  comment  in  my  last  Easter  notes  on  its  apparent  local  scarcity  (Entom. 
xxxiii.  206).     Mr.  E.  Pi.  Bankes  also  contributes  a  note  (Entom.  xx.xiii. 
|i49)  with  reference  to  my  query.     Only  four  specimens  were  taken,  but  all 
in   perfect  condition.       Single  examples   of  Pachnobia  rubricosa,  Xylina 
rhizoUtha,  X.  socia,  and  Trachea piniperda  were  also  taken.     No  doubt  we   . 
did  not  visit  the  right  part  for  the  last-named  insect,  which  I  believe  was 
common  enough  in  the  locality  we  worked  last  year.     Cerastis  vaccinii  and 
bcopelosoma  satelUtia  were  common,  and  a  few  Xylocampa  lithorhiza  turned 
up.     Anticlea  badiata,    Cidaria  psittacata  (one),    Larentia  muUistrigaria, 
Anisopteryx  mscularia,   and  Eupithecia  abhreviata  were  also  taken  at  the 
sallows.     On  the   wing,  or  at  rest  on  twigs,  Anticlea  badiata,  Hybernia 
marginaria,   and    one    H.    rupicapraria  were   taken.  —  F.  M.  B.  Carr  ; 
4b,  Handen  Road,  Lee,  S.E. 

IscHNURA  PUMiLio  IN  CORNWALL.  — In  the  '  Entomologist '  for  February, 
p.  53,  I  see  that  both  Mr.  Dale  and  Mr.  Lucas  have  made  mention  of  the 
dragonfly  (Ischnura  pumilio)  as  having  been  taken  near  Lands  End  in 
ENTOM. JUNE,    1901.  P 


182 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


1864.  It  may  interest  them  to  kuow  that  I  took,  ou  June  10th,  19U0,  a 
male  I.  pumilio,  and  on  June  17th  a  male  and  female,  at  a  pond  midway 
between  Penzance  and  Land's  End  ;  but,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  that  when  on 
the  setting-board  drying,  their  abdomens  were  attacked  by  wasps,  and 
partially  eaten.  There  is  not  the  least  doubt  about  the  identity  of  the 
specimens,  as  I  do  not  know  another  species  amongst  the  small  blue  fry 
that  has  the  nervures  of  the  wings  of  a  red-brown  when  fresh  caught  like 
I.  pumilio.  They  were  easily  named  from  the  illustration  in  Mr.  Lucas's 
splendid  work  on  the  Odonata.  The  wings  and  thorax  were  not  damaged, 
so  I  have  kept  the  remains  ;  but  I  have  not  them  here  at  Mansfield.  I  left 
them  behind  me  at  Forth  Enys  Museum,  Paul,  near  Penzance,  where  I 
spend  most  of  the  season. —  William  Daws;  39,  New  Wood  Street, 
Mansfield  Notts. 

[From  a  further  communication  received  from  Mr.  Daws,  there  seems 
no  doubt  that  his  captures  are  I.  immilio  ;  he  has  had  some  years'  experi- 
ence with  the  Odonata,  and  would  not  be  likely  to  confuse  I.  pumilio  with 
I.  elegans  when  making  a  careful  examination  of  the  fresh  specimens,  as  he 
was  able  to  do  in  this  case.  Mr.  Daws  hopes  to  take  the  species  again 
during  the  present  season. — W.  J.  L.] 

Margakodes  uxioxalis  in  Hampshire. — A  specimen  of  M.  unionalis 
was  taken  on  Sept.  2 1st,  1900,  at  a  lamp  in  the  Sea  Road,  Boscorabe. — 
Theobore  H.  Robinson  ;  Serampore,  Boscombe,  Hants. 

[This  species  has  been  taken  at  Forest  Hill,  Gravesend,  Deal,  Brighton, 
Isle  of  Wight,  GosDort,  Torquay,  and  Tresco.  Its  occurrence  in  Britain 
was  first  noted  in  1859,  and  the  last  capture  that  we  are  aware  of  previous 
to  that  now  recorded  by  Mr.  Robinson  was  made  at  Gosport  in  1884  (vide 
Eutom.  xxiii.  277. — Ed.] 

Plusia  moneta  in  North  London. — I  have  the  pleasure  to  record  the 
finding  yesterday  of  larvae  of  Plusia  moneta  feeding  on  Aconitum  in  a 
garden  here.  I  have  not  heard  of  its  capture  in  this  district  previously. — 
V.  E.  Shaw  ;    8,  Moss  Hall  Grove,  North  Finchley,  N.,  May  24th,  1901. 

Oporabia  autumnaria  in  Delamere  Forest. — Two  specimens  I  took 
in  the  forest  some  time  ago  have  been  identified  by  Mr.  L.  B.  Prout.  They 
have  hitherto  occupied  a  place  in  my  collection  as  doubtful  varietal  forms 
of  0.  dilutata.  The  locality  for  the  species  is  not  new,  as  it  was  known  to 
Mr.  Gregson  many  years  ago. — J.  Arkle  ;  Chester. 

Early  Appearance  of  Hydrilla  paldstris  at  Carlisle. — While 
collecting  near  Carlisle  ou  May  20th  last  I  netted  a  fine  male  Hydrilla 
palustris  flying  along  a  hedge  about  9.10  p.m. — J.  E.  Thwaytes;  8,  Clement 
Place,  Carlisle. 

Lyc^na  argiolus  and  other  Insects  in  May. — I  noticed  this  species 
flying  about  Snargate  Street,  Dover,  in  the  morning  of  May  2ud.  In  the 
afternoon  I  returned  to  town,  and  in  the  afternoon  of  the  following  day 
(May  3rd)  I  noticed  it  again  in  a  Kingsbury  lane  leading  down  to  Hendon. 
I  may  also  mention  that  while  at  Dover  my  daughter  noticed  Gonepteryx 
rhamni,  and  I  also  observed  the  following  species  :  Pieris  rapes,  Vanessaio, 
V.  urticcB,  the  last  named  species  in  very  good  condition  for  presumably 
hybernated  specimens.  I  was  informed  by  Mr.  F.  W.  L.  Sladen,  the  well- 
known  hymenopterist  of  South-east  Kent,  that  Vanessa  polychloros  was  very 
common  on  the  downs  this  season,  though  not  usually  abundant  in  that 


SOCIETIES.  183 

locality,  but  as  hvbernated  somewhat  the  worse  for  wear.  Between  Arch- 
cliff  Fort  and  Shakespeare's  Cliff  I  captured  Bombus  terrestris,  Anthophora 
pilipes,  Andreyia  albicncs,  A.  pilipes  ;  and  of  Diptera,  also  on  the  West  Cliff, 
Bibio  marci  and  B.  hortulanus  were  observed.  —  (Rev.)  F.  A.  Walker  ;  Dun 
Mallard,  Cricklewood,  N.W. 

Err.\ta. — Page  161,  lines  '21  and  'l^,  for  "  birch  "  read  "  beech." 


SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London. — Avril  Srd,  1901. — Mr.  Charles 
G.  Barrett,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  Albert  Piffard,  of  Felden, 
Boxmoor,  Herts,  and  Mr.  Percy  Lathy,  of  Lyndon  Villa,  Sydney  Road, 
Enfield,  were  elected  Fellows  of  the  Society. — Mr.  Goss  read  a  letter 
from  the  Right  Hon.  Charles  Ritchie,  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Home 
Department,  conveying  the  King's  thanks  for  the  loyal  and  dutiful 
address  of  the  Fellows  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  London,  ex- 
pressing their  sympathy  with  His  Majesty  and  the  Royal  Family 
on  the  occasion  of  the  lamented  death  of  Her  late  Majesty  Queen 
Victoria. — The  Rev.  A.  E.  Eaton  sent  for  exhibition,  on  behalf  of 
Mr.  F.  M.  Halford,  a  female  sub-imago  of  a  species  of  Ephemeridse, 
of  the  genus  Ephemera,  received  from  Central  Africa,  without  more 
precise  indication  of  locality,  the  first  time  this  genus  has  been  noticed 
from  Africa.  Mr.  McLachlan  remarked  that  Ephemero  usually  occurred 
in  cold  alpine  or  temperate  regions,  and  that  the  Central  African  example 
probably  inhabited  the  mountains  at  a  considerable  altitude. — Dr. 
Chapman  exhibited  cases  of  Lujfia  ferchaultella  from  Cannes,  and  a 
spider,  which  are  found  on  the  same  rocks,  the  interest  of  the  speci- 
mens being  in  the  fact  that  the  spider,  when  at  rest,  has  almost 
precisely  the  same  form  and  coloration  as  the  cases  of  the  moth. — 
Mr.  W.  L.  Distant  communicated  a  paper  entitled  "  Enumeration  of 
the  Heteroptera  (Rhynchota)  collected  by  Leonardo  Fea  in  Burma 
and  its  vicinity." 

May  \st. — The  Rev.  Canon  W.  W.  Fowler,  M.A.,  in  the  chair. — 
Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett  exhibited,  for  Mr.  H.  W.  Vivian,  a  specimen  of 
Xylophasia  lateritia,  Hufn.,  a  species  not  hitherto  recorded  in  the 
British  Islands,  taken  in  South  Wales  by  Mr.  W.  E.  R.  Allen;  also 
Deiopeia  pulchella,  from  the  same  district;  Dianthecia  luteago  var. 
hurrettii,  from  one  of  the  islands  off  the  Glamorganshire  coast ;  and 
varieties  of  Eupithecia  virgaurcata,  much  blackened,  E.  lariciata,  E. 
satyrata,  and  E.  exiyiiata,  taken  in  the  county  of  Glamorgan  by  Mr. 
Vivian. — Mr.  M.  Jacoby  exhibited  specimens  of  Heliocopris  giyas,  L., 
from  Mashonaland,  and  Silpha  bignUata,  Fairm.,  from  Patagonia. — 
Sir  George  Hampson  exhibited  two  females  of  an  apterous  Lasiocampid 
from  the  Transvaal,  with  cocoon  and  ova  bred  by  Colonel  J.  M.  Fawcett, 
5th  Lancers.  The  larva  is  very  much  like  that  of  the  British  Lasio- 
campa  riibi.  The  female  does  not  emerge  from  the  cocoon,  its  antennae 
being  aborted  and  all  the  joints  coalesced  with  a  flabellate  organ  with 
slight  strias  indicating  the  joints  ;  the  fore  tibife  short,  with  traces  of 
tibial  claws.  The  male  is  unknown,  and  as  Colonel  Fawcett  was  on 
active  service  at  the  time  of  emergence,  he  was  unable  to  expose  the 


184  THE     ENTOMOLOGIST. 

female  for  the  purpose  of  attracting  the  male. — Mr.  H.  St.  J.  Donis- 
thorpe  exhibited  specimens  of  lUpersia  towlini,  Newst.,  a  coccid  new 
to  Britain,  taken  among  Lasius  niger  at  Portland  in  April,  1900.  The 
species,  which  is  myrmicophilous,  was  first  discovered  in  Guernsey. — 
Mr.  C.  P.  Pickett  exhibited  aberrations  and  varieties  of  Lycmut  hel- 
hiifiiis,  L.  curydon,  and  L.  astiarche.  taken  by  him  in  August,  1900,  at 
Folkestone  and  Dover. — Mr.  H.  Goss  exhibited  a  gynandromorphous 
specimen  of  Lyccena  hellargus,  which  he  had  taken  at  Keigate  in  June, 
1900.  It  had  the  characters  of  a  male  in  the  right  wings,  and  the 
characters  of  a  female  in  the  left  wings,  which  were,  however,  not 
entirely  free  from  the  blue  scales  of  the  male.  No  dissection  had 
been  made  of  the  genitalia,  so  it  was  impossible  to  say  whether  the 
specimen  was  strictly  hermaphrodite.  —  Dr.  Chapman  exhibited  a 
cocoon  of  Antheraa  mylitta,  and  a  flint  from  Redhill — two  objects  with 
practically  nothing  in  common.  Whilst  dissenting  in  toto  from  those 
who  see  nothing  in  many  cases  of  mimicry  but  accidental  resemblance, 
he  presented  them  with  this  as  a  case  undoubtedly  in  accordance  with 
their  views,  the  cocoon  and  the  flint  being  remarkably  alike. — Professor 
Poulton  exhibited  an  apparatus  invented  by  him  to  determine  the 
strength  of  the  formic  acid  shot  out  by  the  ant  in  defence  of  its  nest. 
Mr.  Donisthorpe,  he  said,  had  noticed  that  a  shower  of  formic  acid 
had  sometimes  a  great  efl'ect,  and  he  thought  it  would  be  interesting  to 
decide  the  quantity  of  anhydrous  acid.  In  the  case  of  Dicramda  vinula, 
the  fluid,  which  contains  forty-five  per  cent,  of  acid,  was  painful  in  the 
eye,  but  did  not  damage  the  skin  or  body.  He  considered  that  the 
acid  was  only  virulent  during  the  time  that  the  larvfe  and  pupfe  were 
in  the  nest,  and  that  it  was  used  purely  for  defensive  purposes. — • 
Mr.  F.  Enock  exhibited  specimens  illustrative  of  the  metamorphoses 
of  dragonflies.  Mr.  F.  Enock  read  a  paper  entitled  "  The  Metamor- 
phoses of  Jischna  cyanea,  illustrated  by  the  electric  lantern  with 
photographs  taken  from  life."  Sir  George  Hampson,  Bart.,  com- 
municated a  paper  on  "The  classification  of  a  new  family  of  the 
Lepidoptera " ;  Mr.  Martin  Jacoby,  a  paper  entitled  "A  further 
contribution  to  the  knowledge  of  African  Phytophagous  Coleoptera  "  ; 
Messrs.  Gilbert  and  J.  Arrow,  a  paper  entitled  "  The  Carabid  genus 
Pheropsophus  ;  notes  and  descriptions  of  new  species." — H.  Eowland- 
Brown,  Hon.  Sec. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. — 
February  28th,  1901.— Mr.  H.  S.  Fremhn,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the 
chair.  —  Mr.  F.  N.  Clark  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Pieris  rapce,  which 
emerged  indoors  on  February  22nd. — Mr.  McArthur,  an  example  of 
Arctia  caia,  with  smoky  hind  wings.  It  emerged  in  December,  1890, 
and  was  one  of  a  third  brood. — Mr.  Harrison,  a  long  and  varied  series 
of  Litperina  testacea  from  Wallasey,  among  them  being  two  examples 
of  the  var.  niyrescens. — Mr.  Edwards,  pieces  of  chestnut  branches, 
showing  the  ravages  of  the  larvae  of  Zeuzera  pyrina,  a  species  doing 
considerable  damage  at  the  present  time  in  the  London  parks  and 
squares. — Mr.  Main,  a  Mantis  from  West  Africa,  having  large  ocellated 
markings  on  the  fore  v/ingsiHarpox?). — Mr.  Montgomery,  photograph 
of  a  large  larva  breeding-house  and  a  number  of  cages  for  rearing 
Lepidoptera,  to  illustrate  his  paper  on  "The  Breeding  of  Lepidoptera," 
where  he  detailed  his  methods  of  obtaining  ova,  of  keeping  young  larvae, 


SOCIETIES.  135 

of  treating  hybernating  larvae,  and  of  keeping  pup^e.  A  considerable 
discussion  took  place,  several  members  giving  their  own  experience 
and  the  metliods  they  had  found  successful  in  rearing  Lepidoptera. 

March  lith.—The  President  in  the  chair.— Mr^Colthrup,  a  lono- 
series  of  females  of  Polijouimatus  icanis  and  P.  bellanjus,  most  of  which 
showed  a  considerable  amount  of  the  male  coloration.     Several  of  the 
former  were  prettily  splashed  with  white.     They  were  all  from  East- 
bourne.—Mr.  Routledge,  a  moth  which  he  supposed  to  be  a  male  of 
Hi/drilla  pahtstris.     It  was  taken  near  Carlisle  by  Mr.  Thwaites  with  a 
net  whilst  sugaring  on  June  10th,  1899.     Several  members  doubted 
its  identity,  but  could  not  tell  what  species  it  was. — Mr.  Harrison,  a 
long  series  of  Aplecta  nebidom  from  Delamere  Forest,  including  var. 
robsoni,  and  a  specimen  of  Xylophasia  mouoglypha  var,  athiops  taken  at 
the  same  time  and  place. — Mr.  Adkin,  a  long  bred  series  of  Caradrina 
ambifina,  which  emerged  in  December,  and  read  notes  on  the  habits 
and  food  of  the  larvae. — Mr.  McArthur,  preserved  larva  of  Abraxas 
grosndariata,  A.  ulmata,   and    Pachnobia   alpina,    with   a   specimen   of 
A.  ulmata  taken  near  Brighton  some  fifty  years  ago.     He  stated  that 
the  latter  species  was  not  again  taken  in  the  district  till  some  sixteen 
years  ago,  when  it  was  found,  locally,  in  some  numbers. — Mr.  Kirkaldy, 
specimens  of  the  lantern  flies,   Pijrops  candelarins  and  P.  maculatus, 
and  contributed  notes  as  to  their  protective  resemblance  to  their  sur- 
roundings.— Mr.  Burr  called  attention  to  the  evasive  habits  of  some 
British  grasshoppers  ;  large  active  males  would  leap  and  fly,  heavy 
females  would  burrow,  while  the  smaller  individuals  would  run  round 
tliB  stems. — Mr.  Manger,  a  large  number  of  exotic  dragonflies. — Mr. 
Turner,  a  microscopic  slide  showing  fossil  remains  in  limestone  from 
Montgomeryshire. 

March  28th. — The  President  in  the  chair. — Mr.  Sich  exhibited 
specimens  of  Goniodoma  Ihnoniella  [auroijuttella),  and  stated  that  the 
larva  quits  the  case  when  about  to  pupate ;  the  following  species  of 
the  genus  Coleophora,  C.  deauratella,  0.  frischella,  C.  aJciionipennella, 
C.  ochrea,  (J.  vibicella,  and  C.  saUcurnia,  of  which  the  last  named  also 
quits  the  case  to  pupate,  together  with  specimens  of  Gelechia  tenebrella, 
which  bears  a  close  superficial  resemblance  to  C.  alcijonipennella. — 
Messrs.  Harrison  and  Main,  series  of  early  spring  Geometers  taken 
this  year  in  Delamere  and  Epping  Forests.  Among  them  was  a  speci- 
men of  Xi/ssia  hispidaria,  taken  in  the  former  place. — Mr.  West  (of 
Streatham),  pieces  of  amber  containing  Homopterous  and  Dipterous 
insects. — Mr.  Pi.  Adkin,  specimens  of  Acherontia  atropos  bred  from 
larvae  taken  in  Huntingdonshire,  and  read  notes  on  the  forcing  of  the 
species,  especially  callmg  attention  to  the  internal  appearance  of  the 
pupae  which  failed  to  emerge.  A  discussion  ensued,  and  various  other 
methods  of  forcing  were  described. — Mr.  Montgomery,  a  larva  of 
Charaxes  jashis  sent  to  him  from  Cannes,  with  a  (iordius  worm  which 
had  extruded  from  it. — Mr.  Bishop  read  a  paper  on  "The  Natural 
History  of  the  Guildford  District." 

April  lltli. — The  President  in  the  chair. — Mr.  Carpenter  exhibited 
a  large  number  of  specimens  of  Pieris  napi,  bred  from  one  batch  of 
ova.  Half  the  specimens  had  emerged  in  June  and  early  July,  while 
the  remainder  emerged  the  following  April  and  May.  The  former 
were  very  uniform,  while  the  latter  were  very  variable  in  the  female 


186  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

specimens.  He  also  showed  a  long  series  of  bred  Mdittea  aurinia 
from  Peuartli  and  Carlisle. — Mr.  McArtliur,  bright  and  well-marked 
specimens  of  Plutella  anmdatella  from  the  Orkneys. — Mr.  Fremlin,  a 
number  of  specimens  of  Lepidoptera  and  other  insects  taken  during  a 
short  trip  to  Canada  in  1900,  and  read  notes.- — Mr,  Lucas,  the  species 
of  Odonata  taken  by  Mr.  Fremlin  at  the  same  time,  including  species 
of  the  genera  Sympetnim,  Libellula,  Ciowphus,  zEschna,  and  Agrion. — 
Hy.  J.  Turner,  Hon.  Bep.  Sec. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society. — April  15th, 
1901. — Mr.  R.  Wilding  in  the  chair. — Minutes  of  the  preceding  meeting 
were  read  and  confirmed. — Mr.  Wilding  again  thanked  the  St.  Helen's 
members  who  had  done  so  much  to  make  the  previous  meeting  a  success. 
He  afterwards  referred  to  the  death  of  Mr.  Robert  Brown,  one  of  the 
oldest  members,  who,  although  his  special  study  was  botany,  had 
always  taken  an  interest  in  the  doings  of  the  Society. — The  Rev.  R. 
Freeman  proposed  that  the  Society  adjourn  until  October.  Dr.  J. 
Cotton  seconded,  but  suggested  that  a  field  meeting  should  be  held  in 
June  at  Delamere.  The  Secretary  was  deputed  to  make  preliminary 
arrangements. — Mr.  C.  E.  Stott,  of  Bolton,  communicated  a  paper  by 
Mr.  F.  H.  Day,  of  Carlisle,  entitled  "Notes  on  the  Coleoptera  of  the 
Cumberland  Mountains,"  in  which  he  gave  accounts  of  the  rarer  and 
more  interesting  of  the  beetles  which  find  a  home  on  the  slopes  of 
Scawfell  and  its  neighbours.  Mr.  Wilding,  who  read  the  paper,  said 
that  the  species  were  identical  with  those  of  the  Welsh  mountains, — 
that  he  had  taken  many  of  the  insects  named  on  the  slopes  of  Snow- 
don  and  the  hills  around  Llangollen  ;  thus  affording  another  proof 
that  when  the  localities  are  similar  the  insect  faunas  are  alike  also, 
though  perhaps  two  hundred  miles  apart.  A  discussion  on  these 
points  was  carried  on  by  the  Chairman,  Messrs.  Freeman,  Burgess- 
Sopp,  Pierce,  Cotton,  and  Birch,  after  which  the  following  exhibits 
were  examined : — Mr.  Day's  case  of  specimens  illustrating  his  paper, 
which  included  that  burnished  gem  (Jarabus  nitens,  an  insect  made 
resplendent  by  its  coppery  thorax  and  metallic  green  elytra  ;  C.  gla- 
bratus,  0.  arcensis,  Pterosticliits  atkiops,  Aphodius  lapponum,  and  many 
other  rarities,  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Stott.  Bembidiwn  nigricorne  and  Pliilonthus 
quisquilianiis,  the  latter  new  to  the  Liverpool  fauna,  by  Mr.  Wilding. 
Spongiphora  Iherviinien,  a  remarkable  Orthopteron  from  Espirito  Santo, 
by  Mr.  Burgess-Sopp.  Fhigalia  pedaria  and  Acalla  litercma,  by  Mr.  A. 
Tippius. — Frederick  Birch,  Hon.  Sec. 

Birmingham  Entomological  Society. — ]\[arch  18tJi,  1901. — Mr.  G. 
T.  Bethune-Baker,  President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  J.  T.  Fountain  showed 
a  series  of  Callimorpha  hera  taken  in  Jersey  last  year,  also  living  larvae 
of  the  same.  He  had  found  a  batch  of  the  eggs  on  a  leaf  of  ivy,  and 
had  succeeded  in  getting  some  of  the  larvfe  thus  far  through  the  winter, 
and  they  had  now  become  active.  He  referred  to  the  habits  of  various 
hybernatoi'S  in  the  spring,  and  said  that  he  had  often  seen  the  larvse  of 
Arctia  caia  in  the  early  spring  on  posts,  &c.,  in  the  sunshine,  having 
apparently  come  up  to  sun  themselves,  and  that  they  went  down  again 
as  soon  as  the  sun  went  in  ;  he  had  also  seen  the  pupte  of  Bombgx  rubi 
come  up  to  the  top  end  of  their  cocoons  in  sunny  weather,  also  appar- 
ently to  feel  the  warmth  of  the  sun. — Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley  exhibited 


KECBNT    LITERATURE.  187 

Mniilla  enropaa  (males),  and  rufipes  (females),  taken  at  Bournemouth 
last  summer. — Mr.  C.  J.  Wainwright,  various  Hymenoptera,  including 
a  series  of  the  rare  Chrysid,  Cleptes  pallipes,  from  West  Runton,  Norfolk, 
and  Osiiiid  mirulenta  and  other  bees  from  Selsley,  Cllos. 

April  loth. — The  President  in  the  chair. — Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley 
showed  a  few  Lepidoptera  taken  last  year,  including  Colias  ediisa, 
Aspilates  citraria,  &c.,  from  Bournemouth,  and  CatocaJa  nupta  from 
Swanage. — Mr.  G.  W.  Wyun,  a  series  of  CaUimorpha  hem  taken  by 
Mr.  E.  A.  Rogers  near  Dawlish,  ranging  from  yellow  through  inter- 
mediates to  red  forms.  Also  a  series  of  Spilusoma  lubricipeda  var. 
radiata,  bred  from  ova  received  from  Mr.  W.  Tunstall,  of  Huddersfield. 
— Mr.  J.  T.  Fountain,  a  number  of  insects  taken  by  himself  in  Jersey 
last  summer,  including  Culias  edusa  var.  helice,  very  fine  Satijrus  semele, 
and  the  Diptera  Asilus  crabroniformis  and  Volucella  zonaria,  the  latter 
being  a  very  fine  Syrphid  not  yet  known  as  British. — Mr.  A.  D.  Imms, 
various  Lepidoptera,  including  Folia  Jiavicinctu,  from  Northampton, 
where  he  had  found  it  very  abundant  at  sugar,  and  Sphinx  convulvuli, 
from  Moseley. — Mr.  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  Vanessa  iirticce,  with  all  its 
geographical  forms  and  races,  including  vars.  ichnam,  polaris,  &c. ; 
also  specimens  of  Colias  edusa,  for  comparison,  with  a  purple  gloss  on 
their  wings. — Mr.  Colbran  J.  Wainwright,  Diptera  ;  the  two  British 
species  of  Sepedou  sphetjeus  from  Sutton  Park,  and  spinipes  from  Chal- 
ford,  Glos.,  and  three  species  of  Liinnia  manjinata  from  St.  Ives, 
Cornwall,  and  West  Hide,  Herefordshire ;  rujifmns  from  West  Hide, 
and  West  Runton,  Norfolk ;  and  un<jnicornis  from  West  Runton  and 
Sutton  Park,  where  this  latter  species  is  abundant. — Mr.  A.  H.  Mar- 
tineau,  the  six  species  of  the  Iielvola  group  of  the  genus  Andrena,  in 
order  to  point  out  the  very  slight  distinctions  between  them  =  apicata, 
Smith,  lapponica,  Bett.,  luivula,  L.,  ambigiia,  Perkins,  fucata,  Smith, 
and  varians,  Rossi. — Colbran  J.  Wainwkight,  Hon.  Sec. 


RECENT    LITERATURE. 

W.  B.  Benham.  "  Note  on  Cordyceps  sindairii,  Berkeley."  (1900. 
Trans.  New  Zealand  Institute,  xxxii,  pp.  4-8,  plate  I.) 
There  is  a  genus  of  fungi  containing  a  number  of  species  parasitic 
on  insects. ■•=  During  the  ultimate  nymphal  instar,  spores  of  the  fungus, 
giving  rise  to  thread-like  hypha?,  enter  the  tissues  of  the  living  insect 
to  make  their  way  in  all  directions,  gradually  replacing  the  livmg 
tissues,  and,  of  course,  occasioning  the  insect's  death.  Some  of  the 
hyphse,  in  order  to  disseminate  the  future  spores,  push  their  way,  as  a 
compact  bundle,  through  the  skin  of  the  insect,  growing  upwards  mto 
the  air.  A  well-known  example  is  C.  hw/elii  {  =  robertsii),  the  New 
Zealand  "Vegetable  Caterpillar."  In  the  present  paper,  Benham 
notices  a  species  (C.  sindairii)  attacking  the  nymph  of  Cicadetta  (or, 
as  he  calls  it,  ^^  Cicada"),  a  genus  of  Cicadidse  strongly  represented 
in  Australia  and  New  Zealand.  The  fungus  "issues  between  the  head 
and  the  pronotum.    The  main  branch  grows  straight  forward  for  some 

-  Benham  says  "  confined  to  insects,"  but  a  little  later  notes  that  the 
conidial  stage  may  occur  on  bark,  leaves,  &c. 


188  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

distance,  and  gives  off  branches  right  and  left  in  a  very  characteristic 
fashion." 

•'  The  two  different  modes  of  spore-formation  yield  different  kinds 
of  spores — (1)  Ascospores,  formed  by  subdivision  of  the  protoplasm 
inside  a  single  cell  or  '  ascus  ' ;  (2)  Conidiospores,  formed  by  constric- 
tion of  a  hypha,  so  as  to  form  a  row  of  spores  arranged  more  or  less 
like  a  string  of  pearls  or  beads."  The  remarkable  fact  is  that  while 
C.  hufjelil  (the  "Vegetable  Caterpillar")  is  known  only  in  its  ascospore 
stage,  it  is  only  the  conidial  stage  of  C.  sinclairii  that  is  known.  Both 
stages  are  known  in  some  European  species,  the  conidial  stage  not 
necessarily  growing  on  an  insect  (but  sometimes  on  leaves,  bark,  &c.), 
so  that  possibly  the  two  New  Zealand  forms  may  be  merely  links  in 
the  life-history  of  one  species  of  Cordyceps. 

G.  W.  K. 

Die  Dcrmatopteren  und  Orthopteren  von  Osterreich-  Unr/arn  und  Deutsch- 
land.     Bearbeitet  von  Josef  Redtenbacher.     Wien  :  1900. 

With  present-day  British  authors,  the  Dermatoptera  (Earwigs) 
are  usually  looked  upon  as  the  first  division  [Forficularia)  of  the 
Orthoptera ;  but  Fiedtenbacher,  on  the  other  hand,  looks  upon  them 
as  a  distinct  order,  naming  the  rest  Orthoptera  genuina.  Leach  also 
early  in  the  nineteenth  century  gave  the  Earwigs  ordinate  rank  under 
the  name  of  Dermaptera,  which  name,  however,  De  Geer  had  pre- 
viously proposed  for  the  whole  of  the  Orthoptera.  Leach's  estimate  of 
the  position  of  this  interesting  group  of  insects  has  found  favour  with 
a  number  of  British  authors,  who  have  treated  them  with  the  same 
distinction  as  Redtenbacher. 

Thirteen  Earwigs  are  enumerated,  Forficula  lesnei  and  Apterygida 
arachidis  not  being  amongst  them  ;  but  the  latter  has  been  recorded 
from  two  localities  only  in  Britain,  and  those  not  out  of  doors. 

Of  the  Cockroaches  there  are  sixteen  in  all,  including  five  species 
of  the  genus  Aphlebia,  which  so  far  is  unrepresented  in  Britain,  and 
five  of  the  genus  Ectobia,  the  three  British  species  being  amongst 
them.  The  British  casuals — Nyctibora  holosericea,  Bhyparobia  madera, 
Leucophaa  surinamensis,  and  Blabera  (ligantea — are  not  mentioned,  while 
Blatta  australasim  is  not  given  a  recognised  position. 

In  Britain  the  Mantids  and  Phasmids  are  unrepresented ;  but  for 
Germany  and  Austria  Redtenbacher  is  able  to  give  four  of  the  former, 
including  Mantis  reliyiosa,  and  one  of  the  latter. 

Of  the  Grasshoppers  proper  we  have  in  Britain  eleven  species,  in 
addition  to  about  five  casuals,  amongst  these  five  being  the  "  locusts  " 
that  occasionally  reach  our  shores.  In  Germany  and  Austria  there 
are  seventy-one.  Of  the  Locustids  there  are  eighty-nine  as  against 
our  nine.     Of  Crickets  there  are  seventeen  to  our  four. 

The  book,  which  is  in  German,  is  a  large  octavo  of  148  pages,  in 
paper  covers,  and  is  printed  in  large  clear  type.  One  lithographic 
plate  of  details  constitutes,  unfortunately,  the  whole  of  the  illustrations. 
There  is  but  little  introduction,  and  the  descriptions  and  notes  on  each 
species  are  short.  The  work  takes  the  form  of  a  synopsis,  and  there- 
fore appeals  to  the  specialist  rather  than  to  the  general  reader. 

W.  J.  Lucas. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIV.]  JULY.     1901.  [No.  458. 


NAMES     AND     DEFINITIONS     OF    HYBRIDS. 

By  T.  a.  Chapman,  M.D.,  F.E.S. 

Ent.  Eecord,  vol.  xiii.  p.  183;  Dr.  Standfuss,  "Experiments 
on  Hybridization,"  reprinted  from  the  'Entomologist,'  pp.  23 
and  3-1.  These  two  recent  items  remind  me  of  a  simple  ex- 
pedient for  defining  hybrids  that,  I  imagine,  must  have  occurred 
to  someone  and  been  adopted,  yet  Dr.  Standfuss's  unwieldly 
notation,  that  compels  him  to  use  a  number  in  the  text,  and  his 
reader  to  refer  back  to  pp.  23  and  34  to  see  what  the  number 
means,  implies  that  it  has  not  been  adopted,  or  probably  pro- 
posed. The  idea  simply  is  to  abbreviate  the  name  of  the  insect 
as  much  as  possible,  often  to  an  initial,  and  to  place  the  two 
names  thus  abbreviated  together,  the  male  always  first.  Thus, 
if  deahng  with  Saturnias,  as  on  Dr.  Standfuss's  p.  23,  his  most 
complicated  cross.  No.  18,  which  he  writes  : — 

y/pavoDJacf  \     \    (J 

(  \   spini  ?    / J 

Q   ,      V      pavonia  j      ' 


/•/pavonia(f  \  v 
(  \  spini  ?  /  j 
^     pavonia  ?     ^    ? 

would  be  written  Sat.  Pa  S.  Pa  Pa— Pa  S.  Pa  Pa,  or  simply 
Sat.  Pa  S  Pa  Pa  Pa  S  Pa  Pa.  A  hybrid  being  always  designated 
by  its  2,  4,  8,  16,  or  more  parents.  This  one  is  a  little  com- 
plicated by  having  to  write  Pa,  to  distinguish  pavonia  from  j^^n. 
Similarly  Dr.  Standfuss's  No.  30 — 


Pyg 


/  /  cmtiila  cT  \  \ 
I  Vanachoreta  cT  /  I 
V   anai^horeta  9 


anachoreta  ? 


would  be  written  Pygsra  C.A-A.A— A.A-A.A.  If  P.  anastomosis 
comes  into  the  experiment,  then  Ac  must  be  used  for  anachoreta, 
and  As  for  anastomosis. 

IcNTOW.  —  JULY,    1901.  ^ 


190  THK    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

The  advantages  of  this  notation  are  that  it  can  be  easily 
written  in  the  text,  and  conveys  at  once  to  the  eye  the  ancestry 
and  constitution  of  the  form  before  us. 


NEW   AND   LITTLE-KNOWN    BEES    FROM   NEBRASKA. 

By  T.  D.  a.  Cockerell. 

The  following  bees  were  kindly  communicated  to  me  by  Mr.  J. 
C.  Crawford,  Jun.,  and  Prof.  L.  Bruner  : — 

Pcydita  affinis,  Cresson.— West  Point,  Aug.  12th,  1900  (J.  C. 
Crawford).  Both  sexes  at  flowers  of  Solidago  rigida.  New  to 
Nebraska. 

Perdita  alhipennis,  Cresson.  —  Lincoln,  Aug.  17th,  1900 
(J.  C.  Crawford).  Both  sexes  at  flowers  of  Helianthus 
amnms. 

Perdita  hruneri,  Ckll.— West  Point,  Aug.  6th,  1900  (J.  C. 
Crawford).  Two  females  at  flowers  of  Grindelia ;  one  is  larger 
than  usual. 

Perdita  perpallida,  n.  STp. — Lehigh,  July  (Gary).  Both  sexes 
at  flowers  of  Petalostemoii. 

Length  about  6  mm.,  very  pale  yellowish,  colour  of  P.tvootonce,  but 
without  any  black  patch  on  pleura  in  either  sex.  Female  with  legs 
entirely  pale,  but  male  with  a  large  black  patch  on  inner  side  of 
anterior  femora  beueath.  Male  flagellum  pale  orange,  not  marked 
with  black  above.  Stigma  very  pale  yellow,  uervures  colourless. 
Abdomen  entirely  without  bauds.  Ocelli  black,  but  no  black  hues  on 
vertex  in  either  sex. 

Perdita  crawfordi,  n.  sp. — Lincoln,  Nebr.,  Aug.  25th,  1900 
(J.  C.  Crawford).     Male  at  sunflower  ;  female  at  Grindelia. 

g  .  Length  about  5  mm.  ;  head  and  thorax  dark  bluish  green  ; 
head  ordinary ;  cheeks  with  a  short  tooth  on  lower  part ;  front,  vertex 
and  cheeks  with  short  white  liair  ;  vertex  minutely  granular  ;  antennae 
dark  brown  above,  very  pale  beneath  ;  clypeus  and  lateral  face-marks 
cream-colour ;  clypeus  wholly  pale  except  the  usual  dots ;  lateral 
marks  trausversely  oblong,  not  quite  reaching  the  level  of  the  upper 
edge  of  the  clypeus,  the  inner  side  bulging  above,  and  thus  larger  than 
that  adjacent  to  the  eye  ;  no  supra-clypeal  or  dog-ear  marks  ;  thorax 
rather  abundantly  clothed  with  white  hairs  ;  no  light  markings  on 
protliorax  or  pleura ;  wings  milky-hyaline  ;  nervures  white,  stigma 
faintly  yellowish  ;  marginal  cell  nearly  squarely  truncate,  the  sub- 
stigmatal  portion  about  as  long  as  the  post-stigmatal ;  second  sub- 
marginal  cell  greatly  narrowed  above  ;  third  discoidal  cell  only  faintly 
indicated ;  legs  black,  knees,  anterior  tibiae  in  front,  and  the  tarsi,  pale 


NEW    AND    LITTLE-KNOWN    BEEiS    FRO:\I    NEBRASKA.  101 

yellowish  ;  abdomen  shining  piceous,  without  light  markings,  but  the 
hind  margins  of  the  segments  hyaline. 

5  .  Length  5  mm.  ;  similar  to  the  male,  but  the  lateral  face- 
marks  are  nearly  equilateral  triangles  ;  and  the  second,  third,  and 
fourth  abdominal  segments  have  basal  straight  pale  yellowish  bands, 
narrowly  interrupted  in  the  middle,  and  those  on  the  third  and 
fourth  segments  terminating  abruptly  some  distance  before  the  lateral 
margins. 

Ill  my  tables  of  Perdita,  the  male  runs  to  P.  vagans,  and 
the  female  to  P.  bigelovics  ;  but  the  face-markings  are  not  as 
in  those  species,  and  other  differences  are  apparent  on  com- 
parison. 

Perdita  maura,  n.  sp. — Cedar  Bluffs  (L.  Bruner).  Both  sexes 
at  flowers  of  Aster. 

<?  .  Length  about  4i  mm.  ;  head  and  thorax  dark  bluish-green, 
metathorax  blue  ;  abdomen  broad,  shiniug  black  without  marks,  the 
hind  margins  of  the  segments  not  hyaline.  Head  ordinary,  cheeks 
unarmed  ;  face-marks  yellow  ;  clypeus  yellow  except  the  sides  above, 
and  the  whole  of  the  upper  median  margin,  the  yellow  therefore 
occupying  all  the  lower  half  of  the  clypeus,  and  sending  a  broad 
tongue  upwards  in  the  median  line  ;  supra-clypeal  mark  divided  into 
two  adjacent  patches  ;  no  dog-ear  marks  ;  lateral  face-marks  broadly 
triangular,  their  upper  angles  (of  about  45°)  about  level  with  the 
anteunal  sockets  ;  scape  and  fiagellum  dark  brown  above  and  yellow 
or  brownish  yellow  beneath  ;  face  not  hairy  ;  mesothorax  granular, 
with  feeble  punctures,  median  groove  very  distinct :  thorax  with 
sparse  short  hair  ;  wings  hyaline,  nervures  and  stigma  very  dark 
brown,  third  discoidal  cell  ill-defined  ;  marginal  cell  ordinary ;  legs 
black,  knees,  anterior  tibite  and  tarsi,  and  middle  tibiae  and  tarsi,  more 
or  less  yellow. 

?  .  Length  about  o^  mm. ;  similar  to  the  male,  except  as  follows  : 
face  wholly  dark,  but  the  mandibles  are  yellow  with  dark  ferruginous 
tips ;  third  discoidal  cell  distinct ;  anterior  tibiae  behind,  and  middle 
tibite,  black. 

P.  maura  in  my  tables  runs  in  the  male  to  P.  asteris,  var., 
but  it  is  quite  distinct  from  that  species,  which  has  milky  wings 
with  almost  colourless  nervures  and  stigma.  The  female  runs  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  ijhymatce,  but  that  is  a  much  smaller  and 
less  bulky  insect. 

Spinoliella  amtralinr  (Ckll.),  Sioux  Co.  (L.  Bruner).  Both 
sexes  at  Cleome  flowers.     New  to  Nebraska. 

East  Las  Vegas,  New  Mexico,  U.S.A.  : 
Nov.  14th,  1900. 


Q  2 


I 


192  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


SIX    NEW    SPECIES    OF    CULICID^    FROM    INDIA, 
jj  By  Lt.-Col.  G.  M.  Giles,  M.B.,   F.R.C.S.,  I.M.S. 

(Communicated  by  F.  V.  Theobald,  M.A.,  F.E.S.) 

CULEX    TRIT^NIOKHYNCHUS,    Sp.  11. 

Wings  unspotted.  Tarsi  minutely  basally  banded,  pale  ochreous. 
Thorax  unadorned,  fuscous.  Abdominal  segments  fuscous,  with  rather 
narrow  yellowish  white  basal  bands.  Proboscis  with  three  ochreous 
bands. 

A  minute  species  of  generally  dusky  tinting  and  proportionately 
long  legs.  Head  fuscous  ;  eyes  with  a  barely  perceptible  whitish  mar- 
gin ;  nape  fuscous,  with  a  few  whitish  hairs.  Antennte  fuscous, 
minutely  banded  white  in  the  male.  Proboscis  fuscous,  with  three 
separate  ochreous  bands,  one  forming  the  tip  ;  the  second  sharply 
defined,  and  much  broader  beyond  the  middle  ;  the  third  less  sharply 
defined,  especially  in  the  female,  midway  between  the  large  band  and 
the  base.  Palpi  (male)  considerably  longer  than  the  proboscis,  ex- 
ceeding it  by  more  than  the  length  of  the  markedly  subulate  terminal 
joint,  fuscous,  with  minute  white  basal  bands  to  the  last  three  joints  ; 
female  exceptionally  minute,  nearly  black,  with  an  indistinct  greyish 
tip.  Thorax  fuscous,  with  golden  brown  tomentum,  unadorned. 
Wings  hyaline,  with  nearly  black  scales.  Axillary  vein  joining  costa 
a  little  in  front  of  base  of  anterior  fork-cell,  and  slightly  behind  tip  of 
anterior  branch  of  five  longitudinal ;  supernumerary  and  middle  trans- 
verse veins  in  one  line,  and  fully  their  united  length  outside  the  pos- 
terior transverse.  Fork-cells  both  narrow  and  of  nearly  equal  width, 
but  the  anterior  the  longer ;  their  stems  short,  the  posterior  being  a 
little  the  longer,  so  that  the  base  of  the  corresponding  cell  is  slightly 
outside  that  of  the  anterior  fork-cell.  Halteres  pale  yellow.  Legs 
fuscous  ;  the  tarsi  with  minute  ochreous  basal  bands  to  all  the  joints  ; 
first  post-tarsal  joint  longer  than  the  corresponding  tibia  in  both  sexes. 
Abdomen  fuscous,  with  rather  narrow  yellowish  white  basal  bands  to 
the  segments,  broader  in  the  middle  than  laterally,  especially  on  the 
anterior  segments.     Length  of  wing  of  male  2-4  mm.,  of  female  3  mm. 

Hah.     Madras, 

CuLEX    PSEUDO-T^NIATUS,    Sp.  D.* 

Wings  unspotted.  Tarsi  black,  with  white  rings  formed  on  the 
bases  and  apices  of  contiguous  joints.  Thorax  black,  elaborately 
adorned  with  fine  white  lines  (almost  as  in  C.  tmiiatus,^  Meig. ). 
Abdominal  segments  black,  with  narrow  basal  bands  ;  venter  pale 
fawn.     The  general  coloration  is  an  intense  violet-black. 

This  species  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  C.  notoscriptus,  Skuse, 
and  to  C.  tmiiatns,  but  may  be  easily  distinguished  by  the  position  of 
the  tarsal  banding,  and  its  wanting  the  white  band  on  the  proboscis  of 
the  former  species. 

*  This  comes  in  my  genus  Stegomyia  (F.  V.  T.). 

1   This  is  synonymous  with  Culex  fasciatus,  Fabr.  (F.  V.  T.). 


SIX    NEW    SPECIES    OF    CULICID^.    FROM    INDIA.  193 

?  .  Head  black,  with  a  narrow  median  line  on  the  nape,  and  the 
borders  of  the  eyes  snowy  white.  Antennte  darlj  brown,  slightly 
shorter  than  the  proboscis,  which  is  black  throughout.  Palpi  about 
one- fifth  the  length  of  the  proboscis,  black  with  white  tips,  and  some 
white  spotting  at  the  articulations.  Thorax  black,  elaborately  adorned 
with  very  narrow  white  lines,  consisting  of  a  median,  bifurcating 
behind,  two  short  straight  anterior  lateral  lines,  and  outside  these  a 
pair  of  long  sigmoid-curved  lines,  in  the  external  hollow  of  which  are 
yet  another  pair  of  slightly  curved  lines,  occupying  the  two  middle 
fourths  of  the  area.  The  posterior  border  of  the  metanotum  is  armed 
with  strong  bristles.  The  wings  much  resemble  those  of  C.  albupictus,'^'- 
and  are  fully  the  length  of  the  abdomen,  hyaline,  the  veins  clothed 
with  linear  black  scales  ;  axillary  vein  joining  the  costa  a  little  before 
the  tip  of  the  posterior  branch  of  fifth  longitudinal,  and  just  short  of 
the  base  of  the  anterior  fork-cell ;  supernumerary  and  middle  cross- 
veins  nearly  equal,  joining  at  an  oblique  angle  ;  each  rather  longer 
than  the  posterior  transverse,  and  placed  twice  the  length  of  the  latter 
outside  it,  and  nearly  opposite  the  tip  of  the  sixth  longitudinal ;  pos- 
terior transverse  placed  less  than  one-third  along  the  anterior  branch 
of  fifth  longitudinal ;  anterior  fork-cell  longer  and  slightly  narrower 
than  the  posterior,  their  bases  nearly  opposite.  Legs  black,  with 
delicate  white  lines  on  the  sides  of  the  femora  and  tibiae,  but  no  distinct 
knee  spots  ;  the  tarsal  joints  have  minute  white  bands  both  at  base 
and  apex,  combining  to  form  a  still  narrow  ring  on  the  articulation, 
that  on  base  of  first  tarsal  joint  often  involving  the  tibia ;  in  the  fore 
legs  the  upper  two,  in  the  middle  the  upper  three, .and  in  the  hind  all 
articulations  are  so  ringed.  Abdomen  black,  with  very  narrow  basal 
white  bands  of  perfectly  uniform  width,  so  that  it  is  easy  to  mistake 
their  position,  and  to  take  them  as  on  the  hinder  border  of  segment. 
They  are  best  marked  in  the  third,  fourth,  fifth,  sixth  segments ;  the 
first  abdominal  segment  has  the  dorsum  covered  with  a  peculiar  beak- 
like backward-projectnig  plate  of  the  scutellum,  armed  with  a  radiating 
tuft  of  strong  bristles.     Length  of  wing,  3-1  mm.  male  to  5  mm.  female. 

Hah.  The  Lower  Himalayas,  6000-8000  feet  (Baklob'n 
Punjab,  and  Naini  Tal).  Not  common,  but  occasionally  enters 
houses  and  bites. 

I  have  met  with  the  larva  in  very  shallow  depressions  in  the 
cemented  gutter  round  a  house,  in  the  bottom  of  which  was  only 
a  little  sand  just  tinted  with  green  algse,  in  perfectly  clean  rain- 
water. They  are  about  8  mm.  long,  and  very  dark  tinted,  the 
head  being  so  black  that  the  eyes  cannot  be  distinguished.  The 
antennae  are  very  short,  and,  with  the  exception  of  some  terminal 
specialized  short  bristles,  are  almost  naked,  and  not,  as  usual, 
indistinctly  two-jointed,  with  tufts  at  the  constriction.  The 
spiracle  is  extremely  short,  not  half  as  long  as  the  anal  tubercles, 
and  no  longer  than  an  average  abdominal  segment.  With  the 
exception  of  the  large  thoracic  tufts,  the  bristles  are  not  dis- 
tinguishably  compound.      In   the   water  they  hold  themselves 

■■■  This  is  synonymous  with  Walker's  C.  scutelluris ;  both  come  iu  my 
new  genus  Stegomyia  (F.  V.  T.). 


194  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

nearly  vertical   to  the  surface.      The  pupae  are  also  intensely 
black. 

CULEX    GUBERNATORIUS,    Sp.  n.* 

Wings  unspotted.  Tarsi  each  with  two  bauds,  one  at  the  base  of 
the  first,  the  second  over  articulation  between  first  and  second  joints. 
Thorax  sooty,  with  a  round  anterior  median  and  four  lateral  snowy 
spots  at  the  corners  of  the  notum.  Abdominal  segments  black,  with 
large  snowy  lateral  spots,  and  a  minute  terminal  median  spot  on  the 
last ;  venter  sooty. 

?  .  Head  sooty  black,  the  nape  with  a  minute  median  line,  a 
delicate  border  to  the  eyes,  and  a  pair  of  small  lateral  spots  behind 
them  snowy  white.  Antennae,  proboscis,  and  palpi  entirely  black,  the 
former  with  the  second  no  longer  than  the  succeeding  joints.  Thorax 
sooty,  with  snowy  spots  arranged  as  below  ;  in  front  there  is  a  large 
median  spot,  which  is  prolonged  at  the  sides  into  a  pair  of  lateral  bars, 
in  front  of  which  are  scarcely  perceptible  separate  humeral  spots  ; 
there  is  a  similar  pair  of  short  lateral  transverse  bars  at  the  posterior 
corners  of  the  notum,  besides  which  the  pleurae  and  coxte  are  plentifully 
speckled.  The  posterior  border  of  the  metanotum  is  armed  with  three 
tufts  of  bristles.  Wings  hyaline,  the  veins  with  black  scales  ;  auxiliary 
vein  joining  the  costa  a  little  external  to  the  middle  transverse  vein  ; 
second  longitudinal  vein  springing  from  the  first  only  a  trifle  internal 
to  the  posterior  transverse  ;  supernumerary  and  middle  transverse 
veins  in  one  line  ;  together  not  much  longer  than  the  posterior  trans- 
verse, and  placed  distinctly  more  than  then'  united  length  outside  it ; 
anterior  fork-cell  somewhat  longer  and  narrower  than  the  posterior, 
but  having  a  somewhat  longer  stem,  which  is  about  two-thirds  as  long 
as  the  cell.  Halteres  with  white  stems  and  black  knobs,  their  roots 
protected  by  distinct  membranous  tegulae.  Legs  black,  with  the 
exception  of  a  fairly  broad  white  baud  at  the  base  of  the  posterior 
femora,  and  smaller  patches  on  the  under  surface  of  the  other  femora  ; 
there  are  large  white  knee  spots,  and  two  broad  bauds,  one  placed  on 
the  base  of  the  first  tarsal  joint  and  apex  of  the  tibia,  and  the  second 
on  the  apex  of  first  and  base  of  the  second  tarsal ;  in  the  fore  legs 
there  is  a  faint  ring  on  the  next  articulation.  Abdomen  sooty  black, 
each  segment  having  a  pair  of  broad  lateral  basal  snowy  spots.  There 
is  also  a  minute  median  spot  on  the  dorsum  of  the  last  visible  segment. 
Venter  uniformly  sooty  black.     Length  of  wing  3  mm. 

Hab.     Taken  in  Government  House,  Allahabad. 

CuLEX    PULCHRIVENTER,    Sp.  n. 

Wings  unspotted.  Tarsi  unhanded,  black.  Thorax  golden  scaled, 
with  a  fine  median  and  broader  lateral  black  lines.  Abdominal  seg- 
ments black,  with  snowy  basal  bands,  and  the  venter  elaborately 
adorned  with  golden,  snow-white,  and  black  markings. 

Head  black,  with  two  bands  of  golden  toraentum  separated  by  a 
delicate  median  black  line  on  the  nape,  and  a  delicate  line  of  golden 
scales  round  the  eyes  ;  on  the  sides  behind  the  eyes  are  two  minute 
patches  of  white  scales.     Antennae  almost  two-thirds  the  length  of  the 

"•  This  is  a  Stegomyia  (F.  V.  T.). 


SIX    NKW    SPECIKS    OF    OULICID.F.    FROM    INDIA.  195 

proboscis  in  the  male,  black  with  black  verticils  ;  in  the  female  the 
internodes  are  covered  with  whitish  down  ;  on  the  upper  surface  of  the 
basal  joint  is  a  patch  of  whitish  scales  ;  second  joint  short.  Proboscis 
sooty  black  throughout.  Palpi  of  male  but  four-fifths  the  length  of 
the  proboscis,  tapered,  their  terminal  joints  much  the  smallest  in  all 
dimensions ;  black,  saving  a  few  scattered  yellowish  hairs  on  the 
second  joint,  and  a  very  minute  yellow  ring  at  the  base  of  the  second  ; 
in  the  female  they  are  very  minute,  and  have  also  a  few  scattered 
yellow  hairs  on  the  apex  and  base  of  the  penultimate  joint.  Thorax 
covered  with  golden  tomentum,  through  which  the  bare  black  ground 
shows  to  form  black  lines.  On  the  anterior  two-thirds  is  a  large 
triangular  golden  area,  divided  into  lateral  halves  by  a  delicate  median 
black  line ;  behind  and  external  to  this  is  a  fairly  broad  V-shaped 
black  mark,  the  limbs  of  whicli  taper  off  in  front,  and  at  the  back  of 
the  thorax  laterally  is  yet  another  pair  of  somewhat  reniform  bare 
black  marks ;  the  golden  scales  are  narrow  and  hair-like  throughout, 
and  behind  develop  into  bristles,  which  project  backward  from  the 
border  of  the  metanotum  in  three  strong  tufts.  The  pleurae  and  coxfe 
show  a  few  patches  of  silvery  scales,  and  there  is  a  strong  tuft  of 
yellow  hairs  at  the  root  of  the  wings.  Wings  dusky,  the  veins  densely 
clothed  with  linear  sooty-black  scales.  Axillary  vein  joining  the 
costa  midway  between  the  supernumerary  cross-vein  and  the  base  of 
the  anterior  fork-cell ;  supernumerary  and  middle  cross-veins  joining 
at  a  very  open  angle,  placed  a  little  outside  the  tip  of  the  sixth  longi- 
tudinal, and  almost  twice  the  length  of  the  distinctly  longer  hinder 
cross-vein  external  to  it ;  anterior  fork-cell  longer  and  somewhat 
narrower  than  the  posterior  ;  their  stems  about  equal,  the  stem  of  the 
anterior  being  just  half  the  length  of  its  cell.  Halteres  with  white 
stems  and  black  knobs.  Legs  sooty  black  throughout,  save  for  the 
golden  lower  surfaces  of  the  femora  ;  a  distinct  knee  spot  and  a  few 
stray  bristles  of  the  same  colour  on  the  other  joints.  In  the  male  the 
anterior  and  middle  legs  have  strong  symmetrical  tarsal  claws,  each 
with  two  accessory  spines  ;  those  of  the  hind  legs  are  small,  sym- 
metrical, and  simple.  Abdominal  segments  black,  with  narrow  snowy 
basal  bands,  consisting  of  a  pair  of  crescentic  spots  narrowly  connected 
across  the  middle  line,  the  hinder  and  lateral  borders  of  the  segments 
showing  some  golden  hairs.  Ventrally  the  abdomen  is  elaborately 
adorned,  each  of  the  five  middle  segments  showing  behind  a  large 
lunate  golden  area,  bounded  in  front  by  a  narrow  sooty  line  which 
touches  the  segment  in  front  of  it  in  the  middle  line,  and  so  separates 
a  pair  of  triangular  snowy  patches  at  the  sides  of  their  bases  ;  the 
anterior  and  hinder  segments  are  almost  purely  white.  Length  of 
proboscis  3  mm. ;  of  male  palpi  2-6  mm. ;  of  antennas  2  mm.  ;  of 
wing  (female)  5  mm. 

Hah.  Naini  Tal.  Is  essentially  a  sylvan  species,  though  I 
have  taken  a  specimen  in  the  verandah.  The  larvfe  are  found  in 
pools  in  the  course  of  the  (perfectly  clean)  fresh  water  surface 
drainage  system,  through  which  in  heavy  rain  a  perfect  torrent 
of  water  flows.  They  are  darkly  tinted,  about  8  mm.  long  when 
mature,  and  have  a  short  spiracle,  no  longer  than  the  last  two 
abdominal  segments,  and  but  little  longer  than  the  anal  papillae. 


19fi  THE    KNTOMOLOGIST. 

The  head  is  yellow  at  the  sides.  The  pupae  are  large  and  nearly 
black.  I  have  not  been  able  to  induce  imagines,  newly  escaped, 
to  bite. 

T^NIORHYNCHUS    AGER,    Sp.  n. 

Wings  unspotted.  Tarsal  joints  deep  brown,  with  ochreous  bands 
at  base  and  apex,  so  that  two  joints  combine  to  form  rings  at  the 
articulations.  Thorax  unadorned,  black,  covered  with  mingled  black 
and  golden  scales.  Abdominal  segments  black,  with  distal  ochreous 
bands.  Proboscis  black,  with  two  ochreous  bands  at  the  tip  and  in 
the  middle. 

?  .  Head  black,  with  scattered  golden  scales.  Antenna  dark 
brown,  with  a  minute  yellowish  ring  round  the  insertion  of  the  second 
joint,  which  latter  is  no  longer  than  the  succeeding  joints.  Proboscis 
deep  brown,  with  a  broad  sharply  defined  ochreous  band  in  the  middle 
of  its  length,  and  a  second  narrower  one  at  its  tip.  Palpi  about  one- 
fifth  the  length  of  the  proboscis,  black,  with  a  minute  yellowish  tip. 
Thorax  black,  covered  with  a  shaggy  tomentum  of  mingled  black  and 
golden  scales ;  there  are  three  groups  of  bristles  on  the  posterior 
border  of  the  scutellum,  but  they  are  only  of  moderate  lengths. 
Wings  hyaline,  the  veins  clothed  with  alternatively  black  and  yellow 
scales.  Axillary  vein  joining  the  costa  a  little  internal  to  tip  of 
anterior  branch  of  fifth  longitudinal,  while  latter  is  opposite  the  base 
of  the  anterior  fork-cell.  Supernumerary  and  middle  transverse 
veins  joining  at  an  open  angle,  and  placed  rather  more  than  the 
length  of  either  external  to  the  posterior  transverse,  all  three  being 
of  about  equal  lengths  ;  the  two  fork-cells  are  of  about  equal  width, 
but  the  anterior  is  much  the  longer,  its  stem  being  slightly  shorter 
than  that  of  the  posterior,  and  less  than  a  third  the  length  of  the  cell. 
Legs  dark  coloured,  clothed  with  a  mixture  of  black  and  golden  scales, 
the  former  preponderating  except  on  the  under  surface  of  the  femora  ; 
tarsi  nearly  black,  with  narrow  ochreous  bands  at  base  and  apex  of  the 
joints,  which,  combining,  form  five  more  or  less  distinct  rings,  placed 
on  the  articulations  with  the  exception  of  the  uppermost  ring,  into  the 
formation  of  which  the  tibiae  do  not  enter.  There  are  also  more  or 
less  distinct  ochreous  knee  spots.  Abdomen  nearly  black,  the  seg- 
ments having  distinct  ochreous  bands  on  their  hinder  borders,  broader 
laterally  than  in  the  middle,  so  that  the  dark  portions  form  a  series  of 
lunate  spots,  the  yellow  bands  almost  combining  laterally;  there  are 
seven  distinct  bands,  the  last  visible  segment  being  entirely  yellow. 
Length  of  wing  4  mm. 

Hab.     Travancore,  Madras  Presidency. 

CORETHRA    ASIATICA,    Sp.  U. 

A  single  female  was  taken  on  the  wall  of  my  dining-room  at 
Shahjahanpur,  N.  W.  P.,  under  a  lighted  lamp.  It  is  a  minute  but 
proportionally  stoutly-built  gnat.  From  the  configuration  of  the  wing 
I  should  have  been  inclined  to  place  it  in  MochUmyx,  but  the  first 
tarsal  joint,  although  barely  half  length  of  tibia,  is  longer  than  the 
second  tarsal.     Hence  I  place  it  in  Corethra. 

It  is  uniformly  pale  straw-colour  throughout.    Very  hnsute.    Body 


LIST    OF    THE    LEPIDOPTERA    OF    WEl-HAI-WRI.  197 

and  legs  armed  with  hairs,  the  veins  of  the  wings  alone  being  scaled, 
and  even  these  are  long  and  narrow,  approximating  to  hairs  ;  those  of 
the  internal  fringe  being  exceptionally  long.  The  proboscis  is  very  short, 
darker  than  the  rest  of  the  body,  very  short,  and  bilobed.  Palpi  short  and 
slender,  but  longer  than  the  proboscis  ;  antennte  not  banded.  Thorax 
indistinctly  marked  with  a  darker  median  line  in  front,  tapering  to 
disappearance  behind.  Outside  this  are  lines  composed  of  minute 
black  dots  formed  by  the  roots  of  hairs,  and  external  again  to  these, 
and  behind,  two  pear-shaped  brown  spots.  These  markings  all  pertain 
to  the  ground  colouring,  and  are  not  produced  by  tomentum.  Wing 
broad  internally.  Auxiliary  vein  joining  the  costa  far  out  and  beyond 
the  tip  of  anterior  branch  of  fifth  longitudinal.  Fork-cells  with  their 
bases  opposite,  and  their  stems  nearly  half  as  long  as  the  branches  of 
the  anterior  fork,  which  is  much  longer  and  narrower  than  the  pos- 
terior ;  supernumerary  middle  and  posterior  transverse  veins  of  about 
equal  length,  the  two  first  in  one  open-angled  line  ;  the  last  just 
internal  to  the  other  two,  and  distinctly  external  to  tip  of  sixth  longi- 
tudinal vein.  Halteres  white,  with  a  round  black  dot  on  the  end  of 
the  knob.  Legs  rather  short  and  stout,  very  hirsute,  the  first  tarsal 
joint  barely  half  the  length  of  the  tibia,  but  longer  than  the  second 
tarsal ;  uniformly  pale  straw-colour.  Abdomen  of  the  same  tint  as 
the  rest  of  the  body,  saving  a  few  irregular  brownish  specks  along 
the  sides. 

Shahjahanpur  :  Jan.  8tb,  1901. 


A    PRELIMINAEY   LIST   OF    THE    LEPIDOPTERA    OF 
WEI-HAI-WEI. 

By  Thomas  Bainbrigge  Fletcher,  R.N.,  F.E.S. 
(Concluded  from  p.  174.) 

Fam.  LiMAcoDiDiE. 
Parasa  consocia,  Walk. — Common  at  light  in  July. 

Fam.  NoTODONTiD.E. 

Phalera  fiavescens,  Brem.— One  specimen,  at  light  on  board,  22nd 
Julv,  1898.' 

Fhcdera  ftiscipmnis,  Butl.— Several,  at  light  on  board,  20th  and 
21st  July,  1898.  In  repose,  this  species  tucks  in  its  head  and  imitates 
a  bit  of  dead  stick,  just  like  our  own  familiar  P.  bncephala. 

Cerura  nienciana,  Moore.— A  male  and  female,  on  mainland,  15th 
May,  1899.  Judging  by  the  large  number  of  empty  cocoons  on  the 
willows  around  Flagstaff  Camp,  this  species  must  be  fairly  common. 
The  limpet-shaped  eggs  furnish  rather  a  good  example  of  protective 
resemblance.  Above,  they  are  of  a  dull  salmon  colour,  and  would 
evidently  resemble  small  galls  or  patches  of  fungi,  when  viewed  on  the 
leaf ;  whilst  below  they  are  green,  and  so  show  very  little  when  viewed 
through  the  leaf. 


198  THR     ^ENTOMOLOGIST, 

Melalopha  (=  Ichthyura  =  Pi/f/cEra)  (machoreta,  Fb. — Several  on 
willows  around  Flagstaff  Camp,  25th  April,  1899. 

Fam.  Sphingid^. 

Macrofflossa  stellatanuii,  L. — Common  throughout  the  whole  of  the 
warm  season. 

Charoctimpa  elpenor,  L.- — One  specimen,  at  Chifu,  8th  Maj,  1899. 

Charorampa  japnnica,  Bdv. — One  specimen,  at  light  on  board,  in 
July,  1898. 

Leucophlchia  Hneata,  Westw. —  One  specimen,  at  light  on  board, 
20th  July,  1898. 

Daphnis  hypothoiis,  Cram. — One  only,  23rd  June,  1898,  attracted  by 
the  search-light  when  we  were  doing  "  night-liring,"  about  ten  miles 
off  Wei-hai-wei.  This  species  seems  a  straggler  from  the  Tropics,  as 
the  British  Museum  specimens  are  from  much  more  southern  localities 
— Sarawak,  Labuan,  &c. 

PJdegethontius  convolvuli,  L. — Common  in  September  and  October. 
Abundant  all  round  the  gulf  of  Pechili  in  1898.  {Vide  'Entom. 
Record,'  vol.  xi.  p.  110.) 

Snierinthiis  planum,  Walk. — Two  specimens,  caught  on  the  mainland 
on  16th  July,  1898,  and  brought  to  me. 

Fam.   Saturniid.e. 

Actias  selenc,  L. — One,  on  the  mainland,  15th  May,  1899. 

AnthercBa  perinji,  G.-M. — This  occurs  in  a  half-wild  state  almost 
everywhere.  The  larvae  are  found  on  the  dwarf  oak-bushes,  being 
collected  by  the  natives  when  full-grown  for  the  silk,  which  forms  one 
of  the  industries  of  the  district,  Chifu  silk  being  very  well  known. 
When  irritated,  the  larva  tucks  in  its  head  and  assumes  a  pseudapo- 
sematic  appearance  by  exposing  the  eye-like  mark  on  the  fourth 
segment ;  this  gleams  like  silver  in  the  sunshine,  and  looks  like  a  lurid 
eye.     The  moth  appears  in  March  and  April,  and  again  in  July. 

Fam.  Lasiocampid^. 
Dendrolvmis  pini,  L.  (=  Metanastria  ^eyrer/ata,  Butl.). — Abundant 
in  July  and  August.  The  larvag  occur  in  thousands  on  fir-trees  in 
May,  and  are  full-fed  about  the  middle  of  June.  On  7th  June,  1899, 
I  went  over  to  the  mainland  in  hopes  of  getting  cocoons,  but,  though 
I  found  the  larvfe  in  plenty  and  enormous  in  size,  I  could  not  see  any 
which  had  pupated.  The  larvae  occur  in  two  distinct  shades — orange 
and  grey.  When  annoyed,  they  eject  a  clear  watery  liquid,  and  curl 
their  heads  down,  thus  prominently  exposing  the  big  blue  hairy  tufts 
composed  of  short  easily-detachable  bristles.  If  further  annoyed,  they 
lash  about  with  their  fore  extremity,  and  try  to  bring  these  tufts  in 
contact  with  the  aggressor.  This  I  permitted  one  to  do  to  my  finger, 
when  it  left  a  number  of  short  blue  hairs  embedded  in  the  skin. 
These  hairs,  which  are  also  woven  into  the  texture  of  the  cocoon  to 
form  a  regular  cheveux-de-fHse,  are  not  easily  extracted  from  the  skin, 
but  break  off,  leaving  the  points  embedded,  and,  I  have  no  doubt,  would 
prove  highly  urticative  to  persons  with  a  tender  skin.  On  4th  October, 
1899,  I  note  :  "  The  small  fir-bushes  are  covered  with  ova  of  D.  pini, 


LIST    OF    THE    LEPIDOPTRRA    OF    WEI-HAI-WEI.  199 

most  of  which  have  hatched  out,  the  young  larvae  being  now  about 
half-an-ineh  long. 

Fam.  ZEuzERiDiE. 
Trypcmns  (=  Cosaus  —  Xylenten)  vicariia^,  Walk. — Common  in  June 
and  July,  1898.  As  almost  the  only  trees  at  Wei-hai-wei  are  willows, 
the  conditions  are  favourable  to  the  maintenance  of  the  species  ;  hence 
it  is  not  surprising  that  the  average  size  of  the  specimens  is  much 
greater  than  usual,  equalling,  indeed,  that  of  our  own  T.  ligniperda. 

NOCTUiE    TRIFIDiE. 
Fam.  Agrotid^. 

Acronycta  rnmicis,  L. — One,  on  a  willow  near  Flagstaff  Camp,  25th 
April,  1899. 

Leucania  unipimcta,  Haw. — Common  in  June.  On  the  afternoon 
of  7th  June,  1899,  I  saw  this  species  flying  in  hundreds  around 
flowers. 

Mamestra  abjecta,  Hb. — One  specimen,  at  Chifa,  9th  May,  1899. 

Mainestra  adjuncta,  Stdgr.,  ab.  )iwn(/olica,  Stdgr. — One  specimen,  at 
Chifii,  9th  May,  1899. 

A(jrotis  seyetiii,  Gmel. — One  only  ;  Chifu,  5th  May,  1898.  Disturbed 
from  short  grass  amongst  the  sand-hills  ;  its  colour  agrees  very  well 
with  that  of  the  sand. 

Peridroma  (Agrotis)  ypsilon,  Rott.  (=  siiffasa,  Hb.). — Common  in 
June. 

Fam.  Heliothid.^. 

HcUothis.  dipsacea,  L. — One  specimen,  at  Chifu,  on  5th  May,  1898, 
flying  round  flowers  in  the  afternoon. 

HeUothis  anuiqera,  Hb. — One  at  Chifu,  to  light  on  board,  4th  May, 
1898. 

HeliothU  scutosa,  Schifif. — Common  in  Leu-kung-tao  on  12th  June, 
1898.  Readily  disturbed  from  amongst  bushes  ;  the  only  one  I  saw 
on  the  wing  of  its  own  accord  in  the  day-time  was  feeding  on  a  thistle 
flower. 

Fam.  AcoNTiiD^. 

Erotyla  {Ayrophila)  trabenUs,  Scop.  (=  siilplmralis,h.). — One  speci- 
men, at  the  eastern  end  of  Leu-kung-tao,  10th  June,  1899.  This 
specimen  agrees  very  well  with  one  from  Pekin  in  the  National 
Collection. 

NOCTURE    QUADRIFID.l]. 
Fam.  Plusiid^. 

Phisia  ni,  Hb. — Fairly  common  in  September  and  October. 

Plusin  gutta,  Gn. — Common  in  October. 

Fam.  Calpid^e. 
Calpe  excavnta,  Butl. — One  only,  in  Leu-kung-tao,  14th  June,  1898. 

Fam.  HvpopYRiDiE. 
Spiramia  simplicior,  Butl. — Common  in  May  and  again  in  August. 
Has  a  great  liking  for  cultivated  ground.     It  is  very  wary  and,  once 


200  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

disturbed,  difficult  to  capture.     The  colours,  though  so  varied,  match 
the  bare  earth  very  well  when  it  is  settled  with  wings  outspread. 

Fam.  Ophiuerid.e. 
Ophiodes  tirhaca,  Cram. — One,  at  light  on  board,  22nd  October,  1898. 
Eligma  narcissus,  Cram. — One  specimen  only,  in  Leu-tung-tao  ; 
found  drying  its  wings  on  12th  November,  1898.  The  examples  in  the 
National  Collection  appear  to  have  been  captured  earlier  m  the  year, 
between  June  and  August,  so  possibly  this  belongs  to,  at  any  rate  a 
partial,  second  brood. 

Fam.  Lagopterid.e. 
Layoptera  jiino,  Dalman. — Common  at  the  beginning  of  September. 

GEOMETRZE. 
Fam.  Id^id^. 
Craspedia  kaschmirensis,  Moore.     Common  in  May. 

Fam.  AciDALiiD^. 

Timandra  amataria,  L. — One  specimen,  at  light  on  board,  29tli 
September,  1898. 

PYRALES. 
Fam.  Pyralidid;e. 

Cledeobia  homhycaUs,  Schiff. — Two  specimens,  at  the  eastern  end  of 
Leu-kung-tao ;  one  on  28th  May,  1898,  the  other  on  24th  May,  1899; 
it  flies  rapidly  in  the  hot  sunshine,  and  has  a  jerky  flight.  This  seems 
a  well-marked  local  race,  if  not  a  new  species.  The  bombycalis  in  the 
National  Collection  are  from  Sarepta,  Austria,  and  Buda.  My  speci- 
mens are  much  darker.  The  central  portion  of  the  fore-wings  between 
the  light  transverse  fascial  is  dark,  and  not  light,  yellowish-brown. 
The  discoidal  spot  is  also  almost  obsolete  (quite  obsolete  in  one), 
whereas  in  the  type  it  is  very  prominent.  The  base  of  the  hind-wings 
inside  the  yellowish  fascia  is  in  bombycalis  quite  light,  but  in  the  Wei- 
hai-wei  specimens  as  dark  as  the  outside  portion.  For  this  darker 
variety  I  propose  the  name  cJdntmsis. 

Aqlossa  pintjuinalis,  L. — One  specimen,  at  light  on  board,  18th 
July,' 1898. 

Xomophila  noctueUa,  Schiff, — Common  in  May  and  again  in  October. 
The  depth  of  ground-colour  is  very  variable,  and  this  is  doubtless  of 
use  to  the  species,  as  it  is  in  the  habit  of  settling  on  the  bare  earth. 
It  is  noticeable  that  Spirania  simplicior  (ante,  p.  199),  which  has  much 
the  same  habits,  also  varies  very  greatly  in  depth  of  ground-colour, 
from  grey  to  black. 

Fam.  Hydrocampid^, 

Xymphula  fengwhanalis,  Pryer, — One  specimen,  at  Chifu,  in  Sep- 
tember, 1898,' 

H.M.S.  'Gladiator,'  Mediterranean. 


201 


DIPTERA    AND    HYMENOPTERA    IN    NORFOLK. 
By  Colbran  J.  Wainwright,  F.E.8. 

I  SPENT  three  weeks  last  summer  at  West  Emiton,  Norfolk, 
collecting  insects,  and  some  accomit  of  the  species  obtained  there 
may  be  of  interest.  The  village  lies  between  Cromer  and  Sher- 
ingham,  on  the  north  coast,  and  is  at  the  foot  of  a  range  of  hills 
running  parallel  with  the  seashore,  and  about  a  mile  or  more 
away  from  it.  These  hills  are  richly  clothed  with  woods,  with 
pleasant  open  spaces,  and  everywhere  while  we  were  there  was  a 
great  wealth  of  flowers  of  all  kinds,  so  that  the  many  flower- 
loving  species  of  Diptera  and  Hymenoptera  might  be  expected  in 
numbers.  The  soil  was  dry  and  sandy,  and  very  suited  to  the 
burrowing  Aculeates,  and,  generally  speaking,  I  should  think  it 
a  favourable  spot  for  the  entomologist.  I  had  a  great  deal  of  my 
three  weeks  spoilt  by  rain  and  wind,  but  succeeded  in  obtaining 
a  very  fair  lot  of  insects.  Mr.  E.  C.  Bradley  joined  me  for  a  few 
days  in  the  middle,  but  was  unfortunate  in  the  weather,  and 
obtained  little  that  I  had  not  already  taken.  He  has  already 
referred  to  a  few  of  the  Diptera  we  obtained  in  the  E.  M.  M.  for 
January. 

Among  the  Hymenoptera,  several  species  of  Andrena  were 
conspicuous  :  tridentata,  Kirb.,  nigriceps,  Kirb.,  and  cuitana, 
Kirb.,  were  all  very  abundant  on  ragwort  bloom  ;  on  the  same 
flowers  also  occurred,  in  similar  abundance,  Nomada  solidagiiiis, 
Panz.,  and  Colletes  fodiens,  Kirb.  So  numerous  were  these 
species  of  bees  that  it  was  only  necessary  to  sweep  a  bed  of  the 
flowers  to  get  a  net  full  of  the  insects,  from  which  one  could 
choose  at  will  the  specimens  preferred.  Amongst  the  nigriceps, 
one  specimen  of  siinillima,  Sm.,  occurred.  The  other  species  of 
Andrena  I  took  were  himaculata,  Kirb.,  of  which  I  obtained  three 
specimens  on  bramble  blossom  ;  cetii,  Schr.,  eight  specimens  on 
a  few  odd  flowers  of  scabious,  which  was  not  a  common  flower 
there  ;  and  gwytiana,  Kirb.,  second  brood  {=bicolor,  Fab.).  Other 
bees  which  occurred  were  Colletes  succincta,  L.,  Halictiis  ruhi- 
cundus,  Chr.,  cijUndricus,  Fab.,  cdbipes,  Kirb.,  zorudus,  Sm., 
Cilissa  hcemorrhoidalis,  Fab.,  C.  leporina,  Panz.,  Nomada  ohtusi- 
frons,  Nyl.,  Epeolusprodmtm,  Thoms.,  common,  burrowing  in  the 
sandy  bank  of  a  lane,  where  I  found  many  of  the  Aculeates,  also 
on  ragwort,  Coelioxijs  elongata,  Lep.,  and  C.  acuminata,  Nyl.,  both 
occurring  on  bramble  blossom,  the  latter  rather  commonly, 
Megachile  maritima,  Kirb.,  three  specimens  only,  M.  centuncularis, 
L.,  Anthidiiim  manicatum,  L.,  and  Stelis  aterrima,  Panz.,  the 
latter  not  uncommon  on  bramble  blooms.  A  lane  ran  up  the 
hill  from  the  village  into  the  woods,  and,  piercing  the  hill  some- 
what, left  most  attractive  sandy  banks,  where  many  Aculeates 
were  nesting.     Many  of  the  bees  above  mentioned  occurred  there. 


202  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

burrowing  or  hauntiuj:;  the  burrows  of  their  hosts.  Cilissa  and 
EpeoliLs  were  specially  abundant.  There  also  many  of  the 
Fossores  occurred,  iucluding  Astata  hoops,  Schr,,  TacJujtes  pecti- 
)iipes,  L.,  Pompiliis  viaticus,  L.,  Ammopldla  sabulosa,  L. ;  and 
several  species  of  Crahro — 4-maculatus,  Fab.,  palmarius,  Schreb., 
anxiiis,  Wesm.,  panzeri,  V.  der  Lind,  &c.  One  or  two  species 
occurred  down  close  by  the  sea,  on  the  flowery  meadows  at  the 
top  of  the  cliffs,  and  practically  not  at  all  higher  up  amongst  the 
woods.  Andrena  himacnlatasind  A.  cetiiweve  only  taken  in  these 
meadows  ;  Tiphla  femoraia.  Fab.,  I  only  obtained  by  sweeping 
there  amongst  the  flowers  ;  T.  minuta,  V.  d.  Lind,  one  specimen 
turned  up  amongst  the  femorata  there ;  Melliniis  sahulosus,  F., 
was  common  on  Angelica  down  by  the  shore.  Mimesa  eqitestris, 
F.,  occurred  everywhere,  but  was  in  especial  abundance  on  one 
little  clump  of  the  Angelica  close  by  the  shore;  and  a  single 
specimen  of  Nysson  dimicliatus,  Jur.,  was  obtained  by  sweeping 
on  the  clifi's.  The  following  complete  the  list  of  Acuieates  taken 
there  : — Mt/rmosa  melanocephala,  F.,  Pompilus  niger,  F.,  Trypoxy- 
lonjigulus,  L.,  T.  claviceriuii,  'Le^.,Dioclontus  niinutiis,¥.,  and  D. 
tristis,  V,  d.  Lind,  Pemphredon  lagubris,  F.,  Crahro  clirysostama, 
Lep.,  C.  cribrarius,  F.,  Entomognathus  brevis,  V.  d.  Lind,  Oxy- 
helus  uniglumis,  L.,  Odynerus  callosus,  Thoms.,  and  O.pictas,  Curt., 
and  a  few  species  of  Sphecodes  and  Halictus  still  undetermined. 

In  the  garden  of  the  cottage  where  we  stayed,  the  little 
chrysid  Cleptes  pallipes  occurred  upon  the  leaves  of  raspberry- 
canes.  I  obtained  about  a  dozen  specimens,  only  one,  however, 
being  a  male. 

The  Diptera  were  not  so  numerous  as  the  Hymenoptera,  but 
yet  I  obtained  some  nice  things  amongst  them,  many  of  the  best 
being  obtained  by  sweeping,  an  excellent  method  for  obtaining 
specimens,  but  one  which  gives  very  little  opportunity  of  ob- 
serving their  habits.  Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley  has  already  referred  to 
some  of  the  Trypetidse  we  obtained.  T.  cornuta,  F.,  was  a 
specially  striking  capture.  It  is  the  largest  and  handsomest  of 
the  genus,  and  in  life,  before  the  lovely  greens  of  its  abdomen 
have  all  faded,  it  is  a  strikingly  beautiful  insect.  It  occurred  in 
thousands  on  Centaurea  scahiosa,  but,  alas,  although  I  took  many 
specimens  and  tried  various  methods  of  killing,  I  failed  to  pre- 
serve its  colours.  2\  tussilaginis,  F.,  and  Tephritis  bardance, 
Schrk.,  were  equally  abundant  on  burdock ;  indeed,  the  chief 
requirement  in  collecting  species  of  this  group  seems  to  be  to 
find  the  food-plant,  when  the  flies  will  probably  be  found  in 
attendance.  Other  species  of  this  group  obtained  were  Spilo- 
graplia  alter nata,  Fall. — one  specimen  on  the  raspberry  leaves  in 
the  garden ;  JJrophora  solstitialis,  L.,  common  on  Centaurea 
nigra  ;  Sphenella  margiiiata,  Fall.,  which  seems  always  common 
on  ragwort ;  Ensina  sonchi,  L. ;  Tephritis  miliaria,  Schrk.  ;  T. 
tessellata,  Loew.,  a  species  not  given  in  Mr.  Verrall's  list,  but  of 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  208 

^^vt^  ^„?^*^"^^^^  ^^'®  specimens  by  sweeping  on  the  top  of  the 
chtis  ;  I.  vespcrtina,  Loew. ;  Urellia  eluta,  Meig.,  one  specimen 
only— this  species  is  in  italics  in  Mr.  Verrall's  list ;  U  stellata 
iuessl.;  P^eroiJcgcJ^r-ia/roufZe.ce/.^/^,  L. ;  and  Rivellia  syngenesic^, 
tab.  Although  the  only  water  near  consisted  of  tiny  streams 
and  small  horse  or  duck  ponds,  yet  I  obtained  a  series  of 
^tratwmjjs  chanueleon  on  the  flower-heads  of  angelica;  and  in 
the  garden  of  the  cottage,  on  the  raspberries,  Oxijcera  pulchella, 
Meig.,  occurred,  but  was  difficult  to  capture,  it  was  so  skittish 
1  obtained  some  very  good  Muscida^,  Tachinidfe,  &c.,  but  these 
1  have  referred  to  elsewhere;  and  also  the  following  amoncr 
others— Oncomyia  atra,  F.,  Physocephala  riijipes,  F.,  Antlira% 
paniscus,  Eossi,  Dysmachus  trigonm,  Mg.,  Chrysotoxum  festivum, 
-L.,  Actina  tibialis,  Mg.,  and  a  great  number  of  other  species 
many  still  unidentified,  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  attempt  a 
complete  list  of  my  captures  in  this  order. 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS. 

Gynandrous  Specimens  of  Ajiphidasys  betularia. — From  a  batch 
of  ova  deposited  by  a  New  Forest  female  of  Amphidasys  betularia,  taken 
m  June,  1900,  we  have  bred,  during  May  this  year,  twenty-one  males, 
forty  females,  and  seven  gynandrous  specimens.  One  of  the  males  has 
its  antenune  only  very  slightly  pectinated  ;  otherwise  both  the  males 
and  the  females  are  fairly  normal  in  appearance,  but  hardly  as  large  as 
the  parents.  Of  the  gynandrous  specimens,  four  have  male  antenna 
on  the  right,  and  three  on  the  left  side.  The  larvae  were  kept  indoors 
for  a  few  days  when  newly  hatciied,  and  then  sleeved  on  birch  till  full- 
grown.  Is  it  not  altogether  unusual  for  such  a  number  of  gynandrous 
specimens  to  appear  ni  one  brood  ?  With  the  idea  of  seeing  if  the 
tendency  to  produce  these  abnormal  forms  was  continued  in  the 
ordinary  specimens  of  the  brood,  an  attempt  was  made  to  pan-  two  of 
the  latter,  but  it  was  unsuccessful,  and  unfortunately  they  were  the 
last  to  emerge.  —  A.  Harrison  ;  H.  Main  ;  72,  Windsor  Road,  Forest 
Gate,  Essex. 

The  Buff  Variety  of  Amphidasys  betularia.  —  In  reply  to  Mr. 
Ainslie  Hill  (ante,  p.  180),  I  do  not  think  this  form  has  disappeared  for 
the  last  twenty  years,  except  that  there  is  no  record  of  its  liaving  been 
bred  ;  but  during  the  lifetime  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Thorpe,  he  never 
seemed  at  a  loss  to  produce  specimens  of  the  buff  variety.  Where  did 
they  come  from  ?  It  is  curious  to  note  all  the  specimens  are  appa- 
rently bred  ;  and  Lancashire  collectors  could  now  produce  this  form 
without  all  the  wonderful  crossing  mentioned  (Entom.  xxii.  163). 
Mr.  Thorpe  was  connected  with  the  cotton  industry,  in  which  large 
quantities  of  chlorine  are  used  for  bleaching  purposes.  All  Messrs. 
Lomas  and  Fielding  had  to  do  was  to  rear  and  breed  the  betularia  pup^e 
in  the  bleaching-room,   when  lo !   and  behold  !  buff  vars.   appeared, 


204  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

80  per  cent,  and  upwards,  and  alive  too,  Mr.  Hill  should  try  the 
experiment,  and  revive  the  long-lost  variety  ;  he  could  have  a  full 
series  of  nice  fresh  specimens  instead  of  "  a  specin^'u"  in  his  collec- 
tion. — F.  N.  Pierce  ;  The  Elms,  D'ngle,  Liverpool,  June  16th,  1901. 

EucHLoii  CARDAMINES  AT  Rest. — While  "dusking"  with  the  lantern 
in  the  New  Forest  at  the  end  of  May,  a  specimen  of  this  butterfly  was 
found  at  rest  by  Mr.  H,  Main  on  the  partly  uncurled  tip  of  a  frond  of 
bracken,  where  it  was  extremely  well  protected  by  resemblance.  A 
year  or  two  since  I  recollect  findiug  one  in  the  same  situation  on 
Esher  Common. — W.  J.Lucas  ;  Kingston-on-Thames,  June 6th,  1901. 

Hemekobius  concinnus  bred.  —  Early  in  the  spring  I  beat  from 
Piniia  aylvestriti,  on  Esher  Common,  a  number  of  yellowish  larvae 
mottled  with  a  darker  tint,  rather  under  an  inch  long,  which  somewhat 
resembled  larvas  of  a  ladybird,  and  which  I  took  to  be  those  of  one  of 
the  Chrysopas.  Several  pupated,  and  the  pupa,  which  seemed  to  be 
rather  lively,  was  somewhat  elliptical  in  shape,  of  much  the  same 
colour  as  the  larva,  but  smaller,  and  was  enclosed  in  a  slight  silken 
cocoon.  Two  produced  imagines  after  a  week  or  two  at  least — the  exact 
time  was  not  noticed.  Findiug  that  they  were  Hemerobius  concinnus,  a 
species  not  long  since  looked  upon  as  decidedly  scarce,  I  was  sorry 
that  I  had  not  observed  them  more  closely,  and  made  figures  of  the 
larva  and  pupa. — W.  J.  Lucas  ;  Kingston-on-Thames. 

CoLiAS  HYALE  PuPA  :  A  CORRECTION. — I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  T.  A. 
Chapman  for  calling  my  attention  to  a  slip  of  the  pen  in  my  descrip- 
tion of  C.  hyule  pupa  {ante,  p.  171),  where  I  stated  that  in  the  pupa 
the  wings  reach  the  division  between  the  fifth  and  sixth  abdominal 
segments,  which  should  read  the  fourth  and  ^fij'th,  as  is  stated  in  my 
original  description. — F.  W.  Frohawk  ;  June,  1901. 

Berlin  Congrkss  of  Zoology. — The  Fifth  International  Congress 
of  Zoology  will  be  held  at  Berlin,  12th-16th  August  next.  Visits  will 
be  paid  to  the  Museum  and  to  the  Zoological  Gardens  of  Hamburg, 
and  a  trip  will  be  made  to  Heligoland.  Prof.  Grassi  of  Rome  will 
discourse  on  the  Malaria-problem  from  the  ZoologicaF  Standpoint ; 
Prof.  Poulton,  of  Oxford,  on  Mimicry  and  Natural  Selection  ;  and  Dr. 
Forel,  of  Geneva,  on  Ants,  For  information,  apply  to  "  Praesidium 
des  V.  Internationalen  Zoologen  Congresses,"  43,  Invalidenstrasse, 
Berlin,  N.  4. 

PiERis  RAP^, — This  species  is  spreading  gradually  in  New  Mexico. 
To-day  a  female  specimen  was  taken  in  Las  Vegas  by  Miss  Teresa 
Long,  one  of  my  students, — T,  D.  A,  Cockerell  ;  May  23rd,  1901, 

Note  on  the  Occurrence  of  Phyllodromia  germanica,  L,,  in 
Birmingham. — Towards  the  latter  end  of  May  last  I  came  across  two 
female  examples  of  this  insect,  one  mature,  and  having  an  egg-capsule 
protruding  from  the  genital  pouch,  and  the  other  in  the  later  nymph- 
stage,  Tliey  were  among  some  straw  in  a  packing-case  in  the 
Botanical  Laboratory  of  the  Mason  Science  College  (now  the  Uni- 
versity), The  case  had  been  delivered  from  London,  and  contained 
German  scientific  apparatus.      There   are  consequently  two  possible 


CAPTUKES    AND    FIELD    REPORTS.  205 

sources  whence  the  insects  may  have  come  to  Birmingham— either 
trom  some  warehouse  in  London,  in  many  locaUties  of  which  city  the 
insect  IS  well  established,  or  by  direct  importation  from  the  Continent, 
ibe  fact  that  P.  r/eniuoiica,  unlike  Styhpi/ga  (Blatta)  urientalis,  attains 
Its  full  development  in  three  or  four  months,  and  that  one  of  the 
specimens  taken  was  immature,  seems  to  point  to  a  probability  that 
they  were  Pt-itish  "  born  and  bred,"  for  the  goods  did  not  come  direct 
from  Germany,  and  moreover  had  been  lymg  for  nearly  fourteen  days 
m  Birmingham  before  I  observed  the  insect.  As  is  well  known,  this 
species  IS  practically  cosmopolitan,  bat  its  true  home  seems  to  be  the 
northern  and  more  central  portions  of  the  Palfearctic  region.  Sharp, 
quoting  Brunner,  says  that  it  has  been  found  in  increasing  numbers 
m  Vienna,  where  it  is  displacing  oneutalia:  but  Miall  ('The  Cock- 
roach,' p.  19)  mentions  that  on  the  whole  the  latter  species  is  dominant 
not  only  over  </eniianica,  but  over  the  much  larger  Blatta  a.iiericana  as 
well.  In  this  country  the  insect  has  established  itself  in  a  few  localities 
only,  mainly  in  the  south-eastern  counties.  Burr  ('British  Orthoptera,' 
p.  2i)  gives  London,  Hastings,  Folkestone,  Aldershot,  Bradford,  and 
Bognor  ;  while  Miall  (/or.  at.)  also  mentrons  Leeds.  The  egg-capsule 
has  been  described  and  figured  by  Riley  {' Lisect  Life,'  vol.  ii.  U.S. 
Agr.  Dept.),  as  well  as  by  Brunner,  and  therefore  does  not  need  any 
further  description.  I  may  add  that  Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas  has  been  kind 
enough  to  examine  one  of  my  specimens. — A.  D.  Imms  ;  "Linthurst," 
Oxford  Road,  Moseley,  near  Birmingham. 


CAPTURES  AND   FIELD   REPORTS. 

IscHNURA  PUMiuo  IN  THE  New  Forest.— Oil  May  37th  and  28th 
this  interesting  little  dragonfly  was  beginning  to  appear  in  the  New  Forest, 
and  after  lengthy  search  a  few  specimens  were  secured.  From  some 
points  noticed  while  on  the  watch  for  the  species,  it  may  possibly  be  found 
that  they  breed  in  wet  boggy  ground  rather  than  actually  in  water,  as  seems 
to  be  the  case  with  Orthetrum,  eamlescens. — W.  J.  Lucas  ;  June  6th,  190L 

Hesperia  sylvanus. — I  have  recently  read  in  '  Butterfly  and  Moth 
Collecting  '  (by. G.  E.  Sirams)  that  this  species  is  very  partial  to  "yellow 
gorse."  I  should  like  to  know  if  this  has  been  generally  noticed,  as  I  have 
never  seen  the  species  on  that  plant,  but  invariably  in  or  near  woods,  on 
brambles  and  bracken.  — A.  Marshall;  Cranbrook,  Kent,  May  29th,  1901. 

Smerinthus  ocellatus. — A  splendid  specimen  was  captured  last  week, 
in  a  garden  here,  on  a  cabbage-plant. — A.  Marshall  ;  Cranbrook,  Kent, 
May  29th,  1901. 

Entomological  Notes  for  May,  190L — From  May  1st  till  the  15th 
Lijcmia  an/ioUts  was  very  plentiful  here,  and  in  splendid  condition.  On  May 
l3th  and  14th  a  number  of  Vanessa  poiychloros  lArssd  emerged  from  the 
ova  obtained  during  the  latter  part  of  April.  On  May  14th  I  took  several 
specimens  of  Thecla  ruhi  from  an  elder-flower.  There  were  many  elders 
about,  and  many  flowers  on  this  one  shrub,  but  T.  rubi  seemed  to  prefer 
this  particular  blossom;  I  captured  three  specimens  within  two  minutes. 

ENTOM.— Jl'LY,    1901.  R 


206  THE    ENTOTMOT.OGIST. 

This  insect  has  been  al)undaut  on  Ranniore  Common,  and  generally  in  tlie 
neighbourhood  in  greater  profusion  than  ever  before  during  my  experience. 
On  May  15th  I  took  a  few  specimens  of  Neiiieohius  lucina,  but  could  not  go 
for  them  again  till  the  "2 1st,  when  I  had  the  good  fortune  to  take  the  male 
and  female  m  coitu.  I  placed  the  female  on  a  primrose  under  a  cylinder, 
and  by  the  •24:th  over  fifty  ova  were  laid  on  the  under  sides  of  the  leaves, 
some  singly,  others  in  batches  of  three,  five,  and  even  ten.  The  young 
larvse  from  these  have  appeared  to-day,  and  have  begun  to  eat,  some  on  the 
upper  and  some  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf.  On  May  '27lh  and  28th,  I 
took  some  fine  specimens  of  Lyccena  bellargus ;  the  former  day  was  some- 
what dull,  and  the  insects  could  be  pill-boxed  easily  as  they  rested  on  the 
stems  of  the  grasses.  On  May  29th  Argynnis  euphrosyne  was  about  on 
Ranmore  Common,  but  was  somewhat  wild  and  difficult  of  capture.  On 
several  occasions  during  the  month  I  have  come  across  broods  of  fifty  or 
sixty  larvae  of  Vanessa  urticce,  and  some  that  I  took  began  to  pupate  to-day. 
—  F.  A.  Old.aker;  Parsonage  House,  Dorking.  June  4th,  1901. 

Collecting  Lkpjdoptera  jn  Tangiek. — The  following  is  an  account 
of  four  months' collecting  in  Tangier,  from  Jan.  1st  till  April  27th,  lUUO. 
The  whole  of  January  was  brilliantly  fine  except  for  occasional  gales  of  wind, 
and  so  my  father  and  I  could  go  out  regularly.  The  insects  out  during 
January  were  Paianje  egeria  (a  very  red  form),  Gonepteryx  cleopatra 
(hybernaled),  Euchlo'e  beleinia,  Vanessa  cardui,  very  fine  and  dark  speci- 
mens, Colias  edusa  for  the  first  fortnight  of  the  month,  and  one  P.  machaon 
on  the  19th,  which  seems  very  early.  Pieris  hrassiccB,  P.  rapa,  and 
P.  napi  were  all  out  in  abundance,  P.  napi  being  the  scarcest.  P.  brassicce 
is  very  different  to  our  English  one,  being  half  as  big  again  ;  there  were 
several  pupae  of  it  on  an  outliouse.  We  also  found  several  lappet-like  larvae 
feeding  on  two  sorts  of  Genista,  but  they  hatched  into  an  eggar,  with  great 
difference  in  the  sexes  ;  also  a  larva  or  Acherontia  atropos,  which  died. 
Macwglossa  steUatarum  was  common  always,  and  M.  bombyciforinis  was  in 
fair  numbers  at  the  end  of  the  month.  Vanessa  atulanta  was  common 
during  February.  I  might  perhaps  describe  the  two  places  we  caught  most 
of  our  insects  in.  One  was  the  end  of  our  own  garden,  but  it  was  a 
regular  tangle  of  valerian,  hawthorn,  gladiolus,  and  other  flowers,  and  had 
a  ravine  m  it,  with  a  stream  at  the  bottom.  Here  we  got  every  species  we 
collected,  except  Thestor  ballus  and  two  sorts  of  Ccenonympha,  which  were 
only  obtained  in  open  moorland  country.  The  other  place  was  a  disused 
gravel-pit,  overgrown  with  geranium  and  bordered  by  evergreens.  "  Blues" 
began  to  appear  about  the  middle  of  February,  Lycana  argiolus  being 
common ;  but  the  weather  at  the  end  of  February  and  the  beginning  of 
March  was  nearly  always  wet.  On  February  27th  we  caught  our  first 
Thais  rumina,  and  continued  to  catch  this  species  till  the  end  of  March, 
when  it  suddenly  disappeared  and  gave  no  sign  of  being  over,  as  the 
specimens  we  took  were  perfect  to  the  end,  and  we  hardly  ever  saw  any 
rubbed  or  worn  examples.  On  March  5th  we  saw  some  beautiful  Papilio 
podaiirius  in  a  friend's  garden,  but  they  flew  so  high  we  could  not  catch 
them.  The  next  day  we  caught  a  male  Euchlo'e  eupheno ;  all  the  males  of 
this  species  come  out  much  earlier  than  the  females.  The  first  example  of 
the  latter  that  we  obtained  was  on  April  Ist.  The  under  side  of  the  hind 
wings  is  mottled  with  green,  not  marked  with  lines  as  in  the  European 
variety  eiiphenoldes.  We  also  saw  Thestor  ballus  on  March  Bth  ;  Gonepteryx 
rhanmi,  too,  was  on  the  wing  by  this  time.     E.  beleinia  was  still  out  in 


CAPTURES    AND    FIELD    llEPOKTS.  207 

abundance,  though  there  were  "  lulls "  in  its  appearance.  We  caught 
P.  podalirius  on  March  19th,  and  again  on  the  Slst,  when  we  also  got 
Polyommatus  pJdceas  and  Ccenonxjmpha  pampliilus.  On  March  -^Srd  we 
got  Thecla  rubi — the  specimens  were  in  splendid  condition— and  also  ob- 
tained Hemerophila  ahrnptaria,  Phlogopliora  meticulosa,  and  Agrotis  excla- 
mationis  in  the  evening.  On  March  29tb  we  got  Thestor  mauntanica. 
This  species  was  extremel}'  local,  being  found  in  a  few  square  yards  only. 
On  April  4th  my  father  rode  to  a  lake  about  sixteen  miles  from  our  house 
and  collected  around  it;  he  went  to  a  place  in  which  he  had  caught  Thestor 
balltis  einht  years  previously  :  the  wind  was  blowing  hard,  but  he  managed 
to  catch  twelve  specimens  in  fair  condition.  The  next  day  we  got  Lycmia 
bcetica,  and  a  very  dark  olive  female  example  of  Thaisrumina.  On  March  '^and 
we  saw  the  females  of  Gonepteryx  cleoputra  depositing  eggs  on  an  evergreen 
shrub  near  the  gravel-pit  mentioned  above  ;  we  took  the  eggs  as  she  laid 
them,  and  brought  them  home;  we  also  found  two  newlv  hatched  larvEe 
two  or  three  days  later.  The  first  larva  hatched  out  on  April  1st,  and  was 
in  pupa  by  April  *21st,  and  a  fine  male  emerged  on  Mav  10th.  The  others 
did  about  the  same.  The  caterpillar  is  grass-green,  with  a  pale  line  down 
each  side,  and  never  changes  much  in  colour  from  egg  to  fuU-growti.  On 
April  8th  my  father  saw  a  hyberuated  Charaxes  jasius  which  is  found  here, 
but  the  fresh  ones  come  out  in  August;  it  feeds  on  the  arbutus.  On 
April  13th  we  all  went  out  to  the  "  pig-sticking  "  camp,  and  took  our  nets 
and  other  appliances,  but  there  was  not  much  time  for  butterflving.  The 
lamps  at  night  attracted  Pseudophia  tirrhcea,  Arctiavillica,  and  a  huge  red 
eggar  female  in  numbers;  also  Agrotis  saucia ;  we  caught  Catophia  alehy- 
mysta  also. 

I  have  now  returned  to  England,  having  left  Tangier  on  April  27th,  and 
have  heard  from  my  father  that  he  has  caught  Ckcerocampa  celerio  and 
Saturni  pyrl,  some  eggs  of  which  I  now  have.  It  was  really  too  early  in 
the  year  for  the  majority  of  insects,  but,  nevertheless,  it  was  very  enjoyable 
collecting,  and  one  could  get  excellent  specimens  of  every  sort.  I  found  a 
lot  of  larviB,  which  were  very  gregarious  at  tirst,  but  spread  out  when  they 
grew  older;  they  were  black  when  small,  and  bright  yellow  hairs  with  long 
white  hairs  when  full-fed.  The  have  all  pupated,  but  no  imagines  have  yet 
emerged.  I  forgot  to  mention  three  varieties  of  the  lappet-like  larva — 
bright  chestnut,  dull  brown,  and  grey,  as  in  quercifolia. — G.  Meade- 
Waldo;  care  of  P.  Williams,  Esq.,  Eton  College,  Windsor. 

COLIAS    HYALE    AND    VaIUETIES    OF    SyRICHTHUS  MALV.E    AND  MeLIT^A 

CINXIA  IN  THE  IsLE  OF  WiGHT. — AmoHg  my  Captures  of  Diurni  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  during  Whit-week,  were  a  perfect  specimen  of  Colias  hyale, 
one  of  Syrichthus  malvcB  [alveolus]  var.  taras,  and  a  striking  variety  [a. 
male)  of  Melitaa  cinxia. — R.  S.Mitford;  35,  RedclifTe  Square,  South 
Kensington,  June  20th,  1901. 

Lepidoptera  IN  THE  New  Forest  AT  Whitsuntide. — Three  days' 
collecting  at  Lyndhurst,  with  Mr.  A.  D.  Wilson,  of  Fife,  produced  satis- 
factory results.  '  Argynnis  euphrosyne  and  Gonepteryx  rhamni  swarmed  all 
over  the  forest,  while  Thecla  rubi  and  Nemeobius  lucina  were  abundant,  the 
latter  in  Stubley  Copse.  As  usual,  Macroglossa  fuclformis  and  M.  bomby- 
liformis  were  fairly  common  near  the  railway  line  at  Wood  Fidley.  Among 
other  moths  taken  were  : — Drepanafalcula.  I),  ungulcula,  Lithosia  aureola, 
Boariiiia  consortaria,  Ligdia  adustata,  Macraria  itturata,  Thyatira  bails, 
Dicranura  vinula,  Euclidia    mi,    Odontopera    bidentata,    Arctta    meiuUca, 


208  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Orfjyia  pudihunda,  Notodonta  cainelina,  Hylophila  prasinana,  Tephrosia 
crepusculana,  and  Eurymene  dolobraria.  We  spent  most  of  the  time  in 
beating  and  searching  for  larvae,  and,  although  we  were  unfortunate  this 
year  in  not  securing  a  single  larva  of  Apatura  iris,  we  obtained,  however, 
a  great  many  larvae,  including  Thecla  quercus,  Catocala  sponsa,  C.promissa, 
Tceniocampa  miniosa,  Cymatophora  ridens,  Bombyx  neustria,  Bicranura 
vinula,  Liparis  monacha,  Amphidasys  prodromaria,  Cleora  ylabraria,  C. 
lichenaria,  Pcecilocampa  populi,  Hylophila  hicolorana  (four),  Triphana 
fimbria,  Noctua  brunnea,  Ayriopis  aprilina,  Nyssia  hispidaria,  Geometra 
papilionaria,  Limenitis  sibylla,  and  a  nest  of  very  small  Vanessa polychloros. 
— H.O.Wells;  Hurstfield,  The  Avenue,  Gipsv  Hill,  London,  June  10th, 
1901. 

Note  on  Macroglossa  fuciformis  and  M.  stellatarum.— I  believe 
that  M.  fuciformis  is  generally  looked  upon  as  somewhat  rare  in  this 
neighbourhood.  On  June  8th  and  9th  I  saw  the  species  in  some  abun- 
dance on  the  side  of  the  road  in  Worth  Forest,  hovering  over  Ajiiya  reptans 
(bugle);  the  moths  were  very  easy  to  catch.  To-night,  June  22nd,  at 
8.20  p.m.,  M.  stellatarum  visited  our  garden.  Is  not  this  rather  a  late 
hour  ?  Would  any  of  your  readers  be  kind  enough  to  tell  me  of  any 
locality  in  Surrey  or  Sussex  where  I  might  obtain  one  or  two  MelitcBa 
athalia? — Herbert  Beadnell;  Feruside,  Redhill,  Surrey,  June  26th,  1901. 

CoLiAS  HYALK  IN  JuNE. — I  took  a  Specimen  of  C.  hyale  at  Wicken  on 
June  22nd  last,  evidently  newly  emerged,  as  it  was  beautifully  fresh, 
although  one  hind  wing  was  broken,  probably  by  the  gale  that  was  blowing 
at  the  time.  —  H.  W.  Simmonds  ;  66,  Sydnev  Street,  Chelsea,  S.W., 
June  26th,  1901. 

On  June  14th  last  I  took  a  perfectly  fresh  specimen  of  Colias  hyale 
near  here.  From. its  appearance  I  am  satisfied  that  it  could  not  have 
hybernated  as  a  butterfly.  It  is  worthy  of  notice  that  I  have  now  taken 
C.  hyale  in  this  neighbourhood  three  years  in  succession.  I  took  four 
specimens  in  1899  ;  last  season  they  were  very  common,  and  now  this 
specimen.  I  have  never  before  taken  it  earlier  than  August. — H.  Huggins, 
JuN. ;   13,  Clarence  Place,  Gravesend,  June  25th,  1901. 

Larv^  AND  PuPiE  OF  Plusia  monuta  IN  Kent. — On  Juue  5th  I  had 
an  opportunity  of  spending  an  afternoon  in  the  beautiful  garden  of  my 
mother's  home  at  Bidborough,  near  Tunbridge  Wells.  While  admiring  the 
luxuriance  of  a  particularly  fine  herbaceous  border,  I  was  struck  by  the 
unusual  appearance  of  one  of  the  leaves  on  a  plant  of  Delphinium,  and  a 
closer  scrutiny  was  rewarded  by  the  discovery  of  a  nearly  full-grown  larva 
of  Plusia  moneta.  Further  search  revealed  three  more  larvae,  and  no  less 
than  twenty-four  cocoons  of  a  rich  goideti  silk,  which  were  attached  to  the 
under  surface  of  the  leaves.  During  the  last  few  years  that  I  have  lived  at 
Bidborough,  I  have  alwavs  searched  the  same  plant*  indefatigably,  but  in 
vain  ;  so  that  it  is  the  more  curious  that  I  should  have  been  successful  on 
the  occasion  of  a  flying  visit  like  the  present,  —  H.  W.  Shepheard- 
Walwyn  ;  Dalwhinnie,  Purley,  Surrey. 

Plusia  moneta  in  Sussex. — While  out  mothing  about  nine  o'clock  in 
the  evening  on  Wednesday,  June  27tb,  I  caught  a  specimen  of  P.  moneta 
on  a  syringa-bush.— (Miss)  Gladys  Tedden-Fishek  ;  Apsleytowu,  East 
Grinstead,  Sussex. 


209 


SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London. — June  5th,  1901. — The  Kev. 
Canon  W.  W.  Fowler,  M.A.,  President,  in  the  chair.  —  Mr.  G.  C. 
Champion  exhibited  a  male  specimen  of  Oduntcciis  niubilicomis,  one  of 
the  rarest  of  British  beetles,  captured  at  Woking  on  May  28th.  Mr. 
Douisthorpe  said  that  the  same  species  had  also  been  taken  this  year 
at  Bournemouth  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jackson. — Mr.  R.  McLachlan  ex- 
hibited four  specimens  of  a  curious  bug  of  the  genus  HenU-oeephalus, 
received  from  Mr.  G.  V.  Hudson,  of  Wellington,  New  Zealand ;  he 
thought  the  genus,  although  of  very  wide  distribution,  had  not  pre- 
viously been  noticed  in  that  country.  Mr.  Champion  said  that  tienico- 
cephaliis  was  generally  recognized  as  a  type  in  itself  of  a  family,  and 
Mr.  Kirkaldy  that  it  was  much  commoner  than  generally  supposed.  It  was 
probably  only  an  aberrant  form  of  the  Reduviidte  having  no  stridulating 
apparatus  on  the  prosternum.— Mr.  C.  P.  Pickett  exhibited  a  series  of 
Smerinthus  tUia:,  bred  during  May,  1900  and  1901,  including  one  male 
specimen  having  the  right  upper  wing  banded,  the  left  wing  with  the  two 
ordinary  spots  ;  a  banded  female  ;  a  male  with  only  one  spot ;  and  a 
richly  coloured  female. — Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett  exhibited  imagines,  cocoons, 
pupa-skins,  and  also  water-colour  sketches  of  larvae,  reared  and  drawn 
by  Miss  Frances  Barrett,  at  Buntingville,  Pondoland,  South  Africa, 
including  Hesperia  keitloa,  Leucaloa  eugraphica,  Liparis  pulverea,  Leno- 
dora  montana,  Trabele  ochroleuca,  Chiiena  prompta,  Braura  lir/niclusa, 
Eutricha  pithyocampa,  Dulichia  fasciata,  Porela  sobria,  Rhanidophnra 
phedonia,  Sphinyomorpha  chlorea  {monteironis). — Dr.  A.  Jefferis  Turner 
exhibited  specimens  of  Australian  wood-boring  Lepidoptera  belonging 
to  four  different  families.  They  included  —  Pyralidfe :  Doddiana 
xjjlori/ctis,  Turn.  Gelechidje  :  ('ri/ptophasa/iatolineata  and  C.  Iieniipsila, 
Turn.,  Marofja  mijthica,  Meyr.,  3/.  setiotruha,  Meyr.,  Uzucha  borealis, 
Turn.  Cossidte  :  Dadi/eona  actinias,  Turn.,  Xyleutes  piddva,  Roths.,  X. 
macleayei,  X.  neplutcostna.  Turn.  Hepialidte:  Charayia  >nirabilis.  Roths., 
C.  ramsai/i,  Scott,  and  C.  ci/aiiurhlora,  Lower. — Mr.  H.  Goss  exhibited, 
for  Mr.  Ernest  Ardron,  of  Colombo,  Ceylon,  two  specimens  of  a  species 
of  Phy Ilium  (Phasmidae).  They  bore  an  extraordinary  resemblance  to 
leaves.  He  also  showed  three  varieties  of  the  male  of  Melitcea  cinxia, 
which  he  had  taken  on  May  27th  and  28th  at  Niton,  Isle  of  Wight. — 
Mr.  C.  0.  Waterhouse  exhibited  two  new  genera  and  species  of 
Coleoptera,  recently  described  by  him  in  the  Anu.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist., 
from  Rio  Janeiro.  One  belonged  to  the  aberrant  Prisnidas  {Pathocerua 
wayneri)  ;  the  other  [Tetraphalerus  wayufri)  belonged  to  the  Cupesidas, 
and  was  remarkable  for  the  form  of  its  head.  He  also  exhibited  male 
and  female  of  the  curious  Scarabaeid,  Glyphoderes  sterquilinus.  West., 
from  North  Argentina. — Mr.  H.  St.  J.  Donisthorpe  exhibited  a  glove 
burnt  by  discharges  of  formic  acid  in  the  nests  of  Formica  rufa.  In 
connection  with  the  apparatus  exhibited  at  the  last  meeting  to  deter- 
mine the  strength  of  this  acid,  Professor  Poulton  said  that  the  dis- 
charges collected  in  the  tubes  fluctuated  greatly  in  strength,  the 
strongest  yielding  a  proportion  of  sixty  to  seventy  per  cent,  of 
anhydrous  acid,  a  drop  of  which  placed  by  Mr.  Holroyd  on  the  back 


210  THE     BNXOMOLOGIST. 

of  his  hand  left  a  distinct  scar  some  days  after  the  appHcation.  The 
discharge  of  Dicranura  vinula  showed  a  strength  of  about  forty-five 
per  cent. ;  and  Mr.  F.  Merrifield  remarked  that  in  breeding  the  larvae  of 
that  species  the  acid  hberated  by  them  left  a  yellow  stain  on  the  leno, 
making  it  rotten. — Mr.  W.  Schaus  commmiicated  "  A  Eevision  of  the 
American  Notodoutidae,"  and  Mr.  H.  St.  J.  Donisthorpe  read  a  paper 
on  "  Cases  of  Protective  Resemblance,  Municry,  &c.,  in  British  Coleo- 
ptera." — H.  Rowland-Browx,  Hon.  Sec. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  Histoky  Society. — 
April  2oth,  1901.  — Mr.  H.  S.  Fremlin,  F.E.S.,  President,  m  the 
chair. — The  evening  was  devoted  to  a  special  lecture  by  Mr.  R.  Kearton 
on  "  Wild  Life  in  Nature,"  illustrated  by  a  large  number  of  origmal 
lantern-slides. 

Maif  9th. — The  President  in  the  chair. — Mr.  Step  exhibited  a  num- 
ber of  living  specimens  of  the  fungus-inhabiting  coleopteron,  Myceto- 
phayus  quadiipiistiilatus,  from  the  banks  of  the  Brent. — Mr,  Kemp, 
between  seventy  and  eighty  cases  made  by  larv^  of  caddis-flies 
(Trichoptera)  of  the  genera  Phryt/anea,  Limnophilus,  Serieosoma,  Ana- 
holia,  and  Molanmi,  from  the  neighbourhood  of  London  and  Oxford; 
numbers  of  examples  were  composed  wholly  or  partly  of  fresh-water 
shells. — Mr.  Enoch,  living  nymphs  of  Ana.v  imperator,  ^Eschna  cyanea, 
Brachytron  pratense,  Caloptcryx  splendent,  and  Erythromma  naias,  from 
the  Black  Pond,  Esher,  and  Byfleet. — Mr.  Edwards,  a  species  of  trap- 
door spider  from  Jamaica,  together  with  its  nest ;  a  large  species  of 
dragontiy  from  Bogota  ;  and  a  specimen  of  the  lantern-fly,  Ftilyaria 
lateiiana. — Mr.  Lucas,  specimens  of  the  so-called  fresh-water  limpet, 
Ancylus  lacustris,  from  the  canal  near  Byfleet.  —  Mr.  Clark,  photo- 
graphs of  the  ova  of  TcBuiocampa  stabilis  and  Ennomus  tUiaria. — Mr. 
Turner,  a  living  nymph  of  Anax  imperator. — Dr.  Chapman,  living 
specimens  of  TArt/.s  pulyxena,  bred  from  larvae  taken  in  the  South  of 
France. — Mr.  Fremlin,  several  cultures  of  bacteria  obtained  from  the 
dead  pupae  exhibited  by  Mr.  Adkin  several  meethigs  ago.  A  discussion 
ensued. — Mr.  W.Bateson,F.R.S., gave  an  address  on  "Recent  Advances 
in  the  Study  of  Heredity,"  and  exhibited  numerous  specimens  in 
illustration. 

May  23/(/. — Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair. — 
Mr.  Robert  Adkin,  living  examples  of  the  coleopteron,  Pyrophunis  nocti- 
liiciis,  from  Jamaica,  and  contributed  notes. — Mr.  F.  M.  B.  Carr,  a 
large  number  of  species  of  Lepidoptera  taken  or  bred  this  year,  mainly 
from  the  New  Forest,  including  Drymo7iia  chaonia,  Anticlea  niyro- 
fasciata,  Cidaria  psittacata,  Asphalia  flavicornis,  H.  ridens,  &c. — Mr. 
Step  exhibited  a  considerable  number  of  lantern-sHdes  illustrative  of 
his  address  on  "  Spring  Notes."  Some  were  from  photographs  taken 
at  Oxshott  during  the  Society's  Field  Meeting.  —  Hy.  J.  Turner, 
Hon.  Bep.  Sec. 


211 


RECENT    LITERATUKE. 


h^-unomu-.—L.  0.  Howard  describes  "  The  Principal  Insects  affectin- 

lie  Tobacco  Plant"    (Farmers'  Bull.   120,    U.S.  Dept.  Agriculture^ 

1900,  pp.  1-32,  2o  text  figures);   and  J.   B.    Smith  discusses    "The 

Role  ot   Insects  in   the  Forest"   (1900,  Ann.  Rep.   State  Geol.  New 

Jersey  for  1899,  pp.  205-32,  9  figures). 


Economic— The  Proceedm</s  of  the  I'^th  Auuiud  Meetinr/  of  the  Association 
of  Economic  Entomolo, lists  (held  in  New  York  City  last  June) 
contain,  as  usual,  a  number  of  reports  and  notices  of  general 
interest. 

C.  M.  Weed  describes  the  oviposition  of  an  egg-parasite  of  Eu- 
Vanessa  antiopa.  "  Antiopa  was  seen  ovipositing  on  SuIIk.  After  laying 
about  twenty  eggs  she  flew  away.  The  moment  she  left  a  small 
hymenopteron — Telunomus  tjraptce,  Howard— was  seen  running  over 
the  eggs.  The  parasite  was  watched  for  the  next  half-hour,  during 
which  time  it  oviposited  in  fifteen  eggs.  Does  the  parasite  ride 
around  on  the  butterfly,  waiting  for  oviposition?  " 

A.  H.  KiRKLAND  reports  on  the  Brown-tail  Moth  (scientific  name 
not  given,  but  presumably  Foithesia  chri/sorrhiea)  in  Massachusetts. 
The  insect  was  first  noted  in  the  State  in  1897,  but  it  was  possible  to 
ascertain  the  afifected  area  in  1896,  and  this  was  computed  at  29 
square  miles  ;  in  1897  this  had  increased  to  158  square  miles,  to  448 
in  1898,  and  to  928  in  1899  !  It  has  now  passed  the  borders  of 
Massachusetts  into  New  Hampshire  and  Maine  (1900,  Proc.  12th  Ann. 
Meeting  Assoc.  Economic  Entom. — U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture.  Division 
Entom.  (n.  s.).  Bull.  26,  pp.  1-102,  2  plates  and  1  text  figure). 

G.  W.  K. 


Economic. — E.  Daguin.      Les  Insectes   Comestibles  dans  I'antiquite  et  de 
nos  jours  (Paris,  1900,  pp.  1-29). 

This  interesting  but  somewhat  fantastic  brochure  is  a  reprint,  in 
dift'erent  form,  from  the  series  of  articles  running  some  little  while  ago 
in  '  Le  Naturaliste.'  Commencing  with  a  discussion  on  the  propriety 
of  the  word  "  insecte  "  being  applied  to  a  crustacean  or  a  spider,  the 
author  proceeds  to  dilate  on  the  gustible  properties  of  the  latter.  We 
have  already  (1900,  p.  87)  cited  the  passage  in  which  the  celebrated 
Lalande's  passion  for  the  succulent  Arachnid  was  described  ;  Labil- 
lardiere  tells  us  that  Epeira  7iov ce ■  holla n dice,  Walck.,  is  devoured  by  the 
aborigines  of  Australia.  We  ourself  have  experimented  in  this  way  on 
caterpillars,  waterbugs,  locusts,  and  aphides,  but  have  not  yet  extended 
our  researciies  to  spiders.  Krachenniuikov  asserts  that  the  women  of 
Kamtskatka,  who  desire  to  be  blest  with  children,  eat  spiders.  The 
culinary  properties  of  various  coleopterous,  lepidopterous  larvte,  of 
locusts,  and  so  forth,  are  discussed  at  some  length.  With  regard  to 
locusts,  the  reviewer  has  eaten  them  ;  it  may  possibly  have  been  the 
fault  of  the  method  of  the  preparation,  but  to  his  mind  they  cannot  be 


212  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

referred  to  as  table  delicacies,  for  the}^  resemble  in  taste  shrimps 
dipped  in  train-oil,  and  powdered  with  coal-dust !  The  author  con- 
cludes : — "  Man  can  eat  insects  :  nothing  in  his  anatomical  organiza- 
tion nor  in  his  physiological  functions  prevents  it.  Man  oii(/ht  to  eat 
insects  :  first,  because  his  cousins  the  monkeys,  and  his  remote  kins- 
men the  bats,  in  a  word  the  primates^  [sic!] ,  eat  them  ;  second,  because 
insectivorous  animals  outstrip  the  other  kinds  (especes)  of  their  order 
both  by  their  moi'e  perfect  organization,  and  by  the  excellence  of  their 

intelligence"!!  „    „,    „ 

(j.   W.  JV. 


Die  Geradfi.wjier  Mittelearopas  von  Dr.  R.  Tumpel.    Eisenach,  1901. 

Students  of  nature  owe  their  gratitude  to  Dr.  Tiimpel  for  adding 
to  the  comparatively  scanty  list  of  books  devoted  to  orders  of  insects 
that  have  long  been  much  neglected,  but  which  nevertheless  are  in 
many  ways  closely  connected  with  the  well-being  or  otherwise  of  man, 
and  the  success  or  failure  of  his  undertakings. 

Dr.  Tiimpels  work  has  been  appearing  in  parts  for  some  time,  and 
now  in  a  complete  form  we  iiave  a  quarto  volume  of  some  800  pages 
treating  in  a  comprehensive  manner  of  the  Neuroptera,  Orthoptera, 
and  Thysanoptera  of  Central  Europe. 

After  full  introductions  to  the  various  subdivisions  of  the  orders 
treated,  we  have  a  short  description,  &c.,  of  the  various  species.  Of 
the  twenty-three  plates,  most  of  them  printed  iu  colours,  the  majority 
are  excellent,  the  Orthoptera  being  perhaps  on  the  whole  rather  better 
than  the  Neuroptera,  though  we  think  the  Corduliine  and  Gomphine 
dragonflies  particularly  good.  Some  of  the  smaller  dragonflies  should 
have  been  magnified.  Plate  xii.,  giving  figures  of  a  dozen  dragonfly 
nymphs,  is  hardly  satisfactory — the  shape  of  the  abdomen  of  LibeUula 
depressa  and  the  length  of  the  legs  of  Cordulia  tcnea  will  make  identifi- 
cation difficult ;  while  the  nymph  named  Agrioii  pjiella  should  probably 
be  Krythrutnina  naias. 

W.  J.  L. 


OBITUARY, 


It  is  with  regret  we  have  to  record  the  death,  on  May  13th,  1901, 
of  Monsieur  Alexandre  Constant,  who  was  well  known  as  a  thorough 
entomologist.  He  described  many  new  species  of  Micro-Lepidoptera, 
but  took  little  interest  in  the  larger  species.  Monsieur  Constant  lived 
in  a  pretty  villa  at  Golfe  Juan,  near  Cannes,  though  he  usually  spent 
a  part  of  the  year  in  Corsica,  or  other  parts  of  France.  His  garden, 
in  which  he  took  a  great  interest,  was  planted  with  many  beautiful 
palms  and  other  plants.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Entomological  and 
Botanical  Societies  of  France,  and  formerly  President  of  the  Horti- 
cultural Society  of  Cannes.  His  death  took  place  suddenly  at  his 
Villa  Niobe.     He  was  in  his  seventy-second  year,  and  leaves  a  widow. 

J.  C.  W. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIV.l 


AUGUST.    1901. 


[No.  459. 


INTERMEDIATE    FORMS    OF    AMPHIDASYS    BETU LABIA. 

By  Frank  Littlewood. 

The  accompanying  illustrations  represent  varieties  of  A. 
hetularia  recently  bred  by  myself.  On  the  night  of  August  15th 
last  year  I  discovered  sixteen  almost  full-fed  larvae  of  this  species 


feeding  on  a  plum-tree  in  my  garden.  They  were  by  no  means 
easy  to  see  on  account  of  their  exact  resemblance  to  the  twigs  of 
the  plum,  and  I  wish  now  that  I  had  given  the  tree  a  more 
thorough  search.  Knowing  it  to  be  a  somewhat  variable  species, 
I  took  as  many  as  I  could  find,  and  fed  them  carefully  for  the 

ENTOM. — AUGUST,    1901.  ^ 


214 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


few  remaining  days  of  their  larval  life,  when  all  pupated  success- 
fully. In  the  beginning  of  December  I  placed  them  along  with 
other  pupffi  to  force  in  a  moderate  heat — about  70".  The  pupae 
lay  on  dry  soil,  a  damp  cloth  placed  over  the  muslin-covered  lid 


keeping  the  air  within  the  box  sufficiently  moist.  The  first 
example  to  emerge  was  a  male  on  Jan.  5th,  and  others  continued 
to  come  out  at  intervals  until  March  1st.  This  in  itself  is  to  me 
a  curious  point.  When  a  number  of  larvfe  of  the  same  age 
pupate  together,  are  put  to  force  together,  and  are  subjected  to 
the  same  temperature,  why  should  one  moth  take  as  much  as 
two  months  longer  to  develop  than  another  ?  Out  of  sixteen 
pupte  I  bred  fourteen  (nine  males,  five  females)  perfect  imagines, 
and  two  (one  male,  one  female)  whose  wings  never  developed. 
With  the  exception  of  one  male,  which  is  as  near  as  possible 
var.  douhledaijaria,  all  the  specimens  are  of  a  distinct  inter- 
mediate form  between  type  and  var.  douhledayaria.  Not  one 
approaches  nearly  that  form  generally  recognized  as  the  type. 
Does  this  point  to  parents  of  opposite  forms — one  type,  the  other 
var.  douhledayaria ;  or  to  typical  parents,  each  more  than  usually 
dark,  and  producing  still  darker  descendants  ? 

The  fore  wings  are  thickly  speckled  with  black  scales,  in 
some  parts  so  closely  as  to  form  blotches,  especially  towards  the 
tip  and  around  the  hind  margin.  Throughout  the  lighter  por- 
tions of  the  wing  the  nervures  show  up  distinctly  black.  The 
hind  wings  are  dark  round  the  hind  margin,  becoming  gradually 
lighter  towards  the  base.  The  body  is  about  evenly  speckled 
with  black  and  white,  although  in  two  of  the  specimens  it  is 
almost  entirely  black. 

The  wide  intervals  which  occurred  between  the  emergences 
of  my  specimens  made  it  impossible  for  me  to  attempt  pairing 
in     captivity ;    while   the   early    date,    occasioned    by    forcing, 


AGRION  PULCHELLUM  KESEMBLING  AGRION  PUELLA.     215 

prohibited  sembling  with  the  females,  and  I  regret  that  I  was 
thus  unable  to  breed  from  my  stock.  Of  the  two  forms  of 
A.  betularia,  the  var.  douhledaijaria  occurs  in  this  district  by  far 
the  most  frequently.  The  earliest  record  of  the  capture  of 
douhledayaria  was  about  the  year  1870. 

We  are,  here,  in  fine  open  country,  far  removed  from  the 
smoke  of  a  manufacturing  town,  consequently  the  tree  trunks 
preserve  their  natural  variety  of  colour. 

I  should  mention  that  the  three  specimens  were  photographed 
natural  size,  and  the  other  eight  reduced  about  half. 

Lynn  Garth,  Kendal :  May  30th,  1901. 


AGRION    PULCHKLLUM,   VAR.,  RESEMBLING  A.  PUELLA. 

By  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

Normally  in  this  species  the  characteristic  spot  on  the 
dorsal  surface  of  the  second  segment  of  the  abdomen  consists 
of  a  TJ,  strongly  connected  with  the  black  circlet  posterior  to  it. 
Occasionally  the  connection  is  weaker,  and  in  a  specimen  before 
me,  taken  at  the  Byfleet  Canal  on  June  26th  last,  it  is  absent 
{vide  figure),  causing  the  insect  at  first  sight  to  resemble  a  male 


Agrion  pulchellum,  g  ab.     Dorsal  surface  of  segments  1  and  2,  much  magnified. 

of  Agrion  puella  {cf.  Plate  IL,  ante,  figs.  1  and  2).  That  it  is 
not  really  puella  may  be  known  by  the  posterior  margin  of  the 
prothorax,  the  divided  humeral  blue  stripes,  and  the  shape  of 
the  anal  appendages.  This  form  has  occasionally  been  noted 
before  {vide  De  Selys'  '  Eevue  des  Odonates,'  p.  198,  and  my 
'  British  Dragonflies,'  p.  280),  but  in  places  where  both  species  fly 
together,  as  at  Byfleet  Canal,  this  uncommon  variety  of  the  less 
frequent  species  might  easily  be  passed  over  for  a  typical  puella. 

Kingston-on-Thames. 

s2 


216 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ON     LABELLING     INSECTS. 
By  T.   B.   Fletcher,  K.N.,  F.E.S. 

Mr.  Brunetti's  article  on  labelling  {ante,  p.  172)  will  appeal 
to  every  entomologist,  whatever  his  particular  speciality.  There 
are  of  course  some  who  do  not  label  their  captures  at  all,  either 
because  "  it  is  too  much  trouble,"  or  because  they  think  "  labels 
spoil  the  appearance  of  the  collection "  ;  but  the  number  of 
these  is  happily  becoming  every  year  small  by  degrees  and 
beautifully  less,  and  to  them  my  remarks  are  not  addressed. 
Everyone  else  will  agree  that  labelling  is  not  only  useful,  but 
absolutely  essential ;  but  at  the  same  time,  as  Mr.  Brunetti 
says,  there  is  a  great  lack  of  uniformity  in  the  matter,  for  each 
has  his  own  particular  method.  The  question  then  is — what  is 
the  best  system  ? 

The  ideal  method  would  doubtless  be  to  have  attached  to 
every  specimen  its  full  history,  i.  e.  the  zoo-geographical  region, 
country,  district,  and  place  of  capture,  the  date  (day,  month, 
and  year),  climatic  conditions  (height  above  sea-level,  tempera- 
ture, nature  of  soil,  vegetation,  &c.),  habits,  name  of  collector, 
&c. ;  but  in  practice  it  will  be  found  that  this  cannot  be  carried 
out.     The  modified  method  which  I  use  is  as  follows  : — 

1  have  a  book  in  which  all  acquisitions  are  entered  under 
the  headings  of  Number,  Name  and  Sex,  Date,  Locality,  and 
Eemarks.     Examples : — 


No. 

Name. 

Date. 

Locality. 

Eemaeks. 

4050 

Bapta  temerata 

6.  June.  00. 

Torpoint,     Corn- 
wall, England. 

Beaten  from  a  hedge. 
Only  one  seen. 

4098    Callophi-ys  lubi   J 

28.  April.  01. 

Argostoli,  Greece. 

Only  one  seen  ;  very 
worn. 

4129    iEgeria  apiformis  ^ 

27.  April.  01. 

Nauplia,  Greece. 

Common    on  poplar 

trunks  on  the  road 

to  Tiryns ;  mostly 

low  down  on  the 

trunk.      Found  a- 

bout  twenty  pupa- 

cases     (emerged), 

almost  all  very  low 

down  on  north  or 

east    side   of   the 

tree. 

4195 

Cyaniris  argiolus  ^ 

3.  June.  01. 

Suda  Bay,  Crete. 

Fairlycommon  sport- 
ing round  plane 
trees.  No  females 
seen  or  beaten. 

Each  specimen  thus  has  a  distinguishing  number,  which, 
with  the  principal  particulars  (country,  locality,  and  date),  is 
placed  on  the  label,  which  is  itself  attached  to  the  specimen. 
The  labels  would  then  read  : — 


ON   LABELLING    INSECTS. 


217 


4050 

4098 

4129 

4195 

Anglia. 

Grecia. 

Grecia. 

Creta. 

Cornwall. 

Argostoli. 

Nauplia. 

Suda. 

6.  vi.  00. 

23.  iv.  01. 

27.  iv.  01. 

3.  vi.  01. 

* 

* 

* 

* 

It  will  be  noticed  that  these  labels  are  longer  and  narrower 
than  Mr.  Brunetti's,  so  that  the  most  important  particulars 
project  well  in  front  of  the  specimen  and  are  easily  read ;  by 
tm-ning  to  the  catalogue  any  further  details  may  be  at  once 
seen. 

With  Mr.  Brunetti's  remarks  on  the  method  of  writing  the 
date  I  am  quite  in  accord ;  to  place  the  month  before  the  day 
is  like  putting  the  cart  before  the  horse.  The  use  of  Roman 
numerals  to  further  distinguish  the  month  is  an  excellent  scheme, 
and  if  collectors  cannot  bring  themselves  to  do  this,  they  should 
at  least  write  Jan.,  Feb.,  Mch.,  &c. 

The  collector's  name  hardly  seems  necessary  unless  there  are 
large  acquisitions  by  exchange  or  purchase  ;  but  a  note  in  the 
remarks  column  of  the  catalogue,  or  a  second  label  on  the  insect, 
would  serve  the  purpose. 

I  am,  of  course,  aware  that  there  are  many  other  methods. 
Some  only  attach  catalogue  numbers  to  the  specimens,  but  this 
entails  reference  to  the  catalogue  in  every  case,  whereas  my 
method  only  requires  such  reference  when  full  details  are  re- 
quired. Others  place  their  labels  beside  their  specimens,  so  as 
to  be  clearly  seen,  and  so  that  one  label  will  do  duty  for  all 
captures  on  one  occasion ;  but  this  is  only  of  advantage  when 
the  limits  of  a  collection  are  well  marked  out ;  otherwise  it  means 
the  constant  trouble  of  shifting  the  label  also  whenever  a  speci- 
men is  moved,  and  if  the  specimens  should  get  separated  from 
their  labels,  it  seems  to  me  that  there  might  be  considerable 
difficulty  in  pairing  them  off  again. 

In  conclusion,  without  wishing  to  assert  that  my  method  is 
the  best  possible,  I  do  say  that  it  answers  very  well,  and 
possesses  the  following  advantages  : — 

(1).  The  labels  can  easily  be  read  without  removing  the 
specimen  ;  thus  a  great  factor  in  deterioration  is  absent. 

(2).  If  it  does  require  to  be  taken  out  of  its  box  for  com- 
parison, exhibition,  &c.,  each  specimen  is  complete  in  itself,  and 
so  there  is  no  danger  of  its  data  being  lost. 

'■'■'■  Pin  of  specimen, 


218  THK    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


(3.)  By  means  of  the  catalogue  number  a  large  amount  of 
information  about  habits,  &c.,  may  be  jotted  down  at  the  time 
when  fresh  in  the  memory,  and  is  always  ready  to  hand. 


H.M.S.  "Gladiator,"  Mediterranean  Station: 
10th  June,  1901. 


ON  THE  NOMENCLATURE  OF  THE  GENERA  OF  THE  RHYN- 
CHOTA,  HETEROPTERA  AND  AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS 
HOMOPTERA. 

By  G.  W.  Kirkaldy,  F.E.S. 
(Continued  from  p.  179.) 

?1834  [1832-5.]  Westwood,  Zool.  Journ.  v.  445-7  (a)  Dero- 
ploa  t.  parva  ;  PlaUjdius^-  t.  suhpurpurascens  ;  Opistoplatys  t. 
australasicB. 

1834.  GuEKiN,  Ins.  Voy.  Belanger,  441-80  and  497-502-     (a) 

Eurijhrachys  t.  lepeletieri ;  Eumallia^'^  i.  variegata ;   [Atlas,  pi.  p 

&  4,  fig.  3.  (j3)  Euryptera^"^  t.  ohscura]  .  Bubmeisiek,  Ent.  Rev.  ii. 

1-26.    (a)  Pseudaradus^^  t.  hrevicornis ,-  Merocoris^^  t.  meriance.^'' 

(j3)  Asojmsy^    Hahn,  Wanz.  Ins.  ii.  [Feb.]  33-60.  (a)  Tectocoris  t. 

cyanipes  ;^^     Chrysocoris  t.  stollii  ;'^^^'  Glohocoris^^^  t.  glohus'^^'-^ 

fropicoris^^^  t.  ruftpes  ;   Empicoris  i.  variolosus  ;    Ursocoris,^^"^ 

ty^es  dorsalis  +  fniiginosus.^^^    (j3)  Ventocorls,  Bellocoris.^^^    (7) 

thyreocoris,  1801,  L  scarahceoides  ;  ii.  [May]  61-80.  {[3)  Clinocoris, 

Eysarcoris  ;    ii.  [July]  81-100.      (a)  Paracoris^^'^    t.  paradoxus. 

(/3)  Cyllecoris.    Westwood,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  iii.  642.     (a) 

Microphysai.  pselaphiformis.     Dtifour,  L  c.  341-57.     (a)  Cepha- 

locteus  t.  histeroides.    (J)  Postemma,  1832.    Westwooj),  I.  c.  637-53. 

(a)  Microvelia  t.  injgmcsa.     Hahk,  Wanz.  Ins.  ii.   [Oct.]  101-22. 

(a)  Acinocoris   t.   calidus.     (j3)   Merocoris,^^'^  Arenocoris    [Cydo- 

nus].^^^     BuRMEiSTjiE,  Meyen's  Eeise  [March  12]  Abh.  6;    Ins. 

285-806  [Act.  Ac.  Caes  Leop.  Carol,  xvi.  Suppl.  403-80] .     (a) 

Dasynus'^^^  i.  coccocmctiis  ;  Loricerust.  Immatogaster.  (/3)  Cerhus. 

(J)  Amaurus  for  Pseudaradiis,  1834,  Ceptocris  for  Leptocoris,  1833. 

9  2  =Megymenum,  1830.  1°-  =sciitellatus,  Fourcr. 

«3  Homotyp.  Phenax,  1833.  1°^  Homotyp.  Petitatoma,  1789. 

«*  Invalid,  not  described  :  also  preoc-  ^o*  Homotyp.  Odontoscelis,  1832. 

cupied.  ^°°  Both  are  vars.  of  one  species. 

«5  =zMegymemmi,  1830.  ^°^  Odontotaisus  +  Eurygaster, 1832. 

9  6  Preocc.  Perty,  1830-2.  ^'^'^  —Pendulinus,  1822. 

3  7  =meriani,  Fabr.  ^  '^'^  Preocc.  Perty,  1830-2,  and  Burm. 
^»  =Discocera,1832,  +  8tiretrus,'32.  1834. 

99  =ZiHeoZfl,  Fabr.,  var.  ^"^  Not  described. 

100  =stolli,  Wolff.  11'^  =PenduUmts,  1822. 
1"!  Homotyp.  Coptosoma,  1832. 


NOMENCLATUKE  OF  THE  RHYNCHOTA,  ETC.  219 

1835.  Lewis^  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  i.  47-52.     (a)  Idiocerus 
t.  stigmaticaHs  ;^'^^  Batrachomoi'phus^^^  t.irroratus.^^^    (j3)  Ma- 
cropsis.  (y)  Bijthoscopiis,  1833,  t.  lanio.  Boisduval,  Voy.  Astrolabe, 
Zool.  pt.  ii.  Coleopt.  &c.,  60946.    (a)  Bradiyjjlatj/s  t.  vanikorensis. 
(/3)  Astacops.   (5")  Alidus,  1803  ;  Nismatopus,  1825.    H.-Schaffer, 
Nomencl.  Ent.  35-116.     (a)   Dicranomerus^'^-^  t.  nugax.     Hahn, 
Wanz.  Ins.  [Aug.]  iii.  1-16.   (a)  Stenogaster  t.  tardus.^^^  Germar, 
Eev.  Ent.  iii.  223-61.      (a)  Hypsauchenia  t.  ballista.      {^)  Entilia, 
1833;    Heteronota,  183'2, ;    /.  c.  307-11.     (a)  Lycoderes  i.  ancora. 
BuRMEisTER,   Handb.   ii.    99-396.       (a)    ^'^^^Dorydium   t.  para- 
(loxum^^^^ ;  MacJuerotat.  ensifera ;  Umbonia  t.  spinosa;  Polyglypta 
t.  costata  ;  Cyphotes  t.  nodosa  ,-  Hynnis  t.  rosea  ;'^^^  Pterodictya  t. 
ephemera;  Bothriocera  t.  tinealis  ;  Hemidictya  t.Jrondosa;  Notocyr- 
tus^^'^  t.  clavipes  ;  Tiarodes^^^  t.  versicolor ;  Oncocephalus  t.  sqiiali- 
dus  ;   Lahops  t.  diopsis  ;'^'^^  Harmostes  t.  dorsalis  ,-  Actorus'^^^  t. 
fossidarum ;    Chlcenocoris  t.  impressus  ;   Cyptocoris  t.  lundii.     (j3) 
Colpoptera  ;  Myocoris  ;  Euagoras ;  Spiniger  ;  Holotrichius ;  Pseudo- 
phloeus  ;   Discogaster ;  Homoeocerus  ;  ColohatJmstes  ;  Hypselopus  ; 
Paryphes  ;    Physomerus  ,-    Dinocoris ;    Spharocoris  ;    Pachycoris  ,- 
Augocoris  ;  Archimerus  for  Pachymeria,  1832  ;  Largus^'^^.   {j)  Coe- 
lidia,   1821,  t.   venosa ;  Stegaspis,  1833,  t.  fronditia ;   Otiocerus, 
1819,  t.  stollii ;    Cerbus,  1834,  t.  umbilicatits  ;   Acocephalus  [recte 
Acucephalus]  ,1833,  t.striatiis;  Ptyelus, 1825,  t.ferrumequimim ;^^'^ 
Spartocera,  1832,   t.  genicidata  ;    Cymus,  1832,   t.  clavicidus.     (^) 
Euacanthus,  1825  ;  Aethalia,  1810  ;  Cixia,  1804 ;  Caloscelis,  1833 
Pseudophana  for  Dictyophora ;  Poeocera,  1832  ;  Aphana,  1830  ;  Be 
lostomum,  1807  ;   Hydroessa  for  Microvelia,  1833 ;  Liimwbates  for 
Hydrometra,  1796;  Macrops'^'^^  iov  Macrophthalmus  ;  Hammato 
cerus  for  Hammacerus,  1832 ;   Ectrychotes  for  Ectrichodia,  1825 
Phyllomorphiis,  1832  ,•  Pirates,  1831 ;  Crinocerus  iov  Acanthocerus 
1805  ;  Phyllocephala,  1832  ,-  Meropachys,  1832  ;  Cephaloeterus  for 
Cephalocteus,    1834  ;     Oncomerus,    1832  ;    Megalymemim,    1830 
Phlceocoris  for  Phlcea,   1825  ;   Peltophora  for  ScutijJhora,  1830 
Atelocerus,  1832 ;    Callidea,  1832 ;    Spartocerus,  1832  ;    Tessera- 
toma,  1825. 

Ill  =a(Z;ts^zts,  H.-S.  ii"?  Attributed   to   Hoffmannsegg; 

11-^  =52/<7toscoi)»s,  1838.  m'fZe  1817. 

iia  =microcepliala,  H.-S,  ^^*^  Homotyp.  Cimbiis,  1832. 

Hi  Homotyp.  Stenocephale ,  1825.  ii«  =salilbergii.  Fall. 

115  =lavatercB,  F.  ^'-"  Homotyp.  Micrelytra,  1832. 

iiSaHomot.  Cephalelus,  1832.  ^-^  =Eurijox)hthalnms,  1832. 

b=infumatus,  Perch.  ^■-'-  =fiavescens,  Fabr.,  var.  olivacea, 


116 


=  deqeeri,  Kirbv.  Fabr. 

123  Preocc.  Perty,  1830. 

(To  be  continued.) 


220  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

NOTES   ON   LEPIDOPTERA  FROM  THE  MEDITERRANEAN. 
By  T.  B.  Fletcher,  R.N.,  F.E.S. 

Some  little  time  ago  Messrs.  G.  F.  Matliew  and  P.  de  la  Garde 
published  in  the  'Entomologist'  (xxxi.  77  et  seq.,  and  xxxii.  8) 
a  list  of  Lepidoptera  captured  on  the  Mediterranean  Station, 
which  proved  so  interesting  to  me  that  I  have  been  led  to  hope 
that  a  list  of  my  own  captures  out  here  may  prove  as  interesting 
to  others,  more  especially  as  of  late  years  there  seems  to  have 
been  a  considerable  increase  in  the  study  of  extra-British  species. 
The  present  paper  covers  the  worst  portion  of  the  year,  so  there 
are  few  captures  noted ;  but  I  intend,  if  the  Editor  will  allow 
space,  to  continue  to  record  the  species  met  with  from  time  to  time. 

We  left  England  on  October  18th,  and  arrived  at  Gibraltar 
on  the  23rd,  coaling  the  same  day,  and  leaving  early  next 
morning.  I  did  not  land,  but  a  specimen  of  Agrotis  segetum 
came  on  board  to  light  in  the  evening. 

We  arrived  at  Nauplia,  in  Greece,  on  the  28th,  and  stayed 
there  ten  days.  On  November  1st  I  went  ashore  and  walked 
out  to  Argos ;  it  was  a  blazing  hot  afternoon,  and  a  long  and 
dusty  road.  Everything  seemed  burnt  up  after  the  summer 
heats,  but  there  were  several  butterflies  about,  including  Danais 
chrysippus,  Pyrameis  cardui  and  atalanta,  Eurymus  (Colias)  edusa, 
Pieris  hrassica,  and  several  little  "blues"  and  Coenonymphas. 
A  Macroglossa  stellatanim,  also,  which  had  been  rash  enough  to 
fly  on  board,  was  caught  and  brought  to  me.  On  November  6th 
we  left  for  Malta,  arriving  next  day,  and  stayed  till  the  17th, 
when  we  left  again  for  a  cruise  in  the  Levant.  On  the  19th, 
when  off  Crete,  another  M.  stellatarum  came  on  board ;  we  were 
a  good  twenty-five  miles  distant  from  land,  but  this  seems  a 
species  with  a  strong  predilection  for  wandering,  and  great 
powers  of  long  and  sustained  flight. 

On  November  21st  we  arrived  at  Limasol,  in  Cyprus,  and 
next  day  I  landed  with  a  net  to  see  what  was  to  be  found  on  the 
wing.  It  was  rough  walking,  there  being  practically  no  path, 
and  the  fields  full  of  dead  and  burnt-up  thistles  and  other  plants 
even  more  prickly ;  these  composed  practically  all  the  under- 
growth, though  there  were  numbers  of  scattered  ilex  trees. 
Further  up,  on  the  hills,  there  was  more  vegetation,  a  little 
grass  and  heath  and  clumps  of  bushes.  Doubtless  the  country 
is  green  in  the  spring,  but  now  everything  was  withered  and 
scorched  by  the  summer  sun,  and  all  the  fields  were  bare,  as 
the  crops  had  been  gathered  in.  Under  these  circumstances, 
butterflies  were  chiefly  conspicuous  by  their  absence,  the  only 
specimens  seen  being  one  Pieris  and  a  few  Pyrameis  cardui — not 
a  single  moth  or  larva. 

We  left  Limasol  on  the  23rd,  and  visited  Larnaka,  Beyrout, 


I  NOTES    ON    LEPIDOPTEEA    FROM    THE    MEDITERRANEAN.  221 

and  Alexandretta,  but  I  saw  no  butterflies  at  any  of  these  places. 
On  December  1st  we  arrived  at  Ay  as  Bay,  a  large  and  shallow 
bay  in  the  elbow  of  Asia  Minor,  opposite  Alexandretta.  Here 
M.  stellatarum  was  again  common  about  the  ship.  On  the  4th 
I  went  ashore,  but  there  were  few  butterflies,  as  the  nights  were 
now  getting  cold  ;  the  only  species  I  saw  were  P.  cardui,  E.  ednsa 
(one),  and  a  few  little  moths. 

On  December  8th  we  left  for  Alexandretta  again,  and  then 
went  on  to  Mersina,  Smyrna,  Deuthero,  Salamis,  and  Suda  Bay, 
arriving  at  Malta  again  on  January  18th.  During  this  time  the 
weather  was  far  too  cold  for  insects ;  indeed,  when  we  were 
at  Deuthero,  in  Ptoumelia,  the  thermometer  was  hovering  round 
the  freezing-point  the  whole  time,  in  spite  of  our  being  in  the 
sunny  Mediterranean. 

On  January  20th  I  walked  out  to  Birzebbugia,  at  the  south- 
eastern corner  of  Malta.  It  was  a  beautifully  bright  warm  day, 
which  had  brought  out  all  the  lizards  from  their  holes  in  the 
stone  walls,  but  there  seemed  to  be  no  Lepidoptera  on  the  wing, 
except  a  few  worn  Pyrameis  cardui  and  one  Nomophila  noctuella, 
though  from  the  quantity  of  flowers  about  I  should  have  expected 
more. 

On  January  26th  we  left  Malta  again  for  Plataea,  in  Greece, 
arriving  there  next  day.  This  is  a  small  harbour,  with  hills 
almost  all  round ;  these  hills  are  covered  with  thick  bushes  and 
small  trees,  but  the  going  is  very  rough  indeed,  as  great  jagged 
blocks  of  stone  are  scattered  about  everywhere.  On  January  30th 
I  took  M.  stellatarum  and  Orneodes  hexadactyla.  February  2nd 
was  a  gloriously  fine  day,  and  I  went  ofl'  with  a  shooting-party 
out  beyond  the  lakes,  which  are  some  four  miles  off.  Almost  at 
the  first  start-oft"  I  took  a  nice  Pararge  egeria  var.  egerides  (the 
British,  and  not  the  South -European  form),  and  along  the  path 
a  couple  of  newly  disclosed  Eurymus  (Colias)  edusa  ;  there  were 
several  Pyrameis  cardui  about,  and  P.  atalanta  was  quite  common, 
especially  near  the  lakes  ;  the  cardui  were  mostly  worn,  but  the 
atalanta  quite  fresh.  On  February  7th  I  saw  a  tine  Colias 
{Gonepteryx)  cleopatra  in  addition  to  the  foregoing  species,  but 
after  this  we  had  a  spell  of  dull,  wet,  and  windy  weather,  which 
seemed  to  put  everything  back,  for  I  saw  nothing  new. 

On  February  18th  we  left  for  Zea,  a  little  island  about  fifty 
miles  south-east  of  Athens.  It  is  very  steep  and  rocky,  and 
rather  bare,  and  there  is  little  undergrowth,  but  some  almond 
trees,  which  were  now  in  bloom,  attracted  the  few  butterflies 
about — principally  P.  atalanta.  M.  stellatarum  was  very  abun- 
dant, and  I  spent  a  long  time  one  afternoon  trying  to  "kodak" 
a  specimen  feeding  on  "the  wing ;  by  the  way,  very  little  seems 
to  have  been  done  in  this  direction — i.  e.  the  photographic 
portrayal  of  insects  in  their  natural  environment — though,  of 
course,  the  subject  is  a  difficult  one. 


222  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

From  Zea  we  went  to  Volo,  and  then  immediately  returned 
to  Malta,  arriving  on  the  26th.  Pieris  hrassiae  was  now  out, 
and,  of  course,  Pijrmneis  cardiii  and  atalanta,  with  the  ubiquitous 
M.  stellatarum.  During  March  Plusia  gamma  was  plentiful  round 
the  electric  lamps  ashore,  and  larvae  of  Lasiocampa  trifolii  and 
CalocamjJa  exoleta  were  common.  On  March  22nd  Pararge  megcera, 
Ccenonymphapamphilus,  and  Eurymus  ednsa  (newly  emerged)  were 
common.  P.  hrassica  was  abundant,  but  worn,  and  P.  rapce 
just  emerging,  whilst  I  took  one  specimen  of  Pontia  dapUdice. 
At  the  end  of  March,  also,  Phragmatohia  fidiginosa  emerged  from 
a  cocoon  found  at  Citta  Vecchia.  On  April  5th  the  first  Polyom- 
matus  icariis,  with  Anaitis  plag'iata  and  Metoptria  monogramma, 
appeared  on  the  wing,  and  on  the  12th  I  saw  the  first  Chrysophanus 
phlaas. 

On  April  18th  we  left  Malta  for  Corfu,  arriving  there  next 
day.  On  the  20th  I  landed  with  the  net  for  a  walk  ;  everything 
seemed  beautifully  green  after  Malta,  and  there  were  quantities 
of  flowers  everywhere.  The  roads  here  are  very  good,  being  a 
relic  of  the  British  occupation,  and  are  generally  enclosed  by  a 
cactus  hedge.  Away  from  the  town  the  trees  are  chiefly  olive, 
which  are  not  good  for  insects,  but  around  the  town  there  are 
many  clumps  of  trees  and  bushes.  Owing  to  the  wind,  butter- 
flies were  chiefly  to  be  found  in  sunny  sheltered  corners. 

Pi/rameis  atalanta. — One  only.  P.  cardui. — In  the  most  profuse 
abundance.  There  must  have  been  thousands ;  frequently  five  or  six 
were  on  the  wing  around  me  at  once. 

Noviiades  cyllarus. — Two  males  only. 

Plebeius  baton. — One  male  only. 

Polyomviatiis  icarus. — One  male  of  the  ab.  icannus,  Scriba. 

Chrysophanus  phlmas. — One  only;  blue-spotted  form. 

Leptidia  sinapis. — One;  very  worn. 

Pieris  rapes. — Not  very  common.     P.  brassica. — Abundant. 

Eurymus  {Colias)  ednsa. — Not  very  common  ;  in  the  vineyards. 

Plusia  gamma. — One. 

On  the  22nd  we  left  again  for  Argostoli,  in  Kephallenia, 
where  "the  sea  runs  into  the  land." 

Pyrameis  cardui. — Abundant,  but  in  nothing  like  such  abundance 
as  at  Corfu. 

Satyr  us  mara. — One  female  ;  very  worn. 

Callophrys  rubi.— One  female  ;  very  worn. 

Nomiades  cyllarus. — Two  males. 

Plebeius  baton. — Fairly  common. 

Euchloe  belia. — Fairly  common,  especially  in  meadows. 

Hesperia  malvm. — Common. 

Acontia  luctuosa. — One. 

Aspilates  ochrearia . — Common . 

Psyche  unicolor  [yramineUa). — Cases  common.  I  found  a  male 
resting  on  a  case  from  which  a  female  emerged  next  day. 


SOUTH    AFRICAN    COCCID^.  223 

We  left  Argostoli  on  the  evening  of  April  23rd,  and  did  a 
couple  of  days  at  manoeuvres,  finally  ariving  at  Nauplia.  On 
the  27th  I  landed  and  walked  out  to  Tiryns,  where  there  are 
some  very  ancient  ruins  of  immense  size,  and  said  to  be  pre- 
Hellenic.     Here  I  found  : — 

Hipparchia  semele. — One  male;   typical. 

Ccenonympha  pamphilus. — Common  aud  typical. 

Vanessa  ecjea. — One. 

Pt/rameis  cardui. — Common. 

Polyommatus  teams. — One  male. 

Et(ry)tnis  ediisa  and  Pieris  rapiP. — -Common. 

Knchlo'e  belia. — Common,  and  in  very  good  condition.  Easily 
distinguishable  from  /'.  rapce  on  the  wing,  as  it  looks  darker  and  the 
flight  is  swifter. 

Achivus  machaon. — One  rather  tattered  specimen. 

Spilothynis  althecB  and  PamphUa  thaumas.— One  of  each  on  the 
ruins  at  Tiryns. 

Acontia  luctuosa. — Common. 

^^(jeria  apiformis. — Common  on  poplar  trunks  on  the  road  to 
Tiryns.  I  found  about  a  score  of  empty  pupa-cases  sticking  out  of  the 
trees,  all  low  down  on  the  north  and  east  sides.  A  couple  of  females 
I  took  oviposited  freely ;  the  ova  are  not  attached  in  any  way,  and  in 
nature  are  probably  dropped  promiscuously  into  tbe  crevices  of  the  bark. 

On  April  29th  we  left  Nauplia  for  the  Gulf  of  Patras  for 
another  series  of  manoeuvres,  and  then  back  to  Malta.  On 
May  1st,  when  about  one  hundred  miles  from  Greece,  a  couple 
of  Deilephila  livornica  were  caught  on  board  and  brought  to  me  ; 
of  course,  they  may  have  flown  on  board  the  night  before,  though 
we  had  all  lights  out,  but  it  is  quite  possible  that  they  may  have 
been  migrating. 

(To  be  continued.) 


SOUTH     AFRICAN     COCCID^. 

B\    T.    D.    A.    COCKERELL. 


The  Coccidae  here  discussed  form  part  of  a  collection  sent  to 
me  by  Mr.  Claude  Fuller,  Government  Entomologist  of  Natal. 
I  had  not  meant  to  make  any  further  study  of  African  Coccidae, 
except  for  purposes  of  comparison  with  American  species,  but  I 
have  not  been  able  to  resist  investigating  the  interesting  material 
sent  unsolicited  by  Mr.  Fuller,  who,  unfortunately,  cannot  find 
time  to  study  it  himself. 

(1).  Monophlebus  fulleri,  n.  sp. — Maritzburg,  Natal,  on  grass 
heads;  uncommon. 

?.  Length  7,  breadth  3,  height  2|  millim.,  without  cottony 
covering,  but  secreting  some  loose  white  cotton  beneath  at  maturity  ; 


224  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

conspicuously  hairy,  with  long  pale  ferruginous  bristles ;  salmon-pink 
when  alive  (Fuller),  when  dry  very  dark  greyish  (red  by  transmitted 
light),  with  three  longitudinal  keels  covered  with  granular  yellowish 
white  secretion ;  the  thickened  margins  and  the  under  side  also 
covered  with  white  secretion,  which  is  in  large  granules,  presenting  a 
peculiar  appearance. 

Boiled  in  liquor  potassae,  turns  it  yellow  ;  the  three  "  cicatrices  " 
described  in  Walkeriana  are  present,  all  elongated  ;  eyes  conical,  very 
large  and  dark,  placed  immediately  below  and  contiguous  to  the 
antennaa ;  mouth -parts  small ;  body  very  densely  covered  with  short 
hairs,  together  with  short  and  long  blunt  hairs  ;  long  ordinary  hairs 
interspersed  along  the  lateral  margins  ;  femur  and  trochanter  850  /x 
long,  tibia  120,  tarsus  (without  claw)  460  ;  tarsal  digitules  represented 
by  a  pair  of  bristles  ;  inner  side  of  tarsus  and  tibia  with  a  row  of 
remarkable  hyaline  spear-head-shaped  spines,  the  same  also  taking 
the  place  of  the  claw  digitules ;  tarsus  curved,  with  a  constriction  on 
the  upper  edge  which  gives  it  the  appearance  of  being  two-jointed  ; 
antennae  apparently  10-jointed  (club  broken  off  in  the  example  studied), 
joint  1  broader  than  long  ;  2  and  3  cylindrical,  longer  than  broad ; 
4  and  5  short  cup-shaped  ;  6  and  7  long  cup-shaped  ;  8  and  9  fusi- 
form ;  measurements  of  joints  in  /*: — (1)  90;  (2)  120,  and  about  100 
broad;  (3)114;  (4)80;'  (5)80;  (6)80;  (7)90;  (8)100;  (9)100; 
(10)  ?. 

Penultimate,  stage. — Antennae  8-jointed  ;  2  and  3  cylindrical  as  in 
the  adult ;  last  joint  long  and  narrow,  165  /x  long ;  body  hairy  like 
adult. 

A  distinct  species,  peculiar  for  the  spear-head-like  spines 
on  the  legs.  Among  the  American  species  its  nearest  ally  is 
M.  primitivus. 

(2).  Monophlehus  fortis,  n.  sp. — Richmond,  Natal,  under  bark 
of  Eucalyptus ;  only  one  found. 

$  .  Dark  grey,  distinctly  segmented,  mealy,  posterior  end  covered 
with  cottony  secretion  ;  sides  with  scattered  long  pale  bristles  ;  legs 
black.     Length  5|,  breadth  2^  millim. 

Boiled  in  liquor  potassae,  does  not  stain  it.  Hairy  skin  just  as  in 
M.  fidleri,  also  legs,  with  the  same  spear-shaped  processes,  which  are 
even  better  developed  on  the  tibia.  "Cicatrices"  as  in  fulleri.  Length 
of  tibia  about  1100  /x,  tarsus  (without  claw)  about  580.  Antennfe 
11-jointed;  measurements  in /x : — (1)150;  (2)150;  (3)150;  (4)110; 
(5)  110;  (6)  110;  (7)  110;  (8)  130;  (9)  120;  (10)  120;  (11)  160. 

Very  close  to  the  last,  but  smaller,  though  certainly  adult, 
and  without  the  longitudinal  white  keels. 

(3).  DactylopiusJilamentosuSyGkW.,  small  variety. — On  leaves 
of  grass,  Tongaat,  Natal. 

Antennal  formula  732  (146)  5  ;  jomts  in  [x  :— (1)  30  ;  (2j  33  ;  (3) 
36  ;  (4)  30  ;  (5)  24  ;  (6)  30  ;  (7)  66.     Tibia  90  /x,  tarsus  60. 

Tinsley  has  reported  this  species  from  Richmond,  Natal. 


SOUTH    AFRICAN    COCCIDiE.  225 

(4).  Pollinia  oroides,  n.  sp.  —  Durban;  gregarious  on  the 
branches  of  some  tree. 

?  .  Scale  a  rounded  couical  object  much  hke  a  lepidopterous  egg, 
about  1^  millira.  diam.,  roughened  radiately,  pale  brown  with  four 
longitudinal  stripes  of  white  secretion  converging  to  the  top  of  the 
scale,  which  is  usually  reddish, 

^.  Scale  elongated,  about  |  millim.  long,  roughened,  yellowish 
or  pink,  with  an  oblique  terminal  cap. 

?  .  Scales  soaked  in  liquor  potassse,  give  a  deep  orange-brown 
colour,  and  the  insects  themselves  turn  deep  crimson  ;  5  adult  globose ; 
skin  with  many  simple  round  glands  and  tubular  glands,  and  some 
figure-of-8  glands ;  anal  ring  with  numerous  hairs ;  caudal  lobes 
prominent,  couical,  about  45  /x  long,  with  a  few  small  spines,  and 
ending  in  stout  bristles  about  90  /x  long ;  mouth-parts  well  developed, 
but  small ;  labium  short  and  broad,  dimerous,  the  last  joint  with 
bristles  on  its  margin  ;  antennae  represented  by  small  rounded  tubercles 
about  15  /M  long,  with  a  little  terminal  prominence  which  appears  to 
represent  a  second  joint,  and  about  six  stout  bristles  about  18  /x  long ; 
spiracles  small  but  distinct ;  legs  wanting. 

Einbri/oiiic  larva  with  a  row  of  figure-of-8  glands  down  each  side, 
and  dorsal  and  subdorsal  rows  of  small  round  glands,  the  latter  failing 
caudad,  the  last  five  glands  of  the  dorsal  rows  being  absent  in  the 
subdorsal ;  labium  very  short  and  broad,  cup-shaped  ;  form  of  insect 
elongate-pyriform;  autennse  thick,  6-jointed,  last  joint  not  very  greatly 
longer  than  the  one  before,  and  notched  as  in  P.  poUini. 

A  very  distinct  species. 

(5).  Diasjns  craicii,  CklL,  var.  fidleri,  n.  var. — On  twigs  of 
Melia  azedarach  (called  "syringa"  in  Natal),  Maritzburg,  Natal. 

2  .  Scale  white,  circular,  3  millim.  diam.,  as  in  crawii,  but  exuviae 
conspicuous,  pale  ochreous  to  dark  brown. 

$  .  Agreeing  witii  cmuii  in  the  lobes,  circumgenital  and  other 
glands,  and  other  particulars,  except  that  (1)  the  median  lobes  have 
the  inner  slope  long,  straight  nearly  to  the  base  (in  crauii  obtusely 
angled  about  the  middle),  and  conspicuously  though  minutely  crenu- 
late  ;  and  (2)  the  margin  beyond  the  lobes  is  furnished  with  one,  and 
then  after  an  interval  a  group  of  seven  very  large  spine-like  squames. 
All  the  spine-like  squames  are  very  large.  Circumgenital  glands  ; 
median  about  27,  cephalolaterals  about  57,  caudolaterals  about  31. 

This  appears  to  be  only  a  variety  of  the  Asiatic  D.  craiuii. 
It  is  easily  known  from  D.  pentagona  and  D.  auranticolor  by  the 
inequilateral  median  lobes,  with  a  long  inner  slope. 

(6).  Dlasins  pentagona,  Targioni.— Pietermaritzburg,  Natal ; 
on  peach. 

(7).  Chrijsomphalus  rossi  (Maskell).— Durban,  Natal;  on  pre- 
sumed Eucalyptus. 

(8).  Chrysomphalus  phenax,  n.  sp. 

? .  Scale  dark  grey,  resembling  an  oyster,  with  the  sublateral 
exuviae  shining  black.       $  .    No  circumgenital  glands  ;    anal  onface 


226  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

small,  aboiit  9  fi  long,  oval,  about  63  //  from  bases  of  median  lobes; 
lobes  four,  crenulate,  shaped  as  in  C.  minioscE,  but  the  median  lobes  are 
broader,  angular  instead  of  sloping  on  the  outer  side  ;  margin  beyond 
the  lobes  denticulate  and  finely  crenulate  ;  club-shaped  thickenings  at 
inner  bases  of  median  lobes,  about  twice  length  of  lobes  ;  a  pair  of 
thickenings  between  first  and  second  lobes,  as  in  mimosie :  three 
thickenings  between  second  and  third  lobes,  the  middle  one  longest ; 
two  at  interval  between  third  and  fourth  lobes,  the  middle  one  being 
absent ;  one  or  two  beyond  the  fourth. 

Hah.  On  bark  of  branches  of  Mimosa,  Verulam,  Natal 
{Fuller,  No.  9).  With  Lophococcus  mirahilis.  This,  in  its  scale 
and  other  characters,  is  so  very  like  the  Mexican  C.  mimosce, 
Comstock,  that  I  was  not  perfectly  sure  it  was  distinct.  I  sent 
some  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture  at  Washington,  and 
Mr.  Kotinsky  kindly  compared  them  with  Comstock's  types  of 
mimosce ;  he  found  the  differences  to  be  constant,  and  the  species 
clearly  distinct. 

Pseudaouidia  davigera,  n.  sp. 

5  .  Scale,  2^  mm.  diam.,  moderately  convex,  blackish,  entirely 
covered  by  the  epidermis  of  the  twig,  except  the  small  shining  sub- 
lateral  orange-ferruginous  exuvias. 

?  .  No  circumgeuital  glands,  even  when  full  of  embryos.  Similar 
to  P.  tesserata,  but  the  median  lobes  are  scarcely  notched  on  the  inner 
side  ;  the  second  and  third  lobes  are  narrower  (width  of  second  lobe  8  /* 
in  clavi(jera,  18  in  tesserata) ;  margin  beyond  fourth  lobe  serrate  as  if 
with  many  small  lobes  ;  two  large  round  spaces  below  the  incisions 
laterad  of  the  median  lobes,  which,  properly  focussed,  give  the  appear- 
ance (with  the  incisions)  of  the  club-shaped  processes  of  Hoirardia 
hidavis :  anal  orifice  further  from  hind  end,  being  111  to  129  /x  distant 
from  the  tips  of  the  median  lobes  (in  tesserata  84  ^). 

Hah.  Durban,  Natal,  on  twigs  of  camellia  in  the  Botanic 
Gardens  (Fuller,  No.  1).  The  appearance  of  the  scales,  covered 
by  the  bark,  and  the  club-shaped  processes,  strongly  suggest  the 
genus  Howardia.  There  is  also  some  evident  affinity  with 
Aspidiotus  moorei.  Green.  The  genus  Pseudaonidia  seems  to  be 
sufficiently  distinct,  mcluding  the  following  forms  described 
under  Aspiodotus  : —  P.  thece  (Maskell)  ;  P.  thece  rhododendri 
(Green) ;  P.  duplex  (Ckll.)  ;  P.  pceonice  (Ckll.  as  var.  of  duplex)  ; 
P.  trilohitiformis  (Green)  ;  P,  tesserata  (De  Charmoy). 

Hemichionaspis  cyanogena,  n.  sp. 

?  .  Scale  about  or  hardly  2  millim.  long,  slightly  convex,  white  ; 
narrow,  with  much  the  outline  of  H.  them ;  exuviae  orange,  varying  to 
pale  yellowish. 

(?  .     Scale  of  the  usual  form,  not  carinate. 

?.  Differs  from  H.  minor  sls  follows: — Lateral  margins  of  seg- 
ments not  produced ;  median  lobes  not  so  produced,  shaped  more  as 
in  H.  Hiussiembr,  the  two  lobes  together  27  n*  broad  and  12  /*  long: 
spine-like  squames  more  numerous,  the  formula  (following  the  method 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  227 

of  Cooley)  1,  2  or  3,  2,  2,  2 ;  first  two  rows  of  dorsal  glands  not  wholly 
absent,  but  represented  by  one  to  three  glands,  third  and  fourth  rows 
with  posterior  groups  numbering  about  five.  After  boiling  in  liquor 
potassiB  the  insect  exhibits  a  very  fine  blue  pigment ;  median  lobes 
remain  yellow  after  boiling ;  genital  and  anal  orifices  opposite  ;  outer 
edge  of  median  lobes  with  three  large  crenulatious  ;  second  lobe  repre- 
sented by  two  small  rounded  lobules,  third  by  a  rather  large  low 
lobule,  or  practically  wanting  ;  antenn;^  represented  by  a  strong  bristle 
on  a  small  tubercle.  Embryos  in  female  very  large,  231  i^  long  ;  eyes 
blue.     Eggs  about  300  /x. 

Hah.  On  small  branches  of  a  plant  not  identified,  Durban, 
Natal  (Fuller,  No.  17). 

Lophococcus,  n.  g. 

A  genus  of  Monophlebine  Coccidse,  allied  to  Monophlebus, 
which  becomes  fixed  in  the  adult  female  state,  with  a  strongly 
chitinous  skin,  and  has  a  large  erect  spine  in  the  middle  of  the 
back,  this  spine  originating  as  an  elevated  fold  of  the  skin.  No 
ovisac.     Type,  L.  ))urabilis. 

(To  be  continued.) 


NOTES    AND     OBSERVATIONS. 

On  Rearing  Acherontia  atropos. — ^The  uncertainty  of  the  emerg- 
ing of  the  perfect  insect  from  the  pupa  of  A.  atropos  is  well  known, 
and  various  methods  of  treatment  are  from  time  to  time  advocated  as 
likely  to  produce  a  satisfactory  result.  This  uncertainty  exists  no 
doubt  in  a  state  of  nature,  as  well  as  when  the  insect  is  bred  in 
confinement,  and  what  it  is  that  causes  or  regulates  it  is,  so  far  as  I 
know,  unknown.  The  following  data  may  be  perhaps  of  interest : — 
Early  in  August  last  (1900)  I  had  three  full-grown  caterpillars  brought 
to  me  from  different  localities  in  this  district  ;  all  three  were  supplied 
with  earth,  and  "went  down"  almost  immediately.  About  the  end 
of  September  I  carefully  raised  the  pupte  to  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
where  they  remained  uncovered.  One  very  soon  showed  its  failure 
by  becoming  mouldy,  and  another  came  out  a  cripple  some  time  in 
October;  the  third  remained  until  the  11th  of  this  month  (July,  1901), 
when  it  emerged  in  perfect  condition,  a  very  fine  and  large  specimen, 
measuring  just  under  five  inches  in  the  expanse  of  the  wings.  There 
was  not  at  any  time  any  application  of  moisture  to  the  pupje,  nor 
special  exposure  to  any  higher  temperature  than  that  of  the  room, 
heated  with  an  ordinary  fireplace.  I  attribute  the  "failure"  of  one 
of  the  above  pupge  to  an  evident  injury  received  by  the  caterpillar 
before  it  was  brought  to  me;  the  "cripple"  was  probably  owing  to 
there  not  being  in  the  cage  anything  for  the  freshly  emerged  moth  to 
climb  upon  (a  necessity,  I  fancy,  for  the  perfect  expansion  of  the 
wings) ;  this  was  provided  for  in  respect  to  the  third  and  successful 
emergence. — (Rev.)  0.  Pickard-Cambridge  ;  Bloxworth  Rectory, 
July  16th,  1901. 


228  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Buff-coloured  Amphidasys  betularia. — As  the  question  of  the 
buff  variety  of  A.  betularia  has  again  cropped  up,  I  may  say  that 
many  years  ago  I  experimented  on  dead  specimens  of  the  ordinary 
colour,  and  found  that  exposure  to  the  vapour  of  chlorine  altered 
them  to  this  buff  colour.  At  the  same  time  I  was  unable  to  alter  the 
iovms  doubledayaria  in  a  similar  way  to  the  Lancashire  buff  varieties. — 
Philip  B.  Mason;  Burton-on-Treut,  July  3rd,  1901. 

[As  previously  stated  {ante,  p.  180),  I  have  two  buff  examples  of 
A.  betularia,  and  notice  that  the  antennaa  still  remain  of  the  normal 
coloration — i.  e.  entirely  black  in  the  male,  and  black  ringed  with 
whitish  in  the  female.  It  would  be  interesting  to  know  if  the  antennae 
of  other  buff  specimens  of  this  species  are  black  or  buff'. — R.S.] 

Lyc^na  corydon  protected  by  Resemblance. — On  July  17th  last, 
near  Newlaud's  Corner,  on  the  North  Downs,  a  male  specimen  of 
L.  corijdon  was  noticed  in  the  evening  having  taken  up  a  position  of 
rest  on  the  flower-head  of  a  small  plantain  (probably  Plantaiio  media). 
The  markings  of  the  uuder-surface  of  the  wings  caused  the  insect  to 
be  remarkably  well  protected  by  resemblance  in  the  position  it  had 
assumed. — W.  J.  Lucas  ;  Kingston-on-Thames. 


CAPTURES   AND   FIELD   REPORTS. 

Entomological  Notes  for  June,  1901. — I  have  succeeded  in  rearing 
the  larvffi  of  Xeineobias  lucina,  which,  as  I  mentioned  last  month, 
emerged  from  ova  on  June  4th.  At  the  present  time  they  are  nearly 
full  grown,  and  I  am  wondering  whether  the  imagines  will  appear  this 
year.  The  first  of  my  Vanessa  polychloros  larvffi  fixed  itself  up  to  the 
muslin  cover  of  the  cylinder  on  June  10th,  and  the  imago  appeared 
on  June  29tli — i.  e.  forty-seven  days  from  the  hatchiug  of  the  larva 
from  the  ovum.  The  rest  of  them  came  out  on  June  30th,  but  unfor- 
tunately several  specimens  are  rather  below  the  normal  size ;  some, 
however,  are  very  fine.  1  was  fortunate  enough  to  see  both  the 
process  of  pupating  and  that  of  the  exit  of  the  imago  from  the  pupa- 
case.  It  was  most  amusing  to  see  the  pupa  get  rid  of  its  old  larval- 
skin,  by  butting  at  it  till  it  fell  down.  Two  of  the  larvae,  after  having 
hitched  up  successfully,  were  unable  to  burst  the  skin,  and  consequently 
shrivelled  up  and  died.  They  were  apparently  just  as  healthy  as  the 
rest,  in  fact  I  could  detect  no  difference  in  them  ;  but,  though  they 
struggled  hard  and  long,  they  finally  succumbed.  The  imago  took 
exactly  twelve  minutes  to  arrive  at  its  full  size  with  expanded  wings ; 
and  all  the  time  the  process  was  going  on  it  kept  curling  and  uncurling 
its  proboscis,  which,  as  far  as  I  could  see,  was  in  two  parts  all  the 
time,  not  joining  together  until  the  growth  of  the  wings  was  complete. 
I  have  been  rearing  a  number  of  larvae  of  Ennomos  fuscantaria.  and 
their  emergence  from  the  ova  was  spread  over  three  weeks ;  only  on 
two  occasions  did  more  than  one  larva  come  out  on  the  same  day. 
The  first  one  pupated  on  June  21st,  and  another  is  about  to  do  so 
to-day  (July  4th),  but  several  of  the  larvfe  are  still  quite  small.  On 
June  28th  I  got  a  number  of  Lijcmna  minima  {alsus)  from  a  disused 


CAPTURES    AND    FIELD    REPORTS.  229 

chalk-pit  near  here  ;  they  are  in  excellent  condition,  and  very  plentiful 
this  year.  On  June  27th  and  several  following  days,  when  the  sun 
has  been  shining,  Macroijhssa  atellatcu-mi  has  been  observed  hovering 
over  a  sweet-william  flower  in  my  garden,  but  I  have  never  been  near 
enough  to  take  it.  On  June  30th  a  lot  of  Selenia  tetmlunana  came 
out ;  they  are  very  fine  specimens,  and  I  have  succeeded  in  pairing  a 
couple,  and  in  obtaining  some  ova  for  the  second  brood.  The  larv^ 
emerged  on  May  20th,  and  fed  up  very  quickly,  for  they  began  to 
pupate  on  June  11th.  I  have  also  been  very  successful  in  rearing  a 
brood  of  Catocala  »ponsa.  When  the  young  larvtB  appeared,  on  April  23rd, 
I  experienced  great  difficulty  in  finding  oak  leaves  for  them,  as  the 
trees  were  very  backward;  but  I  succeeded  in  getting  some  buds,  which 
lasted  till  the  leaves  grew  a  little.  The  larvaj  were  full-fed  on  May  28th, 
and  the  imagines  began  to  appear  on  July  1st,  two  or  three  having 
come  out  each  morning  since. 

Many  larvte  this  year  seem  to  be  much  in  advance  of  what  they 
were  last  year.  For  instance,  my  larv*  of  Smerinthus  populi  are  full 
grown  now,  and  are  going  down  to  pupate;  last  year  thev  did  not 
emerge  from  ova  till  June  25th,  and  the  first  one  pupated  on  July  30th. 
It  is  the  same  with  Sphinx  litjastii,  Siiterinthns  tilia:,  and  S.  ucellatus, 
each  one  being  from  a  fortnight  to  three  weeks  earlier  this  year.  I 
have  noticed  the  same  thing  with  many  of  the  Diurni,  especially 
Lijcana  alms,  L.  adonis,  L.  astiaiclw,  Hesperia  syhauus,  Vanessa  urlicce, 
and  V.  polijchloras.  A  friend  of  mine  saw  a  specimen  of  V.  atalanta 
yesterday,  and  I  am  told  that  Colias  ednsa  was  seen  a  few  days  ago, 
but  cannot  absolutely  vouch  for  this  statement. 

I  should  be  glad  if  any  reader  of  this  Journal,  who  happens  to 
observe  C.  edusa  or  (_'.  hyale  within  easy  distance  of  Dorking  daring 
August,  would  be  good  enough  to  send  me  a  post-card. — F.  A.  Oldaker  ; 
Parsonage  House,  Dorking,  July  4th,  1901. 

Chariclea  ujibra  (m.\kginata)  at  Sugar.— Tliis  species  has  occurred 
occasionally  at  sugar  here  during  the  last  week  or  so.  I  have  taken 
eight  fine  examples,  and  I  believe  several  more  have  been  taken  by 
other  enthusiasts  at  the  same  place.  I  can  find  no  record  of  C. 
viarginata  having  occurred  here  before. — A.  J.  Laurance  ;  Bromley 
Common,  Kent,  July  11th,  1901. 

Plusia  moneta  at  Bromley,  Kent. — A  very  fine  female  specimen  of 
this  species  came  to  light  at  my  residence  on  July  1st,  and  was  fortunately 
captured.  On  July  17th  I  netted  a  specimen  as  it  was  flying  over  a 
bramble  blossom  within  a  few  yards  of  the  house.  There  is  some 
Delphinium  near  by,  so  probably  many  more  may  be  captured  in  the 
near  future. — Alfred  J.  Laurance  ;  8,  Cross  Roads,  Bromley  Common. 

Plusia  moneta  in  HAMPsmRE. — A  specimen  of  P.  nioneta  has  been 
taken  here  whilst  hovering  over  flowers  of  Delphinium.  —  G.  M. 
Russell  ;  Porchester,  July  25th,  1901. 

Lyc-ena  minima  in  Warwickshire. — On  Saturday  last,  June  22nd, 
I  found  Lycmia  minima  (alsus)  in  fairly  large  numbers  at  Stockton, 
about  eight  miles  from  here,  on  tlie  banks  of  a  chalk  pit,  where 
Anthifllis,  its  food-plant,  grows  in  great  abundance.  I  see  that  neither 
Newman,  Morris,  Kirby,  nor  any  other  authority  that  I  have  consulted 

ENTOM. — AUGUST,    1901.  T 


230  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

mentions  this  butterfly  as  occurring  in  Warwickshire. — D.  T.  Garrett  ; 
School  House,  Rugby,  June  26th,  1901. 

ACRONYCTA    ALNI    TAKEN    AT    ReST. Ou     JuUC    8th,     1901,     I     tOok    a 

specimen  of  Acronycta  alni  at  rest  on  some  nettles.  I  have  never 
heard  of  one  being  taken  at  rest  before. — R.  A.  McLeod  ;  The  Myrtles, 
Great  Malvern. 

Vanessa  urtic^e  attracted  by  Light. — On  July  11th  two  F.  iirtlca; 
came  to  light  through  a  window  between  10  and  11.30  p.m. — 
R.  A.  McLeod. 

(Enistis  (Gnophria)  quadra  in  Dublin. —  To-night  (July  18th)  I 
had  the  pleasure  of  taking  a  female  specimen  of  (Kniatis  quadra  on  the 
pavement  under  one  of  the  electric  lights  in  this  road.  As  I  see  in 
Barrett's  '  Lepidoptera '  that  only  one  specimen  appears  to  have  been 
recorded  from  Ireland  previously,  I  think  you  may  consider  the  fact 
worthy  of  record,  especially,  perhaps,  considering  the  locality,  as  it  is 
scarcely  an  insect  I  should  have  looked  for  in  a  large  town. — William 
C.  E.Wheeler;  St.  Helen's  School,  28  and  25,  Pembroke  Road, 
Dublin.     [For  other  Irish  localities,  see  Entom.  xxxiii.  331. — Ed.] 

OxYGASTRA  cuRTisii  TAKEN  IN  Hants. — Odonatists,  if  I  may  use  the 
term,  will  be  pleased  to  hear  that  the  extremely  scarce  dragonfly, 
Oxygastra  curtisii,  is  still  with  us.  I  have  received  a  nice  male  taken 
by  Major  Robertson  early  in  July  last  in  its  old  locality  in  Hants. 
Another  specimen  was  seen,  but  was  not  secured.  The  last  recorded 
capture  was  in  1882,  on  July  lltli,  when  Mr.  Goss  took  four  males. 
<).  curtisii,  once  thought  to  be  peculiar  to  Britain,  has  a  limited  distri- 
bution in  Western  Europe.  It  somewhat  resembles  Conlulia  a;nea, 
but  may  be  known  by  the  middorsal  line  of  orange-yellow  spots. — 
W.  J.  Lucas  ;  Kingston-on-Thames. 

Deiopeia  pulchella  IN  THE  LoNDON  DisTRicT. — On  July  1st  last, 
I  had  the  pleasure  of  taking  a  specimen  of  Deiopeia  pidcJiella  on  a  piece 
of  waste  ground  in  the  London  district.  It  was  unfortunately  slightly 
damaged.  I  believe  this  a  rather  rare  occurrence. — E.  A.  Warne  ; 
4,  Spanish  Road,  East  Hill,  Wandsworth,  S.W.,  July  7th,  1901. 

[An  example  of  this  species  was  captured  in  a  North  London 
locality  on  June  31st,  1892  :  vide  Entom.  xxv.  154,  166. — Ed.] 

Sphinx  convolvuli  in  1901. — Mr.  H.  Pestell,  of  Elstow,  near  Bed- 
ford, recently  captured  four  specimens  of  S.  convolvuli  at  honeysuckle. 
Three  females  were  taken  on  June  30th,  July  2nd,  and  10th,  and  a 
male  on  July  11th.  The  females  were  slightly  worn,  but  Mr.  Pestell 
tells  me  the  male  is  fresh,  and  he  thinks  only  recently  out  of  the  pupa. 
It  seems  impossible  that  these  specimens  are  from  larvae  fed  this  year. 
They  are  therefore  hybernated  specimens,  or  from  pupae  which  failed 
to  emerge  last  autumn.  I  once  captured  a  specimen  on  August  11th, 
which  was  the  earliest  occurrence  I  have  previously  heard  of. — W. 
GiFFORD  Nash  ;  Bedford. 

On  July  16th  a  specimen  of  S.  convolvuli  was  brought  in  by  a  lad, 
who  found  it  in  his  garden  at  Wandsworth.  I  took  an  example  on 
West  Hill,  Wandsworth,  August  13th,  1900. — J.  Miller  ;  44,  Long- 
field  Street,  Wandsworth,  S.W. 


SOCIETIES.  231 

Variety  of  Euchloris  (Phorodesma)  pustulata.  —  While  beating 
for  Geometry  on  the  3rd  inst.,  I  took,  among  other  insects,  two  male 
Euchloris  pui^tnlata  (an  insect  not  uncommon  here),  in  which  the  whole 
of  the  parts  usually  coloured  green  (including  portions  of  the  abdomen) 
were  replaced  by  a  delicate  pink.  The  tornal  blotches,  &c.,  retain 
their  normal  position  and  colour,  though  naturally  appearing  less 
conspicuous.  I  may  mention  that  there  is  no  chemical  action  in- 
volved, as  the  insects  were  thus  coloured  while  alive.  Further,  I 
always  use  chloroform,  so  there  can  be  no  question  of  the  colouring 
being  due  to  the  action  of  cyanide  or  ammonia.  — ■  J.  Aylward 
Churchill  ;  The  Brick  House,  Billingshurst,  Sussex. 

Theola  w-album  in  Shropshire.  —  While  gathering  the  seeds  of 
wych-elm  here  on  May  28th,  for  larvfe  oi  Xanthia  (jilvago  and  X.ferrn- 
(jinea,  I  found  that  I  had  taken  two  larvae  of  Thecla  tv-albnm,  one  of 
which  has  since  pupated.  I  believe  the  only  previous  record  of  this 
butterfly  in  Shropshire  is  that  by  Mr.  C.  Gr.  Barrett,  who  found  it 
thirty-five  years  ago  on  Benthall  Edge.  Having  previously  found  and 
bred  the  larva  in  some  abundance  near  Burton-on-Trent,  I  think  I  can 
hardly  be  mistaken  as  to  its  identity. — (Rev.)  Chas.  Thornewill  ;  Cal- 
verhall  Vicarage,  Whitchurch,  Salop,  June  Gtli,  1901. 


SOCIETIES. 


South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. — 
June  ISth,  1901.  — Mr.  H.  S.  Fremlin,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the 
chair. — Messrs.  E.  A.  Adkin,  Lingards  Road,  Lewisham,  S.E. ;  R. 
Armstrong,  Granville  Park,  Lewisham  ;  A.  W.  Dodds,  Stoke  Newington  ; 
and  W.  Thoruthwaite,  Hersham,  were  elected  members. — Mr.  R.  Adkin 
exhibited  living  larvte  of  Acklalia  man/iiiepunctata  feeding  on  yarrow, 
and  pointed  out  that  the  genus  Acidalia  needed  considerable  revision. 
— Mr.  Kemp,  the  Coleoptera  B.ha(jium  bifascintum ,  Donacia  bicolora, 
D.  sericea,  D.  semicaprea,  D.  simplex,  D.  cinerea,  and  D.  discolor;  all 
taken  at  the  field  meeting  at  Byfleet  on  June  1st.— Dr.  Chapman,  the 
curious  pupal  burrow  of  Scardia  boleti,  showing  the  peculiarly  con- 
structed trap-door  ;  and  also  the  cocoon  of  Lar/ua  crispata,  which  shows 
a  trap-door  arrangement. — Mr.  Lucas  read  the  Report  of  the  Field 
Meeting  held  at  Oxshot  on  May  18th.— Mr.  Adkin  gave  an  account  of 
the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  South-Eastern  Union  of  Scientific  Societies 
held  at  Haslemere. 

June  27th.— Uv.  F.  Noad  Clark,  Vice-President,  in  the  chan-.— 
Mr.  A,  W.  Pepper,  of  Horniman's  Museum,  Forest  Hill,  was  elected 
a  member.— Mr.  Ashdown  exhibited  specimens  of  Ana.v  impemtor  and 
Ischnura  pnmilio  taken  in  the  New  Forest,  and  which  he  afterwards 
placed  in  the  Society's  collection.  —  Mr.  Turner,  an  almost  black 
specimen  of  Amphidasys  bdularia  taken  in  Camberwell.  Several 
other  similar  examples  were  also  reported.— Mr.  West,  the  following 
Hemiptera  from  the  river  Ravensbourne : — Microvelia  pi/ijuicea,  de- 
veloped forms;  Gerris  oduntoqaster ;  (r.  najas ;  and  Hi/dronietra  stac/- 
noriim,  developed  and  undeveloped  forms.— Mr.  Enock,  bred  specimens 


'2'd'2  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

of  Libelliila  depressa  and  L.  quadrimaculata,  with  \av.  prmiubila :  also 
larvffi  of  Thecla  hetula :  all  were  collected  at  Epping. — Mr.  Harrison, 
long  series  of  Ampliidaays  betularia,  including  six  gynandrous  specimens, 
all  bred  from  ova  laid  by  a  New  Forest  parent.— Hy,  J.  Turner, 
Hon.  Bep.  Sec. 

Birmingham  Entomological  Society. — June  nth,  1901. — Mr.  H. 
Willoughby  Ellis,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair.  —  Mr.  Waiuwright 
showed  a  specimen  of  the  rare  Dipteron,  Brachy palpus  bimacuUttus, 
Mcq.,  taken  at  West  Malvern  in  ^Yhitsun  week,  1901. —  Mr.  H.  W. 
Ellis  exhibited  the  following  Coleoptera  : — Cychrus  roxtratus,  from 
Dovedale  ;  Pterosticlnis  striola,  with  its  eggs,  also  from  Dovedale ; 
Phytodecta  rufipes  and  Apoderus  coryli,  both  from  Knowle  ;  and  Elate)- 
pomoru))),  from  Cannock  ;  also  the  curiously  coiled-up  leaves  in  which 
are  laid  the  eggs  of  Attelabns  ciircidionoides  and  Depordus  betula:. — Mr. 
A.  D.  Imms  showed  an  immature  specimen  of  PhyHodromia  yermaiiica, 
taken  in  the  University  Buildings,  Birmingham,  and  said  that  he 
believed  it  to  be  the  first  known  midland  specimen.  —  Mr.  A.  H. 
Martineau  said  that  he  had  taken  male  and  female  of  the  rare  ant, 
Myrmecina  latreilUi,  at  Cannock  Chase,  the  nearest  place  from  which 
he  had  it  before  being  Selsley,  Glos. —  Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley  showed 
Anisoptery.v  ascularia,  taken  in  the  city  boundaries  near  Cannon  Hill. 
— Mr.  G.  W.  Wynn,  long  and  nice  series  of  Taniin-ampa  yracilis,  T. 
instabilis,  T.  rubricosa,  all  taken  at  sallows  at  Hampton-in-Arden  this 
year  ;  also  Cucullia  chauiomilltF,  from  Marston  Green. — Colbran  J. 
Wainwright,  Hon.  Sec. 


RECENT    LITERATURE. 

D.  J.  ScouRFiELD.  The  Sicimminy  Pecidiarities  of  Daphnia  and  its 
Allies,  irith  on  Account  of  a  Neic  Method  of  examininy  liriny  Ento- 
nwstraca  and  similar  Oryanisms.  (1900,  .Journ.  Quekett  Microsc. 
Club  (2),  vii.  pp.  395-404  ;  seven  text  figures.) 

Although  papers  upon  Crustacea  do  not  strictly  come  witbin  the 
scope  of  the  '  Entomologist,'  Mr.  Scourfield's  interesting  biological 
contribution  may  be  studied  with  advantage  by  workers  at  other 
groups  of  aquatic  Arthropoda. 

In  addition  to  the  morphological  distinctions  between  the  four 
genera  into  which  Daphnia  of  the  older  authors  is  now  divided,  the 
author  points  out  a  fundamental  difference  in  the  swimming  habits  of 
Daphnia  and  Ceriodapknia,  on  the  one  hand,  and  Simocephalus  and 
Scapholeberis  on  the  other,  the  two  former  always  swimming  either 
vertically  or  obliquely  back  uppermost,  the  two  latter  always  swimming 
more  or  less  obliquely  back  downwards,  so  constantly  so  that  it  is  im- 
possible to  mistake  a  swimming  Daphnia  for  a  swimming  Simocephalus, 
even  with  unaided  vision.  To  ascertain  the  causes  of  these  differences, 
a  method — detailed  at  length — was  devised  ''  of  suspending  the  animals 
by  the  top  of  their  heads  in  such  a  way  that  they  could  use  their 
antennae  and  all  other  organs  with  perfect  freedom,  and  yet  not  alter 
their  position  in  the  water."     This  proved  that  the  direction  of  the 


RECENT    LITERATURE.  233 

stroke  of  the  large  autennte  was  as  nearly  as  possible  identical  in  all 
the  specimens  examined.  Two  accidents,  however,  led  to  an  inklinc 
of  the  truth.  In  one  case  a  Daphnia,  who  had  some  sealing-wax 
cement  (used  in  an  unsuccessful  experiment)  left  attached  to  the'^head, 
was  observed  to  have  a  tendency  to  swim  somewhat  obliquely  back 
downwards,  thus  imitating  the  normal  progression  of  a  Simocephahis. 
In  the  other,  an  air-bubble  had  penetrated  the  brood  cavity  of  a  Simo- 
cephaJus  in  consequence  of  the  latter  having  been  left  too  long  upon  a 
glass  slip  without  water.  The  swimming  of  the  creature  "  was  most 
curious.  It  struggled  hard  against  the  upward  pull  of  the  air-bubble, 
and  by  the  vigorous  use  of  its  antennae  it  managed  to  make  some  pro- 
gress in  an  obliquely  downward  direction  ;  but  it  was  no  longer  swim- 
ming in  the  manner  of  a  Simocephalus,  but  .  .  .  with  its  back^'upwards. 
It  also  clung  to  the  sides  of  the  glass  in  an  inverted  position,  which  is 
just  the  opposite  to  the  normal  behaviour  of  animals  of  the  "enus. 
The  two  cases  of  abnormal  swimming  just  alluded  to,  taken  in  con- 
nection with  what  has  been  already  found  out  about  the  direction  of 
the  stroke,  proved  conclusively  that  the  main  factor  in  determining  the 
positions  of  the  animals  when  swimming  freely  must  be  the  situation 
of  the  centre  of  gravity."  In  fact,  the  position  of  the  animal  is  due 
to  the  net  result  of  gravity  and  the  direction  of  the  stroke  (of  the 
antennae),  modified  by  the  speed  of  the  progress,  and  also  by  the 
possession  of  shell-spines,  the  most  active  swimmers — the  clear-water 
forms — having  the  greatest  development  of  the  shell-spine  (and  even 
the  possession  of  a  head-spine)  ;  while  D.  pulex  and  others,  which  are 
normally  comparatively  sluggish,  exhibit  short  shell- spines. 

The  paper  is  illustrated  by  diagrams  showing  the  directions  of  the 
various  forces.  ..,    „^   „ 

(t.  W.  K. 

E,  P.  Felt.  Sixteenth  Report  Injurious  and  other  Insects.  (1901, 
Bull.  Soc.  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  vol.  vii.  No.  36,  pp.  949-1068  ;  two 
coloured  and  thirteen  plain  plates  (comprising  twenty- three 
photographs),  one  plan,  and  two  text  figures.) 

The  New  York  State  Reports  have  always  held  a  very  high  place 
among  contributions  to  economic  entomology,  though  under  the  care 
of  Dr.  Felt  their  general  plan  and  detailed  execution  show  an  im- 
provement even  upon  the  old  series.  The  principal  feature  of  the 
Sixteenth  Report  is  the  record  of  experimental  work  with  insecticides 
in  fighting  scale-insects,  especially  Aspkliotus  perniciosiis,  Comst.  This 
is  elucidated  by  a  large  plan  of  an  infested  orchard,  and  twenty  photo- 
graphs of  infested  trees,  &c.  Two  beautifully  executed  coloured  plates 
illustrate  accounts  of  the  gypsy  moth  {Porthetria  dispar),  and  the 
"Palmer-worm  "  (the  caterpillar  of  a  Gelechiid,  Ypsolophiis  poDietellus, 
Harris).  The  relaxation  of  the  efforts  of  the  Massachusetts  Common- 
wealth towards  the  extermination  of  the  gypsy  moth  leads  to  the  fear 
that  it  is  only  a  question  of  time  before  its  destructive  powers  will  be 
felt  in  New  York  State.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  photographs  is 
plate  16,  showing  forest-tent  caterpillars  (Clisiocampa  disstria)  clustered 
on  a  tree-trunk.  P    tt-   t- 


234  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

D,  J.  ScouRFiELD.      The  Loqarithmic  Plotting  of  certain  Biological  Data. 
(1897,  Journ.  Quekett  Microsc.  Club,  pp.  419-23,  pi.  xx.) 

The  author  advocates  the  use  of  logarithmically  ruled  sectional  paper 

for  the  graphic  representation  of  certain  biological  data.     This  paper 

is  produced  by  "  first  of  all  drawing  a  series  of  lines  at  egiial  distances 

apart,  accordnig  to  any  convenient  scale,  representing,  say,  the  series 

of  numbers  1,  10,  100^  1000,  10000,  &c.,  the  logarithms  of  which  are 

0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  &c.,  respectively,  and  then  dividing  the  spaces  so  obtained 

unequal! ij  by  lines  (h-awu   at  distances  equal  to  -3010,   •4771,  '6021, 

•6990,  •7781,  &c.,  which  are  the  logarithms  of  the  numbers  2,  3,  4,  5, 

6,  &c."     It  is  not  possible  to  give  an  adequate  idea  of  the  method  of 

procedure  without  reprinting  the  whole  of  the  tersely  written  paper, 

but  attention  is  drawn  to   it  as  likely   to  be  of  some  use  to   those 

entomologists  who  are  investigating  exhaustively  such  phenomena  as 

variation,  &c.  ^    ^^j   j^ 

(j.   VV .  1\. 


Economic. — E.  P.  Felt.  Illustrated  Descriptive  Cataloijue  of  some  of 
the  more  important  Injurious  and  Beneficial  Insects  of  New  York  State. 
(1900,  Bull.  Soc.  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  viii.  No.  37,  pp.  1-52,  eighty-three 
text  figures.) 

E.  E.  Green  discusses  "  Some  Caterpillar  Pests  of  the  Tea- 
Plant "  (September,  1900,  Circular,  Botan.  Gardens,  Ceylon  (1),  19, 
pp.  239-05).  Eleven  species  are  described,  and  remedial  measures 
discussed.  The  importance  of  being  beforehand  with  the  caterpillars, 
and  of  stamping  out  the  earlier  broods  before  they  have  tmie  to  breed 
and  extend  their  area  of  operation,  is  emphasized. 

Lepidoptera. — N.  Kusnezov  describes  the  protective  coloration  of  the 
wings  of  the  Krimean  Lihythea  celtis,  and  figures  its  attitude  in  repose, 
which  exactly  resembles  a  dead  leaf,  the  antennae  and  palpi  being  made 
use  of  in  the  simulation  (the  butterfly  being  unique  in  this  respect). 
(Horas  Entom.  1900,  xxxv.  ;  summary  and  figure  in  'Psyche,'  1901, 
pp.  184-5.) 

Neuropitera. — G.  A.  Poujade  notes  a  female  French  Odonate  [Cor- 
duler/aster  annulatus,  Latr.),  in  which  the  left  antenna  is  composed  of 
three  unequal  bristles,  articulated  on  a  single  large  and  deformed  scape, 
while  the  right  antenna  is  normal  (1899,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  France, 
pp.  44-5,  two  figures). 

Orthoptera. — M.  V.  Slingerland  records  the  discovery  for  the  first 
time  in  America  of  a  European  beneficial  insect,  Mantis  relvjiosa  (1900, 
Entom.  News,  p.  18  ;  see  also  /.  c.  1899,  pp.  288-9,  under  the  name  of 
Starpnomantis  Carolina). 

Chr.  Aurivillius  describes  forty-two  species  of  Swedish  Orthoptera, 
of  which  about  twenty-eight  also  occur  in  the  British  Isles  ("  Svensk 
Insektfauna  2  Orthoptera"  in  Eut.  Tidskrift,  1900,  xxi.  pp.  233-54, 
fourteen  text  figures). 

G.  ^Y.  K. 


285 


OBITUARY  :     ELEANOR   A.   ORMEROD,  LL.D. 

We  regret  to  have  to  chronicle  the  death  of  this  gifted  lady, 
who  has  spent  the  greater  part  of  her  life  on  the  study  and 
practical  application  of  entomology. 

Her  father  was  George  Ormerod,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  author  of 
the  '  History  of  Cheshire,'  who  came  of  an  old  Lancashire  family, 
the  Ormerods  of  Ormerod.  She  was  a  student  of  natural  history 
from  quite  early  age,  and  as  her  father  advanced  in  years  she 
took  an  active  part  in  the  management  of  his  farm  and  property, 
Sedbury  Park,  Gloucestershire,  beautifully  situated,  opposite  to 
Chepstow.  This  gave  her  practical  knowledge  of  agriculture ;  and 
here  was  the  seed  plot  from  which  so  much  good  fruit  was  to  ripen. 

Dr.  Eobert  Wallace,  Professor  of  Agriculture  in  the  University 
of  Edinburgh,  writes  to  us : — "  The  name  of  Miss  Eleanor  A. 
Ormerod  is  widely  known  among  all  classes  of  the  community, 
and  the  excellent  quality  of  her  work  is  recognised  and  appreciated 
by  those  who  are  specially  interested  in  the  scientific  aspect  of 
it.  But  the  magnitude  and  true  value  of  her  gratuitous  labours 
from  the  practical  point  of  view  of  the  farmer  are  probably  not 
sufdciently  understood  by  the  general  public.  Twenty-four 
voluminous  Annual  Pieports  have  appeared ;  and  the  following 
standard  works  have  been  issued  from  time  to  time : — '  A  Manual 
of  Lijurious  Insects,  with  Methods  of  Prevention  and  Piemedy ' 
(two  editions);  *  Handbook  on  Insects  Injurious  to  Orchard  and 
Bush  Fruits ' ;  '  Observations  on  Injurious  Insects  of  South 
Africa  ' ;  a  '  Guide  to  Methods  of  Insect  Life ' ;  and  a  '  Text-Book 
of  Agricultural  Entomology,'  &c.  Free  gift  copies  of  the  Annual 
Report  were  sent  to  all  correspondents  who  supplied  any  of  the 
information  adopted.  Besides  what  may  be  termed  substantial 
publications,  many  four-page  leaflets  on  the  common  farm  pests 
were  prepared  with,  in  each  case,  an  illustration  of  the  creature 
described,  and  gratuitously  circulated  to  meet  a  rapidly  growing 
demand  for  guidance  among  farmers  and  stockowners.  Among 
these  were  issued  accounts  of  the  widely  destructive  wireworm 
and  equally  destructive  grub  of  the  crane  fly,  or  daddy  longlegs; 
the  mangel-leaf  maggot ;  the  mustard  beetle ;  the  minute  stem 
eelworm  (invisible  to  the  naked  eye),  which  produces  'Tulip-root' 
in  grain  crops,  and  is  largely  responsible  for  the  condition  known 
as  '  clover  sickness  ' ;  the  troublesome  forest  fly,  which  her  recent 
investigations  showed  to  be  present  in  two  other  districts  besides 
that  of  the  New  Forest  in  Hampshire ;  and  the  *  Warble  Fly,  its 
history  and  easily  practicable  methods  of  prevention  and  remedy.' 
Of  the  last-named  leaflet,  155,000  copies  were  circulated  at  her 
own  expense.  From  letters  in  my  possession,  as  the  editor  of 
Miss  Ormerod' s  Reminiscences,  it  is  clearly  shown  that  by  her 
numerous  distinguished  foreign  correspondents  she  was  uni- 
versally acknowledged  to  be  the  greatest  authority  on  economic 


236  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

entomology  that  this  country  has  possessed  in  recent  years, 
and  one  of  the  inner  circle  of  the  highest  authorities  in  the 
world." 

Only  last  year  the  University  of  Edinburgh  conferred  on  her 
the  LL.D.,  the  highest  honorary  distinction  of  merit  within 
its  power.  This  was  the  first  time  a  lady  had  received  such 
an  honour  in  the  Scottish  capital.  Sir  Ludovic  Grant,  the 
Secretary  to  the  Senatus,  in  presenting  Miss  Ormerod  to  the 
Vice- Chancellor,  said: — 

"  A  duty  now  devolves  upon  you,  Sir,  which  has  devolved  upon 
none  of  your  predecessors,  and  of  which  the  performance  will  render 
the  present  occasion  memorable  in  the  annals  of  the  University.  Our 
roll  of  Hon.  Graduates  in  Law  contains  the  names  of  many  illustrious 
men,  but  you  will  search  it  in  vain  for  the  name  of  a  woman.  To-day, 
however,  a  new  roll  is  to  be  opened — a  roll  of  illustrious  women  ;  and 
it  is  matter  for  congratulation  that  this  roll  should  begin  with  a  name 
so  honoured  as  that  of  Miss  Ormerod,  The  pre-eminent  position 
which  Miss  Ormerod  holds  in  the  world  of  science  is  the  reward  of 
patient  study  and  unwearying  observation.  Her  investigations  have 
been  chiefly  directed  towards  the  discovery  of  methods  for  the  preven- 
tion of  the  ravages  of  those  insects  which  are  injurious  to  orchard, 
tield,  aud  forest.  Her  labours  have  been  crowned  with  such  success 
that  she  is  entitled  to  be  hailed  as  the  protectress  of  agriculture  and 
the  fruits  of  the  earth — a  beneficent  Demeter  of  the  nineteenth 
century.  It  would  take  long  to  enumerate  her  contributions  to 
Entomological  and  Phenological  literature,  but  I  may  select  for  men- 
tion the  valuable  series  of  Reports  extending  over  twenty  years,  the 
preparation  of  which  involves  correspondence  with  all  parts  of  the 
world.  Remarkable  too  is  the  list  of  the  honours  Avhich  she  has 
received.  She  was  the  first  lady  to  be  admitted  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Meteorological  Society,  aud  she  has  been  awarded  the  Silver  Medal 
of  the  '  Societe  Nationale  d'Acclimatation  '  of  France.  To  these 
distinctions  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  sensible  of  her  conspicuous 
services,  and  not  unmindful  of  her  generous  benefactions,  now  adds 
its  Doctorate  in  Laws." 

The  Annual  Eeport  of  Injurious  Insects  published  this  year 
contains  a  note  of  farewell.  She  had  lived  to  see  her  work 
finished.  The  histories  of  our  worst  insect  pests  had  been 
gradually  completed.  It  was  only  by  almost  heroic  energy  and 
determination  that  she  had  replied,  in  full  and  courteous  manner, 
to  constant  inquiry  ;  and  now  the  time  had  come  for  a  mere 
reference  to  published  information.  She  had  been  collecting 
reminiscences  of  her  early  life  ;  retirement  would  give  oppor- 
tunity for  preparing  these  for  publication,  and  this  became  for  a 
few  months  her  chief  interest.  Then  came  serious  illness,  and, 
though  the  mind  remained  strong  and  clear,  the  bodily  powers 
had  failed.  Death  took  place  on  the  19th  July ;  she  was 
seventy-three  years  old.  So  passed  away  a  life  of  altruism, 
whose  loss  will  be  mourned  both  far  and  near. — T.  P.  N. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIV.l  SEPTEMBEE.     1901.  [No.  460. 


THE   NEW   EDITION   OF   •' STAUDINGER'S   CATALOGUE."- 

Since  the  second  edition  of  this  valuable  Catalog-ue  of  Lepidoptera 
was  published,  now  some  thirty  years  ago,  quite  a  number  of  changes 
m  nomenclature,  and  some  new  arrangements  of  families  and  genera 
have  been  proposed,  and  to  some  extent  accepted  by  lepidopterists. 

In  the  most  recent  systems  of  classification  the  sequence  of  families 
IS  regulated  by  their  supposed  relationship,  and  it  follows  that  authors, 
when  investigating  difierent  sets  of  facts,  may  very  justly  arrive  at 
quite  opposite  phylogenetic  conclusions,  and,  as  a  consequence,  their 
systems  may  be  antagonistic.  The  structural  characters  of  the  perfect 
moth  or  butterfly  afford  excellent  material  for  the  purpose  of  the  sys- 
tematist,  but  it  must  be  admitted  that  such  material  is  not  all- 
sufficient,  and  often  leaves  the  true  position  of  certain  units  in  a 
scheme  doubtful.  Our  knowledge  of  the  earlier  stages  of  Lepidoptera 
is  ever  increasing,  and  the  work  effected  by  speciahsts  in  this  field  of 
investigation  is  most  valuable,  as  it  serves  to  modify  or  disprove  some 
of  the  conclusions  arrived  at  by  those  who  depend  on  imaginal 
characters  alone.  Very  much  more  work  on  ova,  larvte,  and  pupas  of 
Lepidoptera  will,  however,  have  to  be  done,  before  a  classification 
based  on  the  earlier  stages  can  rank  as  high  as  one  drawn  from  a 
study  of  the  imagines.  Classification,  then,  being  in  a  state  of  tran- 
sition, it  is  evident  that  no  very  considerable  disturbance  of  the  old 
order  of  arrangement  in  our  Catalogues  is  desirable  or  expedient.  If 
the  most  natural  sequence  of  families,  &c.,  at  present  possible  is  still 
only  of  a  tentative  character — and  it  is  presumed  that  absolute  finality 
is  not  claimed  for  any  of  the  later  systems — the  middle  course  adopted 
in  the  work  under  notice  is  in  every  way  the  best.  No  one  having  a 
knowledge  of  the  complex  nature  of  the  subject  would  suppose  that  a 
faultless  scheme  could  be  evolved  from  the  facts  at  present  available. 

It  may  safely  be  said  that  lepidopterists  generally  will  feel  grateful 
that  the  aim  has  been  to  place  the  third  edition  of  the  '  Catalog '  in 

'■■'•  Catalog  cler  Lepidopteren  des  Palcearctisclien  Fawnetujebietes.  Von 
Dr.  Phil.  0.  Staudingek  und  Dr.  Phil.  H.  Rebel.  Dritte  Auflage  des 
Cataloges  der  Lepidopteren  des  Europaischen  Faunengebietes.  Berlin : 
R.  Friedliinder  &  Sobp.     May,  1901. 

ENTOM. — SEPTEMBER.    1901.  U 


238 


THE     ENTOMOLOGIST. 


line  with  modern  requirements,  without  introducing  any  very  revohi- 
tionary  changes,  either  in  the  arrangement  of  families  and  genera,  or 
of  the  names  of  species. 

The  old  terms  of  "  Macro-lepidoptera  "  and  "  Micro-lepidoptera  " 
are  discarded,  but  the  '  Catalog '  is  still  arranged  in  two  parts  as 
before.  Theil  I.,  for  which  the  late  Dr.  Staudinger  was  mainly 
responsible,  contains  the  species  previously  referred  to  as  Macro- 
lepidoptera,  and  these  are  distributed  among  thirty-nine  families,  five 
of  which  are  divided  into  subfamilies.  The  families  are  placed  in  the 
following  order  : — 


1.  Papilionidae 

2.  Pieridfe 

3.  NymphalidsB 

(a)  Nymphalinre 

[b)  Danain^e 
{(i)    Satyrinffi 

4.  Libytheidas 

5.  Erycinidae 

6.  Lyctenid^ 

7.  Hesperiidae 

8.  Sphingida? 

9.  Notodontida3 

10.  Thaumetopoeidffi 

11.  LymantriidiB 

12.  Lasiocampidae 

13.  Endromididfe 

14.  Lemoniidae 

15.  Saturniidae 


16.  Bralimaeidae 

17.  Bombycidae 

18.  Drepanidae 

19.  Callidulid^ 

20.  Thyrididaj 

21.  Noctuidag 

{a)  AcrouyctinaB 
{b)  Trifina3 
(c)  Gonopterinae 
{d)  Quadrifinae 
(e)  Hypeninffi 

22.  Agaristidae 

23.  Cymatophoridfe 

24.  Brephidffi 

25.  Geometridae 

(a)  Geometrinfe 

(b)  Acidaliinfe 

(c)  Larentiinae 


((/)  Orthostixinae 
(e)  Boarmiinae 

26.  Uraniida? 

27.  Epiplemidae 

28.  Nolidte 

29.  Cymbidae 

30.  Syntomidae 

31.  ArctiidsB 

[a)  Arctiinae 

(b)  LithosiinaB 

32.  Heterogynidae 

33.  Zygfeuidte 

34.  Megalopygidae 

35.  Cochlididae 

36.  Psychidae 

37.  Sesiidje 

38.  Cossidffi 

39.  Hepialidae. 


Theil  II.,  by  Dr.  Rebel,  comprises  the  "Micro-lepidoptera,"  and 
the  famihes,  eighteen  in  number,  are  as  under : — 


1.  Pyralidft 

(a)  Galleriinae 

(b)  Crambiua? 

(c)  Schoenobiinfe 

(d)  Anerastiinas 

(e)  Phycitinae 
(/■)  Epipaschiinae 
{(J)  Chrysauginae 
[h]  Endotrichinae 
[i]  Pyralinae 

(k)  Hydrocampinae 
(/)  Scopariin^ 
(wi)PyraustinaB 

2.  Pterophoridae 

3.  OrneodidaB 

4.  Tortricidfe 

(a)  Tortricinae 

(b)  Conchyliuffi 

(c)  Olethreutinae 

5.  Glyphipterygidte 


((/)  Choreuthinffi        11. 
(b)  Glyphipteryginffi 
((•)  Douglasiinte 

6.  Yponomeutidae  12. 

(a)  YponomeutinaB 

(b)  Argyresthiinte 

7.  PluteUidffi  13. 
{a)  Plutellinas  14. 
{b)  Orthotffiliiuffi       15. 

8.  Gelechiidae 

(a)  Gelechiinfe 

(b)  Blastobasinffi 

(c)  (Ecophorinae 

9.  Tinffigeriidae 
10.  Elachistidaj 

(a)  Scythridinfe 

(b)  Momphinffi 

(c)  Heliozelinffi  16. 

(d)  Coleophorinas      17. 
{e)  ElachistinsB         18. 


Gracilariidae 

(a)  Gracilariinae 

(b)  Lithocolletinas 
Lyonetiida3 

(a)  Lyonetiinae 

(b)  Phyllocnistinae 
Nepticulidfe 
Talffiporiidae 
Tineidfe 

(a)  Atychiiuae  [iinas 

(b)  Ochsenheimer- 

(c)  Acrolepiinje 

(d)  Setomorphinffi 

(e)  Lypusiuffi 
(/)  Teichobiina3 
{;/)  Tinein® 

(/t)  Adelinas 
Crinopterygidfe 
Eriocraniidfe 
Micropterygidae 


NEW    EDITION    OF    STAUDINGER's    CATALOGUE.  239 

The  number  of  species  enumerated  in  Tbeil  I.  is  4744,  which  with 
L  "^^'^-l^.the  Addenda  make  a  total  of  4757  as  against  2854  in  the 
second  edition  In  Theil  11.  there  are  4962  species?  including  180  in 
mi^'crtafo^'ry  nsl'"^  ''"  ^°^"^  ^"  *'^  corresponding  pa?-t  of  the 
These  verj  considerable  additions  are  largely  due  to  the  extended 
eastern  and  southern  limits  of  the  region  embraced  under  the  term 
Pala^arctic.  Formerly  D..  Staudinger  drew  the  eastern  line  at  the 
Amur,  but  now  Ussuri  is  included,  and  in  many  cases  Northern  China, 
borea,  and  Japan  also. 

The  changes  adopted  in  genera  and  in  specific  names,  so  far  as 
concerns  British  species,  will  be  found  m  the  list  at  the  end  of  these 
remarks.     It  may,  however,  be  mentioned  here,  that  the  somewhat 
unwieldy  gener^-A^rotis,  Cidcma  (changed  to  Larenth^,  and  Acidalia 
are  still  retained,  and  not  even  sectionized  as  formerly,  althouc^h  a 
very  much  larger  number  of  species  are  referred  to  each  of  them  "^  In 
Arjrotis    iov  example,  there  are  now  304  species,  whilst  in  the  second 
edition  thei-e  were  only  171.     In  the  matter  of  genera  there  probably 
will  never  be  a    time  when  perfect  unanimity    will  prevail.  We  shall 
always  have  "  splitters  "and  "  lumpers  "  ;  the  former  will  continue  to 
found  new  genera,  or  to  drag  forth  the  dead  ones ;  and  the  latter  will 
re-mter  many  of  the  defunct,  and  deal  summarily  with    the  newly 
created.     These  differences  of  opinion  among  the  doctors  are  apt  to 
contuse  and  perplex  the  student,  but  they  make  for  progress  in  the  end. 
_      A  retrogressive  step  seems  to  be  that  many  names  which  appeared 
ill  the  synonymy  in  the  second  edition  have  been  dropped  out  without 
in  any  way  being  accounted  for,   so   that  workers  will  still  have  to 
refer  to   the  second  edition,  as  well  as  to  the  third,   to  obtain  full 
synonymy. 

We  have  little  doubt  that  this  new  edition  will  be  as  generally 
accepted  and  as  widely  adopted  as  was  that  which  it  now  supersedes, 
ihe  1871  '  Catalog  '  was  of  the  utmost  service  to  the  student  of  the 
lepidopterous  fauna  of  Europe,  but  the  revised  and  extended  edition 
will  be  simply  indispensable  to  those  who  are  interested  in  Palfearctic 
Lepidoptera. 

The  more  important  changes  in  nomenclature  among  British  species 
of  "Macro-Lepidoptera"  are  for  the  most  part  concerning  genera,  and 
are  as  given  below  : — 

Leptidia  sinapis  for  Leucophasia  sinapis. 

Polijgonia  c-alhum  for  Vanessa  c-album. 

Epinephele  ianira,  L.,  changed  to  E.  jurtina,  L. 

Aphantopus  hyperanthus  for  Epinephele  hyperanthus. 

Callophrys  rubi  for  Thecla  rubi. 

Zephyrus  qiiercus  aud  Z.  betuIcB  for  Thecla  quercus  aud  T.  hetulce. 

Chrysophanus  dispar  and   C.  phlceas  for  Polyommatus  dispar  and  P. 

phlceas. 
Lampides  bieticus  for  Lycmia  boitica. 
Lycmia  aryus,  Linn.,  for  L.  cegoti,  Schiff. 
Cyaniris  aryiolus  for  L.  argiolus. 
Pamphila  palamoii  for  Carterocephalus  palmmun. 
Hesperia  litieola,  A.  tkaimas,  and  A.  actceon  iu  Aduptea. 

U  2 


240  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Hesperia  comma  aud  A.  sylvanus  in  Awjiades. 

Hesperia  vialvce  for  Syrichthus  malvce. 

Thanaos  tages  for  Nisoniades  tages. 

Dilina  tilicB  for  Smerinthus  tilia. 

Daphnis  nerii  for  Deilephila  nerii. 

Protoparce  convolvidi  for  Sphinx  convolvuli. 

Hyloicus  pinastri  for  Sphinx  jmiastri. 

Deilephila  celerio  and  I),  elpenor  m  Chcerocaiapa. 

Metopsilus  porcellus  for  Deilephila  porcellus. 

Hetiiaiis  fuciformis,   L.,   for   Macroglossa  fuciformis,  L.   [  =  bombyli- 

formis,  OJ. 
Hemarls  scabiosa  for  Macroglossa  hombyViformis,  Esp.  [=fuciformis,  0]. 
Harpyla  bicuspis,  H.  furcula,  and  H.  bifida  in  Cerura. 
Dicranura  vinula  for  Harpyia  vinula. 
Notodonta  tremula  {dictcea)  and  M.  dictceoides  in  Pheosia. 
Leucodonta  bicoloria  for  A'^.  bicoloria. 
Eiiproctis  chrysorrham  for  Porthesia  chrysorrhcea. 
Stilpnotia  salicis  for  Leucoma  salicis. 
Lymantria  dispar  for  Ocneria  dispar. 
Lymantria  monacha  for  Pdlura  monacha. 
Bombyx  neustria  and  5.  castrensis  in  Malacosoma. 
Bombyx  lanestris  in  Eriogaster. 
Bombyx  quercus  and  1?.  trifolii  in  Lasiocampa. 
Bombyx  rubi  in  Macrothylacia. 
Cosmotriche  potatoria  for  Lasiocampa  potatoria. 
Epicnaptera  ilicifolia  for  Lasiocampa  ilicifolia. 
Gastropacha  quercifoUa  for  Lauocampa  quercijolia. 
Craniophora  ligustri  for  Acronycta  ligustri. 
Neuronia  popularis  and  iV.  cespitis  in  Epineuro)iia. 
Dianthwcia  luteago  var.  argillacea,  Hiibn.,  for  D.  luteago  var.  barrettii, 

Dbld. 
Luperina  haworthii  and  L.  matura  in  Celama. 
Hadena  exulus,  hef.=di0ua,  Hb.,  a  form  of  H.  maillardi,  H.-G. 
Hadena  secalis,  Bjerk.,for  ff.  didyina,  Esp.  {  =  oculea,  Gn.). 
Asteroscopus  nebeculosa  and  J.  sphinx  in  Brachionycha. 
Nonagria  brevilinea  for  Leucania  breviiinea. 
Petilampa  arcuosa  for  Caradrina  [Hydrilla]  arcuosa. 
Panolis  griseovariegata,  Goeze,  for  P.  piniperda,  Panz. 
Pyrrhia  umbra  for  Chariclea  umbra. 
Emmelia  trabeulis  for  Agrophila  trabealis. 
Laspeyria  ftexula  for  Aventia  fiexula. 
Habrusyne  derasa  for  Gonophora  derasa. 
Asphalia  diluta,  A.  flavicornis,  and  J.  ridens  in  Polyploca. 
Phorodesma  pustulata  and  P.  smaragdaria  in  Euchloris. 
Tlialera  lactearia  for  JotZ/s  lactearia. 
Hemithea  strigata  for  Nemoria  strigata. 
Ephyra,  Dup.,  for  Zonosoma,  Ld. 
Larentia,  Tr.,  for  Cidaria,  Tr. 
Asthena  for  Cidaria  candidata. 
Eupithecia  coronata,  E.  rectangulata,  and  i?.  debiliata  in  Chloroclystis ,' 

all  other  Eupithecias  in  Tephroclystia. 
Cidaria  polygrammata,   C.  lapidata,   C.   vitalbala,  and   (J.    tersata  in 

Phibalapteryx. 


BRITISH    AND    FINNISH    SPECIES    OF    ACRYDIUM.  241 

Cabera  pusaria  aud  C.  exanthemaria  in  Deilinia. 

Ennomos,  Tr.,  for  Eugonia,  Hiibu. 

Hygrochroa  syringaria  for  Pericallia  syringaria. 

Gonodontis  hidentata  for  Odontopera  bidentata. 

Opisthograptis  luteolata  for  Runiia  luteolata. 

Semiothisa,  Hiibn.,  for  Macaria,  Curt. 

Halia  wauaria  and  H.  brunneata  in  Thamnonoma. 

Scodiona  fagaria,  Thnbg.,  for  S.  belgaria,  Hb. 

Perconia  strigillaria  for  Aspilates  strigUlaria. 

Sarrothripus  revayana  for.  S.  undulana. 

Phragmatobia  fuliginosa  for  Spilosoma  fidiginosa. 

Paraseinia  plantaginis  for  Nemeophila  plmitaginis. 

Diacrisia  sanio  for  Nemeophila  russula. 

Callimorpha  qundripwictaria,  Poda.,  for  C.  hera,  Linn. 

Emydia  striata  and  E.  crlbrum  in  Coscinia. 

Hipocrita  jacobaa;  for  Euchelia  jacobacB. 

Miltochrista  miniata  for  Calligenia  miniata. 

Endrosa  irrorella  for  Setina  irrorella. 

Cybosia  mesomella  for  Setina  niesomella. 

Comacla  senex  for  Nudaria  senex. 

(Enestis  quadra  for  Gnophria  quadra. 

Pelosia  muscerda  for  Lithosia  muscerda. 

Zygcena  purpuralis,  Briinnicli,  for  Z.  piloaella,  Esp. 

Z .JilipendiilcB  var.  hippocrepidis,  Stepb.,  renamed  tntti,  Rbl. 

PSYCHID^. 

Pachytelia  villosella  for  Psyche  villosella. 
Sterrhopterix  hirsutella  for  Psyche  hirsuteUa. 
Fumea  casta,  Pall.,  for  F.  inter medieUa,  Brd. 
Bacotia  sepiwn  for  Fumea  sepium. 

Hepialid^. 
Hepialus  fusconebulosa,  De  Geer,  for  H.  velleda,  Hb. 


ON  THE  BRITISH  AND  FINNISH  SPECIES  OF  THE 
ORTHOPTEROUS  GENUS  ACRYDIUM,  Geoffroy,  Kirby 
(=  TETRIX,  Latr.). 

By  G.  W.  Kirkaldy,  F.E.S. 

In  Finland  there  are  four  species  of  Acrydium  {=Tetrix= 
Tetti.v),  of  which  two  are  British.  As  one  very  probably,  and 
one  possibly,  of  the  other  two  may  occur  in  Britain,  and  as 
the  genus  has  been  treated  comparatively  briefly  in  the  latest 
notices,*  a  resume  of  a  paper  on  the  Finnish  species  by  J.  Sahl- 
BERG*  may  be  of  interest  to  British  entomologists. 

The  larvae,  beyond  their  softer  texture,  have  all  their  appen- 

*  J.  Sahlberg,  1893,  "  Om  de  finska  arterna  af  ortliopterslagtet  Tettix, 
Cbarp.,"  in  '  Ofverstryck  ur  Siillsk.  pro  Fauna  Fennica  Medd.'  pp.  43-8  ; 
M.  Burr,  1897,  '  British  Orthoptera,'  pp.  46-7  ;  Burr,  1898,  Entom.  p.  127  ; 
W.  J.  Lucas,  1901,  Entom.  p.  166,  pi.  iii. 


242  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

dages  shorter,  even  of  the  pronotum,  which  has  a  more  elevated 
dorsal  keel.  The  pronotum  latero-posteriorly  is  simply  curved, 
and  the  keel  on  the  posterior  femora  is  uninterrupted  up  to 
the  apex. 

The  imago  is  of  firmer  texture,  has  longer  appendages,  and 
longer  but  less  elevated  pronotum.  The  latter  is  bisinuate 
latero-posteriorly  ;  within  the  upper  of  the  curves  are  seen  the 
rudimentary  tegmina.  The  keel  on  the  posterior  femora  is 
interrupted  before  the  apex.  In  the  short- winged  forms  the 
wings  do  not  reach  to  the  tip  of  the  pronotal  extension,  although 
the  latter  does  not  extend  beyond  the  apex  of  the  posterior 
femora.  In  the  long-winged  forms  the  wings  reach  beyond  the 
pronotal  extension,  although  the  latter  stretches  out  far  beyond 
apex  of  posterior  femora. 

Table  of  the  Species. 
1.4.  Dorsum  of  prothorax  slightly  tectiform,  median  carina 
less  elevated,  somewhat  straight  in  front  as  seen  in 
profile.    Head  in  front  (in  profile)  angulate,  frontal  line 
forming  an  angle  with  the  vertex. 

2.  3.  Head  apically  more  acutely  produced,  frontal  line  form- 

ing a  somewhat  acute  angle  with  the  vertex,  distinctly 
sinuate  at  the  insertion  of  the  autennse.  Intermediate 
femora  with  keels  slightly  undulate,  keel  of  posterior 
femora  (as  seen  from  above)  angulate.  Posterior 
metatarsi  with  small  pulvilli,  straight  beneath,  third 
almost  longer  than  the  two  preceding  together,  first 
distinctly  shorter  than  the  second       .  A.  fuliginosum,  Zett. 

Var.  a.  Brownish  black,  antennae  widely  flavous  at  the 
base,  lateral  spots  on  the  pronotum  triangular,  more 
or  less  distinct,  blackish  holosericeous        .  {fnlvjinosmn,  Zett.) 

Var.  /3.  Brownish  black,  antennae  as  in  var.  » ;  posterior 
femora  with  a  large  transverse  rufo-testaceous  spot  in 
the  middle  of  the  exterior  margins     .         .  {fascipes,  Zett.) 

Var.  y.  Brownish  black,  antennae  (apex  excepted),  a  broad 
continuous  median  stripe  on  the  pronotum,  and  a  line 
on  each  side  above  the  base  of  the  wings,  yellow  ; 
annulations  of  the  anterior  tibiae  and  three  large  spots 
on  the  posterior  femora  externally,  whitish.  On  each 
side  of  the  pronotum  there  are  three  large,  lateral, 
blackish  holosericeous  spots,  of  which  the  first,  sub- 
apical,  is  triangular ;  the  second  is  larger  and  trape- 
zoidal, the  third  posteriorly  narrow,  sublunate 

{pulchella  (Sahib.)) 

3.  2.  Head  less  produced  apically,  frontal  line  straight,  form- 

ing a  right  angle  with  the  vertex.  Keels  of  inter- 
mediate femora  not  imdulate,  posterior  keel  (seen  from 
above)  not  angulate.  Posterior  metatarsus  with  pul- 
villi less  depressed,  beneath  obliquely  subrotundate- 
angulate,  third  shorter  than  two  preceding  together 

A.  subulatus  (L.) 


BRITISH    AND    FINNISH    SPECIES    OF    ACRYDIUM.  243 

a,  Posterior  extension  of  prothorax  extending  consider- 
ably beyond  apex  of  femora.  Wings  a  little  longer 
than  prothorax  Forma  macroptera  {  =  A.  mbulatus  (Auct.)) 

(i.  Posterior  extension  not  or  scarcely  extending  beyond 
apex  of  femora.  Wings  little  explicate,  a  little  shorter 
than  prothorax. 

Forma  hrachyptera  ( =  subsp.  A.  sahlbergi  (Saillcy) ) 

4.  1.  Dorsum  of  prothorax  distinctly  tectiform,  median  keel 

considerably  elevated,  and  anteriorly  (seen  in  profile) 
roundly-declivous.  Head  apically  somewhat  obtuse, 
frontal  line  roundly  continued  on  the  vertex.  Species 
generally  short-winged. 

5.  6.  Antennae  slender,   fourth  and  fifth  segments  equal  in 

breadth,  four  times  as  long  as  the  middle  segments, 
three  times  as  long  as  penultimate  and  middle  keel  of 
vertex,  in  the  middle  of  the  apex,  reaching  a  little 
beyond  the  lateral  keels.  Anterior  margin  of  prouotum 
fairly  straight.  Posterior  metatarsus  with  obliquely 
angulate  pulvilli.  Dorsal  spots  transversely  sublunate- 
triaugular        .  .  .  .  .A.  tenuicornis  (J.  Sahib.) 

6.  5.  Antennae  somewhat  incrassate,  fourth  and  fifth  segments 

strongly,  sixth  distinctly  transverse,  penultimate  twice 
longer  than  wide.  Head  as  in  tenuicornis.  Pronotum 
with  anterior  margin  distinctly  angulate.  Posterior 
metatarsus  with  insignificant  pulvilli,  beneath  straight. 
Dorsal  spots  generally  distinctly  rhomboidal,  auteri- 
orily  obliquely  placed  .         .         .         .A.  hipunctatm  (L.) 

a.  Prothoracic  extension  extending  far  beyond  apex  of 
femora.  Wings  explicate,  distinctly  longer  than  pro- 
thorax.    Forma  macroptera. 

/3.  Prothoracic  extension  reaching  apex  of  posterior  femora. 
Wings  not  explicate,  much  shorter  than  prothoracic 
process       .  .  Forma  brachyptera  [A.  bijninrtatus  (Awct.)) 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  that  the  characters  relied  upon 
by  British  workers  for  the  specific  differentiation  of  suhulatus  and 
bipunctatus  refer  apparently  only  to  the  brachypterons  form  of 
the  former,  and  to  the  macropterous  form  of  the  latter.  It  is 
to  be  hoped  that  this  genus  will  be  actively  searched  for  and 
examined,  as  it  is  quite  possible  that  all  the  forms  described 
above  may  occur  with  us. 

I  have  followed  Kirby  in  the  use  of  the  name  Acrydium 
(Geoffr.  1762),  which  has  undoubted  right  of  priority  over 
Tetrix,  Latr.  1802  (usually  written— as,  indeed,  by  Sahlberg, 
Burr,  and  Lucas — Tettix). 


244  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

NOTES   ON   LEPIDOPTERA  FROM  THE  MEDITERRANEAN. 
By  T.  B.  Fletcher,  R.N.,  F.E.S. 

(Continued  from  p.  223.) 

At  Malta,  during  May,  I  had  few  opportunities  for  collecting, 
but  came  across  the  following  species  : — 

Pyrameis  cardiii.     Commou. 
Ccenonywpha  pamphilus.     Common,  but  worn. 
Polyommatus  astrarche  and  P.  icdrus.     Common. 
Pieris  rapa.      Abundant ;  some  of  the  females  strongly   suffused 
with  black. — P.  hrasdciB.     Common  ;  a  new  brood. 
Pontia  daplidice.     Moderately  common. 
Macroylossa  stellatarum.     Abundant. 

Deilephila  livornica  and  7^.  niphorhid.     One  specimen  of  each. 
Heliothis  armiyera.     One. 
Erotyla  trahealu  {suJphuralis).      One. 
Anaitis  plagiata.     Fairly  common. 
Adela  sp.     One. 

On  the  22nd  May  we  were  suddenly  hurried  off  on  account  of 
the  mail  troubles  in  Turkey,  and  arrived  at  Syra  on  the  24th.  At 
this  time  of  year  the  island  was  very  bare  and  parched  up,  the 
only  greenery  apparently  being  in  the  orchards.  I  landed  on  the 
25th,  but  a  few  Thalpochares  ostrina  Pyrameis  cardiii,?LnA  Ej^ine- 
'phelc  ianira  seemed  to  represent  all  the  Lepidoptera  on  the  wing. 

The  mail  difficulties  being  settled,  we  left  Syra  on  the  1st 
June,  and,  after  looking  in  at  Phalerum,  found  ourselves  at  Suda 
Bay,  Crete,  on  June  2nd.  The  next  afternoon  I  went  in  search 
of  Camonympha  thyrsis,  which  is  peculiar  to  Crete.  A  thunder- 
storm was  brewing  round  the  hill-tops,  and  the  moist  air  was 
laden  with  the  scent  of  the  myrtle,  wild  thyme,  sage,  peppermint, 
&c.,  with  which  the  hills  were  clothed  ;  the  butterflies  were 
rather  sluggish  on  the  wing  in  consequence,  and  required  to  be 
knocked  out  of  the  bushes,  from  out  of  which  also  the  big  green 
lizards  came  rustling  in  a  great  state  of  mind.  The  following 
were  the  Lepidoptera  met  with  : — 

Danais  chrysippits. — A  specimen  was  flying  round  the  ship  in  the 
morning,  but  I  saw  none  ashore. 

Hipparchia  semele  var.  aristaus. — Common. 

Epinephele  ianira  var.  hiapuUa. — Abundant. 

Ccenonympha  thyrsis. — Very  common  everywhere.  Flits  about  over 
the  bushes  and  herbage,  keeping  close  to  the  ground  ;  its  habits  seem 
precisely  similar  to  those  of  our  little  C.  pamphilus,  which  it  seems  to 
quite  replace  here. 

Pararye  egeria  and  Satyrus  mego'ra. — Common  round  a  small  group 
of  plane-  and  fig-trees  ;  the  eyeria  were  of  course  the  South  European 
form. 

Lampides  bceticus. — One  tattered  specimen. 


NOTES    ON    LEPIDOPTERA    FROM    THE    MEDITERRANEAN.  245 

Cyayiiris  an/iolus. — A  few  males  round  the  plane-trees. 

Polyommatus  icarns. — Males  abundant,  females  not  very  common. 
There  is  one  ab.  icarimis  amongst  my  captures,  but  several  vary  in  the 
opposite  direction,  i.  e.  are  increscent  forms. 

Spilothi/rus  alcece  var.  mistralis. — Fairly  common,  especially  in  hol- 
lows at  the  foot  of  the  hills. 

AdopcBfi  actipon. — Common.  In  the  evening,  when  waiting  in  the 
dockyard  for  the  boat,  I  took  a  nice  little  series  settled  on  clumps  of 
rushes. 

Dijsaitxes  punctata. — One  specimen,  inclining  to  subsp.  hyalina, 
Freyer. 

Ophiusa  hifasciata  {(jeometrica). — One. 

Thalpochares  ostrina.  —  I  only  noticed  one,  but  it  was  probably 
common. 

Besides  these  there  are  several  undetermined  Geometrids  and 
Pyralids,  and  a  Sphingid  which  was  hovering  over  flowers  in  the 
afternoon ;  from  a  glimpse  I  got  of  this  last,  I  put  it  down  as 
HipiMion  celerio.  Curiously  enough,  the  ubiquitous  P.  cardui 
and  M.  stellatariim  did  not  put  in  an  appearance.  Lepidoptera 
were  by  no  means  the  only  insects  about,  and  a  hymenopterist 
especially  would  have  been  in  clover.  One  of  the  most  striking 
insects  observed  was  Palpares  libelluloides  (a  Myrmeleonid) ;  it 
has  a  wild,  weak,  flapping  flight,  but  is  wary  when  settled,  and 
difficult  to  approach. 

We  left  Suda  Bay  very  early  on  June  3rd,  and  got  to  Malta 
next  morning,  coaled,  and  joined  the  Fleet  the  day  after  off  the 
north  coast  of  Sicily.  On  June  9th  a  specimen  of  Manduca 
{Acherontia)  atropos  was  caught  on  board,  and  brought  to  me. 
Weighing  all  the  probabilities,  it  appears  to  me  that  it  flew  on 
board  the  night  before,  during  which  we  were  not  less  than 
seventy  miles  from  land  ;  but,  especially  in  these  days  of  short 
passages,  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  assert  positively  that  an 
insect  has  actually  flown  on  board  from  any  distance  over  the 
W'ater,  and  has  not  previously  come  on  board  the  ship — or 
another  ship  of  the  Fleet — on  a  previous  occasion  when  in  har- 
bour ;  even  when  actually  seen  flying  inboard  apparently  from 
the  open  sea,  there  is  a  possibility  that  it  may  have  been  on 
board  before,  and  only  be  returning  from  a  flight  outboard  in 
search  of  another  place  of  refuge.  In  the  case  of  birds  which 
have  flown  on  board,  I  have  often  seen  them  take  a  long  flight 
outboard  in  search  of  land,  and  then  return  again  to  the  ship  as 
their  only  refuge ;  if  not  before  noticed  on  board,  we  might 
readily  credit  this  return  to  the  ship  as  a  first  arrival.  However, 
in  the  present  case,  M.  atropos  has  well-known  powers  of  flight. 

(To  be  continued.) 


246  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

FURTHER   NOTES    ON    FORCING   AGROTIS   ASHWORTHU. 
By  Colonel  Partridge. 

Though  I  have  mainly  to  record  a  failure,  the  following  notes 
may  prove  interesting : — 

On  March  26th  last  I  received  twenty  half-grown  larvae,  which 
were  placed  in  a  moderately  warm  greenhouse,  and  fed  on  haw- 
thorn buds  and  leaves,  which  were  then  just  obtainable.  On 
April  10th  they  commenced  to  go  down,  and  by  the  16th  all  had 
disappeared.  On  the  19th  the  first  imago  appeared,  and  by  the 
24th  nine  had  emerged,  which  a  subsequent  examination  of  the 
pot  showed  were  all  that  had  pupated. 

On  the  23rd  I  placed  a  male  and  female  together,  but,  though 
very  closely  watched,  I  could  not  see  that  they  paired  ;  so,  to 
make  matters  more  sure,  the  next  night  I  placed  a  fresh  male  in 
the  cage.  During  the  night  of  the  26th,  200  ova  were  deposited, 
the  second  night  103,  the  third  night  35,  the  fourth  night  none, 
but  on  the  fifth  night  a  further  142,  making  a  total  of  480. 
Forty-eight  hours  after  being  deposited  the  ova  turned  light 
brown,  with  the  exception  of  one  egg,  and  this  egg  was  the  only 
one  which  failed  to  produce  a  larva.  The  larvas  were  given 
knot-grass,  to  which  they  readily  took,  and  were  fed  on  it 
throughout,  and  thrived  amazingly,  with  the  exception  of  the 
142  larvae  from  the  last-laid  ova,  which  died  almost  immediately, 
apparently  for  the  most  part  too  weakly  to  make  their  first  meal 
off  the  egg-shell.  Losses  occurred  from  time  to  time,  but  I 
believe  in  every  instance  the  result  of  accident,  being  overlooked 
in  changing  the  food,  or  escape  from  the  pots  ;  in  no  single 
instance  did  I  find  a  dead  body  until  the  final  catastrophe  came. 
The  larvae  had  been  kept  throughout  in  large  flower-pots  piled 
against  the  hot-water  pipes  in  the  bath-room,  and  commenced  to 
pupate  on  July  16th.  About  this  time  the  great  heat-wave  set 
in,  but  a  day  or  two's  absence  from  home  prevented  my  moving 
them  to  cooler  and  more  roomy  quarters,  and  in  four  days  I  lost 
the  lot,  with  the  exception  of  seven,  which  had  already  pupated, 
and  which  are  now  producing  imagines.  The  disease  which 
killed  them  seemed  to  be  a  fungoid  growth  which  appeared  on 
the  anal  segment  in  the  shape  of  a  small  yellow  spot,  much  like 
the  commencement  of  a  gathering.  The  anal  segment  then 
assumed  a  wrinkled  look,  as  if  the  larva  had  cast  its  skin,  and  it 
remained  sticking  there.  After  this  death  was  only  a  matter 
of  an  hour  or  two,  when  the  larva  was  black,  drawn  out,  and 
flaccid. 

The  main  points  of  interest  appear  to  me  to  be — 1st.  The 
wonderful  fecundity  of  this  species.  2nd.  That  by  breeding 
from  parents,  themselves  forced,  I  was  able  to  obtain  a  second 


NEW    SPECIES    OF    CICADID^..  24? 

bi-ood  two  mouths  earlier  than  Mr.  Tait  succeeded  in  doing  from 
"wild  "ova. 

The  time  taken  from  egg  to  imago  was  exactly  nine  weeks,  as 
Mr.  Tait  states  in  his  notes. 

72.  St.  John's  Park,  Blacklieatli  :  Aug.  5th,  1901. 


DESCRIPTION   OF  A   NEW   SPECIES  OF  CICADID^   FROM 
THE    ISLAND    OF    HAINAN. 

By  W.  L.  Distant. 

Cosmopsaltria  hainanensis,  sp.  n. 

Head,  pronotiim,  and  tympana  olivaceous ;  abdomen  pale  brownish. 
Head  with  a  central  spot  at  apex  of  front  and  the  anterior  angles  of 
the  vertex  ochraceous  ;  area  of  the  ocelli  pale  castaneous,  and  with  a 
small  piceous  spot  at  its  base.  Pronotum  with  a  central  pale  longi- 
tudinal fascia,  margined  with  pale  castaneous  ;  extreme  posterior  mar- 
gin piceous,  and  two  brown  spots  near  each  outer  edge  of  the  posterior 
marginal  area.  Mesonotum  with  two  obscure  obconical  spots  at 
anterior  margin,  outwardly  and  narrowly  margined  with  black  ;  an 
obscure  marginal  fascia  on  each  side,  and  two  central  spots  at  base  pale 
castaneous  ;  cruciform  elevation  ochraceous,  with  a  piceous  spot  near 
each  anterior  angle.  Abdomen  above  ochraceously  pilose,  and  with 
the  posterior  segmental  margins  ochraceous.  Body  beneath,  legs,  and 
opercula  pale  olivaceous  ;  the  anterior  and  intermediate  tibiae  and 
tarsi  piceous.  Tegmiua  and  wings  pale  hyaline,  the  venation  ochra- 
ceous ;  tegmina  with  the  costal  membrane  ochraceous  with  a  central 
black  line.  Opercula  reaching  the  apex  of  the  abdomen,  concave,  and 
margined  with  black  on  each  side  near  base,  then  convexly  widened, 
their  apices  obtusely  rounded.  Long.  excl.  tegm.  (?  43  millim.  Exp. 
tegm.  106  millim. 

Hah.  Hainan— Five  Finger  Mountain  (Whitehead,  Brit. 
Mus.). 

Allied  to  C.fece,  Dist.,  from  which  it  principally  differs  by  the 
longer  opercula. 

Since  this  description  was  written  my  own  collection  contains 
a  second  example,  presented  to  me  by  Dr.  Heath  with  some  other 
insects  from  Hainan  Island. 


248  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST, 

SOUTH     AFRICAN     COCCID^. 

By  T.  D.  a.  Cockerell, 

(Concluded  from  p.  227.) 

Lopliococcus  mirahilis,  n.  sp. 

?  .  Adult  very  convex,  10  millim.  long,  8  broad,  and  7  high, 
exclusive  of  the  dorsal  spine  ;  very  strongly  chitinised  throughout, 
hard,  tough  but  brittle,  blackish  brown,  rugose  and  dull,  with  a  thin 
coating  of  granular  wax  ;  on  the  middle  of  the  back  is  a  stout  erect 
spine  about  3  millim.  long,  like  a  spike  on  a  military  helmet ;  on  each 
side  is  a  pair  of  short  stout  spines  in  the  subdorsal  region,  the  posterior 
smaller  and  not  amounting  to  more  than  a  nodule ;  anterior  end  of 
insect  somewhat  elevated,  with  two  more  or  less  developed  blunt  and 
thick  longitudinal  keels ;  margin  nodular  ;  on  the  under  surface  the 
thoracic  region  is  firmly  attached  to  the  bark,  so  that  when  the  insect 
is  taken  off  a  piece  of  bark  comes  with  it.  Anal  orifice  large  and  very 
little  posterior  to  the  middle  of  the  insect,  as  in  Crypticenja. 

Younger  5  .  8  millim.  long,  and  not  over  3  high  (excluding  spine) ; 
the  protuberances  of  the  adult  all  well-developed,  the  spine  about  as 
large;  there  is  also  a  protuberance  just  in  front  of  the  spine;  the 
anterior  keels  converge  to  a  nodule  in  the  middle  line,  forming  a 
reversed  V  ;  and  there  are  blunt  lateral  keels  including  the  subdorsal 
protuberances,  erenulate  posterior  to  them.  Margin  with  about  four- 
teen tooth-like  dull  white  protuberances  on  each  side,  these  being  really 
lamellae  of  dense  wax  ;  from  about  the  bases  of  these  lamellae  come 
some  very  fine  silvery  threads. 

Still  younger  forms  have  the  dorsal  spine  arising  as  a  transverse 
fold.  The  cast  skins  of  the  young  forms  are  snoAv-white,  much  as  in 
Icerya,  with  a  fringe  of  waxy  lamellae.  The  legs  and  antennae  of  the 
young  are  large  and  ferruginous. 

The  legs  and  antennas  seem  to  come  to  their  full  development  in 
individuals  little  over  5  millim.  long. 

Antenna  lO-jointed,  the  joints  after  the  third  greatly  bulging  on 
one  side,  the  sutures  therefore  very  deep  ;  last  joint  long  and  falciform. 
Measurement  in  p. :— (1)  ?,  (2)  90,  (3)  90,  (4)  60,  (5)  60,  (6)  70,  (7)  70, 
(8)  75,  (9)  75,  (10)  216  to  294.  Joints  2  and  3  are  broader  than  long. 
Young  examples  have  antennae  8-jointed  ;  club  ordinary. 

Legs  well-developed,  little  hairy  ;  tarsus  half  length  of  tibia  ;  inner 
side  of  tibia  with  extremely  short  spines.  Mouth-parts  well-developed. 
Skin  strongly  chitinised,  very  densely  beset  with  short  hairs  ;  the  blunt 
hairs  of  some  Monophlebids  are  represented  by  stout  hairs  with  lanceo- 
late heads ;  small  round  glands  interspersed,  not  nearly  so  numerous 
as  the  hairs  ;  there  are  also  larger  round  or  suboval  brown  spots, 
arranged  more  or  less  in  rows.  Below  the  mouth  there  are  two  large 
apertures  in  the  chitinous  surface,  more  or  less  connected  in  the  middle 
line,  and  at  the  next  suture  beyond  there  is  a  large  transverse  aperture. 
Spiracles  well-developed. 

Hah.  On  branches  of  Mimosa,  Verulam,  Natal  (Fuller, 
No.  9).     Some  of  the  adults  show  parasite-holes.     This  is  per- 


SOUTH    AFRICAN    COCCIDiE.  249 

haps  the  most  extraordinary  coccid  I  ever  saw  ;  it  reminds  one  a 
littleof  Iccnja  koebelei,  Maskell,  but  in  that  insect  the  erect  pro- 
cess is  of  wax.  It  may  be  that  the  spine  serves  to  prevent  the 
birds  from  swallowing  the  insect,  while  its  extreme  toughness 
would  make  it  hard  to  peck  open. 

Tachardia,  Blanchard  (Lac  Insects). 

This  genus  contains  some  very  diverse  elements,  which  will 
no  doubt  eventually  be  treated  as  genera.  We  may  for  the 
present  recognize  three  subgenera  : — 

(1).  Tachardia  proper.  Type,  T.  lacca,  the  East  Indian 
commercial  lac.  Female  very  elongated,  vasiform ;  the  in- 
dividuals enclosed  in  masses  of  lac  surrounding  the  twigs,  never 
separate.     I  know  of  only  one  species  of  this  group. 

(2).  Tachardiella,  subg.  nov. — Type,  T.  conMtte,  Ckll.  Female 
more  or  less  globular  ;  individuals  often  separate.  This  includes 
the  species  of  America  and  Australia. 

(3).  Tachardina,  subg.  nov. — Type,  T.  albida,  with  the  cha- 
racters given  below. 

Tachardia  albida,  n.  sp. 

Forming  smooth  yellowish-white  masses  on  the  twigs ;  the  extremely 
dense  and  bard  lac  of  the  several  individuals  running  together  ;  masses 
up  to  10  millim.  diam.,  and  30  in  length.  The  individuals  are  marked 
externally  by  orange  patches,  each  presenting  a  small  corrugated  or 
segmented  ridge,  and  an  aperture.  Cavities  for  females  globular  to 
subpyriform.  Male  scales  of  the  usual  elongated  form,  red,  with  a 
very  short  dorsal  segmented  ridge,  about  one-third  of  total  length 
of  scale. 

2  .  After  boiling  in  liquor  potass^e  globular,  giving  a  very  tine 
crimson  colour.  Skin  after  boiling  transparent,  truncate  and  caudal 
processes  remaining  ferruginous.  Mounted  female  on  slide  about 
5  millim.  diameter.  Truncate  processes  (or  "lac  tubes")  very  short, 
orifices  very  small  and  numerous.  Spine  apparently  absent.  Caudal 
process  peculiar  ;  transversely  oblong  or  subreniform,  with  a  deep 
posterior  notch,  on  each  side  of  which  are  two  lobules  ;  lateral  hind 
margins  bearing  a  sharp  spine  ;  surface  finely  reticulated  ;  anal  ring 
hidden,  only  the  ends  of  the  numerous  bristles  projecting.  Spiracles 
large  and  well-developed.  Mouth-parts  well-developed,  but  small, 
about  135  /A  broad  ;  "  lobes  oraux  "  (as  figured  by  Targioni-Tozzetti  in 
T.  lacca)  very  large. 

Larva  in  female  fusiform,  narrow,  tapering  posteriorly,  about  560 /^ 
long  and  240  broad  ;  caudal  bristles  very  long. 

Hab.  On  Mimosa,  Verulam,  Natal  (Fuller,  5).  A  very 
peculiar  species ;  the  first  white  lac  I  have  seen. 

Chionaspis  retigera,  n.  sp. 
Scales  crowded  on  twigs  ;  white,  the  exuviae  orange-brown.      ?  . 
Scale  mytihform,  about  1^  millim.  long,  straight  or  curved,  very  con- 
vex, the  transverse  growth -lines    rather   conspicuous  ;    second    skm 


250  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

more  or  less  covered  with  white  secretion.  <?  .  Scale  of  the  usual 
shape,  rather  broad,  with  a  barely  indicated  median  keel ;  exvivia 
bright  orange. 

?  .  Dark  brown,  subpyriform,  or  rather  club-shaped,  the  anterior 
end  being  much  narrowed  ;  median  lobes  rounded,  very  low,  rudi- 
mentary, but  conspicuous  because  of  their  dark  colour  ;  two  other  lobes 
barely  iudicated  by  low  rounded  structures  ;  spines  ordinary  ;  squames 
long  and  spine -like  ;  anal  orifice  far  from  the  hind  end  ;  five  groups  of 
circumgenital  glands,  the  posterior  laterals  about  10,  anterior  laterals 
about  8,  median  6  ;  submarginal  region  with  large  reticulated  patches, 
transversely  elongate,  making  the  five  posterior  segments,  the  last  pair 
lougitudnially  elongate,  and  situated  about  the  region  of  the  lateral 
circumgenital  glands  ;  mouth -parts  large. 

?  .  Second  skin.  Mouth-parts  between  the  anus  aud  the  hind 
margin  of  the  body ;  median  lobes  large,  quadrate,  separated  by  a 
rather  wide  interval  ;  margin  on  each  side  of  median  lobes  strongly 
serrate  ;  squames  long  and  spine-like.  Some  individuals  of  the  third 
stage,  presumably  not  quite  mature,  show  also  the  large  quadrate 
median  lobes,  with  wavy-ti-uncate  ends. 

Hah.  Durban,  Natal,  on  native  shrub  (Fuller,  No.  18).  Also 
found  by  Mr.  Fuller  at  Verulam,  Natal.  C.  retigera,  as  its  name 
indicates,  is  peculiar  for  the  net-work  areas.  Mytilaspis  dcfccta, 
Maskell,  has  similar  structures,  and  may  be  more  closely  allied 
than  the  different  generic  reference  would  suggest. 

East  Las  Vegas,  N.M.,  U.S.A.  :  May  lltli,  1901. 


NOTES    AND    OBSEEVATIONS. 

On  Kearing  Lasiocampa  (Bombyx)  quercus. — The  subject  of  rearing 
hybernating  larvae  has  lately  been  attracting  some  attention,  so  my 
experience  perhaps  may  be  of  interest.  .On  August  15th,  1900,  I  had 
a  female  L.  (IJ.)  qi(erciis  brought  to  me,  together  with  about  forty  eggs 
that  she  had  laid.  These  hatched  on  September  9th  and  10th.  The 
young  larvffl  were  supplied  with  bramble,  so  that  they  could  be  fed 
during  the  winter  if  they  should  need  it.  They  ate  fairly  well,  but 
grew  very  slowly,  changing  their  skins  for  the  first  time  between 
September  21st  and  27th,  and  again  in  the  middle  of  October ;  early 
in  November  they  ceased  feeding.  During  the  winter  I  kept  them  on 
bramble  twigs,  which  were  stuck  into  pots  of  damp  earth,  covering 
the  whole  with  a  glass  bell,  open  at  the  top.  This  I  placed  in  the 
window  of  a  room  at  the  top  of  the  house,  where  it  could  get  no 
artificial  heat,  though,  of  course,  the  air  inside  the  glass  bell  was 
warmer  and  moister  than  the  normal  atmosphere  of  the  room.  A 
large  number  died  during  the  winter,  especially  towards  the  spring; 
the  remainder,  nineteen,  began  crawling  about  again  at  the  end  of 
February,  and  as  the  new  leaves  were  not  then  out  I  had  to  feed  them 
on  the  old  ones,  which  three  of  them  seemed  too  weak  to  eat,  and  died. 
The  rest,  however,  commenced  to  feed  fairly  well,  and  moulted  after 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  251 

a  few  days.  I  then  sprinkled  the  leaves  with  water,  and  in  a  few 
minutes  nearly  every  larva  was  drinking  greedily.  During  the  next 
ewdays  nea.-^y  all  died  so  that  by  Apnl'lst  th'ere  were 'only  th" 
left.  These  changed  skm  between  April  1st  and  5th,  and  grew  quicklv 
5nH?'"1  o?/i"  between  April  21st  and  27th,  and  again  between  May 
20th  and  20th.  They  fed  up  well,  and  grew  to  a  much  larger  sii 
than  any  I  have  had  before.  Towards  the  end  of  June  they  became 
on  ?,nl  9«H  "S  [^  wandenng  about  on  the  ground,  and  disappeared 
on  June  26th,  27th  and  30th.  As  the  bottom  of  the  cage  was  covered 
with  dead  leaves,  I  supposed  that  they  had  spun  up  in  them,  but 
when,  a  week  later,  I  removed  the  leaves,  I  could  find  no  trace  of  the 
larvffi.  On  turning  over  the  soil  I  found  the  three  cocoons,  all  close 
to  the  surface,  and  kept  from  actual  contact  with  the  soil  by  bein^ 
surrounded  each  with  a  larger,  very  loosely  woven  cocoon,  which  came 
to  pieces  as  soon  as  touched.  The  cocoons  themselves  were  larger 
and  blacker  than  any  I  have  had  before,  and  whereas  all  my  others 
are  smooth,  these  have  the  short  close-set  hairs  of  the  larvs  woven 
in  111  such  a  way  that  they  stick  out  in  all  directions,  and  remain  in 
^  the  fangers  when  the  cocoons  are  picked  up.  The  first  ima^o  emerged 
on  August  2ud,  and  the  others  on  August  8th,  all  three  being  femafes. 
ihe  chief  points  of  interest  seem  to  me  to  be  the  eager  way  in  which 
the  larvfB  drank  the  drops  of  water,  and  the  situation  of  the  cocoons. 
As  to  the  former,  whether  this  was  the  direct  cause  or  not  of  so  many 
caterpillars  dying,  I  cannot  say,  but  probably  the  increase  of  moisture 
in  the  air,  arising  from  watering  the  plants,  had  a  good  deal  to  do  with 
It,  as  Mr.  Frohawk  suggests  in  the  case  of  Culias  lujale  {ante,  p.  169). 
More  curious  seems  to  be  the  situation  of  the  cocoons.  All  I  have 
had  before  have  been  made  either  on  the  sides  of  the  cage  or  on  twigs 
of  the  food-plant,  and  nowhere  can  I  find  mention  of  their  being  made 
underground.  I  should  be  glad  to  hear  if  any  similar  cases  have  been 
observed.— K.  G.  Blair  ;  23,  West  Hill,  Highgate,  N. 

Abundance  of  Cyaniris  argiolus  in  the  Metropolitan  area. — We 
have  always  claimed  Cijuniris  an/iolus  as  a  Lewisham  insect,  as  it  has 
occurred  annually  in  certain  favoured  spots  hereabout  as  long  back  as 
my  memory  will  carry  me,  but  during  the  last  two  years  it  appears  to 
have  been  increasing  greatly  in  numbers,  reaching  'its  climax,  in  this 
respect,  during  the  past  few  weeks.  The  spring  brood  was  noted  on 
the  wing  on  May  27tli,  and  the  first  individual  of  the  summer  emer- 
gence was  seen  on  July  16th,  from  which  date  to  the  present  the 
species  has  been  on  the  Aving  whenever  the  sun  has  shone,  flying  over 
my  little  strip  of  garden,  where  there  is  certainly  nothing  to  specially 
attract  it,  and  about  the  roads  in  such  numbers  as  I  have  never  before 
seen  it  in  the  neighbourhood.  Reports  of  a  similar  abundance  reach 
me  from  other  parts  of  the  London  suburbs,  and  it  has  been  seen 
flying  even  in  the  streets  of  the  City.  There  is  little  doubt  that  this 
great  increase  in  numbers  during  the  past  two  or  three  years  is  not 
confined  to  the  London  district,  but  is  pretty  general  throughout  the 
range  of  the  species  in  this  country  {vide  Entom.,  vol.  xxxiii,  pp.  14, 
203,  226,  303,  351  ;  vol.  xxxiv,  p.  16,  &c.j,  nor  has  it  been  a  sudden 
jump  from  a  normal  state  of  things  to  a  great  abundance,  as  is  often 
the  case,  where  immigration  may  play  a  leading  part,  but  rather  a 


252  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

gradual  increase  during  a  series  of  years,  the  result,  no  doubt,  of  a 
succession  of  seasons  that  have  been  specially  favourable  to  the  de- 
velopment of  the  species. — Robert  Adkin  ;  Lewisham,  Aug.  5th,  1901. 

Entomolooical  Fauxa  of  Berkshire. — Will  Lepidopterists,  Coleo- 
pterists,  Hymenopterists,  or  Hemipterists  who  have  collected  in  Berk- 
shire be  kind  enough  to  communicate,  as  early  as  possible,  with  W. 
HoLLAXD,  or  A.  H.  Hamm:  ;  University  Museum,  Oxford. 

BuFF-coLouKED  Amphedasys  betulakia. — I  am  much  obliged  to  Mr. 
Pierce  and  Mr.  Mason,  and  also  to  Mr.  South,  that  they  should  have 
taken  sufficient  interest  in  my  note  on  the  buff  form  of  Am/i/ndasys 
hetularia  to  write  the  interesting  notes  they  have  written  on  the 
subject.  I  may  say,  however,  that  if  these  buff  specimens  were  pro- 
duced artificially  by  chemical  means,  and  were  not  productions  of 
nature,  that  fact  rather  detracts  from  their  interest  to  me  than  other- 
wise. Eeferring  to  Mr.  South"s  remarks,  in  the  current  number  of  the 
■  Entomologist '  (xxxiv.  228),  as  to  the  coloration  of  the  antennae,  I 
have  examined  my  specimen,  which  is  a  female,  and  I  find  that  the 
usual  black  portions  are  inconspicuous,  and  distinctly  of  a  buff'  colour, 
though  perhaps  hardly  so  pale  as  the  coloration  of  the  wings. — 
H.  Aixslie  Hill. 

IxsECTS  OF  Malta. — I  should  be  much  obliged  to  any  reader  of 
the  '  Entomologist '  who  can  refer  me  to  any  published  information 
on  the  insects,  especially  the  Lepidoptera,  of  Malta.  The  only  infor- 
mation I  can  find  is  comprised  in  Messrs.  G.  F.  Matthew's  and  P.  de  la 
Garde's  lists  in  Entom.  vols.  xxxi.  and  xxxii.  and  a  few  brief  notes  in 
Prof.  Leith  Adams'  book  '  Notes  of  a  Naturalist  in  the  Nile  Valley  and 
Maltese  Islands.'  Will  anyone  who  can  help  in  the  matter  kindly 
communicate  with  me  direct,  as  I  am  desirous  of  making  as  complete 
a  list  as  possible  ? — T.  B.  Fletcher  ;  H.M.S.  '  Gladiator,'  Malta, 
August  16th,  1901. 


CAPTURES     AND     FIELD     REPORTS. 

PiEBis  DAPLiDicE  AT  DovER. — On  the  11th  inst.,  while  coliectiug 
with  my  Mend  Mr.  Wood,  of  Ashford,  I  had  the  good  fortune  to  take 
two  very  good  specimens  of  this  rare  insect.     Both  are  unfortunately 
chipped  in  the  left  hind  wing,  otherwise  they  are  in  good  condition. 
Tills  is  the  first  time  I  have  taken  F.  daplidke,  and  I  thought  when  I 
:aw  the  first  one  flying  that  it  was  an  old  .specimen  of  Melanumi 
•j'l.aUa.  but  on  closer  observation  it  turned  out  to  be  a  surprise  in  tl. 
shape  of  a  ''Bath  white."     This  led  to  further  search,  and  I  wa. 
rewarded  with  the  capture  of  another  specimen.     There  is  no  mi- 
taiiing  d:n/iii<:^'  for  the  other '*  whites  "  when  on  the  wing,  as  their 
flight  is  heavier,  and  they  seem  to  keep  closer  to  the  flowers,  and  d' 
not  fly  any  distance  before  settling.    I  should  mention  that  both  the- 
specimens  are  now  in  the  collection   of  Mr,   Sabine. — H.   Dougl 
Stocswell  ;  2,  Albert  Boad,  Dover,  August  loth,  1901. 

PlERIS   DAPLIDIC£,    GoLIAB    EDUSA,    AXD    C.    HYALE    AT    EaBTBOUE.VE. 

^Tiile  eollectins'  on  the  Downs  near  Eastbourne  this  morning  I  had 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  "253 

the  good  fortuue  to  capture  a  large  though  somewhat  battered  example 
of  Pieris  daplidict.  I  also  took  a  couple  of  beautifullv  fresh  Colias 
hifaie,  and  saw  but  failed  to  capture  C.  edx-sa,  all  on  a  path  of  rough 
down  less  than  a  couule  of  hundred  yards  square. — Robert  Adkin  ; 
August  19th.  1901. 

Colias  htale  xear  Maldon. — This  afternoon  I  took  a  male  C.  hyale 
in  a  lucerne  field  within  a  stone's-throw  of  mv  house,  and  in  exactly 
the  same  part  of  the  field  where  I  took  my  first  specimen  on  Aug.  11th 
last  year.  Clover  and  lucerne  have  done  better  this  year  than  last. 
and  were  nearly  all  cut  (second  crop)  three  weeks  ago.  so  that,  I  hardly 
anticipate  an  abundance  of  Colias  round  here  this  year. — (Eev.)  Gii:bert 
H.  Eayxor  :  Hazeleigh  Rectoiy,  Maldon,  Essex,  August  16,  1901. 

Colias  hyale  in  Essex.  —  C.  hyale  has  again  put  in  an  appearance 
here  in  some  numbers  this  year.  My  boys  captured  ten  specimens 
yesterday  morning,  and  fifteen  more  this  morning.  I  went  down  to  a 
field  of  lucerne  in  full  bloom  and  soon  caught  six.  two  being  white 
females.  The  eggs  I  had  last  year  (Entom.  xxxiii.  27i)  hatched,  but 
the  young  larvie.  which  were  left  outdoors  on  white  ciover,  were  all 
winter- killed.  It  does  not  seem  that  C.  hyaie  will  stand  our  climate 
without  some  protection  through  the  winter.  We  have  not  seen 
C.  edusa  at  present. — Edwabd  A.  Fitch  :  Maldon,  August  17,  1901. 

Colias  Hyale  in  Kent,  1901. — Colias  hyale  I  had  not  taken  again 
after  the  specimen  recorded  c.aiff,  p.  208  >  as  taken  on  June  14tli  until 
9tli  inst.,  when  I  saw  and  took  one  :  since  then,  on  19:h,  I  saw  two  and 
took  one.  on  20th  the  same,  and  on  21st  I  saw  five  and  took  two  :  to-day 
I  have  seen  eleven  and  taken  nine.  It  therefore  seems  as  though  this, 
though  in  a  minor  degree  compared  with  last  year,  is  going  to  be  a 
"  hyale  year." — H.  Huggins,  Jun. :  13,  Clarence  Place.  Gravesend, 
August  22nd,  1901. 

Vanessa  polychlokos  and  Akgynnis  paphia  at  Withesslacs. — ^  hile 
collecting  at  Witherslack.  Westmoreland,  I  captm-ed  a  male  T.  poly- 
chloros  in  splendid  condition  on  July  24th.  Mr.  George  Loxam,  who 
was  with  me  at  the  time  (in  fact  he  saw  it  first,  and  drew  my  attention 
to  it  as  it  came  towards  me  on  the  wing*,  tells  me  he  has  never  heard 
of  this  species  being  taken  in  that  neighbourhood  before,  although  he 
has  collected  in  company  with  the  late  J.  B.  Hodgkinson  about 
Witherslack  for  the  past  thirty  years.  On  August  3rd  I  took  a  male 
specimen,  in  fine  condition,  of  A.  paphia :  this  also  is,  I  believe,  a 
record  for  Witherslack.— C.  H.  Fobsyths  :  County  Asylum,  Lancaster, 
August  9th,  1901. 

Note  on  Vanessa  poLYcai.osos  at  Lee. — A  specimen  of  V.  poly- 
chloros  was  discovered  on  the  landing  wall.  It  remained  in  the  same 
position  for  a  week  (being  rather  high  up,  I  took  it  for  V.  urtictn,  and 
on  July  2Tth  I  examined  it.  It  was  somewhat  battered,  and  looked 
like  a  hybernated  specimen,  bni  I  suppose  it  would  be  too  late  for 
that.  Directly  I  put  it  in  the  sun  it  flew  away.  The  locality  may  be 
of  interest,  as' I  see  from  Mr.  Front's  •  Fauna  of  the  London  District " 
that  Dulwich  and  Crovdon  :ire  the  oniv  two  S.E.  localities  given.— 
F.  M.  B.  Cake  :  4t>,  Handen  Eoad,  Lee.'S.E.,  July  29.  1901. 

HNTOM. — SEPTSMBEK,    1901-  ^ 


254 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Vanessa  antiopa  in  South-East  London. — We  captured  this  after- 
noon in  our  garden  here  a  fine  specimen  (barring  a  shght  nick  in  one 
of  the  hind  wings)  of  Vanessa  antiopa.  The  insect  was  taken  by  my 
children  on  a  fruit  tree  we  had  been  in  the  habit  of  sugaring  for 
moths.  —  Geokge  B.  Browne;  43,  Southbrook  Road,  Lee,  S.E., 
August  24th,  1901. 

Lyc^na  minima  (Polyommatus  alsus)  in  August.  —  I  caught  this 
afternoon  (August  5th)  a  quite  perfect  specimen  of  P.  alsus.  Can  this 
be  a  late  specimen  of  the  early  brood  ?  or  is  there  a  second  generation 
in  August  ?  The  butterfly  was  very  common  here  in  June,  and  I 
expect  the  very  hot  weather  we  have  had  has  brought  out  a  second 
generation.  I  should  like  to  know  if  others  have  noticed  this. — L.  M. 
Seth-Smith;  Alleyue,  Caterham  Valley,  Surrey,  August  5,  1901. 

[Probably  an  individual  of  a  partial  second  brood.  Kane  (Eur. 
Butt.)  states  that  L.  minima  is  double-brooded  on  the  Continent,  the 
imago  appearing  in  May  to  June  and  July  to  August. — Ed.] 

Abundance  of  Lyc^ena  argiolus  at  Lee. — Although  L.  an/iolus  was 
seen  abundantly  in  the  country  last  year,  I  did  not  find  it  common  here. 
This  year,  however,  it  has  been  very  abundant.  The  first  one  was  seen 
on  May  2ud,  and  twelve  days  later  I  counted  nine  in  twenty  minutes 
in  Burnt  Ash  Road.  I  saw  the  last  of  the  spring  brood  on  June  9th. 
Two  specimens  of  the  later  brood  were  seen  on  July  24th,  and  since 
then  it  has  been  common  here.  —  F.  M.  B.  Carr  ;  46,  Handen  Road, 
Lee,  S.E.,  July  29,  1901. 

Purple  Larva  of  Sphinx  ligustri.  —  On  August  10th  I  had  a 
beautiful  larva  of  this  species  exactly  similar  to  the  variety  found  by 
Dr.  Laver  at  Colchester  in  September,  1882,  and  figured  in  Buckler's 
'  Larvae  of  the  British  Butterflies  and  Moths,'  vol.  ii.  pi.  xxii.  fig.  2. 
It  was  full-fed,  and  found  in  a  potato-patch  at  Goldhanger,  near  here ; 
it  did  not  feed,  and  went  under  the  same  afternoon.  Once  before  I  had 
a  purple  larva  brought  me  that  was  more  purple  than  green,  but  not 
so  dark  and  distinct  as  this  one.  —  Edward  A.  Fitch;  Maldon,  Essex, 
August  17,  1901. 

Larv^  of  Sphinx  convolvuli  at  Maldon.  —  Having  bred  most  of 
the  hawks,  I  was  pleased  to  get  two  larva3,  nearly  full-fed,  of  this 
moth  on  August  14th.  They  were  found  by  one  of  my  men  in  a 
potato-field  where  Convolvulus  arvensis  is  abundant.  One  is  exactly 
similar  to  Buckler's  figures ;  the  other  is  green,  with  a  canary-coloured 
horn — a  very  pretty  variety.  I  had  this  larva  once  before,  but  did  not 
breed  the  moth.  I  hope  now  to  be  more  successful.  Barrett  ('  Lepi- 
doptera  of  the  British  Islands,'  vol.  ii.  p.  27)  says  "it  is  doubtful 
whether  there  are  records  of  the  finding  of  twenty  larvae,  in  all,  in 
these  islands." — Edward  A.  Fitch  ;  Maldon,  Essex,  August  17,  1901. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  larv^  in  Lancashire.  —  On  August  19th  my 
brother  and  I  took  on  the  Lancashire  coast  sand-hills  twenty-six  larvae 
of  S.  convolvuli.  They  were  feeding  on  wild  convolvulus  or  bindweed, 
and  varied  in  length  from  2i  in.  to  3|  in.  One  of  them  is  of  a  brownish 
colour  and  another  black.  In  the  largest  examples  the  black  stripes  on 
the  sides  are  almost  absent.  As  Newman  ('  British  Butterflies  and 
Moths')  states  that  he  had  never  seen  the  larvse  or  pupae,  I  thought 


CAPTUEES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  255 

therefore  that  this  record  was  perhaps  worth  sending. — F.  J.  Grimshaw  ; 
Carr  House,  Eawtenstall,  Lanes,  August  21,  1901. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  in  Essex. — We  caught  an  example  of  S.  con- 
volvuli  at  tobacco  bloom  last  evening,  and  this  evening  we  captured 
two  fine  specimens.  Each  evening  we  missed  one. — E.  A.  Fitch; 
Maldon,  Essex,  Aug.  19th,  1901. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  in  Sussex. — I  have  received  a  fine  specimen  of 
Sphinx  convolvuli,  taken  by  Mr.  Pullen  in  a  cornfield  at  Eartham, 
Sussex,  on  August  16th. — L.  S.  Giles;  1,  London  Koad,  Norbury, 
S.W.,  August  25th,  1901. 

Acronycta  alni  in  Warwickshire. — I  found  a  very  fine  larva  of 
this  species  on  August  12th  feeding  on  oak.  It  has  now  spun  up  in  a 
hollow  stalk  of  broad  bean. — W.  Kiss ;  Greenfield  House,  Dorridge, 
near  Birmingham. 

Plusia  moneta  at  Bickley,  Kent. — I  have  to  record  the  capture  of 
yet  another  specimen,  taken  off  a  fence  on  July  27th,  and  brought  to 
me  in  very  fine  condition.  This  species  appears  to  be  fairly  abundant 
this  year  between  here  and  Tunbridge  Wells,  this  being  the  third 
to  enrich  my  cabinet  during  the  present  month. — A.  J.  Lawrance  ; 
Bromley  Common,  Kent,  July  29,  1901. 

Plusia  moneta  at  Reading. — On  July  13th  my  son  Douglas  Harry 
Butler,  four  years  of  age,  boxed  a  specimen  of  the  above  in  my  back 
garden  ;  it  was  at  rest  on  an  ivy-leaf. — W.  E.  Butler;  Hayling  House, 
Oxford  Eoad,  Reading.    . 

Callimorpha  hera  in  England. — On  August  7th,  Mr.  W.  W.  Rhoades, 
of  Honiton  Clyst,  captured  one  specimen  of  C.  hera  within  five  miles  of 
Exeter,  and  saw  another  which  he  failed  to  take.  This  moth  has  been 
occasionally  taken  in  other  seasons  near  Exeter,  and,  it  is  to  be  hoped, 
has  fairly  established  itself  in  the  locality.  —  (Rev.)  W.  J.  Leigh 
Phillips;  The  Cottage,  Tavistock,  August  18,  1901. 

Sesia  andreniformis  in  Kent. — Whilst  my  son  and  I  were  out 
near  here  on  July  17th,  the  latter  took  a  clear  wing  which  turns  out 
to  be  the  rarest  of  the  British  Sesise — viz.  S.  andrenij'ormis.  It  was 
settled  on  a  leaf  of  the  wild  cornel  or  dogwood,  Conius  sanguinea.  I 
should  have  recorded  it  sooner,  but  was  loth  to  believe  in  our  good 
luck,  though  the  insect  corresponded  perfectly  with  the  description 
given  in  Newman's  'British  Moths,'  but  having  now  had  the  oppor- 
tunity of  submitting  the  same  to  my  friend  the  Rev.  C.  R.  N.  Burrows, 
the  latter  says  there  is  not  the  least  doubt  as  to  the  identity  of  the 
insect. — H.  Huggins,  Jun. ;  13,  Clarence  Place,  Gravesend,  August 
22nd,  1901. 

Larvae  of  Nyssia  lapponaria. — I  think  many  of  your  readers  will 
be  interested  to  hear  that  last  year  I  took  two  larvae  of  Ni/ssia  lap- 
ponaria from  which  one  imago,  a  female,  emerged.  Last  July  I  again 
obtained  larvae  in  the  same  locality  in  Perthshire.  I  believe  Mr. 
Christy  is  the  only  other  entomologist  who  has  taken  this  insect 
recently  in  Britain.  According  to  Barrett,  he  found  his  larva>  on 
hawthorn  and  birch,  whereas  mine  were  feeding  on  low  plants— ling, 


256  THK    KNTOMOLOGIST. 

bell  heather,   and    bog-myrtle. — E.   A.   Cockayne  ;    6,   Taptou    House 
Road,  Sheffield,  Aug   22nd,  1901. 

LucANUs  cERvus  IN  LoNDON.  —  Ou  July  24th  a  fine  male  Ij.  cerinis 
was  given  to  me.  It  had  been  found  in  an  area  of  our  street.  Is  not 
this  rather  an  unusual  insect  to  occur  in  such  a  part  of  Loudon 
(Pimlico)  ? — N.  L.  Gillespie;  8,  Ranelagh  Grove,  S.W.,  August  10. 

[This  species  has  been  fairly  common  at  Balham  this  year. — Ed.] 

Gymnusa  brevicollis  in  YoRKsmRE. — I  captured  a  specimen  of  this 
beetle  under  a  stone  in  a  stream  near  Staithes  on  June  14tli. — 
N.  L.  Gillespie;  8,  Ranelagh  Grove,  S.W.,  August  10,  1901. 

Note  on  Rhizotrogus  solstitialis. — This  beetle  was  very  abundant 
here  about  midsummer.  We  could  have  caught  scores  almost  any 
evening  as  they  buzzed  rou.nd  the  fruit  trees  in  the  garden.  It  would 
be  interesting  to  know  whether  this  insect  was  observed  in  such 
numbers  in  other  localities. — Philip  J.  Barraud  ;  Bushey  Heath, 
Herts,  August,  1901. 

Gerris  cost.e  (H.-ScJi.)  at  Deal.  —  I  was  surprised  to  find  this,  as 
the  species  is,  as  a  rule,  alpine  and  subalpine  both  here  and  ou  the 
Continent. — G.  W.  Kirkaldy. 

SiREx  gigas. — I  caught  a  specimen  of  Sire.v  gi;ias  here  on  the 
morning  of  August  1st.  Can  you  in  any  way  accoimt  for  the  occur- 
rence of  this  insect?  —  Thos.  B.  Blakeborough  ;  Ashlea,  Brighouse  ; 
August  14,  1901. 

[The  larva  of  this  species  lives  in  the  solid  wood  of  fir  trees,  usually 
unhealthy  ones.  Eggs,  however,  have  been  known  to  be  deposited  in 
sound  trees  that  have  been  recently  cut  down.  The  occurrence  of  the 
perfect  insect  in  places  where  there  are  no  firs  is  most  probably  due  to 
its  having  been  introduced,  in  one  of  its  earlier  stages,  with  the  timber 
used  in  house-building,  &c. — Ed.] 

Notes  from  the  Chester  District.  —  This  has  been  a  record  year 
with  us  for  the  handsome  geometer  Anticlea  derivata.  An  old,  disused 
and  neglected  country  road — grass-grown,  and  neglected  even  by  the 
insect-hunter,  and  with  plenty  of  dog-rose  and  sallow  on  either  side — 
turned  out  to  be  a  regular  home  for  the  pretty  moth.  Hypsipetes 
impluviata  and  Cidaria  siijf'umata  were  equally  common  in  this  lane, 
along  which  tradition  says  William  III.  marched  his  army  to  Parkgate 
previous  to  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  in  1690.  Now,  it  is  as  silent 
and  lonely  as  a  place  can. well  be.  All  traffic  diverted,  and  entirely 
neglected,  except  where  absorbed  here  and  there  by  adjacent  fields,  a 
locality  like  this  can  only  be  worked  in  dry  weather,  and  we  had  the 
advantage  of  an  almost  rainless  May  when  the  three  species  were  on 
the  wing.  Among  the  early  Noctuas  Pachnohia  ruhricosa  and  Tanio- 
campa  pnlverulenta  [cruda)  were  especially  noticeable  in  the  district. 
Day-work  in  June  and  July  was  chiefly  devoted  to  two  objects — • 
(1)  to  find,  if  possible,  the  pupa-case  of  the  dragonfly  Leucorrhinia 
dxihia,  and  (2)  to  see  in  how  many  Delamere  Forest  localities  the 
butterfly  Cccnonympha  typhon  {davus)  still  lingered.  In  the  first  we 
were  disappointed.  No  amount  of  searching,  even  on  hands  and  knees, 
in  the  most  horrible  sponges  and  morasses,  could  unravel  the  mystery. 
Only  one  clue  did  I  discover  which  may  possibly  lead  to  the  situation. 


CAPTURES    AND    FIELD    REPORTS.  257 

One  day  I  netted  a  specimen  of  L.  duhia  which  had  its  left  lower  wing 
rather  crippled.  This  wing  was  crusted  with  the  black,  peaty  mud  of  the 
pools  about.  The  pupa-case,  then,  is  probably  always  in  the  water. 
In  the  second  of  our  ambitions  we  got  on  "  gradely,"  as  they  say  in 
Lancashire.  We  found  no  less  than  four  davus:  localities — and  far  be 
it  from  me  to  say  where  they  are — nay,  far  be  it  from  me  to  say  more 
than  that  the  numbers  of  the  butterfly  were  satisfactory.  There  ought 
to  be  five  localities,  but  from  the  fifth  davm  has  long  since  been 
removed  by  over-collecting.  Any  indication  of  a  similar  process  on 
the  remaining  spots  will  probably  result  in  a  curtain  between  davufi 
and  the  public,  and  so  history  will  repeat  itself.  For  davus — at  any 
rate  the  Delamere  form — is  a  handsome  insect,  and  variable.  To  the 
entomologist  who  has  a  weakness  for  "  spots  "  and  "  under  sides  "  it 
is  unique.  These  eye-like  markings  vary  from  the  size  of  a  pin's  head 
to  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  across.  As  to  shape,  they  are  usually 
circular  ;  but  there  is  a  form  which  has  them  oval,  and  there  is  another 
where  the  spots  are  acutely  pointed  towards  the  wing-margins,  and 
remind  one,  in  shape,  of  ears  of  oats  or  barley.  Again,  the  ground- 
colour of  the  under  sides  is  sometimes  white,  and  the  large,  basal, 
brown  area  of  the  secondaries  is  divided  into  what  look  like  a  couple 
of  deeply-indented  leaves.  Still,  the  upper  surface  is  frequently  so 
handsome  and  so  well  spotted  that  it  is  often  puzzling  which  side  to 
shov/.  If  the  upper  surface  be  dark,  the  spots  numerous  and  large, 
and  the  lower  wings  almost  black — a  fine  but  infrequent  form — then 
there  can  be  no  doubt  about  the  matter.  Lycana  aijon  has  been,  on 
certain  Delamere  heaths,  in  even  greater  numbers  than  last  year.  We 
did  not  take  one.  But  the  splendid  Xenieophila  rnssjila — aglow  with 
yellow  and  crimson — did  not  get  ofi"  so  easily,  even  in  the  tropical  heat, 
when  we  could  catch  it,  which  was  not  always.  At  the  electric  lamps 
there  has  been  a  marked  falling-oft'  in  the  numbers  of  certain  species — 
for  examples,  Amphidasys  hetularin  (I  took  a  fine  intermediate  form  on 
the  night  of  June  1st),  Xotodonta  dirtcea,  X.  dictm/ides,  Xylophasia 
vwnoylyjiha  (polyodon),  Sinerintlius  ocellatus,  and  S.  populi.  On  the 
other  hand,  I  have  to  report  three  species  new  to  the  lamps,  as  far  as 
I  know — A.  Htrataria  {prodroviaria},  one,  April  18th;  A.  derivnta,  one, 
May  14th ;  and  Abraxas  nhuata,  one,  July  3rd.  Other  occasional 
visitors  were — Drepnna  binaria  {hainula),  one,  July  8th  ;  Leiicoim 
salicis,  one,  July  17th;  and  Zenzera  pyrina  {asciiU),  about  a  dozen  in 
July.  The  first  brood  of  Plusia  festiica  appeared  early  in  May,  the 
second  on  July  20th.  The  hot,  sometimes  tropical,  weather  from 
June  20th  to  July  21st  was  no  doubt  responsible  for  the  early  appear- 
ance of  the  second  brood. — J.  Arkle  ;  Chester. 

Odonata  and  Lepidoptera  at  Llandrindod  (Radnorshire). — Mr. 
J.  Lyon  Denson,  of  Chester,  whilst  staying  at  Llandrindod  Wells  in 
the  first  half  of  June,  kindly  sent  me  the  following  species  which  he 
captured  there.  Odonata  :  Caloptenjx  viryo,  sixteen  males,  four  females. 
Lepidoptera  :  Pierh  bmssica,  P.  rapes,  Euchlo'e  cdrdainines,  ten  Aryyuuis 
eiiplu-osyne,  Pararye  meyara,  Ccenonympha  pamphihis,  five  Ilesperia 
sylvanus,  Phytometra  vir'idaria  {mnea),  and  a  larva  of  Vanessa  polychloros 
which  spun  up,  but  unfortunately  emerged  a  cripple.  The  fine  weather 
for  insect-hunting  broke  up  on  the  12th,  and  people  had  to  take  to 
overcoats  again  for  a  week. — J.  Arkle  ;  Chester. 


258  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Notes  on  Lepidoptera  durino  July  and  August,  1901. — Last 
month  [ante,  p.  228)  I  referred  to  the  early  appearance  of  many 
insects  this  year.  Since  then  imagines  of  Snierinthus  popicli  and 
S.  oceUatus  have  emerged,  the  data  of  which  are  as  follows  : — S.  populi, 
larvfe  from  ova  Jmie  4th,  pupated  July  3rd  ;  imago  appeared  July 
25th,  at  7  p.m.  I  looked  at  them  for  the  first  time,  and  found  a  male 
and  female  in  coitu ;  I  kept  the  female  alive,  and  hy  the  30th  she  had 
laid  125  ova.  The  second  brood  of  larvfe  appeared  on  Aug.  5th,  and 
at  the  time  of  writing  are  in  a  flourishing  condition.  S.  oceUatus, 
larvae  from  ova  June  5th,  pupated  July  12th  ;  imago  appeared  Aug.  9th. 
I  had  only  bred  half  a  dozen  of  these,  and  curiously  enough  all  the 
moths  were  females,  so  I  have  not  succeeded  in  getting  a  second  brood. 
8.  tilice  and  Sphinx  ligustri  also  are  much  in  advance  as  compared  with 
last  year,  for  tili(e  pupated  July  7th,  though  the  imagines  have  not  yet 
appeared;  and  li(jHstri  pupated  on  July  17th.  The  dates  last  year  for 
the  pupating  of  the  four  above-mentioned  insects  were  : — 8,  populi 
and  8.  oceUatus,  July  30th  ;  8.  tUia,  July  27th  ;  8.  lir/iistri,  Aug.  30th. 
At  6.45  p.m.,  on  July  5th,  I  observed  Macroglossa  steUatarum  hovering 
over  a  flower  in  my  garden.  It  was  completely  in  the  shade,  and 
stayed  there  several  minutes,  never  once  settling  all  the  time.  On  July 
7th,  when  I  first  saw  my  breeding  cage  at  7  a.m.,  I  found  that  four 
imagines  of  Catocala  mipta  had  emerged  ;  but  even  at  that  early  hour 
they  had  had  time  to  knock  themselves  about,  for  a  little  piece  was 
out  of  the  wings  in  each  one.  The  rest  of  the  imagines  came  out  at 
intervals  from  the  above  date  till  July  17tli,  never  again  more  than 
two  together,  and  all  these  were  perfect  specimens.  The  larva?  had 
emerged  on  April  27th,  and  they  begun  to  pupate,  some  in  moss  and 
others  between  two  leaves  of  their  food-plant,  willow,  on  June  4th. 
On  July  8th  the  first  puptp  appeared  from  my  batch  of  Nemeobius 
hicina.  On  July  10th  we  had  a  good  day  on  Ranmore  Common,  where 
Argynnis  adippe  and  A.  ar/laia  were  out  in  great  numbers;  but  they 
were  very  wild  and  difficult  to  catch,  as  the  going  was  bad  among  the 
gorse  and  bramble-bushes.  A  friend  of  mine,  who  takes  a  great 
interest  in  entomology,  though  he  does  not  collect,  told  me  that  on  the 
afternoon  of  July  12th,  while  he  was  walking  in  Horning  churchyard, 
in  Norfolk,  he  observed  a  very  fine  specimen  of  PapiUo  machaon  on  a 
sweet-william  blossom.  He  got  quite  close  to  it,  and  could  have 
caught  it  easily  if  he  had  had  a  net  with  him.  After  some  time  it  left 
the  flower,  and,  hovering  in  a  circle  for  a  few  moments,  alighted  again 
on  the  same  place ;  but  in  about  ten  seconds  it  flew  right  away  high 
up  in  the  air,  and  he  did  not  see  it  again.  On  July  13th  a  batch  of 
larvffi  appeared  from  ova  of  Sphinx  pinastri,  which  I  obtained  from 
abroad.  They  did  very  well  until  Aug.  11th,  when  for  some  reason  or 
other  they  all  died.  Most  of  them  had  successfully  passed  the  fourth 
moult,  and  were  eating  at  a  great  rate ;  but  they  suddenly  ceased 
feeding  and  shrivelled  up.  On  the  same  date  I  found  a  great  number 
of  larvae  of  Euchelia  jacoba;(B  feeding  on  ragwort,  and  for  the  next  ten 
days  or  so  I  kept  finding  them.  They  had  all  pupated  by  the  end  of 
the  month.  On  July  16th  I  obtained  a  good  number  of  Hesperia 
comma  on  Eaumore.  I  knew  they  must  be  about  in  our  neighbour- 
hood, but  had  never  found  them  before.  The  same  remark  applies  to 
Lyccena  corydon,  for  in  former  years  I  had  always  succeeded  in  getting 


SOCIETIES.  259 

one  or  two  specimens,  but  had  never  found  their  haunt.  This  year, 
however,  on  July  20th,  I  canie  upon  it  not  two  hundred  yards  from 
where  I  had  been  searching  before.  They  were  in  the  utmost  pro- 
fusion on  the  side  of  a  chalk-hill,  and  very  pretty  the  males  looked  as 
the  sun  caught  the  sheen  of  their  wings.  A  second  brood  of  L.  an/iolus 
was  also  out  on  that  date,  and  Sati/rus  seviele  appeared  plentifully.  On 
July  19th  the  first  imago  of  my  Knnomos  fuscantaria  appeared,  and 
they  are  still  coming  out  at  intervals.  In  a  field  near  Coldharbour,  on 
Aug.  7th,  a  friend  of  mine  took  a  fine  male  of  CoHas  hyalc,  but  I  have 
not  been  able  to  go  there  since. 

I  am  now  staying  near  Lynton,  in  North  Devon,  and  have  only  had 
one  day's  entomology — iVug.  19th — when  I  took  my  net  along  the  Lyn 
Valley  for  about  five  miles.  Arijynnia  paphia  was  very  common  and 
easy  to  catch,  but,  except  for  one  fresh  female,  all  were  in  bad  con- 
dition. A.  adippe  was  to  be  seen,  too,  also  in  poor  condition.  Any 
number  of  Paraiye  egerides  could  be  taken  among  the  trees  and  wood- 
land paths,  and  such  things  as  L.  icanis,  Polyommatas  phlceas,  Kpine- 
phiie  ianira,  and  E.  tithonns  were  absolutely  swarming.  I  took  two 
fine  specimens  of  Vanessa  io,  and  one  V.  polyc/doros.  A.  paphia  showed 
a  great  liking  for  the  bramble -bushes,  and  also  for  thistles,  from  which 
latter  it  could  easily  be  taken.  But  my  trip  to  Devonshire  is  more  for 
health's  sake  than  for  entomology,  and  so  my  notes  for  August  are,  I 
fear,  somewhat  scanty. — F.  A.  Oldaker  ;  Parsonage  House,  Dorking, 
Aug.  20th,  1901. 


SOCIETIES. 


South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. — 
July  11th,  1901.— Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  Vice-President,  in  the 
chair. — Mr.  Kemp  exhibited  a  short  series  of  the  Coleopteron  DyUscus 
punctulatus,  taken  by  Mr.  F.  Enock  at  Wisley,  together  with  the 
Odonata,  Brachytron  pratense,  Calopteryx  splendens,  Erythromma  naias, 
Agrinn  pulchellnm,  hchnura  eleyans,  with  var.  r»6ra ;  the  Trichoptera, 
Phryyanea  yrandis,  Limnophilas  marworatus,  and  L.  rhoiiihicus;  and  the 
Neuropteron,  Fuiphidia  macalkoUix,  all  taken  at  the  Byfleet  Field 
Meeting.— Mr.  F.  M.  B.  Carr,  a  series  of  Theda  ruhi  from  Wrotham, 
Kent,  including  a  specimen  with  a  cream  spot  on  the  fore  wings.— 
Mr.  South,  a  series  of  Zojumnna  purata,  bred  from  a  female  taken  at 
Oxshott,  and  called  attention  to  the  unusual  brown  coloration  of  some 
of  the  specimens  ;  also  an  example  of  Ewrhypara  urticata  with  con- 
fluent spots,  taken  by  a  boy  in  Balham.  On  behalf  of  Mr.  Mitford  he 
showed  three  varieties  of  Melitcea  cinxia  (1)  having  transverse  lines  of 
fore  wings  absent,  (2)  central  transverse  lines  partially  effaced,  (3) 
central  spots  of  fore  wings  confluent.— Mr.  Montgomery,  pupa?  of 
Leucophasia  sinapis,  one  specimen  having  the  longitudinal  line  pmk 
instead  of  white.— Mr.  Bishop,  living  larvfe  of  Euyonia  polychloros, 
and  pupc^  of  Euchloe  cardami)ies.—Mv.  Kirkaldy,  various  genera  of 
Fulyorhm  (lantern  flies),  showing  the  remarkable  development  of  the 
head ;  a  number  of  ornate  species  of  Ehynchota,  including  the  pale 
blue  Ramenia  pulveridenta,  the  pale  green  Geisha  punctatissma,  the 
delicate  rose  Cerynia  maria,  and  a  number  of  coffee  pests  from  Ceylon. 


260  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

— 'Slv.  Colthrup,  two  strikiug  vars.  of  Smerinthus  tilue :  (1)  ground  colour 
pale  fawn  on  fore  wings  with  indistinct  markings,  pinkish  tint  on  hind 
wing ;  (2)  ground  of  fore  wing  dark  brown  with  very  intense  green 
markings,  the  band  represented  by  a  small  spot  only. — Mr.  Lucas 
read  the  Report  of  the  Field  Meeting  held  at  Byfleet  on  June  1st. — 
Mr.  Clark  read  a  few  notes  on  a  "  Walk  in  his  Garden,"  and  showed 
various  specimens,  including  a  grasshopper  which  had  not  been  iden- 
tified, and  was  probably  new... 


RECENT    LITERATURE. 


Familiar  Butterjiies  and  Moths.     By  W.  F.  Kirby,  F.L.8..  F.E.S.,  &c. 

9J  X  Ih  in.      Pp.   i-xiii   and  1-114,  with   18   coloured  plates. 

London  :  Cassell  &  Co.  1901. 
As  an  introduction  to  the  larger  work,  '  European  Butterflies  and 
Moths,'  by  the  same  author,  the  present  volume  should  be  useful.  It 
deals  in  a  popular  style  with  the  subject,  and  illustrations  are  given  of 
many  of  the  well-known  British  species,  and  of  some  others  that  are 
not  inhabitants  of  these  islands.  The  English  name  of  the  species  is 
used  in  every  case,  but  the  Latin  names  are  added  in  brackets,  and 
these  are  the  same  as  those  employed  in  the  larger  work  referred  to. 
The  plates  are,  on  the  whole,  very  good,  and  some  of  the  figures  are 
excellent ;  the  printing  aiid  general  get-up  are  all  that  could  be  desired, 
and  to  young  people  with  a  bent  for  collecting  moths  and  butterflies 
the  book  should  be  very  acceptable. 


Proceediwjs  of  the   South    London   Kntomoloijical   and   Natural    History 

Society /or  1900.     Together  with  the  President's  Address.     Pp. 

i-xxvi  and  1-117.    A  chart  and  four  plates.    Hibernia  Chambers, 

London  Bridge,  S.E. 

Full  reports  of  the  five  Field  Meetings  held  during  the  year  are 

given  ;  that  of  the  Banstead  excursion  on  June  16th  is  accompanied 

by  a  capital  sketch  map.  prepared  by  Mr.  B.  W.  Adkin,  which  should 

be  useful  to  anyone  wishing  to  further  explore  this  rural  locality. 

Among  the  entomological  papers  is  one  "  On  the  Pupation  of 
L'ossHs  lifjniperda,'"  by  Mr.  Robert  Adkin,  in  which  the  method  of 
pupation  is  very  fully  discussed.  Another  interesting  paper  is  by 
Mr.  F.  Noad  Clark,  and  entitled  "  On  the  Ova  of  Lepidoptera."  This 
is  illustrated  by  an  excellent  plate,  reproduced  from  some  beautiful 
photographs  taken  by  the  author.  Dr.  Chapman's  contribution,  "  On 
Some  Wing  Structures  in  Lepidoptera,"  is  a  valuable  and  highly  in- 
structive paper  ;  it  is  illustrated  by  two  plates  of  details  photographed 
by  Mr.  Clark. 

The  President  (Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas),  in  his  Address,  enters  largely 
into  matters  connected  with  the  Odonata,  and  among  other  things  he 
deals  with  the  growth  of  our  knowledge  as  regards  the  earlier  stages 
of  these  very  interesting  insects. 

Taken  as  a  whole,  the  volume  for  1900  is  much  ahead  of  any  of 
this  Society's  previous  publications,  although  it  is  less  bulky  than 
some  of  them. 


The    Entoxn.olog'ist,    Oct.  1901. 


Plate  TV. 


H 


i€ 


% 


^CKmglib  del. 


'Sci^^rf.l 


I 


10 


West  ^Newman  cjiromo. 


Va.rieties    of    Irisli  Lepidoptera 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    IV. 


1&2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 


Cymatophora  duplans  var.  an/entea,  Tutt. 
Dianthcecia  capsophila  var. 
Bnjophila  mural  is  var.  iinpar,  Warr. 

"  "  ). 

Pleris  napi  var.  jiava,  Kane 
Melitcea  ar tern  is,  Fabr. 

,,       aurinia  var.  prcedam,  Kane    . 

"  >.       var.  scotica,  Eobsou    . 

Cymatophora  or  var.  yaelica,  Kaue 
Xylocampa  areola  var. 
Camptogramma  hilineata  var.  isolata,  Kane 

"  .1        var.  m/«sca^a,  Kane 

Platyptilia  tesseradactyla,  Linn.,  c? 


Entom.  xxvii.  126 
xxix.  19 
xxvii.  209 
xxvii.  209 
xxvi.  119 

,,         xxvi.  159 

,,         xxvi.  187 

,,        xxvii.  125 

xxix.  160 

,,         xxxi.     85 

,,         xxxi.    85 

xxxi.  209 

xxxi.  209 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIV.]  OCTOBEE,     1901.  [No.  461. 


ABEKRATION    OF    GONOPTERYX    RUAMNI. 
By  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 


On  July  29th,  1901,  Mr.  G.  Hooker  took,  near  Lyndhurst,  in 
the  New  Forest,  a  rather  strange  aberration  of  G.  rhamni,  $  . 
Between  the  nervures  and  in  the  discoidal  area  were  large  oval 
rings  of  very  pale  brownish  orange,  the  colour  inside  being  a 
very  pale  green.  This  is  on  the  under  surface  ;  the  markings 
scarcely  shew  through  to  the  upper.  The  specimen  was  taken 
quite  by  chance,  for  the  rings  are  so  pale  that  they  would  not  be 
noticeable  when  the  insect  was  flying.  The  figure  will  shew  the 
size  and  position  of  the  rings.  In  other  respects  the  insect  is  - 
normal. 

Kin»ston-on-Thames. 


ENTOM. — OCTOBER,    1901. 


262  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  A  NEW  GENUS   OF  BEES  FROM  INDIA. 
By  Peter  Cameron. 

Aglaoapis,  gen.  nov. 

Wings  short,  not  reaching  to  the  apex  of  the  third  abdominal  seg- 
ment. There  are  two  closed  cubital  cellules  ;  the  first  is  longer  than 
the  second  above  and  below ;  the  radial  cellule  has  the  apex  rounded 
and  not  much  narrowed  ;  the  first  recurrent  nervure  is  interstitial ;  the 
second  is  received  not  far  from  the  apex  of  the  cellule.  Eyes  large, 
slightly  converging  below,  and  reaching  to  the  base  of  the  mandibles  ; 
the  ocelli  are  in  a  curve.  Labrum  visible,  siiort,  obliquely  depressed. 
Mandibles  bidentate  ;  the  apical  tooth  is  much  larger  than  the  other. 
Scutellum  bluntly  projecting  laterally  at  the  apex  ;  the  middle  slightly 
projects,  and  is  keeled  ;  the  post-scutellum  is  keeled  in  the  middle. 
Median  segment  short ;  the  basal  area  large.  Legs  short  and  stout, 
pilose ;  the  tibiae  and  tarsi  not  densely  covered  with  long  hair.  The 
basal  segment  of  the  abdomen  is  transverse  at  the  base,  and  is  bordered 
at  the  base  by  a  distinct  keel ;  the  apical  segment  is  longer  than  the 
penultimate,  and  is  distinctly  incised  at  the  apex ;  the  sides  of  the 
incision  are  straight  and  oblique,  and  form  two  distinct  lobes,  which 
become  gradually  narrowed  from  the  base  to  the  apex ;  the  lower  edge 
is  stoutly  keeled.  The  antennae  are  short  and  stout ;  the  third  joint 
is  not  much  narrowed ;  the  head  is  well-developed  behind  the  eyes, 
with  the  occiput  transverse  ;  the  apex  of  the  scutellum  does  not  pro- 
ject over  the  post-scutellum,  and  ouly  over  the  median  segment  at  the 
sides  ;  the  claws  and  spurs  are  simple  ;  the  tegulfe  are  large  ;  the 
head  and  thorax  are  thickly  covered  with  short  white  pubescence  ;  the 
abdominal  segments  are  narrowly  banded  at  the  apex  with  white 
pubescence.  There  is  no  ventral  scopa.  The  front  calcaria  are 
normally  curved  ;  the  claws  simple. 

Belongs,  if  anywhere,  to  the  Stelididae,  and  comes  nearest 
perhaps  to  Parcvaspis,  which  may  be  known  from  it  by  the  pro- 
jecting apex  of  the  scutellum,  which  is  incised  at  the  apex  ;  by 
the  second  recurrent  nervure  being  received  beyond  the  second 
transverse  cubital  nervure,  and  not  in  the  second  cubital  cellule  ; 
by  the  apex  of  the  abdomen  not  being  deeply  incised  in  the 
middle  in  the  female  ;  and  by  the  longer  wings.  The  wings  in 
the  present  genus  are  shorter  than  usual.  It  is  easily  known  by 
the  form  of  the  scutellum,  by  the  transversely  keeled  basal 
segment  of  the  abdomen,  and  by  the  deep  incision  in  the  apical 
segment.  The  colour— black,  with  the  basal  two  or  three  seg- 
ments of  the  abdomen  red — is  peculiar,  and  does  not  occur  with 
any  other  Indian  species.  The  genus  is  doubtless,  like  Stelis  and 
Parevaspis,  a  parasitic  one. 

Aglaoapis  brevipennis,  sp.  nov. 

Black,  thickly  covered  with  white  pubescence ;  the  apices  of  the 
abdominal  segments  banded  with  white  pubescence  ;  the  greater  part 


BUTTERFLY    COLLECTING    IN   AUSTRO-HUNGARY.  263 

of  the  first  and  the  whole  of  the  second  segment,  and  sometimes  the 
third,  red ;  the  wings  hyahne,  the  stigma  and  nervures  black.  Female. 
Long.  6-7  mm. 

Hah.     Bombay  (G.  A.  J.  Eothney). 

Antennfe  black,  the  flagellum  with  a  faint  brownish  tint ;  bare, 
the  scape  covered  with  white  hair.  Front  and  vertex  strongly  and 
closely  punctured  ;  the  front,  the  sides  of  the  face,  and  of  the  clypeus 
thickly  covered  with  white  pubescence  ;  the  central  parts  and  the 
vertex  much  more  sparsely  covered  with  similar  pubescence.  Mandibles 
black,  rufous  near  the  apex;  the  base  punctured,  and  covered  with 
white  pubescence  ;  the  middle  above  hollowed.  Mesonotum  and  scu- 
tellum  closely  rugosely  punctured,  and  covered  with  white  pubescence, 
which  is  thicker  and  more  fulvous  in  tint  round  the  eyes  ;  the  post- 
scutellum  is  thickly  covered  with  white  longish  pubescence.  The  base 
of  the  median  segment  is  stoutly  longitudinally  striated  ;  its  apical 
slope  laterally  is  covered  thickly  with  white  pubescence.  Pleurae 
thickly  covered  with  white  pubescence.  Legs  black,  thickly  covered 
with  white  pubescence  ;  the  calcaria  testaceous.  Abdomen  closely  and 
distinctly  punctured  ;  the  punctuation  on  the  basal  two  segments  is 
stronger  and  more  widely  separated  than  it  is  on  the  others. 


BUTTEKFLY  COLLECTING  IN  AUSTRO-HUNGARY  IN  1900. 
By  Henry  C.  Lang,  M.D.,  F.E.S. 

The  following  notes  are  a  record  of  butterfly  collecting  in 
Austria  and  Hungary  during  one  month  of  the  summer  of  1900, 
from  June  21st  to  July  21st.  The  dates  and  localities  were  as 
follows  :— Salzburg,  June  21st  to  28th  ;  Berchtesgaden,  June 
26th  to  28th  ;  Modling,  near  Vienna,  June  29th  to  July  2nd  ; 
Buda  Pesth,  July  3rd  to  9th  ;  Herculesbad,  July  12th  to  20tb  ; 
Orsowa,  July  20th. 

At  Salzburg  there  were  very  few  butterflies  on  the  low  ground  ; 
almost  everything  was  collected  on  the  wooded  hills  a  few  miles 
east  of  the  town. 

At  Berchtesgaden,  in  Bavaria,  but  a  few  miles  from  Salzburg, 
there  is  a  fine  opportunity  for  mountain  collecting,  but  unfortu- 
nately the  weather  was  dull  or  rainy,  with  the  exception  of  one 
day— June  27th— when  I  collected  in  the  woods  above  the  village. 

At  Modling,  near  Vienna,  the  weather  was  fine,  but  some  of 
the  best  species  found  there  were  not  yet  on  the  wing  (one  Neptis 
liicilla  was  taken). 

At  Buda  Pesth  we  had  very  unfavourable  weather  ;  the  days 
were  mostly  showery,  and  at  times  windy  and  cold.  Collecting 
was  mostly  on  the  Schwabenberg,  a  mountain  reached  by  rack- 
and-pinion  railway  from  the  town.  It  is  an  interesting  locality, 
covered  with  woods  of  oak  and  beech,  and  with  open  grassy 

slopes. 

Y  2 


264  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Herculesbad  is  situated  in  a  deep  river  valley  at  the  extreme 
south-east  corner  of  Hungary,  surrounded  by  densely  wooded 
heights  of  a  considerable  elevation.  From  the  summits  of  these 
one  gets  an  extensive  view  of  immense  forests  stretching  out  as 
far  as  the  eye  can  reach  into  Pioumania  and  Servia.  The  trees 
are  principally  beech,  many  of  them  being  of  gigantic  stature, 
and  the  country  is  wild  in  the  extreme.  The  valley  of  the 
Czerna,  in  which  Herculesbad  is  situated,  resembles  somewhat 
the  dales  of  Derbyshire  on  a  larger  scale,  the  river  running 
rapidly  between  limestone  crags.  In  this  valley  Neptis  aceris 
was  very  abundant,  and  was  a  very  interesting  object  on  account 
of  its  exceedingly  graceful  flight.  I  have  seen  it  flying  in  front 
of  the  cafes  and  the  casino  garden,  as  well  as  in  the  wild  places 
in  the  neighbourhood.  Nejjtis  lucilla,  as  well  as  Limenitis  sihylla 
and  L.  Camilla,  are  also  to  be  taken  in  this  locality.  On  the 
woods,  on  the  steep  hill-sides,  Pararge  roxelana  and  P.  climene 
are  sometimes  abundant,  and  on  the  high  ground  Erehia  melas. 
In  this  valley  I  took  what  is  undoubtedly  Lyccena  zephyrus.  I 
do  not  think  this  species  has  been  previously  recorded  from 
Hungary.  Argynnis  paphia  is  very  large  and  brightly  coloured. 
The  commonest  butterfly  is  probably  Melanargia  galatea  var. 
procida.  Thanaos  tages  var.  cervantes  is  common  on  the  banks 
of  the  river.  On  the  Damogled,  a  height  on  the  eastern  bank, 
Erehia  cethiops  var.  leucotcenia  was  common,  and  on  one  occasion 
I  took  what  I  believe  to  be  a  hybrid  between  this  form  and 
E.  ligea,  which  also  occurs.  The  weather  here  was  very  un- 
certain ;  the  first  three  days  of  my  stay  were  lost  as  far  as 
collecting  was  concerned ;  we  had  between  seventy  and  eighty 
hours  of  rain  without  any  cessation  ;  then  followed  four  very 
fine  cloudless  days,  and  afterwards  more  or  less  showery  ones. 

I  here  subjoin  a  list  of  the  species  taken  : — 

Papilionid-e. 
Papilio  jwdalirius.     Buda  Pesth  ;   Herculesbad.     Common. — Var. 
zanclem.     Herculesbad  ;  Belgrade,  July  22nd. 
P.  machaon.     Buda  Pesth.     Not  very  common. 

PlERID^. 

Aporia  cratmji.     Salzburg  ;  Modling  ;  Herculesbad.     Common. 

Pieris  brassiccB.  Salzburg;  Berchtesgaden ;  Modliug;  Buda  Pesth  ; 
Herculesbad.     Common. 

P.  rapa.     Ditto.     Common. 

P.  napi.     Ditto.     Common. — Var.  bnjonia.     Berchtesgaden. 

P.  daplidice.     Buda  Pesth ;  Herculesbad.     Common. 

Euchlo'e  cardammes.     Salzburg ;  Berchtesgaden.     Rare. 

Leptidia  sinapis.  Salzburg  ;  Berchtesgaden ;  Modliug ;  Buda 
Pesth;  Herculesbad.     Common. 

Colias  ediisa.     Modling;  Buda  Pesth ;  Herculesbad.     Common. 

C.  hyale.  Salzburg ;  Berchtesgaden ;  Modling ;  Buda  Pesth  ; 
Herculesbad.     Common. 


BUTTERFLY    COLLECTING   IN    AUSTRO-HUNGARY.  265 

Gonopteryx  rhamni.  Berchtesgaden  ;  Modling  ;  Buda  Pesth  ;  Her- 
culesbad. 

Nymphalid^. 

Apatura  ilia  var.  chjtie.  Several  specimens  came  on  board  the 
steamer  on  the  Danube  between  Vienna  and  Buda  Pesth.  I  also  saw 
it  at  Orsowa. 

Limenitis  Camilla.     Herculesbad.     Common. 

L.  Sibylla.     Herculesbad.     Barer  than  the  last. 

Neptis  lucilla.     Modling ;  Herculesbad.     Rare. 

N.  aceris.     Herculesbad.     Common. 

Pyrameis  atalanta.     Buda  Pesth  ;  Herculesbad.     Rare. 

P.  cardui.     Buda  Pesth  ;  Herculesbad.     Common. 

Vanessa  to.     Buda  Pesth  ;  Herculesbad.     Rare. 

V.  urtica.  Salzburg  ;  Berchtesgaden  ;  Modling  ;  Buda  Pesth ; 
Herculesbad. 

F.  xanthomelas.     Herculesbad.     Only  one  specimen. 

V.  polychloros.     Buda  Pesth.     Rare. 

V.  antiopa.     Salzburg  ;  Buda  Pesth.     Not  common. 

Polygonia  c-album.  Salzburg;  Buda  Pesth  ;  Herculesbad.  Fairly 
common. 

Araschnia  levana.     Berchtesgaden.     One  specimen. 

Melitaa  maturna  var,  urbani.     Salzburg.     Only  one  specimen. 

M.  phiebe.     Buda  Pesth  ;  Herculesbad.     Common. 

M.  didyma.     Salzburg  ;  Buda  Pesth  ;  Herculesbad.     Common. 

M.  athalia.  Salzburg ;  Buda  Pesth  ;  Herculesbad.  At  Buda 
Pesth  extremely  abundant ;  in  some  spots  the  ground  was  literally 
carpeted  with  them. 

M.  aurelia.     Buda  Pesth. 

M.  dictynna.     Berchtesgaden.     Fairly  common. 

Argynnis  eupkrosyne.     Salzburg  ;  Berchtesgaden. 

A.  dia.     Modling;  Buda  Pesth  ;  Herculesbad. 

A.ino.     Salzburg. 

A.  daphne.     Herculesbad.     Not  uncommon. 

A.  aviathiisia.     Herculesbad. 

A.lathonia.     Buda  Pesth ;  Herculesbad.     Common. 

A.  aglaia.     Berchtesgaden. 

A.  adippe.     Modling  ;  Buda  Pesth  ;  Herculesbad. 

A.  -paphia.     Herculesbad. 

Melanargia  galatea.  Salzburg  ;  Berchtesgaden.  —  Var.  procidu. 
Herculesbad. 

Erebia  cBthiops  var.  leucotcenia.     Herculesbad. 

E.  ligea.     Herculesbad. 

Satyrus  circe.     Buda  Pesth.     Very  common. 

8.  semele.     Modling  ;  Buda  Pesth. 

Pararge  egeria.  Salzburg ;  Berchtesgaden  ;  Modling;  Buda  Pesth  ; 
Herculesbad. 

P.  roxelana.     Herculesbad.     Five  specimens  only. 

P.  megcBva.     Herculesbad.     Not  common. 

P.  hiera.     Salzburg.     Common. 

P.  mcera.     Salzburg  ;  Berchtesgaden  ;  Buda  Pesth  ;  Herculesbad, 

P.  achitie.     Berchtesgaden.     Six  specimens. 


266  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST, 

AphantopHs   hyperanthus.       Salzburg  ;    Berclitesgaden  ;    Modling  ; 
Buda  Pestli ;  Herculesbad.     Abundant. 
Epinejohele  janira.     Ditto.     Abundant. 
E.  tithonus.     Ditto. 

Ccenonympha  arcania.     Ditto.     Usually  abundant. 
C.  pamphilns.     Ditto.     Common. 
C.  tiphon.     Salzburg  ;  Berclitesgaden.     Locally  abundant. 

Erycinid^. 
Nemeohius   lucina.      Salzburg  ;    Berclitesgaden  ;    Modling  ;    Buda 
Pestb  ;  Herculesbad.     Commonest  at  Herculesbad. 

Lyc^nid^. 

Thecia  ilicis.     Modling  ;  Buda  Pestli ;  Herculesbad.     Common. 

T.  acacia.     Buda  Pesth.     Rare. 

T.  spini.     Buda  Pestli ;  Herculesbad.     Common. 

T.  w-alhum.     Herculesbad.     Two  specimens. 

Callophrys  ruhi.     Salzburg ;  Buda  Pestli.     Not  common. 

Zephyrus  quercus.     Herculesbad.     Rare. 

ChrysopJumus  viryaurea;.     Herculesbad. 

C.  hippothoe.     Salzburg ;  Berclitesgaden.     Local. 

C.  alciphron.     Herculesbad.     One  specimen. 

C.  phlaas.     Herculesbad. — Var.  eleus.     Herculesbad. 

Lampides  telicahus.     Herculesbad.     Two  specimens. 

Lyccena  aryiades.     Buda  Pesth  ;  Herculesbad.     Common. 

L.  arytis.     Salzburg  ;  Buda  Pesth  ;  Herculesbad. 

L.  aryyronomon.     Salzburg;  Buda  Pesth  ;  Herculesbad. 

L.  zephyrus.     Herculesbad.     One  specimen. 

L.  orion.  Modling  ;  Buda  Pesth  ;  Herculesbad.  Very  blue  above, 
and  with  large  spots  on  under  side,  at  Herculesbad. 

L.  astrarche.     Salzburg  ;   Buda  Pesth  ;  Herculesbad. 

L.  icarits.  Salzburg  ;  Berchtesgaden  ;  Modling  ;  Buda  Pesth  ; 
Herculesbad.     Common. 

L.  hylas.     Berchtesgaden.     Rare. 

L.  bellaryiis.     Herculesbad.     Common.     Also  at  Belgrade. 

L.  corydon.     Buda  Pesth  ;  Herculesbad.     Local. 

L.  admetus.     Buda  Pesth.     Local. 

L.  damone.     Modhng. 

L.  minimus.     Salzburg  ;  Berchtesgaden  ;  Modling  ;  Buda  Pesth. 

L.  semiaryiis.     Salzburg  ;  Berchtesgaden  ;  Modling. 

L.  melanops.     Buda  Pesth.     One  specimen. 

L.  arion.     Berchtesgaden  ;  Modling  ;  Herculesbad. 

Cyaniris  argiolus.     Berchtesgaden  ;  Buda  Pesth. 

Hesperid^. 

Heteroptenis  morpheus.  Buda  Pesth.  Locally  abundant  in  a  wood 
on  the  Schwabenberg. 

AdopcBa  lineola.     Buda  Pesth.     Common. 

A.  tJiawnas.     Buda  Pesth  ;  Herculesbad.     Common. 

A.  actcBon.     Herculesbad.     Common. 

Aiujiades  sylva^ins.     Buda  Pesth  ;  Herculesbad. 


LEPIDOPTERA    IN    AUGUST    IN    SOUTH    DEVON.  267 

Carcharodus  lavaterce.     Buda  Pestli ;  Herculesbad.     Commou. 

C.  alcecE.     Herculesbad. 

Hesperia  alveus.     Herculesbad. — Ysly.  frit  ilium.     Herculesbad. 

These  are  all  the  species  that  I  am  able  to  record  during 
June  and  July,  1900.  No  doubt,  had  the  weather  been  less  un- 
favourable, many  more  species  would  have  been  added  to  the 
list,  especially  in  the  more  elevated  regions.  It  will  be  noticed 
that  very  many  common  species  are  conspicuous  by  their  absence, 
and  several  species  which  might  have  been  reasonably  expected 
to  be  taken,  were  not  found,  such  as  Colias  chrysotheme,  C. 
myrmidone,  Vanessa  l-alhum,  Erebia  melas,  Pararge  climene,  &c. 

All  Saints  Vicarage,  Soutliend-on-Sea. 


LEPIDOPTERA    IN    AUGUST    IN    SOUTH    DEVON. 
By  G.  H.  Heath,  B.A.,  B.Sc. 

With  glowing  visions  of  Laphygma  exigua  and  Leucania  albi- 
puncta  before  my  eyes,  I  arrived  at  Babbicombe  on  Friday, 
Aug.  2nd,  and  promptly  got  to  work.  The  first  two  nights  were 
spent  on  Oddicombe  Beach,  where  white  flower-heads  were 
sugared  for  Leucania  putrescens,  with  very  little  result,  the  few 
specimens  seen  being  badly  worn  ;  in  fact,  out  of  a  dozen  seen 
at  various  times  and  places,  only  two  were  in  fair  condition.  It 
seems  to  have  been  an  early  season  for  this  insect,  some  ninety 
specimens  being  taken  by  one  collector  from  flower-heads  (un- 
sugared)  in  July.  Lantern  and  net  produced  a  good  set  of 
Gnophos  obscuraria,  some  very  dark  forms  turning  up. 

The  rest  of  the  time  was  spent  on  the  cliffs  towards  Torquay. 
I  was  fortunate  in  securing  a  run  adjoining  one  of  the  places 
where  Lithosia  caniola  is  taken.  The  habits  of _  this  msect  are 
very  interesting.  It  seems  to  occur  all  round  this  piece  of  coast 
from  Babbicombe  to  Torquay,  but  to  be  found  in  greater  numbers 
at  certain  favourable  spots.  It  spends  the  day  on  the  perpen- 
dicular face  of  the  cliff,  and  at  dusk,  or  sometimes  just  before  it 
flies  in  numbers  from  its  resting-place  to  the  gorse-bushes  on  the 
steeply-sloping  brow  of  the  cliff.  The  female  probably  comes 
up  first,  and  hides  herself  in  the  bushes,  and  the  males  follow  in 
search  of  her.  So  great  is  the  attracting  power  of  the  females, 
that  as  many  as  eight  males  were  taken,  hovering  over  the  same 
bush,  with  one  sweep  of  the  net.  This  flight  only  lasts  from  ten 
to  fifteen  minutes,  and  on  favourable  nights  the  collector  has  his 
powers  of  rapid  netting  and  boxing  strained  to  the  breaking  point. 
In  choosing  a  position  there  is  a  choice  of  evils.  One  may  stand 
on  the  path  on  the  brow  of  the  cliff,  some  distance  above  the 
real  edge,  where  L.  caniola  is  not  always  so  plentiful,  but  wliere 


268  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

there  is  a  little  room  to  move  ;  or  one  may  scramble  down  30  ft. 
or  so  on  to  the  extreme  brink,  and  net  the  insects  as  they  come 
up,  with  the  pleasant  thought  that  a  too  excited  step  will  land 
one  some  150  ft.  below  on  the  rocks  or  in  the  sea.  That  L.  caniola 
does  not  confine  itself  entirely  to  the  cliffs,  I  proved  by  taking 
three  specimens  from  a  lamp-post  on  my  way  home  about  half- 
past  ten.  My  largest  take  on  any  one  night  was  sixteen,  and 
only  once  in  three  weeks  did  I  fail  to  get  any.  The  total  result 
was  about  sixty  specimens  ;  their  condition  very  fair  for  such  a 
fragile  insect.     Only  one  that  I  saw  really  looked  as  if  just  out. 

For  the  first  week  the  wind  was  in  the  south-west,  and  my 
run  nicely  sheltered,  but  nothing  worth  taking  turned  up.  Then 
came  a  spell  of  strong  east  wind,  and  the  results  grew  worse  and 
worse,  until  matters  reached  a  climax  on  the  21st,  when  only  six 
very  common  things  were  found  on  about  one  hundred  posts. 
This  proved  to  be  the  darkness  before  the  dawn,  which  came  on 
my  last  two  nights,  the  22nd  and  23rd  ;  the  wind  dropped,  the 
air  was  dry  and  fairly  warm,  and  insects  began  to  come  to  sugar. 
By  the  worn  appearance  of  most  of  them,  it  was  not  lack  of 
insects,  but  bad  conditions,  which  had  prevented  them  from 
coming  before.  The  chief  catch  on  the  22nd  was  Leucania  albi- 
puncta,  in  very  fair  condition,  but  by  no  means  fresh  ;  whilst  the 
23rd  was  signalised  by  a  pair  of  Laphygma  exigua — one  fair,  one 
badly  worn. 

Caradrina  amhigua  was  first  taken  on  the  14th,  and  turned 
up  in  ones  and  twos,  but  never  abundantly.  The  takes  of  the  last 
two  nights  also  included  Lohophora  viretata  (netted),  Calymnia 
ajinis,  Noctiia  plecta,  N.  c-nigrum,  Leucania  putrcscens,  L.  pallens, 
Agrotis puta,  A.  suffusa,  and  many  other  common  species  ;  whilst 
a  somewhat  startling  visitor  to  the  sugar  was  Locusta  viridissivia, 
of  gigantic  size.  Apamea  ocidea  occurred  in  bewildering  variety, 
sometimes  approaching  the  colouring  of  Mamestra  persicarice. 

On  the  whole,  but  for  Leucania  albipuncta  and  Laphygma 
exigua,  the  results  were  disappointing.  With  regard  to  the 
latter  insect,  it  did  not  turn  up  till  just  ten  o'clock,  and  was 
found  on  a  post  which  had  been  examined  not  ten  minutes 
before ;  the  second  was  found  fifteen  minutes  later  at  nearly  the 
same  spot.  I  believe  that  systematic  netting  while  examining 
the  sugar  would  produce  more  of  this  rare  little  insect ;  but  this 
requires  a  skilled  companion,  and  is  not  always  possible. 

Day-work  at  Babbicombe  does  not  seem  very  productive. 
Beyond  Bryophila  muralis,  only  a  few  poor  specimens  of  Larentia 
olivata  and  one  Ajiticlea  ruhidata  are  worth  mentioning.  Cidaria 
picata,  said  to  be  found  on  the  Bishop's  Walk,  was  beaten  for  in 
vain,  and,  although  the  second  brood  of  Acontia  luctuosa  was 
carefully  hunted  for,  not  a  single  specimen  was  seen.  Most  of 
the  walls  swarmed  with  BryojjJiila  muralis,  and  I  confined  myself 
to  a  single  piece  about  twenty  yards  long,  clean  and  newish 


A    KEVISION    OF    THE    BRITISH    TORYMINA.  269 

looking,  on  which  the  insects  were  very  easily  seen  ;  on  the  hest 
days  ten  or  twelve  were  taken  from  this  wall  in  as  many  minutes, 
and  on  the  18th  I  found  five  still  on  it  at  one  p.m.  in  full  sun- 
shine. Some  of  the  forms  are  olive-green — a  form  which  seems 
peculiar  to  South  Devon — whilst  others  approach  the  orange 
tint,  for  which  Folkestone  is  famous.  x\ltogether  about  fifty 
were  taken,  and  it  is  possible  to  arrange  them  in  an  unbroken 
series  from  the  colour  of  the  typical  B.  perla  to  the  dark  olive- 
green.  One  fine  large  specimen  was  an  exact  reproduction  in 
miniature  of  Agriopis  apnlina. 

Two  visits  to  Dawlish  were  made  on  the  12th  and  21st 
respectively.  On  the  12th  Callimorpha  her  a  was  just  appearing, 
and  ten  specimens  were  taken — a  few  in  perfect  condition.  The 
yellow  form  {flavescens)  seems  to  have  increased  to  nearly  40  per 
cent,  of  the  captures,  while  the  intermediate  orange  form  is 
getting  more  numerous.  It  is  possible  to  arrange  a  series 
graduated  from  crimson  to  yellow.  On  the  21st  only  four  hera 
were  taken,  but  it  still  seemed  to  be  emerging ;  the  ground  was 
so  thick  with  collectors  that  it  was  almost  impossible  at  ten 
o'clock  to  find  a  hedge  that  had  not  already  been  beaten.  On 
both  days  the  hedges  teemed  with  geometers,  the  best  being 
Zonosoma  porata  and  Acidalia  immitaria.  On  the  21st  a  single 
specimen  of  Colias  ediisa  was  taken,  so  fresh  that  it  had  probably 
only  just  dried  its  wings.  The  afternoon  was  spent  in  the 
warren  in  search  of  JSlesotype  viiriata  ;  in  spite  of  a  strong  east 
wind  eleven  were  taken,  but  more  than  half  were  too  worn  to  be 
of  value. 

Altogether  seventy-seven  different  species  were  taken  in  three 
weeks,  and  many  more  could  have  been  secured. 

102,  Warwick  Street,  Eccleston  Square,  S.W. 


A    CONTRIBUTION    TOWAEDS    A    REVISION    OF    THE 
BRITISH    TORYMINA. 

By  p.  Cameron. 

In  this  paper  I  have  only  dealt  with  the  species  I  have  in  my 
own  collection,  and  mainly  the  species  I  have  reared.  It  is 
really  more  a  revision  of  the  Scottish  species  ;  for,  to  prepare  a 
thorough  revision  of  the  British  species,  it  would  be  necessary 
to  make  a  critical  examination  of  the  collection  of  the  late  Mr. 
Francis  Walker,  now  in  the  British  Museum.  There  is  no 
British  list  with  which  a  useful  comparison  can  be  made ;  but 
Thomson  (Hymen.  Scand.  iv.)  records  fifty-nine  species  from 
Scandinavia,  and  Mayr,  in  his  Monograph  of  the  European 
species  (Verb.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.),  describes   seventy-eight 


270  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

species.  My  work  has  been  greatly  facilitated,  and  the  identity 
of  the  species  placed  beyond  dispute,  by  the  aid  of  a  valuable 
series  of  types  which  I  received  from  Prof.  Gustav  L.  Mayr. 

MONODONTOMEIIUS,   West. 

1.  M.  OBScuRus,  West. 
M.  ohscurus,  Westwood,  Phil.  Mag.  ii.  443 ;  Mayr,  Verb.  z.-b. 

ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  68. 
Callimone  imhescens,  Walker,  Ent.  Mag.  i.  138. 
New  Forest. 

2.   M.  DENTIPES,  Boh. 

Torymus  dentipes,  Boheman,  Vet.  Ac.  Handl.  1833,  335. 
Monodontomerus    dentipes,    Walker,    Ent.    Mag.    ii.    158  ?  ; 

Thomson,  Hym.  Scand.  iv.  67. 
One  specimen  from  Mr.  J.  E.  Fletcher  taken  on  the  windows 
of  his  house  at  Worcester. 

DioMORUs,  IValk. 

3.    DiOMORUS  ARMATUS,  Boll. 

Torymus  armatus,  Boh,  Vet.  Ac.  Handl.  1833,  336. 
Diomorus  nohilis,  Walker,  Ent.  Mag.  ii.  159 ;  Thoms.  Hym. 

Scand.  iv.  72,  1. 
One  example  ;  Clydesdale.     Bramble-stems. 

Syntomaspis,  Foer. 
Syntomaspis,  Foerster,  Hym.  Stud.  ii.  43. 

4,  Syntomaspis  saphirina.  Boh. 
Torymus  sapldrinus,  Boheman,  Vet.  Ac.  Handl.  1833,  371. 
T.  caudatus,  Nees,  Hym.  Ich.  Aff.  Mon.  ii.  60. 
Callimone  qffinis,  Walker,  Ent.  Mag.  1833,  133. 
C.  littoralis,  Walker,  I.e.  134. 

Syntomasjjis  sajihirina,  Thomson,  Hym.  Scand.  iv.  75,  3. 
Common  in  galls  of  Andricus  terminalis. 

5.  Syntomaspis  pubescens,  Foer. 
Torymus  puhescens,  Foerster,  Beitr.  z.  Mon.  d.  Ptero.  p.  xxx. 
Two  examples  bred  from  galls  of  FJiodites  eglanterice ;  Clydes- 
dale.    Not  hitherto  recorded  as  British. 

6.  Syntomaspis  fastuosa,  Boh. 

Torymus  fastuosa,  Boheman,  Vet.  Ac.  Handl.  1833,  347. 

Callimone  iiotatus,  Walker,  Ent.  Mag.  i.  134. 

Syntomaspis  fastuosa,  Mayr,  Verb.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  78; 

Thoms.  Hym.  Sc.  iv.  73. 
Cladich,  Loch  Awe,  June. 


A    REVISION    OF    THE    BRITISH    TORYMINA.  271 

7.  Syntomaspis  cyanea,  Boh. 
Torymus  cyaneus,  Boheman,  Vet.  Ac.  Handl.  1833,  366. 
Callimone  eurynotus,  Walker,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  (2)  126. 
Syntomasjris  cyanea,  Mayr,  Verb.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  79; 

Thorns.  Hym.  Sc.  iv.  74. 
Not  uncommon  in  galls  of  Dryophanta  longiventris. 

Oligosthenus,  Foer. 
8.  Oligosthenus  stigma,  Fah. 
Ex  Bedeguar  galls,  Cbesbire. 

HoLASPis,  Mayr. 
Holaspis,  Mayr  (iion  Gray),  Verb.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  83. 

9.  Holaspis  militaris,  Boh. 
Torymus  holaspis,  Bobeman,  Vet.  Ac.  Handl.  1833,  338. 
Holaspis  militaris,  Mayr,  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  85  ;    Thom- 
son, Hym.  Sc.  iv.  70. 
Tbis  genus  bas  not  been  recorded  from  Britain  before.     I 
owe  its  record  to  Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman,  who  sent  me  some  galls 
of  Aulax  rhoeadis  from  Hereford,   from  which  the  sjDecies  was 
reared. 

Torymus,  Dal. 

Torymus,  Dalman,  Vet.  Ac.  Handl.  1820,  135 ;  Mayr,  Verb, 
z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv. 

Callimone,  Walker,  Ent.  Mag.  i.  119. 

Thomson  (Hym.  Sc.  iv.  60)  separates  Callimone  from  Torymus 
through  differences  in  the  mandibles,  the  form  of  the  metathorax 
and  of  the  costal  cellule,  but  these  differences  appear  to  me  to 
merge  so  much  into  each  other  that  I  can  hardly  look  upon 
them  as  of  generic  value.  Thomson's  Callimone  represents  the 
Section  A  of  Mayr's  Monograph. 

10.  Torymus  erucarum,  Schr. 
Ichneumon  erucarum,  Schrank,  Enum.  Ins.  Austr. 
Torymus  fulgiclus,  Boheman,  Vet.  Ac.  Handl.  1833,  345. 
Callimone  cynipedis.  Walker,  Ent.  Mag.  i.  119. 
Torymus  erucarum,   Mayr,  Verb.  z.-b.   ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  87  ; 

Thoms.  Hym.  Sc.  iv.  86,  11. 
Barton,  Loch  Ken,  Clydesdale.     Bare. 
A  parasite  of  Aphilothrix  radicis. 

11.  Torymus  fulgens,  Fah. 
Ichneumon  fulg ens,  Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  Supp.  230. 
Torymus  fulgens,  Nees,  Hym.  Ichn.  Aff.  Mon.  ii.  61 ;    Mayr, 

Verb.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  88. 
Callimone  rosaces,  Walker,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  xxii.  88. 
Rare.     Clober,  near  Glasgow. 


272  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

12.    TORYMUS    CHRYSOCEPHALUS,   Boh. 

Torynms   clirysocephalus,   Boheman,  Vet.  Ac.   Hancll.  1833, 

340;  Mayr,  Verb.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  89. 
Callimone  rudis,  Walker,  Ent.  Mag.  iv.  25. 
Eare.     Bisbopton. 

13.    ToRYMUS  ABDOMINALIS,  Boh. 

Torijmus  abdominalis,  Bobeman,  Vet.  Ac.  Handl.  1833,  343  ; 

Mayr,  Verb.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  9. 
Callimone  angelicce,  Walker,  Ent.  Mag.  iv.  25. 
Common  in  galls  of  Biorhiza  terminalis,  Aphilothrix  curvator, 
Spathogaster  haccarum,  Dryophanta  divisa. 

14.    ToRYMUS  NOBILIS,  Boh. 

Torynms  nohilis,  Bobeman,  Vet.  Ac.  Handl.  1833,  339;  Mayr, 

Verb.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  92. 
Callimone  rohoris,  Walker,  Ent.  Mag.  i.  120. 
C.  regalis,  Walker,  I.e.  119. 
C.  suhterraneus,  Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  xii.  t.  552. 
Gloucester  ;   London  districts.     Galls  of  Ap)hilothrix  radicis, 
A.  sieholdi  and  Biorhiza  aptera,  all  root  galls. 

15.    ToRYMUS    VENTRALIS,  FoUSC. 

Cynips  ventralis,  Fonsc,  Ann.  Soc.  Nat.  xxvi.  286. 
Callimone  qnadricolor,  Walker,  Ent.  Mag.  i.  120. 
Torymus  ventralis,  Mayr,  Verb.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  93. 
1\  ajinis,  Foerster,  Beitr.  z.  Mon.  d.  Ptero.  xxix. 
Eccles,  Dumfriessbire.     Eare. 

16.  Torymus  regius,  Nees. 
Torymus  regius,  Nees,  Hym.  Icbn.  Aff.  Mon.  1834,  55  ;  Mayr, 

Verb.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  95. 
T.  nigricornis,  Bobeman,  Vet.  Ac.  Handl.  1833,  355. 
Callimone  inconstans,  Walker,  Ent.  Mag.  ii.  159. 
C.  lateralis,  Walker,  I.e.  159. 
C.  devoniensis,  Parfitt,  Zool.  1856,  5074. 
Common.     Galls  of  Cynips  kollari,  Biorhiza  terminalis,  Dryo- 
phantafolii,  Spathogaster  haccarum. 

17.  Torymus  azureus.  Boh. 

Torymus   azureus,  Bobeman,  Vet.  Ac.    Handl.    1833,    369 ; 

Mayr,  Verb.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  100 ;  Tbomson,  Hym. 

Scand.  iv.  84. 
Pertb  ;  from  fir-cones  inbabited  by  Eupithecia  togata. 

18.  Torymus  caudatus.  Boh. 

Torymus   caudatus,  Bobeman,  Vet.   Ac.   Handl.   1833,   365  ; 
Tbomson,  Hym.  Scand.  iv.  84. 


A    REVISION    OF    THE    BRITISH    TORYMINA.  273 

A  Scotch  example  without  note  of  locality,  Worcester  ;  from 
cones  of  Abies  (J.  E.  Fletcher), 

Mayr  unites  T.  azureus  and  T.  caudatiis,  but  Thomson 
regards  them  as  extinct  species.  My  examples  appear  to  show 
a  variation  in  the  length  of  the  ovipositor  compared  to  the 
length  of  the  body, 

19,    TORYMUS   BEDEGUARIS,  L. 

Ichneumon  bedegiiaris,  Linne,  Syst.  Nat.  ii.  939. 

Torymus  forsteri,  Eatzburg,  Ichn.  d,  Forstins,  i.  1844,  178, 

T.    hedeguaris,    Mayr,    Verb.    z,-b,    ges.    Wieu,    xxiv.    101  ; 
Thomson,  Hym,  Scaud,  iv.  87. 

Eare  in  the  "bedeguar"  galls  of  Rhodites  rosce.  Thomson, 
I.e.,  regards  T.  drupanim,  Boh,  sec.  Mayr,  bred  from  the  fruit 
of  Primus  scandica  ;  and  T.  eleqans,  Boh.  sec.  Mayr  =^  varians, 
Walker,  Ent.  Mag.  i.  122. 

2\  varians,  Walker,  I  am  inclined,  if  I  have  correctly  identi- 
fied my  specimens,  to  regard  as  a  good  species,  and  probably, 
as  Mayr  suggests,  identical  with  T.  elegans,  Boh,  It  seems  the 
more  likely  of  2\  varians  being  distinct  from  the  bedeguar 
species  from  its  different  habits,  it  being  a  parasite  on  willow 
Cecidomyife, 

20.  Torymus  vallisnierii,  sp.  nov. 

Viridis,  abdomine  supra  cupreo,  subtus  testaceo  ;  alis  hyali- 
nis  ;  pedibus  flavo-testaceis,  tibiis  posticis  infuscatis. 

Long,  fere  2  ;  terebra  2  mm, 

Clydesdale  ;  ex  galls  of  Nematus  gallicola,  West,  {vallisnierii, 
Htg,). 

Scape  of  antenna3  testaceous  beneath  ;  the  flagellum  shining, 
metallic  purple,  variegated  with  green ;  the  third  and  fourth 
joints  equal  in  length.  Head  dark  purple,  slightly  variegated 
with  green,  shining,  very  minutely  punctured.  Thorax  green, 
strongly  and  closely  punctured,  closely  covered  with  a  micro- 
scopic fuscous  pubescence ;  the  median  segment  almost  impunc- 
tate,  shining,  bare,  more  purplish  in  tint  than  the  mesonotum. 
Pleurae  green,  closely  punctured.  Legs  pallid  yellow,  the  coxse 
green,  except  at  the  apex,  strongly  punctured;  the  hinder  femora 
in  the  middle  distinctly,  the  hinder  tibiae  slightly  infuscated ; 
the  apex  of  the  hinder  tarsi  infuscated  ;  the  longer  spur  of  the 
hinder  tibia  scarcely  one-fourth  of  the  length  of  the  metatarsus. 
Wings  clear  hyaline;  the  nervures  yellow.  Abdomen  dark 
purple,  except  the  basal  segment,  which  is  green,  and  the  sides 
at  the  apex  which  are  shghtly  tinted  with  green  ;  the  ventral 
surface  at  the  base  broadly  testaceous  ;  the  rest  green  suffused 
with  bronzy  tints. 

Comes  nearest  to  T.  ahhreviatus,  but  that  is  a  larger  and 
stouter  species,  has  the  ovipositor  longer,  the  thorax  and  abdo- 
men much  more  bronzy  and  shining,  the  ventral  surface  not 


27-1  THE     ENTOMOLOGIST. 

testaceous,  the  legs  are  of  a  brighter  colour,  and  the  antennae  are 
not  shining  metallic. 

No  species  of  Torymus  has  been  recorded  from  the  galls  of 
Xematus  gallicola ;  but  two  species  of  Eidophus  and  one  Pi^ro- 
malus  have  been  reared. 

21.  Torymus  igniceps,  Mayr. 

Verb,  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  103. 

I  have  a  specimen  from  Clober  Wood,  which  agrees  with 
Mayr's  description,  as  well  as  an  English  example,  differing, 
however,  somewhat  from  it. 

22.    TOEYMTS    ABBREVIATUS,  Boll. 

Torymus  ahhreviatus,  Boheman,  Yet.  Ac.  Handl.  1833,  357; 

Mayr,  Verb.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  105,  20. 
T.  eucJilorus,  Boh.  I.e.  359. 

CalUmone  cldoromerus,  Walker,  Ent.  Mag.  i.  128. 
C.  cequalis,  Walker,  I.e.  129. 

Torymus  cJdorinus,  Foerster,  Beitr.  z.  Mon.  d.  Pter.  xxx. 
Bare.     Gadder  Wilderness  ;    in  galls  of  Cecidomyia  rosce.     It 
is  a  variable  species. 

23.  Torymus  fuscipes,  Boh. 
Torymus  fuscipes,   Boheman,  Yet.   Ac.    Handl.    1833,    374 ; 

Mayr,  Yerh.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  108. 
Two  Clydesdale  examples  identical  with  a  type  from  Mayr. 
Mayr  considers   T.  ehlorocopes,  Boh.,  as  identical  with   T. 
fuscipes ;   but  Thomson  (Hj^m.  Scand.  iv.  85)  considers  the  two 
to  be  distinct.     With  the  material  at  my  command  I  am  unable 
to  give  an  opinion. 

24.  Torymus  junipepj,  L. 
Ichneumon  juniperi,  Linne,  Fauna  Suec.  408,  1635. 
Diphlepls  juniperi,  Fab.  Syst.  Piez.  1804,  150. 
Torymus    amethystimis,    Boheman,   Yet.    Ac.    Handl.    370, 

1833  ■?  ;    Thomson,  Hym,  Sc.  iv.  85. 
Common  in  galls  of  Hormomyia  juniperina,  L.     Clober  Moor, 
Dumbartonshu-e. 

25.  Torymus  hieeenans,  Mayr. 
Yerh.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  Ill,  26. 

Bare.  Clober  ;  in  galls  of  Neuroterus  lenticularis,  in  which 
they  are  laid  in  the  autumn. 

26.  Torymus  tipulariarum,  Zett. 

Torymus  tipulariarum,  Zetterstedt,  Ins.  Lappon.  420;  Mayr, 

Yerh.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  111. 
T.  pumilus,  Eatzburg,  Ichn.  d.  Forstins.  i.  180. 
In  the  "rose  "  galls  of  Cecidomyia  salicis. 


A    REVISION    OF    THE    BRITISH    TORYillNA.  275 

27.  ToRYMUs  MACROPTEEus,  Walker. 
CaUimone  macroptera,  Walker,  Ent.  Mag.  i.  124. 
Tori/mus  pur  pur  asc  ens,  Nees,  Hj'm.  Ich.  Aff.  Men,  ii.  517. 
T.  macropterus,  Mayr,  Verb.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  114,  31. 
Galls  oiRhodites  spi)iosissima ;  Troon,  Arran;  sand-bills  at  New 
Brigbton.  In  galls  of  Diastrophus  ruhi ;  Worcester  (.J.  E.Fletcber). 

28.    TORYMUS    AURATLS,  FoilS. 

Cynips  aurata,  Fons.  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  xxvi.  284. 

Torymus  viridissimus,  Bobeman,  Yet.  Ac.  Handl.  1833,  358. 

CaUimone  autuninalis  and  C.  conjinis,  Walker,  Ent.  Mag.  i.  125. 

C.  mutahilis,  Walker,  I.e.  127. 

C.  leptocerus,  Walker,  I.e.  129. 

C.  minutus,  Walker,  I.e.  137. 

Torymus  musearum,  Nees,  Hym.  Icb.  Aff.  Mon.  ii.  58. 

T.  propinquus,  Foerster,  Beitr.  z.  Mon.  d.  Pter.  xxx. ;  Eatz- 
burg,  Icb.  d.  Forstins,  iii.  223. 

T.  appropinquans,  Eatzburg,  I.  e.  179. 

T.  auratus,  Maja-,  Verb.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  115. 

T.  viridissimus,  Tbomson,  Hym.  Scand.  iv.  90,  18. 

Common  in  many  oak  galls: — Biorhiza  terminalis,  Andricus 
infiator,  A.  curvator,  A.  eirratus,  A.  ramuli,  A.  4-lineatus,  S2)at}io- 
gaster  haccarum,  &c. 

29.  Torymus  amcenus,  Boh. 

Torymus   amoenus,    Bobeman,  Yet.  Ac.   Handl.   1833,   348; 

Mayr,  Yerb.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  117  ;  Tbomson,  Hym. 

Sc.  iv.  89,  15. 
CaUimone  formosus,  Walker,  Ent.  Mag.  i.  122. 
C.  scuteUaris,  Walker,  I.e.  123. 

Torymus  comijressus,  Foerster,  Beitr.  z.  Mon.  d.  Pter.  1841,  xxx. 
Eare.     In  galls  oi  AjiJiUothrix  radicis  and  Trigonaspis  meg- 
aptera.     Clydesdale  and  Locb  Awe. 

30.  Torymus  sodalis,  Mayr. 

Torymus  sodalis,  Mayr,  Yerb.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  120. 
Not  common.     Clober  ;  in  galls  of  Neuroterus  lenticularis. 

31.  ToRY-Mus  dauci.  Curt. 
CaUimone  dauci,  Curt.  Brit.  Ent.  xii.  552. 
Torymus  dauci,  Majr,  Yerb.  z.-b.  ges.  Wien,  xxiv.  118. 
New  Forest.     A  parasite  in  Cecidomyiae  on  Pimpinella  and 
Daucus. 

32.  Torymus  galii.  Boh. 
Torymus  galii,  Bobeman,  Yet.  Ac.  Handl.  1833,  344  ;    Mayr, 
Yerb.    z.-b.    ges.   Wien,    xxiv.    121  ;     Tbomson,    Hym. 
Scand.  iv.  97,  31. 
T.  gracilis.  Walker,  Ent.  Mag.  i.  137. 
Not  common.    Clydesdale ;  in  galls  of  Cecidomyia  gain,  Winn. 


276  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

33.    TOEYMUS    CAMPANULiE,  Caill. 

Torymus  cam2)anid(S,  Cameron,  Ent.  Men.  Mag.  1880,  40. 
Bare  in  galls  of  Cecidomyia  campanul(e ;  Clydesdale. 

34.  Torymus  viridis,  Foer. 
Torymus  viridis,  Foerster,  Beitr.  z.  Mon,  d.  Ptero.  p.  xxx. 
Rare.     Clydesdale  ;    in  galls  of  Rlioditcs  cglanterice. 

35.  Torymus  pruni,  Cam. 
Torymus  pruni,  Cam.  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  1883,  196. 
Milngavie ;  in  galls  of  Cecidomyia  pruni,  Kalt. 


VARIATION    IN    THE    GENUS    EREBIA. 

By  Geoffrey  Smith. 

Part    I. 

During  this  and  previous  years  I  have  collected  this  genus  in 
the  English  Lake  district,  and  in  Savoy,  with  the  purpose,  shared 
by  so  many  collectors,  of  studying  its  variability,  and  the  problems 
connected  therewith.  The  work  of  Dr.  Chapman  (Trans.  Ent. 
Soc.  1898),  who  has  based  a  means  of  identifying  the  different 
species  by  means  of  the  gonapophyses  of  the  male,  has  cleared 
the  way  for  such  studies,  and  is,  I  believe,  absolutely  reliable. 
It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  the  various  species  of  Erebia  are 
extremely  variable  in  their  wing-facies ;  even  when  whole  groups 
have  been  separated  as  persistent  varieties  from  a  type-species 
on  the  characters  of  their  gonapophyses,  &c.,  the  various  sub- 
groups or  varieties  are  not  at  all  homogeneous.  There  is  great 
individual  variability. 

Side  by  side  with  this  fact  I  should  like  to  mention  another 
fact  even  more  striking,  and  that  is  the  great  preponderance  of 
males  over  females  in  the  majority  of  species.  These  two  facts 
seem  to  me  to  be  the  leading  facts  with  regard  to  the  genus, 
and  from  habitually  considering  them  together  I  have  been  led 
to  suppose  that  there  might  be  some  causal  connection  between 
them.  In  trying  to  establish  a  causal  connection  between  these 
two  facts,  it  was  necessary  to  treat  the  subject  from  a  more  or 
less  statistical  point  of  view ;  I  have  therefore  used  the  means 
explained  in  Prof.  Galton's  'Natural  Inheritance'  for  drawing 
out  a  scheme  of  distribution  of  characters.  The  application 
of  this  scheme  will  become  obvious  during  the  course  of  this 
essay. 

I  have  selected  for  the  purpose  in  hand  Erebia  epiphron  var. 
cassiope.     This  variety,  in  the  regions  in  which  I  have  studied  it, 


VARIATION    IN    THE    GENUS    EREBIA.  277 

does  not  mix  at  all  with  the  type-species,  as  the  latter  is  entirely 
absent.  The  males  are  extremely  variable  in  the  character  of 
their  facies;  the  females,  on  the  other  hand,  are  practically  con- 
stant, and  in  the  proportion  of  about  five  to  one  hundred  males. 
(This  question  of  numerical  disproportion  of  sexes  will  be  treated 
of  hereafter.)  Although  I  have  selected  this  variety  as  a  concrete 
example  on  which  to  fix  theoretical  considerations,  the  general 
conclusions  will  apply  to  other  species  and  varieties  of  this  and 
other  genera  where  the  facts  are  similar. 

The  males  of  E.  epiphroii  var.  cassiope  are  widely  variable  in 
their  wing-facies,  but  I  want  to  fix  on  some  variable  character 
that  can  be  treated  numerically.  Obviously  the  black  spots  on 
the  rusty-brown  patches  will  serve  ;  they  are  extremely  variable 
in  number  in  the  males,  and,  I  believe,  constant  in  the  females. 
The  constant  number  for  the  females  will  be  taken  as  nine  (it 
is  really  about  seven),  counting  those  on  fore  and  hind  wing. 
In  Table  I.  is  given  a  list  showing  an  imaginary  percentage  of 
distribution  of  the  spots  among  the  males.  An  imaginary  per- 
centage is  chosen  for  the  sake  of  simplifying  the  numbers ;  it 
does  not  interfere  with  general  conclusions. 

Table  I. 

Sums  from  beginning.  Cases  observed.  No.  of  spots. 

10  10  per  cent,  had  0 

20  10         „  „  1 

25  5         „  „  2 

30  5         ,,  ,,  3 

40  10         „  „  4 

55  15         ,,  ,,  5 

65  10         „  „  6 

75  10         „  „  7 

80  5         „  „  8 

100  20         „  „  9 

The  contention  is  that  if  there  were  equal  numbers  of  males 
and  females — i.e.  if  all  the  individual  males  of  Table  I.,  with 
their  various  numbers  of  spots,  could  pair  with  a  corresponding 
number  of  females  with  their  constant  number  of  spots  (nine) — 
then  the  whole  species  would  tend  to  return  to  the  original  stable 
condition  of  nine  spots  for  males  and  females  alike  ;  but  since 
only  a  small  minority  of  the  males  can  pair,  the  species  is  kept 
in  a  state  of  fluctuation. 

It  is  necessary  to  make  one  preliminary  hypothesis— that 
male  and  female  in  inheritance  each  transmit  half  their  charac- 
teristics, and  that  this  applies  to  the  number  of  black  spots. 
This  ignores  heritages  from  remote  ancestors,  but  I  have  chosen 
J  as  preserving  the  proportion  between  the  two  sexes,  and  not 
complicating  the  figures.     Now,  it  might  be  argued  from  the 

ENTOM. — OCTOBER,    1901.  ^ 


278 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


hypothesis,  that  if  a  male  with  four  spots  paired  with  a  female 
with  nine,  the  offspring  would  have  (^  x  4)  +  (|^  x  9)  =  65^  spots 
each  ;  but  this  is  not  intended,  as  it  is  contrary  to  observation, 
and  also  to  theory,  since,  if  the  different  aberrant  individuals 
bred  true,  they  would  constitute  varieties,  and  this  is  not  the 
case.  What  the  hypothesis  does  maintain  is  that  6|-  spots  repre- 
sent the  average  number  of  spots  distributed  more  or  less  un- 
equally among  the  offspring,  i.e.  it  is  the  "  spot-power"  trans- 
mitted to  the  offspring.  This  may  appear  fanciful,  but  it  must 
be  remembered  that  it  is  symbolical  of  an  established  proba- 
bility, and  also  that  we  are  dealing  with  only  one  factor  in 
heredity. 

Now,  I  want  to  find  the  mean  "spot-power"  of  all  the  indi- 
viduals mentioned  in  Table  I.  This  I  do  by  drawing  a  Scheme 
of  Distribution,  utilizing  for  this  purpose  the  columns  1  and  3  in 
Table  I.     By  this  means  curve  A  of  tig.  I.  is  obtained. 

Fig.  I. 


Note. — The  lines  for  construction  of  curve  B  have  been  rubbed  out, 
but  they  may  be  filled  in  again  according  to  the  explanation  in  the 
note  at  the  end. 


Curve  A  gives  4|-  as  the  mean  "  spot-power." 
Now,  I  want  to  find  out  what  would  be  the  mean  "  spot- 
power  "  of  the  next  generation  if  all  the  individuals  of  Table  I. 
paired  and  produced  offspring.  The  same  percentages  may  be 
taken,  as  it  is  supposed  that  each  pair  produced  an  equal  number 
of  offspring  ;  the  only  difference  between  the  values  in  column  3, 


VARIATION    IN    THE    GENUS    EREBIA.  279 

Table  I.,  and  in  column  6,  Table  IL,  is  that  the  former  represent 
numbers  observed,  and  the  latter  represent  averages  of  numbers 
calculated.  Now,  halving  the  values  for  each  sex,  we  derive  the 
following  numbers  from  Table  I.  : — 

Table  II. 

Spots  calculated 
Spots  ^  2         for  next  genera- 

observed,      heritage,  heritage,  tion  of  males,  fe- 
males ignored.* 


Sums  from 

beginning. 

Cases 

observed, 

10  

.   10  per  cent. 

20  

.   10 

25  

5 

30  

.     5 

40  

.   10 

55  

.   15 

65  

,   10 

75  

,   10 

80  

5 

100  

20 

0  0     +  41  4J 

1   i  +  U  5^ 

2  1     +  41  5i 

3  U  +  41  6 

4  2     +  41  6| 

5  21  +  41  7 

6  3"   +  41  71 

7  31  +  41  8" 

8  4     +  41  81 

9  41  +  41  9" 


The  mean  must  now  be  calculated  from  columns  1  and  6  in 
Table  II.  The  curve  is  shown  in  fig.  I.,  curve  B.  The  mean  is 
about  7. 

If  we  compare  the  two  means  4|-  and  7,  we  see  that  on  the 
condition  of  every  individual  pairing  an  approach  is  made  to  the 
typical  number  of  the  species  (namely,  9),  by  raising  the  mean 
every  generation.  It  need  hardly  be  remarked  that  a  generation 
with  a  mean  "  spot-power  "of  7  is  likely  to  produce  more  indi- 
viduals with  the  typical  9  spots  than  a  generation  with  a  mean 
*' spot-power  "  of  4^,  and  so  on  in  ascending  order.  In  this 
way,  then,  everything  else  being  equal,  the  stability  of  the 
species  would  be  regained  to  a  very  great  degree  after  a  few 
generations. 

Now  it  is  obvious  that,  if  not  only  every  individual  in  the 
tables  does  not  pair,  but,  on  the  contrary,  only  a  very  small 
minority  can  ever  possibly  hope  to,  the  whole  equilibrium  of  the 
system  is  thrown  out  of  order.  A  few  individuals  with  various 
numbers  of  spots  will  succeed  by  chance  in  pairing  with  the  few 
females  that  exist ;  these  will  then  establish  their  "spot-powers" 
for  the  next  generation,  which  will  be  overthrown  in  the  nest  for 
one  also  established  by  chance,  and  not  in  any  regularly  ascend- 
ing scale. 

To  show  that  this  state  of  things  would  not  lead  to  an 
equilibrium,  we  must  follow  the  subject  rather  more  closely. 
Let  us  suppose  that  the  mean  power  7  has  been  acquired  by  a 
generation  in  the  way  described,  and  that  then  the  majority  of 
the  females  has  been  destroyed  before  the  possibility  of  pairing. 

-'■  Reasons  for  ignoring  females  will  be  given  later.  At  present,  regu- 
larity of  increase  is  to  be  noted. 

z2 


280  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Now  only  a  few  of  the  males  can  leave  offspring.  Let  us  say, 
for  the  sake  of  simplicity,  that  only  one  male  with  a  high  power, 
8,  succeeds  in  pairing.  The  oft'spring  of  the  union  of  that  male 
with  a  female  of  the  ordinary  power  9  will  have  a  power  of  8k. 
Now,  among  these  offspring — say,  100  in  number — any  of  the 
powers  from  0  to  9  may  occur  in  as  many  combinations  as  is  pos- 
sible without  altering  the  average  power  8w-  Of  these  offspring 
only  one  again  can  pair,  of  which  we  will  take,  for  the  sake  of  argu- 
ment, one  with  a  power  of  2.  In  the  next  generation,  then,  the 
power  will  be  reduced  to  (|-  x  2)  +  (^  x  9)  =  5  J ;  so  that  the  high 
value  of  the  previous  generation  will  have  been  wasted,  and  to 
no  purpose.  By  this  simple  example  it  is  shown  how  a  con- 
tinuous state  of  fluctuation  would  be  preserved  between  the 
various  possible  powers  owing  to  the  scarcity  of  females. 

In  this  way  I  believe  that  the  two  phenomena  conspicuously 
exhibited  by  the  genus  Erehia — namely,  great  variability  and 
scarcity  of  females  compared  to  males — may  be  brought  into 
causal  connection.  I  have  neglected  numerous  factors,  such  as 
reversion,  continuous  action  of  changed  conditions,  variability  of 
the  female ;  I  have  also  treated  the  spots  on  the  wings  as  definite 
or  particulate  inheritable  entities,  which  may  well  strike  terror 
into  the  heart  of  the  entomologist ;  but  this  has  been  done  more 
as  illustrative  of  a  process  than  as  an  actual  statement  of  one. 

How  far  the  principle  here  numerically  illustrated  may  be  a 
general  one,  I  neither  know  myself,  nor  have  found  stated  in  a 
book ;  but  I  hope  to  work  some  results  out  from  Erehia  material 
in  this  essay.  The  principle  itself  may  be  enunciated  broadly  as 
follows :  that  equality  in  the  relative  number  of  the  sexes  tends 
towards  th  estability  of  a  species,  and  that  a  preponderance  of 
one  sex  tends  towards  fluctuations  of  character,  even  though  the 
actual  tendency  to  vary  remains  the  same. 

In  the  case  considered  the  female  was  not  a  variable  quantity, 
bat  in  other  cases  the  variability  of  the  female  will  have  to  be 
taken  into  account,  which  will  alter  the  problem  somewhat,  as 
a  mean  value  will  have  to  be  substituted  for  the  constant  4|-  in 
our  tables.  This  does  not  apply,  however,  to  the  particular 
example  under  consideration,  which  has  been  taken  to  give 
simple  numerical  exjH-ession  to  a  rule  which  probably  acts  in 
nature  extremely  complexly,  and  which  will  be  considered  in 
different  aspects  later  on. 


Explanation  of  Fig.  I.— The  percentages  in  columns  1  of  Table  I. 
and  1  of  Table  II,  are  recorded  on  the  graduated  lower  line.  The 
number  of  spots  in  columns  3  of  Table  I.  and  6  of  Table  II.  determine 
the  height  of  the  vertical  lines  to  be  erected  at  the  corresponding 
grades  on  the  lower  line.  The  points  of  intersection  of  the  vertical 
and  perpendicular  lines  are  joined  by  a  curve.  To  find  the  mean  a 
perpendicular  is  drawn  from  grade  50  to  meet  the  curve,  and  from 


ACHERONTIA    ATROPOS    AND    SPHINX    CONVOLVVLI.  281 

the  point  where  this  line  meets  the  curve  a  vertical  line  is  drawn  to 
the  scale  recording  the  number  of  spots.  The  point  where  the  line 
meets  the  scale  is  the  mean  (M).  This  mean,  so  calculated,  has  several 
properties  :  when  the  curve  is  symmetrically  disposed  on  either  side  of 
it,  it  is  equal  to  the  arithmetical  mean,  and  this  is  the  case  with  the 
curves  given  here,  so  that  the  figures  4^  and  7  might  have  been  obtained 
by  the  ordinary  method  of  averaging ;  but  I  determined  to  throw  the 
figures  into  the  form  of  a  scheme,  as  this  method  will  be  of  advantage 
later  on.  Although  curves  A  and  B  are  normal  with  respect  to  their 
M,  they  are  not  normal  in  general  slope.  Curve  C  is  an  example  of  a 
curve  normal  in  slope  and  in  all  respects.  The  bearing  of  these  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  curves  on  the  subject  will  be  seen  in  the  sequel, 

(To  be  continued.) 


ACHERONTIA    ATROPOS    AND    SPHINX    CONVOLVULI    IN 
THE    HARWICH   DISTRICT. 

By  Fleet  Paymaster  Gervase  F.  Mathew,  R.N.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 

On  August  14th  a  labourer  brought  me  a  fine  larva  of 
A.  atropos  and  said  that  he  found  it  under  a  bush  while  he  was 
looking  for  mushrooms.  This  I  doubted,  but  it  showed  me  that 
the  larviTB  were  already  full  grown,  and  as  I  wanted  to  breed  a 
few  to  renew  my  old  series,  I  paid  a  visit  the  following  afternoon 
to  a  potato-field  not  far  from  my  bouse,  and,  after  a  couple  of 
hours'  search,  succeeded  in  finding  seven,  nearly  all  full  grown. 
They  were  magnificent  creatures,  all  bright  golden  green  with 
the  usual  oblique  blue  stripes  and  dots.  They  were  not  difficult 
to  find,  for  by  walking  slowly  between  the  rows  of  potatoes  one 
could  see  where  the  larva  had  been  feeding,  as  the  haulms  in 
many  instances  were  nearly  stripped,  and  if  the  larva  had  not 
buried  it  w^as  usually  to  be  found  upon  the  under  side  of  one  of 
the  lower  leaves.  I  found  many  plants  so  eaten  by  larvte  that 
had  already  gone  down,  which  shows  that  they  have  been 
numerous  and  early  this  season.  Where  the  plants  were  not  of 
luxurious  growth  the  larva  was  easy  to  see  some  distance  off,  and 
one  fine  fellow  I  detected  nearly  a  hundred  yards  away,  as  it 
rested  on  a  bare  stem,  where  it  looked  very  conspicuous  in  the 
rays  of  the  setting  sun. 

My  children  were  very  much  excited  at  my  capture  of  these 
huge  caterpillars,  and  the  next  morning,  the  16th,  four  of  them 
set  out  at  6  o'clock  to  look  for  more.  When  they  came  home  to 
breakfast  they  said  they  had  found  three,  but  that  they  were 
smaller  than  mine,  and  two  of  them  were  green,  and  the  third 
nearly  black,  and  their  horns  were  smooth ;  so,  after  breakfast, 
I  went  out  into  the  garden  to  have  a  look  at  them,  and  directly 
I  saw  the  first,  which  they  took  out  of  the  large  breeding-cage  in 


282  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

which  they  had  been  placed,  I  exclaimed,  "  Why,  bless  me,  this 
is  a  convolvuli,  not  a  death's-head  ! "  and  then  one  of  the  children 
remarked,  '*  I  expect  the  others  are  the  same,"  and  so  the  next 
one  was  ;  but  the  third — the  dark  one — was  not  forthcoming, 
having  escaped  through  a  hole  in  the  muslin  wall  of  the  cage 
while  we  were  at  breakfast,  and  although  a  diligent  search  was 
made  it  could  not  be  found. 

Of  course  I  was  very  much  pleased  at  the  sight  of  a  British 
example  of  the  larva  of  convolvuli,  never  having  met  with  it 
before  in  this  country,  though  I  have  frequently  taken  it  on  the 
Continent.  My  children  told  me  that  they  found  one  on  the 
ground  between  the  rows  of  potatoes,  one  on  a  potato  haulm, 
and  the  third  fell  oflf  as  they  were  walking  among  the  plants.  I 
may  as  well  mention  that  this  field  is  situated  on  the  slope  of  a 
hill,  that  the  soil  is  of  a  light  and  sandy  nature,  and  the  ground 
very  foul,  the  potatoes  being  almost  choked  in  places  with 
masses  of  small  bindweed  (C.  arvensis),  chenopodium,  knot- 
grass, &c.  After  this  grand  discovery  I  was  anxious  to  try  and 
find  one  of  these  larvse  myself,  so  I  went  off  to  the  field  at  once 
and  hunted  till  lunch  time,  the  result  being  the  capture  of  one 
convolvuli  larva  (the  brown  variety,  as  figured  in  Buckler's 
'  Larvae  of  British  Butterflies  and  Moths,'  vol.  ii.,  plates  21  and 
22)  and  six  more  larv«  of  atropos ;  but  I  found  traces  in  several 
places  where  other  larvae  of  convolvuli  had  been  feeding,  and  by 
the  size  of  the  frass  had  most  likely  already  buried.  The  frass 
of  convolvuli  is  rather  elongated,  and  smaller  at  one  end  than  at 
the  other,  whereas  that  of  atropos  is  square,  or  brick-shaped ; 
moreover,  the  frass  of  the  latter  lies  in  a  mass  under  the  plant 
upon  which  the  larva  has  been  feeding,  while  that  of  the  former 
is  found  at  intervals  upon  the  ground,  and  by  this  means  the 
larva  can  be  traced. 

On  the  morning  of  the  17th  I  went  to  another  potato-field, 
more  than  a  mile  away  from  the  first  one,  and  worked  from  10 
until  1  p.m.,  finding  one  more  convolvuli  and  five  more  atropos. 
In  this  field  the  haulms  were  of  most  luxuriant  growth,  being 
quite  knee-deep,  and  the  ground  had  been  more  carefully  farmed, 
so  that,  with  the  exception  of  one  corner,  there  was  very  little 
bindweed  to  be  seen.  This  condition  of  things  made  it  more 
difficult  to  see  the  larvae,  and  the  atrop)os  I  almost  walked  against 
before  I  noticed  them.  The  convolvuli  I  found  just  as  I  was 
leaving  the  field.  It  was  a  small  one  about  half  grown,  and  was 
high  up  upon  a  potato  haulm,  up  which  some  of  the  bindweed 
was  creeping. 

On  Monday  morning,  the  19th,  I  received  a  small  box  by 
post  from  a  coast-guard  man  stationed  at  Cornhill,  near  Dover, 
with  a  note  to  say  that  he  thought  the  caterpillar  enclosed  "  is 
the  D.  H.  moth,"  but  when  I  opened  the  box  I  found  it  contained 
a  fine  and  nearly  full-grown  larva  of  convolvuli,  which  had  been 


ACHERONTIA    ATROPOS    AND    SPHINX    CONVOLVULI.  283 

packed  with  cabbage  and  potato-leaves,  and  so  was  in  rather  a 
famished  condition,  as  it  had  been  travelling  since  Saturday  the 
17th.  It  began  to  feed  ravenously  at  once,  and  in  a  few  days 
was  full  grown,  and  had  attained  to  dimensions  nearly  as  large 
as  my  largest  atropos.  This  was  a  green  larva,  and  as  far  as  my 
experience  goes  green  is  the  typical  colour. 

This  is  both  a  convolvnli  and  atropos  year,  for  between  the 
19th  ultimo  and  the  date  of  this  paper  I  have  taken  or  had 
brought  to  me  eight  more  larvae  of  the  former  and  more  than 
twenty  of  the  latter,  besides  having  seen  convolvnli  flying  at  late 
honeysuckle  in  my  garden,  and  having  had  several  of  the  moths 
brought  to  me.  I  have  also  noticed  traces  of  the  larvae  of  both 
species  in  every  potato-field  I  have  visited  in  this  neighbourhood, 
and  the  larvae  of  atropos  have  occurred  in  every  little  patch  of 
potatoes  in  the  cottage  and  allotment  gardens  around  Harwich 
and  Dovercourt. 

As  we  have  no  weekly  paper,  and  in  order  that  my  brother 
entomologists  might  know  that  these  larvae  were  about,  I 
wrote  to  several  of  the  daily  papers  to  inform  them,  so  that 
they  might  be  on  the  look-out  for  them  before  it  was  too 
late.  The  result  of  this  was  that  I  was  overwhelmed  with  appli- 
cations from  all  sorts  of  people,  asking  me  to  send  them  larvae, 
pupae,  or  the  perfect  insects  of  each  species.  I  also  received 
several  letters  from  gentlemen  on  the  occurrence  of  convolvnli, 
from  which  I  learn  that  it  has  been  taken  near  Bridport,  Manor 
Park,  and  Rye,  and  that  it  has  been  numerous  in  Jersey. 

In  the  above  remarks  I  have  stated  that  I  believe  the  green 
to  be  the  typical  form  of  convolvnli,  so  perhaps  it  will  be  as  well 
to  give  a  short  description  of  the  larva. 

(A.)  Typical  form.  Bright  apple-green,  with  narrow  black 
lines  between  the  skin  folds;  oblique  stripes  bright  yellowish 
green ;  head  green,  with  black  stripes  each  side  of  the  cheeks ; 
horn  orange-red,  tipped  with  black. 

(B.)  Var.  1.— As  above,  but  with  a  subdorsal  row  of  square- 
shaped  black  spots,  and  a  large  black  blotch  above  each  spiracle. 

Var.  2. — Apple-green,  with  the  oblique  stripes  broadly  bor- 
dered above  by  purplish  black,  the  stripes  nearly  meeting  over 
the  back,  and  those  on  the  last  two  segments  running  up  to  the 
base  of  the  caudal  horn. 

Var.  3.— The  brown  variety,  as  figured  by  Buckler,  but 
difficult  to  describe. 

It  is  a  hard-feeling  larva  to  the  touch,  and  when  annoyed 
curls  itself  into  a  ring,  or  violently  jerks  itself  from  side  to  side. 

Dovercourt,  Essex  :  Sept.  10th,  1901. 


284  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

DESCRIPTIONS    OF    FOUR   NEW   SPECIES    OF   NOCTUID^ 
FROM    THE    TRANSVAAL. 

By  W.  L.  Distant. 

The  moths  here  descrihed  will  be  figured  in  my  '  Insecta 
Transvaaliensia,'  and  I  have  to  thank  Sir  G.  F.  Hampson  for 
his  assistance  in  rendering  their  generic  localisation  in  unison 
with  his  revision  of  the  family. 

Proruaca  harmonica,  sp.  n. 

Head  and  pronotum  griseous  brown,  the  eyes  and  anterior  margin 
of  the  pronotum  distinctly  darker ;  abdomen  greyish  white,  its  apex 
fuscous  ;  sternum  ochreous  white,  the  legs  dark  brownish,  more  or 
less  mottled  with  greyish  white,  especially  the  tibife  and  tarsi.  Anterior 
wings  griseous  brown,  crossed  at  about  one-third  from  base  with  an 
inwardly  oblique  and  outwardly  much  angulated  dark  fascia,  and  with 
a  similarly  coloured  but  wider  fascia  commencing  near  outer  angle,  and 
at  about  oue-third  from  its  base  bifurcating,  the  outer  branch  reaching 
costal  margin  near  apex,  the  inner  branch  inwardly  curved  and  reaching 
costal  margin  near  the  apes  of  the  subbasal  fascia,  the  outer  margin 
of  the  bifurcated  fascia  being  somewhat  broadly  dark  purplish  brown, 
with  two  prominent  spinous  angulations ;  posterior  wings  creamy 
white,  the  apices  of  the  veins  and  a  submarginal  line  palely  fuscous. 
Both  wings  beneath  creamy  white,  anterior  wings  with  the  apex  dusted 
with  fuscous,  and  with  a  marginal  series  of  pale  fuscous  spots  ;  posterior 
wings  marked  as  above.     Exp.  wings,  40  millim. 

Hah.     Pretoria. 

Xanilioptera  carcaroda,  sp.  n. 

Head,  pronotum,  and  anterior  wings  dark  chocolate-brown  ;  abdo- 
men, body  beneath,  legs,  and  posterior  wings  very  pale  fuscous ;  legs 
speckled  and  spotted  with  brown.  Anterior  wings  with  obscui'e  darker 
lineate  spots,  and  with  an  apical  marginal  series  of  castaueous  short 
lanceolate  fascia,  the  outer  marginal  fringe  alternately  marked  with 
greyish  ;  posterior  wings  with  the  fringe  greyish.     Long.  32  millim. 

Hah.     Lydenburg  district. 

Eutelia  callichroma,  sp.  n. 

Body  above  pale  ochraceous,  a  macular  central  transverse  fascia, 
and  a  subbasal  spot  to  pronotum,  two  inwardly  bent  central  discal 
fascia  to  abdomen  united  posteriorly  and  containing  three  intermediate 
spots  dark  brownish  ochraceous ;  body  beneath  and  legs  pale  ochra- 
ceous, the  tibiffi  and  tarsi  mottled  with  greyish  white.  Anterior  wings 
ochraceous,  mottled  with  brownish  ochraceous,  with  two  short  oblique 
purplish  brown  fasciae,  the  first  at  about  one-third  from  base  inwardly 
directed  from  beneath  discoidal  cell  to  inner  margin,  the  second  at 
about  one-third  from  apex  outwardly  directed  from  costal  margin  to 
less  than  one-half  across  apical  area,  the  inner  fascia  preceded  and  the 
outer  fascia  followed  by  a  pale  castaueous  spot  marghied  with  ochreous 


A    GUIDE    TO    THE    STUDY    OF    BRITISH    AVATERBUGS.  285 

white  ;  the  inner  fascia  is  also  broadly  outer  margined  with  ochreous 
white,  and  is  succeeded  above  by  a  large  patch  of  plumbageous  freckles; 
a  subapical  transverse  dark  fascia  inwardly  much  augulated,  and  mar- 
gined with  ochreous  white  ;  posterior  wings  ochreous  white,  with  two 
outer  submarginal  dark  brown  fascife,  the  outermost  not  reaching 
inner  angle.  Wings  beneath  paler,  markings  more  or  less  obsolete,  a 
distinct  discoidal  spot  to  posterior  wings.  Exp.  wings,  28  millim. 
Hah.     Lydeubiirg  district. 

Plusia  arachnoides,  sp.  ii. 

Head  and  pronotum  dark  brownish  ochraceous,  with  transverse 
narrow  greyish  fascife,  abdomen  and  body  beneath  very  pale  brownish 
ochraceous,  legs  brown,  speckled  with  creamy  white.  Anterior  wings 
obscure  castaneous,  the  veins  greyish,  and  with  the  following  greyish 
linear  fascife  :  two  inwardly  oblique  about  one-fourth  from  base,  ex- 
tending from  beneath  discoidal  cell  to  near  base  of  inner  margin,  two 
outwardly  oblique  crossing  wing  near  centre  of  discoidal  cell,  and  a 
duplex  series  of  two,  inwardly  curved  near  apex,  scarcely  crossing  wing 
half-way  ;  posterior  wings  ochraceous,  very  broadly  outwardly  fuscous, 
fringe  greyish  white  ;  anterior  wings  beneath  brownish  ochraceous, 
posterior  wings  generally  as  above.     Exp.  wings,  32  millim. 

Hab.     Pretoria. 


NOTES    ON    THE    DIVISION    VELIIARIA    [RHYNCHOTA] 
(  =  SuBFAM.    YELWM,   Leth.  &  Sev.). 

By  G.  W.  Kirk.\ldy,  F.E.S. 

This  division  is  in  hopeless  generic  confusion  at  present,  and 
a  revision  is  impossible  without  an  inspection  of  all  the  types. 
The  tarsi  of  the  intermediate  and  posterior  legs  are  nearly 
always  more  or  less  distinctly  trisegmentate,  but  as  a  rule  the 
anterior  tarsi  are  only,  apparently,  composed  of  a  single  seg- 
ment; close  inspection  shows  the  presence  of  one  or  two  other 
segments,  but  whether  these  are  real  sclerites  or  merely  "nodes," 
like  those  found  between  certain  of  the  antennal  segments  in — 
e.g.—Gerris,  is  contested.  Accordingly,  then,  as  authors  have 
considered  them  as  segments,  or  nodes  (or  have  overlooked  them 
altogether),  have  they  described  the  anterior  tarsi  as  1-,  2-,  or 
3-segmentate.  Thus  Neovclia,  F.  B.  White,  and  Trochojms, 
Carnenter,  are  probably  not  generically  distinct  from  Rhagovelia, 
Mayr;  Veliomorpha,  Carlini,  is  also  probably  identical  with 
Microvelia,  Westw.  ;  it  is  doubtful,  too,  if  Paravelia,  Breddin, 
can  be  regarded  as  distinct  from  Velia,  Latr.  PevittojJus,  Fieber, 
described  from  India  (generically  only)  in  a  work  on  European 
bugs,  is  now  described  in  full  for  the  first  time  after  a  lapse  of 
forty  years.  The  other  genera  included  in  Lethierry  and  Severin's 
Catalogue  are  unknown  to  me  except  by  description. 


286  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

The  Yeliiaria  are  readily  distinguished  bj'  the  forni  of  the 
sterna,  which  are  subequal  in  length  among  themselves,  by  the 
short  stout  antennne,  the  short,  often  stout,  legs,  &c.  They 
are  lacustrine,  or  fluvialile,  except  a  few  estuarine  species  of 
Rhagovelia. 

Peeittopi'S,  Fieher. 

1861,  Europ.  Hemiptera,  p.  33. 

Apterous  form :  suboval ;  rostrum  short,  antennae  short,  stout. 
Pronotum  narrowly  collared  in  front.  Anterior  tarsi  apparently  uni- 
segmentate  (two  minute  basal  nodes  or  segments),  intermediate  and 
posterior  tarsi  distinctly  trisegmentate.  Claws  inserted  posterior  to 
the  apex,  in  a  slight  cleft.  Connexiva  well  developed,  broad.  Type, 
P.  breddini,  Kirk. 

P.    BEEDDIM,  Sp.  nOV. 

=:'?  P.  riifiis,  Fieber,  I.e.  (inedit). 

Ocelli  large  and  distinct,  a  little  nearei'  to  the  eyes  than  to  one 
another  or  to  the  base  of  the  head.  First  three  segments  of  antennae 
subequal  in  length,  fourth  about  one-fifth  longer  than  third,  fusiform. 
Kostrum  reaching  to  middle  of  the  broadly  sulcate  mesosternum. 
Pronotum  coarsely  punctured,  subconstricted  laterally  (forma  aptero) 
at  a  little  more  than  a  third  of  its  length,  and  tuberculo-elevate 
posterior  to  the  constriction ;  subangulate-rotundate  posteriorly. 
Femora  not  or  scarcely  incrassate.  Segments  of  intermediate  tarsi 
almost  subequal  (8:9:  10).  First  segment  of  posterior  tarsi  very 
short,  third  slightly  longer  than  second. 

Sanguinescent ;  antennae  and  legs  black ;  anterior  femora  (except 
apex),  base  of  intermediate  and  posterior  femora,  pallid  fulvous;  fourth 
segment  of  rostrum  black.  Eyes  greyish  black  ;  ocelli  rubid.  Centre 
of  pronotum  blackish.  Abdomen  black ;  connexivum,  segments  six 
and  seven,  and  genital  segments  pale  sanguineous  brownish.  Ventral 
surface  fulvous  ;  legs,  &c.,  paler. 

?  .     Apical  margin  of  seventh  segment  above,  truncate. 

Long.  4  mill.  ;  lat.  If  mill. 

Hah.     East  Java,  Tengger  Mts.  (coll.  Breddin). 
We  owe  the  rediscovery  of  this  handsome  little  species  to 
the  exertions  of  Mr.  Fruhstorfer. 

Ehagovelia. 
Rhagovelia,  Mayr,  1865,  Yerh.  Zool.-bot.  Ges.  Wien,  p.  445  ; 

Champion,  1898,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.  Ehynchota  II.  p.  133; 

Kirkaldy,  1899,  Boll.  Mus.  Torino,  xiv.  No.  350,  p.  4,  and 

1900,  'Entomologist,'  p.  71  (type,  nigricans  (Burm.)  )• 
Bcecula,  Stal,  1866,  Hem.  Afric.  iii.  p.  167. 
Neovelia,  F.  B.  White,  1879,  Journ.  Linn.   Soc.  Lond.  xiv. 

p.  487  (type,  trailii,  White). 
Trochopus,  Carpenter,   1898,  Ent.  Mo.    Mag.   xxxiv.    p.  78 

(type  [marinus,  Carp.  =  ] ,  phanbea,  Uhl). 

(To  be  continued.) 


287 


NOTES    AND     OBSERVATIONS. 

A  FEW  Notes  on  rearing  Cossus  ligniperda.  —  Having  been  re- 
peatedly told  that  it  was  difficult  to  rear  this  species,  I  determined  to 
try  for  myself,  and  in  September,  1900,  collected  a  dozen  larvfe  from 
tree-trunks  in  this  district.  I  placed  them  in  a  glass  jar  with  some 
pieces  of  an  oak-branch,  covering  the  top  with  a  piece  of  glass,  and  a 
weight  to  keep  the  larvae  from  forcing  their  way  out.  They  fed 
readily,  and,  spinning  together  the  particles  of  gnawed  wood  and 
grass,  converted  the  whole  into  a  nearly  solid  elastic  mass,  in  which 
they  seemed  very  contented.  Thus  they  remained  until  the  beginning 
of  February,  1901,  when  the  jar  was  accidentally  broken,  and  I  trans- 
ferred the  larvfe  to  a  tin  biscuit- box  in  company  with  some  pieces  of 
poplar-bark.  A  few  holes  punched  in  the  lid  gave  ventilation,  and  I 
did  not  open  the  tin  again  until  June  20th.  On  that  date,  having 
occasion  to  visit  the  outhouse  in  which  I  had  placed  them,  I  took  off 
the  lid  to  see  how  the  larvae  had  fared,  and  found  that,  of  my  twelve 
larvfe,  one  (probably  injured  when  the  glass  jar  was  broken)  was  dead, 
one  was  still  feeding,  and  there  were  ten  pup^e.  These  I  removed  to  a 
breeding-cage,  placmg  them  on  the  bare  wooden  floor,  and  it  was  most 
amusing  to  watch  them  travel  over  this  by  means  of  their  segmental 
hooks  ;  with  a  curious  sideway  twist  of  the  tail  they  got  up  quite  a 
respectable  pace.  The  first  insect  (a  male)  emerged  on  July  14th,  and 
the  remaining  nine  (six  males,  three  females)  during  the  following 
week,  the  last  two  making  their  appearance  on  the  23rd.  They  are  all 
fine  specimens,  the  three  females  being  quite  as  large  as  any  I  have 
seen.  During  the  hot  days  of  September  I  have  often  seen  the  larvae 
of  C.  Ivjniperda  apparently  sunning  themselves  on  the  trunks  of  in- 
fested trees  ;  they  keep  the  anal  claspers  just  within  the  mouth  of  the 
burrow,  and  at  the  least  alarm  slip  in  backwards,  and  it  needs  some 
practice  to  catch  them  ;  if  you  do  not  seize  them  firmly  at  the  first 
attempt,  they  slip  through  your  fingers  and  are  gone. — T.  B.  Andrews; 
276,  Broadway,  Bexley  Heath,  Kent,  August  24th,  1901. 

Second  Brood  of  Epinephele  ianira  and  E.  tithonus. — At  Paignton, 
in  South  Devon,  Mr.  H.  xVlain  found,  on  August  20th,  E.  ianira  in 
numbers  in  the  freshest  of  condition,  constituting  without  doubt  a 
second  brood  ;  and  on  August  22nd,  near  Teignmouth,  I  met  with 
E.  tithonus  under  the  same  circumstances.  E.  tithonus  was  flying 
•with  poor  worn  specimens  of  the  earlier  brood.  The  fresh  insects 
were  particularly  rich  in  colour,  and  in  both  eases  the  fringe  on  the 
wings  was  very  perfect. — W.  J.  Lucas. 

Davus  var.  rothliebi  at  Delamere. — I  have  read  with  considerable 
interest  Mr.  Arkle's  remarks  on  the  Delamere  form  of  the  above  insect 
{ante,  p.  257).  I  have  collected  some  hundreds  of  specimens  from  this 
locality,  and  agree  with  Mr.  Arkle  in  this,  that  the  ocelli  are  on  the 
average  much  larger  than  those  of  specimens  from  other  districts  ;  but 
I  must  confess  that  I  have  never  been  so  fortunate  as  to  take  one  with 
the  ground-colour  of  the  under  wings  "  white,"  or,  more  extraordinary 
still,  with  "  spots  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  across  "  (an  enormous 
proportion  to  the  size  of  the  wing),  nor  have  1  seen  a  single  specimen 


288  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

anything  approaching  those  described;  and,  being  an  entomologist 
who  pleads  guilty  to  "a  weakness  for  'spots'  and  'undersides'," 
I  fervently  hope  that  Mr.  Arkle  will  exhibit  these  remarkable  aber- 
rations at  one  or  more  of  the  Entomological  Societies,  and  thus  give 
pleasure  to  many  who,  like  myself,  are  interested  in  the  variation  of 
species. — B.  H.  Crabtree  ;  "The  Acacias,"  Levenshulme,  Sept.  12th, 
1901. 

Pterostoma  palpina  double-brooded.  —  I  was  much  surprised,  on 
looking  one  morning  last  month  in  my  breeding-cage,  to  find  five 
freshly-emerged  specimens  of  the  above-named  species — two  males 
and  three  females ;  and  on  visiting  a  friend  near  here  a  night  or  so 
later  I  found  that  he  had  had  the  same  experience  with  his.  We  have 
made  inquiries,  and  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  appearance 
of  a  double  brood,  the  imagos  of  which  are  about  the  normal  size,  is 
most  unusual.  I  may  add  that  at  the  present  time  I  have  healthy 
larvae  feeding  from  a  pairing  of  this  brood. — A.  J.  Lawrance  ;  Bromley 
Common,  Kent,  September  11th,  1901. 

Lepidoptera  of  Lewis. — Mr.  H.  McArthur,  who  has  been  collecting 
in  Lewis,  the  most  northern  island  of  the  Hebrides  or  Western  Isles  of 
Scotland,  returned  to  London  early  in  September.  Although  he  found 
sugar  unattractive  for  moths,  he  succeeded  in  getting  together  a 
most  interesting  collection.  The  series  of  one  or  two  of  the  species 
obtained  are  especially  fine  as  regards  aberration  from  typical  lines, 
and  he  has  also  secured  specimens  of  some  species  not  previously 
recorded  from  the  locality.  We  are  indebted  to  him  for  an  opportunity 
of  seeing  the  entire  collection,  but  must  defer  further  remarks  thereon 
until  next  month. 

Late  Brood  of  Pachycnemia  hippocastanaria. — On  July  25th,  1898, 
I  took  P.  Mppncastanayia  in  the  New  Forest.  The  following  year 
(July  20th)  several  specimens  were  obtained  by  my  father  and  myself 
at  Oxshott.  These  were  all  taken  on  heaths  in  the  daytime.  This 
year  we  took  two  very  fine  fresh  specimens  (August  4th)  at  Woking  by 
searching  the  heather  at  night  with  a  lantern.  Is  this  insect  regularly 
double-brooded  ?  Of  the  four  books  I  have  by  me,  Meyrick  gives  May 
only,  as  also  does  Morley.  Newman  says  May,  and  in  France  a  second 
brood.  Hofmann  says  July  and  August  on  the  Continent,  but,  as  he 
also  gives  these  months  for  the  larva,  there  is  probably  some  mistake. 
One  would  be  glad  to  know  other  collectors'  experiences  with  this 
insect. — F.  M.  B.  Carr  ;  46,  Handen  Road,  Lee,  S.E. 

I  took  a  male  specimen  of  P.  hippocastanaria  at  Oxshott  on 
July  17th  last,  and  was  then  under  the  impression  that  a  summer 
generation  of  this  species  was  unusual.  Mr.  Barrett,  however,  in  the 
recently  published  vol.  vii.  of  his  '  Lepidoptera  of  the  British  Islands,' 
states  that  emergence  takes  place  in  April  and  May,  sometimes  as 
early  as  March,  and  that  there  is  "a  partial  second  generation  in 
August."  In  'British  and  European  Butterflies  and  Moths,'  by 
Kappel  and  Kirby,  the  time  of  the  imago  is  given  as  "April  to  July." 
Other  authors  consulted  only  give  the  date  of  spring  brood. — R.  S. 

Three  generations  of  Selenia  illustraria  in  one  Year. — S.  illas- 
iraria  being  generally  double-brooded,  I  thought  perhaps  the  following 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  289 

details  of  my  experience  would  be  interesting.  From  some  chrysalids 
received  in  exchange  I  obtained  specimens  from  March  12th  to  the  21st 
inclusive,  the  first  being  a  male,  which  I  killed,  thinking  it  only  an 
isolated  case  of  abnormally  early  appearance.  On  the  IGth,  however, 
I  was  surprised  to  see  another  out,  also  a  male  ;  and  on  the  17th  a  fine 
pair,  from  which  I  obtained  fertile  ova  ou  the  18th  and  19th.  These 
began  hatching  on  April  11th,  the  larvse  beginning  to  pupate  on 
May  22nd,  the  moths  emerging  from  June  7th  to  17th  inclusive. 
From  these  I  obtained  ova  on  June  11th,  12th,  and  13th,  the  larvfe 
appearing  ou  June  20th  and  27th,  and  starting  to  pupate  on  August  8th; 
and  of  course  I  expected  these  to  hyberuate  in  the  pupa  state,  and  was 
considerably  surprised  to  see  a  specimen  in  the  cage  on  August  20th, 
and  others  on  the  21st,  22nd,  and  23rd,  all  beiug  males.  I  was  disap- 
pointed at  this,  but  on  the  26th,  however,  I  was  delighted  to  see  a  pair 
in  the  cage,  from  which  I  obtained  fertile  ova,  which  commenced 
hatching  on  the  9th  inst.  I  have  thus  succeeded  in  obtaining  three 
distinct  broods,  the  latter  of  which  were  the  same  size  as  the  ordinary 
second  brood.  Now  I  come  to  what  I  think  the  most  curious  part  of 
my  experience,  as  I  have  still  six  large  larvae  and  two  which  spun  up 
yesterday  from  the  same  lot  of  ova  that  produced  imagines  from 
August  20th  to  2Gth  inclusive.  They  are  about  three  times  the 
size  of  those  which  pupated  from  August  8th  on.  Thus,  you  will 
observe,  I  have  larvae  from  the  same  batch  of  ova,  some  of  which 
pupated  in  six  weeks,  and  two  in  about  ten  weeks  ;  while  I  still  have 
six  feeding  up,  and,  if  I  am  successful  in  rearing,  should  produce  very 
large  specimens.  All  dates  and  particulars  given  in  the  above  I  have 
taken  from  my  diary,  which  I  keep  posted  from  day  to  day,  and  which 
I  find  a  splendid  plan  for  reference  should  one  require  to  obtain  fresh 
series  of  any  particular  spocies  at  any  time.  —  Richard  Gtarratt  ; 
5,  Clive  Crescent,  Pcuarth. 

Sesiid.e  of  Nor.Tii  America. — We  have  just  received  vol.  i.  part  6, 
of  the  '  Memoirs  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,'  dated 
March,  1901,  which  contains  a  "  Monograph  of  the  Sesiida;  of  America, 
North  of  Mexico."  It  contains  136  pages  of  letterpress,  and  eight 
excellent  coloured  plates  of  the  moths,  and  the  galleries  of  their  larvte 
in  the  interior  of  the  trunk,  branches,  stems,  or  roots  of  the  plants 
which  they  attack.  There  are  additional  illustrations  in  the  text,  and 
a  very  full  bibliography.  The  scientific  portion  of  the  work  seems  to 
be  excellently  done,  and  the  destructive  character  is  referred  to  of  some 
of  the  species,  of  which  the  best  known  is  our  own  Currant  Clearwing 
[Sesia  tipuliformis),  which  has  been  introduced  with  the  currant  into 
many  other  parts  of  the  world,  and  is  now  common  in  Europe,  North 
America,  Australia,  and  even  New  Zealand.  The  references  given  by 
Mr.  Beutenmiiller  fill  more  than  two  of  his  very  large  pages,  in  very 
small  type.— W.  F.  K. 

NoRTHuiMBEKLAND  Odonata.— Mr.  G.  Bolam,  of  Berwick-on-Tweed, 
has  forwarded  to  me  for  identification  several  dragonflies  from  the 
North  of  Northumberland,  They  are  Sympetrum  striolatam  (Chathill) ; 
-S'.  scoticum  (Chathill) ;  Libellula  depressa  ;  L.  quadrimaculata,  including 
one  of  the  immigrants  to  Berwick  noticed  last  year  ;  jEschna  cyanea, 
of  which  Mr.  Bolam  says   that   it   is    "the   most  common   or  best 


290  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

distributed  dragonfly  in  these  parts  and  far  north  into  Scotland  "  ; 
Ischnura  elerians  (Chatbill).  The  most  interesting  are  L.  depressa,  of 
which  I  had  uo  definite  records  north  of  Cheshire  (though  De  Selys 
says  it  is  found  in  all  three  parts  of  the  British  Isles),  and  Ji.  cyanea, 
previous  records  of  which  north  of  Yorkshire  needed  confirmation. 
In  connection  with  the  last  it  should  be  stated  that,  although  the 
specimen  sent  was  AL.  cyanea,  it  is  quite  possible  that  some  of  the 
numbers  mentioned  by  Mr.  Bolam  should  be  referred  to  its  close 
congener,  ^E.  juncea,  which  is  much  more  of  a  northern  insect. — 
W.J.Lucas;  Kingston-on-Thames. 

Visitors  to  Sugak. — From  time  to  time  several  uninvited  visitors 
to  lepidopterists'  sugar  have  been  recorded  in  these  pages,  chiefly 
amongst  the  Neuroptera  and  Orthoptera.  A  few  more  have  come 
under  my  notice  during  1901.  Phnjganea  minor  was  taken  in  the  New 
Forest  on  July  27th ;  and  Microptenia  lateralis  in  the  New  Forest  in 
August ;  while  the  little  cockroach  Ectobia  panzeri  occurred  freely  at 
Dawlish  in  the  middle  of  August.  At  Dawlish  also  there  were  con- 
siderable numbers  of  a  brown  insect  belonging  to  the  Thysannra, 
while  in  the  New  Forest  two  species  of  Myriapoda  were  noticed. — 
W.  J.  Lucas  ;  Kingston-on-Thames. 

LarvjE  of  Cassida  equestris  feeding  on  Hemp-nettle. — Towards 
the  end  of  July,  Mr.  Step  gave  me  some  larvae  and  pupae  of  a  species 
of  Cassida  which  he  had  found  on  Wisley  Common  feeding  on  hemp- 
net'tle  (Galeopsis  tetrtihit).  I  succeeded  in  rearing  the  specimens,  which 
it  was  thought  would  turn  out  to  be  one  of  the  uncommon  species  of 
Cassida ;  they  however  proved  to  be  C.  equestris.  I  do  not  think  it  is 
known  that  this  species  feeds  on  Galeopsis.  Fowler  gives  its  food- 
plant  as  species  of  Mentha,  or  mint.  The  specimens  were  only  six 
days  in  the  pupa. — S.  W.  Kemp. 

Notes  on  Vanessa  io  and  V.  cardui.  —  It  would  be  somewhat 
interesting  to  know  the  reason  of  Vanessa  io  being  less  abundant, 
especially  in  some  districts,  than  either  V.  atalanta  or  V.  urticoi. 
Feeding  as  the  larva  do  on  the  nettle  so  often  abundantly  distributed 
as  a  weed,  and  at  times  when  both  those  other  insects  may  be  com- 
monly seen,  it  seems  difficult  to  account  for  the  non-appearance  of  this 
butterfly.  According  to  my  own  experience,  it  certainly  seems  to  rather 
favour  some  districts  more  than  others  at  the  present  day.  In  many  a 
secluded  valley  in  Wales,  in  some  quiet  combe  of  Somerset  or  Devon, 
there  I  have  seen  it  in  moderate  numbers,  season  after  season,  when  I 
I  heard  of  its  non-appearance  in  other  localities  apparently  quite  as 
favourable  to  its  production — and  that,  too,  when  urticm  and  atalanta 
have  been  abundant.  In  Glamorganshire,  Carmarthenshire,  Cardigan, 
Montgomeryshire,  Brecon,  and  Merioneth,  I  have  seen  both  larvae, 
these  especially  abundant  at  times,  and  the  imago  for  several  seasons. 
But  I  well  remember,  when  a  lad,  that  the  "  Peacock,"  as  we  then 
called  it,  used  frequently  to  appear  in  gardens  in  Wiltshire  in  the  early 
autumn  at  the  blossoms  of  the  asters  and  other  flowers.  Can  the  cause 
for  this  apparent  scarcity  arise  from  any  ichneumon  parasite  attacking 
the  larva  being  more  abundant  in  some  districts  than  others?  or 
may  the  imagines  be  more  delicate,  and  perhaps  perish  during  their 


CAPTURES    AND    FIELD    REPORTS.  291 

liybernatiou  ?  or  may  the  larvfe  be  more  often  attacked  by  birds  in 
some  places  than  others  ?  As  regards  hybernation,  the  Welsh  valleys 
would  be  both  moister  and  in  many  instances  colder  in  the  winter  than 
in  some  other  counties.  In  fact,  it  seems  one  of  those  mysteries  in 
insect  life  difficult  to]  comprehend  and  explain.  And  then  of  Vanessa 
cardui  '.  its  food-plant,  a  perfect  pest  often  to  the  agriculturist, 
increased  of  late  years  in  many  districts,  and  yet  this  butterfly  is 
scarcely  seen  season  after  season.  In  referring  to  my  notes,  I  have 
only  recorded  1892  as  a  good  cardui  year,  although  some  few  appeared 
in  1891,  and  this  in  a  seventeen  years'  record.  But  cardui  prefers,  I 
think,  warm  dry  districts  like  the  limestone  or  chalk. — T.  B.  Jefferys  ; 
Bath. 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS. 

PiERis  DAPLiDiCE  IN  Jersey.  —  On  Aug.  9th,  while  collecting  at 
Pontac,  in  Jersey,  I  obtained  a  very  good  specimen  of  P.  daplidice.  I 
should  like  to  know  if  this  butterfly  occurs  commonly  in  the  island. — 
S.  F.  P.  Blyth;  Cleeveland,  Chislehurst,  Kent,  Sept.  4th,  1901. 

CoLiAs  HYALE  IN  BERKSHIRE. — Tliis  is  now  the  second  year  in  suc- 
cession it  has  been  my  good  fortune  to  take  the  pale  clouded-yellow 
butterfly,  my  first  capture  this  season  being  on  Aug.  20th,  at  Streatley, 
flying  over  clover.  I  then  netted  two  specimens,  and  saw  another,  which 
I  failed  to  catch.  Since  this  date  I  have  taken  four  more,  all  being 
very  perfect,  and  apparently  freshly  emerged.  Although  I  have  carefully 
searched  lucerne  and  clover  fields,  in  full  bloom,  for  C.  edusa,  up  to  the 
present  I  have  not  seen  one.  This  is  somewhat  curious,  considering 
how  plentiful  it  was  in  both  Oxfordshire  and  Berkshire  last  year. — 
Harold  Thompson;  31,  Beaumont  Street,  Oxford,  Sept.  11th,  1901. 

COLIAS    EDUSA  AND   C.    HYALE    IN    BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. 1   had    my  first 

glimpse  of  C.  hyale  on  Aug.  18th,  at  Chesham,  when  I  gave  chase  to  a 
specimen  that  was  flying  rapidly  over  a  clover-field.  It  was  not 
captured.  On  the  19th,  when  journeying  from  Chesham  to  Rickmaus- 
worth,  I  noted  one  C.  hyale  flitting  about  a  small  patch  of  lucerne, 
close  to  the  line  near  Chalfont  Road  station.  Finding  clover-fields 
rather  scarce  at  Rickmansworth,  on  the  21st  I  went  to  Chalfont  Road 
and  took  two  (7.  hyale  on  the  patch  of  lucerne  referred  to ;  also  two 
more  from  clover- fields  when  returning  to  Rickmansworth.  I  went 
again  on  the  22ud  and  took  seven  specimens,  and  on  the  morning  of 
the  25th  (a  hazy  morning)  I  netted  four,  and  one  example  of  C.  edusa. 
Other  hijale  were  seen,  but  only  the  one  edusa. — G.  B.  Oliver;  Tetten- 
hall,  Wolverhampton,  Aug.  27th,  1901. 

CoLiAs  HYALE  IN  EssEX.— We  have  at  Southend  this  year  an  abun- 
dance of  C.  hyale.  I  have  not  seen  it  here  in  such  numbers  since  the 
summer  of  1892 ;  then  it  was  accompanied  by  C.  edusa;  this  year  the 
latter  species  is  absent.— (Rev. )  Henry  C.  Lang  ;  All  Saints  Vicarage, 
Southend-on-Sea,  Sept  3rd,  1901. 

CoLiAs  HYALE  IN  HAMPSHIRE.— I  had  a  fine  specimen  of  this  butter- 
fly brought  to  me  by  a  friend  this  morning,  who  also  saw  another, 


292  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

which,  however,  he  failed  to  capture.  It  is  the  white  form  and, 
judging  from  its  fine  condition,  it  appeared  to  be  newly  emerged. — 
Feed.  G.  Bellamy  ;  Eingwood,  Sept.  6th,  1901. 

CoLiAs  HYALE  IN  Kent.  —  During  a  short  stay  at  Folkestone,  in 
August,  I  took  one  female  C.  hyale  on  the  5th,  and  although  I  kept  a 
sharp  look-out  during  the  succeeding  days  for  others,  did  not  see 
another  until  the  13th,  when  over  some  lucerne  I  captured  two 
females  and  one  male.  Ova  were  obtained  from  two  of  these,  but  in 
neither  case  have  they  proved  fertile.  These  were  all  the  Colias  I  saw 
during  the  fortnight  I  spent  in  the  neighbourhood. — Joseph  H.  Car- 
penter; Eiverdale,  Leatherhead,  Sept.  6th,  1901. 

I  have  found  this  species  pretty  plentiful  this  year  in  Margate, 
Broadstairs  and  Eamsgate  district.  I  arrived  at  Margate  on  Aug. 
24th,  and  they  had  then  been  flying  a  fortnight ;  a  friend  up  to  that 
time  had  taken  fifty.  On  the  26th  a  north-westerly  gale  sprang  up, 
and  continued,  in  varying  degrees,  till  the  31st,  when  I  left.  In  every 
patch  of  lucerne  in  the  district  which  came  under  my  observation 
C.  hijale  was  to  be  seen.  I  had  very  little  time  to  do  any  collecting, 
and,  as  so  often  happens,  when  I  had  a  net  the  wind  was  strongest,  and 
the  sky  became  overcast ;  and  when  I  had  none  the  sun  shone  brightly, 
and  Injale  was  plentiful.  I  managed,  however,  to  bag  in  all  thirty-two 
specimens,  including  two  worn  and  two  fresh  pale  females,  twenty  of 
which  I  took  in  an  hour  and  a  half,  during  a  fine  interval  on  the  30th. 
Given  more  leisure,  and  better  luck  in  the  way  of  weather,  I  have  no 
doubt  I  could  have  trebled  the  number.  I  did  not  see  a  single  speci- 
men of  C.  edusa.  At  Folkestone,  on  Sept.  5th — a  grand  day — not  a 
single  specimen  of  either  C.  lujale  or  edusa  was  to  be  seen,  and  I  have 
only  heard  of  a  few  being  taken  there. — C.  W.  Colthrup  ;  127,  Barry 
Eoad,  East  Dulwich,  S.E.,  Sept.  17th,  1901. 

I  noticed  a  fair  number  of  C.  hyale  on  the  cliffs  beyond  Margate  a 
week  or  two  since. — (Eev.)  Henry  C.  Lang  ;  All  Saints  Vicarage, 
Southend,  Sept.  3rd,  1901. 

0.  hyale  has  again  made  its  appearance  in  this  district.  I  took 
four  freshly-emerged  specimens  on  the  18th  inst.,  and  two  on  the  21st, 
and  have  seen  three  others.  I  kept  a  sharp  look-out  on  the  lucerne 
fields  all  spring  and  early  summer  but  did  not  see  one,  and  had  almost 
given  up  hope.  Last  year  I  took  several  specimens  in  June,  and  in 
September  I  obtained  about  thirty. — T.  B.  Andrews;  276,  Broadway, 
Bexley  Heath,  Kent,  August  24th,  1901. 

CoLiAs  edusa  in  Kent. — Since  my  note  of  the  24th  inst.  on  C.  hyale, 
C.  edasa  has  also  put  in  an  appearance  ;  I  yesterday  took  twenty-five 
(twenty-four  males  and  one  female),  and  saw  many  more.  Hyale  is 
now  more  abundant  than  this  time  last  year,  but  among  thirty  odd 
captures  to  date  I  have  only  taken  five  females. — T.  B.  Andrews  ; 
276,  Broadway,  Bexley  Heath,  Kent. 

CoLiAS  HYALE  AND  C.  EDUSA  IN  Kent. — While  Collecting  at  Folke- 
stone (Aug.  19th  to  31st),  with  the  help  of  two  of  my  sons,  we  managed 
to  net  about  a  dozen  fine  C.  hyale,  but  only  saw  two  C.  edasa.  Lycaina 
bellaryus  (second  brood)  were  out  in  plenty  on  the  20th,  but  all  males. 
We  did  not  see  one  female  until  the  23rd. — W.  E.  Butler;  Hay  ling 
House,  Eeading,  Sept.  7th,  1901. 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  293 

Two  friends  and  myself  captured  thirty-three  specimens  of  Colics 
/ii/al,'  and  two  of  C.  edusa,  over  lucerne  at  Sheerness,  on  August  24th 
last.  I  have  now  several  larva3  feeding  of  the  former  species  from 
ova  deposited  during  the  last  week  of  August.  As  usual,  we  found  the 
females  much  scarcer  than  the  males  ;  in  fact,  excepting  four  or  five 
all  were  of  the  latter  sex.— F.  W,  Frohawk  ;  September,  1901. 

CoLiAs  HYALE  IN  SuRREY.— I  saw  a  uice  specimen  of  C,  lujale  here  on 
Aug.  31st.  I  was  particularly  pleased  at  seeing  it,  since,  although  I 
kept  a  sharp  look-out,  I  did  not  see  one  last  year.— L.  M.  Seth  Smith- 
Alleyne,  Caterham  Valley,  Surrey.  ' 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Bucks.— Two  young  entomologists,  Messrs. 
Clavell  and  Ruthven  Hore,  of  Dulwich  College,  have  shown  me  a  fine 
male  specimen  of  the  Camberwell  Beauty,  which  they  captured  in  a 
garden  at  Gerrards  Cross,  near  Uxbridge,  Bucks,  on  Sept.  7th.  It  is 
in  very  good  condition,  so  that,  according  to  current  theories,  I 
suppose  that  it  was  born  and  bred  in  England  from  Continental 
parents  that  came  over  in  the  spring.  I  may  mention  that  the  borders 
of  the  wings  are  completely  white,  although  this  character  is  now  con- 
sidered insignificant  for  distinguishing  English  from  Continental 
specimens.— Geoffrey  Siiith  ;  Ivy  Bank,  Beckenham. 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Essex. — Mr.  A.  W.  Taucock,  writing  from 
Chelmsford,  records  in  the  'Field':  "We  had  a  Camberwell  Beauty 
{Vanessa  antiopa)  here  on  Sept.  7th.  We  saw  it  sunning  itself  on  a 
wall  of  the  stable  for  several  minutes  shortly  before  one  o'clock,  and 
could  easily  have  caught  it  if  we  had  wished.  It  was  seen  in  the 
kitchen-garden  later  in  the  afternoon.  It  was  a  fairly  good  specimen." 
F.  W.  Frohawk. 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Sussex. — A  specimen  was  seen  settled  on  a 
sunflower  at  Southwick,  Sussex,  on  Aug.  26th  last.  My  informant 
almost  succeeded  in  capturing  it,  having  placed  a  net  over  both  flower 
and  butterfly,  but  it  managed  to  escape  by  darting  downwards  through 
the  foliage.— F.  W.  Frohawk;  September,  1901. 

Limenitis  SIBYLLA  IN  WooLMER  FoREST. — On  July  17th  of  this  year 
I  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  this  insect  in  abundance,  in  the  glades 
between  the  Portsmouth  Road  and  Waggoner's  Wells,  near  Grayshott. 
A.  0.  Rowden;  6,  Eastgate,  Exeter. 

Apatura  IRIS  in  Sussex. — A  splendid  example  of  A.  iris  was  taken, 
near  Heathfield,  on  July  22nd  last.  It  is  a  male  insect,  and  is  in  perfect 
condition. — W.  Delves,  Jun. ;  Maynards  Green,  HorehamRoad,  Sussex. 

Cyaniris  argiolus  abundant  at  Southend. — This  species  has  been 
very  abundant  here  at  Southend  this  season.  It  frequents  my  garden 
and  other  localities  in  the  district  every  year,  but  this  year  we  have 
seen  it  everywhere.  The  second  brood  has  been  specially  noticeable 
by  the  unusual  number  of  specimens,  and  even  now,  in  the  first  week 
of  September,  some  stragglers  are  left.  I  noticed  a  specimen  about  the 
second  week  of  August,  flying  down  Arundel  Street,  Strand ;  perhaps 
the  species  has  established  itself  in  the  Temple  Garden. — (Rev.)  Henry 
C.  Lang  ;  All  Saints  Vicarage,  Southend. 

ENTOM. — OCTOBER,    1901.  2  A 


294  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Lyc^na  minima  (alsus)  double-brooded. — With  reference  to  Mr.  L. 
M.  Setli-Smith's  note  [ante,  254)  on  the  capture  of  a  perfect  specimen 
of  the  above  species  on  Aug.  5th,  I  found  this  little  buttertly  in  some 
numbers  at  a  certain  locality  in  Western  Hertfordshire,  on  Aug.  3rd 
last.  All  the  specimens  actually  captured,  nine  in  number,  were  in 
perfect  condition,  and  had  the  appearance  of  having  only  recently 
emerged. — Philip  J.  Barraud  ;  Bushey  Heath,  Herts. 

AcHERONTiA  ATROPos  IN  Kent. — I  have  had  a  single  pupa  of  this 
species  given  me  at  Deal,  but  it  does  not  seem  nearly  so  plentiful  there 
this  year. — C.  W.  Golthrup;  127,  Barry  Road,  East  Dulwich,  Sept. 
17th,  1901. 

AcHERONTiA  ATROPOS  IN  NoRFOLK. — From  the  October  issue  of  the 
'  Entomologist,'  1900,  I  noticed  that  the  larvae  of  the  above  species 
had  been  very  abundant  in  Norfolk  last  year.  I  write  now,  after  but 
a  brief  month's  residence  in  Norwich,  to  report  that  it  is  undoubtedly 
very  common  in  the  neighbourhood  this  year.  From  Aug.  20th  to 
Sept.  11th  I  have  found  nine  atropos  larv^,  received  three  pupae  from 
potato-diggers,  and  traced  twenty  other  specimens.  Though  I  had  to 
snatch  an  hour  or  two  when  I  could  spare  time,  I  have  cycled  out  of 
the  city  on  three  or  four  points  of  the  compass,  and  almost  in  every 
case  found  atropos  in  the  very  first  patch  of  potatoes.  For  the 
majority  I  was  too  late,  but  systematic  searching  soon  revealed 
denuded  plants,  with  the  frass  lying  in  quantities  below.  The  ninth 
larva  has  entered  the  cocoa-nut  fibre  provided  for  it,  to-day. — (Rev.) 
Arthur  Miles  Moss;  The  Close,  Norwich,  Sept.  14th,  1901. 

AcHERONTiA  ATROPOS  IN  NoRFOLK. — I  beg  to  report  the  occurrence 
here  of  three  full-grown  larvae  of  A.  atropos.  The  last  of  the  three  I 
obtained  on  Sept.  9th,  one  on  Aug.  24th,  whilst 'the  first  one  was  found  on 
July  2Sth,  and  went  down  into  the  soil  on  that  date.  I  had  a  number 
of  Smerinthus  ocellatus  larvae  ;  these  were  all  full-grown,  and  had  gone 
down  into  the  earth  before  the  end  of  July.  Previously  I  had  never 
found  full-grown  larvte  before  the  middle  of  August  and  during  Septem- 
ber.— J.  W.  WooLHousE  ;  Summer  Hill,  Fakenham,  Norfolk,  Sept. 
17th,  1901. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  at  Bromley,  Kent, — I  caught  a  very  fine  speci- 
men of  S.  convolvuli  on  Aug,  30th,  in  my  garden  here,  at  the  blooms 
of  Nicotiana  afinis. — L.  F.  Hill  ;  2,  Freelands  Road,  Bromley,  Kent. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  in  Thanet.  —  Two  specimens  of  S.  convolvuli, 
both  males,  in  very  fine  condition,  have  been  picked  up  at  Margate, 
Sept.  4th  and  9th  (I  also  received  a  third  specimen  from  Bridport, 
Dorset,  taken  Sept.  3rd;  the  latter,  a  female,  exactly  4i  in.  across, 
travelled  alive  in  a  tin  cigarette-box  without  much  damage).  —  J.  P. 
Barrett  ;  3,  St.  John's  Villas,  Margate. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  in  Norfolk. — I  received  a  living  specimen  of 
S.  convolvuli  on  Aug.  20th.  It  was  found  here  at  rest  under  some 
leaves. — J.  W.  Woolhouse  ;  Summer  Hill,  Fakenham,  Norfolk. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  near  Southampton. — On  Aug.  13th  I  caught  a 
very  large  specimen  of  5.  convolvuli,  flying  over  tobacco-flower  in  a 
garden   at   Hythe,   near   Southampton.      Two  nights   later   another 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  295 

specimen  appeared,  which  I  also  caught ;  both  are  females,  in  very 
good  condition,  though  not  absolutely  perfect.  Towards  the  end  of  the 
month  I  saw  another  specimen,  flying  in  the  rain,  which  I  failed  to 
capture. — S.  W.  Kemp  ;  80,  Oxford  Gardens,  Netting  Hill. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  in  Surrey. — On  Aug.  25th  last  I  found  a  speci- 
men of  S.  conrolvuli,  at  rest  on  a  paling  here. — L.  M.  Seth-Smith  ; 
Alleyne,  Caterham  Valley,  Surrey. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  in  Sussex. — A  fine  specimen  of  S.  convohidi 
was  taken  here  on  Aug.  12th,  and  two  or  three  have  been  seen  since. 
W.  Delves  ;  Maynard's  Green,  Horeham  Eoad,  Sussex,  Sept.  3rd. 

I  was  given  a  fine  living  specimen  of  Spliin.v  convolvuli  a  short  time 
ago.  It  had  been  captured  by  one  of  the  railway  officials,  and  my 
friend  saw  it  reposing,  quite  quietly,  near  the  booking-office  at  Lewes 
station.  The  man  stated  there  were  several  in  the  gardens  near  the 
line. — J.M.  H.  Mackinnon;  Oaklea  Warren,  Newick,  Sussex,  Sept.  10th. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  in  Scotland. — A  fine  specimen  of  8.  convolvuli 
was  taken  at  Elgin,  on  Aug.  13th  last. — Henry  H.  Brown  ;  Cupar  Fife. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  Pupa. — I  have  recently  received  a  very  fine 
living  pupa  of  8.  convolvuli,  which  was  found  by  a  person  employed 
digging  potatoes  on  the  Sussex  coast,  on  Sept.  4th.  This  is  the  first 
living  specimen  I  have  seen,  found  in  this  county.  In  searching 
through  the  '  Entomologist,'  vol.  i.  to  present  date,  I  find  only  two 
pupfe  are  recorded  as  having  been  found,  one  on  Oct.  18th,  1876,  and 
one  on  Oct.  31st,  1884.  I  think  there  is  no  doubt  that  8.  convolvuli 
pupffi  are  but  very  seldom  found,  yet  I  think,  if  more  careful  observa- 
tion were  kept  by  potato-diggers,  they  would  be  more  frequently  turned 
up,  especially  as  potato-fields  overgrown  with  the  wild  convolvulus 
{Convolvuhis  arvensis  and  C  sephun)  are  usually  the  places  where  the 
larvffi  feed.  I  may  mention  that  my  friend,  Mr.  Jos.  F.  Green, 
informs  me  that  in  North  Sufiblk  5.  convolvuli  has  swarmed  since  Aug. 
17th  last ;  on  that  evening  he  captured  seven  specimens,  and  they 
occurred  so  commonly  each  subsequent  evening  at  the  tobacco  plants 
that  he  gave  up  capturing  them.  I  have  also  received  specimens 
from  Sussex  and  Ireland,  and  notices  of  their  appearance  in  Scotland. 
F.  W.  Frohawk;   September,  1901. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  in  London  District.  —  I  have  pleasure  in 
announcing  the  capture  of  a  specimen  of  the  above  insect  near  here, 
on  the  20th  inst.,  at  rest  on  the  framework  of  an  electric  street-lamp, 
in  full  glare  of  its  rays.  The  evening  was  very  showery,  but  at  the 
time  of  capture  there  was  no  rain  falling.  — ■  Geo.  P.  Kitchener  ; 
7,  Montpelier  Road,  St.  John's  College  Park,  N.W.,  Sept.  21st,  1901. 

Macroglossa  stellatarum. — We  saw,  for  the  first  time  this  year, 
M.  stellatarum ,  on  the  evenings  of  Sept.  7th  and  8th.  Last  year  several 
haunted  the  garden  (especially  a  bed  of  PJdo.v  druuDiwndii)  from  the 
end  of  July  on  into  November. -J.  M.  H.  Mackinnon. 

Macroglossa  stellatarum  in  Thanbt. — M.  stellatarum  made  its 
appearance  on  Midsummer  Day,  apparently  having  hybernated  from 
October  last  (see  ante,  p.  21).  I  saw  dozens  early  in  July,  but  none 
before  Midsummer.     They  were  then  in  good  condition,  but  rapidly 


296  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

battered  themselves.  I  think  (and  I  liave  reason  for  thinking  so)  we 
have  one  brood ;  the  larva  is  full-fed  now,  and  the  imago  hvbernates 
from  October  to  May  or  June.  I  should  like  corroboration  or  other- 
wise of  this. — J.  P.  Barrett  ;  3,  St.  John's  Villas,  Margate. 

Sterrha  sacraria  in  Worcestershire. — I  have  just  received  from  a 
neighbour,  Mr.  T.  F.  Bode,  a  specimen  of  S.  meraria,  taken  in  August 
of  last  year,  in  his  garden.  The  capture  of  this  rare  insect,  described 
as  "  a  casual  immigrant  only,"  in  the  very-  heart  of  England,  seems 
worthy  of  note. — (Eev.)  A.  Day  ;  The  Vicarage,  Malvern  Link, 
Worcestershire. 

Orobena  externalis  (margaritalis)  in  Suffolk.  —  I  should  like  to 
record  the  capture  of  0.  e.vtemalix  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Tudden- 
ham,  Suffolk  ( r/Jc  Bloomfield's  '  Lepidoptera  of  Suffolk,'  Supplement, 
p.  4).  I  took  the  first  specimen  in  1898,  about  the  middle  of  June. 
This  year  I  found  them  plentiful  in  one  field,  and  a  friend  took  twenty 
specimens  in  the  same  field  a  few  days  afterwards.  This  species  is 
recorded  for  Cambridgeshire,  I  believe,  but  not  previously  for  Suffolk. 
— E.  G.  J.  Sparke  ;  1,  Christchurch  Villas,  Tooting  Bee  Koad, 
Tooting,  S.W.,  Sept.  24th,  1901. 

XANTfflA  GiLVAGo  AT  TooTiNG. — I  took  a  good  Specimen  of  X.  gilvago 
at  sugar,  in  the  garden  here,  about  9  o'clock  last  night.  Last  year  I 
captured  two  examples  of  this  moth  in  the  same  place,  and  about  the 
same  time,  but  they  were  somewhat  damaged. — E.  G.  J.  Sparke  ; 
1,  Christchurch  Villas,  Tooting  Bee  Eoad,  Tooting,  S.W.,  Sept.  24th, 

Zyg.exa  (Anthrocera)  filipexdul^,  Linn.,  in  Banffshire. — While 
my  son  and  I  were  examining  some  grassy  banks,  thickly  clothed  with 
bracken  and  thistles,  near  the  sea  at  Culleu,  about  midday  on  July  16th 
last,  we  came  upon  a  swarm  of  Z.  jilipendula.  On  every  thistle-head 
there  were  a  few,  and  on  some  we  counted  six.  Next  day  they  were 
fewer,  and  in  a  few  days  they  disappeared. — H.  H.  Brown  ;  Cupar  Fife. 

Callimorpha  HERA  IN  THE  ExETER  DisTRicT. — This  Inscct  appears 
to  have  been  as  abundant  as  ever  this  season  between  Exeter  and 
Teignmouth,  particularly  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Starcross.  As, 
however,  records  of  its  capture  seem  confined  to  the  western  side  of 
the  Exe  estuary,  it  may  be  interesting  to  hear  if  entomologists  have 
taken  it  on  the  eastern  side.  In  August,  1900,  I  took  two  specimens 
(both  males)  on  the  Honitou  Eoad,  three  miles  east  of  the  Exe. — 
A.  0.  EowDEN  ;  6,  Eastgate,  Exeter. 

[The  earliest  record  of  C.  hera  in  England  is  that  of  Mr.  D'Orville, 
who  captured  a  specimen  on  August  14th,  1871,  at  Alphington,  near 
Exeter.     Vide  Entom.  v.  414,  and  xxv.  257. — Ed.] 

Catocala  nupta  in  London. — I  found  a  larva  of  C.  nupta  in  Park 
Square,  N.W.,  on  July  19th.  It  became  a  pupa  almost  at  once,  and 
on  Aug.  12th  it  produced  a  fine  moth. — Dorrien  Hodge  ;  Holy  Trinity 
Eectory,  St.  Marylebone. 

CiRRHCEDiA  XERAMPELiNA  IN  NoRTH  Wales. — On  Saturday,  Aug.  24th, 
I  took  a  fine  specimen  of  Cirrhcedia  xerampelina,  at  rest  on  a  pine-tree 
at  Drwsynant,  near  Dolgelly,  North  Wales. — B,  Hicklin  ;  Cranford, 
Winchmore  Hill,  N. 


CAPTURES    AND    FIELD    REPORTS.  297 

Plusia  moneta  at  Bromley,  Kent. — This  species  is  becoming  fairly 
common  here.  I  have  taken  four  this  year,  in  my  garden,  and 
twenty-seven  larvfe;  of  the  latter,  five  spun  up,  and  the  moths  emer^^ed 
the  middle  of  August ;  the  rest  are  evidently  remaining  over  till  next 
year,  so  I  have  replaced  them  on  the  monkshood  plants  out  of  doors. 
Last  season  I  caught  five,  and  took  fifteen  larvae  towards  the  end  of 
July,  nine  of  which  came  out  early  in  August.  Has  anyone  noticed 
how  much  more  plentiful  the  larvfe  of  this  species  are  from  the  middle 
to  end  of  July,  than  in  May  and  early  in  June  ?  The  larva  of  the 
second  brood  spins  the  flower  together,  and  is  very  easily  discovered. 
L.  F.  Hill  ;  2,  Freelands  Eoad,  Bromley,  Kent. 

Plusia  bractea  in  Scotland. — I  have  much  pleasure  in  reeordin^ 
the  capture  of  P.  bractea  by  Mr.  A.  E.  Officer,  at  Conou  Bridge,  Ding"^ 
wall,  N.B.,  on  August  19th.  The  insect  came  to  an  open  window 
about  10.30  p.m. ;  it  is  rather  rubbed  on  the  thorax,  but  otherwise  is  a 
very  fine  specimen  indeed. — Wji.  A.  Carter  ;  Burr  Villas,  Bexley 
Heath,  Kent,  Sept.  9th,  1901. 

Odonataat  Hythe,  Kent. — During  a  stay  at  Hythe,  Kent  (August 
22nd  to  Sept.  5th),  the  following  dragonflies  were  seen  or  taken  : — 
Sijmpetriim  striolatioii,  fairly  common.  .S'.  sanr/itini'inn,  one  male,  in 
bad  condition,  by  the  Military  Canal,  hclinura  liecjans,  fairly  common. 
u^selina  mixta,  one  or  more  examples  seen  every  day  from  Aug.  29tb 
to  Sept.  4th.  I  succeeded  in  obtaining  two  males  and  two  females, 
whilst  Mr.  S.  W.  Kemp  also  took  two  males. — F.  M.  B.  Carr  ;  46, 
Handen  Road,  Lee,  S.E. 

Deiopeia  pulchella  in  Surrey. — Since  writing  you  on  July  7th 
[ante,  p.  230),  I  have  had  the  good  fortune  to  take  two  further  speci- 
mens of  D.  pulchella,  in  the  same  locality  as  my  first  capture.  I 
should  have  taken  a  fourth  example  on  July  15th,  but  it  unfortunately 
escaped,  owing  to  my  inability  to  follow  it,  in  consequence  of  the 
marshy  nature  of  the  ground.  An  additional  point  of  interest  is,  that 
the  larval  food  of  this  species,  the  forget-me-not  [Myosotis  palustris) 
occurs  in  the  locality  in  abundance,  conclusively  proving  that  the 
presence  there  of  this  beautiful  insect  is  not  the  result  of  accident  or 
chance,  but  that  it  actually  breeds  there. — Ernest  Warne  ;  4,  Spanish 
Road,  East  Hill,  Wandsworth,  S.W.,  Aug.  13th,  1901. 

[In  reply  to  our  request  for  further  particulars,  Mr.  Warne  writes, 
in  a  letter,  dated  August  30th]  — The  precise  locality  where  I  was  for- 
tunate enough  to  take  D.  pulchella  is  near  Earlsfield.  on  some  waste 
ground  belonging  to  some  factories  on  the  banks  of  the  Wan  die.  One 
portion  is  very  marshy,  and  the  other  a  grassy  meadow.  A  wide  and 
deep  ditch  from  the  "Wandle  divides  the  two.  The  other  side  of  the 
river  is  rough  ground,  covered  with  short  grass  and  weeds.  The 
specimens  are  smaller  than  those  I  have  seen  in  the  museums,  being 
not  much  larger  than,  say,  Lithosia  helveola.  I  took  some  examples  of 
E.  chlorana  there,  although  I  saw  no  osiers  about.  Probably  they  fed 
on  the  willows  which  line  the  bank  of  the  river. — Ernest  Warne. 

Boletobia  fuliginaria  at  Walthamstow. — On  July  29th  last  I  was 
fortunate  enough  to  take  a  specimen  of  B.  futniinaria  in  my  garden  at 


298  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Hale  End,  The  insect  was  flitting  round  a  sugared  post,  though  I 
cannot  say  whether  it  was  attracted  by  the  sugar  or  not ;  it  is  in  good 
condition.  I  had  never  seen  the  species  before,  but  it  has  been  iden- 
tified by  my  friend  Mr.  Prout. — R.  W.  Robbins. 

Rhizotbogus  solstitialis. — In  reference  to  Mr.  P.  J.  Barraud's 
note  (ante,  p.  256)  I  may  mention  that  during  July  this  species  was 
extremely  abundant  at  Netley  and  Woolston,  near  Southampton.  One 
could  easily  have  taken  hundreds  almost  any  evening.  A  single 
specimen,  taken  in  Plymouth,  was  given  me,  and  a  few  were  sent  from 
Exmouth,  together  with  a  female  Dorcits  parallel opipedus.  I  may  also 
note  that  on  June  9th  I  captured  three  specimens  of  Pachyta  octomacu- 
lata,  near  Plymouth. — A.  Vincent  Mitchell;  81,  Salisbury  Road, 
Plymouth,  September,  1901. 

Cerambyx  /Edilis  in  South  Yorkshire. — It  has  been  my  good  luck 
to  have  procured  two  of  this,  I  believe,  rather  rare  beetle,  taken  at  the 
foot  of  a  chimney,  also  near  to  a  wood  in  the  Rotheram  district;  three 
others  were  also  put  aside  for  me,  but  by  some  unexplained  means  they 
disappeared,  with  the  boxes  that  contained  them,  probably  the  joke  of 
a  fellow-workman.  Donovan,  in  his  book  of  the  '  Natural  History  of 
British  Insects,'  vol.  ii.,  speaks  of  this  species  as  scarce  all  over 
Europe,  and  extremely  rare  in  England.  I  should  be  glad  to  know  if 
it  still  remains  rare  in  this  country.  My  specimens  were  taken  the 
second  week  in  August. — W.  Brooks  ;  Grange  Hall,  Rotherham. 

Anesychia  (Psecadia)  bipunctella. — I  beg  to  record  the  appearance 
of  A.  (P.)  bipunctella  in  my  breeding-cage,  on  June  20th,  1901.  Un- 
fortunately I  am  not  sure  where  I  took  the  larva,  as  the  insect  is  one 
of  a  number  of  micros  I  have  reared,  but  believe  it  came  in  with 
some  of  my  food-plants,  which,  however,  did  not  include  viper's 
bugloss.  —  J.  T.  Fountain;  149,  Vaughton  Street,  Birmingham,  July 
24th,  1901. 

[In  answer  to  enquiries,  Mr.  Fountain  informs  us  that  the  insect 
referred  to  in  his  note  has  been  identified  from  the  figure  of  P.  hi- 
■punctella  on  plate  62  in  Kirby's  'European  Moths  and  Butterflies.'  He 
also  adds,  "  I  have  had  no  food-plants  out  of  England." — Ed.]  . 

Notes  on  Butterflies  from  the  Maritime  Alps. — Whilst  on  my 
holidays  in  July  in  the  Maritime  Alps,  I  had  the  good  fortune  to  find 
LcBosopis  roboris  unusually  abundant  at  St.  Martin  Vesubie.  I  have 
on  former  occasions  observed  single  specimens  of  this  rare  Lycenid  in 
that  locality,  and  also  at  Digne,  but  do  not  think  that  it  often  occurs 
in  France  in  such  numbers  as  it  did  this  year  at  St.  Martin.  I  found 
a  particular  walnut  sapling  remarkably  attractive  ;  one  of  the  branches 
had  been  broken  accidentally  by  myself  at  my  first  visit  to  it  during 
the  last  week  of  June,  and  probably  the  strongly-scented  sap  was  the 
cause  of  attraction.  Round  this  bush  I  took  nearly  forty  specimens, 
and  could  have  taken  many  more.  I  saw  and  took  it  in  other  parts  of 
the  environs  of  the  town,  and  once  noticed  it  actually  in  the  town 
itself.  The  female  was  very  scarce  until  the  third  week  of  July,  after 
which  it  became  the  commoner  sex.  This  species  loves  the  hottest 
sunshine,  and  disappears  instantly  if  the  shghtest  cloud  obscures  the 
sun,  though  it  can  be  beaten  occasionally  out  of  bushes  and  herbage 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  299 

even  in  the  rain.  There  are  very  few  oaks  in  the  vicinity  of  St. 
Martin,  and  these  are  all  young  trees.  I  have  never  seen  it  flying 
round  oaks,  but  this  is  no  proof  that  the  larva  selects  any  other  food 
plant.  Fapilio  alexanor  was  very  much  commoner  at  St.  Marthi  than 
I  have  ever  noticed  on  previous  visits  to  that  place,  but  nothing 
approaching  in  abundance  to  its  appearance  near  Digne  two  years  ago. 
Witli  the  exception  of  (Eneis  (dlo,  fairly  common  at  the  Madone 
Feuestro,  I  took  nothing  remarkable  besides  a  well  marked  and  freshly 
emerged  hermaphodite  of  Melitcm  didyma,  and,  at  BoUene,  a  curious 
aberration  of  Lijcicna  (irion,  with  a  very  light  ground  colour  and  broad 
black  marginal  borders.  At  Bastia,  in  Corsica,  I  was  struck  with  the 
abundance  of  Ariiijnnis  pandora  and  Papilio  machaon  on  waste  ground 
immediately  outside  the  town.  I  have  rarely  noticed  butterflies  so 
abundant  within  a  few  moments'  walk  of  busy  town  streets.  The 
railway  strikes  prevented  my  intended  visit  to  the  interior. — Henry  C. 
Lang  ;  All  Saints  Vicarage,  Southeud-on-Sea. 

Notes  on  Lepidoptera  fko.u  WiLTsmRE.— During  part  of  the  summer 
I  was  staying  near  Devizes,  and  the  following  is  a  list  of  some  of  my 
captures  whilst  there.  May  : — Several  specimens  of  Scotoda  ccrtata, 
caught  at  dusk  flying  round  Berberis  valgaru ;  Lijcana  argiolm,  the  first 
brood  was  very  plentiful.  June  : — Ltjcmna  alms,  generally  distributed 
along  the  foot  of  the  Downs.  L.  adonis  and  Procris  ijenjon,  both  in 
profusion  on  the  slopes  of  tlie  Downs.  Agrotis  cinerea,  one  female 
specimen  at  rest  on  wild  thyme.  Eurijniene  dolobraria,  one  specimen 
in  perfect  condition  on  the  top  of  the  Downs  far  from  trees  of  any 
kind.  L'luEyocampa  dpenor  and  C.  poix-iilns  and  Sphinx  liyustri,  all 
taken  at  honeysuckle  towards  the  end  of  the  month,  the  former  in 
some  numbers.  July  : — I  was  so  fortunate  as  to  capture  two  speci- 
mens of  PLasia  iiioiu'ta  on  the  wing  at  dusk — a  female  on  15th,  and  a 
male  on  19th.  There  is  plenty  of  larkspur  {Diiphinimii)  in  the  garden, 
but  no  monkshood  {Avonitmn).  I  have  seen  records  of  the  capture  of 
P.  moiu'ta  this  year  from  Berks  and  H  mts,  but  this  is,  I  think,  the 
first  recorded  occurrence  of  the  species  in  Wilts.  This  addition  to  our 
British  Lepidoptera  seems  to  be  spreading  rapidly  through  the  country. 
August : — Li/cana  vonjdon  began  to  appear  in  its  usual  profusion  over 
the  Downs  at  the  end  of  July,  and  on  August  9th  I  caught  my  first 
two  specimens  of  the  season  of  var.  sijn'jrapjha  (the  female  variety  of 
L.  corijdon  with  the  blue  colouring  of  the  male).  The  commonest 
form  of  this  variety  here  has  a  black  discoidal  spot  in  the  centre  of  the 
fore  wings  ;  some  are  without  this  spot ;  and  I  caught  one  this  year 
with  the  spot  on  both  fore  and  hind  wmgs.  Another  not  uncommon 
variety  of  L.  corijdon  (female)  has  white  discoidal  spots,  with  or  with- 
out black  centres,  on  fore  or  hind  wings,  and  sometimes  on  both.  I 
also  caught  one  female  specimen  with  blue  fore  wings  and  brown  hind 
wings.  L.  alsus  was  taken  in  perfect  condition  this  month,  and  must, 
I  should  think,  have  been  a  second  brood.  Emergence  of  the  second 
brood  of  L.  argiolm  and  L.  adonis  was  interrupted  by  bad  weather,  and 
they  occurred  in  small  numbers  only.— (Rev.)  C.  A.  Sladen  ;  Burton 
Vicarage,  Chester. 


300  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

RECENT    LITERATURE. 
H.  Garman.      Eiiemies  of    Cucumbera  and  Related  Plcoits,  dr.  :    The  Food 
nf  the  Toad.    (1901  Bull.  Kentucky  Agric.  Exper.  Sta.,  91  pp.  1-68; 
5  Plates  and  10  text  figs.  [1-16] ). 

Among  the  most  destructive  enemies  of  cucumbers  are — Diabrotica 
r/Y?(7^rt  and  i^-/*»»r^rtfrt,  among  beetles;  Ap]iugossiipii{n\e\on\ow&Q),AnaHa 
tristis  (squash  bufi;),&c.,  amongbugs;  Manfaromafiitidalin  (pickleworm), 
among  moths  ;  Thrijis  tabaci,  &c.  These  and  others  are  fully  described 
and  figured,  particulars  of  life-histories  added,  and  remedies  discussed. 

"The  Food  of  the  Toad"  is  the  result  of  a  continuation  of  the 
author's  earlier  studies.  Protection  and  encouragement  are  urged  for 
the  toad  on  account  of  the  numerous  destructive  insects  that  it 
devours  ;  among  these,  Prof.  Garman  found  in  the  toads'  stomachs — 
Blissns  lenropterufi  (chinch  bug),  various  aphids  and  leaf-hoppers, 
Colorado  potato-beetle,  wireworms,  &c.  On  the  other  hand,  coccinel- 
lids,  spiders,  and  parasitic  hymenoptera  were  also  found.  The  fondness 
of  toads  for  ants  is  remarkable,  fifty  of  these  having  been  found  in  the 
stomachs  of  three  toads.  The  total  number  of  individual  insects 
devoured  is  also  very  remarkable.     Four  cases  are  instanced  : — 

No.  1 — A  toad  of  medium  size,  captured  in  October,  had  eaten  27 
ants,  19  wood-lice,  3  spiders,  1  caterpillar,  and  10  plant-lice — total  60. 

No.  2 — A  toad,  one  inch  long,  captured  in  a  celery  patch  in  Sept- 
ember, had  eaten  1  caterpillar  aiid  14  ants — total  15. 

No.  3 — Captured  in  a  strawberry  patch  in  August,  had  eaten  2 
large  ground  beetles,  1  tiger  beetle,  1  Diabrotica  beetle,  1  coccinellid, 
8  small  ground  beetles,  and  9  ants— total  22. 

No.  4^taken  in  July,  had  eaten  2  Colorado  potato-beetles,  1  click- 
beetle,  4  bugs  (Cydnids),  1  tiger  beetle,  1  moth,  7  ground  beetles,  6 
ants,  1  millipede,  and  1  wood-louse — -total  24. 

That  is  to  say:  four  toads  had  recenthj  eaten  56  ants,  20 wood-lice, 
3  spiders,  2  caterpillars,  10  plant-lice,  1  millipede,  1  moth,  24  beetles 
of  varying  sizes,  and  4  bugs — total  121  !  P    W  K 

TJie  Lepidoptera  of  the  British  Iskuuh.  By  Charles  G.  Barrett. 
Vol  vii.     Fp.  1-836.     London  :  Lovell  Reeve  &  Co.     1901. 

In  this  volume  the  remainder  of  the  Boarmiidfe,  together  with  the 
Geometridffi  and  part  of  the  Acidaliidfe,  are  treated.  Altogether,  forty- 
three  genera  and  eighty-five  species  are  referred  to.  Among  the  latter 
Abraxas  pantaria,  Dasijdia  torvaria,  and  Mniophila  cineraria  are  men- 
tioned, but  the  author  does  not  consider  them  to  be  British  species. 
Tephrosia  biundularia,  Esp.  (=  crepHsctdaria,  Hiibn.)  is  discussed  at 
some  length,  and  Mr.  Barrett,  in  his  remarks  on  the  crepuscularia  form 
of  the  species,  says  :  "  The  subject  of  its  distinctness  as  a  species  has 
been  treated  upon  and  debated  in  this  country  at  enormous  length, 
and  not  wholly  without  acrimony ;  but  this  healthy  and  somewhat 
drastic  treatment  has  had  the  eft'ect  of  crumbling  away  every  atom  of 
evidence  which  had  been  brought  forward  to  establish  its  distinctness 
as  a  species,  and  of  leaving  no  choice  to  an  unprejudiced  mind  but  the 
conclusion  that  these  two  races  form  but  one  species." 

We  think  that  an  error  has  been  made  in  referring  B.  ani/nlifera, 
Butl.,  to  B.  repandata,  Linn.,  as  a  Japanese  form  of  that  species,  and, 
unless  B.admissaria,  Guen.,  is  to  be  considered  as  a  form  of  B.fjeimuaria, 
Brahm.,  we  believe  the  latter  species  does  not  occur  in  Eastern  Asia. 


SUPI'^LEMENT   TO   THE    'ENTOMOLOGIST/ 


ON    ^^rHE    COLLECTIONS    OP    INBECTA    OBTAINED    BY 
DR.   DONALDSON   SMITH   IN   SOMALI  LAND. 

By  Ebiily  Mary  Sharpe. 

Th^^e  following  is  a  list  of  the  species  Insecta  belonging  to 
the  fo^  ilowiug  families  : — Lepidoptera,  Heterocera,  Coleoptera, 
and  N^europtera,  obtained  by  Dr.  Donaldson  Smith  during  his 
exped-  ition  into  Somali  Land  in  the  early  part  of  1899,  when  he 
was  t--.ravelling,  at  the  request  of  His  Highness  The  Gaekwar,  to 
btajin  a  series  of  specimens  for  the  Baroda  Museum.  Many 
inteKi-esting  species  were  collected,  including  a  new  species  of 
4c}[](ea,  which  I  have  named  after  H.  H.  The  Gaekwar  of  Baroda. 

Family  Danaidid^. 

1.  Danais  klugi. — Limnas  klugii,  Butler;  E.  M.  Sharpe, 
P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  530  ;  id.  i.e.,  1896,  p.  524  ;  id.  t.c,  1898,  p.  369. 
Limnas  clirysippus,  L.,  var.  klugii,  Butler,  P.  Z.  S.,  1897,  p.  692. 
Danaida  doripjnis,  Aurivillius  (part),  '  Pihopalocera/Ethiopica,'  p. 
32  (1898).     Limnas  clirysippus,  Dixey  (part),  P.  Z.  S.,  1900,  p.  10. 

a.    $  .     Bihen  Dula  ;  24th  Dec,  1898. 

&.-/i.    <?  $  .     Biji;  10th,  12th,  15th,  16th  Jan.,  1899. 

i.-n.    $  ?  .     Laskarato  ;  25th,  28th  Jan.,  1899. 

o.-v.    $  ?  .     Ania  ;  29th  Jan.,  1899. 

This  large  series  is  perfectly  uniform  in  colour,  and  shows 
no  sign  of  approach  to  the  characters  of  D.  doripiyus,  which,  as 
may  be  seen  below,  occurred  at  Biji. 

2.  Danais  dokippus. — Limnas  dorippus  (Klug),  E.  M.  Sharpe, 
P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  523.  Danaida  dorippus,  Aurivilhus,  t.  c,  p.  32 
(1898). 

a.-b.    <?.     Biji;  10th,  16th  Jan.,  1899. 

Family  Satyeid^. 

3.  Ypthima  asterope.  —  Ypthima  asterope  (Klug) ;  Butler, 
P.  Z.  S.,  1897,  p.  692;  Aurivillius,  t.  c,  p.  77  (1898). 

a.-b.  Biji;  10th,  16th  Jan.,  1899. 

ENTOM.    SUPPL.,    OCT.,    1901. 


li  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Family  Acr^eid^. 

4.  AcR^A  CHiLo. — ^ C7*«a c/iiZo,  Godm.;  E.M.  Sharpe,j^/P.Z.S., 

1896,  p.  524;   Aurivillius,   i.e.,  p.  96   (1898);    E.  M.     Sbarpe, 
P.  Z.  S.,  1898,  p.  369.  I 

a.    $  .     Biji ;  13th  Jan.,  1899.  di 

5.  AcR^A  GAEKWARi,  11.  sp. — Allied  to  A.  regalis,''^  Oberth., 
but  distinguished  from  that  species  by  a  blackish  suffut^sion  over 
the  fore-wing.     The  black  spots  are  also  larger.  ^^ 

Primaries :  General  colour  greyish-black,  the  area  ab*,jpve  the 
submedian  nervure  and  along  the  inner  margin  red ,  which  i  ^  more 
or  less  suffused  over  the  wing ;  near  the  apical  area,  bek^i^w  the 
costal  margin  as  far  as  the  second  median  nervule,  a  transjio^arent 
band  is  visible;  the  black  spots  are  distributed  as  in  A.  rtocgalis, 
but  are  all  much  larger  ;  apex  and  hind-margin  brownish -bii)lack, 
followed  by  a  row  of  red  spots,  terminating  towards  the  ddiscal 
area  in  distinct  black  streaks.     Secondaries :   Similar  to    i' those 
of  A.  regalis;  the  black  spots  being  somewhat  more  dist"~inctly 
marked  ;  the  base  of  the  wing  blacker.     Under  side. — Prirc^'Karies 
greyish-black  suffused   with  red,   all  the   black  spots  strc?  ^^ngly 
indicated,  as  well  as  the  transparent  band ;  the  row  of  ora.  *^nge- 
red   spots   on   the    apex    and    hind-margin    well    pronoun(j.gSed. 
Secondaries  :    Ground  colour  reddish,  suffused  with  yellowig{^sh- 
white,  the  black  spots  larger,  with  distinct  red  spots  visible  m    3a,r 
the  basal  area ;    hind-margin   black,   relieved   by    semicircuhicP'^ 
spots  of  greyish-white,  with  a  second  row  of  orange-red  spots;,  ^- 
The  under  side  of  this  species  is  somewhat  similar  to  that  o.    ^ 
A.  caldarena,  Hewits.,  or  A.pudorina,  Stand.    Expanse  2*4  in.     "•. 

Hah.  Near  Laskarato,  3000  feet;  21st  Jan.,  1899.  (The 
type  of  this  species  has  been  presented  to  the  British  Museum 
by  His  Highness  The  Gaekwar  of  Baroda.) 

An  unnamed  specimen  in  the  British  Museum  collection  agrees 
rather  closely  in  pattern,  but  differs  in  wanting  the  transparent 
patches  on  the  primaries. 

Family  Nymphalidjb. 

6.  Pyrameis  cardui. — Pyrameis  cardiii  (Linn.),  E.  M.  Sharpe, 
P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  531  ;  id.  t.c,  1896,  p.  524;  Butler,  P.  Z.  S., 

1897,  p.  692  ;  Aurivillius,  t.  c,  p.  130,  1898. 
a.     Laskarato;  25th  Jan.,  1899. 

7.  JuNONiA  CLELiA. — Junonici  clelia  (Cram.),  E.  M.  Sharpe, 
P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  531  ;  id.  t.c,  1896,  p.  524;  Butler,  P.  Z.  S., 
1897,  p.  692;  E.  M.  Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1898,  p.  369;  Dixey,  P.  Z.  S., 
1900,  p.  12.     Precis  clelia,  Aurivillius,  t.  c,  p.  135  (1898). 

a.-c.    <?  ?  .     Near  Laskarato,  3000  feet;  21st  Jan.,  1899. 

8.  JuNONiA  CEBRENE. — Junonia  crehrene,  Trimen;  E. M.  Sharpe, 
P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  531;  id.  t.c,  1896,  p.  524.     Junonia  cebrene, 


SUPPLEMENT.  O 

Trimen  ;  Butler,  P.  Z  S..  1897,  p.  692 ;  E.  M.  Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S., 
1898,  p.  370  ;  Dixey,  P.  Z.  S.,  1900,  p.  12.  Precis  oenone  (Linn.), 
Aurivillius  (part),  t.c,  p.  135  (1898). 

a.    3' .     Bihen  Dula  ;  24tli  Dec,  1898. 

b.-e.    <?  2  .     Bihen  Diila  ;  24th  Dec,  1898. 

d.-i.    $  2  .     Biji;  4th,  13th,  15th  Jan.,  1899. 

./.    ?  .     Near  Laskarato,  3000  feet ;  21st  Jan.,  1899. 

k.    ?  .     Ania  ;  2n(i  Feh.,  1899. 

9.  Precis  taveta. — Precis  taveta,  Piogenh. ;  E.  M.  Sharpe, 
P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  531;  id.  t.c,  1896,  p.  525;  id.  t.c,  1898,  p.  370. 
Junonia  taveta,  Butler,  P.  Z.  S.,  1897,  p.  692;  Dixey,  P.  Z.  S., 
1900,  p.  12.  Precis  limnoria,  King,  Aurivillius  (part),  t.  c,  p. 
141  (1898). 

a.-c     Near  Laskarato,  3000  feet ;  21st  Jan.,  1899. 

10.  Byblia  ilithyia. — Byhlia  ilithyia  (Drury),  E.  M.  Sharpe, 
P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  532;  id.  t.c,  1896,  p.  525;  Butler,  P.  Z.  S., 
1897,  p.  692;  Aurivillius,  t.c,  p.  158,  1898;  E.  M.  Sharpe, 
P  Z.  S.,  1898,  p.  370;  Dixey,  P.  Z.  S.,  1900,  p.  12. 

a.-c    $  ?  .     Biji;  13th,  15th  Jan.,  1899. 

d.    $  .     Gan  Liban,  5000  feet ;  22nd  March,  1899. 

11.  Hypolimnas  misippus. — Hi/polijiinas  misippus  (Linn.),  E. 
M.  Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  532^;  id.  t.c,  1896,  p.  525;  Auri- 
villius, t.c,  p.  147,  1898;  E.  M.  Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1898,  p.  370; 
Dixey,  P.  Z.  S.,  1900,  p.  12.  Hypolimnas  misippus,  L.,  var. 
inaria,  Butler,  P.  Z.  S.,  1897,  p.  692. 

a.-d.    3  2  .     Biji;  13th,  15th  Jan.,  1899. 

12.  Hamanumida  DyEDALUS. — Hamanumida  dmlalus  (Fabr.), 
E.  M.  Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  532  ;  Butler,  P.  Z.  S.,  1897,  p. 
692  ;  AuriviUius,  t.  c,  p.  181  (1898);  Dixey,  P.  Z.  S.,  1900,  p.  13. 

a.-d.     Biji;  11th,  13th,  16th  Jan.,  1899. 
c     Near  Laskarato  ;  21st  Jan.,  1899. 
/.     Jifa  Uri,  5000  feet ;  27th  Jan.,  1899. 

Family  Lycsinid^. 

13.  Lachnocnema  bibulus. — Lachnocnema  bibidus  (Fabr.), 
Aurivillius,  t.  c,  p.  301  (1898). 

a.     Laskarato  ;  25th  Jan.,  1899. 

14.  Epamera  umbrosa.— jTatttra  umbrosa  (Butler),  E.  M. 
Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  526.  lolaus  umbrosa,  Aurivilhus,  t.  c, 
p.  326  (1898). 

a.     Bihen  Dula  ;  24th  Dec,  3  898. 

15.  Spindacis  vfJ^GGM.—Spmdacis  waggce,  E.  M.  Sharpe, 
P.  Z.  S.,  1898,  p.  372;  Aurivillius,  t.c,  p.  330,  1898. 

a.     Gan  Liban,  5000  feet ;  22nd  March,  1899. 

16.  Tarucus   theophrastus.— L?/cce/irt    tUeophrastus  (Fabr.), 


4  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

E.  M.  Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,   1896,  p.   533.      Tarucus  theophrastus, 
E.  M.  Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  525;   id.  t.c,  1898,  p.  370. 
Tarucus  tJieophiristus,  Fabr.,  var.  syharis,  Butler,  P.  Z.  S.,  1897, 
p.  693.     Ciqnclo  theoplivnstus,  Aurivillius,  t.c,  p.  363  (1898). 
a.    2  .     Biji ;  15tb  Jan.,  1899. 

17.  Tarucus  telicanus,  Lang. — Lyccena  pidchra,  Murray, 
E.  M.  Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  533.  Tarucus  plinius  (Fabr.), 
Butler,  P.Z.S.,  1897,  p.  693.  Cupido  telicanus,  Aurivillius,  t.c, 
p.  364  (1898). 

a.-l.    <?  .     Biji ;  10th,  15th  Jan.,  1899. 

18.  PoLYOMMATUS  B^Ticus. —L^/c^wa  hcBtica  (Linn.),  E.  M. 
Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  533;  id.  t.c,  1896,  p.  525.  Polyom- 
matus  hceticus,  Butler,  P.  Z.  S.,  1897,  p.  692;  Dixey,  P.  Z.  S.,  1900, 
p.  13.     Cupido  hceticus,  Aurivillius,  t.  c,  p.  367  (1898). 

a.-h.    ^  .     Biji ;  12th,  13th  Jan.,  1899. 

c.  <?  .  Laskarato  ;  28th  Jan.,  1899. 

19.  Plebbius  trochilus. — Lyccena  trockilus,  Frey.,  E.  M., 
Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  525  ;  id.  t.c,  1898,  p.  370.  Pleheius 
trochilus,  Dixey,  P.  Z.  S.,  1900,  p.  13.  Cupido  trochilus,  Auri- 
villius, t.  c,  p.  376  (1898). 

a.     Biji;   10th  Jan.,  1899. 

Family  Pierid^e. 

20.  Mylothris  agathina. — Mylothris  agathina  (Cram.),  E.  M. 
Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  534;  id.  t.c,  1896,  p.  526;  id.  t.c, 
1898,  p.  370;  Aurivinius,  t.c,  p.  394  (1898);  Dixey,  P.  Z.  S., 
1900,  p.  17. 

a.    ?  .     Gan  Liban  ;  31st  March,  1899. 

21.  Belenois  mesentina. — Pieris  lordaca  (Walker),  E.  M. 
Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  534.  Pieris  mesentina  (Cram.),  Auri- 
villius, t.  c,  p.  407  (1898).  Belenois  mesentina,  Dixey,  P.  Z.  S., 
1900,  p.  17. 

a.    ^  .     Bihen  Dula ;  24th  Dec,  1898. 

22.  Synchloe  glauconobie. — Synchloe  glauconome  (Klug),  E. 
M.  Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  536 ;  id.  t.c,  1896,  p.  528 ;  id.  t.c, 
1898,  p.  371.     Pieris  glauconome,  Aurivillius,  t.c,  p.  414  (1898). 

a.  S  .     Biji;  15th  Jan.,  1899. 

b.  ?.     Bihen  Dula ;  24th  Dec,  1898. 

23.  Teracolus  CALAIS. — Teracolus  calais  (Cram.),  E.  M. 
Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  535  ;  id.  t.  c,  1896,  p.  527;  id.  t.  c, 
1898,  p.  370;  id.,  Monogr.  Teracolus,  p.  1  (1898).  Teracolus 
amatus,  Aurivillius  (part),  t.c,  p.  422  (1898). 

a.-c    <?.     Biji;  12th,  13th  Jan.,  1899. 

d.  $.     Laskarato;  25th  Jan.,  1899. 

24.  Teracolus    phisadia. — Teracolus    arne    (Klug),    E.    M. 


SUPPLEMENT.  5 

Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  527  ;  id.  t.c,  1898,  p.  370.  Teracolus 
phisadia  (Godt.),  E.  M.  Sbarpe,  Monogr.  Teracolus,  p.  12  (1898); 
Aurivillius,  t.  c,  p.  423  (1898). 

a.-c.    <?  .     Bihen  Dula  ;  24th  Dec,  1898. 

d.-g.    S  ?  .     Biji;  10th,  13th,  16th  Jan.,  1899. 

25.  Teracolus  castalis. — Idmais  casUdis,  Stand.,  E.  M. 
Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  526.  Teracolus  vestalis,  Butler,  Auri- 
villius (part.),  t. c,  p.  423  (1898).  Teracolus  castalis,  E.  M.  Sharpe, 
Monogr.  Teracolus,  p.  19  (1898). 

a.    3' .     Laskarato. 

26.  Teracolus  chrysonome. — Teracolus  chrysonome  (Klug), 
E.  M.  Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  535 ;  id.  t.  c,  1896,  p.  527  ;  id. 
t.c,  1898,  p.  370;  Aurivillius,  t.c,  p.  424  (1898). 

a.-h.    $  ?  .     Near  Laskarato,  3000  feet ;  21st  Jan.,  1899. 
c-d.    $  ?  .     Bihen  Dula ;  24th  Dec,  1898. 

27.  Teracolus  leo. — Teracolus  lea,  Butler,  E.  M.  Sharpe, 
P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  536  ;  id.  t.c,  1896,  p.  528.  Teracolus  halimede, 
Klug.,  Aurivillius  (part),  p.  426  (1898). 

a.    $  .     Biji ;  13th  Jan.,  1899. 

28.  Teracolus  heliocaustus. — Teracolus  heliocaustus,  Butler, 
E.  M.  Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  536;  Butler,  P.  Z.  S.,  1897,  p. 
693 ;  E.  M.  Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1898,  p.  370  ;  Dixey,  P.  Z.  S.,  1900, 
p.  15.  Teracolus  pleione,  Klug.,  Aurivillius  (part),  t.  c,  p.  426 
(1898). 

a.    3- .     Bobussa,  Haud  ;  12th  March,  1898. 

29.  Teracolus  protomedia. — Teracolus  yrotomedia  (Klug), 
E.  M.  Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  535  ;  id.  t.c,  1896,  p.  527  ;  But- 
ler, P.  Z.  S.,  1897,  p.  693  ;  E.  M.  Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1898,  p.  371 ; 
Aurivillius,  t.c,  p.  427  (1898)  ;  Dixey,  P.  Z.  S.,  1900,  p.  15. 

a.-h.    <?  ?  .     Biji;  11th,  13th  Jan.,  1899. 

30.  Teracolus  eupompe. — Teracolus  eupompe,  Klug,  E.  M. 
Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1898,  p.  370;  Aurivilhus,  t.  c,  p.  432  (1898) ; 
Dixey,  P.  Z.  S.,  1900,  p.  14. 

a.    3  .     Ania,  5000  feet ;  1st  Feb.,  1899. 
h.    $  .     Ania;  6th  Feb.,  1899. 

31.  Teracolus  daira.— TeracoZtfs  daira  (Klug),  Butler,  Ann. 
and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (6),  xx,  p.  459  (1897) ;  Aurivillius,  t.c,  p. 
435  (1898). 

a.-h.    $  ?  .     Biji;  13th,  15th  Jan.,  1899. 
c-d.    $  .     Ujawaji ;  29th  Jan.,  1899. 

32.  Teracolus  xanthus.— rcrflcoZits  xanthus,  Swinh.,  Butler, 
P.  Z.  S.,  1897,  p.  693;  id.,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (6),  xx. 
p.  462  (1897). 

a.    3  .     Ania  ;  6tb  Feb.,  1899. 

33.  Teracolus  casta.— Teracolus  casta,  Gerst.,  Butler,  P.  Z.  S., 


6  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

1897,  p.  693  ;  id.,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (6),  xx.  p.  464  (1897). 
a.-h.    $  ?  .     Gaiikabibeh,  3000  feet ;  21st  Jan.,  1899. 

34.  Teracolus  phillipsi. —  Teracolus pJiillipsii,  Butler,  P. Z.S., 

1896,  p.  536;  id.  t.c,  1896,  p.  528;  id.  t.c,  1898,  p.  370;  E.  M. 
Sharpe,  Monogr.  Teracolus,  p.  95,  1900;  Dixey,  P.  Z.  S.,  1900, 
p.  15. 

a.    $  .     Biji;  13th  Jan.,  1899. 

h.    $  .     Near  Laskarato,  3000  feet ;  21st  Jan.,  1899. 

c.    $  .     Laskarato  ;  25th  Jan.,  1899. 

35.  Eronia  buqueti. — Eronia  huqueti  (Boisd.),  Aurivillius, 
t.  c,  p.  447  (1898). 

a.    <?  .     Biji ;  16th  Jan.,  1899. 

h.    <?  .     Near  Laskarato,  3000  feet ;  21st  Jan.,  1899. 

c.    3- .     Laskarato. 

36.  Catopsilia  florella. — Catopsilia  florella  (Fabr.),  E.  M. 
Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  536 ;  id.  t.  c,  1896,  p.  528 :  Butler, 
P.  Z.  S.,  1897,  p.  693  ;  E.  M.  Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1898,  p.  371 ;  Auri- 
villius, t.c,  p.  449  (1898)  ;  Dixey,  P.  Z.  S.,  1900,  p.  14. 

a.    (?.     Biji;  12th  Jan.,  1899. 

37.  Terias  hapale. — Terias  hayale,  Mab.,  Aurivillius,  t.  c, 
p.  452  (1898)  ;  Dixey,  P.  Z.  S.,  1900,  p.  14. 

a.-b.     Biji ;  12th,  15th  Jan.,  1899. 

Family  Papilionid^. 

38.  Papilio  demodocus. — Papilio  demodocus,  Esper;  Auri- 
villius, t.  c,  p.  477  (1898).  Papilio  demoleus,  Linn. ;  E.  M.  Sharpe, 
P.  Z.  S.,  1896,  p.  536;  id.  t.c,  1896,  p.  528;  Butler,  P.  Z.  S., 

1897,  p.  693;  E.  M.  Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.,  1898,  p.  371;  Dixey, 
P.  Z.  S.,  1900,  p.  17. 

a.     Near  Laskarato,  3000  feet ;  21st  Jan.,  1899. 

Family  Hesperid^e. 

39.  Parnara  mathias. — Parnara  mathias,  Fabr. ;  Watson, 
P.  Z.  S.,  1893,  p.  105. 

a.    Biji;  15th  Jan.,  1899. 

40.  Sarangesa  eliminata. — Sarangesa  eliminata,  Holland ; 
P.Z.S.,  1896,  p.  9  ;  Dixey,  P.  Z.  S.,  1900,  p.  17. 

a.     Biji ;  15th  Jan.,  1899. 

h.-e.     Mandera  ;  4th  April,  1899. 

41.  Gomalia  albofasciata. — Govialia albofasciata ,  Moore;  Wat- 
son, P.  Z.S.,  1893,  p.  67. 

a.     Biji ;  4th  Jan.,  1899. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


HETEROCEEA. 

Family  Noctuidje. 

1.  Sphingomorpha  MONTEiRONis. — Sphingomovpha  monteironis, 
Butler,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (4),  xvi.  p.  406. 

a.     Bihen  Dula  ;  25tli  Dec,  1898. 
h.     Near  Laskarato,  3000  feet, 
c.     Silai;  8th  Jan.,  1899. 

2.  Ophiusa  melicerta. — Noctua  melicerta,  Drury,  111.  Exot. 
Ins.  vol.  i.  pi.  xxiii.  fig.  1  (1773). 

a.     Silai;  8tb  Jan.,  1899. 

3.  Hypena  lividalis. — Hypena  Uridalis,  Hiibn. ;  Hampson, 
'  Fauna  British  India,'  iii.  p.  80  (1895). 

a.     Biji ;   15  Jan.,  1899. 

4.  Cerocala  illustrata. — Cerocala  ilhstraia,  Holland,  in 
Donaldson  Smith's  '  Through  Unknown  African  Countries,'  App. 
p.  417,  1897. 

a.-b.     Ania  ;   3rd  Feb.,  1899. 

Family  Notodontid^. 

5.  Sp. 

a.     Ania ;  4th  Feb.,  1899. 

Family  Syntomid^. 

6.  Syntomis  tojiasina. — Syntomis  tomasina,  Butler,  P.  Z.  S., 
1897,  p.  693. 

a.     Robussa,  Haud  ;  12th  March,  1898. 


COLEOPTEEA. 

Family  Carabid^. 

1.  PoLYHiRMA    CALLiAUDA. — Polyhivma   calUauda,    Castlenau, 
etud.  Ent.,  1835,  p.  150. 

a.     Adadlek  ;  19th  March,  1899. 

Family  Buprestid/B. 

2.  Amblysterna  laticollis. — Julodis  laticollis,  Gahan,  P.Z.S., 

1900,  p.  25. 

Family  Melyridje. 

3.  Melyris  limbifera.— Mt'^?/ns  limhifera,  Ancey,  Le  Nat.,  ii. 
p.  62  (1882). 


O  THE    KNTOMOLOGIST. 

Family  Bosteichidte. 

4.  Apate    terebkans. — Ajjate   terebrans,   Pallas,   Spic.  Zool. 
Ins.  Fasc,  ix.  p.  7,  t.  1,  f.  3  (1772). 

a.     Gan  Liban  ;  23rd  Feb.,  1899. 

Family  Tenebrionid^. 

5.  ZoPHosis  sp. 

6.  ZoPHOSis  sp. 

Family  Lamiid^. 

7.  Ceratites  JASPiDEUS. — Cevatites  jaspideus,  Serv.  Ann.  Fr., 
1835,  p.  35. 

a.     Gan  Liban,  4700  feet ;  27th  Feb.,  1899. 

8.  Ceroplesis  revoili. — Ceroplesis   revoili,  Fairm. ;   Revoil, 
'  Faune  et  Flore  de  Pays  Comalis,'  p.  100  (1882). 

NEUROPTERA. 

Family  Libbllulid^. 

1.  Pantala  flavescen's. — Pantalaflavescens,  Fabv.^ni.  Syst. 
Suppl.,  p.  285  (1798). 

Six  specimens.     Bulbar;  4th  Jan.,  1899. 

2.  Crocothemis   erythr^a. — Crocothemis   erythrcea,   Brulle, 
Exped.  de  Moree,  iii.  (1),  p.  102,  pi.  32,  f.  4  (1832). 

Two  specimens.     Bulhar  ;  4th  Jan.,  1899. 


1.  Blatta  sp. 


ORTHOPTERA. 

Family  Blattid^.. 


Family  Gryllid^. 

2.  Acheta   bimaculata. — Gryllus  himaculata,  De  Geer,  Ins. 
iii.  338,  pi.  43,  f.  1  (1773). 

a.     Gan  Liban,  5900  feet ;  23rd  March,  1899. 

3.  Ph^ophilacris  sp. 

Family  Locustid^. 

4.  Phymateus  sp. 

a.     Gan  Liban,  5900  feet ;  22nd  March,  1899. 

5.  P(ECilocera    vittata. — Decticus   vittatus,    (Klug),    Symb. 
Phys.  Dec.  iii.  pi.  25,  figs.  6,  7  (1832). 

6.  AcRiDiuM    peregrinum. — Acridium    peregi'inum,    Olivier, 
Voy.  Emp.  Othom.  iv.  p.  388  (1804). 

a.     Biji ;  20th  Jan.,  1899. 

7.  Chrotogonus    '?  HEMiPTERUs.  —  Clirotogonus    hemipterus, 
Schaum.,  Monatsbr.  Berl.  Acad.,  1853,  p.  780. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIV.l  NOVEMBEE.     1901.  [No.  462. 


ON    NAMES    APPLIED    TO     CERTAIN    SPECIES     OF    THE 
PIERID    GENUS    CATASTICTA. 

By  Arthur  G.  Butler,  Ph.D.,  &c. 

In  1897  the  late  Dr.  Otto  Staudiiiger  wrote  to  inform  me  that 
he  was  meditating  upon  the  publication  of  a  Revision  of  the 
genus  Catasticta,  and  he  asked  me  to  let  him  have  papers  pub- 
lished by  me  in  which  species  of  that  genus  were  described. 

Although  I  cannot  discover  that  the  proposed  Revision  was 
ever  published,  certain  names  proposed  by  Dr.  Staudinger  have 
become  well  known  amongst  dealers,  and  specimens  are  being 
sold  broadcast,  under  these  names,  to  the  entomological  public. 

It  was  an  unfortunate  fact  that  the  late  Dr.  Staudinger, 
whose  care  in  the  determination  of  Palgearctic  Lepidoptera 
earned  him  a  world-wide  reputation,  was,  unfortunately,  by  no 
means  so  careful  when  dealing  with  exotic  species.  In  the  case 
of  Catasticta  he  has  given  manuscript  names  to  several  species 
without  taking  the  least  trouble  to  ascertain  whether  or  not  his 
supposed  new  species  are  identical  with  those  long  previously 
described  from  the  same  localities. 

As  it  is  most  important  that  Staudinger's  proposed  names 
should  not  be  accepted  without  examination,  and  the  species 
described  as  new  to  science,  I  propose  to  state  what  they  are  (so 
far  as  I  have  hitherto  come  in  contact  with  them),  and,  if  new, 
I  shall  adopt  his  name  and  describe. 

I  have  met  with  the  following  in  the  Crowley  collection : — 

1.  Archonias  PHILEMON,  Staudinger ;  from  Bolivia. — This  is 
typical  Catasticta  colla,  Doubleday,  from  Bolivia. 

2.  Archonias  cornelia,  Staudinger ;  from  Bogota. — This  is 
typical  Catasticta  hebra,  Lucas  ;  from  Colombia. 

3.  Archonias  opposita,  Staudinger,  from  Bolivia.— This  is 
typical  Catasticta  manco,  Doubleday  ;  from  Bolivia. 

ENTOM. — NOVEMBER,  1901.  -  JJ 


302  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

4.  Archonias  hopfferi,  Staudinger ;  from  Bolivia. — This  is 
tj'pical  Catasticta  pinava,  Doubleday  ;  from  Bolivia. 

6.  Archonias  jacinta,  Staudinger ;  from  Bolivia. — This  is  a 
new  species,  near  to  Catasticta  chelidonis,  Hopffer. 

7.  Archonias  tamina,  Staudinger ;  from  Manizales,  Orinoco, 
&c. — This  is  typical  Catasticta  tomi/ris,  Felder ;  from  Bogota. 

It  seems  probable  that  this  species  was  confused,  by  the  late 
Dr.  Staudinger,  with  Catasticta  toca ;  both  species  occur  in 
Bolivia. 

I  may  add  a  note  upon  a  species  described  by  Mr.  Mengel 
under  the  name  of  Archonias  xeque.  The  latter  is  typical  Cata- 
sticta cliri)solopha,  Kollar. 

The  following  new  species  from  the  Crowley  collection  may 
be  described  : — 

Catasticta  crowleyi,  sp.  n. 

Intermediate,  in  some  respects,  between  C.  potamea  and  C.  strigosa 
[— actinotis  $),  the  pattern  of  the  upper  surface  being  that  of  the 
latter  species,  excepting  tliat  the  discal  series  of  five  spots  on  the 
secondaries  is  clearly  defined  and  separate  from  the  pale  basal  area  : 
upper  surface  dark  purplish  brown,  with  the  pale  areas  and  spots 
whitish  ash  (bone-white,  irrorated  with  blackish  when  seen  through  a 
lens) ;  the  outer  border  of  the  secondaries  and  the  veins  being  tlius 
very  sharply  defined ;  an  orange  spot  on  each  side  of  the  collar  ;  under 
surface  much  the  same  as  in  C.  actinotis  ^ ,  but  the  secondaries  of  a 
paler  lilacine  brownish  tint,  with  no  defined  central  dark  belt,  the 
yellow  spots  only  being  attached  to  dark  brown  hastate  markings ; 
expanse  of  wings,  55-58  mm. 

Monte  Sierra  and  Culata,  Venezuela.     (Three  males.) 

My  C.  strigosa  was  described  from  a  Peruvian  example,  which 
differs  slightly  from  those  since  received  from  Central  America  ; 
but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  these  discrepancies  are  not  of 
specific  value  when  one  has  an  opportunity  of  comparing  them 
in  the  insects  themselves ;  the  greenish  tint  of  C.  actinotis, 
male,  is  very  characteristic,  and  separates  it  at  a  glance  from  the 
brownish  C.  potamea,  the  white-marked  C.  hehra,  and  the  whitish 
ash-marked  C.  croivlcyi. 

Catasticta  jacinta,  sp.  n. 
Arclionias  jacinta,  Staudinger,  in  litt. 
Closely  related  to  C.  chelidonis  and  C.  zancle  {—  C.  com  ?) ;  nearer 
to  the  latter,  from  which  it  chiefly  differs  in  the  slightly  narrower 
ochreous  belt  across  the  primaries,  the  smaller  double  spot  in  the 
angle  of  the  discoidal  cell,  the  more  widely  blackened  veins,  the 
broader  blackish  base  to  the  secondaries,  and  the  consequently 
narrower  ochreous  belt  crossed  by  black  veins.  The  ochreous  mark- 
ings above  are  also  of  a  more  creamy  (less  orange)  tint  than  in 
C  chelidunis.  On  the  under  surface  the  basal  area  of  the  primaries  is 
broadly  smoky  brown ;  all  the  yellow  markings  are  clearer,  more 
lemon-tinted ;  the  veins  are  blacker,  the  submarginal  lunules  on  the 


LEPIDOPTERA    IN    CENTRAL    GERMANY.  303 

primaries  less  elongated  :  otherwise  the  two  species  are  similar.     Ex- 
pause  of  wdngs,  53-56  mm. 
Bolivia.     (Three  males.) 

Catasticta  apaturina,  sp.  n. 

Nearly  allied  to  C.  toca,  but  the  primaries  produced  and  sub- 
angulated,  the  secondaries  subtriangular  with  elongated  anal  angle 
(giving  this  species  much  the  outline  of  some  of  the  species  of 
Apatura).  The  upper  surface  sooty  black,  with  white  markings  irro- 
rated  with  black,  arranged  nearly  as  in  C.  chrysolnpha,  but  tl:e  outer 
row  of  white  spots  small  and  ill-defined  on  the  primaries  and  almost 
obliterated  on  the  secondaries;  the  secondaries  are  marked  more  nearly 
as  in  C.  toca,  the  band  being  wholly  white,  but  narrower  and  distmctly 
divided  at  the  median  vein  in  the  males ;  the  colouring  of  the  under 
surface  is  nearly  as  in  C  toca,  but  distinctly  yellower  and  brighter ; 
the  trident-like  marking  at  the  base  of  the  radial  and  median  veins  on 
the  secondaries  is  larger,  better  connected,  and  of  an  ashy  slate-colour, 
completely  enclosing  three  small  yellow  spots.  Expanse  of  wings, 
17  mm. 

Angainarca,  Ecuador.     (Two  males,  one  female.) 


LEPIDOPTERA    IN    CENTRAL    GERMANY. 
By  J.  Jager. 

In  the  '  Entomologist '  for  January,  1S92,  appeared  an  article 
of  mine,  with  a  short  geographical  description  of  the  small  town 
of  Biedenkopf  on  the  Lahn,  in  Hessen-Nassaii,  and  its  surround- 
ings, including  a  list  of  Ehopalocera  found  by  me  during  August 
of  the  preceding  summer.  After  an  interval  of  ten  years  I  have 
once  more  paid  a  visit  to  this  charming  spot,  and,  as  it  hap- 
pened, I  met  my  nephew,  Mr.  Eichard  Werner  (of  the  firm  Sie- 
mens and  Halske,  Berlin),  also  a  zealous  entomologist,  spending 
his  summer  holiday  there.  On  our  daily  walks  in  the  midst  of 
lovely  mountain  scenery  we  came  in  contact  with  a  profusion  of 
insect  life,  chiefly  Ehopalocera,  a  list  of  which,  seen  and  cap- 
tured on  the  morning  of  Aug.  9th,  I  will  here  enumerate  :— 
Papilio  machaon,  common  principally  in  clover  fields.  Pieris 
hrassicce,  P.  napi,  and  P.  rapce,  all  very  common.  Leacophasia 
sinapis,  sparingly.  Colias  hijale,  very  common.  Gonoptcryx 
rhainni,  very  common.  Argyiinis  selene,  very  comnion.  A. 
latonia  and  A.  dia,  common.  A.  paphia  and  A.  adippe,  in  great 
numbers.  A.  aglaia,  few  and  worn.  Vanessa  urticce  and  V.  to, 
common.  F.  polycldoros  and  V.  c-alhiim,  a  few  specimens. 
Vanessa  atalanta,  just  appearing.  V.  antiopa,  common  near 
orchards.  Our  captures  of  this  species  amount  to  about  forty 
altogether.      Melanargia   galatea,   common,  but   worn.      Erebia 

2  .1!  -2 


304  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

niedea  and  E.  ligea,  very  common.  Pararge  egcria  and  P. 
megcera,  a  few  specimens,  common.  Satyrus  semele,  a  few  speci- 
mens. Epinephele  ianira,  very  common.  Coenomjmplia  pani- 
philus,  very  common.  C.  arca>iia,  a  few  specimens.  Thecla 
hetulce,  a  few  specimens.  Polyommatus  virgaurece,  common,  but 
worn.  P.  dorilis,  common.  P.phloeas,  fairly  comm.on.  Syrich- 
thus  malvcB  and  S.  alveolus,  a  few  specimens.  Hesperia  comma, 
very  common.  Lyccena  icanis,  very  common.  L.  asti'ardie, 
common. 

Among  the  day-flying  Geometridas  OrthoUtJia  moeniaria  and 
Fidonia  hrunneata  were  most  common,  whilst  the  Zygsenidse 
were  represented  by  two  or  three  species,  of  which  Z.  piloselke 
was  the  most  prominent. 

Of  the  PyraUdes,  SpUodes  palealis  was  frequently  met  with. 

Before  my  arrival  the  following  species  were  captured  : — 
Apatura  iris,  very  common  in  the  mountain  paths  (latest  July 
23rd),  estimated  captures  from  eighty  to  ninety  ;  also  several 
specimens  of  A.  ilia  and  the  var.  cly'tie.  Limenitis  populi,  about 
June  23rd,  several  specimens.  Satyrus  clrce  (proserpina)  and 
S.  hriseis  ;   Vanessa  prorsa  ;  Aporia  cratcegi. 

At  the  soapwort  {Saponaria  officinalis)  growing  on  the  banks 
of  the  river  the  following  Sphingidae  were  taken  nightly : — 
S.  pinastri,  S.  convolvuli  (from  July  13th  to  October,  about  120 
specimens),  Deilephila  euphorhice  (about  eighty),  Choerocampa 
elpenor,  C.  porcellns. 

After  an  absence  of  five  weeks  I  returned  again  to  Bieden- 
kopf  on  Sept.  30th  ;  during  this  interval  an  unusual  number  of 
Catocala  Jraxini  (about  200)  and  a  few  C.  mipta  had  been  taken 
from  ash-trees  in  an  avenue  near  the  town,  the  time  of  appear- 
ance extending  from  x\ug.  25th  to  Sept.  28th.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  additional  buildings,  I  found  the  place  very  little 
altered  since  1891 ;  but  there  is  a  new  and  charmingly  situated 
hotel  (Berggarten)  on  a  mountain  slope  overlooking  the  river 
and  town,  at  which  board  and  lodging  (en  pension)  can  be  ob- 
tained at  the  rate  of  four  to  five  shillings  per  day).  From  a 
verandah  in  front  I  have  spent  many  hours  watching  the  elegant 
flight  of  V.  antiopa,  which  used  to  resort  to  a  willow-stump,  the 
sap  of  which  seemed  even  more  attractive  to  them  than  the  pears 
and  plums  on  the  neighbouring  trees. 

In  conclusion,  I  may  mention  that,  beyond  visiting  the  honey- 
suckle and  soapwort  near  the  river  at  dusk,  Heterocera  have 
never  been  worked  for  in  this  district,  sugaring  and  other 
methods  being  comparatively  unknown.  I  therefore  think  that, 
if  the  neighbourhood  were  systematically  worked,  some  good 
results  might  be  obtained.  I  shall  be  pleased  to  give  further 
information  to  any  one  who  may  desire  it. 

65,  St.  Quintin's  Avenue,  North  Kensington,  W. 
October,  1901. 


305 


FOUR  MONTHS'  COLLECTING  IN  THE  ISLE  OF  LEWIS. 

Mr.  McArtlmr,  whose  return  from  a  four  months'  expedition 
to  the  Isle  of  Lewis  we  announced  last  month  (ante,  p.  288),  has 
again  been  successful  in  adding  to  our  knowledge  of  the  lepidop- 
terous  fauna  of  that  part  of  Great  Britain,  but,  as  was  naturally 
to  be  expected,  not  to  the  same  extent  that  he  did  in  1887. 
Altogether,  the  increment  amounts  to  seventeen  species,  but  of 
several  of  these  only  one  or  two  examples  were  obtained.  The 
additions  to  the  list  published  in  the  '  Entomologist '  for  1888 
(xxi.  25-27)  are — Vanessa  urtica,  Macroglossa  stellatariim,  Noto- 
doiita  dromedarius,  Stilbia  anomala,  Acosmetia  caliginosa,  Agrotis 
simidans,  Noctua  augur,  Triph(sna  janthina,  Pachnohia  ruWicosa, 
TceniocamjM  gothica,  T.  stahilis,  Hadena  rectilinea,  Cucullia  ver- 
basci,  Plusia  iota,  Cidaria  miata,  Carsia  paludata  (one),  Euchromia 
arbutella. 

Some  species  that  were  abundant  in  1887  were  not  seen  at  all 
this  year.  Bombi/x  rubi,  for  example,  was  in  swarms  all  over  the 
island  on  Mr.  McArthur's  previous  visit,  but  he  did  not  observe 
even  one  on  this  occasion.  On  the  other  hand,  Dicranura  vinula, 
of  which  species  only  one  specimen  had  been  previously  met 
with,  was  fairly  common,  both  as  imagines  and  larvae. 

Hadena  rectilinea  was  represented  by  two  female  examples, 
both  larger  and  darker  than  those  occurring  on  the  mainland. 
A  fine  batch  of  ova  was  obtained  from  one  of  the  females,  and 
the  larvae  resulting  therefrom  were  fed  up  on  sallow.  Unfortu- 
nately, just  when  full  grown,  they  all,  some  two  hundred  odd  in 
number,  died  within  four  days. 

Vanessa  urticce  was  seen  in  considerable  numbers  during  the 
spring  on  Eye  peninsula,  but  these  were  left  to  perpetuate  their 
kind.  Later  on  in  the  season,  three  journeys  were  made  to  the 
locality,  with  the  view  of  finding  larvae  of  the  species,  but  with- 
out success.  A  fourth  trip,  however,  resulted  in  the  capture  of 
two  imagines,  which,  from  their  fine  condition,  had  not  long 
emerged,  left  no  doubt  that  larva  had  fed  up  there. 

Lyca>na  icarus. — Some  of  the  males  have  black  dots  on  the 
outer  margins  of  the  hind  wings  (upper  surface),  and  the  propor- 
tion of  such  specimens  is,  perhaps,  greater  than  was  the  case  in 
1887. 

Hepialus  huniuli.—ln  the  course  of  his  observations  on  the 
habits  of  this  species,  Mr.  McArthur  noted  that  the  males,  after 
having  attracted  the  females  and  paired,  fly  around  tree  tops  and 
the  upper  ridges  of  the  cliffs,  &c.  The  specimens  were  quite 
normal. 

Agrotis  cursoria.—The  Shetland  form  of  this  species  occurs 
in  Lewis,  but  not  in  Orkney. 

Noctua  brunnea.— AW  the  specimens  have  a  beautiful  violet 
tinge. 


306  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Apamea  hasilinea.  —  One  example  without  markings  was 
secured. 

Boarmia  repandata. — The  local  form  of  this  species,  var. 
aodorensium,  Weir,  is  well  represented,  and  the  specimens  are 
unusually  fine. 

Odontopera  bidentata. — The  series  obtained  this  year  are  an 
interesting  lot.  In  colour  they  range  through  all  gradations, 
from  very  pale  ochreous  to  almost  black.  The  markings  in  some 
specimens  are  exceedingly  well  defined,  and  in  others  obsolete. 

Emmelesia  albidata. — The  var.  hehridium  was  not  seen  in  its 
true  form,  and  only  one  example  of  the  species  captured  this 
season  approximated  thereto. 

Melanippe  sociata  var.  ohscurata. —  Specimens  of  the  second 
generation  are  tinged  with  ochreous,  whilst  those  of  the  first 
generation  are  larger,  darker  in  marking,  and  without  any 
ochreous  in  the  coloration. 

Triphcena  comes  (orhona)  occurs  in  all  forms,  including  var. 
curtisii,  whereas  in  Orkney  only  the  latter  form  and  its  modifica- 
tions have  been  obtained. 

The  collection,  taken  as  a  whole,  is  of  greater  value  and 
interest  than  that  brought  back  in  1887.  We  understand  that 
the  weather,  from  the  beginning  of  May  until  the  middle  of 
June,  was  all  that  a  collector  could  desire,  but  from  the  latter 
date  up  to  the  middle  of  July  it  was  very  unsettled.  Sugar  was 
not  attractive,  the  only  visitors  being  a  few  Xylophasia  monoglypha 
{polyodon)  and  Triphana  p>ronuha. 


VARIATION    IN    THE    GENUS    EBEBIA. 
By  Geoffkey  Smith. 

Part  I. 
(Continued  from  ]}.  281.) 

W^E  have  seen  that  when  a  scheme  of  distribution  is  normal — 
i.e.  when  about  the  same  number  of  individuals  have  values 
above  the  normal  as  below — then  M,  or  the  medium  obtained  by 
the  scheme  and  the  arithmetical  mean  of  the  values  under 
observation  are  practically  identical  (see  note,  p.  280).  So  far, 
then,  there  is  no  apparent  advantage  gained  by  throwing  the 
numbers  in  Tables  I.  and  II.  into  the  form  of  a  scheme. 

The  advantage  lies  here:  when  it  is  stated  that,  for  instance, 
ten  individuals  have  4  spots  apiece ;  the  mere  numbers  imply 
absolute  identity  between  those  ten  individuals  with  regard  to 
those  spots.  But  this  is  never  quite  the  case  in  nature ;  it 
would  be  giving  a  totally  incorrect  idea  of  the  variations  in  the 
spots  and  ocelli  of  different  species  of  Erehia,  if  hard  and  fast 


VARIATION    IN    THE    GENUS    EREBIA.  307 

lines  were  drawn  between  the  various  individuals  of  a  species 
according  as  they  had  0,  1,  2,  3,  &c.,  spots.  In  order  to  give 
any  idea  of  this  variability,  the  relative  sizes,  distribution,  &c., 
of  those  spots  would  have  to  be  described.  Now,  this  is  done 
roughly  by  means  of  the  scheme  ;  when  the  statement  that  ten 
individuals  have  4  spots  apiece  is  transcribed  into  the  scheme, 
all  that  is  said  about  these  individuals  is  that  each  one  of  them 
has  a  "spot-power"  somewhere  above  3  and  up  to  4 — e.g.  3*1, 
3*5,  3'7,  &c.  In  this  way  the  variations  in  size,  &c.,  of  the  spots 
is  taken  into  account,  without  actually  measuring  the  individuals 
separately,  except  in  so  far  as  they  have  0,  1,  2,  3,  &c.,  spots  of 
some  kind. 

How  far  it  is  possible  to  treat  wing  patterns  in  this  manner 
can  only  be  decided  when  actual  data  are  considered  ;  but  it  is 
obvious  that  in  other  characters,  such  as  length  of  wing,  weight, 
&c.,  the  method  is  invaluable.  For,  instead  of  having  to 
measure  or  weigh  each  individual  accurately,  convenient  ordinal 
numbers  are  chosen,  and  the  individuals  are  grouped  according 
as  they  exceed  or  fall  short  of  those  numbers  with  regard  to  the 
character  to  be  considered. 

By  means  of  this  scheme,  then,  we  are  able  to  determine  the 
M  or  mid-value  of  a  group  of  individuals  with  regard  to  some 
character  or  other.  The  properties  of  this  M  are,  besides  its 
relation  to  the  arithmetical  mean — (1)  the  chance  is  an  equal 
one  of  any  previously  unknown  measure  iu  the  group  exceeding 
or  falling  short  of  M ;  (2)  the  most  probable  value  of  any  un- 
known measure  in  the  group  is  M, 

From  these  properties  we  gather  that  if  individuals  are 
selected  at  random  from  a  group,  the  M  of  the  smaller  group 
so  formed  tends  to  remain  the  same  as  the  original  M  of  the 
whole  group.  In  nature  a  chance  selection  must  always  be 
made,  apart  from  natural  or  sexual  selection,  to  determine  which 
individuals  shall  breed  :  since  these  individuals  in  each  genera- 
tion will  be  selected  according  to  the  laws  of  chance,  we  may 
treat  every  generation  as  breeding  in  terms  of  its  M, 

In  this  way  we  bring  our  numbers  under  the  light  of  the  laws 
of  chance,  and  it  is  under  this  light  especially  that  it  is  intended 
here  to  bring  the  phenomena  to  be  considered. 

It  is  now  time  to  answer  an  objection  that  will  probably  have 
occurred  to  the  reader  with  regard  to  the  discussion  of  fig.  1  on 
p.  279.  It  was  there  stated  that  if  there  were  only  a  very  few 
females,  these  would  receive  mates  by  chance,  and  so  the  equili- 
brium would  be  thrown  out  of  order.  But  we  have  just  seen  that 
a  selection  of  mates  is  always  made  hij  chance,  and  on  this  is 
based  our  system  of  dealing  with  the  numbers  ;  so  that  it  would 
seem  that  in  the  case  of  the  females  being  in  a  minority,  there 
would  be  an  equal  chance  of  an  equilibrium  being  established. 
But  the  word  chance  is  used  here  in  two  different  senses.     In 


308  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

the  first  ease,  where  the  females  are  in  a  great  minorit}',  only  a 
very  small  selection  of  males  is  made  for  pairing,  and  the  laws 
of  chance  cannot  be  applied  to  ver}^  small  selections. 

Make  up,  for  instance,  a  pack  of  cards  with  52  red  and  26 
black.  The  chances  are  then  2  to  1  on  any  card  being  red.  Try 
to  verify  these  chances,  first  by  selecting  at  random  3  cards,  and 
noting  down  their  colours ;  repeat  this  process  several  times, 
putting  back  and  shuffling  the  three  cards  after  each  draw. 
Then  try  with  larger  and  larger  selections  in  the  same  manner, 
and  see  which  give  the  nearest  result  to  the  proportion  3  red  to 
1  black  on  the  total  number  of  draws.  If  this  does  not  satisfy, 
the  experiment  may  be  tried  with  more  complicated  proportions. 
With  more  complicated  proportions,  larger  draws  are  required, 
and  so  on.  It  is  to  a  similar  principle  that  a  gambling  establish- 
ment like  Monticarlo  owes  its  continued  existence. 

Some  way  back  (p.  280)  the  principle  was  formulated  that 
equality  in  the  number  of  the  sexes  tended  towards  equilibrium, 
and  that  inequality  tended  towards  fluctuation  of  characters. 
To  illustrate  this,  an  hypothetical  case  was  taken  (1)  in  which 
the  males  were  variable  and  the  females  constant,  the  males 
being  in  excess.  It  is  plain  that  several  other  conditions  might 
occur.  Thus  (2)  males  variable,  females  constant,  females  in 
excess ;  (3)  males  constant,  females  variable,  males  in  excess ; 
(4)  males  constant,  females  variable,  females  in  excess  ;  (5)  males 
variable,  females  variable,  males  in  excess ;  (6)  males  variable, 
females  variable,  females  in  excess.  By  a  little  consideration  it 
will  be  seen  that  conditions  (2)  and  (3)  are  favourable  to  an 
equilibrium  being  established,  and  therefore  do  not  fall  in  with 
the  principle,  and  that  (1),  (4),  (5),  and  (6)  are  conditions 
favourable  to  fluctuation.  The  second  clause  of  the  principle 
formulated  must  therefore  be  narrowed  to  the  following — "and 
that  inequality  when  coupled  with  variability  in  the  prepon- 
derating sex  tends  towards  fluctuation." 

(To  be  continued.) 


NOTES    ON    THE    DIVISION    VELIIARIA    [EHYNCHOTA] 

(  =  SuBFAM.   VELID^,   Leth.  &  Sev.). 

By  G.  W.  Kirkaldy,  F.E.S. 

(Continued  from  p.  286.) 

The  following  table  of  species  is  to  some  extent  based  upon 
Champion's  table  of  Central  American  species  ;  I  have,  however, 
seen  specimens  of  most  of  the  described  species  : — 

1.  Posterior  tibiae  with  a  long  hook  at  the  apex. 

[Posterior  femora,  moderately  incrassate,  dentate]  .         .  2 

la.  Posterior  tibiae  without  a  hook       .....  4 

2.  Terminal  genital  segment  mucronate      .  1  nncinata,  Champ. 


NOTES    ON    THE    DIVISION    VELIIARIA    [RHYNCHOTA.]  309 

2  a.  Terminal  genital  segment  not  mucronate        ...  3 

3.  Pronotum  fuscous  ;  legs  moderately  long       .       2  elegans,  Uhler. 
Sa.  Pronotum  rufo-castaneous,  legs  shorter  3  insnlaris,  Champ. 

4.  Posterior  femora  unarmed  J  ?       .         .         .         .         .  5 
4  a.  Posterior  femora  dentate  beneath  (?  $    .         ,         .         ,              6 

5.  Mesosternum  with  a  strong,  curved  diagonal  carina    4  festa;,  Kirk. 
5a.  Mesosternum  simple 5  plumhea,  Uhler. 

6.  Posterior  femora  more  or   less  incrassate  (at  least  in 

the  (?) 7 

6  a.  Posterior  femora  scarcely  incrassate        ....  20 

7.  Intermediate    femora   constricted    medianly ;    posterior 

femora  (  ?  )  hollowed  at  the  base,  and  dentate  in  their 
outer  half;  posterior  tibiae  obsoletely  denticulate 

6  spinifjera,  Champ. 
la.  Intermediate  femora  not  constricted       ....  8 

8.  Posterior  femora  greatly  incrassate  and  dentate,  posterior 

tibise  conspicuously  denticulate  (<?)    •         .         .         .  9 
8a.  Posterior   femora   moderately   incrassate    and   dentate, 
posterior  tibire  nearly  straight   and  minutely  denti- 
culate {3) 16 

9.  Posterior  legs  subelongate  ;    tibiae  strongly  sinuous  (jj).  10 
9a.  Posterior  tibijB  straiij;ht ;  armed  with  two  long  teeth  (  ^ ).  14 

10.  Anterior  tibise  not  dilated  ( J ) 11 

lOrt.  Anterior  tibisB  greatly  dilated  and  excavate  beneath  (  3). 

7  cullaria  (Burm.) 

11.  Posterior  femora  strongly  incrassate  and  multideutate, 

posterior  tibire  armed  with  slightly  longer  teeth  beyond 
the  middle  [3)  •         •         •         •         -8  varipes,  Champ. 

11a.  Posterior  femora  enormously  inflated  and  multidentate  .  12 

12.  Posterior  trochanters  with  a  long  spine         .       9  whitei  (Bredd.) 
12a. Posterior  trochanters  obsoletely  (or  not)  dentate    .         .  13 

13.  Ultimate    segment   of   intermediate  tarsi  much  longer 

than  the  second         ....  10  ravana,  sp.  nov. 

13a.  Ultimate  segment  slightly  longer  than  the  second 

11  crassipes,  Champ. 

14.  Third  segment  of  antennae  and  the  anterior  tibiae  dilated 

(especially  3) 12  taijluriella ,  Kirk. 

14a.  Third  segment  of  antennte  and  anterior  tibiae  not  dilated  15 

15.  Length  more  than  5  mill.,  a  castaneous  median  longi- 

tudinal line  (at  least)  on  pronotum.    Seventh  segment 
of  connexivum  produced  apically  in  acute  spines 

13  reitteri,  Renter. 
15a. Length  less  than  Ah  mill.,  pronotum  unicolorous  (ex- 
cept for  transverse  apical  stripe).     Connexivum  not 
spinose      ....••         14  femoralis,  Champ. 

16.  Posterior  femora  moderately  incrassate  ( 3  ),  slender  (  ?  ) ; 

entirely  dark  (except  base  of  median  tooth)         .         .  17 

16a. Posterior  femora  moderately  incrassate  ((??);  fiavous 

at  the  base  and  beneath •  18 

17.  Second  segment  of  intermediate  tarsi  equal  to  third 

15  distincta,  Champ. 
17a.  Second  segment  one-fifth  shorter  than  third  .        16  pegyia,  Kirk. 


310  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

18.  Second  and  third  segments  of  intermediate   tarsi  sub- 

equal.    (Pronotum  in  the  macropterous  form,  apically 
spinose)     .         .         .         .         .         .         .17  armata  (Burm.) 

18fl.  Third  segment  distinctly  longer  than  second  .         .  19 

19.  More  than  three  times  as  long  as  broad  ;  (pronotum  in 

macropterous  form  not  spinose)  ground  colour  of  legs 
deep  black         .....         18  nigncansi  (Burm.) 
19a. Less  than  two  and  a  half  times  as  long  as  broad;  ground 

colour  of  legs  fulvous         .         .         .19  salinus  (Champ.) 

20.  Second   and  third  segments  of  intermediate  tarsi  sub- 

equal  .  .  .  .  .  .  .20  aiifiiistipes,  Uhl. 

20a.  Second  segment  much  longer  than  third  21  tenuipes,  Champ. 

Species  not  included  in  the  above  table  : — 

No.  22.  obesa,  Uhler. 

,,    23.  (Bueipes,  Haglund. 

,,    24.  infenialis  (Butler). 

„    25.  trailii  (F.  B.  White). 

(To  be  continued.) 


NOTES    AND    OBSEEVATIONS. 

Second  Brood  of  Epinephele  ianira. — With  reference  to  Mr. 
Lucas's  note  on  this  subject  (ante,  p.  287),  I  am  inclined  to  think  that 
a  late  emergence  of  Epinephele  ianir<i  is  the  rule  rather  than  the 
exception  in  the  more  sheltered  parts  of  the  south  coast.  Whether 
we  are  right  in  attributing  it  to  the  occurrence  of  a  second  brood  is 
perhaps  open  to  question,  although  I  must  say  that  such  little  evidence 
as  is  obtainable  is  favourable  to  that  presumption.  One  is  far  too  apt 
to  omit  from  one's  note-book  all  mention  of  a  species  generally  regarded 
as  "  so  common,"  and  as  a  consequence  reliable  records  regarding  its 
times  of  appearance  are  few  ;  but  such  casual  notes  as  I  have  been 
able  to  tiu'u  up  go  to  support  my  recollection  that  it  has  generally 
occurred  fairly  plentifully  in  the  sheltered  hollows  under  Beachy  Head, 
where  I  have  collected  more  or  less  regularly  for  many  years  well  into 
the  end  of  August.  My  first  visit  to  that  locality  during  the  past 
Slimmer  was  on  August  19th  ;  E.  iauiia  was  then  flying  commonly, 
and  continued  on  the  wing  in  varying  abundance,  according  to  the 
suitability  of  the  weather,  until  I  left  the  neighbourhood  on  September 
15th  ;  and  a  pair  that  I  captured  on  the  8th  of  that  month  are  in  per- 
fectly fresh  condition — a  fact,  the  full  significance  of  which  will  be 
appreciated  when  it  is  mentioned  that  a  strong  gale  swept  the  coast 
on  the  3rd  and  4th. — Robt.  Adkin  ;  Lewisham,  October,  1901. 

Pterostoma  palpina  Double-brooded. — I  do  not  think  the  appear- 
ance of  a  second  brood  of  P.  palpina,  with  full-sized  imagines,  can  be 
so  unusual,  in  the  South  of  England,  as  Mr.  A.  J.  Lawrance  seems  to 
think  {vide  ante,  p.  288).  Of  the  seventeen  male  specimens  before  me, 
collected  from  various  sources,  by  far  the  largest  one  of  all  was  taken 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  311 

by  myself  in  this  neighbourhood  on  August  20th,  1892  ;  whilst  of  the 
three  next  in  point  of  size,  one  was  captured  at  Seale,  Surrey,  by  the 
Rev.  C.  R.  Digby  on  August  23rd,  1892,  and  another  in  this  neigh- 
bourhood by  myself  on  August  24th,  1886.  Curiously  enough,  these 
three  August  specimens  are  the  only  ones  out  of  the  seventeen  males 
of  which  the  actual  dates  of  capture  are  known  to  me,  and  the  two 
of  them  that  fell  to  me  are  the  only  examples  of  P.  pnlpina  that 
I  have  ever  taken.  —  Eustace  R.  Bankes  ;  Norden,  Corfe  Castle, 
October  22nd. 

Referring  to  Mr.  A.  J.  Lawrance's  note  {ante,  p.  288)  on  the  appear- 
ance of  a  second  brood  of  P.  palpiiia,  I  may  mention  that  I  captured 
five  perfect  specimens  of  this  moth  at  light  between  the  8th  and  12th 
August  last.  These,  I  think,  were  undoubtedly  specimens  of  a  second 
brood. — Philip  J.  Barraud  ;  Bushey  Heath,  Herts. 

With  reference  to  Mr.  A.  J.  Lawrance's  note  in  last  month's 
'Entomologist,'  I  beg  to  say  that  this  species  appears  to  be  constantly 
double-brooded.  In  this  neighbourhood  I  usually  see  full-grown  larvae 
at  the  end  of  June  or  beginning  of  July,  and  again  in  September,  and 
whenever  I  breed  it  I  always  find  it  double-brooded.  This  was  also 
my  experience  some  years  ago  in  Devonshire.  It  is  a  favourite  species 
of  mine,  and  I  have  bred  great  numbers  of  them  at  different  times. — 
Gervase  F.  Mathew  ;  Dovercourt,  Essex,  October  17th,  1901. 

Pachycnemia  hippocastanaria  Double-brooded. — In  answer  to  Mr. 
Carr's  query  regarding  a  late  emergence  of  P.  Jdppncustanaria  {ante, 
288),  I  find,  on  reference  to  my  note-books,  that  it  occurred  pretty 
freely  on  Shirley  Heath,  Surrey,  in  the  seventies,  both  in  April  (the 
usual  date  being  about  the  20th  of  that  month)  and  in  August;  also 
that  from  larvfe  swept  from  heather  in  the  same  locality  in  September, 
I  reared  moths  in  the  following  January  and  February,  and  from 
others  taken  in  the  same  way  and  place  in  June  moths  appeared  in 
July,  the  pupae  in  both  cases  being  kept  indoors  in  a  fairly  warm  room. 
In  later  years  I  have  met  with  the  imago  in  some  numbers  at  Oxshott 
both  in  April  and  August.  As  my  notes  extend  over  a  number  of 
years,  I  think  the  late  brood  cannot  be  regarded  as  in  any  way  excep- 
tional.— Robert  Adkin  ;  Lewisham,  October,  1901. 

Perhaps  my  experience  as  to  P.  hippocastanaria  being  regularly 
double- brooded  may  be  of  interest  to  Mr.  Carr  and  others.  Before  1899 
I  cannot  speak  with  certainty,  as  I  did  not  at  that  time  keep  a  diary  of 
the  occurrence  of  the  more  common  species  ;  but  in  both  1899  and 
1900  I  found  it  fairly  abundant  in  July  and  the  earlier  part  of  August 
on  our  Cribnan  heaths  here  whilst  in  search  of  Selidosewa  ericetaria 
and  Agrutis  agathina,  their  condition  being  on  the  whole  very  good. 
This  year  niy  collecting  rambles  did  not  take  me  in  that  quarter. 
Until  Mr.  Carr's  note  appeared  on  the  subject,  I  had  no  idea  it  was  at 
all  uncommon  for  a  second  brood  to  occur. — Fred.  (i.  Bellamy  ;  Ring- 
wood.  October  17th,  1901. 

In  reference  to  Mr.  F,  M.  B.  Carr's  note  as  to  a  late  brood  of  P. 
hippocastanaria,  I  took  five  specimens  of  this  insect  in  excellent  con- 
dition at  Midhurst,  Sussex,  on  July  22nd,  1901,  by  working  the  common 
after  dark  with  an  acetylene  lamp. — Alfred  E.  Tonge  ;  "  Glen  Royd," 
Devon  Crescent  Road,  Red  Hill,  October  5th,  1901. 


312  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Orthosia  rufina  flying  by  Day. — On  Sept.  18th  last,  while  searching 
for  CelcBna  haicorthii  near  Sheffield,  I  took  three  Orthosia  rufina — one  at 
4.5,  one  at  1.20,  and  one  at  5.30 — and  also  saw  another,  which  I  was 
unable  to  catch.  They  were  flying  wildly  over  the  heather,  apparently 
never  settling.  I  certainly  did  not  disturb  them.  The  weather  was 
sunny,  but  rather  windy.  Has  this  habit  been  noticed  before? — E.  A. 
Cockayne  ;  6,  Tapton  House  Eoad,  Sheffield,  September  23rd,  1901. 

Nemeophila  (Cheloxiai  plantaginis  in  Autumn. — I  have  had  several 
imagines  of  this  species  emerge  during  the  past  autumn.  Is  not  this 
unusual  ? — G.  E.  J.  Ckallan  ;  Bodorgan  Manor,  Bournemouth. 

[Although  we  are  not  aware  of  any  recent  records  of  the  fact,  we 
believe  that  an  autumn  emergence  of  this  species  is  not  altogether 
unusual. — Ed.] 

iEscHNA  cyanea,  &c.,  IN  YORKSHIRE. — I  must  take  exception  to  my 
friend  Mr.  W,  J.  Lucas's  statement  (ante,  p.  290)  that  ^.  juncea  is 
more  of  a  northern  insect  than  is  .E.  cyanea.  In  my  own  experience 
in  Yorkshire  quite  the  reverse  is  the  case.  .E.  cyanea  occurs  all  over 
the  county,  and  in  the  proportion,  I  should  say,  of  a  least  twenty  to 
one  as  compared  with  .E.  juncea.  Libellula  depressa  occurs  in  York- 
shire— ^at  Scarborough,  York,  and  other  places.  This  year  L.  qiiadri- 
maculata  occurred  in  plenty  at  Halifax. — Geo.  T.  Porritt  ;  Crosland 
Hall,  near  Huddersfield,  October  11th,  1901. 

The  Lepidopterous  Fauna  of  Hampshire. — Mr.  Moberly  has  already 
pointed  out  {ante,  p.  18)  that  the  list  published  in  the  '  Victorian 
History:  Hampshire,'  vol.  i.  (1900)  is  "not  quite  exhaustive."  I 
should  like  to  make  a  few  further  additions.  Enpithecia  succenttiriata 
and  E.  snhfulvata  are  not  infrequent  at  Sandown,  and  probably  else- 
where in  the  Isle  of  Wight  and  on  the  mainland  ;  and  I  have  this  year 
taken  larvae  of  E.  phiinheolata,  also  at  Sandown.  Melnnippe  unanyulata 
is  there  common,  and  I  have  twice  takeu  Tapinostola  hellmanni  in 
localities  some  few  miles  apart,  one  on  each  side  of  the  town  ;  I  have 
not  yet  discovered  its  headquarters,  but  it  does  not  seem  possible  that 
the  specimens  were  immigrants  or  accidentally  introduced.  Mamestra 
abjecta  occurs  both  at  Sandown  and  Freshwater.  The  omission  of 
Noctua  Jiammatra  and  of  Heliothis  armigera  is  perhaps  intentional,  for 
it  is  well  known  that  they  have  both  occurred  in  the  Isle  of  Wight. 
Dyschorista  suspecta  has  once  been  taken  (by  my  friend  Mr.  H.  H.  May), 
and  I  am  under  the  impression  I  have  heard  of  its  common  occurrence 
in  the  New  Forest.  There  was  a  record  of  Micra  ostrina  for  the 
Culver  Downs,  Isle  of  Wight,  in  an  early  volume  of  the  '  Entomologist,' 
but  I  cannot  at  the  moment  lay  my  hand  upon  it.  and  cannot  vouch 
for  its  authenticity.  Hypenodcs  albistriyalis  is,  I  believe,  common  in  the 
New  Forest,  where  I  took  it  not  infrequently  in  1894  ;  I  have  also  taken 
it  in  Parkhurst  Forest,  Isle  of  Wight.  Orobena  stramentalis,  Spilodes 
palealis,  Scoparia  lineolea,  and  Homccosoma  binavclla  are  all  Sandown 
species,  and  the  omission  of  Scoparia  mercurella  from  the  list  must 
surely  be  an  oversight,  I  have  done  so  little  systematic  work  amongst 
the  smaller  things  that  I  refrain  from  carrying  my  list  of  additions 
further.  I  should  like  to  add  that  I  am  collecting  materials  for  working 
out  in  some  detail  the  lepidopterous  fauna  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  313 

shall  value  any  assistance  which  may  be  rendered. — Louis  B.  Prout  ; 
246,  Richmond  Road,  N.E.,  October  8th,  1901. 

Erratum. — Page    296,   lines   11    and    12,    for    '' extemalis''    read 
"  extimalis." 


CAPTURES   AND   FIELD   REPORTS. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  in  1901. 

Berkshire.— 1  had  two  .S'.  convulvuU  brought  me  last  month,  both 
taken  within  a  short  distance  of  my  house,  and  heard  of  several 
others  having  been  taken. — W.  E.  Butler;  Hayling  House,  Reading, 
Oct.  12th,  1901. 

Three  specimens  of  S.  convolcuU  were  sent  to  me  by  a  friend,  who 
is  one  of  the  deacons  at  Wellington  College,  Berks,  on  Sept.  27th  last, 
and  another  was  seen  at  the  same  place  a  few  days  later. — Chas.  F. 
Thornewill  ;  Calderhall  Vicarage,  Whitchurch,  Salop,  Oct.  18th,  1901. 

Bucks. — A  living  pupa  of  S.  convolvuli  was  dug  up  in  a  potato 
allotment  near  Haddenham  on  Sept.  19th  last,  and  given  to  me.  I 
ascertained  that  the  wild  convovulus  {Convolvulus  arvensis)  was  growing 
freely  thereon. — W.  H.  Barton  ;  The  Poplars,  Spencer  Road,  Chis- 
wick,  Oct.  16th,  1901. 

Cornwall. — On  September  21st  I  took  on  the  wing  in  my  garden 
three  specimens  of  S.  convolvuii — two  males  and  one  female.  I  saw 
one  other  specimen,  but  failed  to  capture  it.  One  male  was  in  perfect 
condition,  the  others  slightly  damaged.  The  next  evening,  in  torrents 
of  rain  (it  had  rained  incessantly  throughout  the  day),  I  walked  around 
the  garden  and  saw  two  more  specimens  on  the  wing,  but  climatic 
conditions  were  totally  against  an  attempt  at  capture.  On  Sept.  23rd 
I  captured  a  female  example  on  the  wing  in  perfect  condition  ;  on 
Sept.  27th  another  female,  and  on  Oct.  2nd  a  male  specimen— both 
of  the  latter  being  slightly  damaged.  Three  other  captures  have  been 
reported  to  me  :  one  taken  at  rest  on  some  coloured  drapery  hanging 
on  a  clothes-line  outdoors  ;  one  on  the  wing,  in  the  daytime,  in  a 
pigeon-house,  probably  having  been  disturbed  or  dislodged ;  and  one 
Hying  in  a  bedroom  in  the  twilight.— W.  A.  Rollason  ;  The  White 
House,  Truro,  October,  1901. 

Devonshire.—ViliQn  I  was  staying  at  Dawlish  this  year  a  nearly 
full-grown  larva  of  S.  convolvuli  was  brought  to  me  on  August  28th. 
It  had  been  taken  in  a  garden  in  the  neighbourhood. — Hugh  Main  ; 
Forest  Gate,  London,  E.,  Oct.  16th,  1901. 

Two  fine  specimens  of  S.  convolvuli  were  captured  in  the  town 
during  the  first  week  in  August,  and  are  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr. 
H.  E.  Monk.  Mr.  J.  Chichester,  on  Sept.  7th,  gave  me  a  perfect 
specimen,  evidently  freshly  emerged,  taken  at  the  bloom  of  tiie  tobacco 
plant  at  Grenofen.  Of  six  insects  seen  he  succeeded  in  taking  two. 
He  states  that  two  years  ago  they  were  still  more  common.— (Rev.) 
W.  J.  Leigh  Phillips  ;  Tavistock. 

Dorsetshire.— S.  convolvuli  was  plentiful  here  during  the  month  of 
August,  and  I  secured  a  good  number  of  very  fair  specimens ;  as  usual, 
they  were  mostly  taken  at  tobacco  plants.     During  September  they 


314  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

were  not  so  numerous,  but  in  better  condition,  and  I  tliinlc  some  must 
have  been  bred  here.  I  am  induced  to  think  this  not  only  from  their 
condition,  but  from  the  following  facts.  On  June  2nd,  whilst  hunting 
for  Acidalia  degeiieraria,  I  disturbed  and  caught  a  male  S.  concolnili  in 
excellent  condition.  On  August  2ud  I  had  a  larva  of  the  insect  brought 
me  Avhich  had  commenced  to  pupate,  and  which  developed  into  a  line 
pupa.  On  Sept.  22ud  a  pupa  was  brought  to  me.  Both  larva  and 
pupa  had  been  dug  up  amongst  potatoes.  These  pupae  are  now  quite 
lively,  and  I  hope  will  develop  into  the  perfect  insect.  The  larva  I 
had  last  year  died  in  the  pupa  state. — Jno.  T.  Hyde  ;  The  Grove, 
Portland,  October,  1901. 

Essex. — Ten  specimens  of  S.  cuitrolndi  were  taken  oft"  the  electric 
lamps  here  by  Mr.  Main  and  myself  on  Sept.  24th  and  25th. — A. 
Harhison  ;  Forest  Gate,  London,  E.,  Oct.  16th,  1901. 

HampsJdre. — As  the  larva  of  S.  conroIruU  seems  to  be  so  easily 
found,  it  may  be  of  interest  to  add  to  the  lately  recorded  captures 
another  instance  of  its  discovery.  At  the  end  of  August  (I  have  no 
note  of  the  date)  a  full-fed  larva  was  brought  to  me  by  a  farmer  who 
said  that  he  found  it  amongst  the  stubble  of  an  oat  field.  Bindweed 
was  plentiful  in  the  surrounding  hedges.  I  did  not  allow  the  cater- 
pillar to  pupate,  but  preserved  it  for  my  collection.  The  moths  of 
this  species  were  very  abundant  here  this  year.  On  Sept.  9th  I  secured 
five  at  the  flowers  of  Xlcotiana  ajinis,  and  three  on  the  following 
evening,  but  released  four,  as  they  were  in  bad  condition.  Several 
other  specimens  were  sent  to  me  by  friends  here,  but  were  without 
exception  too  much  damaged  to  be  of  any  use.  I  also  was  told  by 
many  persons  who  have  gardens  that  they  had  seen  very  large  moths 
hovering  over  the  flowers  at  dusk  at  the  beginning  of  September. — 
Alberi'  May  ;  Hayling  Island,  Oct.  21st,  1901. 

On  Sept.  10th  I  found  a  fine  freshly-emerged  S.  conrulniU  at  rest 
on  an  oak  fence  near  Totland  Bay.  I  have  since  found  five  more 
perfect  specimens  on  fences  here.  Up  to  the  time  of  writing  over 
one  hundred  and  eighty  of  these  moths  have  been  taken  here. 
Besides,  a  friend  of  mine  had  five  larvte,  and  others  had  pup*  brought 
them  which  had  been  dug  up  in  gardens,  chiefly  among  potatoes. — 
G.  E.  J.  Crallan  ;  Bodorgan  Manor,  Bournmouth. 

On  October  1st  a  specimen  of  S.  concolcull  was  brought  me,  which 
had  been  caught  at  Botley  station  by  Mr.  C.  Newman. — M.  S.  Jenkyns; 
Botley,  Hants. 

Hertfordshire — A  specimen  of  S.  eoncolndi  was  captured  in  a 
neighbouring  garden  and  brought  to  me  on  Sept.  2oth  last.  It  is  in 
rather  poor  condition. — Philip  J.  Barraud  ;  Bushey  Heath,  Herts. 

Kent. — S.  coHvolndi  and  Acherontia  atrupvs  appear  to  be  fairly 
numerous  again  in  the  southern  counties  this  year.  I  can  record  five 
of  the  former  for  the  Farnborough  district,  and  three  of  the  latter 
for  Bromley  Common. — A.  J.  Lawrance  ;  Bromley  Common,  Kent, 
Oct.  4th,  1901. 

On  Sept.  22ud  I  captured  a  specimen  of  S.  convolvali  as  it  was 
flying  over  tobacco  bloom  at  Wellesborough,  near  Ashford,  the  locality 
in  which  I  took  several  examples  of  this  species  in  1898.  A  worn 
specimen,  taken  by  a  gardener  at  Eiversdale,  Lewisham,  was  brought 
to  me  on  Sept.  24th,  and  on  the  25th  of  the  same  month,  at  9.30  p.m.. 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  315 

I  saw  a  specimen  hovering  over  tobacco  flowers  in  the  garden  here. — 
D.  Chittenden  ;  98,  Court  Hill  Eoad,  Lewisham. 

Middlesex. — On  October  2nd  I  took  a  fine  specimen  of  S.  convolviiU 
at  rest  on  a  wall  in  the  High  Street, — T.  H.  L.  Grosvenok;  Boundary 
House,  Hadley,  Middlesex,  Oct.  lith,  1901. 

I  have  to  record  the  capture  of  a  fine  pair  of  6'.  coin-ulviili  at  light 
near  here  on  Sept.  1st.  Five  other  captures  of  this  species  in  Hamp- 
stead  and  Highgate  have  come  to  my  knowledge  during  the  past  three 
or  four  weeks.— L.  A.  Spencer  ;  52,  Burghley  Eoad,  Highgate  Eoad, 
N.W.,  Oct.  22nd,  1901. 

A  fellow  student  gave  me  a  specimen  of  *S'.  convolvali  on  Sept.  25th. 
It  was  found  at  rest  on  a  gate-post  at  Isleworth. — Geo.  B.  Walch  ; 
Borough  Eoad  New  College,  Spring  Grove,  Isleworth. 

Suiiiersetshire. — Between  August  18th  and  October  10th  we  have 
taken  fifteen  specimens  of  .S\  cunvolculi,  all  in  the  garden  flying  over 
the  tobacco  plant. — J.  P.  Lawson  ;  Southview,  Princes  Eoad,  Cleve- 
don,  Somerset. 

Suffolk. — While  staying  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds  recently,  I  was 
shown  a  specimen  of  S.  convolcuU  which  had  been  taken  in  a  house  in 
the  town  about  the  beginning  of  September. — A.  E.  Kiuner  ;  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  Oct.  1st,  1901. 

My  father  picked  up  a  fine  specimen  of  S.  coitvolvidi  on  a  road  close 
to  the  sea  on  Sept.  23rd  at  Aldeburgh,  Suffolk. — J.  C.  Walker; 
41,  Hamilton  Terrace,  N.W. 

Judging  from  difl'erent  reports,  S.  convolvidi  has  been  unusually 
plentiful  this  year.  Several  specimens  have  been  taken  at  Stretton, 
and  they  have  been  frequent  visitors  to  the  flowers  of  petunias  and  the 
sweet-smelling  tobacco  plant  [Nicotlana  ajfiiti!>)  in  my  garden  during 
the  month  of  September.  Two  or  three  other  specimens  which  had 
been  taken  in  the  town  have  also  been  left  at  the  museum. — Claude 
A.  Pyett  ;  28,  Waterloo  Eoad,  Ipswich. 

Worcestershire. — Three  specimens  of  S.  convolvidi  were  captured  at 
Malvern  the  latter  end  of  September. — W.  Edwards  ;  Malvern. 

CoLiAs  EDusA  IN  CORNWALL. — On  May  17th  last,  I  took,  near  St. 
Austell,  a  very  fine  male  specimen  of  (J.  edma.  He  was  very  strong 
in  flight,  and  gave  me  a  smart  chase.  This  was  presumably  a  hyber- 
nated  specimen,  and  is  the  only  one  I  have  seen  in  this  district  for  the 
year.  But  what  I  wish  especially  to  comment  upon  is  with  reference 
to  my  note  (Entom.  xxxiii.  p.  309)  wherein  I  recorded  a  large  capture 
of  C.  edum,  together  with  eleven  of  the  beautiful  female  variety  helice. 
This  year  I  visited  the  same  locahty  and  at  the  same  time,  but  without 
seeing  a  single  specimen  of  either.  This  is  all  the  more  remarkable 
as  the  lucerne  field  in  which  I  took  such  numbers  last  year  had  not 
been  ploughed  up  or  disturbed  in  any  way,  there  being  a  fair  quantity 
of  blossoms  still  in  the  field,  which  was  being  grazed  by  sheep.  The 
weather  was  in  all  respects  similar.  Of  Pyraineis  cardui  I  also  took 
a  fair  number  last  year  in  the  same  field— this  time  they  also  were 
absent.  Is  there  any  probable  explanation  of  these  remarkable  facts  ? 
— W.  A.  EoLLAsoN  ;  The  White  House,  Truro,  October,  1901. 

COLIAS     EDUSA     AND     C.     HYALE     IN     HAMPSHIRE.— Although     both     of 

these  species  were  so  abundant  here  last  year,  only  one  specimen  of 


316  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

each  was  seeu  by  me  during  the  last  season;   C.  lujale  (var.  pallida), 
Aug.  20tb;  C.edma,^e^i.  6th. — Albert  May;  Hayling  Island,  Oct.  21st. 

CoLiAs  HYALE  IX  Kent. — C.  lujale  has  again  put  in  an  appearance. 
This  year  I  captured  sis  specimens,  on  August  25th,  at  Hither  Green 
— four  males  and  two  females,  one  of  the  latter  a  white  variety. — 
D.  Chittenden  ;  98,  Court  Hill  Road,  Lewisham,  S.E. 

CoLiAs  HYALE  IX  WILTSHIRE. — Wlulc  at  Wylyc  this  year  I  took 
four  specimens  of  Colias  hyale,  one  a  very  perfect  dwarf  form,  I 
missed  a  good  many  others.  I  also  took  two  specimens  of  C.  lnjalc 
near  Wimborne.  Dorset.  I  captured  a  good  many  specimens  of  this 
species  in  1900  at  Wylye. — R.  V.  Solly  ;  40,  Southernhay,  Exeter, 
Sept.  2oth,  1901. 

Vax-essa  axtiopa  IX  Hampshire. — While  collecting  on  one  of  the 
large  heaths  to  the  north  of  this  town  on  September  13th,  I  observed 
a  large  dark  brown  butterfly  struggling  against  the  north  wind,  which 
was  blowing  strongly.  It  proved  to  be  a  worn  specimen  of  Vanes.m 
antiopa. — G.  E.  J.  Crallax  ;  Bodorgan  Manor,  Bournemouth. 

Vax-essa  axtiopa  IX  Devoxshire. — A  fine  specimen  of  V.  antiopa 
was  seen  in  a  garden  here  on  September  20th  by  Mr.  H.  Kerslake.  It 
was  feeding  on  a  decayed  apple,  but  unfortunately  it  escaped  capture. 
A  Newton  College  boy  was  more  fortunate  on  Dartmoor  last  mouth. — 
( Rev.)  W.  J.  Leigh  Phillips  ;   Tavistock. 

Vaxessa  axtiopa  at  Epsom. — A  specimen  was  caught  by  Mr.  Gurth 
Edelsten  in  the  garden  of  Mead  House,  Epsom,  Sept.  9th,  1901. 

Vanessa  axtiopa  ix  thk  North  of  Loxdox. — I  came  across  a  fine 
specimen  of  V.  antiipa  (Camberwell  Beauty)  on  August  25th  in  the 
North  of  London.  Should  you  care  to  have  further  particulars,  I 
shall  be  happy  to  give  you  any  information  aud  corroboration  you 
may  require,  as  I  was  with  three  other  men  at  the  time. — A.  Podmore  ; 
2.  Palace  Road,  Streatham  Hill,  August  27th,  1901. 

^^We  wrote  to  our  correspondent  asking  for  more  precise  information 
as  to  locality,  but  so  far  we  have  not  been  favoured  with  a  reply. — ^Ed.] 

Vaxessa  polvchloros,  etc..  ix  Loxdox. — On  July  19th  I  captured 
a  freshly  emerged  specimen  with  my  hat  as  it  was  sitting  on  parapet 
of  the  railway  at  Abbey  Street,  Bermondsey,  S.E.  I  believe  that  it 
was  bred  near  there,  as  my  son  took  one  last  year  on  July  21st  close 
to  South  Bermondsey  Station.  I  also  noticed  several  Lt/ccena  an/iolus 
flying  in  the  Court  Hill  Road,  Lewisham,  and  in  my  garden,  as  last 
year,  at  the  end  of  April,  and  one  or  two  of  the  second  brood  were  also 
seen. — D.  Chittexdex  ;  98,  Court  Hill  Road,  Lewisham. 

Hyberxatiox  of  Vaxessidx. — A  specimen  of  Vanessa  urtivcB  took 
up  its  winter  quarters,  on  July  22nd,  on  the  ceiling  of  the  bath  room, 
which  contains  a  hot-water  cylinder,  aud  faces  west,  and  is  always 
warm.  At  the  same  time  there  were  many  colonies  of  young  larvae 
from  this  same  brood  which  in  due  time  would  produce  butterflies 
which  would  naturally  hybernate  ;  but  why  should  some  individuals 
hybernate  so  early  in  the  year  ? — (Rev. ;  C  A.  Sladex  ;  Burton  Vicar- 
age, Chester. 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  Sl7 

EuGONiA  AUTUMNAKiA  AT  DovERcouRT. — The  moming  of  the  4th 
instant  was  dull  and  mild,  with  a  south-westerly  breeze,  and  a  steady 
drizzle  until  2  p.m,  when  it  cleared  off,  and  the  wind  went  round  to 
the  north-east.  Just  before  dusk  I  sugared  some  trees  aud  twigs  in 
hedges  by  the  side  of  the  road  near  my  house,  and  at  nine  o'clock  went 
out  to  see  the  result.  It  was  then  fine,  bright,  aud  cold,  and  the 
north-easterly  breeze  had  freshened  considerably,  and  I  was  not  sur- 
l^rised  that  only  two  visitors  came  to  my  sugar — Anrlvicclis  fdstacina 
and  t'atm-ala  nupta  ;  but  while  I  was  examining  one  of  the  trees  I 
caught  sight  of  a  moth  clinging  to  the  under  side  of  some  autumn- 
tinted  elm  trees.  It  was  a  "  thorn,"  much  the  colour  of  its  surroundings, 
and  was  very  quiet  and  allowed  me  to  box  it.  I  thought  it  was  E.u(ionia 
ijiicrciiiaria  or  E.  alniaria,  but  next  morning  when  I  looked  into  the 
box  I  found  it  was  a  female  E.  autumnaria.  This  is  the  first  time  I 
have  met  with  this  (formerly  rarei  species,  and  I  wonder  if  it  is  a 
native,  an  immigrant,  or  an  escape  ?  It  is  smaller  than  any  of  the 
females  I  possess — and  I  have  a  good  series — so  I  fancy  it  may  be  the 
offspring  of  inter-bred  parents.  I  kept  her  for  several  days,  and  she 
deposited  about  a  hundred  eggs,  which  appear  to  be  fertile,  as  they  have 
changed  colour. — Gervase  F.  Mathew  ;  Dovercourt.  Oct.  17th,  1901. 

(ExiSTis  yuADKA  IN  Irelaxd. — With  reference  to  the  occurrence  of 
(Enistis  quadra  in  Ireland,  the  following  record  may  be  of  some  use. 
On  July  26th  I  took  a  damaged  female  specimen  in  a  house  at  Nenagh, 
Co.  Tipperary. — F.  W.  J.  Jackson  ;  2,  Vicarage  Gate,  Kensington,  W., 
Oct.  1st,  1901. 

Hadena  genista  at  Chichestee. — Several  specimens  of  Hadena 
tiiiiistcE  were  taken  at  sugar  during  June  last  by  Mrs.  Fogden,  of 
Eyman's  Tower,  Apuldrum.  I  have  not  had  time  to  refer  to  our 
local  list  of  Lepidoptera,  but  I  believe  that  this  is  an  addition  to  it. — 
Joseph  Anderson. 

Plusia  moneta  at  Cambridge. — On  July  6th  I  took  a  specimen  of 
Plmia  moneta,  settled  on  a  gas-lamp,  in  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
almost  in  the  same  spot  as  the  one  recorded  last  year. — A.  Fi.  Kidner  ; 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  Oct.  1st,  1901. 

Caradrina  A3IBIGUA  AT  RiNGWOOD. — Last  year  I  took  this  species 
in  scores  upon  flowers  of  Clematis  here  in  my  garden,  and  left  plenty; 
this  season  I  have  only  seen  seven  in  all.  Is  arnbiijua  going  to  die 
out,  or,  at  least,  has  it  found  its  level,  and  in  future  will  be  scarce 
again  ?  Fresh  importations  of  plant  and  insect  hfe,  although  often 
prolific  for  a  time,  do  sometimes  die  out,  or  barely  exist  in  a  new 
locality.  It  would  be  interestmg  to  hear  if  this  species  has  been 
scarce  in  other  localities  also.— J.  Hy.  Fowler  ;  Pvingwood. 

AcHERONTiA  ATROPos  Larv£  :  A  VARIETY.— On  Aug.  20th  a  gardener 
here  sent  me  two  larvse  of  A.  atropos ;  one  was  a  full-grown  specimen 
of  typical  appearance,  the  other  diftered  from  it  immensely,  answering 
the  description  of  the  variety  given  by  Morris  m  the  oth  (1896)  edition 
of  his  '  History  of  British  Moths '— "  Sometimes  the  caterpillar  is  ohve- 
brown,  whitish  in  front,  and  the  stripes  darker."  In  my  larva  the 
stripes  were  very  dark  brown,  aud  the  whitish  patches  in  front  well 

ENTOM. — NOVEMBER,    1901.  -^  ^ 


318  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

marked  and  distinct.  I  killed  and  preserved  it,  and  the  gardener  told 
me  that  when  he  found  those  two  larvfe  in  a  potato  patch  he  trod  on  a 
second  larva  like  the  dark  variety,  and  killed  it.  Subsequently  from  a 
distant  part  of  the  island  another  larva  with  the  same  peculiarities  was 
brought  to  me.  I  tried  to  rear  it,  but  it  died. — Albert  May  ;  Hayling 
Island,  Oct.  21st,  1901. 

AcHERONTiA  ATROPos  IN  CORNWALL. — I  have  a  Very  fine  specimen  of 
A.  atropos,  5^  in.  across  wing-tips,  found  on  October  16th.  It  was 
taken  in  a  street  in  the  city,  where  there  is  considerable  traffic,  at  rest 
on  the  curbstone,  and  where  it  was  attracting  considerable  attention. 
When  touched  it  several  times  uttered  the  shrill  squeaking  sound 
peculiar  to  this  insect,  and  repeated  same  when  placed  in  a  box  at 
home.— W.  A.  Rollason  ;  The  White  House,  Truro,  Oct.  19th,  1901. 

AcHERONTiA  ATROPOS  IN  SussEx. — I  have  just  Set  a  fine  female 
specimen,  which  was  taken  at  rest  on  a  fence  at  Worthing.  I  also 
received  a  larva  from  the  same  town. — ^^A.  J.  Lawrance  ;  Bromley 
Common,  Kent,  Oct.  4th,  1901. 

Acherontia  atropos  IN  Yorkshire. — On  August  17th  I  captured  a 
full-grown  larva  of  A.  atropos  in  a  garden  near  the  middle  of  Hull. 
Practically  the  only  plants  were  nasturtiums  and  stocks.  Can  it  have 
fed  on  either  of  these  ?  It  could  not  have  come  from  a  neighbouring 
garden,  as  we  are  cut  off  by  high  walls  from  the  nearest  of  them. 
It  pupated  on  the  27th,  but  the  imago  has  not  yet  emerged. — 
Geo.  B.  Walsh  ;  Borough  Road  New  College,  Spring  Grove,  Isle- 
worth,  Sept.  25th,  1901. 

Choerocampa  celerio  in  Wiltshire. — I  had  this  morning  sent  me 
by  post  a  specimen  of  Clioerocampa  celerio  from  Wylye,  Wiltshire.  It 
was  sent  me  in  a  cardboard  box,  was  quite  relaxed,  and  consequently 
had  not  been  long  dead,  but  was  unfortunately  a  good  deal  rubbed.  I 
may  mention  that  I  spent  three  weeks  at  Wylye  in  August,  and  that 
it  was  my  landlord  who  sent  me  this  insect. — R.  V.  Solly;  40, 
Southernhay,  Exeter,  Sept.  25th,  1901. 

Butterflies  in  Thanet. — Acting  upon  the  "tip"  of  a  school-boy 
(see  ante,  p.  23),  I  went  in  search  of  Aporia  cratcBf/i  early  in  July,  and 
captured  six  specimens,  one  male  and  five  females.  They  were  easily 
detected  from  ordinary  whites,  and  not  difficult  to  catch,  and,  as  they 
were  scattered  as  far  as  two  miles  apart  from  first  to  last,  it  is  satis- 
factory to  find  there  is  a  possibility  of  this  species  getting  commoner 
here.  On  Sunday,  August  18th,  I  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  a  speci- 
men of  Fieris  daplidke  on  the  wing,  close  to  Dane  Park.  Having  no 
net  with  me,  I  was  obliged  to  use  my  hands,  and  I  was  lucky  enough 
to  catch  it,  as  it  settled  quietly  on  a  lucerne  flower.  It  is  a  male  in 
good  condition.  On  the  wing  it  resembled  a  female  Kachloe  cardamines, 
but  its  flight  was  weaker,  and  in  no  way  could  it  be  mistaken  for  an 
ordinary  white.  During  the  spring  and  early  summer  I  have  searched 
without  success  for  the  "  clouded  yellows  "  in  every  stage.  On  August 
9th  the  first  specimen  of  Culias  hyale  appeared,  a  lovely  male  in 
perfect  condition  ;  on  the  10th.  another  fresh  male;  12th,  two  ditto  ; 
14th,  seven  specimens,  including  one  female  ;  16th,  twelve  specimens 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  319 

(three  females).  Since  then  it  has  been  common  on  sunny  days,  but 
has  rapidly  deteriorated  in  condition  ;  yesterday  I  took  eight  specimens, 
but  only  two  were  fit  to  keep,  both  fresh  males.  Having  over  a  mile 
of  lucerne  close  at  hand,  I  can  readily  watch  this  species,  and  have 
walked  round  on  most  fine  sunny  days.  So  far,  Colias  edusa  is  very 
scarce,  the  first  specimen,  a  fresh  male,  was  captured  on  Aug.  16th,  and 
no  otlier  put  in  an  appearance  until  yesterday  (Sept.  10th).  This  I 
missed,  but  it  is  not  yet  too  late.  The  Vanessids  have  been  remarkably 
scarce ;  of  Pi/rameis  cardui  I  have  not  seen  more  than  six  ;  Vanessa 
polt/chlorus,  bred  two  ;  V.  urticcB,  a  few  only  ;  V.  io,  none  (this  is  always 
scarce  in  Thanet)  ;  P.  ataUmta,  one  fresh  specimen  seen  yesterday 
(hybernated  specimens  of  P.  atahinta,  V.  uhIccb,  and  F.  cardui  were 
of  course  seen  earlier) ;  apparently  hot  summers  do  not  suit  the 
Vanessids  here.  Li/C(f;na  anjiolus.  first  seen  on  May  1st,  and  has  been 
here  more  or  less — in  condition,  good,  bad  and  indifi'erent — ever  since. 
L.  arjestis,  commoner  than  usual,  and  has  been  taken  in  the  park. 
Thecla  betides,  I  beat  eight  larvre  from  one  sloe  bush,  but  could  not  find 
it  anywhere  else.  Melan(ir<iia  galatca,  same  as  L.  agestis.  Fritillaries 
are  unknown,  for  Argynnis  latonia  has  not  yet  turned  up.  —  J.  P. 
Barrett;  3,  St.  John's  Villas,  Margate,  September,  1901. 

NoTKs  FRiiM  Dkvon  AND  NoRTH  SOMERSET. — As  we  do  not  get  very 
many  notes  from  North  Somerset,  perhaps  the  following  may  prove 
of  some  interest.  I  have  been  staying  at  Porlock,  almost  on  the 
borders  of  Devonshire  (August  9th  to  19th).  Of  course,  the  time  of 
year  is  not  a  very  good  one,  or  I  should  undoubtedly  have  worked 
harder  and  done  much  better.  The  place  is  surrounded  by  moorland 
hills,  on  which  heath,  ling,  and  bilberry  grow  in  profusion.  A  good 
idea  of  the  country  can  be  got  from  '  Lorna  Doone,'  which  deals  with 
these  parts.  August  13th  and  11th  were  spent  at  tlie  now  famous 
Dawlish  (South  Devon),  and  very  bad  weather  was  unfortunately  ex- 
perienced there.  The  attraction  was,  of  course,  CaUimurpha  hera,  but 
the  weather  was  so  boisterous  that  I  only  succeeded  in  catching  one 
specimen,  and  that  was  at  dusk.  August  11th  was  spent  searching  for 
Brgophila  glandifera  (iiiuralis)  in  a  terrific  storm  of  wind  and  rain. 
One  example  and  a  thorough  soaking  were  the  result.  The  following 
species  were  also  noticed  at  Dawlish: — Piens  brasncce,  P.  rti/ia, 
Einiiephele  tithonus,  E.  ianira,  Miana  furuncida,  Brgnphila  2)erla,  Riania 
cratcegata,  Crocallis  elinguaria,Melanippefiuctiiata,  M.  galiata,  ALsubtris- 
tata,  Melanthia  acellata,  Ciniiptugrammabtiiiieata,  Coremia  (.^  tmidentnria), 
Acidalia  marginepimctata,  A.  aversata,  Abrax/is  grossulariaPt,  Eubolia 
bipunctaia,  E.  mensuvaria,  Botgs  asiwilis  (very  local),  B.  ruralis,  Pyralis 
farinolis,  Henninia  denvalis,  and  I'ioncd  forficalis.  Eather  a  miserable  lot 
for  such  a  celebrated  place,  but,  no  doubt,  owing  to  weather  and  want 
of  knowledge  of  the  locahty.  August  16th  was  spent  at  Lynton  and 
Lynmouth  (North  Devon),  but  this  was  more  for  the  purpose  of  seeing 
the  beautiful  scenery  than  of  collecting.  Epinephele  tithonus  and 
E.  ianira  were,  of  course,  seen  ;  also  a  single  specimen  of  Mncroghma 
stellatarum,  in  the  gardens  of  the  Tors  hotel.  A  few  Mdanippe  galiuta 
were  disturbed,  and  I  also  found  a  spot  for  Larentia  oliiHita,  wnich  were 
in  grand  condition,  but  at  the  time  I  was,  unfortunately,  netless. 
Boty<i  asinalis  occurred  in  the  same  spot,     The  rest  of  my  collecting 


320  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

was  done  chiefly  between  Porlock  and  the  Doone  Valley,  and  was  con- 
fined almost  entirely  to  day-work.  Of  the  butterflies,  one  example  of 
C'ulias  liyiile  was  seen  on  the  moors.  Fieris  hrasdra,  P.  rnpa,  and 
P.  nnpi  were  all  fairly  common.  A  few  An/ijnnis  [Drf/as)  paphia  were 
noticed,  in  a  somewhat  worn  condition.  Satyr  us  semele  was  abundant 
on  the  moors,  and  Paranje  meriara  seemed  to  occur  in  great  numbers 
almost  everywhere,  but  only  two  specimens  of  P.  er/eria  were  observed. 
Kpinepluie  tit/ioniis  and  E.  ianira  abundant.  Vanessa  iirtica;  was  also 
very  common,  and  a  single  example  of  V.  io  was  seen  at  Dunster 
(Somerset).  Lj/caiiin  icarnx,  Cyaniris  aryiolus,  Poiyommatus  p/daas, 
Tli^cla  quercus  (one),  Ccenonympka  painphilus,  and  Painphila  linea 
[t/unimas),  complete  the  list  of  butterflies.  Turning  to  the  moths,  a 
sint,'le  Macroylossa  stcl  lata  nun  was  seen  on  the  moor.  A  few  Apamea 
oculea  and  TriplicBna  ianthina  turned  up,  and  single  examples  of 
T.  fimbria,  T.  comes,  Ahroslola  trlphisia  (to  light),  and  Plnsia  yaiiima. 
Geometers  were  rather  better  represented,  the  following  species  being 
observed  : — Pp)hyra  porata  (one),  Vamptoyramtna  biliiwata,  Hypsipetes 
elutata  (worn),  Larentia  didymata  (found  at  rest  in  the  day-time  on  rough 
stone  walls  and  banks,  and  flying  abundantly  over  the  whortleberry 
at  sunset),  Punnia  cratceyata,  Cidaria  trancata  (a  very  nice  lot,  containing 
some  very  pretty  forms,  beaten  from  a  place  about  two  hundred  and 
fifty  yards  long,  where  the  whortleberry  grew  very  thickly  under  a  beech 
hedge  >,  C.  papnlata  (obtained  from  the  same  lot  of  Vaecinium  as  C.  trun- 
cata),  ('.  testata  (a  few  turned  up  in  a  sheltered  corner  of  the  moor), 
Boarmia  rhumhoidaria  (a  large  and  worn  female),  Melanippe  yaliata  (not 
common),  ill.  suhtristatn,  MelantJiia  ocellata,  Acidalia  aversata,  A.  niar- 
yinepunctata  (a  few  very  nice  grey  forms  found  at  rest  on  rough  grey 
stone  walls,  and  differing  considerably  from  some  just  taken  in  Kent). 
Hypena  prohoscidaUs  (worn)  and  Botys  ruralis  complete  the  list  of 
imagines.  Larvae  taken  were  : — Euchelia  jacobcca  (common),  Dasychira 
pudibunda  (one),  Spilosoma  menthastri,  Demas  coryli  (common),  LvjjJio- 
pterij.r  camrUna  (a  few),  Amphidasys  bctiihiri(i,arid  Etipithccia  nanata  (one). 
With  regard  to  Demas  coryli,  I  did  not  discover  their  presence  till  just 
before  leaving.  From  the  low  beech  hedges  on  the  moor  I  then  beat 
over  fifty  larvae  in  an  hour  and  a  half.  They  varied  considerably  in 
size  and  colour — dark  greyish,  white,  yellowish,  and  pink.  One  larva 
of  L.  camclina  was  red  ;  although  I  have  frequently  taken  the  larva,  I 
have  never  seen  one  of  this  colour  before.  Dragonfiies  were  practically 
nil,  Sympetrnm  striolattnn  alone  being  seen. — F.  M.  B.  Carr  ;  46,  Han- 
den  Road,  Lee,  S.E. 

Sphingid^  at  Eingwood. — Larvae  of  Acherontia  atropns  were  abun- 
dant last  year,  but  this  season  they  appear  to  have  been  more  so, 
nearly  every  potato  patch  producing  them.  I  obtained  my  first,  a  full- 
fed  one,  on  Aug.  8th,  and  the  last  on  Oct.  5th.  The  latter  was 
wandering  about  in  search  of  food  ;  it  was  very  small  indeed,  but  has 
pupated.  I  have  had  pupae  brought  to  me  right  up  to  Oct.  11th, 
when  a  digger  brought  three  whicli  he  turned  up  on  that  date.  On 
Sept.  15th  a  pupa  was  brought  to  me  ;  this  was  dark  in  colour,  and  a 
fine  male  imago  emerged  from  it  on  the  17th  ;  the  pupa,  upon  being 
touched,  squeaked  several  times,  but  not  so  loud  as  the  imago  did  after 
emergence.     I  have  specimens  hatching  out  almost  daily  now  in  my 


SOCIETIES.  321 

breeding-pan  ;  I  keep  the  pups  very  moist  and  warm  upon  a  layer  of 
earth.  On  Sept.  17th  I  had  the  pleasure  of  taking  a  fine  female 
A.  otropas  which  was  settled  upon  a  potato- stem  ;  a  neighbour  dis- 
covered and  kindly  directed  me  to  it.  Doubtless  if  the  fields  wliere  it 
occurs  were  carefully  searched,  a  number  might  be  found  about  this 
date.  Sphin.v  convolvuli  has  also  turned  up  commonly.  I  had  larvae, 
pupa;  and  imago,  all  at  the  same  time  alive  ;  the  imago  was  plentiful 
from  Aug.  16th  to  the  end  of  the  month  ;  they  were  nearly  all  females, 
and  worn.  I  tried  to  obtain  ova,  but  without  result,  and  upon  opening 
them  I  discovered  they  had  already  deposited ;  still  there  appeared  to 
be  a  mass  of  soft  ova  in  one  or  two  examples.  Up  to  Sept.  13th  many 
were  seen,  in  fact  scarcely  a  night  passed  with  a  blank.  Afterwards 
they  were  less  plentiful,  but  suddenly,  during  the  first  week  of  October, 
I  netted  four  perfectly  good  males,  which  were  undoubtedly  British 
born,  and  since  Oct.  7th  I  have  not  seen  any  more,  as  the  nights  have 
been  frosty.  From  Sept.  6th  to  20th  I  had  two  larva?  and  two  pupte 
brought  to  me,  and  one  pupa  dug  by  myself.  Two  imagines  emerged 
on  Oct.  3rd,  another  on  the  14th  ;  one  pupa  died,  which  I  am  keeping, 
and  a  larva  died  in  changing.  No  doubt  I  could  have  obtained  more 
larvae  had  I  discovered  earlier  that  they  were  to  be  found.  Frum  the 
above  notes  I  should  say  the  life-histories  of  both  species  are  identical. 
I  had  each  alive  in  three  distinct  stages.  Specimens  of  each  were 
also  reared  without  forcing.  It  will  be  interesting  if  .S.  convolvuli 
survives  our  winter,  and  is  to  be  found  about  July  next  year ;  if  so, 
larvae  should  be  found  commonly  during  August  and  September. 
S.  litjmtii  und  Snieiinthus  ocdiatus  have  been  especially  plentiful  in  the 
larval  stage. — J.  Hy.  Fowler;  Kingwood,  Hants,  Oct.  16th,  1901. 

Notes  from  Ilford,  &c. — Acherontia  otropos,  larva  found  leaving 
potato  plot,  Aug.  28th,  1901 ;  pupated  by  Sept.  5th.  Sphinx  convolvuli, 
perfect  imago  found  on  a  fence  at  mid-day,  Sept.  21st,  1901.  Smerin- 
thus  ocellatus,  S.  popiili,  and  S.  tiliir,  larvae  recently  taken  and  now 
pupated.  Clicerocampa  elpenor,  larva  found  in  1900.  Macrvglossa 
^tellatarum,  very  numerous  in  1900.  Lycana  aiy/ioliis,  several  taken, 
1901  ;  also  two  seen  on  the  wing,  July  12th,  in  Ebury  Street,  Pimlico ; 
several  also  seen,  July  19th,  at  Belvedere,  Kent. — Joseph  Adams  ; 
38,  Empress  Avenue,  Cranbrook  Park,  Ilford,  Essex,  Sept.  21st,  1901. 


SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London. — October  2nd,  1901. — The  Rev. 
Canon  W.  W.  Fowler,  President,  in  the  chair.  Mr.  G.  C.  Champion 
exhibited  a  long  series  of  Buprestis  sanguinea,  Fabr.,  from  Albarracin, 
Spain,  showing  the  remarkable  dimorphism  of  this  species.  —  Mr.  H. 
St.  J.  Donisthorpe  exhibited,  on  behalf  of  the  Rev.  H.  S.  Gorham,  of 
Shirley  Warren,  a  specimen  of  the  scarce  beetle,  }listcr  man/inntus. 
Mr.  Champion  remarked  that  the  species  had  been  taken  by  Mr.  Har- 
wood,  of  Colchester.  He  also  exhibited  a  number  of  rare  Coleoptera 
from  the  New  Forest— (a)  Velleius  dilatatus,  F.,  twelve  specimens,  ten 
from  one  hornets'  nest  in  August,  and  the  other  two  from  two  other 


325i  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

nests,  caught  in  specially  constructed  traps,  the  largest  male  reaching 
the  abnormal  size  of  32  mm.;  (b)  Anthaxia  nifidnla,  L.,  twelve  speci- 
mens taken  in  July,  one  being  of  bluish  colour;  (o)  Agrilus  mmattis, 
01.,  one  of  several  which  escaped — a  beetle  not  taken  for  many  years  ; 
(d)  Ayriiis  viridis,  L.,  a  series  from  sallows  in  August ;  (e)  Piatydema 
violaceuni,  F.,  five  specimens — a  species  also  not  recorded  recently; 
(/)  Colij/dium  elongntuin,  F.,  one  specimen  taken  in  the  burrows  of 
Melanin  huprestoides,  and  another  in  the  burrows  of  Scoli/tus  intricatus. 
Mr.  Champion  said  that  Fhitiidcma  had  been  taken  twenty  years  ago 
by  Harris,  while  Mr.  George  Lewis  associated  Vclleius  with  Cossns,  and 
not  with  hornets. — Mr.  C.  P.  Pickett  exhibited  a  long  series  of  Lycana 
corydon  taken  during  August,  1901,  at  Dover,  varieties  and  aberrations, 
including  two  females  with  upper  wings  wholly  blue,  dwarfs  no  larger 
than  L.  minima,  and  others  (males)  with  under  sides  devoid  of  spots. 
He  also  exhibited  a  series  of  Anycrona  primaria  (bred  June  and  July, 
1901),  the  results  of  four  years'  interbreeding,  the  colouration  ranging, 
in  the  females,  from  bright  yellow  with  no  bands  to  very  dark  with 
deep  chocolate  bands,  and  in  the  males  from  plain  intense  orange  with 
no  bauds  to  deep  chocolate  with  bands,  while  one  male  assumed  the 
coloration  of  the  female. — Prof.  T.  Hudson  Beare  exhibited  a  specimen 
of  Medon  castant'iis,  Grav.,  taken  in  a  water  net  on  April  22nd,  1901,  at 
the  edge  of  a  pond  in  Richmond  Park,  having  evidently  come  off  the 
long  grass  growing  at  the  edge  of  the  water.  Very  few  observations  of 
this  beetle  have  been  recorded,  and  they  all  seem,  as  in  this  case,  to 
have  been  chance  captures,  its  habits  being  unknown. — Mr.  A.  Harrison 
exhibited  a  series  of  Amphidnsy.s  hetidaria  bred  from  parents  taken  in 
the  New  Forest  in  1900,  including  twenty  males  and  thirty-nine 
females,  and  six  gynandromorphous  specimens,  out  of  seven  bred, 
one  being  a  cripple.  The  larvae  when  first  hatched  were  kept  indoors, 
but  were  afterwards  sleeved  on  birch  when  a  few  days  old.  Mr.  Tutt 
said  it  was  very  remarkable  that  so  many  gynandromorphous  specimens 
should  have  been  secured  from  a  single  brood.  There  appeared  to  be 
frequently  modification  in  the  sexual  organs  corresponding  with  ex- 
ternal variation  of  the  secondary  sexual  cliaracters.  Mr.  Merrifield 
remarked  that  the  proportion  of  gynandromorphous  forms  in  hybrid 
specimens  was  always  much  larger.  —  Mr.  C.  J.  Gahan  exhibited  a 
male  specimen  of  Tliamnutrizon  vinerens,  L..  one  of  the  long-horned 
grasshoppers  taken  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Terry  at  Morden,  near  Wimbledon. 
He  called  attention  to  a  very  interesting  abnormality  displayed  by  the 
specimen  in  possessing  two  pairs  of  auditory  organs  instead  of  a  single 
pair,  the  second  pair  being  situated  on  the  tibiffi  of  the  middle  legs  in 
a  position  corresponding  with  that  of  the  normal  pair  on  the  fore  legs. 
— Mr.  F.  Merrifield  exhibited  a  series  of  0.  antiqna  bred  from  pupae 
placed  in  a  refrigerator  five  weeks  and  then  exposed  to  a  mean  tempe- 
rature of  48°  Fahr.  Specimens  thus  treated  were  much  darker  than 
types  of  those  occurring  in  a  natural  state,  some  approaching  in  depth 
of  colouring  to  i).  yonostigma.  He  also  exhibited  for  comparison  speci- 
mens from  Sutherlandshire,  lent  by  Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett,  none  of  them, 
however,  comparable  in  darkness  to  those  obtained  by  his  experiment; 
and  otliers  from  the  collections  of  Mr.  A.  Bacot  (including  four  of  the 
American  species)  and  Mr.  L.  B.  Prout.  Mr.  Tutt  said  that  the  limits 
of  variation  in  our  own  form  were  little  known,  and  the  most  northern 


SOCIETIES.  323 

examples,  though  the  largest,  were  decidedly  not  the  darkest.  —  Mr. 
R.  South  communicated  a  paper  by  the  late  Mr.  J.  H.  Leech,  B.A., 
entitled  "  Lepidoptera-Heterocera  from  China,  Japan,  and  Corea 
(Pyralidi©).''  —  Mr.  G.  C.  Champion  contributed  "Notes  and  Observa- 
tions upon  the  Sexual  Dimorphism  of  Biiprestis  sanguinea.''  —  H. 
Rowland  BroWxN,  Hon.  Sec. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. — 
July  25tJt,  1901.  —  Mr.  A.  Harrison,  F.L.S.,  in  the  chair.  —  Mr. 
Kemp  exhibited  species  of  Coleoptera  taken  in  the  New  Forest 
at  the  end  of  June,  including  Donacia  crassipes,  D.  versicolorea, 
D.  sericea,  Stranyaiia  niijra,  Asemum  striatuin,  Anoplodera  sexguttata, 
Leiopus  nebulosus,  and  Coccinella  Hedecim-finttata.  —  Mr.  Adkin,  a 
bred  series  of  Lobophora  pohicommuta  from  larvee  taken  near  Brighton. 
— Mr.  Step,  living  larvae  of  a  species  of  Cassida  found  feeding  on 
hemp-nettle  (Galeopsis  tetrahit)  on  Wisley  Common,  Surrey.  —  Mr. 
Turner,  larvae  of  Macroijlossa  stellataruni  from  Bromley,  Kent ;  they 
were  of  three  forms,  (1)  delicate  pink,  (2)  green  with  white  lines, 
(3)  very  dark  olive,  almost  black. — Mr.  Edwards,  several  species  of 
Papilio,  including  Papilio  tn/esilaiis,  P.  archisUaus,  P.  pnris,  P.  cres- 
phontes,  P.  paoii,  P.  iiiarcelius  and  var.  tvahhsii,  and  P.  asiaticus. — 
Messrs.  Harrison  and  Main,  a  fine  bred  series  of  Genmetra  papilionaria, 
and  a  series  of  well-marked  Tephioaia  hiundularia  var.  delainerensis,  both 
from  Delamere  Forest. — Mr.  Edwards,  a  box  of  iusects  just  received 
from  Bucharest,  including  examples  of  Lihellula  qnadrunaculata,  Pla- 
tetnim  depressam,  and  CentrotHs  curnutus. — Mr.  Enock,  bred  series  of  the 
dragonflies  Anax  impcmtor,  Cordulla  cenea,  and  Brachijtion  pratense,  the 
two  former  from  Esher  and  the  latter  from  Wisley. 

AiufHst  8th. — H.  S.  Fremlin,  Esq.,  President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  R. 
Adkin  exhibited  a  bred  series  of  Gcometra  papilionaria  from  Bexley, 
Kent,  and  noted  the  sensitiveness  of  its  colour,  explaining  his  method 
of  preservation,  stupefying  with  cyanide  and  killing  with  oxalic  acid. 
Mr.  Main  said  that  he  and  Mr.  Harrison  had  used  chloroform  as  the 
stupefying  agent  with  even  greater  success. — Mr.  Manger,  a  large  light 
coloured  Sphinx  lifjustri  from  Brockley,  and  a  male  of  the  dragonfly 
jEschna  cyanea,  taken  in  his  garden  at  New  Cross. — Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner, 
a  pupa  of  Macrofjloxsa  stdlatanim  from  Bromley,  showing  the  curious 
beak,  and  a  short  bred  series  of  At/rotia  ripie,  from  Dawlish,  and  referred 
to  the  marked  difference  in  shape  between  the  males  and  females. — 
Mr.  Step,  Cassida  equestis  bred  from  the  larvae  exhibited  at  a  previous 
meeting,  stating  that  they  pupated  about  July  25th,  and  emerged  about 
July  31st.  —  Mr.  Fremlin,  a  number  of  gall  excrescences  on  the  twigs 
of  hornbeam,  which  had  been  produced  by  a  species  of  Aphis.  —  Mr. 
Edwards,  a  number  of  rose-leaves  disfigured  by  a  carpenter  bee.  A  dis- 
cussion took  place  as  to  the  selection  of  leaves  of  particular  shrubs,  and 
the  shapes  of  the  pieces  cut  out.  Mr.  Turner  stated  that  they  regularly 
burrowed  in  the  soil  in  the  cactus-pots  in  his  greenhouse.  —  Rev.  H. 
Wood,  two  spiders,  Theridiun  lineatum,  females  with  egg-cocoons.  The 
living  specimen  had  killed  the  preserved  one  and  appropriated  its  egg- 
case,  fixing  them  both  together  on  the  lid  of  the  tin.  —  Mr.  Step  read 
the  Report  of  the  Field  Meeting  held  at  Mickleham  on  June  22nd, 
which  was  attended  by  forty  members. 


B24  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

AiKjnat  22nd. — Mr.  F.  Noad  Clark.  Vice-President,  in  the  chair. — 
Dr.  Chapman  exhibited  a  larva  of  Gi-(Bllsia  uabelJce  from  Spain,  the 
only  European  species  of  the  Attacin^e  group  of  the  Saturniidte,  and 
pointed  out  the  protective  nature  of  its  colour  resemblance  to  the  twigs 
of  its  food,  Scotch  fir. — Mr.  F.  H.  Day,  local  and  rare  Coleoptera  from 
Carlisle,  including  Donacia  discolor  of  all  shades  and  variation  ;  Hijdro- 
t/icifisa  hanovivana,  eighteen  specimens  by  sweeping  Caltha  pahintris; 
Bradijcellm  collaris  ;  SpJiarites  rjlabratus,  one  of  two  specimens  taken  in 
carrion  and  very  rare;  Telephonis  abdominal  is,  found  among  bracken  ; 
T.  darivinia)ius ;  Rhynchites  cupreus  from  mountain  ash ;  and  Afiahus 
atcticus,  one  of  the  rarest  British  Agabi. — Mr.  Enock,  a  pair  of  Onhe- 
trum  cancellation,  captured  in  cop.,  at  Wisley  on  July  20th  ;  the  female 
was  of  the  same  blue  colour  as  the  male. 

September  12th. — Mr.  W.  Lucas,  B.A.,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair. 
— Mr.  South  exhibited  two  specimens  of  the  "  bull'  variety"  of  Ainphi- 
dafiijs  betularia,  type  form;  and  a  bufi:'  variety  of  var.  donbledayaria. 
The  latter  specimen  was  bred,  with  several  similar  examples,  by  Mr. 
John  Taylor,  of  Oldham,  some  years  ago.  He  remarked  that  Mr. 
Taylor  had  informed  him,  in  reply  to  a  direct  question  on  the  point, 
that  "  the  larvje,  pupa?,  and  imagines  of  bufif  betularia  were  never  in 
any  place  where  they  would  be  subject  to  the  influence  of  chlorine 
vapour,  or  anything  that  might  tend  to  change  their  colour." — Dr. 
Chapman,  a  much  suffused  black  var.  of  an  Arcjijnnis  sp.  from  Spain  ; 
in  shape  it  was  A.  ar/laia,  but  the  under  side  was  marked  like  A. 
adippe. — Mr.  Lucas,  for  Mr.  H.  E.  Aunett,  a  var.  of  Epinephele  hijper- 
anthus,  from  Oxshott,  nearly  approaching  var.  arete ;  a  male  specimen 
of  the  large  earwig,  Labidura  riparia,  taken  by  Major  Robertson  in 
Pokesdown,  Aug.  1900  ;  and  coloured  drawings  of  (1)  Arijijnnis  paphia, 
male,  a  pale  yellow  var.  ;  (2)  Epinephele  tithonus,  female,  a  xanthic 
var.  ;  both  from  specimens  taken  in  the  New  Forest.  —  Mr.  Kirkaldy, 
numerous  species  of  Miridre  =  Capsidfe,  of  the  genera  (1)  Orectodorus, 
most  of  which  are  ant-mimics,  and  (2)  Pv^sthenia.  —  Mr.  West,  of 
Greenwich,  long  series  of  three 'closely  allied  and  obscure  species  of 
Homoptera — Acocephalns  brunneo-bifasciatus  and  A.  fiavo-striatus,  both 
from  roots  of  grass  on  waste  land  at  Catford,  and  A.  albifrons,  under 
furze  bushes,  Blackheath. — -Mr.  Kemp,  living  nymphs  of  the  Odonata, 
Synipetruni  striolatuui,  GompJuis  rnli/atixsimus,  and  Caloptery.v  riryo,  all 
from  the  New  Forest. — Mr.  Edwards,  some  remarkable  pendant  galls 
on  the  under  side  of  a  leaf  of  a  shrub,  Machilns  duthiei,  from  North- 
west India. — Hy.  J.  Turner,  Hon.  Rep.  Sec. 

Birmingham  Entomological  Society. — July  15th,  1901. — Mr.  H. 
Willoughby  Ellis,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  J,  T.  Fountain 
showed  a  series  of  'icBuwcanipa  instabilis,  to  illustrate  its  wide  range  of 
variation.  —  Mr.  A.  H.  Martineau,  Bonibyliufi,  sy>.  =  canescens  1^  from 
West  Malvern. — Mr.  H.  Willoughby  Ellis,  in  illustration  of  his  paper, 
the  following  Coleoptera  ;  Metcecus  paradoxus,  AleocJiara  fiiscipes,  Uonia- 
lota  trinotata,  Xantholinus  linearis.  Cryptopliagus  pubescens,  and  Antkicus 
f  oralis. — Mr.  Ellis  read,  for  Mr.  H.  St.  John  K.  Donisthorpe,  a  paper 
entitled  "  All  that  is  known  of  Metcecus  paradoxus,"  in  which  an  account 
was  given  ofits  extraordinary  life-history,  &c. — Colbran  J.  Wainwright, 
Ho7i.  Sec. 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vol.  XXXIV.]  DECEMBEE,     1901.  [No.  463. 


LIFE-HISTORY    OF    HE  S  PERI  A    COMMA. 
By  F.  W.  Frohaavk,  F.E.S.,  M.B.O.U. 

As  I  believe  that  this  species  has  hitherto  never  been  success- 
fully reared  from  the  egg,  the  following  life-history  may  be  of 
some  interest  to  those  who  may  have  a  desire  to  rear  this 
interesting  butterfly.  On  August  17th,  1900,  I  found  a  few 
Hesperia  comma  on  the  wing  over  a  small  patch  of  chalky  ground 
covered  with  a  short  dense  growth  of  various  grasses  (but  the 
fine  hair-grass  predominating),  rock-rose,  thyme,  &c.,  and  soon 
detected  one  (a  female)  hovering  close  over  the  plants,  so  by 
carefully  watching  it  I  saw  her  settle  on  a  tuft  of  hair-grass 
{Aira  ccespitosa),  and  after  walking  over  and  among  it  a  little 
time,  she  curved  her  abdomen  down  and  deposited  a  single  egg 
on  one  of  the  fine  hair-like  blades,  or  rather  spines,  and  close 
by,  within  an  inch,  I  found  another  egg,  similarly  laid,  which, 
from  its  darker  colouring,  I  should  suppose  had  been  deposited 
about  three  or  four  days  previously.  After  securing  these  two 
eggs,  I  dug  up  the  plant  of  grass  as  well  as  other  similar  plants 
for  potting,  and  then  captured  a  few  females,  which  I  subse- 
quently placed  on  the  plants,  and  on  August  20th  they  deposited 
a  large  number  of  eggs  upon  the  grass-stems  and  blades. 

The  egg  is  very  large  in  proportion  to  the  butterfly,  measur- 
ing Jg  in.  in  diameter  at  the  base ;  in  shape  it  exactly  resembles 
an  inverted  pudding-basin,  having  a  sunken  crown,  rounded 
sides,  and  a  well-developed  basal  rim  ;  the  basejis  quite  flat ;  the 
surface  is  finely  granulated,  forming  reticulations  near  the  base 
which  run  into  ridges  to  the  rim ;  when  first  laid  the  colour  is 
pearl-white  with  the  slightest  yellowish-green  tinge,  which  very 
gradually  turns  deeper  in  colour,  assuming  a  pale  straw-yellow 
on  the  sixth  day,  and  when  a  fortnight  old  it  is  a  clear  pale 
apricot  yellow,  which  colour  it  remains  until  the  middle  of 
January,   when  a  slight  change  begins  to   take   place  by  the 

ENTOM. — DECEMBER,    1901.  '^^ 


326  THE     KNTOMOLOGIST. 

colouring  gradually  fading  until  it  finally  turns  to  an  opaque 
white  with  the  faintest  yellowish  hue  at  the  base  and  rather 
leaden  in  certain  lights  on  the  crown.  It  remains  unchanged 
during  February  and  March ;  at  the  end  of  the  latter  month,  or 
the  first  few  days  of  April,  it  hatches.  After  hatching,  the  shell 
is  a  dull  opaque  white. 

On  April  1st,  1901,  the  eggs  began  hatching;  nearly  all  were 
hatched  by  the  end  of  the  first  week  in  that  month.  The  larva 
eats  a  circular  hole  in  the  crown  of  the  egg,  through  which  it 
emerges.  Directly  after  emerging  it  measures  ^^2  ii^-  long  ;  the 
head  is  proportionately  large,  the  body  swollen  at  the  middle, 
attenuated  at  both  ends  but  mostly  so  on  the  first  segment, 
which  is  furnished  with  a  dark-brown  shining  collar ;  it  is 
wrinkled  transversely  and  lobed  laterally ;  the  entire  body  is  a 
rich  deep  straw-j^ellow,  which  becomes  paler  after  feeding ;  on 
each  side  are  four  longitudinal  rows  of  very  minute  knobbed 
points,  all  of  about  equal  size ;  the  first  and  second  rows  are 
dorsal  and  subdorsal,  the  third  and  fourth  are  super-spiracular 
and  sub-spiracular ;  excepting  those  forming  the  latter  row,  all 
the  points  are  directed  forwards,  those  on  the  anal  segment  are 
longer  and  only  slightly  clubbed ;  along  the  lateral  region,  in- 
cluding the  claspers,  are  a  number  of  minute  spines  pointing 
downwards;  all  the  points  and  spines  are  white  and  glassy  with 
dark  bases ;  the  entire  surface  is  granular ;  the  head  shining 
black,  granulated,  and  bears  a  number  of  tiny  whitish  spines  ; 
the  mouth-parts  are  brown ;  the  legs  and  claspers  the  same 
colour  as  the  body.  If  the  young  larva  is  in  any  way  disturbed, 
however  slightly,  it  immediately  contracts  and  rolls  itself  up 
with  the  head  touching  the  eighth  segment,  and  remains  motion- 
less for  several  minutes.  It  does  not  eat  the  empty  egg-shell, 
but  directly  after  leaving  the  egg  it  starts  spinning  the  fine  grass 
together  into  a  somewhat  dense  cluster  an  inch  or  two  above  the 
ground.  In  this  compact  shelter  the  larva  lives  and  feeds  upon 
the  grass  surrounding  it,  remaining  almost  always  completely 
hidden.  Sometimes  as  many  as  three  or  four  live  together.  It 
appears  to  be  chiefly  nocturnal,  as  I  have  always  found  them 
quietly  resting  during  the  day,  and  exceedingly  difficult  to  see, 
as  they  are  so  well  hidden.  The  first  stage  lasts  for  about  one 
month. 

On  May  2nd  I  found  many  of  the  larvae  had  recently  moulted 
for  the  first  time.  Just  before  first  moult  it  measures  ^  in.  long, 
the  colour  being  the  same  as  when  first  hatched.  Soon  after 
first  moult  the  colour  along  the  dorsal  surface  has  a  decidedly 
greenish  tinge ;  the  rest  of  the  body  is  pale  straw-yellow.  It 
is  more  thickly  sprinkled  with  minute  white  glassy  angulated 
knobbed  points  with  black  bases  ;  and  on  the  dorsal  surface  of 
each  segment  are  two  shining  black  spiracular-like  rings,  and 
another  just  above  the  true  spiracle  ;    also  on  the  second  and 


LTFE-HISTOEY    OF    HESPERIA    COMMA.  3'27 

third  segments  are  two  larger  ones  precisely  like  spiracles ;  all 
these,  as  well  as  the  spiracles,  are  black.  The  head  is  similar 
to  previous  stage.  The  first  segment,  which  is  freely  retractile, 
has  the  anterior  half  of  a  lilac-flesh  colour,  which  is  the  elastic 
portion,  the  posterior  half  having  a  shining  black  band  encircling 
the  upper  half.  On  May  21st  all  the  larvae  still  in  the  second 
stage. 

Upon  examining  the  larvge  on  Ma.y  28th  I  found  several  had 
just  moulted  the  second  time,  and  others  undergoing  the  moult, 
and  some  of  similar  size  but  not  yet  moulting.  The  second  stage 
lasts  between  three  and  four  weeks.  Shortly  before  second 
moult  it  measures  -i  in.  long.  The  anterior  segments,  especially 
the  first,  are  much  smaller  than  the  rest  of  the  body,  being 
considerably  swollen  about  the  middle  ;  the  anal  segment  has  the 
dorsal  surface  speckled  with  brown.  As  in  the  first  stage,  they 
live  entirely  concealed  in  the  tubes  of  grass  spun  closely  together. 
They  crawl  rapidly  either  forwards  or  backwards,  similar  to 
other  case-dwellers,  and  feed  on  any  species  of  grass  that  happens 
to  be  interwoven  with  the  hair-grass. 

On  June  14th  I  again  examined  them,  and  found  over  two 
dozen  larvie  in  different  stages ;  some  after  the  second  moult, 
and  others  after  the  third  moult,  but  varying  greatly  in  size. 

After  second  moult,  and  shortly  before  third  moult,  about 
seventy  days  old,  it  measures  while  resting  about  f  in.  long. 
The  general  colouring  is  pale  greyish-green,  but  some  are  of  a 
decidedly  ochreous  hue ;  in  all  other  respects  they  are  precisely 
similar  to  previous  stage. 

After  third  moult,  and  seventy-five  days  old,  the  whole  of  the 
colouring  of  the  body  is  a  dull  olive-green,  slightly  paler  on  the 
ventral  surface  including  the  claspers ;  the  legs  are  black 
and  shining ;  the  head  now  exhibits  two  ochreous  vertical 
parallel  lines  down  the  crown,  and  an  ochreous  A  marking 
above  the  mouth  ;  otherwise  the  form  and  structure  of  the  larva 
is  similar  to  the  earlier  stages. 

After  fourth  moult  and  full-grown,  about  one  hundred  days 
old,  it  measures  li  in.  in  extreme  length  while  crawling.  The 
head  is  large  and  similar  to  previous  stage  in  colour.  The  first 
segment  is  very  small,  elastical,  and  retaining  the  black  collar 
of  former  stages ;  the  following  segments  gradually  increase  in 
size  to  the  sixth,  and  taper  from  the  ninth  to  twelfth.  The 
entire  surface  is  densely  sprinkled  with  minute  shining  black 
warts,  each  emitting  a  tiny  amber-coloured  spine  with  a  clefted 
knobbed  apex  ;  those  on  the  ventral  surface  are  simple  spines, 
and  rather  longer.  The  skin  is  also  covered  with  fine  regular 
granulations,  which  are  dusky  in  colour,  and  exceedingly  minute. 
Besides  these,  there  are  sprmkled  over  the  whole  surface  very 
small  spiracular-like  processes,  the  largest  being  situated  on  the 
claspers  (which  have  a  shining  whitish  film-like  surface  stretched 

2  1)  2 


328  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

over  the  centre),  and  one  on  each  segment  below  the  true 
spiracle,  which  (the  latter)  is  conspicuous,  black  and  shining. 
The  tenth  and  eleventh  segments  have  the  anterior  half  of  the  ven- 
tral surface  covered  with  a  white  rough  granular  waxy  substance. 
If  disturbed  while  crawling,  the  larva  frequently  wriggles  back- 
wards very  rapidly,  similar  to  the  habit  of  wriggling  possessed 
by  many  micro  larvse. 

Just  before  pupation  the  larva  often  crawls  restlessly  about, 
but  in  some  instances  it  does  not  leave  its  place  of  feeding,  and 
spins  a  strong  coarse  network  cocoon  among  the  grass  close  to 
the  ground,  weaving  the  gnawed  loose  pieces  of  grass  with  the 
fine  stems  and  blades,  and  therein  pupates  during  the  latter 
part  of  July. 

The  pupa  measures  fin.  long.  The  head  is  rounded;  the 
thorax  slightly  swollen  ;  the  abdomen  cylindrical  and  tapering, 
terminating  in  a  long  anal  point  furnished  at  the  extremity  with 
an  ample  bunch  of  cremastral  hooks,  which  are  very  securely 
anchored  to  a  pad  of  silk  spun  for  the  purpose  at  the  end  of  the 
cocoon.  The  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  are  clothed  in  short 
stiff  spines;  below  the  spiracles  they  occur  in  dense  tufts.  Those 
on  the  head  are  remarkably  formed,  all  the  longer  ones  termi- 
nate in  a  hook ;  these  are  in  patches,  the  largest  patch  covering 
the  eye.  These  hooks  are  also  fastened  into  the  cocoon,  so  that 
the  pupa  is  securely  anchored  "  fore  and  aft."  At  the  base  of 
the  wing  is  a  peculiar  raised  disc.  The  whole  surface  of  the 
wings,  antennse,  and  legs  are  covered  with  a  lilac-grey  bloom, 
which  is  very  easily  detached  ;  it  also  covers  the  cocoon  like 
whitish  powder,  and  small  flakes  are  scattered  over  the  pupa, 
apparently  of  the  same  substance  as  that  on  the  larva.  The 
head  and  thorax  are  pale  ohve,  mottled  with  blackish  :  the 
abdomen  olive,  spotted  with  dark  olive,  and  inclining  to  yellow 
on  the  ventral  surface ;  below  each  spiracle  is  a  short  longitu- 
dinal mark ;  the  spiracles  are  amber-brown.  This  description 
is  of  the  female  pupa.  The  male  differs  by  having  a  well-defined 
elongated  dusky  ridge  covering  the  androconial  mark  on  the 
primary  wing. 

The  first  one,  a  fine  female,  emerged  on  August  3rd,  1901. 
All  its  stages  much  more  resemble  those  of  a  moth  than  a 
butterfly. 

It  is  curious  to  note  that,  besides  other  plants,  Coronilla  varia 
is  given  as  the  food-plant  of  H.  comma  by  several  authors,  in- 
cluding Barrett,  *  Lepidoptera  of  the  British  Islands  ' ;  Kirby, 
'European  Butterflies';  Meyrick,  'Handbook  of  British  Lepi- 
doptera ' ;  Westwood  and  Humphreys,  '  British  Butterflies  ' ;  and 
the  descriptions  given  of  the  larva  by  many  are  so  variable  that 
they  are  equally  misleading — obviously  the  result  of  copying 
from  one  to  the  other. 
October,  1901. 


329 

NOTES    FROM    SOUTH    DEVON. 
By  George  T.  Porritt,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 

As  supplementary  to  Mr.  G.  H.  Heath's  notes  on  the  Lepi- 
doptera  of  South  Devon  during  August  last  {ante,  pp.  267-269), 
it  may  be  advisable  to  place  on  record  my  own  and  a  friend's 
experiences  there,  but  on  another  part  of  the  coast,  a  month 
later. 

Encouraged  by  the  success  of  the  previous  year,  I  went  down 
on  August  30th,  and  remained  until  September  17th,  my  object 
being  to  take  the  remaining  specimens  necessary  to  fill  up  my 
series  of  the  four  rarities — Leueania  ritellma,  L.  albipimcta, 
Laphi/uma  cxlgua,  and  Heliothis  armigera.  In  this,  however,  I 
was  no  more  fortunate  than  was  Mr.  Heath,  for  of  the  four  I 
only  took  H.  armigera,  and  it  was  not  only  scarce,  but  in  poor 
condition;  oddly,  last  j^ear  this  species  occurred  in  fewer  numbers 
than  any  of  the  others.  It  was  clear  to  us  afterwards,  however, 
that  lepidopterists  had  visited  South  Devon  too  early  this  year, 
as  scarcely  any  of  the  late  summer  species  came  to  the  sugar 
during  my  first  fortnight,  but  plenty  of  ordinary  July  and  early 
August  species,  and  they  were  in  perfect  condition.  I  felt  sure 
even  then  that  the  good  things  would  turn  up  later,  and  so  it 
proved.  I  had  to  leave  on  Tuesday,  September  17th,  but  a 
friend  I  left  there  continued  to  sugar,  and  on  the  following 
Monday,  September  23rd,  took  the  first  two  L.  vitellina,  and  this 
species  w'as  then  captured  every  night  that  week.  L.  albipuncta 
was  also  taken,  and  H.  armigera  continued  to  occur.  Singularly 
L.  exigua,  which  last  year  was  taken  in  some  numbers,  and  was 
the  commonest  species  of  the  four,  was  not  seen  at  all  on  that 
ground  this  year.  Caradrina.  ambigua  was  fairly  common  all 
the  time  I  was  there,  and  continued  in  good  condition  quite  a 
fortnight  after  I  left ;  but  still  was  by  no  means  so  plentiful  as 
in  the  previous  year,  when  almost  any  number  might  have  been 
taken. 

The  more  ordinary  species  were  much  the  same  as  we  took 
in  1900  (see  Entom.,  Dec.  1900,  pp.  326-328),  though  several 
were  apparently  altogether  absent.  Stilbia  anomala  was  less 
numerous,  but  Noctiia  neglecta  was,  I  think,  commoner  than  in 
1900.  Agrotis  saucia,  though  fairly  common,  was  not  so  abun- 
dant as  in  the  previous  year  ;  and  the  pretty  Bnjophila  mnralis 
was  this  year  quite  over  on  our  arrival.  Calocampa  vetusta  was, 
I  think,  the  only  new  visitor  to  sugar,  and  it  only  occurred  at 
near  the  end  of  my  visit ;  as  did  also  Anchocelis  lunosa  and  Pulia 
flavocincta,  lunosa  being  more  variable  than  I  have  ever  seen  it 
elsewhere.  After  I  left,  Aporophiila  australis,  Epmida  lichenea, 
and  E.  nigra  occurred,  the  last-mentioned  in  abundance.  Aeidalia 
promutata  {marginepunctata)  was  the  most  noticeable  geometer, 


380  THK    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

occurring  on  rocks  all  over  the  district.  Melanippe  galiata  was 
also  again  common,  but  getting  worse  for  wear.  The  entire 
absence  of  Colias  edusa.  which  last  year  occurred  wherever  we 
went,  was  a  very  noticeable  feature  ;  but  Sj^hinx  convulvuU,  not 
noticed  in  1900,  was  not  uncommon  if  one  could  have  spared  the 
time  at  dusk  to  work  for  it.  Macroplossa  stellatariim  occurred 
about  flowers  and  walls.  Of  Odonata,  the  pretty  ^Escltna  inixta 
was  again  fairly  abundant ;  but  the  only  other  species  seen  was 
Sympetnim  stnolatum,  also  abundant.  Of  Orthoptera,  a  fresh 
species  turned  up  in  Thamnotrizon  cinereus ;  and,  as  last  year, 
LocHsta  viridissima,  Mecanema  i-arium,  and  Ectohia  Panzeri  all 
occurred  at  sugar,  the  last-mentioned  in  plentj'.  But  Leptophyca 
punctatissinui,  which  in  1900  was  a  common  visitor  with  the 
others,  was  this  year  quite  absent.  Xiphidiinn  dorsale,  which  last 
year  occurred  commonly  in  the  marsh  frequented  by  .C  mixta, 
was  not  searched  for,  or  would  probably  have  been  found  again. 

Croslaud  Hall,  uear  Huddersfield,  Nov.  5tli,  1901. 


DESCRIPTION    OF     A     NEW    SPECIES    OF    CRYPTUHUS 
FEOM    SPAIN. 
By   P.  Cameeox. 

Crypturis  fulyipes,  sp.  nov. 

Niger,  late  fulvo-maculato ;  pedibus  antennisque  fulvis ;  coxis 
nigris  ;  alls  hyaliuis,  stigmate  fulvo.     ?  .    Long.  11  mm. 

Hah.     Gibraltar  (-/.  J.  Walker,  R.X.). 

Antennae  not  quite  so  long  as  the  abdomen,  of  equal  thickness 
throughout ;  the  scape  pale  jellow,  black  above.  Head  black  ;  the 
face,  clypeus,  labrum,  the  basal  half  of  the  mandibles,  the  inner  orbits, 
the  outer  almost  entirely,  and  the  lower  part  of  the  front,  orauge- 
yeliow  ;  the  black  on  the  centre  of  the  front  is  narrowed  on  the  lower 
part,  and  is  united  to  the  black  on  the  vertex;  there  is  an  oblique 
black  mark,  narrowed  above,  over  each  of  the  antennae,  and  two  marks 
on  the  centre  of  the  face  touching  the  clypeus,  and  prolonged  to  the 
clypeal  foveae  on  the  lower  side  ;  there  is  a  small  yellow  line  on  tbe  top 
of  tbe  vertex  in  the  centre.  The  vertex  is  strongly  and  closely  punc- 
tured ;  the  centre  of  tbe  front  is  irregularly  transversely  striated. 
Thorax  black  ;  the  upper  edge  of  tbe  prouoLum  all  round,  two  irregular 
murks  on  the  base  of  the  mesonotum,  narrowed  towards  the  base  and 
produced  on  the  inner  side  at  tbe  apex,  two  marks  behind  the  centre, 
tbe  scutellar  keels,  the  scutellum,  the  apex  of  the  post-scutellum,  tbe 
apical  slope  of  tbe  median  segment,  tbe  greater  part  of  tbe  presternum, 
two  large  marks  on  the  centre  of  the  mesosternum,  its  sides  irregularly 
behind,  these  yellow  marks  being  continued  up  tbe  mesopleurte,  where 
they  become  irregularly  narrowed,  and  a  large  oblique  mark  on  the 
lower  part  of  the  metapleurae,  orange-yellow.  The  whole  thorax  is 
closely  and  almost  uniformly  punctured.      Legs  fulvous  ;    the    four 


NEW    SPECIES    OP    CRYPTURTS    FROM    SPAIN.  881 

anterior  coxae  and  trochanters  are  jiale  yellow  ;  the  hinder  coxae  black, 
except  at  the  base  behind  ;  the  hinder  trochanters  yellow,  the  basal 
two-thirds  of  the  basal  joint  black  ;  the  terminal  joint  of  the  hinder 
tarsi  black.  Wings  hyaline  ;  the  stigma  pale,  the  nervures  dark 
fulvous.  Abdomen  black  ;  the  apices  of  the  basal  five  segments  broadly 
orange-yellow  ;  on  the  apex  of  the  sixth  are  two  broad  yellow  lines ; 
the  ventral  segments  are  irregularly  banded  with  yellow  on  the  apex  ; 
the  apex  of  the  last  segment  is  brownish. 

[As  I  am  not  quite  sure  if  this  species  can  be  referred  to 
Cnjpturns,  or  if  it  should  not  form  the  type  of  a  new  genus,  I 
have  thought  it  as  well  to  give  a  full  generic  description  of  it. 
Crypturus  is  a  parasite  in  the  nests  of  Polistes.  The  present 
species  has  certainly  a  considerable  resemblance  to  that  wasp- 
genus.] 

Parapsidal  furrows  obsolete.     Median  segment  with  two  transverse 
keels,  widely  interrupted  in  the  middle.     Antennae  stout,  as  long  as 
the  abdomen,  of  equal  width  throughout;  the  last  joint  double  the 
length  of  the  preceding.     Petiole  long  ;  the  post-petiole  wider  than  the 
basal  joint ;  the  whole   is  longer  than  the   second  segment.     Wings 
without  an  areolet ;  the  transverse  cubital  nervure  is  very  short,  the 
radial  and  cubital  nervures  being  almost  united  ;  the  transverse  basal 
nervure   is   interstitial ;   tlie  recurrent  nervure  is  received  distinctly 
behind  the  transverse  cubital   nervure  ;  there  is  no  nervure  on  the 
cubito-disco  or  recurrent  nevures  ;  in  the  hind  wings  the  median  ner- 
vure is  broken  above  the  middle.     The  head  is  broader  than  long  ;  it 
is  well  developed  behind  ;  there  is  a  long  oblique  slope  from  the  ocelli 
behind,  above  the  keel  on  the  occiput,  which  is  margined.     Eyes  large, 
slightly  converging  below.     Clypeus  short,  broader  than  long,  sepa- 
rated from  the  face  ;  the  apex  is  obliquely  depressed,  and  slightly  in- 
cised in  the  middle.     Labrum  large,  its  apex  rounded.     Mandibles 
large,  the  teeth  large  ;  the  upper  is  sHghtly  larger  than  the  lower. 
Palpi  large ;  the  second  joint  of  the  maxillary  is  dilated.     Scutellum 
large,  Hat;  the  basal  keels  broad.     Post-scutellum  bifoveate  at  the 
base.     The  spiracles  linear  ;  there  is  a  curved  keel  outside  them.     On 
the  centre  of  the  median  segment  are  two  indistinct  longitudinal  keels 
running  to  the  transverse  keel.     The  hinder  legs  are  much  longer  than 
the  four  anterior  ;  the  hinder  coxae  are  more  than  twice  longer  than 
thick ;  the  front  tarsi  are  twice  the  length  of  the  tibiae  ;  the  claws 
small,  simple  ;  the  hinder  tibiae  are  longer  tiian  the  femora  ;  the  meta- 
tarsus is  longer  than  the  other  joints  united.     There  is  one  spur  on  the 
front  and  two  on  the  four  posterior  tibiae.     The  spiracles  of  the  petiole 
are  placed  beyond  the  middle  at  the  base  of  the  post-petiole;  the 
second  abdominal  segment  is  longer  than  broad  ;  the  third  is  .square  ; 
the  others  broader  than  long  ;  the  apical  segment  is  bluntly  pointed, 
wide,  keeled  down  the  middle  above  ;  the  hypopygium  is  large,  broad, 
and  does  not  project  beyond  the  last  segment ;  the  sheaths  of  the  ovi- 
positor are  broad  and  as  long  as   the  apical   segment.      The   four 
posterior  tibi®  and  tarsi  are  spiuose  ;  there  is  a  wide  shallow  furrow  on 
the  mesopleurffi  near  the  sternum  ;  the  abdomen  is  twice  the  length  of 
the  thorax  ;  the  abdominal  spiracles  are  large  and  distinctly  visible. 
There  are  eight  abdominal  segments. 


832  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

SOME   NOTES    ON   XYLOMIGES   CONSPICILLARIS. 
By  Harris  Doidgk. 

On  page  130  of  the  present  volume  you  were  good  enough  to 
publish  a  record  from  me  of  this  insect  in  Somerset.  Subse- 
quently to  the  two  reported,  my  friend  Mr.  Butler  and  I  had  a 
dozen  emerge  in  our  breeding  eases. 

The  pupae  were  obtained  in  a  private  park  several  miles  from 
here,  and  in  answer  to  Mr.  Percy  C.  Eeid's  enquiry  {aiite,  p.  157), 
they  were  dug  under  both  oaks  and  elms,  their  presence  there 
being  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  their  food-plant — the  bird's- 
foot  trefoil — happened  to  grow  in  immediate  proximit3^ 

After  losing  several  in  futile  attempts  to  procure  a  pairing, 
we  were  at  last  fortunate  in  obtaining  a  fine  batch  of  ova. 

The  impregnated  female  was  placed  on  a  growing  plant  of 
bird's-foot  trefoil  [Lotus  corniculatiis),  but  the  ova  were  deposited 
in  a  compact  batch  on  the  leno  covering  instead  of  on  the  food- 
plant.  They  were  laid  on  May  21st,  and  were  at  first  nearly 
white,  soon  changing  to  a  pale  lilac  shade.  On  May  81st  the 
larvae  hatched  almost  simultaneously,  and  were  at  once  placed 
on  their  food-plant.  The  young  larvae,  which  on  hatching  were 
a  purplish  grey  colour,  began  feeding  on  the  yellow  flowers,  and 
rapidly  became  of  the  same  colour.  After  finishing  the  flowers 
they  commenced  on  the  leaves,  by  which  time  they  were  a  pale 
green  colour,  with  a  yellow  spiracular  stripe,  and  were  fond  of 
resting  b}^  day  on  the  stems  of  the  plant.  As  they  approached 
the  final  stage,  the  green  became  shaded  with  brown  and  black, 
the  larvae  now  bearing  a  remarkable  resemblance  to  the  seed 
pods  which  were  ripening.  This  protective  colouration  was 
equally  noticeable  when  the  young  larvae  were  feeding  on  the 
flowers,  and  later,  when  resting  on  the  stems.  Finding  a 
difficulty  in  procuring  food  for  them,  we  gradually  shifted  them 
on  to  blackthorn,  to  which  they  adapted  themselves  freely,  feed- 
ing by  night,  and  hiding  in  crevices  and  under  leaves  by  day. 
We  found  they  would  also  eat  dock  and  the  lesser  trefoil  {Tri- 
folium  mimi-s),  the  former  sparingly. 

About  July  8th  they  began  to  go  under  ground  to  pupate. 
The  pupae,  which  were  of  a  dark  reddish  brown  colour,  and 
somewhat  obese  and  blunt,  being  enclosed  in  a  very  compact 
and  brittle  earthy  cocoon. 

We  should  be  glad  to  know  if  this  insect  is  as  rare  now  as 
formerly,  and  in  what  localities  it  has  been  recorded  of  late  years. 

Sherford,  Taunton  :  November  6th,  1901. 


888 

A    LIST    OP    THE    LEPIDOPTER.\    OF    COUNTY    CORK. 
By  C.  Donovan,  M.D.,  F.E.S.,  Capt.  I.M.S.,  and  R.  J.  F.  Donovan. 

As  supplementary  to  Mr.  Kane's  "  Catalogue  of  the  Lepido- 
ptera  of  Ireland,"  which  has  now  appeared  in  book  form,  we  con- 
sidered our  captures  since  1883,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Glan- 
dore,  Timoleague,  and  Courtmacsherry,  in  this  county,  would 
prove  acceptable  to  those  of  your  readers  interested  in  the  geo- 
graphical distribution  of  Lepidoptera  of  our  islands.  Many  of 
the  insects  procured  near  Glandore  and  Timoleague  have  already 
been  included  in  Mr.  Kane's  list,  but  several  were,  for  some 
unaccountable  reason,  omitted.  All  our  specimens,  except  those 
easily  recognizable  and  common,  have  been  seen  and  verified  by 
Messrs.  Kane  and  Barrett,  to  whom  we  cannot  sufficiently  express 
our  gratitude  for  the  kind  help  they  have  at  all  times  so  readily 
afforded  us.  We  regret  our  list  of  Micro-Lepidoptera  is  of  such 
a  meagre  and  fragmentary  nature ;  however,  one  of  us  hopes  to 
remedy  this  defect  next  year  by  giving  more  attention  to  this 
interesting  group. 

The  first  named  of  the  contributors  of  this  list  collected  at 
Glandore  from  1883  to  1889,  at  Bandon  from  1890  to  1891,  and 
Courtmacsherry  this  year.  The  second,  at  Timoleague,  since 
1896  to  the  present  time.  Grlandore  and  Courtmacsberry  are 
on  the  sea-coast,  while  Timoleague  is  about  five  miles  inland  and 
the  same  distance  from  Courtmacsberry. 

Occasional  excursions  have  been  made  inland,  as  to  Gougane 
Barra,  the  source  of  the  river  Lee ;  Dunmanway  and  Drimo- 
league,  north  of  Skibbereen. 

The  abbreviations  used  in  our  list,  viz.  G.,  T.  and  C,  stand 
respectively  for  Glandore,  Timoleague,  and  Courtmacsherry. 

E.H0PAL0CEEA. 

Pieris  hrassiae,  P.  rapce,  and  P.  ncqn,  common.  Eiichloc  car- 
damines,  common.  Colias  edusa,  common  in  some  years,  T.  and 
G.  Argynnis  aglaia,  several.  A.  paphia,  common.  Melit(ea 
aurinia,  common  in  suitable  localities  (the  type,  with  the  hand- 
some var.  hiberiiica).  Vanessa  io,  V.  urticce,  V.  ataUinta,  and  V. 
cardai,  common.  Pararge  egeria  and  P.  megara,  common.  Sa- 
tijrus  semele,  common,  especially  on  the  sea-coast.  Epinephele 
ianim,  E.  tithonus,  and  E.  hijperanthcs,  common.  Cwnongmpha 
pnmphilas,  common.  Thecla  qaerciis,  common  in  some  woods 
near  T.  and  G.  T.  riihi,  common,  G.  and  Dunmanway;  few,  T. 
Polyommatiis  phloeas,   common.      Lgaena  icarus,  common.     L. 

minima,  several  near  C- 

Hetebocera. 

Sphinges.— ^c/terow^ia  atropos,  one  larva  in  1896  ;  an  imago 
on  Sept.  20th,  1899  ;  another  on  Sept.  29th,  1900,  T. ;  a  couple, 


384  THE    ENT0MOI,0fiIST. 

G.  Sphinx  convolvuli,  two  in  Sept.  1900 ;  a  few  in  Aug.  and 
Sept.  1901,  T.  ;  common  in  some  years,  G.,  at  flowers  of  Nicoti- 
ana  affinis.  ClKerocavq^a  porcellus,  few,  T.  :  common,  C.  C. 
elpenor,  three  imagines  and  a  few  larvae,  T. ;  several  G. ;  few,  C. 
Smerinthus  ocellatus,  a  few  larvae  every  year,  T. ;  common  in 
larval  stage,  G.  and  C.  S.  populi,  larvae  not  uncommon,  T.  ; 
larvae  common,  G.  Macroglossa  stellatarum,  plentiful  in  1899, 
rather  scarce  in  other  years,  T. ;  common,  G.  and  C,  varying  in 
numbers  in  different  years.  M.  homhyliformis,  not  common,  T.  ; 
common,  G.  and  C.  Trochilium  apiforme,  common  near  Bandon  ; 
few,  G.  Sesia  musciformis,  common  on  rocks  by  the  sea,  between 
the  Old  Head  of  Kinsale  and  Glandore  ;  larvae  were  found  in 
different  stages  of  growth  through  the  year,  an  occurrence  that 
leads  us  to  believe  the  larval  stage  lasts  for  two  years.  One  of 
us  is  to  give  further  attention  in  solving  the  life-history  of  this 
clearwing  with  a  view  of  coming  to  a  decided  opinion  as  to  the 
length  of  life  of  the  larva.  Pupae  w^ere  found  from  the  beginning 
of  June  to  the  first  week  in  July  only.  Ino  statices,  rather 
scarce,  T.  ;  common,  G.  ;  several,  C.  Zygcena  filipejidulce, 
common. 

BoMBYCES. — Sarrothripus  undidaniis,  by  no  means  uncommon, 
T. ;  one,  C.  Hylophila  j)rasinana,  common,  especially  in  pupal 
stage,  T.  and  G.  Nola  confusalis,  rather  plentiful,  T. ;  common 
at  C,  quite  a  pest  "dusking";  several,  G.  Nudaiia  viundana, 
common.  LWiosia  coinplana,  common,  C.  Gnophria  quadra, 
plentiful  in  pupal  and  larval  stages,  T. ;  five,  G.  G.  rubricollis, 
formerly  more  plentiful  than  during  the  last  year  or  so,  T. ; 
several,  G.  JJciopeia  pidchclla,  one  near  Bandon.  Euchelia 
jacohccce,  abundant,  yirctica  caia,  common  in  the  larval  stage. 
Spilosoma  faUginosa,  larvae  scarce,  one  imago  in  1899,  T.  : 
several,  G.  S.  mendica,  rather  scarce,  all  var.  rustica,  with  the 
exception  of  one  intermediate  between  this  and  the  type,  T. ; 
several,  G.  and  Bandon ;  a  few  C. ;  all  referable  to  rvstica. 
S.  luhricipeda,  common.  S.  menthastri,  very  common.  Hepialus 
hiimuli,  common.  H.  velleda,  scarce,  T.  ;  common,  G.  and  C.  ; 
the  var.  gallicus  fairly  common.  II.  lupidinus,  common.  Dasy- 
chira  pudihunda,  rather  plentiful,  especially  in  larval  state,  T., 
G.,  and  Bandon ;  a  few,  C.  Orgyia  autiqua,  common,  T.  and  G. 
Pcecilocampa  popidi,  a  few  specimens  in  different  years,  T. ;  one 
near  Bandon.  Bomhyx  jieustria,  one,  T.  B.  ruhi  and  B.  quercna, 
common.  Saturnia  pavonia,  common  on  heaths.  DUranura 
vinida,  common,  especially  in  the  larval  state.  Loplwpteryx 
camelina,  larvas  not  uncommon,  several  imagines.  Notodonta 
dictcea,  one  near  Bandon.  .V.  siczac,  two  larvae,  T.  ;  fairly 
common,  G. ;  one  at  Dunmanway.  N.  chaonia,  four  males  at 
light,  C.  (all  very  large  and  dark  coloured) ;  one  female  near 
Eosscarberry.  Phalera  hucephala,  common,  especially  in  the 
larval  state.     Pygcera  pigi'a,  several  larvae  procured  at  Gougane 


LEPIDOPTEIU  OF  COUNTY  CORK.  835 

Barra  and  Pass  of  Keimaneigh,  July  2'2nc1,  1901.  Thijatira 
derasa,  fairly  common.  T.  batis,  common,  much  more  so  than 
the  preceding. 

NocTu.E. — Bryophila  muralis,  seven  imagines  and  about  five 
more  seen  on  rocks  by  the  sea,  Courtmacsherry.  Pupfe  were 
found  in  cocoons  between  plants  of  Armeria  and  the  rock 
adjoining.  All  the  specimens  procured  were  of  a  greyish-green 
colour,  no  marked  variation ;  the  var.  imjmr  not  found.  B.  'peiia: 
Mr.  Kane  says  this  species  is  common  and  widely  distributed, 
but  we  have  secured  only  a  single  specimen  this  year  at  T.  Close 
examination  of  old  walls  in  the  neighbourhood  has  proved  un- 
successful in  discovering  any  more.  Demas  cori/li,  scarce,  T. ; 
several,  G. ;  one,  C.  (an  especially  large  and  dark-coloured  male). 
Acronycta  psi,  scarce,  T. ;  few  at  Glandore,  near  Bandon  and  C. 
A.  aceris,  there  is  a  mistake  in  Mr.  Kane's  list  about  my  (C.  D.) 
procuring  pupne  of  this  insect  at  Glandore  ;  the  pup»  alluded  to 
produced  M.  hrassiae ;  I  have,  however,  seen  the  conspicuous 
larvae  there,  so  the  entry  may  stand.  A.  rumicis,  common ;  the 
var.  salicis  is  found  commonly  with  the  type,  A.  eajjhorbice, 
larvse  common  in  1901  on  Plantago  maritima  growing  on  rocks  by 
the  sea,  C,  in  the  months  of  June  and  July.  The  imagines 
emerged  from  these  larvae  in  August ;  this  late  emergence  is 
most  unusual  in  the  British  Islands.  A  single  larva  at  Gougane 
Barra  in  July  on  Salix  cinerea ;  this  was  unfortunately  ichneu- 
moned.  Leucania  comgera,  common.  L.  vitelUna,  one  specimen 
at  sugar,  Sept.  11th,  1901,  at  Courtmacsherry;  the  insect  has 
been  seen  by  Messrs.  Barrett  and  Kane.  L.  lithargyria,  common, 
L.  unipuncta  {extmnea),  one  in  September,  1896,  T.,  seen  by 
Mr.  Kane ;  another  in  the  same  month  this  year,  C,  seen  by 
Messrs.  Barrett  and  Kane.  L.  littoralis,  one,  G.  L.  comma, 
common.  L.  straminea,  a  single  specimen  near  C.  L.  pcdlens, 
common.  L.  impura,  covumon.  Tapinostola  fuha,  one  specimen, 
1897,  T.  Nonagria  sparganii,  common  in  half  a  dozen  marshes 
between  the  Old  Head  of  Kinsale  and  Glandore.  Young  larvae 
in  Iris,  older  in  Sparganiiun,  and  sometimes  in  Typha  latifolia  ,- 
pupae  invariably  in  the  two  latter  plants,  never  in  Iris,  as  far  as 
our  present  experience  goes.  One  pupa  in  dead  stem  of  Ariuido 
phragmites.  N.  arundinis,  common  wherever  the  food- plant 
exists.  Ilydroccia  nictitans,  common  and  very  variable.  H.  mi- 
cacea,  not  common,  T. ;  common,  G.  and  C.  Axylia  putris, 
fairly  common.  Xylophasia  rurea,  fairly  common.  X.  lithoxylea, 
common.  X.  sublustris,  one  specimen,  C.  X.  monoglyphu, 
abundant  and  variable.  Laphygma  exigua,  one  imago  at  honey- 
dew  on  lime,  Sept.  8th,  1899,  T.  Neiuia  reticulata,  three,  G. ; 
two,  C.  Neuronia  popidaris,  common,  T.  and  C.  ;  several,  G. 
Charceas  graminis,  common  in  some  years,  G.  and  T.  Luperina 
testacea,  common.  L.  cespitis,  scarce,  T. ;  several,  C. ;  a  few 
almost  black  in  colouration.    Mamestra  farva,  a  couple,  C.  and 


336  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

G.  M.  hrassicce,  very  common.  M.  persicarUe,  two  or  three 
specimens ;  larvae  not  so  scarce,  T. ;  several,  G. ;  and  about  half 
a  dozen,  C.  Apamea  basilinea,  common,  G.  and  C.  A.  gemina, 
common,  both  forms  exist.  A.  leucostifima,  one  specimen,  G. 
A.  didyma,  very  common  and  variable.  Miana  strigilis,  common. 
M.  literosa,  not  scarce,  T. ;  common,  G.  and  C.  M.  bicoloria, 
rather  scarce,  T. ;  common,  G.  and  C.  Grammesia  trigrammica, 
common.  Stilhia  anomala,  scarce,  T  ;  several,  G.  ;  one,  C. 
Caradrina  morpheus,  one  specimen,  C.  G.  taraxaci,  common  ; 
very  partial  to  flowers  of  Tcucrimn  scorodonia.  In  a  fairly  long 
series  obtained  at  C,  Mr.  Barrett  failed  to  find  any  alsines. 
Mr.  Kane  says,  "  not  apparently  in  great  numbers ;"  this  is  not 
our  experience,  as  we  found  it  very  common.  G.  quadripnnctata, 
common.  Busina  teiichrosa,  common,  T. ;  several,  G.  and  C.  (all 
the  melanic  variety).  Agrotis  vestigialis,  a  few  near  G.  .1.  sujf'nsa, 
common.  A.  saiicia,  common  in  the  autumn  brood.  A.  segetum, 
very  common.  A.  lunigera,  four  specimens  at  C,  at  sugar  in  a 
lane  about  two  hundred  yards  from  the  sea,  with  no  precipitous 
cliffs  for  several  miles  distant.     A.  exclamationis,  very  common. 

(To  be  concluded.) 


SOME  SYSTEMATIC  WORK  PUBLISHED  DURING  THE 
LAST  FIVE  YEARS  UPON  NORTH  AMERICAN  AU- 
CHENORRHYNCHOUS    HOMOPTERA    (RHYNCHOTA). 

By  G.   W.  Kirkaldy,  F.E.S. 

1897.  H.  OsBORN  &  E.  D.  Ball,  "Contributions  to  the  Hemi- 
pterous  Fauna  of  Iowa  "  (Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.  iv.  pp.  172- 
234,  plates  19-26). 

1897.  E.  P.  Van  Duzee,  "A  Preliminary  Eeview  of  the  North 
American  Delphacidae "  (Bull.  Buffalo  Soc.  Nat.  Sci.  v. 
pp.  225-61). 

1898.  OsBORN  &  Ball,  "Studies  of  North  American  Jassoidea" 
(Proc.  Davenport  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  vii.  pp.  45-100,  plates 
1-6) :  "  The  Genus  Pediopsis,''  and  "A  Pieview  of  the  North 
American  Species  of  Idiocerus  "  (Proc.  Davenp.  Acad.  vii. 
pp.  111-38). 

1898.  Ball,  "  A  Eeview  of  the  Cercopidse  of  North  America, 
North  of  Mexico"  (Rep.  Iowa  Ac.  Sci.  pp.  204-26). 

1900.  OsBORN,  "  The  Genus  Sca2)hoideits "  (Journ.  Cine.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist  xix.  pp.  187-209,  plates  9,  10). 

1901.  Ball,  "A  Review  of  the  Tettigonidaae  of  North  America, 
North  of  Mexico  "  (Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  viii.  pp.  35-75,  plates 
1-7). 

Our  knowledge  of  North  American  Tetigoniidae  (or  Jassoidea, 


NORTH  AMERICAN  AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS  HOMOPTBRA.     837 

as  they  are  generally  called  in  America),  Cercopidfe,  and  Asira- 
cinae  (Delphacidfe)  lias  of  late  years  been  considerably  increased, 
chiefly  through  the  labours  of  Van  Duzee,  Osborn,  Ball,  C.  F. 
Baker,  C.  P.  Gillette,  and  others,  to  a  large  extent,  no  doubt, 
because  these  insects  are  of  some  economic  importance. 

Seven  papers  by  three  of  these  authors  are  now  noticed,  not 
because  the  remaining  publications  during  the  past  five  years 
are  not  valuable,  but  because  those  chosen  are  to  some  extent 
monographic  revisions  of  difticult  and  little-known  groups. 

Van  Duzee  admits  twelve  American  genera  of  Delphacidse,* 
with  over  fifty  species,  which  will  certainly  be  greatly  extended 
by  future  workers.  Of  these,  seven  genera  and  four  species  are 
found  also  in  Western  Europe.  Osborn  and  Ball  have  furnished 
detailed  descriptions  and  valuable  figures  of  Deltocephaliis,  Pedi- 
opsis,  Idiocerus,  Agallia  (all  European  genera) ;  while  Osborn  has 
revised  ScapJtoidens,  a  genus  closely  allied  to  Deltocephaliis,  but 
restricted  to  America.  Ball  has  also  reviewed  the  Cercopidse, 
admitting  six  genera  (four  also  West  European)  and  sixteen 
species.  The  revision  of  the  Tettigonidae  deals  with  Tettigonia 
and  its  near  allies,  Gijpona  being  reserved  for  a  future  paper. 
Seven  genera  are  recorded. 

These  seven  papers  comprehend  some  270  pages,  with  twenty- 
three  plates,  the  latter  embracing  nearly  five  hundred  illustra- 
tions. In  the  attention  paid  to  structural  details  (especially 
of  the  genital  segments),  and  in  the  broad  and  philosophical  view 
taken  of  "  variation,"  the  "  limits  of  species,"  &c.,  and  in  the 
general  preparation  of  the  descriptions,  I  have  no  hesitation, 
having  regard  to  the  obscurity  of  most  of  the  groups  dealt  with, 
in  placmg  them  as  a  whole  in  the  very  front  rank  of  homopterous 
publications.  It  may  be  noted,  as  some  proof  of  the  interest 
taken  in  the  Homopt'era,  that  these  authors  have  criticised  and 
recriticised  one  another's  writings  very  freely  in  the  pages  of 
'  Psyche,'  '  The  Entomological  News,'  and  other  publications. 

Having  regard  to  the  fact  that  not  only  a  number  of  genera, 
but  even  of  species,  of  the  Homoptera  are  common  to  America 
and  Europe,  the  descriptions  and  detailed  figures  cannot  but  be 
useful  to  British  entomologists.  The  papers  are  elucidated  by 
copious  analytical  tables  of  genera  and  species ;  but  though  the 
black  illustrations  appear  to  be  carefully  drawn,  coloured  figures 
of  some  at  least  of  the  remarkable  variations  mentioned  would 
have  perhaps  enhanced  their  value.  There  are  many  valuable 
observations  and  notes  on  the  habits  and  metamorphoses  pf 
American  Homoptera,  which  will  be  summarized  later  on  in 
another  paper. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  Auchenorrhyncha  common  to 
North  America  and  Western  Europe  ;  it  is  probably  incomplete 

-  The  nomenclature  of  the  several  authors  is  employed  to  prevent 
confusion. 


338  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

as  regards  the  Membracinae  (a  subfamily  of  Teti<j;oniidae),  Tijjihlo- 
cijha,  and  other  genera,  as  I  have  none  of  Goding's  or  Gillette's 
later  papers  before  me  while  writing. 

Fam.  Ceecopid^. 
The   genera   Cercopis   (=  Pliilcsmis),    Toinaspis,   Aphrophora, 
Lepyronia. 

1.  Cercopis  spiimaria  (Linn.).      Eastern  Canada;    the  New 
England  States;  (also  Japan). 

2.  Cercopis  lineata  (Linn.).     The  same  American  localities  as 
the  preceding. 

Fam.  FuLGORiD.T,. 
The   genera    Stenocranus,    Kelisia,    Dicranotropis,    Stiroma, 
Megamelits,  Achorotilc,  and  Embolophpora  {=  Liburnia). 

3.  Megainelus  notnla  {Geniiav).     Ontario;  New  York.         ^ 

4.  Achorotile  nlbosignata  (Dahlb.).     New  York. 

5.  Embolophpora  pellucida  (Fa,hY.).     (The  northern  Old  World 
to  Kamtchkatka).     America,  from  Alaska  to  New  York. 

6.  Embolophpora  obscurella  (Boheman).     New  York. 

Fam.  TETTiGONiiDiE  (=  Jassoidea). 
Genera  Agallia,  Alebra,  Aphrodes  (=  Acocephalus) ,  Athysanus, 
Balclutha  (=  Gnathodus),  Bythoscopiis,  Cicadida,  Deltocephalus, 
Dikraneura  (=  Dicraneura) ,  Dorycephalus,  Empoasca  {^=  Kybos), 
Eiiacanthus,  Hecalus,  Idiocerus,  Ledra  [doubtful] ,  Macropsis, 
Parabolocratus,  Paramesiis,  Pediopsis,  Penthimia,  Phlepsiiis,  Platy- 
metopius,  Strongylocepltalus,  Tetigonia  (=  Tettigonia),  Thamno- 
tettix,  Typhlocyba,  and  Ulopa. 

SPECIES. 

7.  Aphrodes  albifrons  (Linn.).    Canada,  New  England  States, 
and  Michigan. 

8.  A.  flavostriata  (DowovMi)  {     rividaris,  (jerm.).    Vermont. 

9.  A.  fuscofasciata  (Goe'ze)  {^brunneubifasciata  and  serra- 
tulce).     New  Jersey. 

10.  A.  nervosa  Schvanck  {striata,  SLUcit.).   Canada;  New  York. 

11.  Athysanus  obsoletas  (Kivschh.).    Canada;  New  York;  Iowa. 

12.  A.  striatula  (Fallen).     Iowa. 

13.  A.  striola  (Fallen).     Canada;  New  York. 

14.  Balclutha  punctata  {Thnnherg).     Canada;  widely  distri- 
buted in  the  United  States  to  Texas. 

15.  Cicadala  punctifrons  {Fallen).     New  York  ;   Iowa. 

16.  C.  sexnotata  (Fallen).     Whole  of  North  America. 

17.  C.  variata  (Fallen).     Canada  ;  New  York  ;  Michigan. 

18.  Deltocephalus  ocellaris  (Fallen).     Colorado. 

19.  Dikraneura  flavipennis  (Fallen).     Iowa. 

20.  Empoasca  smaragdnla  (Fallen).     Almost  whole  of  North 
America. 


NORTH    AMERICAN    AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS    HOMOPTERA.  339 

21.  Strongylocephalus  agrestis  (Fallen).  New  York;  Iowa; 
Michigan. 

A  total  of  thirty-eight  genera  and  twenty-one  species. 

A  few  words  on  the  nomenclature  of  some  homopterous  genera 
may  not  be  out  of  place  here. 

1.  It  does  not  seem  to  be  generally  known  that  Hardy's 
genus  was  Dlkraneura  (not  Dicraneura  as  usually  spelt). 

2.  In  the  '  Transactions '  of  the  Entomological  Society  of 
London  (1894,  pp.  411-3),  Mr.  W.  F.  Kirby  discusses  the  syn- 
onymy of  two  Tetigoniid  genera,  viz.  Cephalelm  and  Dortjdium, 
and  concludes  that  the  type  of  the  latter  is  lanceolatum,  Burm. 

Kirby  has  fallen  into  error  here  through  assigning  a  wrong 
date  for  the  publication  of  the  rhynchotal  portion  of  Burmeister's 
'  Handbuch  der  Entomologie.'  This  was  not  1839,  as  Kirby 
states,  but  1835,*  as  far  as  pp.  1-396  are  concerned  ;  pp.  1005-17 
were  indeed  published  in  1839.  Cephalelus  was  founded  in  1832 
by  Percheron  in  Guerin's  '  Magazin  Zool.,"  type  C.  infamatus. 
In  1835  Burmeister  ('  Handbuch,'  ii.  p.  106)  erected  Donjdiiim, 
type  jiaradoxum.  In  1838  the  same  author  ('  Genera  Insectorum ') 
stated  that  these  two  genera  were  founded  on  the  same  insect, 
and  transferred  the  name  Dorydium  to  a  new  species,  lanceo- 
latum, and  this  was  also  noted  in  1839  in  the  table  of  corrections, 
&c.,  appended  to  vol.  ii.  of  the  '  Handbuch '  (p.  1006). 

The  following  synonymy  will  therefore  be  necessary : — 
(1.)  Cephalelus,  Bercheron,  1832,  type  injumatus,   Perch. ; 
Siguoret,  1879,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France  (5),  9,  p.  259. 
=  Donjdium,  Burm.,  1835,  type  paradoxiim,  Burm. 
(2.)  Paradorydium,  h.  «.,  1901,  type  lanceolatum  (Burm.). 

=  Dorydium,  Burm.,  1838  and  1839,  type  lanceolatum, 
Burm.;    Signoret,  I.e.  p.  261  ;    Kirby,  1894,  I.e.; 
Puton,  1899,  Cat.  Hemipt.  palearct.,  ed.  4,  p.  93. 
(3.)  Gen.  nov.  ?  (type  westwoodi,  F.  B.  White). 

=  Donjdium,  F.  B.White;    Signoret,  1880,   I.e.  (5), 
10,  p.  43. 

3.  The  first  pahEarctic  genus  of  the  Agallini  (Bythoscopini) 
founded  was  Agallia,  Curtis  (Jan.  1833),  type  [consobrina  =J 
puncticeps,  Germ.  In  the  same  year  iJuly  or  after)  Germar 
erected  Bythoscopus,  no  type  being  fixed.  In  1835  Lewis  pro- 
posed three  genera:  (1)  Batracomorphus,  type  [irroratus==]  micro- 
cephala,  Schaff. ;  (2)  Macropsis,  with  two  species  rirescens  (Fabr.) 
a.nd  Jlavicollis  (Linn.) ;  and  (3)  Idiocerus,  the  application  of  which 
is  not  disputed.  He  also  fixed  lanio  (Linn.)  as  the  type  of 
Bythoscopus,  Germ.  In  1838  Burmeister  ('  Gen.  Insect.')  divided 
Bijthoscopus  into  four  subgenera:  {1)  Bythoscopus,  not  that  of 
Germar,  restricted  by  Lewis;  (2)  Idiocerus;  (3)  Oncojjsis,  Bmm. 

*  Sec,  amongst  other  contemporary  references,  Burmeister,  1836,  Arch. 
Naturg.  ii.  pt.  '1. 


340  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

=  part  of  Macropsis,  Lew.,  in  which  is  inckided  Macropsis  Jlavi- 
collis  (Linn.)  J  Lew. ;  and  (4)  Pediopsis,  Burm.  part  of  Macropsis, 
Lew.,  with  type  Bijthoscopus  tilice,  Germ.*  As  lanio  is  scarcely 
to  be  separated  generically  from  microcephala,  Schiiff.,  Batraco- 
morphus  becomes  a  synonym  of  Bythoscopus,  Germ.,  Lew.  In 
1843  Amyot  and  Serville  ('  Hemipteres  ')  named  laniG  as  the  type 
of  Macropsis,  notwithstanding  that  it  did  not  conform  to  Lewis's 
description,  and  had  ah'eady  been  fixed  as  type  of  Bythoscopus 
by  Lewis.  The  type  of  Macropsis  has,  in  fact,  never  been 
properly  fixed.  It  must  be  either  (1)  Jiavicollis  or  (2)  virescens. 
I  now  fix  it  as  the  former  as  least  objectionable.  The  name 
Macropsis,  Lewis,  cannot  be  used  for  lanio  and  its  congeners, 
because  it  was,  as  stated  above,  founded  for  two  species  only, 
neither  of  which  belongs  to  the  same  genus  as  lanio.  The 
synonymy  will  then  be  : — 

(1.)  Bythoscopus,  Germ.,  1833,  type  lanio  (Linn.),  Lewis. 

:=  Batracomorjjhns,     Lewis,     1835,     type     [irroratus, 
Lew.  —J   microcephala,  Schafi'. 

=  Macropsis,  auctt. 
(2.)  Macropsis,  Lewis,  type  Jiavicollis  (Linn.),  Kirk. 

=  Oncopsis,  Burm.,  1838,  type  tilice  (Germ.),  Burm. 

=  Bythoscopus,  auctt. 
4.    Van  Duzee  adopts  the  generic  name  Liburnia,  Stal,  for 
pellucidcL,  &c.     He  is  certainly  correct  in  not  employing  Delphax, 
Fabr.,  as  has  Puton  in  the  fourth  edition  of  the  Catalogue  of 
PalaBarctic  Ehynchota. 

The  type  of  Delphax  must  be  either  Cicada  clavicornis,  Fabr., 
or  Cicada  crassicornis,  Fabr.,  for  these  two  were  the  only  species 
included  in  the  genus  at  its  foundation  in  1798.  The  former 
was  fixed  as  the  type  of  Asiraca,  Latreille  (1796),  in  1810.  I 
have  not  yet  been  able  to  trace  a  proper  type-fixation  for  Delphax. 
Liburnia,  Stal,  1866,  is  preoccupied  hy  Embolophpora,  Stal,  1853 
(not  Emholophora,  as  Stal  himself  writes  it  later),  and  the  latter 
name  should  be  used.  The  somewhat  complicated  synonymy 
therefore  stands : — 

(1.)  Asiraca,  Latr.,  1796,  type  clavicornis  (Fabr.),  Latr.,  1810. 

=  '?  Delphax,  Fabr.,  1798  (typical). 
("2.)  Ar^opus,  Spinola,  1839,  type  crassicornis  (Fabr.),  Spin. 

=  ?  Delphax,  Fabr.  1798  (typical). 
(3.)  Embolophpora,  Stal,  1853, 

^  Liburnia,  Stal,  1866. 

=  Delphax,  mod.  auctt. 

^''  "  Ab  omnibus  speciebus  hujusce  sectionis  haec  optime  cum  charactere 
subgeneris  congruit." — Burm.  I.e. 


341 


SELENIA    ILLUSTRARIA    (TETRALUNARIA)    AND    ITS 

BROODS. 

By  F.  Merrifield,  F.E.S. 

Mr.  Garrett's  experience,  as  given  in  your  October  number 
{ante,  p.  288),  is  not  an  uncommon  one.  Sometimes  a  whole 
brood,  hatched  from  the  egg  in  May,  will  "  go  over "  until 
spring,  more  often  only  a  few  of  them.  When  a  brood  "  splits  " 
in  this  way,  those  which  go  over  are  always  on  the  average  much 
larger  than  those  which  emerge  in  July.  This  is  no  doubt 
because  there  is  a  similar  difference  in  size  between  the  natural 
spring  emergence  and  the  natural  summer  emergence ;  and  the 
larvae  which  go  over  belong  physiologically  to  the  spring  form, 
one  of  the  attributes  of  which  is  largeness.  Experiments  tried 
by  me  on  a  large  scale  have  shown  that  the  question  to  which  of 
the  two  forms — the  large  spring  one  or  the  small  summer  one — 
the  individual  will  belong  is  decided  in  a  very  early  period  of  the 
larval  life,  but  not — at  all  events  unalterably — earlier.  I  have 
had,  by  forcing  from  the  beginning  of  the  oval  stage,  five 
generations  in  the  year,  of  the  allied  species  *S'.  hilunaria  {illii- 
naria),  all  of  the  summer  form,  but  have  not  been  able  to  thus 
change  the  destination  by  forcing  half-grown  larvae  or  pupae.  I 
had  some  large  broods  this  year  of  S.  tetraliuiaria  larvae,  from 
eggs  laid  by  the  summer  emergence  early  in  July,  which  were 
beginning  to  pupate  just  before  I  went  abroad  on  Aug.  16th,  and 
when  I  returned  on  Sept.  20th  I  found  many  more  had  pupated, 
and  by  the  beginning  of  October  almost  all  had  done  so,  giving 
me  nearly  170  pupae.  Those  which  pupated  before  and  during 
my  absence  had  been  placed  in  a  refrigerator,  as  I  felt  sure  some 
would  otherwise  emerge  before  my  return.  When  nearly  all  had 
pupated— about  a  fortnight  since — I  picked  out  twenty-four, 
which  I  judged  from  their  small  size  to  belong  to  the  summer- 
emerging  division,  and  forced  twelve  of  them.  All  but  two  of 
the  largest  of  these  emerged  (except  two  which  died)  in  less  than 
a  week.  These  two  largest,  after  a  fortnight's  forcing,  are 
lively,  and  show  no  signs  of  approaching  emergence,  so  I  have 
added  them  to  the  majority,  which  will  remain  in  pupa  until 
next  spring  unless  I  force  them  ;  and  this,  my  experience  tells 
me,  it  will  be  of  no  use  to  do  until  about  January.  It  may  be  of 
interest  to  mention  that  the  individuals  belonging  to  this  major 
division  are  of  very  large  size,  averaging  in  weight:  males,  '3112 
gramme  (nearly  5  grains) ;  females,  '3900  gramme  (over  6  grains). 
I  have  two  other  broods  of  practically  the  same  weight ;  the 
heaviest  individuals  are :  males,  '3900  gramme ;  females,  '5300 
gramme  (about  8  grains).  I  have  no  doubt  that  these  results  are 
owing  to  my  having  crossed  individuals  from  Germany  with 
some  from  England,  for  they  are  more  than  50  per  cent,  heavier 

KNTOM. — DECEMBER,    1901.  "  I' 


342  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

than  the  pupse  from  which  their  English  and  German  grand- 
parents came  last  spring.  Possibly  this  increase  of  size  is  in  a 
slight  degree  owing  to  my  having  given  the  larvse  a  considerable 
change  of  diet,  which  I  have  found  very  useful  in  checking  the 
deterioration  caused  by  breeding  in  and  in.  This  is  quite  in 
conformity  with  what  might  have  been  expected,  in  accordance 
with  the  views  of  Darwin  and  Wallace,  as  to  the  advantages 
arising  from  a  change  of  physical  conditions.  I  add  that  the 
benefit  of  crossing,  &c.,  showed  itself  in  the  summer  emergence, 
the  pupte  of  which  were  nearly  as  heavy  as  those  of  their 
English  and  German  parents. 

24,  Vernon  Terrace,  Brighton :  Oct.  18th,  1901. 


A     NEW     LAC-INSECT     FEOM     SOUTH     AFRICA. 
By  T.  D,  a.  Cockerell  and  G.  B.  King. 

Tachardia  actinella,  n.  sp. 

$  .  Scale  about  3  mm.  long,  3  broad,  and  scarcely  2  high,  vouuded 
and  depressed,  dark  crimson,  with  about  sixteen  strong  but  obtuse 
radiating  yellowish  white  ridges  ;  centre  of  scale  formed  as  in  T.  decor - 
ella.  The  scales  are  mostly  separate,  but  sometimes  two  or  more 
coalesce. 

$  .  Dark  red,  2^  mm.  long,  Ih  broad  ;  bright  pink  when  boiled  in 
caustic  potash  ;  this  colour  is  due  to  the  internal  juices,  the  sldu  being 
perfectly  colourless.  Antennye  stout,  cylindrical,  pale,  about  140  ^w 
long,  52  broad  at  base,  36  in  middle,  28  at  end,  obscurely  four-jointed. 
Lac-glands  with  over  60  orifices.  Mouth-parts  about  141  /x  broad. 
Spine  well-developed,  120  /x  long,  rapidly  enlarging  36  jx  from  tip  to  a 
very  broad  (95  i/.)  base.  Anal  ring  with  10  long  bristles  ;  chitinous 
anal  plate  roughly  semicircular,  posteriorly  with  a  deep  linear  incision 
60  /x  long ;  on  each  side  of  the  anal  plate  is  an  elongated  pi'ocess 
terminating  in  two  sharp  spines,  the  structure  being  apparently  the 
result  of  a  fold  in  the  plate.     Anteriorly,  the  anal  plate  is  tuberculated. 

3  .     Scale  cylindrical,  elongated,  of  the  usual  form ;  dark  red. 

Hah.  Natal,  on  bark  of  undetermined  tree ;  uncommon 
{Claude  Fuller,  No.  19).  The,  scale  might  be  taken  for  T.  decor- 
ella,  Maskell,  but  that  Australian  species  has  no  antennae,  and 
the  spine  (according  to  Maskell' s  figure)  is  not  broadened  at  the 
base. 


343 

INSECTS    IN    NORFOLK    BROADLAND    IN    JUNE. 
By  Ernest  A.  Elliott,  F.E.S.,  and  Claude  Morley,  P.E.S. 

We  had  long  promised  ourselves  a  little  collect  in  the  Nor- 
folk Broads,  from  which  great  things  were,  judging  from  our 
experiences  south  of  the  Waveney,  to  be  expected,  and,  as  a 
sequel,  found  ourselves  in  Norwich  on  the  9th  of  last  June. 
Thence  we  started  on  a  glorious,  breathless  morning  to  easily 
jog  wherever  the  caprices  of  the  erratic  bike  might  chance  to 
land  us,  ready  to  collect  an  hour  or  so  at  any  likely  spot  upon 
the  route.  And  they  were  not  wanting :  Surlingliam  Broad, 
Rockland  Marsh,  and  Buckenham  Ferry  are  splendid  ground, 
and  very  hard  to  beat  entomologically.  Tea-time  found  us  at 
Acle,  and  the  next  morning  we  limbered  up  in  a  gale,  and  sallied 
forth  in  its  teeth  with  a  leaden  sky  above  us  ;  the  sampling  of 
Filby,  Rollesby,  and  Ormesby  Broads  became  a  trying  matter 
with  a  wind  that  followed  your  net  and  em[)tied  its  contents  as 
soon  as  captured.  Thence  we  came  down  to  Caister,  rid  its 
grand  Castle,  for  letters  and  lunch,  reaching  Winterton  by  the 
coast-road  during  the  afternoon.  The  sandhills  would  doubtless 
be  very  prolific  on  a  calm  day.  These  elemental  conditions 
continued  on  the  12th  with  the  happy  change  of  a  much  lower 
temperature.  x\t  Horsey  the  road  deserted  us,  and  the  machines 
objected  to  move  with  any  attempt  at  rapidity  over  the  cracked, 
baked  edges  of  the  dykes  till  we  encountered  a  hedge,  and  took 
more  of  it  away  than  we  could  have  wished — in  our  tyres.  A 
weary  drag  over  Brograve  Level  to  Stub's  Mill  was  tempered 
by  lunch  at  Hickling  Green,  and  we  at  length  put  into  Stalham 
in  a  downpour.  The  grass  was  still  wet  when  we  tried  to  ride 
over  a  two-feet  growth  of  it  in  a  futile  attempt  to  cross  the  Ant 
next  morning,  having  eventually  to  detour  to  South  Small- 
borough,  on  Barton  Broad,  which  we  agreed  would  be  a  tine 
locaUty  when  it  was  not  raining  with  less  than  50'  F.  Wroxham 
Broad  was  never  moister  than  on  the  14th,  and  we  feared  the 
sheets  of  water  falling  into  it  might  cause  an  overflow,  so  trained 
to  Norwich.  But  it  looked  brighter  beneath  a  gorgeous  sunset, 
and  the  Hoveton  Marshes  yielded  several  captures  of  note. 
Then  the  rain-god  desisted,  and  Horning,  St.  Benets,  Ranworth, 
Salhouse,  and  Woodbastwick  next  day  made  pretty  pictures, 
typical  of  Broadland,  when  one  managed  to  run  out  from  behind 
the  scenes,  where  nestle  the  villages  and  their  attendant  roads. 
The  "  Bell '"  at  Norwich  saw  us  back  at  night,  and  the  next  day 
streaming  through  Attleborough,  on  a  puncture,  to  the  home  of 
the  flint-kuappers. 

Thanks  to  the  pluvial  inclemency  of  the  weather,  msects 
were  very  scarce  and  generally  of  the  commonest,  though  a  few 
interesting  species  of  every  Order  put  in  an  appearance.     The 

2  E  2 


344  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Coleoptera  comprised  Anchomoms  gracilis,  Rockland,  and  A. 
thoreyi,  Ormesby ;  LaccopJdlus  interruptus  and  Coccinella  19- 
punctata,  at  Horsey  ;  Psamiucechus  hipunctatus  and  Anomala 
frischi,  a  pupa  of  which  latter  had  been  blown  out  of  the  sand 
and  was  lying  quite  exposed  in  a  little  hollow,  at  Winterton ; 
Campylus  linearis,  at  Suilingham,  with  Silis  ruficoUis,  which  was 
also  common  at  Rockland  and  Horning.  At  the  latter  locality, 
Tetephorus  figuratus  and  MaWiodes  dispar  also  occurred  with 
Cryptorhynchus  lapathi,  sitting  on  a  gate-post ;  Calandra  oryzce, 
beneath  a  board  by  a  marsh  hay-stack  in  the  open  levels  ;  Gale- 
riLca  tenella,  lineola,  sagittarice,  and  nymphece  (which  last  was  in 
the  flowers  of  Nymphcea  liUea),  Psylliodes  didcamara  and  picina, 
Donacia  clavipes  and  coviari.  D.  affinis  and  semicuprea  and 
Gymnetron  pascuormn  were  found  at  Rockland,  and  Crypticus, 
Microzoum,  with  other  coast  species,  at  Winterton.  Erirhinvs 
nereis  turned  up  at  Wroxham,  and  Crepidodera  modeeri  in  the 
Horsey  Marshes.  Such  aristocrats  as  Donacia  impressa  and 
menyanthidis,  the  Lixi,  and  other  specialities  of  the  Broads, 
could  not  be  expected  to  turn  out  in  the  rain  and  cold  winds, 
nor,  needless  to  add,  did  we  see  CctithorJiynchus  querceti. 

Great  numbers  of  Hymenoptera  were  taken,  more  especially 
among  the  Ichneumonidse,  which  we  were  more  particularly 
anxious  to  work,  but  of  these  we  will  only  notice  Ichneumon 
albicinctiis  at  Eaton ;  PhcBogenes  collaris  on  Household  Heath ; 
Collyria  ccdcitrator  commonly  with  its  host,  Cephus  pygmcens,  at 
Filby  Broad  on  the  margin  of  a  wheat  field ;  Tryphon  scotopterus 
(which  Bridgman  had  described  as  a  new  species  under  the  name 
Perilissus  famatus  from  the  vicinity  of  Norwich — cf.  Entom.  xiii. 
p.  54)  occurred  in  a  chalk-pit  at  Earlham  ;  Bassus  Icetatorius,  at 
Filby.  Mr.  Nevinson,  whom  we  had  the  pleasure  of  meeting, 
showed  us  several  lihyssa  persuasoria,  taken  in  the  act  of  ovi- 
positing in  the  burrows  of  Sirex  gigas  at  Horning.  RJiogas 
circamscriptiLs  was  swept  at  Eaton,  and  the  curious  little  Peri- 
semiis  tnareolatus  at  Wroxham.  The  Tenthredinidse  were  in 
great  force  all  along  the  line.  Tenthredo  atra  at  Eaton  and 
Rockland,  T.  vioniliata  (female)  at  Rockland,  and  T.  punctulata 
atHickling;  Tenthredopsis  tilice  at  Earlham;  Macrophya  12-piinc- 
tata  was  common  at  Surlingham  and  Rockland,  and  at  the  latter 
we  took  a  male  of  the  rare  M.  albicinta ;  two  or  three  common 
Doleri,  with  Selandria  viorio,  turned  up  at  Rockland  and  Horning; 
a  nice  Poecilosoma,  probably  excismn,  Thorns.,  at  Eaton,  and  P. 
litarata  {^^  ?  guttatuni,  Fall.)  at  Wroxham  and  ? Horning;  we 
swept  Eriocampa  annidipes  from  the  Winterton  hedges,  Blenno- 
campa  alhipes  at  Eaton,  B.  fuscipennis  at  Surlingham  and 
Hickling,  B.  ephippium  and  Emphytus  calceatiis  at  Rockland ; 
Dinura  stilata  was  found  at  Wroxham,  Neniatus  ribesii,  which 
is  apparently  very  rare  in  Suffolk,  at  Winterton,  N.  abdominalis 
(female),  at  Hickling,   N.  fulvipes,  at  Wroxham  and  Horning, 


INSECTS  IN  NORFOLK  imOADLAND.  345 

and  N.  ?  salicis-cinerefe  at  the  latter  Broad  ;  Ccphus  pygmceus  was 
generally  common,  and  the  fine  C.  linearis  occurred  in  the  wet 
places  ab  Surlingham  and  Kockland.  Both  sexes  of  Sirex  fiirias 
were  cut  from  their  borings  in  a  pine-shed  at  Horning  Ferry. 
We  saw  very  few  Aculeata,  and  those  were  common  things  : — 
Crahro  claripes  (female)  at  Surlingham,  C.  peltarius  at  Attle- 
borough,  flying  to  nest  in  telegraph-pole;  Odyncrns 'parietum  at 
Ormesby  and  on  the  Buckenham  pontoon  ;  the  only  bees  were 
Halictus  leticopus  and  H.  cyliiidricus  at  Winterton  and  Hickling, 
respectively,  with  Andrena  minutida  (female)  at  Ormesby,  and 
H.  alhipes  at  Hickling. 

Lepidoptera  we  studiously  avoided,  annexing  only  a  solitary 
Ino  statices  at  Rockland.  Only  in  one  place  did  the  glorious 
Papilio  machaon  appear,  and  we  feasted  our  eyes,  forbearing  to 
strike  so  grand  a  friend. 

Many  good  marsh  things  occurred  among  the  Diptera,  but 
here  again  the  weather  was  all  against  us.  Odontomyia  tigrina 
was  swept  at  dusk  at  Wroxham,  Microclirysa  flavicornis  and 
poUta  common  at  Hickling,  Beris  vallata  at  Horning,  a  male 
Hcematopota  pluvialis  swept  at  Surlingham,  and  a  male  Clirysops 
relict  us  on  reeds  at  Horsey  ;  Dioctria  rufipes  at  Earlham  and 
Rockland,  and  Dysimachns  trigonua  on  the  Winterton  sand-hills, 
where  also  were  secured  two  conspicuous  grey  Tuchinids,  which 
have  baffled  even  Mr.  Piffard's  attempts  to  determine.  Dohehopids 
were,  of  course,  abundant  throughout  the  district.  PipiDicidiis 
confusns  at  Horning  ;  Chrysognster  hirtella  {macqnarti)  was  com- 
mon, and  Liogaster  splendida  not  rare  at  Horning  and  Wroxham; 
Leucuzona  lacorum,  which  does  not  abound  in  Suffolk,  was  found 
at  Earlham ;  Pyroplicena  *  ocymi  was  generally  common ;  one 
example  of  P.  rosarum  at  Wroxham,  with  Platychirus  fidviventris. 
Eristalis  sepulchralis,  far  from  farm  ponds,  turned  up  not  rarely 
at  Horning  and  Surlingham,  at  the  latter  of  which  was  also 
Helophihis  lineatas  (male,  female),  with  H.  versicolor  at  Rock- 
land. One  of  the  most  abundant  flies  was  Tropidia  milesifonnis 
in  all  the  marshes.  Ceromasia  ?  spectabiUs  swept  from  reeds  at 
Horsey;  Morinia  nana  at  Wroxham;  Polietes  lardaria,  in  wbich 
we  thought  to  have  a  prize,  on  the  wall  of  St.  Beuet's  Abbey. 
The  fine  Hyetodesia  errans  along  the  Yare,  and  H.  ?  variabilis  at 
Horning.  Melanochelia  riparia  turned  up  at  Hickling,  Hoplo- 
qaster  molUcula  at  Surlitigham  and  Horning,  and  H.  bicolor  at 
Wroxham  ;  Cordt/liira  albipes  at  Rockland,  and  C.  !  apicalis  at 
Surlingham.  Both  Sciomyza  albocostata  and  Sepedon  spinipes 
were  swept  at  Horning,  with  Calobata  petronella,  Ceroxys  crassi- 
cornis,  and  Notiphila  idiginosa,  which  last  was  abundant  in 
flowers  of  Nymvhcm  lutea.  The  pretty  little  Pteropcectria  frondc- 
scentice  from  Hickling  is  the  only  other  species  worthy  of  note. 

■■'■■■  Both  the  British  species  of  Pyrophcena  have  occurrcd.to  me  much  niore 
freely  this  year  in  various  parts  of  the  country  than  during  any  previous  ex- 
perience.    Am  I  alone  in  this  observation  ? — C.  M. 


340  THE    ^ENTOMOLOGIST. 

No  mention  should  be  made  of  the  Hemiptera  were  this 
an  attempt  at  a  representative  list,  though  one  or  two  exclu- 
sively marsh  things,  such  as  Cyimis  glandicolor  at  Wroxbam 
and  Eockiand,  Acompus  rufipes  at  the  former,  and  Plociomcrus 
fracticollis  at  the  latter,  did  happen  to  fall  to  our  lot ;  for  the 
rest,  Nijsius  thymi  occurred  at  Eaton,  Psallus  variaiis  near  Attle- 
borough,  and  a  curious  little  beast  that  Mr.  E.  A.  Butler  thinks 
must  be  the  developed  form  of  Plagiognathus  saltitans  on  the  Win- 
tertou  sand-hills.  The  common  Bythoscopus  flavicolUs  was  beaten 
from  bushes  at  Hickling,  with  Eupteryx  atropunctata  at  Horning. 

The  Neuroptera  were  yet  more  disappointing,  for  more  was 
expected  of  them  than  IscJnmra  elegatis,  which  literally  swarmed 
everywhere,  and  of  which  both  the  female  forms  were  taken ; 
ColpotauUus  incisus  and  Chrysopa  perla  were  also  found.  The 
only  uncommon  Trichopteron  was  Lininophilus  Jiirsiitus,  which 
was  not  rare,  with  L.  sparsas  on  alder  trunks  at  Rockland. 
Clo'eon  dipteram  flew  on  to  my  coat,  and  was  easily  boxed  without 
dismounthig  at  Acle  Bridge,  while  Orthetrum  cancellatam  was 
swept  up  at  dusk  in  the  Hoveton  Marshes. 

With  a  genial  atmosphere  the  result  would  doubtless  have 
been  more  congenial,  and  the  real  less  unlike  the  ideal  to  which 
we,  in  our  innocence  of  previous  experience,  had  aspired  ;  never- 
theless the  game  was  doubtless  worth  the  candle,  the  length  of 
which  becomes  considerable  at  Broadland  hostelries  ! 

41,  Holland  Park,  W. :  Nov.  1901. 


UNDESCRIBED    INDIAN    RHYNCHOTA :     PENTATOMID/E. 
By  W.  L.  Distant. 

BoNAciALUs,  gen.  nov. 
Body  elongate  ;  head  large,  longer  than  broad,  soinewbat  broadly 
rounded  in  front,  distinctly  depressed  before  apex,  the  lateral  margins 
a  little  ampliated  and  recurved,  the  lateral  lobes  longer  than  the 
central  lobe  and  meeting  beyond  it,  but  a  Uttle  cleft  at  their  apices, 
the  autenniferous  tubercles  remote  from  the  lateral  margins,  and  dis- 
tinctly inside  the  longitude  of  the  eyes ;  antennae  five-jointed,  first 
joint  short,  incrassated,  second  joint  not  reaching  apex  of  head,  third 
shortest ;  rostrum  reaching  the  posterior  coxa^ ;  eyes  touching  the 
anterior  angles  of  the  pronotum  ;  pronotum  broader  than  long,  lateral 
margins  a  little  sinuate,  lateral  angles  rounded  ;  scutellum  more  than 
half  the  length  of  abdomen,  narrowed  towards  apex;  corium  with  the 
lateral  margins  almost  perpendicular. 

This  genus,  by  the  position  of  the  antenniferous  tubercles, 
must  be  placed  in  the  division  Dymantaria  of  the  subfam.  Pen- 
tatominae,  a  division  only  hitherto  considered  as  containing 
Australian  and  Ethiopian  genera. 


UNDRSORIBBD    INDIAN    RHYNCHOTA.  347 

Bonacialus  Dixoni,  sp.  n. 
Ocliraceous,  very  coarsely  darkly  punctate  ;  head  with  the  central 
lobe  and  base  more  or  less  levigate  ;  pronotum  with  the  margins 
narrowly  levigate,  the  lateral  areas  more  thickly  and  the  central  area 
much  less  punctate  ;  scutellum  with  a  large  levigate  spot  near  each 
basal  angle  and  a  central  levigate  fascia  not  quite  reaching  apex ; 
corium  thickly  punctate,  with  its  lateral  margins  very  narrowly 
levigate  ;  membrane  pale  hyahne  ;  body  beneath  as  above,  the  legs 
impunctate,  a  small  black  spot  at  bases  of  coxte,  a  similar  spot  near 
apices  of  femora  beneath,  and  the  stigmata,  black  ;  lateral  areas  of  the 
abdomen  less  punctate  than  on  disk ;  antennae  darker  ochraceous,  apex 
of  rostrum  piceous.     Long.  11  millim.     Exp.  prouot.  angl.  4|  millim. 

Hab.  Bombay  Presidency  ;  Bor.  Ghat.  (Victoria  and  Albert 
Museum). 

Gulielmus,  gen,  nov. 

Body  elgngate ;  head  large,  longer  than  broad,  narrowing  to  apex 
which  is  subacute,  distinctly  depressed  before  apex,  lateral  lobes  much 
longer  than  central  lobe  and  meeting  beyond  it,  their  apices  slightly 
cleft,  antenniferous  tubercles  remote  from  the  lateral  margins,  dis- 
tinctly inside  the  longitude  of  the  eyes,  antennas  five-jointed,  basal 
joint  incrassated,  second  joint  not  reaching  apex  of  head,  fourth  joint 
a  little  shortest ;  rostrum  about  reaching  posterior  coxfe ;  pronotum 
broader  than  long,  lateral  margins  obliquely  straight,  lateral  angles 
rounded ;  scutellum  long,  broad,  a  little  narrower  at  its  apical  half, 
extending  to  or  reaching  a  little  beyond  the  apical  angles  of  the  corium ; 
connexivum  exposed. 

Allied  to  the  preceding  genus  Bonacialus,  from  which  it 
differs  by  the  differently-shaped  head,  pronotum  and  scutellum,  &c. 

Gulielmus  latemrius,  sp.  n. 

Ochraceous,  thickly  and  darkly  punctate  ;  corium  tinged  with 
carmine-red  ;  extreme  margins  of  head  and  a  small  spot  at  apex  of 
scutellum,  black  ;  two  small  obscure  fuscous  spots  on  anterior  area  of 
pronotum ;  scutellum  with  an  elongate  levigate  spot  outwardly  mar- 
gined with  black  at  each  basal  angle  and  a  central  levigate  line; 
corium  with  the  outer  margin  and  veins  ochraceous  ;  membrane  pale 
greyish  ;  inner  margin  of  connexivum  piceous  ;  body  beneath  ochra- 
ceous, head  and  sternum  somewhat  thickly,  abdomen  more  sparingly 
punctate,  a  longitudinal  black  punctate  fascia  on  each  lateral  area  of 
the  abdomen;  apex  of  rostrum,  and  apical  joint  of  antennae— excluding 
base— fuscous.  Long.  9  to  10  millim.  Exp.  pronot.  angl.  Sh  to  4  millim. 

Hab.  Bombay  Presidency ;  Bor  Ghat.  (Victoria  and  Albert 
Museum) . 

Gulielmus  marmoratus,  sp.  n. 

Closely  allied  to  the  preceding  species,  but  differing  by  having  the 
surface  of  the  pronotum  and  scutellum  distinctly  rngulose,  the  scu- 
tellum distinctly  broader,  the  corium  concolorous,  and  the  punctures 
more  profound.     Long.  8^  to  9  milhm.     Exp.  pronot.  angl.  U  ^".l^^^^; 

Hab.  Bombay  Presidency  ;  Bor  Ghat.  (Victoria  and  Albert 
Museum), 


us 


THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS. 

AcHERoNTiA  ATROPos  IN  SouTH  Africa. — Relative  to   the  note    on 
the  rearing  of  Acheioiitia  utroiios  [(inU,  p.  227),  I  sliould  lilie  to  give 
my  experience  witli  the  species  m  this  countr.y.     I  may  first  of  all 
mention  that  the  insect  is  certainly  double-brooded,  and  possibly  there 
are  three  broods  in  a  year ;  also  that  by  far  the  greater  number  of  the 
larvfe  I  have  found  (at  least  thirty)  are  of  the  brilliant  yellow  form. 
Last  January  I  found  fourteen   nearly  full-grown    larvse,    and   after 
allowing  them   to  pupate,   I  did  as  collectors  often  do  in   England, 
turned  up  the   pupa  out  of  the   soil.     All  were   perfect,   except  one 
crippled  in  changing,  and  two  others  which  were   evidently  ichneu- 
moned,  as  I  found  them  almost  rotten   and  covered  with  maggots. 
From  the  eleven  perfect  pupfe  I  only  obtained  two  perfect  specimens 
and  one  cripple;  all  the  others  died.     In  May,  1901,  I  had  seven  fine 
full-grown  larvae,  which  I  put  in  a  large  five-gallon  paraffin  tin,  with 
at  least  ten  inches  of  slightly  moist  sand  ;  all  these  went  down  to 
pupate  by  May  2Gth,  and  were  left  undisturbed.     The  result  has  been 
most  satisfactory,   as  I  have  reared  all,  and  only  one  was  slightly 
crippled.     They  all  came  out  in  September :  two  on  the  7th,  one  on 
the  9th,  the  cripple  on  the  13th,  one  on  the  16th,  one  on  the  19th,  and 
one  on  the  20th.     All  the  specimens  are  slightly   smaller  than  my 
British  ones,  but  this  may  be  because  they  are  the  second  brood.     I 
do   not  know  how  it  would  auswei-  in    England  to   leave  the  pupae 
alone,  but  here  it  is  certainly  better  not  to  disturb  them.     The  two 
perfect  specimens  which  I  bred  from  the  January  lot  emerged,  one  on 
the  18th  and  the  other  on  the  25th  of  February,  and  were  only  in  the 
pupa  state  about  twenty-one  days ;    the  second  lot  were   about  four 
months.     Of  course  there  was  no  forcing  here,  and  I  did  not  even 
damp  the  sand  at  all,  in  fact  the  tin  was  not  moved  until  all  the  moths 
had  emerged.     On  turning  out  the  sand  I  found  the  empty  cells  were 
almost  on  the  bottom  of  the  tin,  and  there  was  at  least  ten  inches  of 
sand  in  the  tin  ;  this  gives  some  idea  of  the  depth  these  larva;  will  go. 
In  all  cases  where  the  cells  were  not  entirely  destroyed  when  turning 
out  the  sand,  they  seemed  much  larger  than  necessary  for  the  pupae. 
I  may  also  mention  that  I  never  heard  the  slightest  sound  from  the 
eleven  pupae  I  turned  up,  and,  with  the  exception  of  one  that  was 
icbneumoned,  found  last  year,  I  have  not  heard  any  sound  from  the 
larvae.      Food-plants  here    are  numerous.      I    fed    the    larvae    I   had 
upon  sweet  potato  and  tomato  leaves,  but  they  also  eat  a  very  large- 
leaved  thistle,  and  a  small-leaved  climbing  plant.     I  have  also  found 
one  on  a  kind  of  bramble.    In  any  case  the  larvae  are  very  common,  and 
considering  that  so  many  are  the  very  conspicuous   yellow   form,   I 
wonder  they  are  not  more  icbneumoned  than  they  are.     I  tried  to  get 
a  pairing,  keeping  two  males  and  a  female  alive  for  that  purpose,  but 
without  success  ;  I  fed  them  on  moist  sugar  and  a  little  water.     All 
these  three  cried  togetiier,  whenever  I  went  to  the  box  they  were  in, 
and  they  are  alive  now  at  the  tim3  of  writing. — G.  F.  Leigh;  Mus- 
grave  Road,  Durban,  Natal,  Sept.  21st,  1901. 

Gynandromorphism  in  Lepidoptera. — A  theory  was  put  forward  by 
Herr  Dorfmeister  (Stett.  Ent.  Zeit,  1868,  p.  181)  that  a  mixture  of  the 


NOTES    AND    OBSERVATIONS.  849 

sexes  takes  place  whilst  the  ovum  is  being  developed,  that  is  to  say, 
part  of  a  male  and  part  of  a  female  germ  come  together  in  the  form- 
ation of  the  egg  which  is  destined  to  produce  a  gynandrornorphous- 
specimen  of  Lepidoptera.  Consequently,  he  supposes  that  whenever 
one  such  specimen  is  produced  in  a  brood,  there  should  be  another 
similar  one  resulting  from  the  other  parts  of  the  two  germs.  As  a 
test  of  the  soundness  of  his  hypothesis,  he  suggested  that  experiments 
should  be  tried  by  breeding  whole  broods  from  the  pgg  of  such  species 
as  Ociieiia  ilixpar  and  Lasidcanipa  quercifolia,  of  each  of  which  several 
gynandromorphous  specimens  have  been  recorded.  The  results  ob- 
tained by  Messrs.  Harrison  and  Main,  who,  it  will  be  remembered, 
reared  no  less  than  seven  gynandrous  specimens  of  Ainphiddsi/s  betii- 
larid,  together  with  some  sixty  normal  male  and  female  examples,  from 
one  batch  of  ova  {(Uiti',  p.  20B),  would  seem  to  indicate  that  Dorf- 
meister's  theory  is  worthy  of  more  attention  than  it  seems  to  have 
received.  A  significant  fact  is,  that  of  the  seven  gynandrous  examples 
four  are  male  on  the  right  side  and  three  are  male  on  the  left  side. 
With  regard  to  the  term  "  hermaphrodite,"  so  often  used  in  referring 
to  specimens  of  Lepidoptera  in  which  the  colours  and  ornamentation 
of  both  sexes  are  represented,  the  late  Prof .  Westwood  (Trans.  Ent.  Soc. 
London,  1880,  p.  113)  remarked: — "The  term  Gynandromorphism  was 
first  applied  by  M.  Lacordaire  to  supersede  in  Entomology  that  of 
Hermaphroditism,  the  latter  term  being  more  strictly  applicable  only 
to  those  animals  in  which  the  generative  organs  of  both  sexes  are 
normally  included  in  the  same  individual,  but  which,  nevertheless, 
require  the  presence  of  a  second  individual  of  the  same  species  to 
effect  the  joint  nnpregnation  of  the  two  individuals.  In  insects,  gyn- 
andromorphous specimens,  partaking  abnormally  of  the  character  of 
both  sexes,  are  generally  bilateral ;  the  sexual  distinctive  characters 
(which  are  for  the  most  part  in  these  instances  the  secu)t(lar!/  ones)  of 
one  sex  being  exhibited  on  one  side  of  the  body  and  its  organs,  and 
the  peculiarities  of  the  opposite  sex  being  seen  on  the  other  half  of  the 
insect.  Of  this  bilateralism  many  instances  have  been  recorded,  and 
most  extensive  collections  can  boast  of  the  possession  of  one  or  more 
of  such  'half  and  half  monsters.  Here  the  gynandromorphism  may 
be  termed  complete,  but  specimens  of  far  greater  rarity,  in  which  the 
abnormality  is  only  partial  (of  which  no  notice  occurs  in  any  of  the 
hitherto  published  introductions  or  general  works  on  the  science), 
are  now  known  ;  and  in  my  Themunis  Entowolof/icits  I  collected  to- 
gether a  number  of  instances  in  which,  whilst  the  body  of  the  insect 
appears  to  be  unisexual,  the  partial  sexual  divarication  is  confined  en- 
tirely to  the  secondarn  sexual  characters  exhibited  by  one  or  more  of  the 
wings  only.  The  peculiar  import  of  this  strange  modification,  in  a 
physiological  point  of  view,  is  very  difficult  to  be  understood,  and  from 
the  great  rarity  of  the  individuals,  and  their  small  size,  we  can  hardly 
hope  to  obtain  specimens  sufficient  for  the  necessary  examination  of 
the  characters  of  the  primary  and  internal  sexual  organs." 

Notes  on  the  Larva  of  Eupithecia  subfulvata. — E.  siihfulrata  is 
not  an  uncommon  insect;  but,  like  other  '•  pugs,"  it  is  by  far  the  best 
when  bred,  and  it  is  possible  that  some  of  your  readers  may  care  for  a 
few  hints  on  the  way  to  find  the  larva.     I  was  first  mtroduced  to  it 


:550  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

years  ago  by  my  friend  the  late  Rev.  G.  A.  Smallwood,  in  company 
with  whom  I  found  it  on  a  railway  embankment  between  Burton -on- 
Trent  and  Derby ;  and  this  year  I  have  again  found  it  in  Shropshire. 
The  larva  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  the  common  yarrow  [Achillea  mille- 
folium), and  is  full-grown  during  the  month  of  October.  It  is  light 
brown  in  colour,  somewhat  variable,  but  generally  having  "chevrons" 
of  a  darker  brown  along  the  back.  Mr.  Smallwood  led  me  to  think 
that  it  preferred  to  rest  upon  the  flowering  stems,  but  this  I  find  on  a 
closer  acquaintance  is  by  no  means  always  the  case,  as  I  found  it  here 
stretched  at  full  length  along  the  midrib  of  a  leaf,  and  in  some  cases 
on  withered  leaves,  in  which  position  of  course  it  is  anything  but 
conspicuous.  And  sometimes,  too,  it  curls  itself  into  that  graceful 
shape  known,  I  believe,  as  that  of  the  "ionic  volute,'"  this  being 
especially  the  case  when  it  rests  on  the  flowering-stems.  Sunny  banks 
under  hedgerows,  particularly  where  the  soil  is  sandy,  appear  to  be 
the  favourite  locality,  and  it  was  in  such  situations  that  I  found  most 
of  mine  this  month,  though  I  went  rather  too  late,  i-iz.  on  the  23rd  ; 
and  there  was  plenty  of  evidence  that  I  should  have  done  much  better 
a  week  or  ten  days  earlier.  However,  this  will  be  a  hint  for  another 
season,  and  I  hope  to  profit  by  it.  Perhaps  some  of  your  readers, 
especially  among  the  younger  "  hands,"  may  do  the  like.  I  should 
like  to  add  that  this  larva  presents  a  striking  example  of  "protective 
coloration,"  its  appearance  both  when  curled  up  and  stretched  out  at 
full  length  being  remarkably  like  that  of  the  brown  and  withered 
leaves  so  frequently  seen  upon  the  plants  of  yarrow. — (Eev.)  Chas.  F. 
Thornewill  ;  Calverhall  Vicarage,  Whitchurch,  Salop,  Oct.  24th,  1901. 

Evolution'  in  Butterfly  Scales. — At  a  meeting  of  the  Manchester 
Microscopical  Society,  held  on  November  7th,  at  the  Grand  Hotel, 
Manchester,  Mr.  Mark  L.  Sykes.  F.R.M.S.,  read  a  paper  on  "  Evolution 
in  Butterfly  Scales."  With  reference  to  butterflies,  he  said  that  in 
whatever  direction  the  mimicry  may  tend,  whether  in  simulation  of 
inanimate  objects,  such  as  leaves  or  twigs  or  moss,  for  concealment 
from  their  enemies  on  the  one  hand,  or  to  enable  them  to  more  easily 
secure  their  prey  on  the  other — in  mimicry  of  conspicuously  marked 
or  highly-coloured  inedible  by  edible  species,  in  resemblance  between 
two  or  more  equally  distasteful  but  entirely  different  species,  or  what- 
ever purpose  the  mimicry  may  serve — it  seems  that  the  resemblance  is 
in  outward  appearance  only.  Although  the  similarity  in  colour  pattern 
and  markings  may  be  so  close  as  to  be  almost  identical,  microscopical 
examination  of  the  wing  scales  of  these  insects  shows  that  the  details 
by  which  the  likenesses  are  brought  about  may  be,  and  often  are, 
widely  different.  The  specimens  from  which  the  examples  have  been 
taken  fall  under  two  groups  of  mimicry — that  of  MilUer  and  that  of 
Bates.  The  Miillerian  form  of  mimicry  is  that  in  which  two  or  more 
highly  coloured,  conspicuously  marked,  or  peculiarly  shaped  butterflies, 
all  inedible  and  distasteful  to  the  insect-eating  animals,  are  so  closely 
alike  as  to  be  easily  mistaken  one  for  the  other.  These  by  their 
similarity  in  appearance  aftbrd  each  other  mutual  protection,  by 
dividing  between  them  the  total  number  destroyed  by  the  young 
insectivora  of  each  season  in  learning  what  is  and  what  is  not  good 
for  food.     The  Batesian  mimicry  is  that  in  which  certain  of  the  con- 


CAPTURES    AND    FTRLD    URPORTS.  851 

spicuous  aud  nauseous  species,  which  the  young  birds,  &e.,  quickly 
learn  are  distasteful,  are  simulated  by  others  which  are  not  nauseous, 
but  which  have  acquired  the  colours  aud  markings  of  inedible  forms, 
aud  are  thereby  protected.  Amongst  the  former  are  the  Heliconinfe, 
Danainae,  and  Acrfein*,  all  of  which  include  amongst  their  members 
great  numbers  of  highly  coloured  species,  conspicuous  for  their  mark- 
ings in  red,  yellow,  black,  and  blue,  with  a  variety  of  intermediate  tints 
and  shades,  and  which  are  easily  distinguished  in  their  surroundnigs. 
In  the  latter  are  included  butterflies  of  nearly  every  sub-family,  and 
some  of  the  diurnal  moths,  and  both  are  found  nearly  all  over  the 
world.  But  on  examining,  with  the  microscope,  the  scales  on  the 
wings  of  these  mimetic  butterflies,  it  will  be  found  that,  so  far  from 
the  similarity  in  superficial  appearance  being  produced  by  similarity 
in  detail  and  pattern,  there  is  a  wide  diversity  in  scale-structure  and 
arrangement.  The  scales  vary  not  only  in  number,  but  in  size, 
colour,  and  form,  and  this  is  the  case  even  where  one  inedible  species 
mimics  another. 


CAPTURES   AND   FIELD   REPORTS. 

PiERis  DAPLiDicE  IN  SussEx. — While  collectiug  on  the  dovms  near 
Brighton,  on  Aug.  20th  last,  I  took  a  fine  male  /'.  ilaplidicr  on  the 
wing.  On  Aug.  21st  I  revisited  the  same  spot,  and  took  a  very  ragged 
female  specimen.  Three  days  later  I  took  another  fresh  male  example, 
not  far  from  where  the  others  were  taken.  Both  the  males  are  in 
perfect  condition,  but  the  female  has  not  a  single  perfect  wing.  All 
three  I  observed  and  took  on  the  wing. — H.  Hyams  ;  24,  Bloomsbury 
Place,  Brighton. 

Argynnis  aglaia  var.  charlotta.  —  On  July  7th  last,  while  collect- 
ing on  the  downs  near  Brighton,  I  had  the  good  fortune  to  take  a  fine 
A.  aglaia  var.  rharhtta. — H.  Hyams;  24,  Bloomsbury  Place,  Brighton. 

CoLiAS  HYALE,  C.  EDusA,  &c.,  AT  FOLKESTONE, — The  Small  visitatiou 
we  had  here  of  C.  hi/alr  this  season  seems  to  have  confined  itself  to  the 
grassy  hillsides  on  the  downs.  They  were  not  numerous,  even  in 
August,  and  I  did  not  see  one  in  the  clover  or  lucerne  fields  in  which 
there  were  so  many  last  year.  On  Oct.  10th  I  found  it  again  on  tlie 
downs  here,  and  I  saw  several  males  and  one  female  ;  I  went  home  for 
my  net,  and  succeeded  in  taking  two  males,  one  of  which  was  perfectly 
fresh  and  latelv  emerged,  the  other  very  slightly  chipped.  They  must, 
I  think,  have  all  emerged  since  the  wet  and  stormy  weather  which 
ended  on  Oct.  18tli,  and  were  probably  a  third  brood.  Is  not  this 
unusual  in  C.  hi/ale  I  On  Oct.  22nd  some  were  still  there,  and  again 
on  the  23rd,  on'which  day  I  saw  two  C.  edusa,  the  only  examples  I  have 
seen  here  this  season.  One  I  took  was  rather  worn,  and  I  released  it. 
Here  we  occasionally  have  an  autumn  emergence  oiLyrmia  ininuna  ;  I 
took  several,  rather  small  and  pale,  on  Aug.  21st,  19U0.  I  took  also 
Nisoniades  tages  here  on  Aug.  9th  last,  in  fairly  good  condition,  but 
small  and  pale.  —  Percy  E.  Freke  ;  7.  Limes  Road,  Folkestone, 
Oct.  30th,  1901. 


352  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Aberrations  of  Colias  hyale  and  Gonopteryx  rhamni.  —  I  have 
recently  added  to  my  collection  a  remarkably  interesting  C.  hyale  ab. ; 
all  the  usual  black  markings  are  replaced  by  a  pale  bright  lilac  shot 
with  gold,  producing  a  fine  op;ilescent  effect ;  the  central  spot  on  the 
secondaries  is  of  a  richer  orange  than  in  normal  specimens ;  the  usual 
dusky  markings  on  the  under  side  are  in  this  specimen  rose-pink,  and 
the  antenufp,  costal  and  hind  margins  are  of  a  brighter  pink.  It  is  a 
male,  with  a  bright  yellow  grouud  colour,  in  very  perfect  condition, 
obviously  freshly  emerged.  This  beautiful  insect  was  captured  Sept. 
1st  last,  at  bheerness,  Kent,  by  Mr.  E.  Griffiths,  who  most  kindly 
presented  it  to  me.  1  am  also  indebted  to  him  for  a  very  fine  Gono- 
pteryx rliaumi,  which  he  likewise  captured  at  Sheerness,  on  Aug.  28th, 
1900.  It  is  a  male,  having  the  right  secondary  of  female  colouring, 
excepting  a  narrow  streak  of  yellow  of  the  male  running  across  the 
centre  of  the  wing  from  the  base  to  hind  margin  ;  the  under  side  of 
the  left  primary  is  also  of  female  colouring.  Unfortunately,  this  rare 
specimen  got  considerably  damaged  in  transit  through  the  post,  but 
with   care  I  have  been  able  to  restore  it  to  a  very  fair  example. — 

F.  W.  Frohawk;  November,  1901. 

Argynnis  latonia  in  Dorsetshire. — A  specimen  of  A.  latonia  was 
taken  near  Poole  last  season,  by  Mr.  E.  L.  Thompson,  of  Warwick. — 

G.  E.  J,  Crallan  ;  Bodorgan  Manor,  Bournemouth. 

Vanessa  antiopa  in  Huntingdonshire. — While  collecting  in  Hunt- 
ingdonshire, on  a  very  hot  day  in  July,  I  happened  to  go  into  a  way- 
side inn  for  some  light  refreshment.  The  publican,  seeing  my  net,  said 
he  had  got  "  two  butterflies."  He  fetched  the  nail-box,  in  which  he 
kept  them,  and  lying  among  the  nails  were  Vanesm  antiopa  and  Chcero- 
rampa  elpenor.  The  publican  informed  me  that  he  had  caught  antiopa 
in  his  garden  the  year  before,  "  when  the  fruit  was  ripe."  Considering 
the  box  it  had  been  kept  in,  it  was  in  remarkably  good  condition.  It 
had  been  caught  by  the  rough  and  ready  method  of  a  hat. — W.  G. 
Theobald  ;  Wolverhampton. 

Chrysophanus  phlceas  var.  schmidtii  near  Paisley. — A  good  speci- 
men of  this  little  butterfly,  with  the  ground  colour  of  the  wings  white, 
instead  of  the  usual  copper  tint,  was  taken  near  this  town  last  Sep- 
tember. I  see  the  same  variation  referred  to  by  Newman.  The 
specimen  was  in  my  possession  for  a  few  days  and  was  exhibited  at 
our  local  societies'  meeting  in  October. — A.  M.  Steuart  ;  28,  Ferguslie, 
Paisley,  N.B. 

Catocala  fraxini  in   Suffolk.  —  My   friend    Mr.    Jos.    F.    Green 
informs  me  that  he  captured,  at  sugar,  a  finely  coloured  C.  fraxini,  on 
Aug.  2J:th  last,  at  Wrentham,  Suffolk. — F.  W.  Frohawk. 

Autumnal  Emergence  of  Lophopteryx  cucullia  and  Acronycta 
bienyanthidis. — In  the  spring  of  this  year  I  received  about  forty  eggs 
of  L.  cucullia  from  West  Sussex,  which  hatched  in  due  course,  and 
the  larvae  fed  up  on  maple  with  a  very  small  percentage  of  losses,  and 
the  first  commenced  to  prepare  for  pupation  on  July  5th,  the  remainder 
following  suit  within  the  next  week  or  so.  Ten  perfect  moths  emerged 
between  the  24th  and  31st  July.  Assuming  that  the  first  to  pupate 
was  the  first  to  emerge,  the  pupal  stage  occupied  just  nineteen  days. 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  353 

A.  wcni/anthidis  larva?  were  full-fed  ou  July  2ith,  and  a  somewhat 
undersized  but  otherwise  perfect  imago  came  forth  on  Nov.  3rd.  In 
both  cases  the  larvte  and  pupae  were  kept  out  of  doors,  but  to  some 
extent  protected  from  the  weather,  both  as  regards  the  sun's  rays  and 
rain. — Robt.  Adkin  ;  Lewisham,  November,  1901. 

Lycena  ^g  )n  and  L.  astrarche  (medon)  in  Cornwall. — On  .June 
14th  I  took  a  large  number  of  L.  ation  on  the  north  coast  of  Cornwall. 
I  worked  a  district  for  about  an  hour  and  a  half,  and  took  only  three 
specimens,  but  eventually  happened  on  a  sheltered  valley  where  they 
positively  swarmed.  I  stayed  until  sundown,  and  it  was  a  glorious 
sight  to  see  them  asleep  on  the  grass-stems,  and  from  which  I  took  a 
few  beautiful  females,  which  appeared  to  be  rather  scarce  on  the  wmg. 
Ou  examining  my  captures  at  home  I  found  one  undoubted  specimen 
of  L.  medon,  in  grand  condition.  Both  upper  and  under  sides  are  quite 
distinct  from  L.  ccijon.  The  latter  (L.  (Eijon)  has  been  found  in  con- 
siderable numbers  in  several  districts  within  a  couple  of  miles  of  the 
city. — W.  A.  RoLLAsoN ;  The  White  House,  Truro,  October,  1901. 

AcHKRONTiA  ATROPos  IN  DuRHAM. — A.  atvopos  has  been  unusually 
abundant  in  the  larval  state  about  here ;  several  examples  have  been 
brought  to  me,  and  I  have  heard  of  others.  Tue  imago  lias  also 
occurred.  A  larva  was  found  on  Sept.  IJth,  and  an  imago  was  taken 
on  the  same  day  ;  the  latter  was  obtained  on  the  fish- quay. — Johs  E. 
RoBsoN  ;  15,  Northgate,  Hartlepool. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  in  Northumberland. — Larvae  of  6'.  coiivolvuU 
have  been  common  this  year.  One  Northumberland  collector  took 
over  fifty,  on  a  hedge  grown  over  with  Conrolrulus  scpiiun. — John  E. 
RoBsoN  ;  15,  Northgate,  Hartlepool. 

Sphinx  convolvuli  in  Hampshire. — Just  a  note  to  say  that  S.  coii- 
voh-uli  has  been  very  plentitul  here  this  season  ;  ninety-two  have  been 
taken  up  to  the  present,  my  contribution  to  that  number  being  forty- 
two.  Condition  being  so  good  makes  one  believe  they  have  bred  here 
this  season.— W.  G.  Hooker;  Old  Christ  Church  Road,  Bournemouth, 
Sept.  26th,  1901. 

Mamestra  abjecta  and  Spilodes  palealis  at  Romford.  —  It  may 
be  of  interest  to  record  the  capture  of  M.  abjecta  in  my  garden,  in 
August  last.  I  always  thought  this  was  a  coast  insect,  but  we  are 
about  twenty  miles  from  the  Thames,  and  it  could  not  have  flown  far, 
as  it  is  a  fresh  specimen.  Spilmles  paleuHs  is  also  taken  here,  which  I 
also  understood  to  be  a  coast  insect.— (Rev.)  W.  Claxton  ;  Navestock 
Vicarage,  Rumford,  Essex. 

Xanthia  gilvaoo  at  Balham.— I  took  a  rather  worn  specimen  of 
this  species  at  electric  light  in  the  town,  on  Oct.  2ud  last.— E.  C. 
Goulton;  4,  Cornford  Grove,  Balham,  S.W. 

Notes  on  Spilosoma  (Arctia)  fuliginosa.  —  In  May  I  obtained 
forty-eight  ova  from  a  fine  female  Arctix  fulujiiinsa  which  I  found  here. 
The  eggs  all  hatched.  I  gave  twelve  larvje  to  a  friend ;  from  the  rest  I 
have  obtained  thirty  imagines,  of  which  two  are  the  var.  horealis, 
besides  other  minor  varieties,  and  I  have  one  pupa  and  three  larvte 
hybernating.— G.  E.  J,  Crallan  ;  Bodorgan  Manor,  Bournemouth. 


354  THK    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Odonata  and  Lepidoptera  at  Watfokd,  Herts. — JDuring  a  stay  at 
Watford  in  the  first  half  of  August,  I  observed  the  followmg  dragou- 
fiies  in  the  neighbourhood  : — ^^nchna  yrandis,  two  ;  one  in  Cassiobury 
Park,  and  the  other  a  few  miles  off.  ^E.  ci/anea,  one.  near  Watford. 
Si/mpetrKia  Htridlatiiin  =  nihjata,  two,  near  Tring.  I  had  never  seen 
Tjjicmna  cort/don  on  the  wing,  and  Mr.  Arthur  Cottam,  of  Watford,  very 
kindly  introduced  me  to  thousands  of  the  butterfly  near  Tring,  on  Aug. 
yth.  Another  butterfly  I  had  never  seen  before  alive  was  Hcspcria 
ttmiiiia,  flying  commonly  enough  with  L.  ronjdDH,  L.  fu^estis,  and 
/>.  alf.vis.  Otlier  Lepidoptera  on  the  same  habitat  were  Cronopteri/x 
rJiaiiiiii  (one.  just  out),  Flnhidia  hipuiutaria,  and  a  specimen  of  Zijiicena 
nlipcndtdce,  which  is  an  intergrade  form  midway  between  the  type  and 
the  variety  vcnnux  (Robson)  with  pale  yellow  spots  and  secondaries. 
It  was  as  follows — Primaries  :  basal  spots  normal  in  colour  ;  succeed- 
ing spots  gradually  paler  until  terminating  with  the  marginal  one  pale 
yellow.  Secondaries  normal.  Other  butterflies  I  noticed  in  the  Wat- 
ford district  were  Vaiussa  atalcotta,  one.  It  seems  as  if  it  were  not 
going  to  be  an  atalaitta  year,  though  I  believe  the  species  is  not  so 
common  here  as  at  Chester.  Thcda  ic-alhion,  several  individual  speci- 
mens near  Watford,  and  one  in  the  town  itself,  L.an^iolKH  (getting  over), 
Epiucjdiclc  hniira,  Puli/onniiatii^  phhccn^,  ( 'mtrDH/iiipha  jianipJiiliis  (not  so 
large  or  so  bright  in  colour  as  our  Delamere  and  North  Wales  speci- 
mens), and  a  few  final  examples  of  E.  tithdiuix.  I  kept  a  sharp  look-out 
for  Cnliax  ediisa  and  ('.  Jii/ale,  but  saw  neither.  Common  "  whites," 
probably  all  or  chiefly  l^icris  rapce,  were  plentiful  through  the  district. 
The  weather  all  along  was  very  warm  and  sunny  until  the  14th,  when 
it  broke  up  with  copious  showers. — J.  Akkle  ;  Chester. 

Notes  ox  Lepidoptera  for  September,  190L — The  second  brood 
of  SnieiintfiKs  pupiiU  larva?,  which,  as  I  previously  mentioned  {ante, 
p.  258),  emerged  from  the  ova  on  August  oth,  have  fed  up  very  slowly, 
and  at  the  time  of  writing,  out  of  thirty  that  I  kept  (having  given 
away  the  remainder),  only  seven  have  yet  pupated.  The  first  brood 
not  only  fed  up  much  more  quickly,  but  also  seemed  more  brisk  and 
lively  :  is  the  ditt'erence  owing  to  the  change  in  temperature  ?  A  brood 
of  Amiiliidasi/.s  betnlaria,  from  ova  laid  by  a  black  female,  have  success- 
fully come  through,  but,  curiously  enough,  one  solitary  larva,  though 
apparently  full-grown  like  the  rest,  went  on  eating  for  twenty-four 
days  after  the  others  had  gone  down  to  pupate,  and  it  was  only  on 
Sept.  21st  that  he  disappeared.  On  Sept.  4th  I  took  a  specimen  of 
Epinepht'lc  iaiiira  with  a  large  patch  of  white  on  the  left  upper  wing. 
It  is  not  in  perfect  condition  unfortunately,  but  it  is  good  enough  to 
set.  It  is  a  male,  and  the  white  patch  is  about  the  size  of  that  on  the 
right  upper  wing  of  the  variety  figured  in  Newman's  '  British  Butter- 
flies.' The  other  three  wings  are,  however,  perfectly  normal. — F.  A. 
Oldaker  ;  Parsonage  House,  Dorking,  Sept.  23rd,  1901. 

Lepidoptera  at  Farnborough,  Kent,  and  Neighbourhood. — Com- 
pared with  last  year,  this  season's  collecting  is  almost  nil.  All 
through  the  summer  "  sugar"  seems  to  have  had  no  attraction  what- 
ever. Some  evenings,  in  fact,  with  every  appearance  of  being  most 
favourable,  have  produced  nothing.  Last  night  (Sept.  23rd)  I  sugared 
about  fifty  trees,  &c.,  and  examined  them  all  five  or  six  times,  the  net 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  RKPOKTS.  355 

result  being  two  earu-ii/s  and  one  "  daddy  longlegs  "  ;  last  year  at  the 
same  time  and  on  the  same  trees  the  foUowmg  were  positively 
swarming: — Aniphipt/ra  pijrawidea,  Anchocelis  pistachui,  A.  luiiosa,  A. 
litiira,  Xanthi'i  citnuju,  X.fuli-ago  'AudiWdbV.  fiacescenx,  X.  jianKjo  (silaf/o), 
(kilyiimia  trapezimt,  &c.,  with  occasionally  Cdtocala  nnpta  and  Xcoitliin 
(jilnufo.  Chariclea  umbra  {iiiariiiiiiitu)  came  to  '"sugar"  several  times, 
also  Nmiria  reticulata.  I  have  '"sugared  "  almost  every  night  through 
the  season,  on  all  the  "  old  "  grounds,  and  the  result  is  naturally 
disappointing.  On  the  other  hand,  netiiug  at  dusk  in  the  spring  and 
early  summer  has  produced  fairly  good  results.  Asthcna  randidata 
could  be  taken  eight  or  ten  with  one  sweep  of  the  net  at  Derrick  woods, 
Macaria  notata,  lodis  lacteria,  Tcphrosia  punctularia,  Uropterj/x  sanibu- 
caria,  Tliyatlra  batis,  T.  derasa,  Dicranura  furcula,  Drepana  falcutaria, 
Cymatophora  Jluctuosa,  C.  duplaris,  genus  Zouoaonia,  Hecatera  serena 
(on  fences),  Pteruatoma  palpina,  Hyl.ophila  praMnana,  H.  bicolorana 
(quercana),  Xumeria  pulveraria',  Bupalus  pimaria,  Geometra  vernariay 
Cr.  papilionnria,  and  many  others  have  occurred  more  or  less  in  pro- 
fusion. Notodonta  dodunea,  N.  chaonin,  and  Flusia  moneta  I  also  had 
the  luck  to  take  several  times  ;  but,  taking  the  season  altogether,  it 
has  certainly  not  been  a  good  one  here.  —  Alfked  J.  Lawrance  ; 
Bromley  Common,  Kent,  Sept.  24th,  1901. 

Lepidopteka  Rhopalocera  of  Paris. — The  following  is  a  list  of  the 
butterflies  observed  by  me  in  the  suburbs  and  environs  of  Paris  during 
the  months  of  June,  July,  and  September,  1901  : — ^June  and  July. — 
Papiltu  iiiachaon,  two  captured  ;  one  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  canal. 
Forest  of  Fontainebleau,  the  other  at  Courbevoie ;  others  (or  the  same 
one  on  different  occasions)  seen  flying  over  lucerne  field  at  Courbevoie. 
P.  podalirius,  one  seen.  Forest  of  Fontainebleau.  Aporia  cratonji, 
common,  especially  in  Forest  of  Fontainebleau  ;  fairly  common  at 
Courbevoie  and  in  Forest  of  St.  Germain  :  by  the  end  of  June  this 
species  apparently  disappears  altogether.  Pieris  brassim,  fairly  com- 
mon. P.  rapa-,  most  abundant ;  perfect  showers  of  them  fluttering 
over  the  lucerne  field  at  Courbevoie.  V.  napi,  a  few  seen.  Synrhlu'e 
dapltdicc,  fairly  common,  Courbevoie.  Leucuphasia  sinapis,  two  captured 
in  Forest  of  St.  Cloud.  Gompteryx  rhumni,  one  female  captured  in 
lucerne  field,  Courbevoie.  CuUas  edusa,  a  few  seen;  male  captured  at 
Courbevoie,  female  at  Pare  Maison  Lafitte.  C  hyale,  two  or  three 
seen  ;  both  male  and  female  noticed  at  Courbevoie.  Aryynim  paphia, 
captured  at  Chautilly ;  male  and  female  also  captured  in  Forest  of 
St.  Germain.  A.  aylaia,  A.  adippe,  and  A.  niobe  (one),  captured  at 
Chantilly.  A.  euphrosync  (one),  captured  in  Forest  of  Fontamebleau. 
MeUta:a  seLene  (one),  2L  cinxia  (one),  and  M.  athalia  (one),  captured  m 
Forest  of  Fontainebleau ;  several  of  the  last-named  at  Pare  Maison 
Lafitte.  Chn/sophoHUs  phkeas,  fairly  common,  Courbevoie  and  Pare 
Maison  Lafitte.  C.  xanthc,  one  specimen.  Pare  Maison  Lafitte.  Thcdu 
iv-album,  on  privet  blossom  in  Forest  of  St.  Germani,  common  on  wild 
thyme  in  Pare  Maison  Lafitte ;  the  specimens  rather  worn  in  this  last 
locality.  T.  quercus,  four  or  five  seen ;  two  captured.  Pare  Maison 
Lafitte,  where  there  are  plenty  of  young  oaks.  Polyommatiis  alexis, 
common.  P.  arqiolus,  not  rare,  Forest  of  Fontainebleau  and  Forest  ot 
St.  Germain.  Vanessa  atalanta,  two  or  three  seen.  Boulevard  Biueau, 
Neuilly,  and  Forest  of  St.  Germain.     V.  io,  two  captured,  Courbevoie. 


356  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

V.  caraui,  one  captured,  (Jourbevoie.  V.  urticic,  fairly  common,  Cour- 
bevoie,  Pare  Maison  Lafitte,  Forest  of  St.  Germain.  V.  c-albuin,  one 
or  two  seen  ;  one  in  Eue  des  Dames  Augustins,  Neuilly.  S<iti/rus 
ianiiii,  common.  S.  tithoims,  common  (in  July).  S.  vicera,  a  few  seen 
in  Forest  of  Fontainebleau  ;  I  did  not  succeed  in  taking  any.  S.  hi/per- 
anthus,  fairly  common  on  one  or  two  occasions,  Forest  of  St.  Germain, 
Pare  Maison  Lafitte.  Metanan/e  i/a'atea,  very  common,  Courbevoie, 
Pare  Maison  Lafitte,  Forest  of  St.  Germain.  Gcenonumpha  arcanins, 
common  in  Forest  of  Fontainebleau;  also  noticed,  but  more  sparingly, 
in  Pare  Maison  Lafitte  and  at  Courbevoie,  and  in  Forest  of  St. 
Germain.  ('.  pamphiins,  eommon  and  generally  distributed,  not  so 
common  at  first ;  it  would  seem,  as  C.  arcaniiis,  more  abundant  in  July. 
Si/ricJit/iHs  alreohis,  two  captured.  Forest  of  Fontainebleau.  PamphUa 
sylrauus,  fairly  common,  Forest  of  Fontainebleau,  Cbantilly,  Pare 
Maison  Lafitte.  P.  linea,  fairly  common,  Forest  of  Fontainebleau, 
Pare  Maison  Lafitte,  Courbevoie,  &c.  Septembek. — Coliaa  edusa,  fairly 
common,  Courbevoie.  C.  hijale,  fairly  eommon,  Courbevoie  (rather 
commoner  than  0.  ediisa).  Synchlo'e  daplidice,  fairly  eommon,  Cour- 
bevoie. Pieris  hrasftico'  and  P.  iap(e,  abundant,  Courbevoie.  l^anesm 
ill,  fairly  eommon,  Courbevoie.  V.  e-albiDit,  two  captured,  Boulevard 
Bineau,  Neuilly.  T'.  urticce,  a  few  seen,  Courbevoie.  V.  atalanta,  one 
or  two,  Boulevard  Bineau.  V.  cardni,  two  captured,  Courbevoie. 
Sati/nis  ifjieria,  one  seen,  Versailles.  Ari/i/iuds  latonia,  one  seen, 
Courbevoie. — (Rev.)  F.  A.  Walker  ;  Dun  Mallard,  Cricklewood. 

Notes  on  the  Lepidoptera  observed  at  Chichester  and  Neigh- 
bourhood IN  190L  —  I  might  begin  by  saying  that  never  in  my 
remembrance  has  there  been  a  worse  season  for  Lepidoptera  than  the 
past.  The  first  insect  which  emerged  in  my  breeding-cage  was  a 
specimen  of  CncuUia  verbasci  on  April  28th.  On  May  1st  Lijcmna 
arf/iokis  was  seen  flying  in  the  garden,  and  was  fairly  abundant  during 
the  month.  On  the  20th  Bnpalm  piiiiaria  was  taken  by  my  friend 
Mrs.  Fogden  at  Goodwood,  near  here.  Li  the  autumn  of  last  year  I 
took  from  a  gas-lamp  a  female  of  Ennonio^  autiininaria,  which  deposited 
a  large  number  of  ova.  These  first  hatched  on  May  28th.  The  larvae 
were  fed  almost  exclusively  on  oak.  A  little  poplar  was  also  given 
now  and  then.  They  were  full-fed  about  the  middle  of  July,  the  first 
pupating  on  the  20tii  of  that  mouth.  From  some  unexplained  reason 
the  larvae  when  quite  full-fed  began  to  die  off.  They  remained  in  a  rigid 
posture  for  days  together,  and  died  in  this  position,  clasping  the  stems 
of  the  oak  or  poplar.  Up  to  this  time  they  appeared  perfectly  healthy. 
The  first  imago,  a  male,  appeared  on  August  11th,  and  I  subsequently 
obtained  a  good  series  of  this  once  coveted  and  very  beautiful  "thorn." 
Early  in  June  Clwlonia  villica  were  found,  and  a  SwerintJnis  tilicB 
emerged  ;  a  few  days  later  S.  ocellatus.  On  the  19th  Mrs.  Fogden  took 
at  sugar  Xruwnia  popnlariii  and  Miami  strigilis.  I  first  met  with 
Anticlea  ruhidata  on  July  3rd,  which  was  almost  the  only  geometer  I 
obtained  worth  mentioning.  On  July  12th  I  saw  a  Vanessa  poli/rJdnros 
flying  in  the  garden  ;  the  first  time  I  believe  that  I  have  seen  it  since 
1878.  On  the  12th  I  took  ludis  venmi-in,  hesiien  from  clematis ;  on 
the  22ud  Act  alia  emarcjinata.  On  August  7th  my  first  larva  of 
Acherontia  atropos  was  found  on  potatoes.  In  this  month  four  Colias 
hyale  were  taken  by  my  brother,  Mr.  Frederick  Anderson,  at  clover. 


CAPTURES  AND  FIELD  REPORTS.  357 

During  September  a  few  more  larvae  of  A.  atropos  were  met  with,  and 
on  the  oth  a  pupa  was  sent  me  by  Mrs.  Fogden.  On  the  9th  I  took 
from  a  gas-lamp  Einiomos  fitscantaria,  another  on  13th,  and  a  worn 
specimen  on  Oct.  1st.  Sugar  was  a  complete  failure,  the  only  insect 
worth  naming  attracted  by  it  being  Catocala  nupta. — Joseph  Anderson. 

Notes  on  Lepidoptera  from  Portland. — Both  broods  of  Lycana 
argiolm  were  out  in  fair  numbers,  but  of  L.  adonis,  Colias  cdvsa,  and 
Vanessa  cardui,  so  plentiful  here  last  season,  I  have  only  seen  one  of 
the  last  named.  AcidaUa  degenaria  I  managed  to  find  in  two  or  three 
spots  on  the  island  and  took  a  few,  but  they  were  mostly  in  poor 
condition.  I  was  fortunate  enough  to  discover  a  larva  of  (hicullia 
ubsinthii  on  the  31st  August  feeding  on  wormwood  growing  in  my 
garden,  and,  from  the  knowledge  of  its  appearance  thus  gained,  was 
enabled  to  find  between  twenty  and  thirty  others  at  home  and  afield, 
but  they  did  not  pupate  satisfactorily.  In  the  spring-time  I  took  a 
hundred  or  so  of  Epunda  Uclmied  larvte,  which  fed  well  and  appeared 
to  go  down  all  right ;  but  when  I  looked  for  the  pup^e,  I  found  the 
bulk  had  entirely  disappeared,  from  what  cause  I  cannot  say.  Helio- 
phohus  hispidus  I  found  in  its  usual  haunts  in  fair  numbers.  A  few 
Acrophtjia  amt rail's  came  to  sugar,  and  in  May  I  found  about  a  dozen 
larvae,  from  which  I  bred  five  imagines.  More  common  insects  have 
not  been  generally  plentiful  hei.'-e  this  season.  I  had  no  difficulty  in 
obtaining  ova  of  H.  hispidus  and  of  E\  lichnica,  the  former  of  which 
have  just  hatched. — Jno.  T.  Hyde  ;  The  Grove,  Portland. 

Lepidoptera  at  Lioht  in  Hertfordshire. — In  continuation  of  my 
notes  on  Lepidoptera  taken  at  hght  in  this  county  during  IS'dd  {vide 
Entom.  xxxiii.  pp.  92  and  93),  I  now  give  below  a  list  of  those  I  ob- 
tained from  January  1900  to  the  end  of  September,  1901.  During 
that  period  I  captured  rather  more  than  two  hundred  and  thirty 
different  species  within  a  short  distance  of  our  house.  The  majority 
were  captured  with  a  light-trap  fitted  to  a  first-floor  window,  and  the 
remainder  at  an  electric  lamp  in  a  garden  close  by.  I  do  not  have  my 
trap  fitted  with  any  killing  apparatus,  so  that  any  specimens  not 
required  can  be  liberated  in  the  morning. 

The  best  captures  were  as  ioWowii-.-^SawthripHs  i-emijaiui  [midu- 
lanus),  one.  Sptldsotiui  inenthastri,  a  brown  aberration.  Trichium 
rraUegi,  three  males.  Liiperina  cespitis,  seven.  Apamea  nnanimis,  one, 
A.  ophioijramma,  three.  Agmtis  rinerca,  one  male.  A.  porp/q/rm  (stri- 
gula),  oiie.  Orthosia  suspccta,  one.  Cahjmnia pgraUna,  fairly  common. 
' Aster oscopvs  sphinx,  males  fairly  plentiful.  Plnsia  moneta,  four  (also  four 
more  taken  at  dusk).     Spilodes  palealis,  one.     Galleria  wellonella,  one. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  other  species.  The  dates  after  the 
commoner  species  indicate  the  earliest  and  latest  dates  on  which  they 
were  observed  on  the  wing  during  the  period  dealt  with. 

Sphinges  :— Remarkably  scarce,  being  represented  by  smgle  speci- 
mens of  Sphinx  ligustri  (an  exceptionally  large  one),  and  Smermthus 
ocellatiis. 

Bombyces  :~Hijlophila  hicolorana  (quercana),  one.  Xola  cucullateUa, 
June  30th— July  13th.  Lithosia  griseola,  one.  L.  larideola,  July  7th 
—July  30th.  Euchelia  jacobate,  one.  Arctia  caia,  few.  Spdosoma 
luhricipeda,  May  28th— July  3rd.     S.  menthastri,  May  19th— July  13th. 

ENTOM. — DECEMBER,    1901.  -^  ^ 


358  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Porthesia  simili.s,  July  loth^Aiig.  24th.  Dasijchira  piulihimda,  cue 
male.  Pcecilocampa  popnli,  few.  Bomhiix  neustria,  July  20th — Aug. 
16th.  Odonestis  potatoria,  two  males.  Lasiocampa  q  tic  re  i  folia,  one, 
July  26th,  1900,  which  seems  late.  Drepaim  falcatnria  (falculaj,  one. 
D.  binaria,  one.  Cilix  spinula,  May  19th — Aug.  20th.  Pterostoma 
palphut,  June  5th — Aug.  12th.  Lophoptcri/.v  cavniina,  June  14th — 
Aug.  19th.  Phalera  bucephaht,  June  3rd — July  13th.  Pi/gcera  nirtula, 
one.     Tlnjatira  deram,  three. 

Noctuae  : — Bnjophila  perla,  July  14th — Aug.  16th.  Dilnha  vmrideo- 
cephala,  fairly  common.  Leucania  cunir/era,  July  5th — July  28th.  L. 
Uthargyria,  June  20th — July  28th.  L.  comma,  June  5th — July  24th. 
L.  impiira,  July  6th — July  31st.  L.  palleus,  June  18th — July  15th. 
Gortyna  ochracea,  one.  Hi/dnecia  nictitans,  July  24th — Aug.  23rd. 
H.  micacea,  July  27th — Sept.  22nd.  AxijUa  jnitris,  one.  Xylophasia 
lithoxylea,  four.  X.  vionof/h/pha,  June  22nd — July  31st.  Dipterygia 
scabriuscula  (pinastri).  May  29th  —  July  13th.  Xcuronia  popularis, 
males  common,  two  females.  Cerigo  matura,  three.  Lnperina  testacea. 
Aug.  1st — Sept.  10th.  Mamestra  brassica,  May  29th — Sept.  9th.  M. 
persicaricB,  June  30th — July  28th.  Apamea  basilinea,  five.  A.  oculea, 
July  4th — Aug.  18th.  Miana  strigilis,  June  9th — Aug.  16th.  M.  fas- 
ciiinciila,  one.  M.  bicolorid  (^furunciila),  one.  M.  arcuosa,  two.  Gram- 
mesia  trigrammica  [trllinea).  May  26th — June  27th.  Caradrina  mor- 
pheus,  June  4tli — July  27th.  C.  ahines,  June  21st — Aug.  4th.  Rusina 
tenebrom,  males  common,  two  females  ;  June  9th — July  6th.  Agrotit> 
puta,  males  common,  two  females,  May  19th — Sept.  5th.  A,  niijfiisa, 
one.  A.  segetum,  June  6th — June  25th.  A.  exclamutio)m,  May  29th — 
July  6th.  Xortiia  augur,  June  20th — July  13th.  N.  plecta,  six.  A'. 
c-niyrum,  four.  .V.  trianyulnm,  three.  N.  festira,  June  14th — July 
4th.  X.  riibi,  three.  .Y.  baja,  two.  N.  xanthographa,  Aug.  10th — 
Sept.  14th.  Triphcena  janthina,  July  25th  —  Aug.  22nd.  T.  comef 
(orbona),  Aug.  6th — Sept.  11th.  T.  pronidxt,  June  7th — Sept.  6th. 
Amphipyra  tragopogonis,  Aug.  13th — Aug.  19th.  Mania  typica,  three. 
M.  maitra,  one.  PacJinobia  riibrirosa,  two  males.  Tmiiocampa  gothica, 
April  15th — May  25th.  T.  incerta  [instabilis) ,  one.  T.  stabilis,  April 
30th— May  11th.  T.  gracilis,  one.  Orthosia  lota,  Oct.  11th— Oct.  20th. 
Anchocelis  pistacina,  Sept.  14th — Oct.  13th.  A.  lunom,  abundant;  first 
seen  Sept.  3rd.  Cerastis  raccinii,  Oct.  16th — ^Nov.  1st,  1900  ;  and  in 
January  and  March,  1901.  Scopelowma  mtellitia,  Oct.  25th — Nov.  3rd. 
Xanthia  citrago,  two.  X.fulrago  (cerago),  Sept.  6th — Sept.  24th.  X. 
fiavago  {silago),  Sept.  11th — Sept.  24th.  A',  gilcago,  two.  A',  ferru- 
ginea  {circellaris),  fairly  common.  Calymnia  trajjezina,  fairly  common. 
0.  diffinis,  two.  C.  a[/ini.<<,  one.  Dianthcecia  capsincola ,  one.  Hecatera 
Serena,  two.  Miselia  oxyacanthcc,  common.  Enplexia  luvipara,  two. 
Phlogophora  meticidosa,  first  seen  July  3rd.  Hadcna  admta,  one. 
H.  dentina,  June  1st — June  29th.  H.  trifolii  (c/imopodii),  two.  H. 
oleracea,  June  9th — Aug.  9th.  H.  thalassina,  one.  H.  genista:,  three. 
Xylocampa  lithorita,  April  15th — May  23rd.  Habrostola  tripartita 
(urticce),  three.  H.  triplasia,  two.  Plusia  chrysitis,  June  21st — July 
4th.  P.  pulchrina,  one.  P.  gamma,  July  25th — Oct.  30th.  Catocala 
nupta,  one. 

Geometrje  : — Uropteryx  sambucaria,  July  1st — July  23rd.  Epione 
apiciaria,    two.     Rumia   cratmgata    [luteolata),    June    4th  —  Sept.    1st. 


CAPTURES    AND    FIELD    REPORTS.  359 

Metrocampa  marfiaritaria,  one.  PericalUci  syringaria,  three.  Selenia 
iUunaria  {bilunoria),  four.  Ditto,  vox.  jidiaria,  July  22nd — Aug.  11th. 
iS'.  hinaria,  four.  Odontopera  hidentata,  May  26th — June  15th.  Cro- 
callis  elinrjuaria,  July  24th — Aug.  24th.  Ennomos  tiliaria  icanaria) 
July  26th — Sept.  16th.  E.  eromria,  one.  Himera  pennaria,  Oct.  19th 
— Nov.  4th.  AmpJiidaays  hetularia,  one  male.  HemerophUa  ahruptarid, 
May  5th — May  24th.  Boannia  repandata,  one.  B.  rhomhoidaria 
{ffemmaria),  males,  July  3rd — Aug.  3rd,  one  female.  Geometra  papi- 
lio7iaria,  two.  PliDVodesma  hajularia  (pustidata),  one.  lodis  lactearia, 
three.  Hemithca  thymiaria  (striyata).  ten,  July  4tli — July  19th.  Aci- 
dalia  diniidiata  (scutulata),  two.  A.  hUetata,  July  6th — July  25th.  A. 
viryidaria  {^incanaria),  several.  A.  imitaria,  two.  A.  aversata,  June 
22nd — Aug.  loth.  Timandra  amataria,  one.  Cabera  pusaria,  June 
5th — July  25th,  including  one  female.  Bajjta  taminata  [bunaculata), 
one.  Halia  wavaria  (rauaria),  July  6th — July  23rd.  Panayra  petraria, 
few.  Abraxas  yrossnlariuta,  July  6th — July  23rd.  A.  ulmata  {syl- 
rata),  one.  Lomaspilis  tiiaryinata,  two.  FJy hernia  rupicupraria,  males, 
Jan.  22nd — Feb.  23rd.  H.  leucophmiria,  one  male.  H.  anrantiaria, 
males,  Nov.  3rd — Nov.  29th.  H.  maryinaria  [proyemmaria),  males, 
t'eb.  24th— March  12th.  H.  defoliaria^ moXe^,  Nov.  22nd— Dec.  1st. 
Cheimatobia  brumata,  males,  Nov.  21st — Nov.  29th.  C.  boreata,  one. 
Opor'abia  dibttala,  Oct.  17th — Oct.  27th.  Larentia  didymata,  four. 
Eupithecia  pulchellatn,  three.  E.  centaUreata  {pblonyata),  June  15th — 
Aug.  24th.  E.  subfulvata,  four.  E.  nanata,  one.  E.  subnotata,  July 
11th — July  26th.  E.  minutata,  one.  E.  rectanyidata,  June  5th — July 
23rd.  Thera  variata,  fairly  common.  Hypsipetes  elutata  (sordidata), 
July  17th— Aug.  17th.  Mdanthia  ncellata,  May  28th— Aug.  24th. 
Melanippe  subtristata  (sociata),  May  26th — Aug.  17th.  M.  montanata, 
one.  M.  fluctiiata,  May  11th — Sept.  10th.  Antidea  badiata,  five. 
A.  niyrofasciaria  {lierivata),  four.  Corcmia  desiynata  (propuynata),  eight. 
C.  ferruyata,  three.  C  unidentaria,  six.  Cidaria  truncata,  several. 
C.  testata,  one.  C.  J'ldrata,  July  13th  —  July  23rd,  (7.  pyraliata, 
(dotata),  two.  C.  assodata,  June  14th — July  23rd.  Pelurya  comitata, 
July  19th — Aug.  18th.  Eubolia  cervinata,  two.  E.  phnnbaria,  two. 
Anaitis  play  lata,  one.     Chesias  spartiata,  one. 

Deltoides  : — Hypena  probosddalis,  three.  Hrrminia  tarsipcnnalis. 
June  24th — July  i5th.     H.  yrisealis  (^nemoratis),  three. 

Pyralides : —  Pyralh  cusialis  {fimbrialis),  June  30th— Aug.  23rd. 
P.  farinalis,  two.  P.  ylaudnalis,  July  14th — Aug.  9th.  Scoparia 
cembra  var.  zdleri,  one.  Pyrausta  purpuralis,  two.  Endutridia  Jiammealis, 
July  13th — Aug.  24th,  Hydrocampa  nymplucata,  three.  H.  staynata, 
one.  Botys  hyalinalis,  two.  B.  niralis,  July  19th— Aug.  24th.  B.  ur- 
ticata,  two.  Ebidea  sawbticalis,  June  5th— July  25th.  Pinnea  forjicalis, 
May  19th— June  21st,  and  July  25th— Aug.  24th.  Scopiila  ulivalis, 
one.     S.  prunalis,  July  3rd— Aug.  6th.     6\  lutealis,  one. 

Crambi : — Crambus  pratdlus,  one.  C.  pascudlus,  two.  C.  perldlus, 
one.  C.  tristdliis,  Aug.  6th— Aug.  24th.  C.  yeniculens,  few.  C.  hor- 
tuellus,  six. 

^hyciiidse  ■.  —  Hypodialda   ahendia,  one.      Aphmia  sodella,   three 

males. 

Pterophori:— J /Hc/ea  hexadactyla  i  poly  dactyl  a),  Mny  11th  — June 
5th,     Aciptilia  pentadactyla,  two. 


360  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Tovtrices  : — Tortrix  podanos  June  28th — July  25tli.  '/.  hcporona, 
cue.  T.  )i  bean  a,  three.  T.  fonitcraiia,  three.  Ti'm>i  contaminana,  one. 
Penthina  ochrolnuana.  June  21st — July  14th,  P.  hetuJatana,  one. 
Spilohnta  roscecolana,  three.  .^\  roborana,  fairly  common.  Pardia  tri- 
pututona,  one.  Aspi>i  ndmanniana,  six,  June  30th — July  16th.  Scia- 
phila  subjectana,  few.  XantJiosetia  ::a(iana,  three.  X.  hawana,  two. — 
Philip  J.  Barraud  ;  Bushey  Heath,  Herts. 


SOCIETIES. 


Entomological  Society  of  London*. — October  16t/i,  1901. — Mr.  E. 
Saunders,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair. — M.  J.  H.  Fabre,  of  Serignan, 
Vaucluse,  France,  was  elected  an  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Society. — 
Mr.  W.  Schaus,  F.Z.S.,  of  Trentham  House,  Twickenham,  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Society. — Mr.  C.  Morley  exhibited,  for  the  Piev.  E. 
N.  Bloomfield,  leaves  of  hornbeam  from  Battle,  and  a  photograph  of 
leaves  of  sweet  chestnut  from  Haslemere,  rolled  by  Attelabus  curcidio- 
noides.  The  former  were  not  rolled  by  reason  of  a  scarcity  of  their 
usual  oak,  which  abounds  in  the  locality, — Mr.  K.  Adkin  exhibited  a 
specimen  of  Pieris  daplidice  taken  by  him  at  Eastbourne  on  August  19th 
last.  He  said  that  the  insect  was  flying  strongly,  and  in  that  respect 
and  indeed  in  general  appearance  resembled  on  the  wing  a  pale  female 
of  Colitis  hi/ale.  Mr.  Piowland-Brown  asked  if  there  were  any  records 
of  recent  date  of  the  discovery  of  the  larva  in  this  country,  and  with 
Mr.  A.  H.  Jones  corroborated  the  swift  habit  of  flight  in  the  species. 
In  the  discussion  upon  immigrant  species  that  followed,  Mr.  R. 
McLachlan  said  that  the  recent  observations  of  Papilio  machaon  in 
various  parts  of  the  country  seemed  to  suggest  immigration  on  the 
part  of  a  species  not  usually  regarded  as  migratory.  He  also  said  that 
he  knew  of  no  reliable  evidence  of  the  larva  of  Pieris  daplidice  having 
occurred  on  this  side  of  the  Channel. — Mr.  C.  P.  Pickett  exhibited  a 
series  of  MeliUea  cinxia  bred  in  June  last  from  larvfe  taken  in  the  Isle 
of  Wight,  including  light  and  dark  varieties  of  the  females,  one  male 
with  extra  light  upper  wings,  and  one  male  with  the  lower  wings 
almost  black.  He  also  exhibited  a  series  of  Clmmcampa  elpenor,  bred 
in  June  last  from  larvae  taken  at  Broxbourne  in  July,  1900,  including 
a  variety  of  the  male  with  purplish  lower  wings,  and  another  with 
purple  markings  on  the  upper  wings. — The  Rev.  F.  D.  Morice  ex- 
hibited specimens  of  Hedychrum  rutilans,  Dhl.,  and  Sal.ius  propinquns, 
Lep.,  taken  at  Lyndhurst  by  Miss  Ethel  Chawner,  and  both  new  to 
the  British  list.  He  also  exhibited  two  monstrosities,  riz. — Alhmttts 
arcuatus,  male  (sawfly),  having  on  the  left  side  two  perfect  and  two 
other  rudimentary  wings,  and  Gorytes  quinquecinctm  (fossor),  with  the 
abdominal  segments  extraordinarily  twisted  out  of  their  proper  shape 
and  places. — Mr.  E.  Saunders  said  that  these  specimens  appeared  to 
him  identical  with  Continental  propinqnus,  which  was  not  rare  in  the 
south  of  Europe,  where  it  was  sometimes  black,  and  sometimes  red 
towards  the  middle  of  the  abdomen,  but  that  he  thought  it  could  not 
be  a  variety  of  any  British  species,  as  we  have  no  species  with  a  rugose 
propodeum  which  could  agree  with  it. — Mr.  Arthur  M.  Lea  communi- 


SOCIETIES,  361 

cated  "A  List  of  the  Australian  and  Tasmanian  Mordellidfp,  with 
Descriptions  of  New  Species"  ;  and  Mr.  Edward  Meyrick,  B.A.,  F.Z.S., ' 
"Descriptions  of  New  Lepidoptera  from  New  Zealand." — Mr.  E. 
Saunders  then  read  a  paper  upon  "  Hymenoptera  Aculeata  collected 
in  Algeria  by  the  Eev.  A.  E.  Eaton,  M.A.,  and  the  Rev.  F.  D.  Morice, 
M.A. ;  Pt.  I. — Heterogynse  and  Fossores  to  the  end  of  Pompilidfe." — 
H.  Eowland-Brown.  Won,  Sec. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society, — 
September  18th,  1901.— Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S.,  Vice-President, 
in  the  chair, — Mr.  F.  M.  B.  Carr  exhibited  a  varied  series  of  Cidaria 
truncata  from  Porlock,  North  Somerset,  taken  among  bilberry.  No 
specimens  of  the  yellow  form  were  seen. — Mr.  Lucas,  two  specimens 
of  the  rare  dragonfly.  Libclhda  fnha,  taken  near  Christchurch  by  Major 
Robertson. — Mr,  Bishop,  a  bred  series  of  Eufionia  poli/cJdoros,  from  ova 
seen  deposited  naturally  in  the  open  by  a  female  in  the  New  Forest. — 
Mr.  R.  Adkin,  a  specimen  of  Co-^sm  lifinipenla,  bred  from  a  larva 
captured  and  then  placed  in  a  tree  in  his  garden  ;  and  a  series  of 
Boarmia  conwrtarla  reared  from  Abbots  Wood  pupse,  remarking  on  the 
scarcity  of  the  species  for  some  time  till  the  last  two  years. — Mr.  Kemp, 
two  specimens  of  Sphin.r  convoh-ull  taken  at  Hythe,  near  Southampton. 
— Mr.  Colthrup,  a  nice  series  of  Colias  hijale  from  Margate ;  Tiiphmia 
oibona,  from  Deal,  showing  red  forms  of  various  intensity ;  and  a  very 
variable  series  of  Tt'nihana  fimbria  from  the  Isle  of  Wight. — Messrs. 
Harrison  and  Main  stated  that  they  had  taken  some  ten  specimens  of 
S.  cunvob-uli  at  lamps  at  Forest  Gate.  Mr.  McArthur  said  that  the 
species  was  common  at  Brighton. 

October  lOth. — Mr.  F.  Noad  Clark,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair. — 
Mr.  McArthur  exhibited  larvse  of  TriphcEna  comes  in  a  novel  cage 
adapted  from  one  of  the  globular  wire  cages  for  catching  flies. — Mr, 
Barnett,  a  variety  of  Epinephele  tithonus  with  xanthic  spots,  and  an 
unusually  large  and  pale  male  of  Fidonia  atomaria,  both  from  Oxshott. 
— Mr,  Garrett,  a  long  series  of  Vanessa  io. — Mr.  Kirkaldy,  his  collec- 
tion of  Nabinae  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  called  attention  to  its 
being  especially  rich  in  winged  forms. — Mr.  Kemp,  a  portion  of  broom- 
stem  bored  by  the  Coleopteva — Hylastinus  obscuriis,  Lamophlmts  ater, 
and  Phlceophthonis  rhodndacttjlus,  from  Oxshott. — Mr.  Adkin.  a  fine  bred 
series  of  Lophopteryx  cucidla  (cKciillina)  from  Sussex,  and  remarked 
that  some  of  the  pup»  were  lying  over. — Mr.  Step  communicated  a 
short  Report  of  the  Field  Meeting  held  at  Oxshott  on  Oct.  5th,  and 
gave  a  list  of  the  fungi  gathered.— Mr,  South  exhibited  specimens  of 
Thyatira  bat  is,  T.  corjnata,  and  T.  aurorina,  belonging  to  the  Cymato- 
phoridfe,  together  with  Risoba  trimaculata  and  Cytnatophoropsis  sinuata, 
belonging  to  the  Stictopterinte  ;  and  contributed  notes,  especially  with 
reference  to  the  strong  superficial  resemblance  between  these  two  sets 
of  species,  although  they  belonged  to  two  widely-separated  groups  of 
moths. — Hy,  J.  Turner,  Hon.  Report  Sec. 

Birmingham  Entomological  Society, — September  IGth,  1901. — Mr. 
G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  President,  in  the  chair.— Mr.  John  Levick,  Jun., 
Livingstone  Road,  Handsworth,  was  elected  a  member.— Mr.  G.  H, 
Kenrick  mentioned  the  occurrence  of  Acronycta  alni  at  light  at  Edg- 


362  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

baston  ;  also  of  Liparis  solids  at  Edgbastoii. —  Mr.  R.  C.  Bradley 
exhibited  a  small  collection  of  insects  made  on  the  Lickey  Hills  on 
June  25th,  including  Hccatcra  serena,  Tinea  semi  fal  veil  a,  Dioctria  atri- 
capella,  &c. — Mr.  J.  T.  Fountain,  a  number  of  Leucoma  salicis  taken  at 
Bournville,  Lifford,  &c.,  some  having  been  found  in  Bournville  station; 
he  found  them  quite  common  in  that  district,  obtaining  many  larvae 
and  pupjB  from  poplars.— Mr.  G.  H.  Kenrick,  two  collections  of  Lepi- 
doptera,  one  made  near  Bolt  Head,  Devon,  during  the  first  week  in 
July,  and  the  other  from  Tongue,  in  Sutherlandshire,  during  the 
middle  of  August.  Amongst  the  former  lot  were  Sesia  philanthiformis, 
which  was  very  common  on  the  cliffs,  Heliothis  peltif/era,  Ar/rotis  luni- 
tjeia,  A.  lucernea,  A.  corticea,  Bryophila  r/landifera,  Hecatera  serena, 
Anticlea  rubidata,  &c. ;  amongst  the  latter  were  FJpunda  lutulenta  — 
'?  var.  Innehurgensis,  Agrotis  cursoria  (dark  brownish  forms),  A.  tritici, 
Noctua  festiva  var.  conflua,  Polia  chi  (with  dark  hind  wings),  Xanthia 
eenif/o  (lemon-coloured),  Stilbia  anomala,  Larentia  ccesiata  (well  marked), 
L.  fiavicincta,  Cidaiia  iiiuiianata  (fine  forms,  one  with  black  bar),  Carsia 
imbutata,  Larentia  olivata,  &c.  The  larvae  of  Demas  eoryli,  he  said, 
swarmed  everywhere  at  Tongue. — Mr.  G.  W.  Wynn,  the  following 
Lepidoptera,  all  bred  from  larvae  found  in  Wyre  Forest  last  September: 
Demas  cori/li,  Drepana  falcataria,  PijffCEra  curtiila,  Orgijia  piidibunda, 
Amphidasys  betularia  var.  do)ibledayaria,  Hadena  contiyua,  Cerura  bifida, 
and  Ephyra  pendnlaria :  also  a  few  Diptera  from  Derbyshire — Asilus 
crabroniformis,  Tachina  yrossa,  Chrysochlaniys  cnprea,  &c. — Mr.  A.  D. 
Timms,  cocoons  of  Attacus  atlas  sent  to  the  University  Museum. — -Mr. 
Colbran  J.  Wainwright,  a  few  Diptera  from  Hay  Woods,  Warwick- 
shire, taken  July  28th  :  Didea  ahuti,  Chrysochlamys  cuprea,  Eitmerus 
ornatKs,  Chilosia  rcstracea :  the  last  three  had  not  previously  been 
taken  anywhere  near  Birmingham. — Mr.  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  along 
series  of  Lyccena  arion  from  many  places,  including  a  series  taken  by 
himself  in  Cornwall  this  year ;  some  old  Cotswold  ones  and  vai'ious 
European  specimens,  including  var.  obscura  from  the  High  Alps.  He 
pointed  out  a  most  decided  difference  in  the  colour  between  the  Cornish 
and  Gloucestershire  specimens,  the  former  showing  a  brighter,  paler, 
more  metallic  blue  ;  also  he  called  attention  to  a  gynandromorphous 
specimen  amongst  the  Cornish  ones. — Mr.  W.  Harrison,  the  following 
Lepidoptera  : — Leucophasia  sinapis  and  Nemeobius  lucina  from  Withers- 
lack,  where  they  were  common;  C(cnonympha  darns  from  Westmore- 
land, which  he  pointed  out  were  darker  than  Scotch  forms  he  had, 
and  not  so  red  as  Welsh  ones  ;  Smerinthas  ocellatus  from  Harborne, 
where  the  larvae  were  common  in  1900,  but  none  were  seen  in  1901 ; 
Mclanargia  yalatea,  which  was  very  abundant  in  the  Cotswolds,  Glou- 
cestershire, wherever  he  went  this  year  ;  Hesperia  comma,  common 
on  one  hill  only  in  the  Cotswolds ;  Vanessa  c-albvm  from  Trench 
Woods  and  the  Cotswolds,  at  both  of  which  places  it  was  common  this 
year;  and  Acidalia  ornata  from  Rodborough  Hill,  Glos. 

October  21st. — The  President  in  the  chair. — Mr.  R.  Bradley  ex- 
hibited Anthrax  paniscns,  males  and  females,  taken  last  August  at 
Criccieth,  North  Wales,  in  dull  weather. — Mr.  G.  W.  Wynne,  a  collec- 
tion of  Lepidoptera  made  at  Wyre  Forest,  at  sugar,  on  two  evenings 
only,  June  23rd  and  24th  last.  He  was  unusually  successful,  the 
moths  being  in  great  numbers  at  every  patch  of  sugar.     They  in- 


SOCIETIES.  363 

eluded  Th]ifttira  hatis,  T.  deiasa,  Cymatophura  duplaris,  C.  fluctnosa 
(oue),  C.  or,  and  C.  ondaris  (oue),  Acrom/cta  Irporinu,  Xi/luplutsia 
hepatica,  Mainestra  sordida,  Aijrotis  exdamationis  (flue  vars.),  A.  cineren, 
Aplecta  herbuia,  A.  tincUi,  Hadeiia  contigua,  Tephrosia  luridata  (exter- 
saria).  Of  these,  C.  duplaris,  T.  extrrsaria,  H.  contujuu,  and  A.  tiiirta 
were  common,  the  last-named  being  a  perfect  nuisance;  of  A.  cinerea 
he  took  one  female,  which  in  his  experience  was  much  rarer  than  the 
male,  and  he  had  never  seen  it  at  sugar  before. — Mr.  C.  J.  Wain- 
wright,  a  specimen  of  Protoparce  ronrulvuli,  which  had  been  sent  to  him 
from  Wiltshire.— -Mr.  H.  W.  Ellis,  the  following  Coleoptera  ■.—Silpha 
mmatci,  from  Bewdley ;  GaleruceUa  tenella,  Hijdnirhiia  elomjatns,  and 
Bcujous  ci/lindrus,  all  from  Bedfordshire,  the  latter  species  in  some 
numbers. — Mr.  J.  T.  Fountain,  Pieris  daplidiic  from  Jersey  in  August 
last ;  bred  series  of  Sele)iia  lunaria,  both  spring  and  summer  broods,  for 
comparison  ;  and  a  series  of  Plnnomos  awj alalia,  bred  from  a  Brock- 
enhurst  female. — Mr.  A.  D.  Innes,  the  thysanuran  Mar.liiUs  maritima, 
from  Port  Erin,  Isle  of  Man;  they  were  common  on  the  rocks  and 
cliff-faces,  and  also  came  in  to  light  at  the  biological  station,  and 
were  common  all  over  the  house.  Anurida  maritima,  also  from  Port 
Erin,  August,  1901,  a  species  of  Collembola  from  rock-pools,  &c., 
below  high-water  mark.  —  Mr.  G.  T.  Bethune-Baker,  a  drawerful  of 
Ctenoni/ntpha  from  many  localities,  including  C.  dams  var.  rotJdiehi 
from  Witherslack  and  Chartley  Moss,  and  pale  Continental  forms.  He 
said  that  though  Barrett  figures  and  describes  the  pale  form  of  this 
species  as  a  mountain  form,  yet  in  his  experience  it  was  the  usual 
form  on  the  Continent.  —  Mr.  W.  H.  Flint  read  a  very  interesting 
paper  upon  the  digestive  tract  in  Lepidoptera.  He  gave  an  account  of 
his  own  researches,  illustrating  them  upon  the  blackboard,  describing 
the  form,  functions,  and  variations,  &c.,  of  the  digestive  organs. 
Among  other  things,  he  mentioned  that  this  spring  he  had  a  large 
brood  of  Kndruiiiis  rersicolur,  which  died  without  eating;  upon  dis- 
section he  found  that  the  mesenteren  and  gnostodeum  had  never  joined 
up,  consequently  there  was  no  passage  through. — Colbran  J.  Wain- 
wRiGHT,  Unn.  Sec. 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomological  Society.  —  The  first 
meeting  of  the  Winter  Session  was  held  on  October  14th,  in  the  Royal 
Institution,  Colquitt  Street,  with  the  Vice-President,  Mr.  E.  Wilding, 
in  the  chair. — Dr.  G.  W.  Chaster  exhibited  a  collection  of  Southport 
Coleoptera,  including  at  least  forty  species  which  have  not  yet  been 
found  in  the  Liverpool  district.  Amongst  these  may  be  mentioned, 
Carabus  glabratus  (probably  introduced),  Hi/driEna  niiirita,  PhUeopora 
curticalis' {both  very  rare),  Anisutoma  pinui  (hitherto  only  known  from 
Scotland),  AntheropJuifjus  silaceiis,  Amincecim  brevLs,  Anthiciis  himacnlatas 
(up  to  the  time  of  capture  of  this  species  by  Dr.  Chaster  and  Mr. 
Tomlin,  at  Southport,  only  two  specimens  were  known— see  Dr.  Ellis's 
Liverpool  List),  Orthocluetes  setiiier,  CeiitlwrrJntncJtidiKs  dau-su)ii,and  Uhin- 
onchus  ijraminem.  Mr.  Wilding  heartily  congratulated  Dr.  Chaster  on  the 
addition  of  such  rarities  to  the  Lancasiiire  fauna.— Mr.  F.  Birch,  Scarites 
fjiyas,  from  West  Africa;  he  also  read  a  letter  from  Mr.  E.  J.  B.  Sopp,  on 
the  distribution  of  one  of  the  rarer  cockroaches,  Periplaneta  amtralada:, 
specimens  of  which  were  exhibited.— Mr.  Oulton  Harrison,  a  hvmg 
larva  of  Lainpyrin  mctUuca  from  Delamere  Forest.— Mr.  Crabtree,  a 


364  THE    ENTOMOLOGIST. 

portion  of  Mr.  McArthur's  collection  of  Lepidoptera  from  the  Island 
of  Lewis,  including  strange  varieties  of  Melanippe  siihtristata,''  Boarmia 
rcpandata,  Aijrotis  cursoria,  &c.;  also  a  very  curious  diaphanous- winged 
specimen  of  the  dark  variety  of  Odontopera  bidentata,  bred  with  others 
from  Manchester  larvae. — Mr.  J.  Collins  exhibited  and  described  a  fine 
melanic  form  of  Macaria  Ulurata,  from  Delamere,  for  which  he  proposed 
the  varietal  name  niijrofidrata :  also  a  fine  collection  of  species  of  the 
genera  Xanthia  and  Dianthcccia. — Mr.  C.  F.  Johnson  exhibited  very 
fine  series  of  Tkeda  w-album,  Macaria  notata,  X(da  con/usalis,  Ai/rotis 
ashworthii,  A.  citrsoiia,  &c. — Mr.  F.  C.  Thompson,  bred  specimens  of 
Tiipfuena  jiinbria,  and  said  that  according  to  his  experience  the  larVcB 
were  almost  always  found  on  bramble,  and  not  on  birch,  as  recorded  in 
the  books. — Dr.  Cotton,  a  beautiful  series  of  A',  octninaculata. — Messrs. 
A.  and  H.  Tonkin,  captures  in  South  Devon  in  May  and  June, 
including  Anticlca  nibidata,  Bapta  tauiinatK,  Zitnosovia  oniieronaria,  &c. 
Specimens  of  Anji/nnis  paphia  intermediate  between  the  type  and  var. 
ralezina  from  Beddgelert,  Vemtsia  rambricaria,  and  Xylophasia  scolo- 
pacina  from  Barmouth,  Bryopldla  ylandifera  and  Aspilates  citraria  from 
the  Welsh  Land's  End  (St.  David's  Head),  were  shown  by  Mr.  F.  Birch. 
Xocniiher  11th. — Mr.  E.  Wilding,  Vice-President,  in  the  chair. — 
Messrs.  Mallinson,  Wynne,  Dunlop  and  Harrison  were  elected  mem- 
bers of  the  Society.  The  December  meeting,  which  is  to  be  held  in 
Chester,  was  shortly  discussed. — Mr.  F.  N.  Pierce,  F.E.S.,  read  a 
paper  entitled,  "  The  Home  of  the  Swallow-tails,"  which  was  illus- 
trated by  limelight  views.  After  a  short  ihnmc  of  the  notices  of 
Papiliu  iiiachaon  scattered  through  the  chief  entomological  literature  of 
three  centuries,  he  described  its  "  habit,  habits,  and  habitat."  From 
his  remarks  upon  the  two  latter  we  derived  the  cheering  intelligence 
that  in  the  Norfolk  Broads,  at  all  events,  this  splendid  insect  will  not 
be  exterminated  for  many  a  year  to  come.  Its  strong  flight,  for  the 
most  over  swamps,  the  wide  diffusion  of  its  food-plant,  Duiicks  carota, 
which  carpets  the  ground  everywhere,  the  consequent  impossibility  of 
its  being  all  examined,  and  the  possession  by  the  larva  of  peculiar 
organs  to  drive  away  ichneumons  and  birds,  all  point  to  this  con- 
clusion. The  habit  of  l\  inachaon  is  very  constant,  the  essayist  having 
seen  but  few  remarkable  varieties.  One  of  these,  in  which  the  ground 
colour  is  deep  yellow,  he  exhibited  along  with  other  fen  species.  During 
the  discussion  Dr.  J.  W.  Ellis  gave  a  short  account  of  his  fenland  expe- 
riences. Mr.  K.  Wilding  was  confident  that  new  species  of  all  Orders 
awaited  the  enthusiastic  worker  ni  the  fens. — Mr.  E.  J.  Burgess-Sopp 
exhibited  the  very  beautiful  Chrysumela  cereal  is,  along  with  many  other 
rarities,  and  stated  that  he  was  elucidating  the  life-history  of  this  gem 
from  Snowdou's  coronet,  a  work  which  he  is  the  first  to  attempt,  so  far 
as  is  known.  Dr.  Ellis  referred  to  the  pleasure  which  the  sight  of  this 
species,  occurring  suddenly  in  abundance  on  the  mountain,  had  given 
to  him. — Dr.  J.  Cotton  exhibited  Lepidoptera  from  Grange  and  the 
New  Forest. — Mr.  W.  A.  Tyerman,  a  beautiful  series  taken  at  Carrog, 
which  included  I'hisia  i)itt'rroipitiunis,  Larmtia  ciEsiata,  and  Xuctiui 
triamjuhun. — Specimens  of  Chlteniiis  ni(jrirurnis,  from  the  banks  of  the 
river  Gowy  were  shown,  and  their  habits  remarked  upon  by  the  Joint 
Secretary. — Fkedk.  Birch. 

'J  Melanijjpe  sociata  var.  obscwrata.     See  fig.,  Entom.  xxi.  p.  27. — Ed.j 


DOUBLE     NUMBER. 


Vol.  XXXIV.j  JANUARY,   1901.  [No.  452. 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST 


Illustrated  lourmd 


GENERAL    ENTOMOLOGY. 


EDITED     BY      RICHARD     SOUTH,     F.E.S. 


WITH    THE    ASSISTANCE    OF 


ROBERT  ADKIN,  F.E.S. 
W.  L.  DISTANT,  F.E.S.,  &c. 
EDWARD  A.  FITCH,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 
F.  W.FROHAWK,  F.E.S.,  M.B.O.U. 


W.  F.  KIRBY,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 
G.  W.  KIHKALDY,  F.E.S. 
J.  H.  LEECH,  B.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 
W,  J.  LUCAS,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 


MARTIN  JACOBY,  F.E.S.  I    Dr.  D.  SHARP,  F.R.S.,  F.E.S.,  &c. 

G.  H.  VERRALL,  F.E.S. 

"By  mutual  confidence  and  mutual  aid 
Great  deeds  are  done  and  great  discoveries  made." 


LONDON: 

WEST,  NEWMAN    &    CO.,    54,    HATTON    GARDEN ; 
SIMPKIN,   MARSHALL,   HAMILTON,   KENT  &  CO.,   Limited. 

DOUBLE    NUMBER.— Price  One  Shilling. 


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Houses  9s  6d  .  lis.  6d. ;  corked  back,  14s.  Zinc  Larva  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d. 
BreedTng  Cage  2s.  6d.,  4s.,  58.,  Ts.  6d.  Ooleopterist's  Collecting  Bottle,  with  tube, 
is  6d,  Is  8d.  Botanical  Cases,  iapanned,  double  tin.  Is.  6d..  2s.  9d  3s  6d  48.  6d. 
Botanical  Paper.  Is.  Id.,  Is.  4d..  Is.  9d.,  2s.  2d.,  per  quire.  Insect  Glazed  Cases, 
2s  6d  to  llB  Cement  for  replacing  Antenna,  4d.  per  bottle  Steel  Forceps. 
ll:  6d  ,  2s.,  2s.  6d.  per  pair.  Cabinet  Cork,  7  by  3i,  best  quality  Is.  4d.  per  dozen 
Bheets  Brass  Chloroform  Bottle,  28.  6d.  Insect  Lens,  Is.  to  8s.  Glass-top  and 
Glass  bottomed  Boxes  from  Is.  per  dozen.  Zinc  KiUmg  Box,  9(1.,  Is.  Pupa 
Digger,  in  leather  sheath.  Is.  9d.  Taxidermist's  Companion,  contaimng  most 
neSary  implement,  for  skinning,  IOh.  6d.  Scalpels,  Is.  3d.  ;  Scissors,  2s.  per 
pair  £-drill8,  2d.,  3d.,  9d ;  Blowpipes,  4d.,  6d. ;  Artificial  Eyes  for  Birds  and 
Animals-  Libel-lists  of  BritisL  Butterflies,  2d.;  ditto  of  Birds'  Eggs,  2d.,  3d  6d. ; 
ditto  of  Land  and  Fiesh-water  Shells,  2d. ;  Useful  Books  on  Insects,  Eggs,  &e. 

Now  ready. -The  EXCHANGE  LIST  and  LABEL  LIST  Compiled  by 
Mr.  Ed.  Meyrick,  B.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  according  to  his  recent  '  Handbook  of 
British   Lepidoptera.'      Excliange  Lists,  id.   each ;    4d.  per  doz. ;    Label  Lists, 

Our  new  Label-list  of  British  Maoro-Lepidoptera,  with  Latin  and  English 
names.  Is.  6d.  Our  new  Complete  Catalogue  of  British  Lepidoptera  (every  species 
numbered),  Is. ;  or  printed  on  one  side  for  labels,  28. 

The  "Dixon"  Lamp-net  (invaluable  for  taking  moths  off  street-lamps  without 
climbing  the  lamp-posts),  2s.  6d. 

SHOW      ROOM       FOR      CABINETS 

Of  every  description  for  Insects,  Birds'  Eggs,  Coins,  Microsoopioal  Objects, 

Fossils,  &c.     Catalogue  (96  pp.)  sent  on  application,  post  tree. 

A    LARGE    STOCK    OF    INSECTS    AND    BIRDS'    EGGS 

(BRITISH,    EUROPEAN,    AND    EXOTIC). 

Birds,  Mammals,  do.,  Preserved  ayid  Mounted  by  First-class  Workmen. 

Only  Address: — 

36  STRAND,  W.C,  LONDON  (5  doors  from  Charing  Cross). 

NATURAL.     HISTORY     AGENT     AND     BOOKSELLER. 

W.    LONG  LEY, 

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12,  White  Hart  Street,  Catherine  Street,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 

NETS    BREEDING  =  CAGES.  and  Apparatus  of  every  description. 
CABINETS  for  Insects;   Birds'  Eggs;   Minerals;    Shells;   Coins;  &c.,  &c. 
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Full  List  of  LEPIDOPTERA,  Apparatus,  Cabinets,   &c.,  sent  on  application. 


DiqMcates.-Siiucm,      Snffusa,     Vaccinii,     Pistaeina,     Oxyacantha^      Cera-o 

BupUcates.—L^rge  mimber  finest  forms  of  Radiata  and  intermediate  varieties 
of  Lubrzc.pedamcludn.g  black-fringed.  Z)...VZ.™^a._Very  numerous.-  rS 
stall :  Brook  House,  Meltham,  near  Huddersfield. 

Duphcates.-Y^iWe  eggs  of  Fuscantaria  from  fine  dark  specimens.     Beside- 

aiu.-Larv^e    of   Prunaria,   Quercifolia,    or  cocoons  of  Bifida,  Urtic^e  ;   punaj  of 

PorceUusorTihag.— TF.  i^e^(;e^^;  Howard  Street,  York  .   1  "l-«  oi 

Arhntf  hfrif'^f P"'  ^°''*^J''-  f^^t^^^i^'  Typha.  (2),  Ocellatus-  (2),  Vinula,* 
Arbu  1,  black  Betulana  (very  fair),  Lunosa,  C-Nigrum,  Testacea  (vars.),  Micacea, 
Popiilaris  Chi  Tihana  Bifasciatum,  Campestris.  All  weU  set,  and  on  black  pins. 
Besiderata.~kdonis,  Corydon,  Argiolus.  For  renewing.-/.  ArUe ;  2,  Georae 
btreet,  Chester.  o  '      >  ./ 

BupUcates.—musB.    Hyale,  Clirysidiformis=:=  (types,  on  white  pins),  Albulalis,* 
Miniata,    PygmaBola,    Autumnaria=-^    (Margate),    Ochrata,    Citraria,   Vitellina    (1) 
Austrahs,  Saucia,  Nemoralis,  Albistrigalis  (fair).   Desz.Zer«^a.— Many  local  spacies 
Jiupithecia,  Drepanula,  Apiformis,  ^scnli,   Ccenosa,  Papilionaria,  Viridata,  Fir- 
mata,    Kuberata,    Certata,    Pandalis,    Punctalis,  kc.—J.  P.  Barrett:    8t.  John's 
I  itlas,  Margate. 

Biiplicates.—T.  Quercus,  Polychloros,-  Galatea,  Corydon,  Ehamni,*  Euphro- 
syne,  Action,  Cinctaria,  Cervinata,  Dominula,*  Eubidata,  Ocellata  (2),  Strigillaria, 
Maculata,  Atrata,  Dentina,  Lithoriza.  DeswZera^«.— Machaon,  Selene,  Aurinia, 
C-Album,  Blandina,  Typhon,  Minima,  Lucina,  H.  Comma,  and  many  others! 
Otters.     (Black  pins  and  data.)— i^.  G.  Bellamij ;  Bincjwood,  Hants. 

Biiphcates.—A  few  of  each:  Undulata,  Aurantiaria,  Maculata,  Albicillata, 
Cinctaria.  Imbutata,  Immutata,  Citraria,  Ulmata,  Taminata,  Fibrosa,  Umbrosa, 
Flavicorms,  Rufina,  Sponsa,  Sibylla,  S.  Ligustri.  Desiderata.— Fulvn,  Gemini- 
puncta,  Petasitis,  Austrahs,  Abjecta,  Furva,  Persicariae,  Connexa,  Captiuucula, 
Cinerea,  Aquilina,  Opima,  Lichenea,  Oleagina,  Simulata,  Obfuscaria  ;  also  various 
Eupitheciae,  &c.~E.  D.  BostocJc ;    Tixall  Lodge,  Stafford. 

BiqAicates.—Hibylla/'--  W-Album,-  Galatea,  Palpina,*  Curtula,-  Ziczac,* 
Chrysorrhoea,-  Vilhca,-  Vinula,-'  Chenopodii,  Dentina,  Pistaeina,  Suffusa, 
Abjecta  (fair),  Sambucata,-  Adustata,*  Subnotata,-  &c.  DesitZera^«.— Abietaria, 
Hippocastanaria,  Minorata,  Adaiquata,  Juniperata,  Firmata,  Tristata,  Unangulata, 
Munitata,  Dubitata,  Certata,  Siterata,  Filigrammaria,  Autumnaria,  Silaceata, 
Testata,  Populata,  Associata,  Paludata,  SaHcata,  Olivata,  &c.—G.  F.  Mathew ; 
Dovercoart,  Essex. 

Duplicates. — Rhamni,-  lo,*  Argynnis,  Aglaia,  Cardamines,  Davus,  Edusa, 
Euphrosyne,  Semele,  Corydon,  Bella'rgus,  Syringaria,"  Multistrigaria,  Vetulata," 
Flavicinctata,*  Suspecta,  Rufina,  Glareosa,*  Megacephala- ;  also  few  each  of 
.  Chrysorrhcea,*  Curtula,  Festiva,  Boreata,  Populata,  Immanata,  Elutata  (moor- 
land), Filigrammaria,  Lacertula,  Duplaris,  Pusaria,  Parthenias,  Saucia,  Solidaginis, 
Verbasci,  Psi,  Dispar,*  Monacha,-  Populi,  Ocellatus,*  Betularia-  (var.  Double- 
dayaria),  Ferruginea,  Porphyrea,  C-Nigrum,=-  Hirtaria''^  (female),  Quercinaria,"'= 
Alniaria*  (Autumnaria),  Typica,  Baia,  Perla,  Paludata,  Venosata,  Progemmaria, 
Anachoreta,-  Litura,  Chi,  Mendica,"  Gothica  (northern). — Wilmot  Tunstall ; 
Brook  House,  Meltham,  near  Huddersfield. 

Duplicates. — Autumnaria  (Dover),  Fuscantaria,  Galiata,  Anachoreta  (St. 
Leonards),  Lupricipeda  (very  extreme  forms),  Ambigua,  Saucia,  Puta,  Adusta, 
Suspecta,  Rubricosa,  Chi,  Betulella,  and  many  others.  Desiderata. — Forficellus, 
Mucronellus,  Gigantellus,  Paludellus,  Alpinellus,  Falsellus,  Hamellus,  Myellus, 
Warringtonellus,  Selasellus,  Fascelinellus,  Salinellus,  Farrella,  Carmella,  Cera- 
tariae,  Achatinella,  Sinnella,  Nimbella,  Binaevella,  Senecionis,  Passulella,  Ficulella, 
Pinguedinella,  Cinerosella,  Bistriga,  Interpunctella,  Angustella,  Canella,  Ornatella, 
Abietella,  Adelphella,  Genistella,  Advenella,  Marmorella,  Suavella,  Anella,  Cepha- 
lonica,  Festaliella,  Pilosellse.  Tetradactylus. — Geo.  T.  Porritt ;  Crosland  Hall, 
near  Huddersfield. 


Duplicates. — Exotics :  O.  Croesus,  Urvilleana,  Brookeana,  Victorise  (female), 
Hippolytus,  Prianus,  Darsius,  Vandepolli,  and  others.  Desiderata. — Nmnerous. — 
H.  Eltringliam ;  Eastgarth,  South  Shields. 

Dujjlicates. — Machaon  (2),  Monacha,*  Prasinana*  (4),  Miniata  (4),  Lota  (6), 
Cerago  (2),  Lithoriza,  Stabilis,  Sponsa  (2),  L.  Comma  (5),  Tenebrosa  (5),  Cseruleo- 
cephala  (5),  Or  (a  few,  fair),  Suffiisa  (6),  Festiva  (5),  Pyramidea  (6),  Prunaria  (a 
few,  males),  Atrata,  Taminata  (2),  Protea  (2),  Leucophearia.  Desiderata. — 
Epiphron,  EubricoUis,  Plantagiuis.  Fuliginosa,  Leporina,  Meuyanthidis,  Albo- 
veaosa,  Tm'ca,  Ocliracea.  Cinerea,  Ripae,  Cursoria,  Praecox,  Glareosa,  Macilenta, 
Bubiginea,  Xerampelina,  Ochroleuca,  Diantlioecias  (except  Cucubali  and  Cap- 
sincola),  Herbida,  Tincta,  Glauca,  Contigua,  Solidaginis,  Vetusta,  Exoleta, 
Zonaria,  Orbicularia.  White  pins.  Data. — F.  M.  B.  Carr ;  46,  Handen  Road, 
Lee,  S.E. 

Duplicates. — Blandina,  Cassiope,  S.  Populi,  Tiliae,  P.  Populi,  Maculata, 
Pilosaria,  Zonaria,  Cambricaria,  Ulmata,  Marginata,  Aurantiaria,  Albicillata, 
Populata,  Eumicis,  Menyanthidis,  Impura,  Suspecta,  Aprilina,  Protea,  Dentina, 
Glauca  ;  and  ova  of  Boreata  and  Chi. — A.  Broadley  ;  20,  North  View,  Beechcliffe, 
Keighley. 

On  the  18th  of  every  month,  Price  One  Shilling, 

THE     ZOOLOGIST 

The  Recognised  Monthly  Journal  of  Natural  History 

Edited  by  W.  L.  DISTANT. 


On  the  Ist  of  every  Month,  -price  Is.  8d., 
THE 

JOURNAL    OF     BOTANY 

BRITISH    AND    FOREIGN. 
Edited    by    JAMES    BRITTEN,    F.L.S. 

LONDON  :     WEST,    NEWMAN    &    CO.,    54,    HATTON    GARDEN,    E.G. 

MEETINGS    OF    SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London  (11,  Chandos  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W.). 
— Wednesday,  January  2nd,  at  8  p.m. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society  (Hibernia 
Chambers,  London  Bridge,  S.E.). — Meetings  on  the  2nd  and  4th  Thursdays  in 
each  montli  at  8  p.m. 

City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. — The 
meetings  of  this  Society  (held  at  the  London  Institution,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.C.] 
will  take  place  on  the  1st  and  3rd  Tuesdays  in  each  month,  from  7.30  to  10  p.m, 

North  London  Natural  History  Society. — Meetings  are  held  on  the  Isl 
and  Brd  Thursdays  in  each  month  at  the  Sigdon  Road  Board  School  (close  to 
Hackney  Downs  Station,  G.E.R.),  at  7.45  p.m. 

Nonpareil  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society  (90,  Mansfield  St., 
Kingsland  Road,  N.E.). — Meeting  nights,  1st  and  Brd  Thursdays  in  each  month. 

TO  CONTRIBUTORS.  — Papers,  Notes,  and  Communications,  on  all 
branches  of  Entomology,  are  solicited.  Contributors  are  requested  to  conform,  at 
far  as  possible,  to  the  following  rules: — All  Communications  must  be  clearly 
written  on  one  side  only  of  the  paper.  Generic  names  must  be  given  in  full, 
excepting  where  immediately  before  used.  The  Editor  is  not  responsible  for 
unused  MS.,  neither  can  he  undertake  to  return  it,  unless  especially  asked  to 
do  BO.  Contributors  of  the  more  important  articles  receive  six  copies  of  such 
articles.  NOTICES  of  EXCHANGE  (inserted  without  charge)  must  contain 
nothing  more  than  the  specific  names  of  the  duplicates  and  desiderata,  except 
when  two  insects  are  known  by  the  same  specific  name,  and  must  be  clearly 
written  on  one  side  only  of  the  paper.  All  notes,  papers,  books  for  review,  &c., 
and  notices  of  exchange  should  be  sent  to  the  Editor — Richard  South, 
96,  Drahefield  Boad,  Upper  Tooting,  8.W. 


A.     LIONEL      CLARKE, 

NATURAL-HISTORY  AGENT,  BARTON  STREET,  GLOUCESTER, 

lUPPLIES  Collectors  with  every  kind  of  apparatus  for  the  various  brauches  of 
'     Natural  History :  Cabinets,  Store  Boxes,  Butterfly  Nets,  &c. 

BIRDS'   EGGS,   SKINS,   LEPIDOPTERA  and  COLEOPTERA    &e     kant 
stock  in  large  quantities.  '        ''        *^ 

The  largest  stock  of  Eggs  in  England  to  select  from,  including  many  very  rare 
BCies.     List  of  clutches  sent  if  desired.     Large  buyers  liberally  dealt  with. 
Bevised  List  of  British  Lepidoptera,  notv  ready,  jJost  free. 
NEW    AND    SECOND-HAND    BOOKS. 
XIDERM  Y.  Birds  skinned  and  prepared  for  Cabinets  or  mounted  by  skilled  assistants 
Full  general  Catalogue  and  Special  List  of  Eggs  and  Skins,  post  free. 
N.B. — No  agejits,  and  only  one  address  as  above. 

THE   PRACTICAL   CABINET   MAKEKa 

J.   T.  CROCKETT  Sl   SON, 

(Established  1847,) 
L/I AKERS  Of    every   Description   and   Size  of   Cabinet^,    Cases. 

bTORK-BoxEs,  Apparatus  and  Appliances,  and  Dealers  in  aU  kinds  of 
PEciMENS  for  Entomologists,  Botanists,  Ornithologists,  Geologists  Minbr. 
.OGISTS,  Numismatists,  Conchologists,  &c.,  and  for  the  use  of  Lecturers,  Science 
eachers,  Colleges,  Students,  &c.  Museums  fitted  and  arranged.  Specially  made 
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•terehangeahle.  All  Best  Work.  Estimates  given. 
All  goods  at  Store  Prices.     Cheat  adva/niages  in  dealing  direct  with  Makers. 

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rA,    PRINCES    STREET,    CAVENDISH    SQUARE,     LONDON,    W. 

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ESTABLISHED    1851^  ~~~~ 

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STOCKS    AND     SHARES 

tocks    and    Shares    purchased    and    sold    for    customers. 

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FEANCIS   EAVENSCEOFT,   Manag&r. 

HERBERT    W,    MARSDEN, 

A.TURAL     HISTORY     AGENT     AND     BOOKSELLER, 
40,    TRIANGLE   West,  CLIFTON,  BRISTOL. 

■gest  and  best  Stock  in  England  of   EUROPEAN   LEPIDOPTERA,   moderate  prices. 
Exotic  Lepidoptera,  Coleoptera,  Orthoptera,  &c. 

Preserved    Larv^   of  Rare    British    Lepidoptera. 
binets  and  Apparatus  for  Entomologists,  Oologists,  Ornithologists,  Botanists,  &o. 
Botanical  Cases,  Drying  Paper,  &c. — British  &  Exotic  Shells. 

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New  and  Second-hand  Books.— Exchange  and  Label  Lists. 
ithological  Catalogue,  August,  1897,  now  ready  ;  also  Shell  Catalogue  ;  Entomological 
Catalogue  in  preparation. 
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On  January  1st,  1901,  toill  be  jmblished,  royal  8vo,  cloth,  780  pages,  ivith 
A5S  figures,  £1  lis.  6d.  netf, 

BRITISH  FLIES  (Syrphidae,  &c.),  including  a 
Synonymic  Catalogue  of  the  European  Species.  By 
G.  H.  Verkall,  President  of  the  Entomological  Society  of 
London.    The  Catalogue  may  be  had  separately,  price  5s.  nett. 

GURNEY     &     JACKSON,     1,     Paternoster     Row. 

{Mr.   VAN  VOORST'S  Successors.) 


L 


AN  N  AM,     TO  N  Kl  N. 

EPIDOPTERA,  COLEOPTERA,  ODONAT^,  and 
Gigantic  0RTH0PTERA5;  Land  Shells  and  Reptiles. 
Offers  in  finest  quahty,  great  choice,  and  at  very  low  prices. 
One  Hundred  Butterflies,  15s.  ;  One  Hundred  Beetles, 
12s.  6d. — post  free,  on  application. 

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B 


IRDSNESTING  &  BIRD=SKINNINQ.     A  Complet 

)       Description  of  the   Nests   and    Eggs   of  Birds  which   Breed   m   Britan 

by  Edward  Newman. —  Second  Edition,  with  Directions  for  Collecting  an 
Preservation ;  a  Chapter  on  Bird-skinning ;  and  Description  and  Woodcuts  . 
the  Instruments  necessary  to  the  Collector.  By  Miller  Christy.  Cloth  extr 
Fcap  8vo.     Price  Is. 

WEST,   NEWMAN    &    CO.,    54,   Hatton    Garden,    London,    E.C. 


HA5  JorL?J^J^S^'  ^^""^'^"'  ^"i^'  Sussex, 

Vitalbata,  Unitaseiata   and  mn,  '     n       ^'^"^'  Consortana,  Polycommata,  Asteris 
taria,  P.  Popnli,  ^'^l^^i:^^^^  ^-^^^^  Ova  of  E.osaHa/Fa.caS 

coiiifrJi^se^^^^r^^oTLcist'  t ""  r-^r-  ^^^f-  ^^«"*  ---  --ths^ 

^^ '2r!l!^^^^}}^^^t_I^^^2^^^^^'^^  ^PP^y  -^*  ^bove  address. 

Butterflies  from  Central  and  Western  China 

A  *o"?ef  T>v„''H'^I;,^.7'?'^'.<'°'"P'f"8  0-  Thousaud  Specimens  in 
aescnb  d  bv  Oberfh        ;,d  LtSr'th.'MI  """"""^  "f""''"   ""'«'•   Species 

Aigynnis  gong,  Melit^^a  yaenti,  M.  bellona,  M.  agar,  M.    ezabel   Polvc^na' 

Lvc^uflanW^  f '  °^"^^'^' i^<^^^'^^^^^  maculosa,  Chr.sophauus  1..  C.  pang, 

b^pH  T  vIh'  ^-^^/^^o^-^^^:  D'psas  seraphim,  Zephyrus  tsaugk  e,  Thecla 
bieti    T.  v-album,  Ilerda  marica,  Everes  xuthus,  E.  ion,   lii   potaniu     Nofco 

SfSeS  rr;f  """■?'""^^°"^^"^^^^^^^^^'  ^-  ---'  0.1v^:i^  NfsoLi"- 
sylvanoirs  A  ^hll  T^'''  \^f^^'^'  hou^r.gty,  P.  abax,  P.  virgata,  Augiades 
sy^vanoides,  A.  thibetana.  Achilarus  sniiplex.     Further  particulars  from- 

_gl_ggg™>_96^^rakefield^oad^pper  Tooting,  London,  S.W. 

OVA,  LARV^,  PUP^,  CheaplxOTlTLEPIDOPTERXic. 

D  TO/^  Tragopogonis,  4d.     Ochroleuca,  Fulvago,  9d.     Sphinx,  Is.        ^ 

FUP/E.— £;(»'/(.— Machaon,     Elpenor,     Ocellatus,     Ligustri,     Vinula     Anachoreta 

Hamul""i?;,&"Tr'''  ?r^'  ^^^^^A""'  Testudo,Dromedarius,3d.   'Tit  AsterS: 
Pn^     n    '    ^"^r"^^'    Aselhis,    Chi-yzona.    Orion,    4d.      Absynthii,    Furcula,    Ve r.sicolora 

Kk 'ch±-rTn1''  P^-    ,^i^^-  f'J^™">ea,  Trepida,  6d.     Sinuata,  9d'.     Trima  S 
Srnt    p£e  '  I'^'Vu  P«P"1'.  Verbasci,  Curtula,  Ziczac,  Cameli.ia,  Lacertula,  Flavi- 

nS  o£  M  °^'  ^ft^'l"^^;  ^'''-  P""^^*^"''^-  P"tris,  Lanestris,  2d.  Palpina,  Omicro- 
nana,  2Jd.     Megacephala,  MnUistrigana,  Bucephala,  Pigra,  Falcula,  Meritha.tri,  Ud. 

o„   ]?,^5^J'CLEPipOPTERA.— Unset,  in  papers,  from  Ladysmith,  S.  A.,  Is.  6d.  and 

2s.  6d^  doz.  Indian  do.,  Is.  and  Is.  6d.  doz.  Papilio,  Evan,  9d.  Glyceriou.  Anticrates, 
ya.     Agetes,  bd.     Anticrates,  4d.     A.  NipbjB,  6d.     Cbildrenffi,  Is.     E.  Fracina,  3d 

Mni??'??"-^^^*^^'P'''E'^^'-^"^^°P^'  S^-  Acis,  4s.  6d.  Scoliffiformis,  3s.  6d. 
vZtt^iT  T''r},  '^^■^'}-  .^^"lans,  Arion,  Is.  6d.  Sparganii,  Concolor,  Leucoph^a, 
Eiythiocephala  3s  6d.  Celeno,  7s.  (5d.  Euphorbias,  3s.  6d.  Minos,  Is.  Gd.  Eeticu- 
^Vo  '.u  •  .  o  ^^' °P"^'  '^^-  ^^-  CracciB,  3s.  6d.  Nubeculosa,  3s.  6d.  Satura,  5s. 
Aanthomista,  3s.  6d.     Conspicillaris,  3s.  6d.     Rubiginea,  2s.  6d.     Crenata,  5s. 

All  the  above  are  s^plendid  value.     Inspection  invited. 
Box  and  postage,  2d.  extra.     One  Year  Lists    of   Ova,   Larvie,  Pup®,  Insects,  and 
Hurplus  Stock,  Sales,  Wants,  &e.,  as  issued.  Is.     Cabinet  Cork,  11  x  3{,  Is.  6d.  per  doz. ; 
oest  ditto,  Is.  lOd.  per  doz.     Chip  Boxes,  nested.  Is.  6d.  per  gross. 

'Bird  Stuffing  and  Mounting'  (lUustrated,  Cloth),  Is. 
'The  Larvae  Collector's  Guide  and  Calendar'  (Cloth  Cover,  Fcap  8vo),  Is. 

J.  &  W.  DAVIS,  31-33,  Hythe  Street,  DARTFORD. 


0  O  N  T  E  N  T  S. 

Editorial,  1.  On  the  Occurrence  of  Colias  edusa  and  C.  hyale  in  1900,  and  the 
Results  of  Rearing  the  var.  helice  from  helice  Ova,  F.  W.  FroJiaioli,  2.  Mis- 
cellanea Rhynchota,  Q.  W.  Kirlialdy,  5.  On  certain  Seasonal  Phases  of  But- 
terflies of  the  genus  Precis,  A.  G.  Butler,  7.  Orthographical  and  Classical 
"  Emeudations "  in  Nomenclature,  Louis  B.  Front,  8.  The  Stridulation  of 
Corixa  (Rhynchota),  with  illustration,  G.  W.  KirJcaldy,  9.  The  genus  of 
"  Dircenna  barrettii  "  (Dannatt),  Percy  I.  Lathy,  10.  Synopsis  of  Experiments 
in  Hybridization  and  Temperature  made  with  Lp{)idoptera  up  to  the  end  of 
1898,  Prof.  Dr.  Max  Standfass,  11.  Catalogue  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  Ireland 
— Supplementary  List,  W.  F.  de  Vismes  Kane,  14. 

Notes  and  Ouskkvations. — Leucania  vitellina,  16;  Abundance  of  Lycsena  argiolus 
near  Eastbourne,  16  ;  The  Vanessids  in  l-OO,  17  ;  Bobt.  Adkin.  Erebia  gla- 
cialis — a  Correction,  T.  A.  Chapman,  17.  Sounds  produced  by  Pupte,  J.  H. 
Fowler,  17.  The  Insect  Favma  of  Hampshire,  ./.  0.  Moberly,  18.  Scales  in 
Lycaena,  G.  W.  Kirkaldy,  18.    Vanessa  c-albmn  in  Ireland,  W.  F.  Johnson,  18. 

Captuues  aed  Field  Repori s. — Colias  edusa  and  C.  hj^ah'  in  1900,  G.  F.  Mathezv, 
A.  Sich,  E.  B.  Nevinson,  19.  Colias  edusa  and  C.  hyale  in  Yorkshire,  1900, 
W.  Heivelt,  19  ;  in  Hampshire,  E.  Winder,  19.  Colias  edusa  in  October,  1900, 
H.  A.  Hill,  20.  Colias  hj^ale,  J.  P.  Barrett,  20.  Acherontia  atropos  and 
Vanessa  (Cynthia)  cardui  in  Salop,  C.  F.  Thorncwill,  20.  Acherontia  atropos 
in  Kendal  District,  A.  M.  Moss,  20  ;  in  Yorkshire,  W.  Hewett,  20 ;  in  Scotland, 
21.  Cleora  glabraria  in  Scotland,  21.  Ennomos  autumnaria  (tiliaria)  21; 
Collix  sparsata  double-brooded,  21 ;  Macroglossa  stellatarum,  21 ;  J.  B.  Barrett, 
Coremia  quadrifasciaria  and  Melanj^e  procellata  in  Essex,  G.  F.  Mathew,  22. 
Dasycampa  rubiginea  in  Berkshirl^iif.  E.  Garrett,  22.  Vanessa  atalanta, 
Macroglossa  stellatarum,  and  ^Eschna  mixta  in  Kilburn,  Eev.  F.  A.  Walker,  22. 
Vanessa  atalanta  in  Scotland,  22.  Cirrhcedia  xerampelina  and  var.  unicolor  in 
Notts,  A.  Simmons,  22.  Xanthia  gilvago  in  the  Bromley  District,  A.  J.  Laio- 
ranee,  22.  Plusia  gamma,  G.  F.  Matheiu,  22.  Acidalia  contiguaria,  Hb.,  at 
Criccieth,  E.  B.  Nevinson,  23.  Odonata  at  Lee,  Kent,  F'.  M.  B.  Carr,  28. 
Sphinx  convolvuli  at  Eastbourne,  B.  Adhin,  23  ;  in  Scotland,  28.  Migrants, 
J.  P.  Barrett,  23.  Late  and  Early  Dates  of  certain  Lejiidoptera  in  Cornwall, 
W.  A.  Bollason,  23.  Notes  from  Brighouse,  T.  B.  Blakehorough,  23.  Notes 
from  ]3roilick,  Arran,  N.B.,  A.  Sharpin,  24.  Notes  from  Somersetshire, 
0.  Whittaker,  24.  The  Season  of  1900,  T.  B.  Jefferys,  24.  Notes  from  Nor- 
folk, W.  T.  Harris,  25.  Notes  from  Eastbourne,  S.  A.  Blenkam,  26.  Notes 
from  Dover,  H.  1).  Stockwell,  26.    Notes  from  Nortli  Kent,  P.  J.  Barraud,  28. 

Societies,  28.      Recent  Literatukb,  31.      Obituary,  32. 

Communications  Received. — Fredrich  Bisch,  J.  Arkle,  Colbran  J.  Wainwright, 
F.  M.  B.  Carr,  J.  B.  PiUey,  A.  S.  Tetley,  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell,  F.  C.  Woodforde, 
R.  Tait,  T.  B.  Fletcher ;  and  others.     Also  Reports  of  Societies. 

NOTICE.— Subscriptions  for  1901  are  now  due,  and  should  be  sent  to 
WEST,  I^EWMAN  &  CO.,  54,  Hatton  Garden,  London,  E.G.  The  Subscription 
is  Six  Shillings  per  annum,  post  free. 

DR.  STAUDINGER  «&  BANQ  =  HAA5,  Blasewitz  =  Dresden,  in  their 
new  Price  List,  No.  XLIV.,  offer  more  than  15,000  Species  of  well-named 
LEPIDOPTERA,  set  or  in  papers,  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  in  finest  condition  ; 
1300  kinds  of  PREPARED  LARViE  ;  numerous  LIVING  PUPiE,  &c.  Separate 
Price  Lists  for  COLEOPTERA  (20,000  species),  for  HYMENOPTERA  (8000 
species),  DIPTERA  (1900),  HEMIPTERA  (2000),  ORTHOPTERA  (1000), 
NEUROPTERA  (550).     Discount  for  Cash-orders.     Prices  low. 

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SUBSCHIPTIOXS    FOrt    1901    ARE    NOW     DUE. 


Vol.   XXXIV.J  FEBRUARY,    1901.  [No.  453. 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST 


Illustrate!)  Jouriud 


GKNKKAL     ENTOMOLOGY. 


EDITED      BY      RICHARD     SOUTH,     F.E.S. 


WITH    THE    ASSISTANCE    OF 


ROBERT   ADKIN,  F.E.S. 
W.  L.  DISTANT,  F.E.S.,  &c. 
EDWARD  A.  FITCH,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 
F.  W.FROHAWK,  F.E.S.,  M.B.O.U. 
MARTIN  JACOBY,  F.E.S. 


W.  F.  KIRBY,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 
G.  W.  KIRKALDY,  F.E.S. 
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"  By  mutual  confidence  and  mutual  aid 
Great  deeds  are  done  and  great  discoveries  made." 


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Plain  Ring  Nets,  wire  or  cane,  including  Stick,  Is.  3d.,  28.,  28.  6d.  Folding  Net 
38.  6d.,  4s.  Umbrella  Nets  (self-acting),  7s.  Pocket  Boxes,  Hd.,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6 
Zinc  Belaxing  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d.,  2s.  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  7d.  per  four  doze 
Entomological  Pins,  assorted  or  mixed,  1.,  Is.  6d.  oer  oz.  Pocket  Lanterns,  28. 6 
to  88.  Sngarine  Tin,  with  brush.  Is.  6d.,  2s.  Sugaring  Mixture,  ready  for  us 
Is.  9d.  per  tin.  Store  Boxes,  with  camphor  cells,  28.  Hd.,  48.,  5s.,  6s.  Settu 
Boards,  flat  or  oval,  1  in.,  6d. ;  1  i  in.,  8d. ;  2  in.,  lOd. ;  2^  in..  Is. ;  3  J  in.,  Is.  4d 
4  in..  Is.  6d. ;  5  in..  Is.  lOd. ;  Complete  Set  of  fourteen  Boards,  lOs.  6d.  Settii 
Houses,  9s.  6d.,  lis.  6d. ;  corked  back,  148.  Zinc  Larva  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6 
Breeding  Cage,  28.  6d.,  48.,  58.,  7s.  6d.  Coleopterist's  Collecting  Bottle,  with  tub 
Is.  6d.,  Is.  8d.  Botanical  Cases,  japanned,  double  tin.  Is.  6d.,  2s.  9d.,  3s.  6d.,  4s.  6^ 
Botanical  Paper,  Is.  Id.,  Is.  4d.,  Is.  9d.,  2s.  2d.,  per  quire.  Insect  Glazed  Case 
28.  Gd.  to  lis.  Cement  for  replacing  Antennae,  4d.  per  bottle.  Steel  Forcep 
Is.  6d.,  28.,  28. 6d.  per  pair.  Cabinet  Cork,  7  by  3i,  best  quality,  ls.4d.  per  doz( 
sheets.  Brass  Chloroform  Bottle,  28.  6d.  Insect  Lens,  Is.  to  8s.  Glass-top  ai 
Glass-bottomed  Boxes  from  Is.  per  dozen.  Zinc  Killing  Box,  9il.,  Is.  Pu] 
Digger,  in  leather  sheath,  Is.  9d.  Taxidermist's  Companion,  containing  mo 
necessary  implements  for  skinning,  lOs.  6d.  Scalpels,  Is.  3d.  ;  Scissors,  2s.  p 
pair;  Egg-drills,  2d.,  3d.,  9d;  Blowpipes,  4d.,  (id.;  Artificial  Eyes  for  Birds  ar 
Animals;  Label-lists  of  British  Butterflies,  2d. ;  ditto  of  Birds'  Eggs,  2d.,  3d.,  6d 
ditto  of  Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells,  2d.;  Useful  Books  on  Insects,  Eggs,  &c. 

Notv   readi/.— The  EXCHANGE    LIST  and   LABEL  LIST.    Compiled  1 
Mr.  Ed.  Meyrick,  B.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  according  to  his  recent  'Handbook 
British  Lepidoptera.'      Exchange  Lists,  ^d.   each ;    4d.  per  doz. ;    Label   LisI 
9d.  each. 

Our  new  Label-list  of  British  Macro-Lepidoptera,  with  Latin  and  Englif 
names.  Is.  6d.  Our  new  Complete  Catalogue  of  British  Lepidoptera  (every  specii 
numbered).  Is. ;  or  printed  on  one  side  for  labels,  2s. 

The  "  Dixon"  Lamp-net  (invaluable  for  taking  moths  ofif  street-lamps  withoi 
climbing  the  Jamp-posts),  28.  6d. 

SHOW       ROOM       FOR      CABINETS 

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Fossils,  &c.     Catalogue  (96  pp.)  sent  on  application,  post  free. 

A    LARGE    STOCK    OF    INSECTS    AND    BIRDS'    EGGS 

(BRITISH,    KOROPEAN,    AND    EXOTIc). 

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Only  Address : — 
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NATURAL     HISTORY     AGENT     AND     BOOKSELLER. 

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^^      CABINETS  for  Insects;    Birds'  Eggs;    Minerals;    yiiells;    Coins;  &c.,  &i 
Pocket  Boxes,  Store  Boxes,  and  Book  Boxes.     Sheets  of  Cork  any  size. 

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The  Largest  Breeder  of  LEPIDOPTERA  in  the  British  Isles. 


X  -n  ■r»TT\/'\-r»n 


EXCHANGE. 

is  .n't  CtgSL^nte^t'th^^'S^  o,"  Advertisements,  1..  t.e  .Entomologist ■ 

one  Species/  This  Notice  is  ULeTtn  thrlr^^^         authenticity,   or  good    condition  of 

FlamSfs'^VrSZ'  ^^•■^"«'  ^^P*"' I^^— a   Lota,  Capucina,  Saucia,  Rostralis, 
riammealis,    Perlellus,    Geniculeus,    Badiata,    Defoliaria,    CentHureata     Lnitaria 

i)u^/.ca^...-Fertile  eggs  of  Fuscantaria  from  fine  dark  specio^ens      Deside 
a^a.-Larv*  of  Prunana,  Quercifolia,  or  cocoons  of  Bifida.     UrticS      nunt  of 
Porcellus  or  Tih-a,.-W.  Hewett ;  Howard  Street.  York  '    ^^ 

Duplicates.~B.\nsa,    Hjale,    Helice,   Sybilla,    Valezina,   Rhamni     Convolvuli 

black  xar.).     Desiderata.—Dommnla.  Mendica,  B.  Rnbi,  Quercifolia,  Svrin-aria 

(5)      Besulerata        Cmxm,  Atlialia,    Miniina,    Lmeola.    Gemina,  Baa,   Upsi  on 
^nnva,  FiBi.— W.  Crocker  ;   Westboicrne  Grove,  Torquay  upsuon, 

^«^jZica^es  -Euphrosyne  (8),  Aurinia^  (2);  C-Album*  (3),  Tithonus  (4).  Malvte 
(4),  Cribrum  (2),  Lubric.peda  var.  Radiata'"  (4),  Dispar^:=  (2).  Neustria*  (4)  Lithar- 
gyna  (4)  Comma  (4),  Impnra  (8),  Fulva  (6),  Persicaria>*  (3),  Ambigua  (3),  SufTusa 
(3),  begetum  (4)  Exclamatioms  (4),  Augur  (2),  Gotliica  (6),  Litura  (6),  Spadicea  (3), 
Pistacma  (4),  Capsmcola*  (2),  Clii  (4),  Lucipar.e  (4),  Prasina  (2).  Desiderata- 
rupiE:  Pavonia,  c\:c.  Ova:  Autumnaria,  Fuscantaria,  Qnercinaria,  Pennaria,  Para- 
lellana,  Fraxini,  Nupta,  Promissa,  Sponsa.— (?.  Henderson;  57,  Arnold  Road,  Old 
Basjord,  Nottingham. 

BujjUcates.—Angercma,  Prunana  (3),  Spilosoma,  Mentbastri,  Pvgsridce,  Buce- 
phala.  Desiderata.—Yerj  many,  especially  Noctu*.  —  i^o&erf  More;  Woodcote 
Mind  House,  Epsom. 

Duplicates.— Mouach%'--  Prasinana-  (4),  Miniata  (4).  Lota  (6),  Cerate  (2) 
Lithorlnza,  Stabilis,  Sponsa  (2),  L.  Comma  (5),  Tenebrosa  (5),  Suffusa  (6),  Festiva 
n  .-^^'^'^"^^<^^®a  (6)'  Pranana  (a  few,  males),  Atrata,  Tamiuata  (2),  Protea  (2). 
Desiderata.— Epiphron,  Rubricollis,  Fiili-iihi^a.  Leporina,  Menyanthidis,  Albo- 
venosa,  Turca,  Ochracea,  Cinerea,  Ripa.  Cui^.uui,  Precox,  Glareosa,  Macilenta, 
Rubigmea,  Xerampelina,  Ochroleuca,  Dianthcecias  (except  Cucnbali  and  Capsin- 
cola),  Herbida,  Tmcta,  Glauca,  Coutigua,  Solidaginis,  Vestuta  Exoleta,  Orbicularia 
White  pms.     Data.— i^'.  AI.  B.  Carr  ;  40,  Handen  Road,  Lee,  S.E. 

Duplicates.— T>omum\a.,-'  Jacobaeae,*  Monacha*  (nearly  black),  Oxyacanth:e- 
(brown  form),  Stellatarum,-  Autumuaria,^:^  Betularia.  Ova  of  Fuscantaria  and 
Popularis  ;  pup®  of  Jacobaise  and  Dicta3a.  Desiderata.— EeriWe  ova,  and  pup*.— 
L.  A.  Spencer;  52,  Burghleij  Road,  Higligate  Road.  N.W. 

Duplicates.— Ui-nith.  Dohertyi  (male  and  female),  Miranda  (hermaphrodi.'e), 
Croesus  (hermaphrodite),  Druryia,  Antimachus,  Morpho,  Octavia  (female);  also 
fine  Diuvnals  in  papers  from  Mexico,  8ao  Paulo,  and  Queensland.  Want  other 
rare  Exotic  Diurnals  in  exchange. —  W.  Dannatt ;  Donninqton,  Vanhrnah  Park, 
Blackheath,  S.E. 

Duplicates. — ^Edusa,  Ligustri."  Austrahs,  Puta,  Suifusa,  Saucia,  Trilinea,  Am- 
bigua, Xanthographa,  Exclamationis,  Cubicularis,  Psi.=:=  Gihago.  Ferruginea.  Pista- 
Gina,  Spadicea,  Oxyacanthie,  Testacea,  Oleracea,  Corticea,  Satellitia,  Hispida, 
Piniaria.     Desiderata. — Numerous. — JoJm  T.Hyde;   The  Grove,  Portland. 

Duplicates.— -Gilv&go-'-  (fine),  Ferruginea-  (fine),  Betularia  (black),  Oxj'acanthae, 
Segetum,  Ulmata,  and  many  others.  Black  pins.  Desiderata. — Numerous. — 
W.  E.  Baker  ;    Tilney  All  Saints,  King's  Lynn. 


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Contents  hf  January  Number. — Banks  and  Solan der's  Australian  Figs,  with 
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F.L.S.  Notes  on  African  Convolvidac<r ;  by  A.  B.  Rendle,  M.A.,  D.Sc.  Addi- 
tions to  the  Flora  of  West  Lancashire  ;  by  J.  A.  Wheldon  and  Albert  Wilson, 
F.L.S.  The  Box  in  Britain  ;  by  G.  R.  M.  Murray,  F.R.S,,  and  Cedric  Bucknall, 
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Carruthers,  F.R.S.,  and  A.  Lorrain  Smith.  Short  Notes.  Notices  of  Books. 
Articles  in  Journals.     Book-Notes,  News,  &c. 

LONDON  :     WEST,    NEWMAN    &    CO.,    54,    HATTON    GARDEN,    E.G. 


MEETINGS    OF    SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London  (11,  Chandos  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W.). 
— Wednesday,  February  6th,  at  8  p.m. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society  (Hibernia 
Chambers,  Loudon  Bridge,  S.E.). — Meetings  on  tlie  2nd  and  4th  Thursdays  in 
each  month  at  8  p.m. 

City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. — Tli(-' 
meetings  of  this  Society  (held  at  tlie  London  Institution,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.C.) 
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North  London  Natural  History  Society. — Meetings  are  held  on  the  let 
and  3rd  Thursdays  in  each  month  at  the  Sigdon  Road  Board  School  (close  to 
Hackney  Downs  Statiou,  G.E.R.),  at  7.45  p.m. 

Nonpareil  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society  (17,  Rahere  St., 
Goswell  Road,  E.C.).— Meeting  nights,  1st  and  3rd  Thursdays  in  each  month. 

Change  of  Address. — William  Mansbridge,  from  Glenwood,  Newferry,  to 
49,  Pendiill  Street,  Beverley  Road,  Hull. 


TO  CONTRIBUTORS.  — Papers,  Notes,  and  Communications,  on  all 
branches  of  Entomologj-,  are  solicited.  Contributors  are  requested  to  conform,  at 
far  as  possible,  to  the  following  rules:  —  All  Communications  must  be  clearly 
written  on  one  side  only  of  the  paper.  Generic  names  must  be  given  in  full, 
EXCKPTiNG  where  IMMEDIATELY  BtFORE  USED.  The  Editor  is  not  responsible  for 
unused  MS.,  neither  can  he  undertake  to  return  it,  unless  especially  asked  to 
do  so.  Contributors  of  the  more  important  articles  receive  six  copies  of  such 
articles.  NOTICES  of  EXCHANGE  (inserted  without  charge)  must  contain 
nothing  more  than  the  specific  names  of  the  duplicates  and  desiderata,  except 
when  two  insects  are  known  by  the  same  specific  name,  and  must  be  clearly 
written  on  one  side  only  of  the  paper.  All  notes,  papers,  books  for  review,  &c.. 
and  notices  of  exchange  should  be  sent  to  the  Editor — Richard  South, 
96,  DraJiefield  Road,  Upper  Tootina,  S.W. 


A.     LIONEL     CLARKE 

NATURAL-HISTORY  AGENT.  BARTON  STREET,  GLOUCESTER     ' 

UPPLIES  Collectors  with  every  land  of  nm.nnm.^  f^^  fi  i        ' 

'     Natural  History :  Cabinets,  hLTboI^'IZX  Netl  L""""  '"'"'^^  °^ 

S^^'l  ^^^^'    ?r^^^'    LEPIDOPTERA   and   COLioPTERA    .U      ke.t 
stocic  ni  large  quantities.  xj-iiv^iA,   ^vc.,    Kept 

..^1?  ^''I'^'f*  f"^^'  f  ^''^'  ^"  ^""^^"^  ^«  ^^l^^t  fro^'  including  ,nany  very  rare 
.oies.     List  of  clutches  sent  ,f  desired.     Large  buyers  liberally  dealtwitir' 

lievised  List  of  British  Lepidoptera,  now  ready,  post  free. 
NEW    AND    SECOND-HAND    BOOKS. 

xiu*n.MV.  Birds skinnedandpreparedforCabinetsorm«uutedbyskiIled.s«i«taMt« 
Full  general  Catalogue  and  Special  List  of  Eggs  and  Skins,  post  free. 

N.B.—No  agents,  and  onli/  one  address  as  above. 
THE      P  R  A  C  tT^TiT^XbTn^^  1iIk¥r7  ^ 

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(Established  1847.) 
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achers.  Colleges,  Students,  &o.  MuseUs'fit^ed  anfar  an./d  bSly  Z^^^^ 
BiNET  for  Birds-  Eggs  and  Skins.  The  Drawers  gradua?e1n  depfh  and'^.r^  «« 
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HERBERT    W.    MARSDEN, 

TURAL     HISTORY     AGENT     AND     BOOKSELLER, 

40.    TRIANGLE    West.   CLIFTON,   BRISTOL. 

est  and  best  Stock  in  Eneland  of   EUKOPEAN   LEPIDOPTERA,   moderate  prices. 
Exotic  Lepldoptera.  Coleoptera,  Orthoptera,  &c. 
Preserved    Larvse   of  Rai^e    British    Lepidoptei^a. 
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Botanical  Cases,  Drying  Paper,  etc.— British  &  Exotic  Shells. 

fHE    .MOST   RELIABLE    SxOCK   OF  BIEDS'    SKINS    AXD   BIRDS'    EGGS    IN    Brit^mn. 

New  and  Second-hand  Books.— Exchange  and  Label  Lists. 
hological  Catalogue,  August,  1897,  now  ready  ;  also  Shell  Catalogue  ;  Entomological 
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^■B.  —  Mr.  Marsden'.-i  business  was  entirely  removed  from  Glcucister  in  1S89. 


88  ])p.,  with  many  Illustrations,  price  6d. 

pLIES    INJURIOUS    TO    STOCK.      Being  Life-h 

-*         tories  and  Means  of  Prevention  of  a  few  kinds  commonly  injmious,  \i 
special  observations  on  Ox  Warble,  or  Bot  Fly. 


40 pp.,  ivith  vianij  Illustrations,  2»'ice  3d. 

r\X  WARBLE  FLY,  or  BOT   FLY.     Life  history,  <! 

^-^      With   Methods  of  Prevention   and  Remedy.      Eepriuted  from  '  Flies 
JURious  TO  Stock.' 


London:    SIMPKIN,  MARSHALL,  HAMILTON,  KENT  &  CO. 
(Limited),  Stationers'  Hall  Court,  E.C. 


BIRDSNESTINQ  &  BIRD=SKINNINQ.  A  Compk 
Description  of  the  Nests  and  Eggs  of  Birds  which  Breed  in  Brita 
by  Edward  Newman.  —  Second  Edition,  with  Directions  for  Collecting  a 
Preservation  ;  a  Chapter  on  Bird-skinning ;  and  Description  and  Woodcuts 
the  lustruments  necessary  to  the  Collector.  By  Miller  Christy.  Cloth  exl 
Fcap  8vo.     Price  Is. 

WEST,    NEWMAN   &    CO.,    54,   Hatton    Garden,    London,    E.C. 

THE    BRADY    CABINET. 

ENTOMOLOaiCAL  CABINETS  on  an  IMPROVED  PRINOIPL 

Ten   Shillings  per   Drawer. 

'T'HESE  welUknown  CABINETS  are  Manufactun 

*  of  well-seasoned  Mahogany,  with  wood  or  plate-gla 
panels  to  doors.  Letters  of  recommendation  can  be  sent 
desired. 

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The   Insect  Hunter's   Companion 

instructions    for 
COLLECTING,     PtEARING,     SETTING,     AND     PRESERVIN 
ENTOMOLOGICAL     SPECIMENS. 
By  the  Rev.  JOSEPH  GREENE,  M.A.    Revised  and  Extended  by  A.  B.  EARN. 

CONTENTS. — Butterflies  and  Moths.  The  Egg  :  searching;  boxing  fern 
moths ;  pairing  insects.  The  Larva :  rearing ;  sleeving ;  collecting  lai'v 
beating;  the  Bignell  Tray;  sweeping;  searching;  to  find  larvye  by  nigl 
hj'beruating  larvae  ;  removing  the  pupae  ;  describing  larvse  ;  parasites  of  larv 
preserving  larv*.  The  Pupa  :  pupa-digging  ;  remarks  ;  hints  ;  forcing.  2 
Imago  :  localities  ;  net ;  motking  ;  honey-dew  ;  sugaring  ;  taking  Lepidoptera 
light ;  indoor  light ;  grouting  ;  smoking  ;  killing  ;  relaxing,  &c.  ;  setting  ;  greas 
mites ;  mould ;  cabinets  and  store-boxes ;  painting ;  arrangement  and  nom( 
clature  ;  number  of  specimens  and  manner  of  placing  ;  relaxing  ;  transmission 
insects,  larva,  and  eggs  by  post ;  entomological  diary,  books,  &c.  Coucludi 
observations.  A  chapter  on  Micro-Lepidopteea  by  A.  B.  Earn  ;  on  Coleopti 
by  Edward  Newman  ;  ou  Hymenoptep.a  by  Frederick  Smith  ;  on  breeding  Ga: 
FLIES  by  Edward  A.  Fitch. 

Price    One    Shilling;     postage    Twopence. 
London:    WEST,   NEWMAN  d-  CO.,   54,   Hatton   Garden,  E.C 


HAS  F™  saS™b^'  ,*'""^"'"'  ^^f*'  Snssex, 


.aria,  I>.  P„p„li.  4„.     F„/p',":2'a|S V  ^faSi     '"""  """  "' ''™-"»'  "'"«=«" 
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colleotiM,Mn  several  good  loSe'       FofpLtTcula;V''f-     f^l!"^   ^^^'^"   '"«»*h8' 
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P^Bf)x1^s'^7fl^    nearly  new,   book   pattern,  "sTORE- 
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app™val._  Apniy.  '■  A.."  wj,  NeS  It  S.'   '''"''""'"  "" 

LIST   OF   BRITISH   AND   IRISH    SpTdeRS 

Bv  THE  Rev.  OCTAVIUS  _  PIGKARD-GAMBRIDGE, 

PRICE     THREE     SHILLINGS 
FOR    SALE    CHEAP. 

A  Collection  of  British  Butterflies  &  IVIoths 

MARKED    LISTS    ON    APPUCATION 

^JPJ^T^^  e/o  W.S.  N™..  .  Co., 

.rantiana,  Utura,  Tragopogon.s.  4d.    F.Svago.  .d.    si^hinx^t'^B' Mor"  SilS'h.^d. 

S^L^morH^^^J^^^^:;'^'''''  •'^.^P^'-'^'  f™-  Queensland   2s-  Gd.  per  doz. 
'rnyi   is   3d  ea?;     f^^D    -Atlas.    8s.    6d.      Myllita.  Yama-mai,   Polyphemus   and 

fid      p'vn?  ,■    L""f'Py"'ls-    Cecrop.a,  Promethea,  8d.    Cynthia.  6d,    Ceanothi, 

■  cv/^?.^^"'^Vv°'^'^-  '^^'1  ^'^^  ^°<^  "^"^^'^'  2s-  6d.  and  3s.  6d.  per  doz. 

EXOTIC   COLEOPTERA.-Handsorae  mixed  Species  Is.  (Jd..  Ss  fid    and  .is  do/ 
imerocerous  Beetles,  4d.  each.  '  "°  • 

EXOTIC    HYMENOPTERA,  in  papers,  Is.  doz. 

«i^  Ti'^^    LEPIDOPTERA.  — Named   specimens,  all  dilfereni  :-25   Geometrie 
,th?"7e  ftf^^^^r-  ^'^  '^'^  Borabycid.v,   2s.   fid.     100   mixed  species   Butterflies  and 
'ins,  7s.  6d.     12  named  Micros,  Is.    26  do.,  2s.     Special  reduced  price-li.st  of  Lepido- 
All  the  above  are  itpleiidid  value.     Inspection  incited. 


■ra  free 


Box  and  po.stage,  2d.  extra.  One  Year  Lists  of  Ova,  Larvas.  Pupie,  In.sects,  and 
plus  btock,  bales,  Wants,  Ac,  as  issued.  Is.  Cabinet  Cork,  II  x  3^,  Is.  fid  per  doz  • 
t  ditto.  Is.  lOi.  par  doi5.     Chip  Boxes,  nested,  Is.  (3d.  per  gross. 

'Bird  Stuffing  and  Mounting'   (Illustrated,  Cloth),  Is.;  'The  Larvae  Collector's 
t\4       Calendar'  (Cloth  Cover,  Fcap  8vo),  Is.;  'Lepidoptera  Collecting'  (Illus- 
'IV    r'V  .^»  Collecting  and  Nesting,'  Is.;  'Animal,  Fish  and  Reptile  Stuffing,' 
6d. ;  Label  List,  British  Macro-Lepidoptera,  6d. 

&  W.  DAVIS,  31-33,  Hythe  Street,  DARTFORD. 


(J  O  N  T  E  N  T  «. 


The  late  John  Henry  Leech,  33.  Further  Notes  on  Sinhalese  Rhynchota,  G.  W. 
Kirhaldy,  38.  Forcing  Agrotis  ashworthii,  Robert  Tait,  Jun.,  40.  The 
Oldest  Existing  Moth,  F.  W.  Frohawk,  42.  Oporabia  autumnata  at  Home, 
J.  E.  B.  Allen,  43.  Caradrina  ambigua  in  Hampshire,  J.  H.  Foivler,  45. 
Marginal  Wing  Bristles  in  Lepidoptera,  Atnhrose  Quail,  47.  Notes  on  some 
Rhynchota  collected  chiefly  in  China  and  Japan  by  Mr.  T.  B.  Fletcher,  G.  W. 
Kirkaldy,  49. 

Notes  and  Obskrvations. — Emergence  of  Drepana  binaria  (Platypteryx  binaria) 
extending  over  Three  Months,  Leonard  A.  Spencer,  52.  The  Stridulation  of 
Corixa,  G.  W.  Kirkaldy,  52  Swammerdam  on  the  Dragonfly  Nymph,  W.  J. 
Lucas,  ij'd.  Notes  on  Britisli  Dragonflies,  C.  W.  Dale,  63.  Evening  Flight  of 
Butterflies,  T.  B.  Fletcher,  54.  Xyphidia  camelus,  C.  W.  Dale,  54.  Insect 
Fauna  of  Middlesex,  H.  Boioland-Brown,  54.     New  Work  on  British  Diptera, 

55.  List  of  British  Spiders,  55.  Ortlioptera,  G.  W,  Kirkaldy,  55.  Revised 
List  of  Cheshire  Lepidoptera,  G.  O.  Day,  55. 

Captures  and  Field  Repokis. — Acherontia  atropos  in  Suffolk,  H.  W.  Baker,  53. 
Acherontia  atropos  in  N.  Staffordshire,  F.  C.  Woodforde,  55.  Colias  edusa  in 
N.  Staffordshire;  in  S.  Wales;  F.  C.  Woodforde,  56.  Colias  edusa  in  1900, 
A.  S.  Tetley,  56.     Macroglossa  stellatarum  at  Cranbrook,  Kent,  A.  Marshall, 

56.  Nonagria  neuriea  var.  dissoluta  {TreitscJike),  Gervase  F.  Mathew,  56. 
Hemerobius  stigma  (limbatus)  in  December,  W.  J.  Litcas,  56.  Chcerocampa 
nerii  in  Scotland,  56.  Cleora  glabraria  in  Scotland,  John  A.  Nix,  56.  Vanessa 
polychloros  in  1900.  Sydney  Webb,  57.  Vanessa  antiopa  i»i  Surrey,  1900, 
L.  M.  Scth-Smith,  57.  Vanessa  urticae,  A.  Marshall,  57.  Vanessids  in  1'.  00, 
C.  W.  Colthrup,  A.  Marshall,  57  ;  G.  B.  Routledge,  T.  H.  Day,  Hugh  J. 
Vinall,  58.  Early  Appearance  of  Biston  pilosaria,  W.  Feather,  58.  Late 
Butterflies,  •/.  B.  Pilley,  58.     Notes  from  Craiibrook,  Kent,  A.  Marshall,  58. 

Societies. — Entomological  Society  of  London,  59.     South  London  Entomological 

and  Natural  History  Society,  60. 
Recent  Literature,  63. 


Communications  Received. — C.  Baker,  A.  Cardinall,  J.  T.  Hyde,  C.  D.  Snell, 
J.  W.  Vaughan,  F.  H.  and  G.  E.  Peachell,  G.  A.  K.  Marshall,  And.  Adie  Dalglish, 
T.  D.  A.  Cockerell,  G.  E.  Green,  B.  L.  Middleton,  and  others. 


NOTICE. — Subscriptions  for  1901  are  now  due,  and  siiouid  be  sent  to 
WEST,  [NEWMAN  d  CO.,  54,  Hatton  Garden,  London,  E.G.  The  Subscription 
is  Six  Shiliings  per  annum,  post  free. 


DR.  STAUDINQER  &  BANG-HAAS,  Blasewitz- Dresden,  in  their 
new  Price  List,  No.  XLIV.,  offer  more  than  15,01)0  Species  of  well-named 
LEPIDOPTERA,  set  or  in  papers,  from  all  parts  of  the  worhl,  in  finest  condition  ; 
1300  kinds  of  PREPARED  LARVAE  ;  numerous  LIVING  PUP^,  &c.  Separate 
Price  Lists  for  COLEOPTERA  (20,000  species),  for  HYMENOPTERA  (3000 
species),  DIPTERA  (1900),  HEMIPTERA  (2000),  ORTHOPTERA  (1000), 
NEUROPTERA  (550).     Discount  for  Cash-orders.     Prices  low. 


JAMES     GARDNER, 

iVTANOFACTaRER  of  ALL   KINDS  of  ENTOMOLOGICAL   APPARATUS 

•2i)  (late  426),  OXE'OKD    STllEET 
(Nearly    opposite    Tottenham    Court    Road). 

PRICED   LISTS    ON    APPLICATION. 

All  ArMclt>s  GuHiHiileed;  exchanged  if  uol  approved  of.     I'Viendw   ami  Oust*  iners 
are  reijuepted  to  note  the  Addrofis,  as  iniHtaken  oconr  daily. 


DOUBLE     NUMBER.    With  Two  Plates. 


Vol.   XXXIV.l  MARCH,     1901.  [No.  454. 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST 


lllustrateb  |ournal 


GENERAL    ENTOMOLOGY. 


EDITED      BY     RICHARD     SOUTH,     F.E.S. 

WITH     THK    ASSISTANCE     OF 

ROBEKT   ADKIN,  F.E.S.  j  W.  F.  KIKBY,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 

W.  L.  DISTANT,  F.E.S.,  &c.  G.  W.  KIKKALDY,  F.E.S. 

EDWARD  A.  FITCH,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.  |  W.  J.  LUCAS,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

F.W.FEOHAWK,  F.E.S.,  M.B.O.U.  i  Dr.  D.  SHARP,  F.K.S.,  F.E.S.,  &c 

MARTIN  JACOBY,  F.E.S.  I  G.  H.  VERRALL,  F.E.S. 

"  By  mutual  confidence  and  mutual  aid 
Great  deeds  are  done  and  great  discoveries  made." 


(VIA,  .'30^ 


LONDON: 

WEST,  NEWMAN    &    CO.,    54,    HATTON    GARDEN; 

SIMPKIN,   MARSHALL,   HAMILTON,   KENT  k.  CO.,   Limited. 


Price   One   Shilling. 


VS^ATKINS     &     DONCASTER 

^aliirallsts  and  Baiiufacturers  of  Ktilomolo^lfal  Apparatus  and  Cabinet*. 

Plain  Ring  Nets,  wire  or  cane,  including  Stick,  Is.  3d.,  28.,  2s.  6d.  Folding  Net; 
3s  6d  48  Umbrella  Nets  (self-acting),  78.  Pocket  Boxes,  6d.,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6c 
Zinc  Relaxing  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d.,  28.  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  7d.  per  four  dozec 
Entomological  Pins,  assorted  or  mixed,  1.,  Is.  6d.  per  oz.  Pocket  Lanterns,  2s.  6c 
to  88.  Suearine  Tin,  with  brush.  Is.  6d.,  2s.  Sugaring  Mixture,  ready  for  usi 
Is  9d  perlin.  Store  Boxes,  with  camphor  cells,  2s.  6d.,  48.,  6s.,  Gs.  Settin 
Boards,  flat  or  oval.  1  in.,  6d. ;  U  in.,  8d. ;  2in.,10d.;  2Un  Is  ;  3i  in.,  Is.  4d. 
4  in  Is  6d. ;  5  in..  Is.  lOd. ;  Complete  Set  of  fourteen  Boards,  lOs.  bd.  Settm 
Houses  98  6d.,  lis.  6d. ;  corked  back,  148.  Zinc  Larva  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6( 
Breeding  Cage,  2s.  6d.,  4s.,  5s.,  Ts.  fid.  Coleopterist's  Collecting  Bottle,  with  tub< 
Is  6d  Is.  8d.  Botanical  Cases,  japanned,  double  tin.  Is.  6d.,  2s.  9d.,  3s.  6d.,  48.  6c 
Botanical  Paper,  Is.  Id.,  Is.  4d.,  Is.  9d.,  2s.  2d.,  per  quire.  Insect  Glazed  Case, 
28  6d  to  lis.  Cement  for  replacing  Antennae,  4d.  per  bottle,  bteei  i^orcep 
Is'  6d.,  2s.,  2s.  6d.  ner  pair.  Cabinet  Cork,  7  by  3i,  best  quality.  Is.  4d.  per  doze 
sheets.  Brass  Chloroform  Bottle,  28.  6d.  Insect  Lens,  Is.  to  8s.  Glass-top  ar 
Glass-bottomed  Boxes  from  Is.  per  dozen.  Zinc  Kilhng  Box,  9d.,  Is.  Puj 
Digger,  in  leather  sheath.  Is.  9(1.     Taxidevmist's  Companion,  containing  mo 

necessary  implements   for  skinning,  IOh.  6.1.     Scalpels,  Is.  3d. ;   Scissors,  28.  p. 

pair;  Egg-drills,  2d.,  3d.,  9d ;   Blowpipes,  4d.,  <;d. ;  Artificial  Eyes  for  Birds  ar 

Animals;  Label-hsts  of  Britisl.  Butterflies,  2d.;  ditto  of  Birds'  Eggs,  2d.,  3d.,  6d 

ditto  of  Land  and  Fresli-wHler  Shells,  2d.;  Useful  Books  on  Insects,  Eggs,  &c. 
Noto   ready.-The  EXCHANGE    LIST  and    LABEL   LIST.     Compiled  I 

Mr.  Ed.  Meyrick,  B.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  according  to  his  recent  '  Handbook 

British   Lepidoptera.'      Exchange  Lists,  id.  each ;    4d.  per  doz. ;    Label   Lisl 

9d.  each. 

Our  new   Label-list  of  British  Macro-Lepidoptera,  with   Latin  and  Englii 

names.  Is.  6d.     Our  new  Complete  Catalogue  of  British  Lepidoptera  (every  speci 

numbered),  Is. ;  or  printed  on  one  side  for  labels,  2s. 

The  "  Dixon"  Lamp-net  (invaluable  for  taking  moths  off  street-lamps  witho 

climbing  the  lamp-posts),  recently  improved,  3s.  6d. 

SHOW      ROOM       FOR      CABINETS 

Of  every  description  for  Insects,  Birds'  Egos,  Coins,  Migrosoopioal  Objkoi 
Fossils,  &c.     Catalogue  (96  pp.)  sent  on  application,  post  free. 
A    LARGE    STOCK    OF    INSECTS    AND    BIRDS'    EGGg 

(BRITISH,    KOROPEAN,    AND    KXOTIO). 

Birds,  Mammals,  dc,  Preserved  and  Mounted  by  First-olass  Workmen. 
Only  Address : — 
36  STRAND,  W.C.,  LONDON  (5  doors  from  Oharinq  Cross 

NATURAL     HISTORY     AGENT     AND     BOOKSELLER. 

W.    LONG  LEY, 

ENTOMOLOGICAL    CABINET    AND    APPARATUS    MAKE 
12,  White  Hart  Street,  Catherine  Street,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 

NETS,  BREEDING  =  CAQES,  and  Apparatus  of  every  descriptio 
CABINETS  for  Insects;   Birds'  Eggs;    Minerals;    Shells;    Coins;  &,c.,  i 
Pocket  Boxes,  Store  Boxes,  and  Book  Boxes.     Sheets  of  Cork  any  size. 

OVA,     LARV/E,     AND     PUP/€. 

A  Large  Assortment  always  on  hand.     Send  for  Price  List  to 

H.   W.    HEAD,    Entomologist,    SCARBOROUGI 

The  Largest  Breeder  of  LEPIDOPTERA  in  the  British  Isles. 
ir.,ii   T.Jaf.  nf  T.-RPTDOPTF.RA.  Apparatus.  Cabinets,   &c.,  sent  on  applicatn 


EXCHANGE. 

Duplicates.— Fndihunda.'-  Well  set  on  black  pins.  Desiderata.— Very  nume- 
rous;  black  pins.— TT''.  B.  Butler;   The  Bank,  High  Street,  Taunton. 

Duplicates.— Fu^is  of  American  Silk  Moth  (Telea  Polyphemus).  Desiderata 
—Exotic  Pupte  and  Lepidoptera.— H.  J.  Thouless ;  Coffe,  College  Road,  Nonvich. 

Desiderata.  —  Erycinidae  of  the  world.  Offer  North,  Central,  and  South 
American  Diurni ;  also  North  American  birds'  eggs  and  Indian  relics.— Levi  W 
Mengel ;  Boys'  High  School,  Reading,  Pa.,  U.S.A. 

Duplicates. — E.  Fuscantaria  ova.  Desiderata.  — Larvae  of  A.  VilHca,  pupae  of 
A.  Mendica,  larvas  of  L.  Quercifolia,  larvae  of  A,  Prunaria,  pupa;  of  E.  Dolabraria, 
pupffi  of  E.  Omicronaria,  S.  Lunaria  and  S.  Illustraria,  or  offers.— py.  Hewett ; 
12,  Howard  Street,  Yorh. 

Duplicates.— ¥\\\\-ied  larva;  of  Fimbria.— W.  Boiid  Smith;  Potton,  Beds. 

Duplicates. — Gilvago-  (fine),  Betularia*  (black),  Oxyacanthae,  Protea,"-  Fimbria, 
Ferruginea-  (fine),  Oleracea,*  Nupta  (fine),  EubricoUis  (good),  Adippe,  Edusa, 
Rhamni,  Selene,  Fimbria  larvae,  and  many  others.  Black  pins.  Desiderata.  — 
Numerous. — W.  E.  Baker ;    Tilney- All- Saints,  Kings  Lynn. 

Duplicates. — Miranda  (male  and  female),  Dohertyi  (male  and  female),  Brooki- 
ana  (male  and  female)  Morphos,  Octavia  (female),  Gordarti ;  also  specimens  in 
paper,  in  fine  condition,  from  Mexico,  Sao  Paulo,  Peru,  &c.     Desiderata. — Other 

rare   Exotic    Diurnals. Walter   Dannatt ;    Donnington,    75,    Vanhrugh  Park, 

Blackheath,  S.E. 

Changes  of  Address. — "W.  J.  Lucas,  fr-07n  12,  Caversham  Road,  to  28,  Knight's 
Park,  Kingston-on-Thames  ;  Alfred  T.  Mitchell, /roin  5,  Clayton  Terrace,  Gunners- 
bury,  to  1,  Woodland  Cottages,  594,  High  Road,  Chiswick,  W. ;  H.  W.  Shepheard- 
Walwyn,/rom  Glensyde,  Bidborough,  Tunbridge  Wells,  to  Dalwhinnie,  Purley. 

Insect  Fauna  of  Warwickshire. — I  am  preparing  a  list  of  the  insects  of  this 
county,  with  the  assistance  of  friends,' and  should  be  glad  of  any  information  and 
lists  of  captures  from  any  entoiaologists  who  have  collected  in  the  county.  Any 
contributions  will  be  fully  acknowledged. — ^Colbran  J.  Wainwright  ;  2,  Hands- 
worth  Wood  Road,  Birmingham. 


MEETINGS    OP    SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London  (11,  Chandos  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W.). 
— Wednesday,  March  6th,  at  8  p.m. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society  (Hibernia 
Chambers,  London  Bridge,  S.E.). — Meetings  on  the  2nd  and  4th  Thursdays  in 
each  month  at  8  p.m. 

City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society, — The 
meetings  of  this  Society  (held  at  the  London  Institution,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.C.) 
will  take  place  on  the  1st  and  3rd  Tuesdays  in  each  month,  from  7.30  to  10  p.m. 

North  London  Natural  History  Society. — Meetings  are  held  on  the  Ist 
and  3rd  Thursdays  in  each  month  at  the  Sigdon  Road  Board  School  (close  to 
Hackney  Downs  Station,  G.E.R.),  at  7.45  p.m. 

Nonpareil  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society  (17,  Eahere  St., 
Go  well  Road,  E.C.).— Meeting  nights,  1st  and  3rd  Thursdays  in  each  month. 


TO   BE   SOLD.— A  few  of  the  most  beautiful 

EXOTIC     BUTTERFLIES. 

£  s.  d. 

A  lovely  pair  of  Ornithoptera  paradisea,  finest  condition     7  10  0 

^,                    in  good  condition     6  0  0 

A  splendid  male  of  Ornithoptera  paradii<ea,  finest  condition     5  0  0 

in  good  condition     4  0  0 

A  splendid  male'of  Ornithoptera  trojana,  finest  condition     5  0  0 

HERMANN  ROLLE,  Naturhistor.  Institut  N.  Berlin,  Elsasserstrasse  47/48. 


A.     LIONEL     CLARKE, 

NATURAL-HISTORY  AGENT,  BARTO  STREET,  GLOUCESTER, 

8~  UPPLIES  Collectors  with  every  kind  of  apparatus  for  tlie  various  branches  ol 
Natural  History :  Cabinets,  Store  Boxes,  Butterfly  Nets,  &c. 

BIRDS'    EGGS,   SKINS,   LEPIDOPTEEA  and   COLEOPTERA,  &c.,  kept 
in  stock  iu  large  quantities. 

The  largest  stock  of  Eggs  in  England  to  select  from,  including  many  very 

species.     List  of  clutches  sent  if  desired.     Large  buyers  liberally  dealt  with. 

lievised  List  of  British  Lepidoptera,  noiv  ready,  imst  free. 

NEW    AND    SECOND-HAND    BOOKS. 

Taxidermy.  Birds  skinned  and  prepared  for  Cabinets  or  mounted  by  skilled  assistants 

Full  general  Catalogue  and  Special  List  of  Eggs  and  Skins,  post  free. 

N.B. — No  aqents,  and  only  one  address  as  above. 


THE      PRACTICAL      CABINET      MAKEKS. 

J.   T.  CROCKETT   &   SON, 

(Established  1847.) 
yyiAKERS   of    every   Description   and    Size   of    Cabinets,    Cases, 

Stork-Boxes,  Apparatus  and  Appliances,  and  Dealers  in  all  kinds  of 
Specimens  for  Entomologists,  Botanists,  Ornithologists,  Geologists,  Minkb- 
ALOGisTS,  Numismatists,  Conchologists,  &c.,  and  for  the  use  of  Lecturers,  Science 
Teachers,  Colleges,  Students,  &o.  Museums  fitted  and  arranged.  Specially  made 
Cabinet  for  Birds'  Eggs  and  Skins.  The  Drawers  graduate  in  depth  and  are  all 
interchangeable.    All  Best  Work.     Estimates  given. 

All  goods  at  Store  Prices.     Great  advantages  in  dealing  direct  with  Makers. 

Send  for  fall  detailed  Price  List  before  ordering  elsewhere. 

7a,    princes    street,    cavendish    square,     LONDON,    W. 

Faotories :  34,  Riding  House  Street  and  Ogle  Street.  W. 

ESTABLISHED    1851^  ~~~ 

SouiHAMPT.  N  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  W.C. 

CURRENT    ACCOUNTS 

20/     on  the  minimLim    inonthly   balances,  when      0°/ 
/o  not    drawn     below    £100.  ^  /o 

DEPOSIT     ACCOUNTS 
Xo     /q        °^     Deposits,    i-epayable    on    demand.  Ol  °/ 

STOCKS    AND     SHARES 

Stocks    and    Shares    purchased    and    sold    for    customers. 

The    BIRKBECK  ALMANACK,  with  full  particulars,  post  free. 

FKANCIS   RAVENSCEOFT,   Manager. 

HERBERT    W.    MARSE^ENi, 

NATURAL     HISTORY     AGENT     AND     BOOKSELLER, 
40,    TRIANGLE   West,  CLIFTON,   BRISTOL. 

Largest  and  best  Stock  in  England  of   EUEOPEAN   LEPIDOPTEEA,    moderate  prices. 

Exotic  Lepidoptera,  Coleoptera,  Orthoptera,  &c. 

Pj'eserved    Larvae   of  Rare    British    Lepidoptera. 

Cabinets  and  Apparatus  for  Entomologists,  Oologists,  Ornithologists,  Botanists,  &o. 

Botanical  Cases,  Drying  Paper,  Ac— British  &  Exotic  Shells. 

The  most  reliable  Stock  of  BIKDS'  SKINS  and  BIRDS'  EGGS  in  Britain. 

New  and  Second-hand  Books.— Exchange  and  Label  Lists. 

Ornithological  Catalogue,  August,  1897,  now  ready  ;  also  Shell  Catalogue  ;  Entomological 

Catalogue  in  preparation. 
N.B. — Mr.  Marsden's  business  was  entirely  removed  from  Gloucester  in  1889. 


THOS.  SALVAGE,  Arlington,  Berwick,  Sussex, 

I^T  !SpA^K^'^\^r-  ^"^  -"i'"^.'^'  Specimens  of  Sinapis.  Rliamni.  ]5landina, 
r  u  ^:  ■^'^"™'  /Jiiios,  C.ynipiforuiis,  Musciformis.  Hera,  Villica.  Salicis 
[onacha  (vai-s  ),  Ajucana  Erosaria.  Smaragdaria,  Furcula  DilSa  [va  s  ' 
mb.gua  Alb.stn^^lIs  Barbahs,  C.  Encellus,  and  many  others;  fine  Healthy 
UnTbl  nT?  ?'  ^r""'"^"^  Curtula  rUn.traria,  Consortaria,  Polycommata,  AstzS 
italbataUmfasciata  and  many  otl^er  species;  Fertile  Ova  of  Erosaria,  Fuscan- 
iria,  P.  Popnh,  &c.     For  Prices  apply  as  above. 

A   few  Subscribers   are    wanted  for  the   season  1901.     About   seven   months' 
)nectin-  m  several  good  locaHties.     For  particulars  apply  at  above  address. 

I^OR  SALE—IS  nearly  new,  book  pattern,  STORE- 
BOXES,  fitting  in  cabinet  with  orlass  panel  doors,  cost 
10,  price  £5.  Also  several  thousand  LEPIDOPTER A  and 
OLEOPTERA  at  half  to  third  ordinary  rates  ;  selections  on 
^proval.     Apply,  "A.,"  West,  Newman  &  Co. 

THE    BRADY    CABINET^ 

NTOMOLOaiOAL  CABINETS  on  an  IMPEOVED  PRINCIPLE. 
Ten    Shilluujs  per  Drawer. 

pHESEwen=known  CABINETS  are  Manufactured 

of  well-seasoned  Mahogany,  with  wood  or  plate-glass 
mels  to  doors.  Letters  of  recommendation  can  be  sent  if 
isired. 

C.  BRADY  &  SONS,  Lower  Pore  Street,  Edmonton,  G.E.R. 

JK  tARV^,  PUP^,  Cheap  EXOTIC  LEPIDOPTERA,  &c. 

FERTILE  OVA.— Per  (Zi*-.— Sponsa,  Fuscantaria,  Erosaria,  9d.  Niipta,  Pistacina, 
vinaria,  Pyramidea.  4d.  Antiqua,  Dispar,  Monacha,  An<^ularia,  3d.  T.  Crat:egi,  6d. 
•antiaria,  Litura,  Tragopogonis,  4d.  Fulvaso,  9d.  Sphinx,  Is.  B.  Mori,  Silkmotb,  3d. 
HEALTHY  LARV/E.— /Vr  f/o~.— Quercus,  9d.  Sambucata,  Is.  Hera,  4s.  6d. 
a,  Vilhca,  Quercifolia,  &c.  (shortly). 

PUP/E.  — AJac/t.— Machaon,  Elpenor,  Ocellatus,  Lisustri,  Vimila,  Anachoreta, 
rahinaria.  Isogramraata,  Porata,  Callunffi,  Testudo,  Dromedarius,  3d.  Tihaj,  Asteris. 
nula.  Umbra,  AseUus,  Cliryzona,  Orion,  4d.  Absynthii,  Furcula,  Versicolora, 
cellus,  Polycommata,  5d.  Bifida,  Flammea,  Trepida,  6d.  Sinuata,  9d.  Trimacula, 
ulla.  Chaonia,  lOd.  Popuh,  Verbasci,  Curtula,  Ziczac,  Camehna,  Lacertula,  Flavi- 
ns, Prasinana,  Pudibunda,  Psi,  Punctaria,  Putris,  Lanestris,  2d.  Palpiua,  Omicro- 
la,  2Jd.  Megacephala,  Muitistrigaria,  Bucephala,  Pigra,  Menthastri,  l|d. 
LIVING  COCOONS,  SILKM0TH5.— See  Special  List. 

SILKMOTHS,  BRED. —Atlas,  3s.  6d.  Myllita,  Yama-mai,  Polyphemus  and 
ayi.  Is.  3d.  each.  Luna,  Pyri,  Is.  Cecropia,  Promethea,  8d.  Cynthia,  6d,  Coanothi, 
3d.  Exotic  moths,  well  set  and  named,  '2s.  6d.  and  3s.  Gd.  per  doz. 
BRITISH  LEPIDOPTERA. —Named  specimens,  all  different :— 2-5  Geometrse 
3d.  25  Noctuffi,  2s.  25  Bomljycid;^ ,  2s.  od.  100  mixed  species  Butterflies  and  Moths, 
id.  12  named  Micros,  Is.  26  do.,  2s.  Special  reduced  price-list  of  Lepidoptera  frea. 
All  the  above  are  t^plendid  value.  Inspection  iniuted.  lio.v  and  postage  2d.  extra. 
^ewm.\.n's  Butterflies  and  Moths,  new,  published  at  25s.,  offered  at  12s.  6d.  Kirby 
Spence's  Entomology,  3s.  6d.  Entomologists'  Annual,  1856-1870,  Is.  6d.  each. 
SON  AND  Bonaparte's  American  Ornithology,  4  vols.,  6s. 

'ne  Year  Lists  of  Ova,  Larv;e,  Pupm,  Insects,  and  Surplus  Stock,  Sales,  Wants,  &c. 
sued.  Is.  Cabinet  Cork,  11  x  3i,  Is.  6d.  per  doz. ;  best  ditto.  Is.  lOd.  per  doz.  Chip 
!s,  nested,  Is.  6d.  per  gross. 

Bird  Stuffing  and  Mounting'  (Illustrated,  Cloth),  Is.;  'The  Larvae  CoHector's 
le  and  Calendar'  (Cloth  Cover,  Fcap  Bvo),  Is.;  'Lepidoptera  Collecting'  (lUu.-^- 
id)  Is. ;  '  Egg  Collecting  and  Nesting,'  Is. ;  '  Animal,  Fish  and  Reptile  Stuffing,' 
Id. ;  Label  List,  British  Macro-Lepidoptera,  6d. 

&  W.  DAVIS,  31-33,  Hythe  Street,  DARTFORD. 


(J  U  IM  T  Hi  JN   1  ». 


Odonata  in  1900  (with  two  Plates),  W.  J.  Lucas,  65.  Neuroptera,  "other  tha 
Odonata,  in  1900,  W.  J.  Lucas,  70.  The  Naval  Manoeuvres  of  1900,  from  a 
Entomologist's  point  of  view,  T.  B.  Fletcher,  71.  On  the  Female  Pouch  i 
Acraea,  Guy  A.  E.  Marshall,  73.  Synopsis  of  Experiments  in  Hjbridizatic 
and  Temperature  made  with  Lepidoptera  up  to  the  end  of  1898,  Prof.  D 
Max  Standfuss,  75.  Names  of  Legs  of  Insects,  G.  H.  Verrall,  84.  Cat: 
logue  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  Ireland :  Supplementary  List,  W.  F.  de  Visim 
Kane,  85.  Descriptions  of  Two  New  Species  of  Phyllomoi-phinas  (Heter 
ptera,  Fam.  Coreidse)  (with  illustrations).  W.  L.  Distant,  88.  Notes  on  sou 
Cocciiise  of  the  Earlier  Writers,  'T.  D.  A.  Cocherell,  90.  The  Study  of  Lif 
history,  E.  J.  Burgess  Sopp,  93. 

Notes  and  Obskrvations. — Tsniocampa  gracilis  Laying  its  Eggs  on  a  Piece 
Sponge,  Gervase  F.  Mathew,  97.     Sugaring  Lamps,  Gervase  F.  Matheio,  9 
Pieris  daplidice  Migrating,  H.   W.  Bell-Marley,  98.     Irregularity  in  Erne 
gence  of  Drepanidae,  F.  Merrifield,  98,     Erratum,  98. 

Captures  and  Field  Keporjs.  —  Limeuitis   sybilla,   &c.,   in    Somersetshire,   9 
Cirrhoedia   xerampelina   var.  unicolor   in   the   Midlands,    (Bev.)    Gilbert   1 
Baynor,  99.     Hybernia  pilosaria  in   December,  Charles  Baker,  99.     Colli 
edusa  in   1900,   near  Winchester,  Alan   W.   Cardinall,  99.     Colias  edusa 
Northumberland,  George  Bolam,  99.     Colias  edusa  and  Acherontia  atropos 
North  England,  G.  B.  Oliver,  99.     Acherontia  atropos  in  Warwickshire,  Clia 
Baker;  in  Northumberland,  in  1900,  George  Bolain,  100.     Early  Appearan 
of  Chcerocampa   elpenor,    •/.   W.    Vaughan,    lUO.      The   Vanessids   in    lnO 
Gervase  F.  Mathew,  100.     Notes  from  Portland,   1900,  John  T.  Hyde,  10 
Larvffi-beatiiig  in  Epping  Forest  in  1900,  E.  TV'.  Lane,  101.     Lepidoptera 
Co.  Westmeath,  B.  L.  Middleton,  102.     Notes  on  the  Season  of  1900  in  Ca 
narvonshire,  A.  S.   Tetley,  102.     Captures  at  Electric  Liglit.  F.  H.  d  G.  j 
Peachell,  103.     Notes   from  the  North-west,    J.  Arhle,   103.     Notes  on  tj 
Season,  F.  M.  B.  Carr,  108. 

NOTICE.— Subscriptions  for  1901  are  now  due,  and  should  be  sent 
WEST,  NEWMAN  d  CO.,  54,  Hatton  Garden,  London,  E.C     Tlie  Subscriptii 
is  Six  Siiillings  per  annum,  post  free. 

TUESDAY,   28th   MARCH,   1901. 

IMPORTANT  SALE  OF  BRITISH  LEPIDOPTERA. 

]\|R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  Sell  by  Auction,  at  his  Grej 
Eooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  as  above,  at  Half-pa 
Twelve  o'clock  precisely,  the  Collection  of  BRITISH  LEPIDOPTEB 
formed  by  P.  W.  Abbott,  Esq.,  of  Edgbaston,  comprising  long  series, 
fine  condition,  and  uniformly  set,  of  most  of  the  British  Species,  includii 
some  particularly  choice  Varieties  and  Aberrations,  together  with  tl 
Cabinets  in  which  they  are  contained ;  also  PAL.S]  ARCTIC  LEPID( 
PTERA  and  other  Insects,  &c.  On  view  the  day  prior,  from  10  till  4,  ai 
morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  bad. 

T\R.  STAUDINQER  &  BANQ-HAAS,  Blasewitz- Dresden,  in  the 

■-^  new  Price  List,  No.  XLIV.,  offer  more  than  16,000  Species  of  well-uam( 
LEPIDOPTERA,  set  or  in  papers,  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  in  finest  conditioi 
1300  kinds  of  PREPARED  LARViE  ;  numerous  LIVING  PUP^,  &c.  Sepahai 
Price  Lists  for  COLEOPTERA  (20,000  species),  for  HYMENOPTERA  (30( 
species),  DIPTERA  (1900),  HEMIPTERA  (2000),  ORTHOPTERA  (lOOC 
NEUROPTERA  (550).     Discount  for  Cash-orders,     Prices  low. 

JAMES     GARDNER, 

MANUFACTURER  of  ALL  KINDS  of  ENTOMOLOGICAL  APPARATU 

29  (late  426),  OXFOKD    STREET 
(Nearly    opposite    Tottenham    Court    Road). 

PRICED   LISTS    ON   APPLICATION. 
All  Arlioles  Qnaranteed ;  exchanged  if  not  approved  of.     Friends  and  Cnstome 
are  requested  to  note  the  Address,  as  mistakes  occur  daily. 


Vol.  XXXIV 


APRIL,    1901. 


No.  455. 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST 


|lhistrat£b  Souriud 


GKNKUAl.     KN  TOMOI.OGY 


EDITED      KY      RICHARD     SOUTH,      F.E.S. 


WITH     THK.     ASSISTANCK     OK 


UOBEUT   ADKIN,  F.E.a 
W.  L.  DISTANT,  b'.E.S.,  &o. 
EDWAUD  A.  FITCH.  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 
F.  W.FUOHAVVK,  F.E.S.,M.B.O.U. 
MAUTIN  JACOiil'.  i'.K.a 


W.  F.  KIKBY,  I'.li.S.,  F.E.S. 
G.  W.  KIUKALDY,  F.E.S. 
W,  J.  LUCAS,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 
Dr.  D,  SHAKP,  F.H.S.,  F.E.S..  &a 
G.  H.  VEUliALL,  F.E.S. 


"  By  mutual  confidence  and  mutual  aid 
Great  deeds  are  done  and  great  discoveries  made.'l.. 


LONDON . 

WEST,  NEWMAN    &    CO.,    54,    BATTO^'    GAUDEN ; 

SIMPKIN.   MARSHALL.    HAMILTON,   KENT   k  CO.,   Limitkd. 


Price  Sixpence, 


\A^  ATKINS     &     DONCASTER 

laliiriilisls  and  naiiufactiirers  of  Kiitomolof^iral  Apparatus  anil  CabinrU. 

PIftin  Iling  Nets,  wire  or  cane,  including  Stick,  Is.  3d.,  'is.,  28.  6d.  Folding  Nete, 
38,  6d.,  48,  Umbrella  Nets  (self-acting),  78,  l?ocket  Boxes,  (5d.,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d. 
Zinc  Relaxing  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d,,  2s,  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  7d,  per  four  dozen. 
Entomological  Pins,  assorted  or  mixed,  1.,  Is.  6d,  per  oz.  Pocket  Lanterns,  2s.  6d. 
to  8h.  Sngavine  Tin.  with  brush,  Is,  Gd„  28,  Sugaring  Mixture,  ready  for  use 
Is.  9d.  per  tin.  Store  Boxes,  with  camphor  cells,  2s.  (id.,  48,,  5s,,  Cs.  Seltmg 
Boards,  flat  or  oval,  1  in.,  6d. ;  1  i  in.,  8d. ;  2  in.,  lOd. ;  2^  in..  Is. ;  34  in.,  Is.  4d. ; 
4  in,,  Is,  6d. ;  5  in,.  Is.  lOd, ;  Complete  Set  of  fourteen  Boards,  10s,  6d.  Setting 
Houses,  9fl.  6d.,  lis.  Gd. ;  corked  back,  148.  Zinc  Larva  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d. 
Breeding  Cage,  2s.  6d.,  48.,  5s.,  7b.  Gd.  Coleopterist's  Collecting  Bottle,  with  tube. 
Is.  Gd.,  Is.  8d.  Botanical  Cases,  japanned,  double  tin,  la.  6d.,  2s.  9d.,  3s.  Gd.,  49.  6d» 
Botanical  Paper,  la.  Id.,  Is.  4d.,  Is.  9d.,  28.  2d.,  per  quire.  Insect  Glazed  Cases, 
28.  Gd.  to  lis.  Cement  for  replacing  Autennse,  4d.  per  bottle.  Steel  Forceps, 
Is.  6d.,  2s  ,  2s,  6d,  per  pair.  Cabinet  Cork,  7  by  3  J,  beat  quality,  ls,4d,  per  dozen 
sheets.  Brass  Chloroform  Bottle,  2s.  Gd.  Insect  Lens,  Is.  to  8s.  Glass-top  and 
Glass-bottomed  Boxes  from  Is.  per  dozen.  Zinc  Killing  Box,  9.1.,  Is.  Pupa 
Digger,  in  leather  sheath.  Is.  9(1.  Taxidermist's  Companion,  containing  most 
necessary  implemente  for  skinning,  lOs.  6d.  Scnlpels,  Is,  3il.  ;  Scissors,  28,  per 
pair;  Egg-drills,  2d,,  3d,,  91;  Blowpipes,  4d.,  (id.;  Artificial  Eyes  for  Birds  nnd 
Animals;  Label-lists  of  Britisb  Bntteiflies,  2d.;  ditto  of  Binls'  Eggs,  2d.,  3d.,  6d, ; 
ditto  of  Land  and  Fiesli-wxlfr  Sliells,  2d.;   Useful  Books  on  Insects,  Eggs,  &c. 

Now  read,/.— The  EXCHANGE  LIST  and  LABEL  LIST,  Compiled  by 
Mr,  Ed.  Mkyrick,  B.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  according  to  his  recent  'Handbook  of 
British  Lepidoptera.'  Exchange  Lists,  id.  each ;  4d.  per  doz, ;  Label  Lists, 
9d,  each. 

Our  new  Ijabel-list  of  British  Macro-Lepidoptera,  witli  Latin  and  English 
names,  Is,  Gd,  Our  new  Complete  Catalogue  of  British  Lepidoptera  (every  species 
numbered),  Is. ;  or  printed  on  one  side  for  labels,  26, 

Tlie  "  Dixon"  Lamp-nkt  (invaluable  for  taking  moths  ofT  street-lamps  wilbont 
climbing  the  lamp-posts),  recently  improved,  3s,  Gd. 

SHOW      ROOM       FOR      CABINETS 

Of  rtvery  description  for  Inskcts,  Bikus'  Eggs,  Coins,  Microsuopioal  Objb<;i«, 
Fossils,  &c.     Catalogue  (96  pp.)  sent  on  application,  post  free. 

A    LARGE    STOCK    OF    INSECTS    AND     BIRDS'    EGGS 

(BRITISH,    KDROPEAN,    AND    KXOTIti). 

Birds,  Manimals,  dc.  Preserved  and  Mounted  by  First-clasn  Workmen. 

Only  Address : — 
36  STllAND,  W.C.,  LONDON  (5  doors  from  Chauinq  Cross). 

NATURAL     HISTORY    AGENT    AND     BOOKSELLER. 

W.    LONG  LEY, 

KNTOMOLOGICAL    CABINET    AND    APPARATUS    MAKER, 
12,  White  Hart  Street,  Catherine  Street,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 


jXJETS,  BREEDING •'CAQES,  and  Apparatus  of  every  description. 

^^      CABINETS  for  Insects;   Birds'  Eggs;    Minerals;    Siiells;    Coins;  <&c.,  &e. 
Pocl<et  Boxes,  Store  Boxes,  and  Book  Boxes.     Sheets  of  Cork  any  size. 

OVA,     LARV/E,     AND     PUP/E. 

A  Large  Assortment  always  on  hand.     Send  for  Price  liist  to 

H,   ^A/'.    HEAD,    Entomologist,    SCARBOROUGH. 

The  Largest  Breeder  of  LEPIDOPTERA  in  the  British  Isles. 


EXCHANGE. 

AtaK''m?*"~^-'''^p"%*^^^'^'  i^'"/^'  ^^«^^'  ^S^«ti«'  Adonis,  Argiolus.  Cardui,  lo, 

Go  hica  Mai>^lT  Pht  ^"f  ^f  P^^",^;  Oxyacanthae,  Silago,  Lui.o«a,  Augur,  Cruda 
(2rS;don      All'.S       """^^  ^"'''''  ,^,f^l-^'"^t^'  «atellitia,  Filipendul^,  Hi^pidaria 

Moth.  '  r^l^nn  n  1  ^^'  ^^  29,  30,  ol,  33  of  Kirby's  'European  Butterflies  and 
57  ArnntT  Tnj^i  /^«S^t'-«^^— Ova,  larv*,  and  pupa^.-G.  Henderson; 
'i I ^  At  nold  Boad,  Old  Basford,  Nottingham. 

ch^?rcKEant^^''''  "^  ^°*^'"*   (Scotch).-^.  Druitt ;    Willow  Lodge,   Christ- 

To  Contributors. -All  notes,  papers,  books  for  review,  &c.,  and  notices  of 
exchange  should  be  sent  to  the  Editor-KicHARD  South,  96,  Drakefield  Boad, 
Upper  Tooting ^  S.W.  '       '  j  »"'<*^ 


Insect  Fauna  of  Warwickshire.-!  am  preparing  a  list  of  the  insects  of  this 
count3^  with  the  assistance  of  friends,  and  should  be  glad  of  any  information  and 
lists  ot  captures  from  any  entomologists  who  have  collected  in  the  county.  Any 
contributions  will  be  fully  acknowledged.-CoLBRAN  J.  Wainwright  ;  2,  Hands- 
worth  Wood  Road,  Birmingham. 


MEETINGS    OF    SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London  (11,  Chandos  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W.). 
—Wednesday,  April  3rd,  at  8  p.m. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society  (Hibernia 
Cha,mbers,  Loudon  Bridge,  S.E.).— Meetings  on  the  2nd  and  4th  Thursdays  in 
each  month  at  8  p.m. 

City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society.— Tlie 
meetings  of  this  Society  (held  at  the  London  Institution,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.G.) 
will  take  place  on  the  1st  and  3rd  Tuesdays  in  each' month,  from  7.30  to  10  p.m. 

North  London  Natural  History  Society.— Meetings  are  held  on  tlie  Ist 
and  3rd  Thursdays  in  eacli  month  at  the  Sigdon  Road  Board  School  (close  to 
Hackney  Downs  Station,  G.E.R.),  at  7.45  p.m. 

Nonpareil  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society  (17,  Rahere  St., 
Goswell  Road,  E.C.).— Meeting  nights,  1st  and  3rd  Thursdays  in  each  month. 

OVA,    LARV/E,    and    PUP/E^ 

Large  and  Varied  Stock  all  the  year  round,  including  many 
Rare  Genuine  British  Species. 

Price  List  on  application  to  L.  W.  Newman,  Bexley,  Kent. 

N.B. — Lepidoptera  reared  from  the  Ova  to  the  Pup^,  on  Commission. 
Now  Ready.— THIRD  EDITION. 

THE    LEPIDOPTERIST'5  GUIDE. 

Considerably  Enlarged,  Freely  Illustrated,  and  brought  to  Twentieth 

Century  Date. 

PRICE    ONE    SHILLING. 

Published  by  GURNEY  &  JACKSON,   1,  Paternoster  Row,   E.C.  ;  also 

Sold  by  WATKINS  &  DONCASTER,  36,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 


NATURAL-HISTORY  AGENT,  BARTO  STREET,  GLOUCESTER, 

^'UPPLIES  Collectors  with  every  kind  of  apparatus  for  the  various  branches  of 
^     Natural  History  :  Cabinets,  Store  Boxes,  Butterfly  Nets,  &c. 

BIRDS'    EGGS,   SKINS,   LEPIDOPTERA  and   COLEOPTERA,  &c.,  kept 
n  stock  ill  large  quantities. 

The  largest  stock  of  Eggs  in  England  to  select  from,  including  many  very 

pecies.     List  of  clutches  sent  if  desired.     Large  buyers  liberally  dealt  with. 

Revised  List  of  British  Lepidoptera,  noiv  ready,  post  free. 

NEW    AND    SECOND-HAND    BOOKS. 

Caxidermy.  Birds  skinned  and  prepared  for  Cabinets  or  mounted  by  skilled  assistants. 

Full  general  Catalogue  and  Special  List  of  Eggs  and  Skins,  i)Ost  free. 

N,B. — No  agents,  and  only  one  address  as  above. 
THE      PRACTICAL      CABINET      MAKERS. 

J.   T.  CROCKETT   &   SON, 

(Established  1847,) 

MAKERS  of  every  Description  and  Size  of  Cabinets,  Cases, 
rfroRK-BoxKS,  Apparatus  and  Appliances,  and  Dealers  in  all  kinds  of 
Specimens  for  Entomologists,  Botanists,  Ornithologists,  Geologists,  Miner- 
alogists, Numismatists,  Conchologists,  Ac,  and  for  the  use  of  Lecturers,  Science 
Teachers,  Colleges,  Students,  &o.  Museums  fitted  and  arranged.  Specially  made 
Cabinet  for  Birds'  Eggs  and  Skins.  The  Drawers  graduate  in  depth  and  are  all 
interchangeable.     All  Best  Work.     Estimates  given. 

All  goods  at  Store  Prices.     Oreat  advantages  in  dealing  direct  with  Makers. 

Send  for  full  detailed  Price  List  before  ordering  elsewhere. 

7  a,    PRINCKS    street,    cavendish    square,     LONDON,    W. 

Factories :  34,  Biding  House  Street  and  Ogle  Street,  W. 

ESTABLISHED    1851. 
SouHAMPT  N  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  W.C. 

CURRENT    ACCOUNTS 

20/     on  the   minii-nLim    inonthly   balances,  ^A^hen      0°/ 
/q  not    drawn     below    £100.  ^A  /o 

DEPOSIT     ACCOUNTS 

Oi.  °/  on    Deposits,    repayable    on    deniand.  ^Jo    / 

STOCKS     AND     SHARES 

Stocks    and     Shares     purchased     and    sold     for    customers. 

The    BIRKBECK  ALMANACK,  with  full  particulars,  post  free. 

FKANCiri    EAVENSCROFT,   Manager. 


HERBERT    W.    MARSDEN, 

NATURAL     HISTORY     AGENT     AND     BOOKSELLER, 
40,    TRIANGLE   West,  CLIFTON,   BRISTOL. 

Largest  and  best  Stock  in  England  of   EUROPEAN    LEPIDOPTERA,    moderate  prices. 

Exotic  Lepidoptera,  Coleoptera,  Orthoptera,  &c. 

Preserved    Larvae    of  Rare    British    Lepidoptera. 

Cabinets  and  Apparatus  for  Entomologists,  Oologists,  Ornithologists,  Botanists,  &c. 

Botanical  Cases,  Drying  Paper,  Ac— British  &  Exotic  Shells. 

Thu  most  reliablk  Stock  of  BIRDS'  SKINS  and  BIRDS'  EGGS  in  Britain. 

New  and  Second-hand  Books.  — Exchange  and  Label  Lists. 

Ornithological  Catalogue,  August,  1897,  now  ready  ;  also  Shell  Catalogue  ;  Entomological 

Catalogue  in  preparation. 
\f,B. — ilr.  Uarsden's  busine:^s  was  entirely  removed  from  Gloucester  in  1889. 


VA,  LARViB,  nm,  Cliean  EXOTIC  LEPIDOPTERA,  to. 

FERTILE  OVA.  —Per  doz. — Sponsa,  Fascantaria,  Erosaria,  9d.  Nnptn.,  Pistacina. 
irvinaiia,  I'yramidea,  4(1.  Antiqua,  Dispar,  Monaclia,  AriKularia,  :?(f.  T.  Cratii-gi,  Cd 
irantiaria,  I.itma,  4(1.     Fulvafto,  Ud.     Hphiux,  Is.     B.  Mori,  Silkmotli,  M. 

HEALTHY  LARV^.  —  A-r  (Z02.  — -  Quercus,  (Id.     Villica.   Is.  fid.     Hera,  4s.  6d. 

jminula,  Quercifolia,  ifec.  (shortly). 

PUP/E.  — /'>''t7t.— :Machaon,  Elpcnor,  Ocollatus,  Li^^ustri,  Vimila,  Anachoreta. 
itralunavia,  Lsogiaminata,  Porata,  Calhina!,  Testudo,  Dromedarius,  Hd.  Tilire,  Asteris. 
imula,  Umbra,  Asellu.s,  Ciiry/.ona,  Orion,  4d.  Absyiithii,  Furcula,  Versicolora. 
ircellus,  Polycom mata,  ."ul.  Bifida,  Flammea,  Trepida,  fid.  Simiata,  9d.  Triinacula, 
iculla,  Chaoiiia,  lOd.  Puptili.  Verbasci,  Curtula,  Zic/.ac,  Camelina,  Ijaeertiila,  Flavi 
mis,  Prasiiiana,  Piidibimda,  Psi,  Ptinctaria,  Putris,  Lane.sf.ris,  2d.  Palpiaa,  Omicro 
,ria,  2^d.     Megacephala,  Multistrigaria,  Bucephala,  Pigra,  MentbasUi,  l.^d. 

LIVING  COCOONS,  SILKMOTHS.  -  7i«c/f.  —  Pcrnyi,  Luna.'cecropia,  8d. 
rnthia,  Promethta,  ")d.     Kicini.Od.     Polypliemus,  7d.     Mylitta,  Is.     Ceanothi,  Is.  fid. 

SILKMOTHS,  BRED.  —  Attacus  einctus,  Hs.  fid.  Actias  seto,  pair  (fair),  5s. 
jtheiea  dioiie.  Is.  Tirrlia,  3s.  fid.  Myllita,  Yama-mai,  Polypbemus  and  Pernyi,  Is.  3d. 
ch.  Luna,  Pyri,  Is.  Cecropia,  Promethea,  8d.  Cynthia,  fi-l.  W(^ll-set  Morpho  eu 
ledra,  9d.     Unset  do.,  fid. 

/Vladras  Butterflies,  assorted,  as  received,  6d.  and  Is.  per  do^..    Mexican  Beetles, 
.  per  doz.    Mexican  Dragonflies  and  Grasshoppers,  &<:.,  Is  fid.  per  doz. 

BRITISH    LEPIDOPTERA. —Named   specimens,  all  different :— 25    Geometrw 
,  fid.     25  Noetiue,  2s.    25  Bonibycida',  2s.  fid.     100  mixed  si)fcci(!s  Butterflies  and  Moths, 
6d.     12  named  Micros,  Is.     2fi  do.,  2s.     Special  reduced  price-list  of  Lepidoptera  free. 
All  the  above  arc  apleiidid  value.     Inspection  invited.     Box  and  pontage  2d.  extra. 
THE  NATURALIST'S  MONTHLY  REVIEW 
Of  New  Books,  Publications,  Records,  Captures,  Sales  and  Wants,  Ac. 
la.  per  mi  nu)n  post  free.       Specimen  copy  on  application.. 
*Bird  Stuffing  and  Mounting'  (Illustrated,  Clotii),  Is.;  'The  Larvae  Col'ectop'B 
:ide  and  Calendar'  (Ciolh  Cover,  Fcap  8vo),  Is.;  'Lepidoptera  Collecting'  (Illus 
lied)  Is.;  'Egg  Collecting  and  Nesting,'  Is.;  'Animal,  Fish  and  Reptile  Stuffing.' 
.  6d. ;  Label  List,  British  Macro-Lepidoptera,  6d. 

&^A/.  DAVIS,  31-33,  Hythe  Street,  DARTFORD. 

THE    BRADY    CABINET^ 

STOMOLOGIGAL  CABINETS  on  an  IMPROVED  PRINCIPLE. 

Ten    Shillings  per  Drawer. 
pHESE  wen  =  known  CABINETS  are  Manufactured 

^       of  well-seasoned  Maliogany,  with  wood  or  plate-glass 

mels  to  doors.     Letters  of  recommeiidjiiioM  caii  be  sent  if 

jsired. 

C.  BRA.DY  &  SONS,  Lower  Pore  Street,  Edmonton,  G.E.R. 

UOR  SALE— 18  nearly  new,  book  pattern,  STORE- 
BOXES,  fitting  in  cabinet  with  glass  panel  doors,  cost 
10,  price  £5.  Also  several  thousand  LEPIDOPTERA  and 
3LE0PTERA  at  half  to  third  ordinary  rates  ;  selections  on 
jproval.     Apply,  '•  A.,"  West,  Newman  &  Co. 

>IRDSNESTING  &  BIRD=SKINNING.     A  Complete 

^  Desciii)tion  of  the  Nests  ami  Eggs  of  Birds  which  lirsed  in  Britain 
Edward  Newman. —  Slxond  Edition,  with  Directions  for  Collecting  and 
aaervation  ;  a  Chapter  on  Bird-skinning ;  and  Description  and  Woodcuts  ot 
.  Iu8tiuinenl8  necessai-y  to  the  Collector.  By  Miller  Curisty.  Cloth  extra. 
ap  8vo.     Price  Is. 

"WEST,    NEWMAN   &   CO.,    54,   Hatton    Gabdkm,    London,   E.G. 


O  (,>  N  '1'  10  N  T  t>. 


Biolofjic  Notes  on  Some  Ce3l{>nese  Rbynchota,  No.  1  (with  illnstiations),  E.  E. 
Green,  113.  Miscellanea  Rhynchotalia,  G.  W.  Kirhaldy,  116.  Tlie  Study  ol 
Life-historj'-,  E.  J.  Burgess  Sopp,  117. 

NoTics  AND  Ohskuvations. — Hecateia  serena  Larvaj  not  on  Goats'-beard,  /.  ArJcle^ 
1'2G.  Mothfi  carried  off  Sugar  by  Land-hoppers  (Tahtrus  locusta),  Gervase  F. 
Mathew,  127.  llhizobins  jujubaj,  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell,  127.  Meht*a  athalis 
in  Devon,  li.  8.  Miiforcl,  127.  The  Courtship  of  Anthocharis  cardaniines, 
B.  Meldola,  l'2b.  Irregularity  of  Emergence,  and  Larval  iletardation,  R.  M. 
Prideatix,  128.  Knaggs's  Lepidopterist's  Guide,  130.  Ins<^ct  Fauna  of  Not 
tiughanishire,  ./.  W.  Carr,  130.     Addendum,  loO. 

Captures  and  Fikld  IfKPOins.  —  Cohas  hvale  in  June,  W.  G.  Theobald,  130 
Xylom'ges  conspicillaris  in  Somersetshire,  Harris  Doidge,  130.  Orthopterf 
from  Kfiiifrewshire,  W.  J.  Lucas,  130.  Camptogramaia  flnviata  at  Rbyl, 
Flintshire,  {Miss)  A.  Steele  Ferliins,  130.  Vitahty  of  Hybernia  rupicapraria 
T.L.  Howe,  131.  Phlogophora  meticulosa  in  Winter,  J.  Miller;  F,  M.  B 
Carr,  131.     Early  Appearance  of  i'ieris  rapaj  iu  Loudon,  Arthur  Cottam,  131 

SociETiiis. — Entomological  Society  of  London,  131.  South  London  Entomologica; 
and  Natural  History  Society,  133.  Lancashire  and  Ches-hire  Entomologica 
Society,  134.     Birminghani  JEntomological  Society,  135. 

Recent  Litekature,  137. 


NOTICE.  —Subscriptions  for  1901  are  due,  and  siiould  be  sent  U 
WEST,  NEWMAN  d  CO.,  54,  Hatton  Garden,  London,  E.G.  The  Subscriptiot 
is  Six  Siiiilings  per  annum,  post  free. 


TO    BE    SOLD. 

THE     COLLECTIONS     OF     LEPIDOPTERy^ 

KOBMKD  BY  THE  LATK 

John  Henry  Leech,  Esq. 

1.  PAL^ARCTIC  RHOPALOCERA,  in  Five  Cabinets. 

2.  EUROPEAN  HETEROCERA,  in  Five  Cabinets. 

3.  DUPLICATE   COLLECTION   of    BUTTERFLIES   from 

CHINA,  JAPAN,  and  CORE  A,  in  Boxes. 

4.  DUPLICATE   COLLECTION  of  MOTHS  from  CHINA, 

JAPAN,  and  COREA,  in  Boxes. 

5.  MOTHS  from  SIKHIM,  in  Boxes  with  glazed  lids. 


Also,  a  Small  Collection  of  Coleoptera  from  Syria  and  Egypt. 

The  above    may 
obtained,  on  applica 
Hoady  Ciielaea,  S.IV 


The  above   <naii   be   seen   by   appointment,   or   particulars   may   bt 
obtained,  on  application  to  Mr,  R.  South,  149,   Cluirck  Street,  King'i 


JAMES     GARDNER, 

MANUFACrUKER  o(  ALL  KINDS  of  ENTOMOLOGICAL  APPARATUS 

29  (late  426),  OXFOllD    STltEET 
(Nearly    opposite    Tottenham    Court    Road). 

PRICED   LISTS    ON    APPLICATION. 

A.U  ArtiolfiH  Guarauteed;  exchaufjed  if  not  approved  of.     FiiendH   and  OiiHi<nier 
are  rnqueRted  to  note  the  AddreBB,  as  mistakeR  occur  daily. 


Vol.   XXXIV.j  MAY,    1901.  [No.  456. 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST 


|ll«5trateb  |ournal 


GKNKKAL    ENTOMOLOGY. 


EDITED   'by      RICHARD     SOUTH,     F.E.S. 

WITH    THE    ASSISTANCE    OF 

ROBERT   ADKIN,  F.E.S.  W.  F.  KIRBY,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 

W.  L.  DISTANT,  F.E.S. .  &c.  |    G.  W.  KIRKALDY,  F.E.S. 

EDWARD  A.  FITCH,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.  I    VV.  J.  LUCAS,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

F.  W.FROHAWK,  F.E.S.,  M.B.O.U.  I    Dr.  D.  SHARP,  F.R.S.,  F.E.S..  &o 

MARTIN  JACOBY,  F.E.S.  !    G.  H.   VERRALL,  F.E.S. 

"  By  mutual  confidence  and  mutual  aid 
Great  deeds  are  done  and  great  discoveries  made." 


LONDON: 

"WEST,  NEWMAN    &    CO.,    64,    HATTON    GARDEN; 
SIMPKIN,    MARSHALL,   HAMILTON,   KENT   &   CO.,   Limited. 


Price   Sixpence. 

>'        111/ 1 1    ...',.'    ijO 


WATKINS     &     DONCASTEF 

^iitiiralists  and   ^Hiiufarturers  of  Kiitoinuloi^iral  Apparatus  ami  Cahiiir.U. 

Plaiu  Ring  Nets,  wire  or  cane,  iucluding  Stick,  Is.  3d.,  28.,  28.  6d.  Folding  Ne 
3s.  6d.,  48.  Dmbrella  Neta  (self-acting),  78.  Pocket  Boxes,  (id.,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  ( 
Zinc  Relaxing  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d.,  28.  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  7d.  per  four  doze 
Entomological  Pins,  assorted  or  mixed,  1.,  Is.  6d.  per  oz.  Pocket  Lanterns,  2s.  ( 
to  Ss.  Sngarine  Tin.  with  brush,  Is.  6d.,  2s.  Sugaring  Mixture,  ready  for  u 
Is.  9d.  per  tin.  Store  Boxes,  with  camphor  cells,  2s.  tJd.,  4s.,  5s.,  68.  Setti 
Boards,  flat  or  oval,  1  in.-,  6d. ;  1  ^  in.,  8d. ;  2  in.,  lOd. ;  2^  in.,  Is. ;  3i  in.,  Is.  4i 
4  in.,  Is.  6d. ;  5  in.,  Is.  lOd. ;  Complete  Set  of  fourteen  Boards,  10s.  6d.  Setti 
Houses,  9a.  6d.,  lis.  6d. ;  corked  back,  14s.  Zino  Larva  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  i 
Breeding  Cage,  28.  6d.,  4s.,  58.,  Ts.  6d.  Ooleopterist's  Collecting  Bottle,  with  tul 
Is.  6d.,  Is.  8d.  Botanical  Cases,  japanned,  double  tin.  Is.  6d.,  2s.  9d.,  3s.  6d.,  48.  ( 
Botanical  Paper,  Is.  Id.,  Is.  4d.,  Is.  9d.,  28.  2d.,  per  quire.  Insect  Glazed  Cas 
2s.  6d.  to  lis.  Cement  for  replacing  Antennae,  4d.  per  bottle.  Steel  Force 
Is.  6d.,  28.,  28. 6d.  per  pair.  Cabinet  Cork,  7  by  Si,  best  quality,  l8.4d.  per  doz 
sheets.  Brass  Chloroform  Bottle,  28.  6d.  Insect  Lens,  Is.  to  Ss.  Glass-top  a 
Glass-bottomed  Boxes  from  Is.  per  dozen.  Zinc  Killing  Box,  9d.,  Is.  Pu 
Digger,  in  leatlier  sheath.  Is.  9d.  Taxidermist's  Companion,  containing  mi 
necessary  implements  for  skinning,  IOh.  6d.  Scalpels,  Is.  3d.  ;  Scissors,  28.  \ 
pair;  Egg-drills,  2d.,  3d.,  9d;  Blowpipes,  4d.,  lid.;  Artificial  Eyes  for  Birds  a 
Animals;  Label-lists  of  Britisli  Butterflies,  2d. ;  ditto  of  Birds'  Eggs,  2d.,  3d.,  6( 
ditto  of  Land  and  Fresli-wHter  Shells.  2d.;  Useful  Books  on  Insects,  Eggs,  &c. 

Now   ready.— The  EXCHANGE    LIST  and   LABEL  LIST.     Compiled 
Mr.  Ed.  Meyrick,  B.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  according  to  his  recent  '  Handbook 
British    Lepidoptera.'      Exchange  Lists,  id.  each ;    4d.  per  doz. ;    Label   Lis 
9d.  each. 

Our  new  Label-list  of  British  Macro-Lepidoptera,  with  Latin  and  Engli 
names,  le.  6d.  Our  new  Complete  Catalogue  of  British  Lepidoptera  (every  spec 
numbered),  Is. ;  or  printed  on  one  aide  for  labels,  2s. 

The  "Dixon"  Lamp-net  (invaluable  for  taking  moths  otf  street-lamps  withe 
climbing  the  lamp-posts),  recently  improved,  3s.  6d. 

SHOW       ROOM       FOR      CABINETS 

Of  «verj'  description  for  Inskots,  Bikus'  Eaus,  Coins,   Miokoscopioai.  Objec 
Fossils,  &c.     Catalogue  (96  pp.)  sent  on  application,  post  free. 

A    LARGE     STOCK    OF    INSECTS    AND     BIRDS'    EGGi 

(BRITISH,    KUKOPKAN,    AND    KXOTIC). 

Birds,  Mamtnals,  dc.  Preserved  and  Mounted  by  First-class  Workmen. 
Only  Address : — 
3(5  STUAND,  W.C.,  LONDON  (5  doors  from  Charing  OROse 

NATURAL     HISTORY     AGENT     AND     BOOKSELLER. 

W.    LONG  LEY, 

3NTOMOLOGICAL    CABINET    AND    APPARATUS    MAKE! 
SOUTH     BENFLEET,    R.8.O.,    ESSEX. 


NETS,  BREEDINQ-CAQES,  and  Apparatus  of  every  descriptioi 
CABINETS  for  Insects;   Birds'  Eggs;    Minerals;    Shells;    Coins;  &c.,  & 
Pocket  Boxes,  Store  Boxes,  and  Book  Boxes.     Sheets  of  Cork  any  size. 

OVA,     LARV/C,     AND     PUP/E. 

A  Large  Assortment  always  on  hand.     Send  for  Price  List  to 

H.    W.    HEAD,    Entomologist,    SCARBGRGUGfi 

The  Largest  Breeder  of  LEPIDOPTERA  in  the  British  Isles. 
Full   List  of  LEPIDOPTERA,  Apparatus,  Cabinets,   &c.,  sent  on  applicatio 


EXCHANGE. 

(end   of  May).     ■i>-^.m^:i'La?v?:?' Q^JeSS"  ^^^ 

hyberuaters.— C/tftWes  ^.  Youna  ■  8    r//f/n»T  ^'   Tnfoln,    Rui,,,    and   other 

^/.«..;  8,  Mo..  HaM  Gro.^,  ^^^^ZrST^'  ^'''"'^  ^'  -— ^"  ^- 
-D^ijZtMifes.— Ova  of  Oninia— /"   ^    7?    aj  t>     1 

common  species  to  renew  lud  fenXe'n  ^erie.    T'"f '  *''    ^^«^^^«^'*<^'.~Many 
^^l^l^^J^^       Gotmcina.  from  Scotch  parents^^.  i>..«,    jy,,,,, 

-^^SXST^?^^  nofees  of 

Upper  Tooting,  S.W.  Richard  South,  96,  Drakefield  Road, 

TUESDAY,   JUNE   4th,    J 90 J.  ~~ 

IMPORTANT  SALE  of  LEPIDOPTERA  from  CHINA,  JAPAN,  and  COREA. 
^^;a^\-^-    STEVENS    has    been  instructed   to    Sell 

Half-pfst    ^wTvp'  .11  ^'''■^' .^T^'^'r^.^  ^'^^  ^^^^^*'  Movent  Garden,  at 
Le«idnr.Jr.r  nl        p.ecisel.y  :-The    Supplementary    Collection  of 

Lepidoptera  from    China,    &c.,  fr,rmed  by  the  late   J.  H.  Lekch    Esq 

Co  eoX?f        '^"1.''.^°*^^  '^-""^  S^^^i"^-     ^  Small  Collection  <^f 

Sad^^be  t  n^TL^T^  ^^'f  "f  ^^^^'-     ^"^  ^  ^^"^^^ "  Cabinet 
if  n  t'      -.rf      ^  ^  '  ^^^-^^evs  of  mahogany,  deep  for  Continental  pms  ■  case 
of  oak,  with  handsome  panelled  doors.     On  view  the  day  prior,  from  10  ill  4 
and  on  mornmg  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  had.  ' 

MEETINGS    OF    SOCIETIES 

-WeTZ^^T.w^"7'^y  '/  ^'"'"''Z  ^'''  ^^^"^^^'°^  ""''''''  ^'^^'^"^li-^l'  Square,  W.). 
l\rpV.nor  ''  /J  7  '^^  ^  P-""-  Papers  :-Frederick  Enock,  F.L.S.:-"The 
sir  GeoJ^^F'^Hf  ^^^^"' V^f  "^'  illustrated  by  photographs  'taken  from  life  ' 
Famih   ofthl^      r^?'  ^'ff\r^-^-^  F.Z.S.:-"The   Classification   of  a  New 

InrnvWllnf  Af  ^'^'  T'f-  ^^^'"*^"  J^^'^'^y'  ^■^■^■■-  '-Contrihutions  to  the 
knowledge  of  African  Phytophagous  Coleoi>tera." 

South   London  Entomological    and    Natural   History   Socikty   (Hibernia 

°ari,^r^;.'L.^'-''""='  ^-^^-'-m^''-^^  «■■ '-  ^n, ..,  ,,^  t>.Lu^.'  ;: 

City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society —The 
meetings  of  this  Society  (held  at  the  London  Institution,  Finsbury  Circus'  E  C  ) 
mlJ  take  place  on  tlie  1st  and.  3rd  Tuesdays  in  each  month,  from  7.80  to  10  p".m 
A''Ym,-'"°''?'"'  Natural  rf.STORY  SociETY.-Meetings  are  held  on  the  Ist 
ind  drd  1  hursdays  m  each  month  at  the  Sigdon  Road  Board  School  (cIosh  to 
U-ackney  Downs  Station,  G.E.R,),  at  7.45  p.m. 

Nonpareil  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Socikty  (17,  Rahere  St 
Goswell  Road,  E.C.).— Meeting  nights,  1st  and  3rd  Thursdays  in  each  month.      " 

OVA,    LARV/eV   and    PUP/E. 

jarge  and  Varied  Stock  all  the  year  round,  incliuhng  many 
Rare  Genuine  British  Species. 

Price  List  on  application  to  L.  W-  Newman,  Bexley,  Kent. 

N.B. — Lepidoptera  reared  from  the  Ova  to  the  Pup.e,  on  Commission. 


A.     LIONEL     CLARKE, 

NATURAL-HISTORY  AGENT,  BARTON  STREET,  GLOUCESTER, 

SUPPLIES  Collectors  with  every  kind  of  apparatus  for  the  various  branches  of 
Natural  History :   Cabinets,  Store  Boxes,  Butterfly  Nets,  &c. 

BIRDS'    EGGS,    SKINS,    LEPIDOPTERA  and    COLEOPTERA,   &e.,   kept 
in  stock  in  large  quantities. 

The  largest  stock  of  Eggs  in  England  to  select  fi'om,  including  many  very  rare 
species.     List  of  clutches  sent  if  desired.     Large  buyers  liberally  dealt  with. 
Revised  List  of  British  Lepidoptera,  notu  ready,  2^ost  free. 

NEW    AND    SECOND-HAND    BOOKS. 

TAXinERiw  Y.  Birds  skirnied  and  prepared  for  Cabinets  or  mounted  by  skilled  assistants. 

Full  general  Catalogue  and  Special  List  of  Eggs  and  Skins,  post  free. 

N.B. — No  agents^  and  only  one  address  as  above. 


THE      PRACTICAL      CABINET      MAKERS. 

J.   T.  CROCKETT   &   SON, 

(Established  1847.) 

jyiAKERS  of    every   Description   and   Size   of   Cabinets,    Cases, 

•*-^*  Stork-Boxes,  Apparatus  and  Appliances,  and  Dealers  in  all  kinds  of 
Specimens  for  Entomoloqists,  Botanists,  Ornithologists,  Geologists,  Miner- 
alogists, Numismatists,  Conchologists,  &c.,  and  for  the  use  of  Lecturers,  Science 
Teachers,  Colleges,  Students,  t&c.  Museums  fitted  and  arranged.  Specially  made 
Cabinet  for  Birds'  Eggs  and  Skins.  The  Drawers  graduate  in  depth  and  are  all 
interchangeable.    All  Best  Work.     Estimates  given. 

All  goods  at  Store  Prices.     Great  advantages  in  dealing  direct  with  Mahert. 

Send  for  full  detailed  Price  List  before  ordering  elsewhere. 

7a,    princes    street,    CAVENDISH    SQUARE,     LONDON,    W. 

Faotoriea :  34,  Biding  House  Street  and  Ogle  Street,  W. 

ESTABLISHED    1851. 

SooiHAMPT  N  Buildings,  Chanceky  Lane,  London,  W.C. 

CURRENT     ACCOUNTS 

20/      on   the   niinimum    monthly   balances,  ^A/^hen      ^^°/ 
/o  not    d^a^A^n    below    £100.  ^U  /o 

DEPOSIT     ACCOUNTS 

^^-      /  on     Deposits,    repayable    on    deinand.  ^r-k     I 

STOCKS    AND     SHARES 

Stocks    and     Shares     purchased    and    sold    for    customers. 

The    BIRKBECK  ALMANACK,  with  full  particulars,  post  free» 

FRANCIS   EAVENSCROFT,   Manager. 

HERBERT    W.    MARSDEnT^ 

NATURAL     HISTORY     AGENT     AND     BOOKSELLER, 
40,    TRIANGLE   West,  CLIFTON,  BRISTOL. 

Largest  and  best  Stock  in  England  of   EUROPEAN   LEPIDOPTERA,   moderate  prices. 

Exotic  Lepidoptera,  Goleoptera,  Orthoptera,  &c. 

Preserved    Larvae   of  Rare    British    Lepidoptera. 

Cabinets  and  Apparatus  for  Entomologists,  Oologists,  Ornithologists,  Botanists,  &o. 

Botanical  Cases,  Drying  Paper,  itc. — British  &  Exotic  Shells. 

The  most  reliable  Stock  of  BIRDS'  SKINS  and  BIRDS'  EGGS  in  Britain. 

New  and  Second-hand  Books.  — Exchange  and  Label  Lists. 

Ornithological  Catalogue,  August,  1897,  now  ready  ;  also  Shell  Catalogue  ;  Entomological 

Catalogue  in  preparation. 
N.B. — Mr.  Marsden'.s  business  was  entirely  removed  from  Gloucester  in  1889. 


"liiJFofi  ^"''^'  ^^'^^  ^^OTIC  LEPIDOPTERA,  &c. 

Ca".^*'-p„"a\oria*'?s'^'*— ""•  *-—«—.  1-    VilUca,  „.  c.i.    D„™i„>„a,  «d. 

.4«  f/,.  a/,or.  ,nr  .plculhl  rahw.     In.pertion.  invited.     Box  and  postage  2d.  extra         ' 
Suredeath  Killing  FIuid.-Non-poi.onouB.     Contains  no  acid.     6d.  per  bottle 
^P^**'"^  '"-f  Blowpipe,  1..    Complete  Egg=ColIecting  Outfit,  2s. 
I  he  Dartford  Larv£e=preserving  Apparatus,  4s.  4d.  post  free. 
THE  NATURALIST'S  MONTHLY  REVIEW 
Of  New  Books,  Publications,  Records,  Captures,  Sales  and  Wants,  Ac. 
1".  per  annum  poHfrec.       Specimen  copi/  on  application. 
'Bird  Stuffing  and   Mounting'   (Illustrated,  Clotl.j,  Is.;   'The  Larvae  Collector's 

Slls'  pE^Con'  'r1'  ''T^  '':^'?T^'  'Y^  'Lepldopterl  cSti'g'Tlir 
,  fiH  .  r»h.^4^-  ?  «^?.*'"u^^"'*  Nesting,' Is.;  'Animal,  Fish  and  Reptile  Stuffing,' 
J.  6d.;  Label  List,  British  Macro-Lepidoptera,  6d.  «tuuiiig, 

.  &  W.  DAVIS,  31-33,  Hythe  Street,  DARTFORD. 

THE    BRADrV^AmNET\ 

NTOMOLOaiOAL  CABINETS  on  an  IMPROVED  PEINOIPLE. 
Ten    Shillutijs  per  Drawer. 

pHESEwelNknown  CABINETS  are  Manufactured 

of  well-seasoned  Mahogany,  with  wood  or  plate-glass 
inels  to  doors.  Letters  of  recommendation  can  be  sent  if 
3sired. 

C.  BRADY  &  SONS,  Lower  Fore  Street,  Edmonton,  G.E.R. 

FOR     sale" 

A  LAEGE  COLLECTION  OF 

:XOTIC  BUTTERFLIES  &  MOTHS 

With  CABINETS. 

so  a   few  BOOKS.      Owner,  who  is   leaving  London,  will  sell  in 
one  lot,  or  groups.     There  is  a 

rand  lot  of  MIMICRY,  PAPILIOS,  PIERIS,  &c. 

Also,  One  72-Drawer  Mahogany  Cabinet,  empty. 

To   View,   apply — 
A.  NOAKES,   13,   BROWNHILL   ROAD,   CATFORD,   LONDON,   S.E. 


CON  TEN  Ts. 


Nyctemera  annulata,  Boisd.,  of  New  Zealand:  Life-history  (with  illustration 
Ambrose  Quail,  141.  Marginal  Wing-bristles  in  Lepidoptera,  Prof.  C.  I 
Fernald,  146.  Descriptions  of  Four  New  Species  of  Disonycha  (Coleoptei 
Phytophaga,  Fam.  Halticidse),  Martin  Jacohy,  146.  On  the  Morphology  ar 
Classification  of  the  Auchenorrhynchous  Homoptera,  Dr.  H.  J.  Hansen,  141 
A  Preliminary  List  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  Wei-hai-wei,  Thomas  Bainbridt 
Fletcher,  154. 

Notes  and  Ohskrvations,  157.  Captures  and  Field  Reports,  159.  Societie 
161.     Recent  Literature,  163. 

WEDNESDAY,    MAY    15th. 

A  GREAT  SALE  of  EGGS,  including  a  Fine  EGG  of  the  ^PYORNIS  MAXIMUI 
^R.   J.  C.   STEVENS   will  Sell  by  Auction,  at  hi 

Great  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  on  Wednesday,  May  16ti 
several  small  Collections  of  Duplicate  EGGS,  belonging  to  Heatley  Noble,  Esq 
including  Stella's  Eider,  King's  Eider,  &c.  Also  from  W.  Wells  Bladen,  Esc 
and  Herbert  Massey.  Esq.,  Collections.  Catalogue  in  preparation.  On  view  da 
prior  from  10  to  4. 

TO     ENTOMOLOGISTS. 


H.     McARTHUR, 

who  leaves  London  for  the  Isle  of  Lewis  on  Monday,  April  29tl 
1901,  wishes  to  meet  with  two  more  Subscribers  to  join  in  his 

COLLECTING    TRIP  TO   THE    LEWS, 

Letters  should  be  addressed  to 
35,  AVERILL   STREET,  FULHAM  PALACE   ROAD,   LONDON.   W. 


Now  Beady.     Thirty-seven  Pages  and  Four  Plates.     Price  4s. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  EXPERIMENTS  IN  HYBRIDIZATION  AND  TEMPERATURE  MAD 
WITH  LEPIDOPTERA  UP  TO  THE  END  OF  1898. 

By  Prof.  Dr.  MAX   STANDFUSS, 
{Translated  from  the  German  by  Edward  Martin  Dadd). 

Reprinted  from  the  'Entomologist,'  1900-1901. 

Only  a  few  Copies  of  this  Reprint  are  on  Sale,  and  Orders  should  be  sent  promptly 
LONDON  :  WEST,  NEWMAN  &  CO.,  54,  HATTON  GARDEN. 

JAMES     GARDNER, 

MANUFACTURER  of  ALL  KINDS  of  ENTOMOLOGICAL  APPARATUt 

29  (late  426),  OXFOliD    STKEET 
(Nearly    opposite    Tottenham    Court    Road). 

PRICED   LISTS    ON    APPLICATION. 

All  Articles  Quarauteed ;  exobanged  if  not  approved  of.     Friends  and  Customer 
are  requested  to  note  the  Address,  as  mistakes  occur  daily. 


\v  1  1  tl      J/ LATE. 


Vol.  XXXIV.]  JUNE,    1901.  [No.  457. 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST 


lllustnitcb  lounial 


GETvEKAL    ENTOMOLOGY 


EDITED      BY      RICHARD     SOUTH,     F.E.S. 

WITH    THE    ASSISTANCE     OF 

ROBERT   ADKIN,  F.E.S.  W.  F.  KIRBY,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 

W.  L.  DISTANT,  F.E.S.,  Ac.  G.  W.  KIRKALDY,  F.E.S. 

EDWARD  A.  FITCH,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.  I    W.  J.  LUCAS,  B. A.,  F.E.S. 

F.W.FROHAWK,  F.E.S.,  M.B.O.U.  I    Dr.  D.  SHARP,  F.R.S.,  F.E.S.,  Ac 

MARTIN  JACOBY,  F.E.S.  I    G.  H.  VERRALL,  F.E.S. 

"By  mutual  confidence  and  mutual  aid 
Great  deeds  are  done  and  great  discoveries  made.'' 

14  1901 

LONDON: 

WEST,  NEWMAN    k    CO.,    54,    BATTON    GARDEN  ; 

SIMPKIN,    MARSHALL,   HAMILTON,   KENT   &   CO.,   Limited. 


Price   Sixpence. 


WATKINS     &     DONCASTER 

!^uturali8ts  and  IHaiiufacturers  of  Kiitouiological  Apparatus  and  Cabinets. 

Plain  Ring  Nets,  wire  or  cane,  including  Stick,  Is.  3d.,  2s.,  2s.  6d.  Folding  Nets, 
8s.  6(1.,  4s.  Umbrella  Nets  (self-acting),  7s.  Pocket  Boxes,  6d.,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d. 
Zinc  Relaxing  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d.,  2s.  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  7d.  per  four  dozen, 
Entomological  Pins,  assorted  or  mixed,  1.,  Is.  6d.  per  oz.  Pocket  Lanterns,  2s.  6d, 
to  8s.  Sngarine  Tin.  with  brush,  Is.  6d..  2s.  Sugaring  Mixture,  ready  for  use 
Is.  9d.  per  tin.  Store  Boxes,  with  camphor  cells,  2s.  6d.,  4s.,  5s.,  6s.  Setting 
Boards,  flat  or  oval,  1  in.,  6d. ;  Hin.,  8d. ;  2in.,10d. ;  2^  in..  Is. ;  3iin.,  Is.  4d. ; 
4  in.,  1b.  6d. ;  5  in..  Is.  lOd. ;  Complete  Set  of  fourteen  Boards,  10s.  6d.  Setting 
Houses,  9.S.  6d.,  lis.  6d. ;  corked  back,  14s.  Zinc  Larva  Boxes,  9d,,  Is.,  Is.  6d 
Breeding  Cage,  2s.  6d.,  4s.,  58.,  7s.  6d.  Coleopterist's  Collecting  Bottle,  with  tube, 
Is.  6d.,  Is.  8(1.  Botanical  Cases,  japanned,  double  tin.  Is.  6d.,  28. 9d.,  3s.  6d.,  4s.  6d. 
Botanical  Paper,  le.  Id.,  Is.  4d.,  Is.  9d.,  28.  2d.,  per  quire.  Insect  Glazed  Cases, 
2s.  6d.  to  lis.  Cement  for  replacing  Antennae,  4d.  per  bottle.  Steel  Forceps, 
Is.  6d.,  2s.,  2h.  6d.  per  pair.  Cabinet  Cork,  7by3i,  best  quality,  ls.4d.  per  dozen 
sheets.  Brass  Chloroform  Bottle,  2s.  6d.  Insect  Lens,  Is.  to  8s.  Glass-top  and 
Glass-bottomed  Boxes  from  Is.  per  dozen.  Zinc  Killing  Box,  9>L,  Is.  Pupa 
Digger,  in  leather  sheath,  Is.  9d.  Taxidermist's  Companion,  containing  most 
necessary  implements  for  skinning,  lOs.  6d.  Scalpels,  Is.  3d.  ;  Scissors,  2s.  per 
pair;  Egg-drills,  2d.,  3d.,  9d ;  Blowpipe.?,  4d.,  6d. ;  Artificial  Eyes  for  Birds  and 
Animals ;  Label-lists  of  British  Butterflies,  2d. ;  ditto  of  Birds'  Eggs,  2d.,  3d.,  6d. ; 
ditto  of  Land  and  Fresh-water  Sliells,  2d.;  Useful  Books  on  Insects,  Eggs,  &c. 

Notu  ready.— The  EXCHANGE  LIST  and  LABEL  LIST.  Compiled  b3 
Mr.  Ed.  Meyrick,  B.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  according  to  his  recent  '  Handbook  ol 
British  Lepidoptera.'  Exchange  Lists,  ^d.  each ;  4d.  per  doz. ;  Label  Lists 
9d.  each. 

Our  new  Label-list  of  British  Macro-Lepidoptera,  with  Latin  and  English 
names.  Is.  6d.  Our  new  Complete  Catalogue  of  British  Lepidoptera  (every  specieE 
numbered).  Is. ;  or  printed  on  one  side  for  labels,  28. 

The  "Dixon"  Lamp-net  (invaluable  for  taking  moths  off  street-lamps  without 
climbing  the  lamp-posts),  recently  improved,  3s.  6d, 

SHOW      ROOM       FOR      CABINETS 

Of  every  description  for  Insects,  Birds'  Eggs,  Coins,  Microscopical  Objects, 
Fossils,  tScc.     Catalogue  (96  pp.)  sent  on  application,  post  free. 

A.    LARGE    STOCK    OF    INSECTS    AND    BIRDS'    EGGS 

(BRITISH,    EUROPEAN,    AND    EXOTIC). 

Birds,  Mammals,  do..  Preserved  and  Mounted  by  First-class  Workmen. 

Only  Address : — 

86  STRAND,  W.C.,  LONDON  (5  doors  from  Charing  Cross). 

NATURAL     HISTORY     AGENT     AND     BOOKSELLER. 

W.    LONG  LEY, 

SNTOMOLOGICAL    CABINET    AND    APPARATUS    MAKER, 
SOUTH     BENFLEET,    R.S.O.,    ESSEX. 


NETS,  BREEDINQ  =  CAGES,  and  Apparatus  of  every  description. 
CABINETS  for  Insects;    Birds'  Eggs;    Minerals;    Sliells;    Coins;  &c.,  &c. 
Pocket  Boxes,  Store  Boxes,  and  Book  Boxes.     Sheets  of  Cork  any  size. 

OVA,     LARV/E,     AND     PUP/E. 

A  Large  Assortment  always  on  hand.     Send  for  Price  List  to 

H.   W.    HEAD,    Entomologist,    SCARBOROUGH. 

The  Largest  Breeder  of  LEPIDOPTERA  in  the  British  Isles. 
Full   List  of  LEPIDOPTERA,  Apparatus,  Cabinets,   &c,,  sent  on  application. 


tAUMAINUt. 


Duplicates. — Larv*  :  Chamomillfe,  Conspersa.  Imago :  Sinapis.  Desiderata 
— Anything  good. — {Rev.)  J.  Hardy;  Canewdon  Vicarage^  Bochford,  Essex. 

Duplicates. — Niimerous.  Desiderata.  —  Fine  pupae  of  Tiliae,  or  ova. — V.  E. 
Shaw  ;  8,  Moss  Hall  Grove,  North  Finchley,  London,  N. 

Duplicates. — 0.  Miranda  (male  and  female),  Dohertyi  (male  and  female), 
Croesus  (male  and  female),  Brookiaua  (male  and  female),  Agraias  var.  Lugens, 
Coenophlebia,  Archidona,  Morpho  var.  Boliviensis,  and  specimens  in  papers  from 
Sao  Paulo,  Mexico,  Venezuela,  Peru,  and  Queensland.  Desiderata.  — Oihex  xsxa 
Exotic  Diurnals. — W.  Dannatt ;  Donnington,  Vanbrugh  Parle,  Blackheath,  S.E. 

Duplicates. — Larvae  of  P.  Pilosaria.  Desiderata. — Very  numerous. — A.  E. 
Tonge  ;   Glen  Boyd,  Bedhill,  Surrey. 

Duplicates. — Larvae  of  Dominula.  Desiderata.  —  Numerous.  V.  E.  Shaw ; 
8,  Moss  Hall  Grove,  North  Finchley,  London,  N. 

Dupilicates. — Larvae  of  Dominula  and  Chrysorrhoea.  Desiderata. — Numerous. 
Larvae  and  imagines.-r— C  W.  Colthrup ;  127,  Barry  Boad,  East  Duhvich,  S.E. 

Duplicates .—'LsiVV3&,  W-Album.  Desiderata. — Larvae,  T.  Quercus,  Pruni,  Betulae. 
A.  Simmons;  Butland  House,  Loughborough  Boad,  West  Bridg ford,  Nottingham. 

Duplicates. — Ova  of  Mendica  and  Vinula ;  larvae  of  Monacba,  Lithoriza,  and 
Oxyacanthae.  Desiderata.  —  Numerous.  —  A,  M.  Smallpeice  ;  Field  Lodge, 
Burley,  Bingwood,  Hants. 

Change  of  Address. — F.  W.  Frohawk,  to  42,  Waddon  Road,  Croydon. 


MEETINGS    OP    SOCIETIES. 

Entomological  Society  of  London  (11,  Chaudos  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W.). 
—  Wednesday,  June  5th,  at  8  p.m.  Papers  : —  Horace  St.  J.  Donisthorpe, 
F.Z.S. : — "  Cases  of  Protective  Resemblance,  Mimicry,  &c.,  in  British  Coleoptera." 
W.  Schaus,  F.Z.S.  : — "  A  Revision  of  the  American  Notodontidse." 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society  (Hibernia 
Chambers,  Loudon  Bridge,  S.E.).— Meetings  on  the  2nd  and  4th  Thursdays  in 
each  month  at  8  p.m. 

City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. — The 
meetings  of  this  Society  (held  at  the  London  Institution,  Finsbury  Circus,  B.C.) 
will  take  place  on  the  1st  and  3rd  Tuesdays  in  each  month,  from  7.30  to  10  p.m. 

North  London  Natural  History  Society. — Meetings  are  held  on  the  1st 
and  3rd  Thursdays  in  each  month  at  the  Sigdon  Road  Board  School  (close  to 
Hackney  Downs  Station,  G.E.R.),  at  7.45  p.m. 

Nonpareil  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society  (17,  Rahere  St., 
Goswell  Road,  E.C.).— Meeting  nights,  1st  and  3rd  Thursdays  in  each  month. 

IRD  =  STUFFER.— Youth    wanted   who   can  stuff.     Constant  work  to 
anyone  who  shows  ability.     Send  a  stuffed  Sparrow  by  post  on  or  before  the 
1st  June,  with  name,  address,  and  all  particulars,  to 

ORNITHOLOGIST,  166,  Piccadilly,  London. 


B 


OVA,    LARV/E,    and    PUP/E. 

Large  and  Varied  Stock  all  the  year  round,  including  many 
Rare  Genuine  British  Species. 

Price  List  on  application  to  L.  W.  Newman,  Bexley,  Kent. 

N.B.— Lepidoptera  reared  from  the  Ova  to  the  Pup.«,  on  Commission. 
Now^Ready.— THIRD  EDITION. 

THE    LEPIDOPTERIST'5   GUIDE. 

Considerably  Enlarged,  Freely  Illustrated,  and  brought  to  Twentieth  Century  Date. 

FlilCE    ONE    SHILLING. 

Published  by  GUENEY  &  JACKSON,   1,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. ;  also 

Sold  by  WATKINS  &  DONCASTER,  36,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 


A.     LIONEL     CLARKE, 

NATURAL-HISTORY  AGENT,  BARTON  STREET,  GLOUCESTER, 

SUPPLIES  Collectors  with  every  kind  of  apparatus  for  the  various  branches  of 
Natural  History :  Cabinets,  Store  Boxes,  Butterfly  Nets,  &c. 

BIRDS'    EGGS,   SKINS,    LEPIDOPTERA  and   COLEOPTERA,  &c.,  kept 
in  stock  ill  lai'ge  quantities. 

The  largest  stock  of  Eggs  in  England  to  select  from,  including  many  very  rare 

species.     List  of  clutches  sent  if  desired.     Large  buyers  liberally  dealt  with. 

Revised  List  of  British  Lepidoptera,  noio  ready,  ])Ost  free. 

NEW    AND    SECOND-HAND    BOOKS. 

Taxidermy.  Birds  skinned  and  prepared  for  Cabinets  or  mounted  by  skilled  assistants. 

Full  general  Catalogue  and  Special  List  of  Eggs  and  Skins,  post  free. 

N.B. — No  agents,  and  only  one  address  as  above. 
THE      PRACTICAL      CABINET      MAKERS. 

J.   T.  CROCKETT   &   SON, 

(Established  1847,) 

/yi  AKER5  of    every   Description   and   Size  of    Cabinets,    Cases, 

^'*  Stork-Boxks,  Apparatus  and  Appliances,  and  Dealers  in  all  kinds  of 
Specimens  for  Entomologists,  Botanists,  Ornithologists,  Geologists,  Miner- 
alogists, Numismatists,  Gonchologists,  &c.,  and  for  the  use  of  Lecturers,  Science 
Teachers,  Colleges,  Students,  &c.  Museums  fitted  and  arranged.  Specially  made 
Cabinet  for  Birds'  Eggs  and  Skins.  The  Drawers  graduate  in  depth  and  are  all 
interchangeable.     All  Best  Work.     Estimates  given. 

All  goods  at  Store  Prices.     Cheat  advantages  in  dealing  direct  with  Makers. 

Send  for  full  detailed  Price  List  before  ordering  elsewhere. 

7a,    princes    street,    CAVENDISH    SQUARE,     LONDON.    W. 

Faotories :  34,  Biding  House  Street  and  Ogle  Street,  W. 

ESTABLISHED    1851. 

:eifLXSL:o:E30X3L     :ba.i>^:esl 

SouiHAMPTON  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  W.C. 

CURRENT     ACCOUNTS 

20/     on  the  ininimum    monthly   balances,  NA^hen      ^^°/ 
/o  not    drawn     below    £100.  ^  /o 

DEPOSIT     ACCOUNTS 
^^i      /         on    Deposits,    repayable    on    demand.  ^^5    / 

STOCKS    AND     SHARES 

Stocks    and    Shares    purchased    and    sold    for    customers. 

The    BIRKBECK  ALMANACK,  with  full  particulars,  post  free. 

FBANCIS   RAVENSCEOFT,   Manager. 


HERBERT    W.    MARSDEN, 

NATURAL     HISTORY     AGENT     AND     BOOKSELLER, 
W,    TRIANGLE   West,  CLIFTON,  BRISTOL. 

Largest  and  best  Stock  in  England  of   EUROPEAN   LEPIDOPTERA,   moderate  prices. 

Exotic  Lepidoptera,  Coleoptera,  Orthoptera,  &c. 

Preserved    Larvae   of  Rare    British    Lepidoptera. 

Cabinets  and  Apparatus  for  Entomologists,  Oologists,  Ornithologists,  Botanists,  &c. 

Botanical  Cases,  Drying  Paper,  &c. — British  &  Exotic  Shells. 

The  most  reliable  Stock  of  BIRDS'  SKINS  and  BIRDS'  EGGS  in  Britain. 

New  and  Second-hand  Books.— Exchange  and  Label  Lists. 

Ornithological  Catalogue,  August,  1897,  now  ready  ;  also  Shell  Catalogue ;  Entomological 

Catalogue  in  preparation. 
N.B. — Mr.  MarsdeiVs  business  ivas  entirely  removed  from  Gloucester  in  1889. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  APPARATUS,  OVA,  LARViE,  PUP^  k 

4s.     The  -Feather-weight"  Kite-net   19  x  A  fn    T^'   oa'    t  '  J^'  '  '^"■"''"^'  '^'^^> 

4     ijj      17  ij-       r.      ^'p""      xviic  uei,  xj  X  la  in.,  rfs.  9a.     Large  size  ditto    9fi  v  is  in 

^rs^^rr7ri^in.!y?VL^ta.^ii^.?rtn^ 

is.  2d. ;  3^  in.,  Is.  4d, ;  4  in.,  Is.  Gd.t  4i  in.,  isrsS.  ;  5  in!,  Ts   lOd      '     "       '        '      '°-' 

"Suredeath,"  Killing  Fluid.-Kon-poisonous.     Contains  no  acid.     (3d.  per  bottle. 

OVA,  LARV^,  and  PUP^. 

Ova,— Per  (io,'.— Vinula.  4d.     Carpini,  Gd.  Illustvaria,   Id. 

AnvVrt^?' p'~  w"  ;("~--i'ennaria    Is.  Od.     Oxyacanthte,  Caja,  Aurantaria,  Rhamnata  Is 

Auntlua,  Cuenlatella,  Brumata.  Dispar,  Monacha,  Grossulariata,  (kl.     Qum-cifolia  3s   Gd' 

A     P"P!^--'^'''"^''--^^acl'aon.  Testudo,  Caliunffi,  Elpenor,    Lii,'ustri,   3d.     Papilionaria 

A.sella    Cl.ry.ona    Un.fasciata,    Ilanutla,   Fasciformis,    4d.      Porcellns,    AbsSiT  Sd' 

Trepida,  Scrophulana,  6d.     Villicu,  2d.     Box  and  postage,  2d. 

•  THE  NATURALIST'S  MONTHLY  REVIEW 

of  New  Books,  Publications,  llecords  and  Captures,  Sales  and  Wants,  &c.,  Is.  per  annum. 

'The  Larvae  Collector's  Guide  and  Calendar,' Illustrated,  Is.  'The  EtfS  Collec- 
tor s  Guide  and  Calendar,'  Illust,ate,l.  Is.  '  Bird  Stuffing  and  Mounting,'  Illustrated, 
Is.    'Animal,  Fish  and  Reptile  Stuffing,' Is.  6d. 

Egg  Drills  and  Blowpipe,  Is. 

J.  &  W.  DAVIS,  31-33,  Hythe  Street,  Dartford,  Kent. 
BOrvlBYX     FRANCONICA^ 

Living  Laruce,  doz.  2.s.  Gd.  ;  Uvim/  Piipec,  3s.  .3d.  ;  (postage,  3d). 

Ova,  doz.  -.—A.  tail,  2a.  ;  meiiyanthidis.  2id.  :  Dasychira  pudibunda 
ab.  concolor,  8d.  ;  (postage,  2A-d.)  Living  Larvae  -.—Acr,  meiiyanthidis, 
doz.  Is.  6d.    (postage  3d.);    &c. 

Lists  on  Application.      Prepayment  to 
H.  SCHRODER,  Schwerin-Mecklenboeg,  B.\ckerstr.  37"',  Germany. 


THE    BRADY    CABINET. 

BNTOMOLOaiOAL  CABINETS  on  an  IMPROVED  PRINOIPLE. 

Ten    SlidUiujs  per  Drawer. 

TpHESEweII=known  CABINETS  are  Manufactured 

'         of  well-seasoned  Mahogany,  with  wood  or  plate-glass 
panels  to  doors.     Letters  of  recommendation  can  be  sent  if 
leaired. 
C.  BRADY  &  SONS,  Lower  Fore  Street,  Edmonton,  G.E.R. 

Now  Beadij.     Thirty-seven  Pages  and  Four  Plates.     Price  4s. 

:YNOPSIS  OF  EXPERIMENTS  IN  HYBRIDIZATION  AND  TEMPERATURE  MADE 
WITH  LEPIDOPTERA  UP  TO  THE  END  OF  1898. 

By  Prof.  Dr.  MAX   STANDFUSS, 

(Translated  from  the  German  by  Edward  Martin  Dadd). 

Reprinted  from  the  'Entomologist,'  1900-1901. 

nly  a  few  Copies  of  this  Reprint  are  on  Sale,  and  Orders  should  be  sent  promptly. 
LONDON :  WEST,  NEWMAN  &  CO.,  54,  HATTON  GARDEN. 


O  O  N  T  E  N  T  tt. 


Orthoptera  in  1900  (with  Plate),  W.  J.  Lticas,  165.     Life-history  of  Colias  hyale 

F.  W.  Frohawh,  167.  On  Labelling  Insects,  E.  Brunetti,  172.  A  Preliminar; 
List  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  Wei-hai-wei,  Thomas  Baiiibrigge  Fletcher,  178 
The  Leech  Collection  presented  to  the  Nation,  175.  On  the  Nomenclature  o 
the  Genera  of  the  Rhynchota,  Heterocera  and  Auchenorrhyuchous  Homoptera 

G.  W.  Kirhaldy,  176. 

Notes  and  Obskrvations. — Selenia  tetralunaria  (illustraria)  in  Scotland ;  Zone 
soma  pendularia  in  October,  Francis  C.  Woodbridge,  179.  A  Correction 
C.  W.  CoUhrup,  179-     The  Pairing  of  Euchloe  cardamnies,  B.  M.  Prideaua. 

179.  The  Butf  Variety  of  Amphidasys  betularia,  H.  Ainslie  Hall,  180. 

(  APTURES  AND  FiELD  REPORTS. — Note  on  Vanessa  polychioros,   T.  A.  Chajjman 

180.  Note  on  Vanessa  polychioros,  &c-,  F.  A.  Oldaker,  180.  Notidobi; 
ciliaris ;  Early  date  for  Anax  imperator,  W.  J.  Lucas,  180.  Easter  (1901)  ii 
the  New  Forest,  F.  M.  B.  Carr,  181.  Ischnura  pumilio  in  Cornwall,  Williav 
Daivs,  181.  Margarodes  unionalis  in  Hampshire,  Theodore  H.  Bobinson 
182.  Plusia  moneta  in  North  London,  V.  E.  Shaw,  182.  Oporabia  autum 
naria  in  Delamere  Forest,  J.  Arkle,  182.  Early  Appearance  of  HydrilL 
palustris  at  Carlisle,  J.  E.  Thivaytes,  182.  Lycaena  argiolus  and  other  Insect 
in  May,  {Bev.)  F.  A.  Walker,  182. 

Societies. — Entomological  Society  of  London,  183.  South  London  Entomo 
logical  and  Natural  History  Society,  184.  Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Entomo 
logical  Society,  184.     Binningham  Entomological  Society,  186. 

Recent  Literature,  187. 

TUESDAY,   JUNE   4th,    1901. 

IMPORTANT  SALE  of  LEPIDOPTERA  from  CHINA,  JAPAN,  and  COREA. 

/yiR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  has  been  instructed  to  Sell 
by  Auction,  at  bis  Great  Rooms,  38  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  a 
Half-past  Twelve  o'clock  precisely : — The  Supplementary  Collection  o 
Lepidoptera  from  China,  &c.,  formed  by  the  late  J.  H.  Leech.  Esq 
The  MoLLER  Collection  of  Moths  from  Sikhim.  A  Small  Collection  o 
Coleoptera  from  North  Syria  and  Egypt.  And  a  36-drawer  Cabine 
(Brady's  be.st  make) ;  drawers  of  mahogany,  deep  for  Continental  pins  ;  cas( 
of  oak,  with  handsome  panelled  doors.  On  view  the  day  prior,  from  10  till  4 
and  on  morning  of  Sale,  and  Catalogues  bad. 


ALFRED  H.  BASTIN,  ENTOMOLOGIST,  Ivy  House,  28,  New  Road,  READING. 

Nets,  Setting-Boards,  Store-Boxes,  Glass  Cases,  Pins,  Glass  Top  and  Botton 
Boxes,  and  all  kinds  of  Entomologist's  Apparatus  of  the  best  make.  Price  Lis 
post  free  on  application. 

A  Large  Stock  of  all  kinds  of  Exotic  Insects.  A  40-pp.  Descriptive  Catalogui 
may  be  bad  post  free  on  application  by  intending  purchasers.  Instructional  case 
and  sets  illustrating  "Protective  Resemblance,"  "Mimicry,"  "  Warning  Coloura 
tion,"  "  Metamorphosis,"  &c.,  prepared  at  moderate  rates.    Correspondence  invited 

The  "ENTOX"  (as  supplied  to  the  British  Museum)  is  a  cheap  carton  fo 
Exotic  Insects,  price  3s.     Sample,  3s.  6d.  post  free. 

Second-band  Entomological  Cabinets  bought  and  sold. 

JAMES     GARDNER, 

iWANUFACTURER  of  ALL  KINDS  of  ENTOMOLOGICAL  APPARATUS 

29  (late  426),  OXFORD    STEEET 
(Nearly    opposite    Tottenham    Court    Road). 

PRICED   LISTS    ON   APPLICATION. 

All  Articles  Guaranteed;  exchanged  if  not  approved  of.     Friends  and  Customer 
are  requested  to  note  the  Address,  as  mistakes  occur  daily. 


Vol.  XXXIV.]  JULY,   1901.  [No.  458. 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST 


lllustrateb  lourual 


GKNKKAL    ENTOMOLOGY 


EDITED      BY      RICHARD     SOUTH,      F.E.b. 

WITH    THE    ASSISTANCE     OF 

ROBERT   ADKIN,  F.E.S.  W.  F.  KIRBY,  F.L.S.,  i-'.E.S. 

W.  L.  DISTANT,  F.E.S.,  &c.  G.  W.  KIRKALDY,  F.E.S. 

EDWARD  A.  FITCH,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.  W.  J.  LUCAS.  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

F.  W.FROHAWK,F.E.S.,M.B.O.U.  Dk.  D.  SHARP,  F.R.S.,  F.E.S.,  Ac 

MARTIN  JACOBY,  F.E.S.  G.  H.  VERRALL,  F.E.S. 

"  By  mutual  confidence  and  mutual  aid 
Great  deeds  are  done  and  great  discoveries  made." 


LONDON  :        v  cv 

"WEST,  NEWMAN    &    CO.,    64,    HATTON    GAXf^EN ■;'--' ' 

SIMPKIN,   MARSHALL,   HAMILTON,   KENT   &  CO.,   Limited. 

Price  Sixpence. 


V\^ATKINS     &     DONCASTER 

IntiirHlhts  aiul  nHiiiifacturers  of  Kiitoinolo8;iral  Apparatus  and  Cabinet^. 

Plain  Ring  Nets,  wire  or  oaue,  iucluding  Stick,  Is.  3d.,  2s.,  2s.  6d.  Folding  Nets, 
38.  6d.,  4s.  Dmbrella  Nets  (self-acting),  78.  Pocket  Boxes,  6d.,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d. 
Ziuo  Relaxing  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d.,  2s.  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  7d.  per  four  dozen. 
Entomological  Pius,  assorted  or  mixed,  1.,  Is.  6d,  per  oz.  Pocket  Lanterns,  2r.  6d. 
to  88.  Sugaring  Tin,  with  brush,  Is.  6d.,  2s.  Sugaring  Mixture,  ready  for  use 
Is.  9d.  per  tin.  Store  Boxes,  with  camphor  cells,  28.  6d.,  4s.,  5s.,  6s.  Setting 
Boards,  flat  or  oval,  1  in.,  6d. ;  1  i  in.,  8d. ;  2  in.,  lOd. ;  2J  in..  Is. ;  3^  in.,  Is.  4d. ; 
4  in..  Is.  6d. ;  5  in..  Is.  lOd. ;  Complete  Set  of  fourteen  Boards,  10s.  6d.  Setting 
Houses,  9s.  6d.,  lis.  Gd. ;  corked  back,  14s.  Zinc  Larva  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d. 
Breeding  Cage,  2s.  6d.,  4s.,  58.,  7s.  6d.  Coleopterist's  Collecting  Bottle,  with  tube, 
Is.  6d.,  Is.  8(1.  Botanical  Cases,  japanned,  double  tin,  Is.Gd.,  2s.  9d.,  8s.  6d.,  48.  6d. 
Botanical  Paper,  Is.  Id.,  Is.  4d.,  Is.  9d.,  2r.  2d.,  per  quire.  Insect  Glazed  Cases, 
28.  6d.  to  lis.  Cement  for  replacing  Antennse,  4d.  per  bottle.  Steel  Forceps, 
Is.  6d.,  2s.,  2s.  6d.  per  pair.  Cabinet  Cork,  7by3i,  best  quality,  ls.4d.  per  dozen 
sheets.  Brass  Chloroform  Bottle,  28.  6d.  Insect  Lens,  Is.  to  8s.  Glass-top  and 
Glass-bottomed  Boxes  from  Is.  per  dozen.  Zinc  Killing  Box,  9d.,  Is.  Pupa 
Digger,  in  leatlier  sheath,  Is.  9d.  Taxidermist's  Companion,  containing  most 
necessary  implements  for  skinning,  lOs.  6d.  Scalpels,  Is.  3d.  ;  Scissors,  2s.  per 
pair;  Egg-drills,  2d.,  3d.,  9d;  Blowpipes,  4d.,  6d. ;  Artificial  Eyes  for  Birds  and 
Animals  ;  Label-lists  of  British  Butterflies,  2d. ;  ditto  of  Birds'  Eggs,  2d.,  3d.,  6d. ; 
ditto  of  Land  and  F)esh-wfiter  Shells.  2d.;   Useful  Books  on  Insects,  Eggs,  &c. 

Noiv  readi/.—The  EXCHANGE  LIST  and  LABEL  LIST.  Compiled  by 
Mr.  Ed.  Meyrick,  B.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  according  to  his  recent  'Handbook  of 
British  Lepidoptera.'  Exchange  Lists,  ^d.  each ;  4d.  per  doz. ;  Label  Lists, 
9d.  each. 

Our  new  Label-list  of  British  Maoro-Lepidoptera,  with  Latin  and  English 
names,  Is.  6d.  Our  new  Complete  Catalogue  of  British  Lepidoptera  (every  specie^ 
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The  "  Dixon"  Lamp-net  (invaluable  for  taking  moths  off  street-lamps  without 
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Cinxiaf  Athalia,  Iris  "  BetX  ?L  j^'ov  nf'^  ^-"p  ''  ^""'^-  ^^^^'^^'-^^^-Machaon, 
byliformis  nan'ow),  'Sesfa  F^o  u  en  wE;  s  ""^'  "^l^'t'  ^^^-l-li  (Bom: 
and  good  insects  only.-G  HenchlZl,  rTf]  /carce  Noctua3,  &c.  Black  pins 
DupIicates.-^Ar.llhnm  se  oTnn;.f '  n  ""?  ^"^^  ^^"^  Basford,  Nottingham. 
E.etefBoaa,  SherJo^lBi:^:^^!!   ^^^'^--^^  ~  Numerous.  -  A.  'pike  ; 


Street,  6/ford.  ^^'^^  and  BetuIa.-iJaroZrf  T^^m^.on;  31,  5.a^„,;/,^ 

Duplicates. — Sinapis,  Gervon    Perla    Tr.    -n,-^,,  n         ,,     , 

ra^«.-Aglaia,    Adippe,    P^t  ,hL    Da^M^;     T    n^^  ^V°  ^^^"^  P^"''     ^^*^^^- 

i)«7^^/ca.^..-Mendica  larva^.Jv  i^arti ^7^^ 

Duvlicates  — T  nrv^  nf  T^  T  f^«»'*soji     7,  GawJer  ii-oa^,  Barns. ey. 

W  l'°iaw''V|-r^  ]?;  ^^^«?^^,^gt  ^"''"^y  ^""  ^'^^ '    '-^l^^  P»P*  «f  W-albmn - 
w.  M,,  Jiaker  ;   Tilnetj  All  Saints,  King's  Lynn. 

_j:HANGEJ)Fja)I)RESS.-F^Vr^^ 

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City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Socikty.— The 
neetings  of  this  Society  (lield  at  the  London  Institution,  Finsbury  Circus,  E  G  ) 
nil  take  place  on  the  1st  and  3.d  Tuesdays  in  each  month,  from  7.30  to  10  p  m 
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jarge  and  Varied  Stock  all  the  year  round,  including  many 
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N.B. — Lepidoptera  reared  from  the  Ova  to  the  PupjE,  on  Commission. 
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rHE    LEPIDOPTERIST'5   GUIDE. 

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N.B.^'No  agents,  and  only  one  address  as  above. 


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Preserved    Larvae    of  Rare    British    Lepidoptera. 

Cabinets  and  Apparatus  for  Euioraologists,  Oolo<<ists,  Ornithologists,  Botanists,  Ac, 

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INTOMOLOGICAL  APPARATUS,  OVA,  LARV^,  PUP^,  &c. 

ENTOMOLOGICAL  APPARATUS,  &c.— Cane  Ring-Xets  Is.  and  Is.  3d.  Ditto 
ith  brass  Y,  2s.  Folding  Pocket-nets,  3-joint,  cane,  3s.;  4-joint,  3s.  lid,  ;  4-joint,  wire 
I.  The  "Feather-weight"  Kite-net,  19  x  13  in.,  3s.  9d.  Large  size  ditto,  26  x  18  in. 
i.  6d.  Folding  Sugaring-net,  2s.  *Jd. ;  large  size,  3s.  Deal  Collecting  Uoxes,  6d.,  9d., 
id  Is. ;  oval  zinc  ditto,  9d.,  Is.,  and  Is.  6d.  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  4  doz.  7d.,  Is.  6d.  gross, 
igaring  Mixture,  per  tin.  Is.  and  Is.  6d.  Setting  Boards,  oval,  i  in.  and  |in.,°.">d.: 
in.,  6d.;  liin.,  7d. ;  U  in.,  8d. ;  If  in.,  9d.;  2  in.,  l,)d. ;  2J  in.,  lid.  :  2^  in..  Is.;  3  in., 
.  2d. :  3i  in.,  Is.  4d, ;  4  in.,  Is.  Cd. ;  U  in..  Is.  8d. ;  5  in.,  Is.  lOd. 
*Suredeath,"  Killing  Fluid. — Non-poisonous.  Contains  no  acid.  6d.  per  bottle. 
OVA,  LARV/E,  and  PUP/C. 

Ova.— Pt;/- tio^.— Ligustri,  Populi,  Vinula.  Callnna,  Prunaria,  Pigra,  Palpina,  Curlula. 
jJcuia,  4d.  Ziczac,  Villica,  -Id.  Ocellatus,  Tilia?,  Tropida,  Papilionaria,  Syringaria, 
oubledayaria,  Od. 

Larvae. — Per  do:. — lo,  Carpiui,  Mendica,  Is.  Tetralunaria,  Anachoreta,  Monacha, 
Inula,  9d.  Versicolor,  .\hiiaria,  Chamomillae,  2s.  Ehizolitha,  Nupta,  Dubitata,  Is.  6d. 
ispar,  6d. 

Pupae. — Each. — Quercus,  Polychloros,  Rhamni,  Aurantiaria,  Thymaria,  2d.     Sponsa, 
d.    W-Album,  Testudo,  Vernaria.  3d.    Corydon,  Galathea,  Janira,  Id.    Dominula,  l^d. 
iryzona,  Unifasciata.  Umbra,  Asella,  Menyanthidis,  4d.     Box  and  postage,  2d.  extra. 
THE  NATURALIST'S  MONTHLY  REVIEW 

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r's  Guide  and  Calendar,'  IMustiarel.  Is.  '  Bird  Stuffing  and  Mounting,'  Illustrated, 
I.    'Animal,  Fish  and  Reptile  Stuffing,'  Is.  6d. 

Egg  Drills  and  Blowpipe,  Is. 

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BOiVIBYX     FRANCONICA. 

LiiniKj  Larvce,  iloz.  2s.  6d.  ;  living  Pupce,  Ss.  8d. ;  (postage,  8d.). 

Ova,  doz.  -.—A.  tail,  2d. :  menyantliidis.  2id. ;  Dasychira  pudibunda 
).  concolor,  8d. ;  (postage,  2|d.)  Living  Larvae  :—/!c/',  menyanthidis, 
3z.  Is.  6d.    (postage  3d.);    &c. 

Lists  on  Application.      Prepayment  to 
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THE    BRADY    CABINET. 

NTOMOLOaiCAL  CABINETS  on  an  IMPROVED  PRINCIPLE. 
Ten    Shillings  per  Drawer. 

rHESE  well  =  knovvn  CABINETS  are  Manufactured 
of  \Yell-seasonecl  Mahogany,  with  wood  or  plate-glass 
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esired. 
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Now  Beadii.     Th  irty-seven  Pages  and  Four  Plates.     Price  is. 

mOPSIS  OF  EXPERIMENTS  IN  HYBRIDIZATION  AND  TEMPERATURE  MADE 
WITH  LEPIDOPTERA  UP  TO  THE  END  OF  1898. 

By  Prof.  Dr.  MAX   STANDFUSS, 

(Translated  from  the  German  hij  Edward  M.\rtin  D.add). 

Reprinted  from  the  'Entomologist,'  1900-1901. 

oly  a  few  Copies  of  this  Reprint  are  on  Sale,  and  Orders  should  be  sent  promptly. 

LONDON  :  WEST,  NEWMAN  &  CO.,  54,  HATTON  GARDEN. 


C  O  N  T  E  N  T  S. 

Names  and  Definitions  of  Hybrids,  T.  A.  Chapman,  189.  New  and  Little-knowt 
Bees  from  Nebraska,  T.  D.  A.  CocJcerell,  190.  Six  New  Species  of  CulicidsE 
from  India  (Lt.-Col.)  G.  M.  Giles,  192.  A  Preliminary  List  of  the  LepidO' 
ptera  of  Wei-hai-Wei,  Thomas  Bainbrigge  Fletcher,  197.  Diptera  anc 
Hymeuoptera  in  Norfolk,  Colbran  J.  Waimvright,  201. 

No'i'KS  ANU  OnsKHVATioNs.  —  Gynandrous  Specimens  of  Amphidasys  betularia 
A.  Harrison,  H.  Main,  20o.  The  Buff  Variety  of  Amphidasys  betularia 
F.  N.  Pierce,  203.  Euchloi'  cardamines  at  Rest ;  Hemerobius  concinnns  bred 
W.  J.  Lucas,  204.  Colias  hyale  Pupa  :  a  Correction,  F.  W.  Frohawk,  204 
Berlin  Congress  of  Zoology',  204.  Pieris  rapse,  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell,  204.  Not( 
on  the  Occurrence  of  Phyllodromia  germanica,  L.,  A.  D.  hnms,  204. 

Captures  and  Field  Reporis. — Ischnura  pumilio  in  the  New  Forest,  W.  J.  Lucas 
205.  Hesperia  sylvanus ;  Smeriuthus  oceWatns,  A.  Marshall,  205.  Entomo 
logical  Notes  for  May,  1901,  F.  A.  OldaJcer,  205.  Collecting  Lepidoptera  ir 
Tangier,  G.  Meade-Waldo,  206.  Colias  hyale  and  Varieties  of  Syrichthus 
malvse  and  Melitiea  cinxia  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  B.  S.  Mitford,  207.  Lepido 
ptera  in  the  New  Forest  at  Whitsuntide,  H.  O.  Wells,  207.  Note  on  Macro 
glossa  fuciformis  and  M.  steUatarum,  Herbert  Beadnell,  208.  Colias  hyale  ir 
June,  H.  W.  Simmonds,  H.  Huggins,  208.  Larvae  and  Pnpaj  of  Plusis 
moueta  in  Kent,  H.  W.  Shejjheard-Wahvyn,  208.  Plutia  moneta  in  Sussex 
{Miss)  Gladys  Tedden-Fisher,  208. 

Societies,  209.    Recent  Litekatuee,  211.      Obituary,  212. 

R.    FRIEDLANDER    &    SOHN, 

Publishers,    Berlin,   N.W.,  Carlstrasse    11. 

J  VST    HEADY. 

CATALOG   DER    LEPIDOPTEREN    DES    PAL/e= 
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STAUDINGER  unci  Dr.  H.  REBEL.  Tiiird  Edition  of  Catalog-  del 
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volume,  royal  octavo,  of  xxxii,  411,  and  368  pages,  with  portrait  o: 
Dr.  0.  Staudinger.     May,  1901. 

Bound  in  cloth,  16s.;  in  paper  covers,  15s. 
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post  free  on  application. 

A  Large  Stock  of  all  kinds  of  Exotic  Insects.  A  40-pp.  Descriptive  Catalogm 
may  be  had  post  free  on  application  by  intending  purchasers.  Instructional  cases 
and  sets  illustrating  "Protective  Resemblance,"  "  Mimicr3^"  "  Warning  Coloura 
tion,"  "  Metamorphosis,"  &c.,  prepared  at  moderate  rates.    Correspondence  invited 

The  "  ENTOX "  (as  supplied  to  the  British  Museum)  is  a  cheap  carton  fo] 
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Ist  July,  with  name,  address,  and  all  particulars,  to 

ORNITHOLOGIST,  166,  Piccadilly,  London. 

JAMES     GARDNER, 

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■BEKUBHKEKm^BBmiHiBj^ 


Vol.  XXXIV.i  AUGUST,    1901.  [No.  459. 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST 


Illustrated  lounial 


GENERAL    ENTOMOLOGY 


EDITED      BY      RICHARD     SOUTH,     F.E.S. 

WITH     THK     ASSISTANOK     OK 

KOBEBT    ADKIN,  F.E.S.  W.  F.  iilKBY,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 

W.  L.  DISTANT,  F.E.S.,  Ac.  G.  W.  KIKKALDY,  F.E.S. 

EDWAhD  A.  FITCH,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.  W.  J.  LUCAS,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

F.  W.FKOHAWK,  F.E.S.,  M.B.O.U.  Dr.  D.  SHAKP,  F.K.S.,  F.E.S. .  Ac 

xMAKTIN  JACOBY,  F.E.S.  G.  H.  VEKRALL,  F.E.S. 

"  By  mutual  contideuee  and  mutual  aid 
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SIMPKIN,    MARSHALL,    HAMILTON,   KENT   &   CO..   Limited. 

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Zinc  Eelaxiug  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d.,  28.  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  7d.  per  four  dozen. 
Entomological  Pins,  assorted  or  mixed,  1.,  Is.  6d.  per  oz.  Pocket  Lanterns,  28.  6d. 
to  88.  Sugarine  Tin.  with  brush.  Is.  6d.,  2s.  Sugaring  Mixture,  ready  for  use 
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4  in.,  Is.  6d. ;  5  in..  Is.  lOd. ;  Complete  Set  of  fourteen  Boards,  10s.  6d.  Setting 
Houses,  98.  6d.,  lis.  (id.;  corked  back,  148.  Zinc  Larva  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d. 
Breeding  Cage,  2s.  6d.,  4s.,  5s.,  7s.  6d.  Coleopterist's  Collecting  Bottle,  with  tube, 
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Botanical  Paper,  Is.  Id.,  Is.  4d.,  Is.  9d.,  28.  2d.,  per  quire.  Insect  Glazed  Cases, 
28.  fid.  to  lis.  Cement  for  replacing  Antennae,  4d.  per  bottle.  Steel  Forceps, 
Is.  6d.,  2s.,  2s.  6d.  per  pair.  Cabinet  Cork,  7  by  SJ,  best  quality,  ls.4d.  per  dozen 
sheets.  Brass  Chloroform  Bottle,  2s.  fid.  Insect  Lena,  Is.  to  Ss.  Glass-top  and 
Glass-bottouied  Boxes  from  Is.  per  dozen.  Zinc  Killing  Box,  9d.,  Is.  Pupa 
Digger,  in  leather  sheath.  Is.  9d.  Taxidermist's  Companion,  containing  most 
necessary  implements  for  skinning,  lOs.  fid.  Scalpels,  Is.  3d.  ;  Scissors,  2s.  per 
pair;  Egg-drills,  2d.,  3d.,  9d;  Blowpipes,  4d.,  fid.;  Artificial  Eyes  for  Birds  and 
Animals;  Label-lists  of  British  Butterflies,  2d. ;  ditto  of  Birds'  Eggs,  2d.,  3d.,  fid. ; 
ditto  of  Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells,  2d.;  Useful  Books  on  Insects,  Eggs,  &c. 

Notv  ready.— The  EXCHANGE  LIST  and  LABEL  LIST.  Compiled  by 
Mr.  Ed.  Meyrick,  B.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  according  to  his  recent  '  Handbook  of 
British  Lepidoptera.'  Exchange  Lists,  ^d.  each ;  4d.  per  doz. ;  Label  Lists, 
9d.  each. 

Our  new  Label-list  of  British  Macro-Lepidoptera,  witli  Latin  and  English 
names,  Is.  fid.  Our  new  Complete  Catalogue  of  British  Lepidoptera  (every  species 
numbered).  Is. ;  or  printed  on  one  side  for  labels,  2s. 

The  "  Dixon"  Lamp-net  (invaluable  for  taking  moths  off  street-lamps  without 
climbing  the  lamp-posts),  recently  improved,  38.  fid. 

SHOW       ROOM       FOR      CABINETS 

Of  every  description  for  Insects,  Bikds'  Eggs,  Coins,  Miorosoopioal  OBrECTS, 
Fossils,  &c.     Catalogue  (96  pp.)  sent  on  application,  post  free. 

A    LAllGE    STOCK    OF    INSECTS    AND    BIRDS'    EGGS 

(BRITISH,    KDROPEAN,    AND    KXOTIC). 

Hirda,  Manitnah,  dc,  Preserved  and  Mounted  by  First-claaa  Workmen. 

Only  Address : — 
'6^  STKAND,  W.C,  LONDON  (5  doors  from  Charing  Ohosh). 

NATURAL     HISTORY     AGENT     AND     BOOKSELLER. 

W.    LONG  LEY, 

SNTOMOLOGICAL    CABINET    AND    APPARATUS    MAKER, 
SOUTH     BENFLEET,    R.S.O.,    ESSEX. 


NET5,  BREEDING -CAGES,  and  Apparatus  of  every  description. 
CABINETS  for  Insects;   Birds'  Eggs;    Minerals;    Shells;    Coins;  &c.,  Ac. 
Pocket  Boxes,  Store  Boxes,  and  Book  Boxes.     Sheets  of  Cork  any  size. 


OVA,     LARV/E,     AND     PUP/E. 

A  Large  Assortment  always  on  hand.     Send  for  Price  List  to 

H     W.    HEAD,    Entomologist,    SCARBOROUGH. 

The  Largest  Breeder  of  LEPIDOPTERA  in  the  British  Isles. 
Full   List  of  LEPIDOPTERA,  Apparatus,  Cabinets,   Ac.,  sent  on  application. 


EXCHANGE. 

Duplicates. — Ashworthii."     De^i,lft;iir,      n^  j       i       ,,        ^ 
ing      Write.-/.  Arkle ;  2,  G^/^t^^S  '"'  "'""^*  ^^^''-^^^^^  ^'^^^  ^^"'^- 

locaf  SSsVoS'tl.rBtr^^^^^^^^  in   exchange 

Toofwir/  £ec  Road,  Tooting,  S  W  ^'  ^-  ^-  ^P'''^^  >   1'  Chrzstchurch  Villas, 

Imagines' of  S^elen^/EuiX-os^^fefe  '^"  ^*'V^.^%,  Des^J.,-.^..- 

Tipbon.LineoJa.PaLBmon.  fiLk  pins ->  ^^''ofji.'f  ^"^^       C.-album,  Blandina, 

Duplicates  -Tlivmnria     nUv  r^  •'^■y'''"''''^'';  Parsonage House,Dorkinq. 

t  im^gu^es  o  many  species,  including  MyrtilH  and 'piusias  '  Offert  'bII 
pins.— ^.  J.  Lawrance;  Bromleij  Common,  Kent 

UU^1?JT^'''~7'^?'T''''  ^''*  "*''  '^^^'^*)'  I""strariar=  Angularia,*  Fuciformis 
dS^  raIrN?,    '  Stellatarum   Neustria.     Larva^  of  Pudibunda  and  E  mu  a^  a.' 

\c,]SrS..r   ^'^*P^^/--^°'  ^"/    ^'^^§i'^^«  ««t  «^-  "'iset;    also   imagines   of 

^vlX'  r?«l  ^''  Hyale,PaphiaAdippe,  Artemis,  Polychloros,  T.  Qnercus,  ^gon, 
sybilla,  Ca^iope,  Fuciformis,  Myopsjeformis,  Tili*,  Elpenor  Esculi  —^Ci 
foreman;   The  Studio   5,  Victoria  Terrace,  Lower  HallTg  Kent 

Dicphcates.-Onellj^le;  several  B.  Eubi ;  Aegon  and  Argiolus ;  several  larva, 
wo  ri  S  ^""r  •'^'^''  '^"n°'  ^'"'"'^  Sylv^nus,  one  SylviJus,  oAe  Polycblo-o^ 
r^^  E,  ^"^^?"^^'^'  one  Consortana,  two  Tenebrosa,  Similis,  NeustHa,  larval 
aia'    r   }    f  f  ^^f-^^^^-T-Tili*,  Aceris,  ViUica,  Hera,  Ligniperda,  Batis,  Arctia 

n~^-  \  ^'^^'''^^tone  ;  14   Henleaze  Road,  Wesibury-on-Trym,  near  Bristol. 

^arv]7  A  M~^r^i^  °^  ^^Z""  ?^  ^''^'''' '  ^^''"'^  °*"  ViUica,  Lubricipeda  and 
;oryli.— ^.  May  ;   Chandos,  Haylmg  Island,  Hants. 

Duplicates —Uonei^  (live  bred,  one  caught,  also  three  Dromedarius  and  one 

.eporina.      Desiderata.— O^ev^  particularly  Formiciformis   and    Musciformis.- 

•  X;  ^^^odbjHdge;  Providence  House,  Throwleigh,  near  Okehampton,  Devonshire. 

^    Duphcates.—M.  Artemis,  L.  Salmacis,  P,  Geryon,  N.  Elymi,  T.  Biundularia, 

r.  Papihonaria  A.  Ulmata,  M.  Espolita,  and  many  others.     Desiderata.— Yexy 

nmevons.—JohnE.  Robson ;  15,  Northgate,  Hartlepool. 

Change  OF  Address.— Wm.  Mansbridge,. /rom  PendriU  Street,  to  133,  Park 
rrove,   Hull. 

MEETINGS    OF    SOCIETIES 

Entomological  Society  of  London  (11,  Chandos  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W.). 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Socikty  (Hibernia 
hambers,  London  Bridge,  S.E.).— Meetings  on  the  2nd  and  4th  Thursdays  in 
ich  month  at  8  p.m. 

City  of  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society. — The 
eetings  of  this  Society  (held  at  the  London  Institution,  Finsbury  Circus,  E.G.) 
ill  take  place  on  the  1st  and  3rd  Tuesdays  in  each  month,  from  7.30  to  10  p.m. 

North  London  Natural  History  Society.— Meetings  are  held  on  the  1st 
id  3rd  Thursdays  in  each  month  at  the  Sigdon  Koad  Board  School  (close  to 
ackney  Downs  Station,  G.E.R.),  at  7.45  p.m. 

Nonpareil  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society  (17,  Rahere  St., 
oswell  Eoad,  E.G.).— Meeting  nights,  1st  and  3rd  Thursdays  in  each  month. 

~   bVA7  LARV/E,    and    PUP/E. 

arge  and  Varied  Stock  all  the  year  round,  including  many 
Rare  Genuine  British  Species. 

Price  List  on  application  to  L.  W.  Newman,  Bexley,  Kent. 

N.B. — Lepidoptera  reared  from  the  Ova  to  the  PtipjE,  on  Commission. 


A.     LIONEL     CLARKE, 

NATURAL-HISTORY  AGENT,  BARTON  STREET,  GLOUCESTER, 

SUPPLIES  Collectors  with  every  kind  of  apparatus  for  the  various  branches  of 
Natural  History :  Cabinets,  Store  Boxes,  Butterfly  Nets,  &c. 

BIRDS'   EGGS,    SKINS,   LEPIDOPTERA  and   COLEOPTERA,  kc,  kept 
in  stock  in  large  quantities. 

The  largest  stock  of  Eggs  in  England  to  select  from>  including  many  very  rare 

species.     List  of  clutches  sent  if  desired.     Large  buyers  liberally  dealt  with. 

Revised  List  of  British  Lepidoptkra,  now  ready,  -post  free. 

NEW    AND    SECOND-HAND    BOOKS. 

Taxidermy.  Birds  skinned  and  prepared  for  Cabinets  or  mounted  by  skilled  assistants, 

Full  general  Catalogue  and  Special  List  of  Eggs  and  Skins,  post  free. 

N.B. — No  agents,  and  only  one  address  as  above. 


THE      PRACTICAL      CABINET      MAKERS. 

J.   T.  CROCKETT   &   SON, 

(Established  1847,) 

/yiAKER5  of    every   Description   and    Size   of    Cabinets,    Cases, 

^'*  fcjTOHK-Boxiss,  Apparatus  and  Applianoes,  and  Dealers  in  all  kinds  of 
Specimens  for  Entomologists,  Botanists,  Ornithologists,  Geologists,  Minbr- 
ALOGiSTS,  Numismatists,  Oonohologists,  Ac,  and  for  the  use  of  LecturerB,  Science 
Teachers,  Colleges,  Students,  &o.  Museums  fitted  and  arranged.  Specially  made 
Cabinet  for  Birds'  Eggs  and  Skins.  The  Drawers  graduate  in  depth  and  are  all 
interchangeable.     All  Best  Work.     Estimates  given. 

All  goods  at  Store  Prices.     Great  adva/ntagea  in  dealing  direct  with  Makers. 

Send  for  fall  detailed  Pbiob  List  before  ordering  elsewhere. 

7  a,    princes    street,    cavendish    square,     LONDON.    W. 

Faotories :  34,  Biding  House  Street  and  Ogle  Street,  W. 

ESTABLISHED    1851. 

:biflxs.db:esc::;xsl     :B.iiu3NrxsL 

SOU'HAMPT    N   BriLDINOS,   CHANCERY    LaNE,    LONDON,    W.C. 

CURRENT     ACCOUNTS 

20/      on   the    ininimum    monthly    balances,  when      ^^°/ 
/o  not    drawn     below    £100.  ^i  /o 

DEPOSIT     ACCOUNTS 

^ri      /  on     Deposits,     repayable    on     demand.  ^^o     / 

STOCKS    AND     SHARES 

Stocks    and    Shares    purchased    and    sold    for    customers 

The    BIRKBECK  ALMANACK,  with  full  particulars,  post  free. 

FKANCIS   RAVEN SCEOFT,   Maiiagei 

HERBERT    W.    MARSDeI^^ 

NATURAL     HISTORY     AGENT     AND     BOOKSELLEi 
40,    TRIANGLE   West,  CLIFTON,  BRISTOL, 

Largest  and  best  Stock  in  England  of   EUROPEAN   LEPIDOPTERA,   moderate  price 

Exotic  Lepidoptera,  GoleopteFa,  Orthoptera,  &c. 

Preserved   Larvae   of  Rare    British    Lepidoptera. 

Cabinets  and  Apparatus  for  Entomologists,  Oologists,  Ornithologists,  Botanists,  Ac 

Botanical  Cases,  Drying  Paper,  &c. — British  &  Exotic  Shells. 

The  most  reliable  Stock  of  BIRDS'  SKINS  and  BIRDS'  EGGS  in  Britain. 

New  and  Second-hand  Books.— Exchange  and  Label  Lists. 

Ornithological  Catalogue,  August,  1897,  now  ready  ;  also  Shell  Catalogue  ;  Entomologici 

Catalogue  in  preparation. 
N.B. — Mr.  Marsden'a  business  wis  entirely  removed  from  Gloucester  in  1889. 


ITOMOLOGICAL  APPARATUS,  OVA,  LARV^,  m?&,  &c. 

ENTOMOLOGICAL  APPARATUS,  &c.-Cane  Ring-Nets  Is.  and  Is.  3d.     Ditto 
1  brass  Y<  2s.     Folding  Pocket-nets,  3-joint,  cane.  3s.;  4-joint,  3s.  9d. ;  4-joint,  wire 

The  '-Feather-weight"  Kite-net,  19  x  13  in.,  3s.  9A.     Large  size  ditto,  26  x  18  ini 
Bd.     Folding  Sugaring-net,  2s.  6d. ;  large  size,  3s.     Deal  Collecting  Hoxes,  6d.,  9d., 

Is. ;  oval  zinc  ditto,  9d.,  Is.,  and  Is.  6d.    Nested  Chip  Boxes,  4  doz.  7d.,  Is.  6d.  gross, 
aring  Mixture,  per  tin,  Is.  and  Is.  6d.     Setting  Boards,  oval,  i  in.  and  |  in.,  5d. ; 
.,  6d.;  liin.,  7d.;  l^in.,  8d.;  Ifin.,  9d.;  2in.,  lOd.;  2J  in.,  lid.  ;  2i  in..  Is.;  3  in., 
2d. :  3^  in.,  Is.  4d, ;  4  in.,  Is.  Cd. ;  4J  in..  Is.  8d. ;  5  in..  Is.  lOd. 
5uredeath,"  Killing  Fluid.— Non-poisonous.     Contains  no  acid.     (id.  per  bottle. 
OVA,  LARV/E,  and  PUP/E. 

"iya.— Per  tio^.— Ligustri,  Camelina,  Rusticata,  Gemmaria,   4d.     Vernaria,   Querci- 
i,  6d.     Sambucata,  'id. 

Larvse.— Per  doz. — Ocellatus,  Is.  Tilis,  Elpenor,  Is.  Od.  Vinula,  Callunse,  Populi, 
ingaria,  Prunaria,  Betularia  (black  var.),  Ziczac,  Anachoreta,  Pigra,  9d.  Dispar,  6d. 
Pupae. — Each. — Castrensis,  3d.  Fuciformis,  Chamomillae,  4d.  Carpini,  3d.  Tetra- 
iria,  Angularia,  Palpina,  Rhizolitha,  Dubitata,  'i^d.  Box  and  postage,  2d. 
Rare  British  Lepidoptera,  irith  "f?«frt."'— Lathonia,  Antiopa,  Scoliix^formis,  Albi- 
cta,  5s.  each.  Sphegiformis,  Ashworthii,  Nubecnlosa,  Contiguaria,  Barrettii,  2s.  6d. 
1.  Pyrophila,  Ravida,  Armigera,  Ctesia,  Atropos,  Sobrina,  Agathina,  Is.  6d.  each, 
igera,  Albimacula,  Irregularis,  Ripae,  Is.  each.     Bractea,  4s.  6d. 

THE  NATURALIST'S  MONTHLY  REVIEW 

Jew  Books,  Publications,  Records  and  Captures,  Sales  and  Wants,  &c..  Is.  per  annum. 

The  Larvae  Collector's  Guide  and  Calendar,' Illustrated,  Is.    'The  Egg  Collec- 
s  Guide  and  Calendar,'  Illustrated,  Is.    '  Bird  Stuffing  and  Mounting,'  Illustrated, 
'  Animal,  Fish  and  Reptile  Stuffing,'  Is.  6d. 

Egg  Drills  and  Blowpipe,  Is. 

&  W.  DAVIS,  31-33,  Hythe  Street,  Dartford,  Kent. 


R.  STAUDINGER  &  BANQ  =  HAAS,  Blasewitz  =  Dresden,  in  their 

new  Price  List,  No.  XLIV.,  ofter  more  than  15,000  Species  of  well-named 
PIDOPTERA.  set  or  in  papers,  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  in  finest  condition  ; 
0  kinds  of  PREPARED  LARViE  ;  numerous  LIVING  PUP,/E,  &c.  Separate 
CE  Lists  for  COLEOPTERA  (20,000  species),  for  HYMENOPTERA  (3000 
jiesl,  DIPTERA  (1900),  HEMIPTERA  (2000),  ORTHOPTERA  (1000), 
UROPTERA  (550).     Discount  for  Cash-orders.     Prices  low. 


THE    BRADY    CABINET. 

ITOMOLOaiCAL  CABINETS  on  an  IMPROVED  PRINCIPLE. 

Ten    Shillings  per   Drawer. 
'^HESE  well=known  CABINETS  are  Manufactured 

of  well-seasoned  Mahogany,  with  wood  or  plate-glass 
Qels  to  doors.     Letters  of  recommendation  can  be  sent  if 
sired. 
2.  BRADY  &  SONS,  Lower  Fore  Street,  Edmonton,  G.E.R. 

Now  Ready.— THIRD  EDITION. 

HE    LEPIDOPTERIST'5   GUIDE. 

Considerably  Enlarged,  Freely  Illustrated,  and  brought  to  Twentieth  Century  Date. 
PRICE    ONE    SHILLING. 
JLISHED  BY  GURNEY  &  JACK^^ON,  1,  P.\tkrnoster  Row,  E.G. ;  also 
Sold  by  WATKINS  &  DONCASTER,  36,  Str.\nd,  Lo.^^don,  W.C. 


0  ()  N  V  K  N  r  s. 

Intermediate  Forms  of  Amphidasys  betularia  (with  illustrations),  Franh  LitL 
wood,  213.  Agrion  pulchellum,  var.,  resembling  A.  puella  (with  illustratioi 
W.  J.  Lucas,  215.  On  Labelling  Insects,  T.  B.  Fletcher,  216.  On  t 
Nomenclature  of  the  Genera  of  the  Rhynchota,  Heteroptera  and  Auchenc 
rhynchous  Homoptera,  G.  W.  Kirkaldy,  218.  Notes  on  Lepidoptera  from  tl 
Mediterranean,  T.  B.  Fletcher,  220.  South  African  Coccidae,  T.  D. 
Cockerell,  228. 

Notes  and  Observations. — On  Bearing  Acheroutia  atropos,  [Bev.)  0.  Fickar 
Cambridge,  i21.  Buff-coloured  Amphidasys  betularia,  Philip  B.  Mason,  2i 
Lycaena  corydon  protected  by  Eesemblance,  W.  J.  Lucas,  228. 

Captures  and  Field  Reports.  —  Entomological  Notes  for  June,  1901,  F. 
Oldaker,  228.  Chariclea  umbra  (marginata)  at  Sugar;  Plusia  moneta 
Bromley,  Kent,  A.  J.  Laurance,  229.  Plusia  moneta  in  Hampshire,  G.  j 
Russell,  229.  Lycsena  minima  in  Warwickshire,  D.  T.  Garrett,  229.  Aci 
nycta  alni  taken  at  Best;  Vanessa  urticae  attracted  by  Light,  R.  A.  McLec 
2B0.  (Enistis  (Gnophria)  quadra  in  Dublin,  W.  C.  E.  Wheeler,  230.  Ox 
gastra  curtisii  taken  in  Hants,  W.  J.  Lucas,  230.  Deiopeia  pulchella  in  t 
London  District,  E.  A.  Warne,  230.  Sphinx  couvolvuli  in  1901,  W.  Giffo 
Nash,  J.  Miller,  230.  Variety  of  Euchloris  (Phorodesma)  pustulata,  /.  A\ 
loard  Churchill,  231.  Thecla  w-album  in  Shropshire,  {Bev.)  Chas.  Thori 
■will,  231. 

Societies,  231.  Recent  Literature.  232.  Obituary:  Eleanor  A.  Ormert 
LL.D.,  235. 


THE    ORIGINAL    DRAWINGS    of  the   LARV/E 
the    BRITISH    LEPIDOPTERA,    with  Notes,   by  tl 
late  Mr.  W.  Buckler,  of  Emsworth,  representmg  about  pc 
Species,  with,  frequently,  many  figures  for  each  Species — a 

FOR    SALE. 

They  formed  the  materials  on  which  Nine  Animal  Volumes  of  the  pub 
cations  of  the  Ray  Society  were  based. 

For   particulars    apply   to   Rev.   Dr.  Wiltshire,   F.L.^ 
25,  Granville  Park,  Lewisham,  London.   S.E. 


ALFRED  H.  BASTIN,  ENTOMOLOGIST,  Ivy  House,  28,  New  Road,  READING. 

Nets,  Setting-Boards,  Store-Boxes,  Glass  Cases,  Pins,  Glass  Top  and  Bottc 
Boxes,  and  all  kinds  of  Entomologist's  Apparatus  of  the  best  make.  Price  L 
post  free  on  application. 

A  Large  Stock  of  all  kinds  of  Exotic  Insects.  A  40-pp.  Descriptive  Catalog 
maj-  be  had  post  free  on  application  by  intending  purchasers.  Instructional  cas 
and  sets  illustrating  "Protective  Resemblance,"  "  Mimicry,"  "  Warning  Colon 
tion,"  "  Metamorphosis,"  &c.,  prepared  at  moderate  rates.    Correspondence  inviti 

The  "  ENTOX "  (as  supplied  to  the  British   Museum)  is  a  cheap  carton 
Exotic  Insects,  price  8s.     Sample,  3s.  6d.  post  free. 

Second-band  Entomological  Cabinets  bought  and  sold. 

C>IRD=STUFFER.— Youth  wanted  who  can  stuff.  Constant  work 
V:?  anyone  who  shows  ability.  Send  a  stuffed  Sparrow  by  post  on  or  before  1 
1st  September,  with  name,  address,  and  all  particulars,  to 

ORNITHOLOGIST,  166,  Piccadilly,  London. 

JAMES     GAR  D  N  E R , 

MANUFACTURER  of  ALL  KINDS  of  ENTOMOLOGICAL  APPARATl 

29  (late  426),  OXFORD    STREET 
(Nearly    opposite    Tottenham    Court    Road). 

PRICED   LISTS    ON   APPLICATION. 
All  Articles  Guaranteed ;  exchanged  if  not  approved  of.     Friends  and  Onslom 
are  requested  to  note  the  Address,  as  mistakes  occur  daily. 


Vol.  XXXIV.]        SEPTEMBER,    1901.  [No. 


460. 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST 


lllustrateb  lourual 


GENERAL    ENTOMOLOGY. 


EDITED     BY      RICHARD     SOUTH,     F.E.S. 

WITH    THE    ASSISTANCE    OF 

ROBERT   ADKIN,  F.E.S.  ;  W.  F.  KIRBY,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 

W.  L.  DISTANT,  F.E.S.,  &c.  I  G.  W.  KIKKALDY,  F.E.S. 

EDWARD  A.  FITCH,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.  j  W.  J.  LUCAS,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

F.  W.FROHAWK,  F.E.S..  M.B.O.U.  I  Dr.  D.  SHARP,  F.R.S.,  F.E.S.,  &c 

MARTIN  JACOBY,  F.E.S.  !  G.  H.  VERRALL,  F.E.S. 

''By  mutual  coufideuce  and  mutual  aid 
Great  deeds  are  done  and  great  discoveries  made.'' 


'0'    \ 


SEP  12' m) 


LONDON 


WEST,  NEWMAN    &    CO.,    54,    HATTON    GARDEN  ; 
SIMPKIN,   MARSHALL,   HAMILTON,   KENT  &  CO.,   Limited. 

Price   Sixpence. 


WATKINS     &     DONCASTER 

Naturalists  himI  Slaiiufarturers  of  Kiitomoloi^ical  Apparatus  ami  Cabinets. 

Plain  Ring  Nets,  wire  or  cane,  including  Stick,  Is.  3d.,  28.,  2s.  6d.  Folding  Nets 
38.  6d.,  4s.  Umbrella  Nets  (self-acting),  Ts.  Pocket  Boxes,  6d.,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d 
Zinc  Relaxing  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d.,  2s.  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  7d.  per  four  dozen 
Entomological  Pins,  assorted  or  mixed,  1.,  Is.  6d.  per  oz.  Pocket  Lanterns,  2s.  6d 
to  8s.  Sugaring  Tin,  with  brush,  Is.  6d.,  28.  Sugaring  Mixture,  ready  for  use 
Is.  9d.  per  tin.  Store  Boxes,  with  camphor  cells,  28.  6d.,  48.,  5s.,  68.  Settmj 
Boards,  flat  or  oval,  1  in.,  6d. ;  1  ^  in.,  8d. ;  2  in.,  lOd. ;  2^  in..  Is. ;  3i  it»M  Is.  4d. 
4  in,,  Is,  6d. ;  5  in..  Is.  lOd. ;  Complete  Set  of  fourteen  Boards,  lOs.  6d.  Settini 
Houses,  9s.  6d.,  lis.  6d. ;  corked  back,  14s.  Zinc  Larva  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d 
Breeding  Cage,  2s.  6d.,  4s.,  5s.,  Ts.  (Jd.  Ooleopterist's  Collecting  Bottle,  with  tube 
Is.  6d.,  Is.  8d.  Botanical  Cases,  japanned,  double  tin,  Is.  6d.,  2s.  9d.,  3s.  6d.,  4s.  6d 
Botanical  Paper,  Is.  Id.,  Is.  4d.,  Is.  9d.,  28.  2d.,  per  quire.  Insect  Glazed  Cases 
2s.  6d.  to  lis.  Cement  for  replacing  Antennae,  4d.  per  bottle.  Steel  Forceps 
Is,  6d,,  2s.,  2s.  6d.  per  pair.  Cabinet  Cork,  7  by  Bi,  best  quality,  l8.4d.  per  dozei 
sheets.  Brass  Chloroform  Bottle,  2s.  6d.  Insect  Lens,  Is.  to  8s.  Glass-top  am 
Glass-bottomed  Boxes  from  Is.  per  dozen.  Zinc  Killing  Box,  9d.,  Is.  Pupi 
Digger,  in  leather  sheath,  Is.  9(1.  Taxidermist's  Companion,  containing  mos 
necessary  implements  for  skinning,  lOs.  6d.  Scalpels,  Is.  3d.  ;  Scissors,  2s.  pe 
pair;  Egg-drills,  2d.,  3d.,  9d ;  Blowpipes,  4d.,  (id.;  Artificial  Eyes  for  Birds  ani 
Animals  ;  Label-lists  of  British  Butterflies,  2d. ;  ditto  of  Birds'  Eggs,  2d.,  3d.,  6d. 
ditto  of  Land  and  Fresli-wnter  Sliells,  2d.;  Useful  Books  on  Insects,  Eggs,  &g. 

Now  ready.— The  EXCHANGE  LIST  and  LABEL  LIST.  Compiled  b 
Mr.  I'^D.  Mkyrick,  B.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  according  to  his  recent  '  Handbook  c 
British  Lepidoptera.'  Exchange  Lists,  ^d.  each ;  4d.  per  doz. ;  Label  Lists 
9d.  each. 

Oiir  new  Label-list  of  British  Macro-Lepidoptera,  witli  Latin  and  Englisl 
names,  Is.  6d.  Our  new  Complete  Catalogue  of  British  Lepidoptera  (every  specie 
numbered),  Is. ;  or  printed  on  one  side  for  labels,  28. 

The  "Dixon"  Lamp-net  (invaluable  for  taking  moths  off  street-lamps  withou 
climbing  the  lamp-posts),  recently  improved,  3s.  6d. 

SHOW      ROOM       FOR      CABINETS 

Of  every  description  for  Inseots,  Birds'  Eggs,  Coins,  Microscopical  Objects 
Fossils,  &c.     Catalogue  (96  pp.)  sent  on  application,  post  free. 

A    LARGE    STOCK    OF    INSECTS    AND     BIRDS'    EGGS 

(kRITISH,    EUROPEAN,    AND    EXOTIc). 

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Only  Address : — 
36  STKAND,  W.C.,  LONDON  (5  doors  from  Oharing  Cross) 

NATURAL     HISTORY     AGENT     AND     BOOKSELLER. 

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SOUTH     BENFLEET,    R.8.O.,    ESSEX. 


NETS,   BREEDINQ  =  CAQES,  and  Apparatus  of  every  description 
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OVA,     LARV/E,     AND     PUP/E. 

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Full   List  of  LEPIDOPTERA,  Apparatus,  Cabinets.  &c.,  sent  on  application 


CONTENTS. 

'he  New  Edition  of  ''  Staudinger's  Catalogue,"  237.  On  the  British  and  Finnish 
Species  of  the  Orthopterous  Genus  Acridium,  Geoffroy,  Kirhv  r-Tetriv 
Lair.)  G  TF.  K.rkaiay^  241.  Notes  on  Lepidoptera  Li^^l^lSliLlItan; 
T  B  I'letcJier,  244.  Further  Notes  on  Forcing  Agrotis  ashworthii,  Colonel 
cartridge,  246.  Description  of  a  New  Species  of  Cicadid*  from  the  Island 
of  Hainan,  W.  L.  Distant,  247.  South  African  Coccids,  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell 
248.  ' 

:oTES  AND  Observations.— On  Bearing  Lasiocampa  (Bombyx)  quercus  K  G 
Blair,  250.  Abundance  of  Cyaniris  argiolus  in  the  Metropolitan  area',  Robert 
Adkin,  251.  Entomological  Fauna  of  Berkshire,  252.  Buff-coloured  Amphi 
dasys  betularia,  H.  Ainslie  Hill,  ^15^1.     Insects  of  Malta,  T.  B.  Fletcher,  252. 

APTUREs  AND  FiELD  Beports.— Pieris  daplidice  at  Dover,  H.  Douglas  Stociwell 
252.  Pieris  daplidice,  Colias  edusa,  and  C.  hyale  at  Eastbourne,  Robert 
Adkin,  252.  Cohas  hyale  near  Maldon,  {Rev.)  Gilbert  H.  Raynor,  253 
Cohas  hyale  in  Essex,  Edward  A.  Fitch,  253.  Cohas  hyale  in  Kent,  1901^ 
H.  Hitggins,  Jun.,  253.  Vanessa  polychloros  and  Argynnis  paphia  at 
Witherslack,  C.  H.  Forsythe,  253.  Note  on  Vanessa  polychloros  at  Lee, 
F.  M.  B.  Carr,  253.  Vanessa  antiopa  in  South-East  London,  George  B. 
Browne,  254.  Lycsena  minima  (Polyommatus  alsus)  in  August,  L.  M.  Seth- 
Smith,  254.  Abundance  of  Lycaena  argiolus  at  Lee,  F.  M.  B.  Carr,  254. 
Purple  Larva  of  Sphinx  ligustri,  Edward  A.  Fitch,  254.  Larv^  of  Sphinx 
convolvuli  at  Maldon,  Edward  A.  Fitch,  254.  Sphinx  convolvuli  larv*  in 
Lancashire,  F.  J.  Grimshaw,  254.  Sphinx  convolvuli  in  Essex,  E.  A.  Fitch. 
255.  Sphinx  convolvuli  in  Sussex,  L.  S.  Giles,  255.  Acronycta  alni  in  War- 
wickshire, W.  Kiss,  255.     Plusia  moneta  at  Bickley,  Kent,  A.  J.  Laivrance, 

255.  Plusia  moneta  at  Beading,  W.  E.  Butler,  255.  Callimorpha  hera  in 
England,  (Rev.)  W.  J.  Leigh  Phillips.,  255.  Sesia  andreniformis  in  Kent. 
H.  Huggins,  Jan.,  255.  Larvae  of  Nyssia  lapponaria,  E.  A.  Cockayne,  255. 
Lucanus  cervus  in  London  ;  Gymnusa  brevicollis  in  Yorkshire,  N.  L.  Gillesjne, 

256.  Note  on  Ehizotrogus  solstitialis,  Philip  J.  Barrand,  256.  Gerris  costic 
{E.-Sch.)  at  Deal,  G.  W.  Kirkaldy,  256.  Sirex  gigas,  Thos.  B.  Blakeborough. 
256.  Notes  from  the  Chester  District,  J.  Arklc,  256.  Odonata  and  Lepidoptera 
at  Llandrindod  (Badnorshire),  /.  Arkle,  257.  Notes  on  Lepidoptera  during 
July  and  August,  1901,  F.  A.  Oldaher,  258. 

3CIETIES. — South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society,  259. 
ECENT  Literature, 260. 

TO  CONTEIBUTORS.  — Papers,  Notes,  and  Communications,  on  all 
■anelies  of  Entomology,  are  solicited.  Contributors  are  requested  to  conform,  as 
r  as  possible,  to  the  following  rules: — All  Communications  must  be  clearly 
I'itten  on  one  side  only  of  the  paper.  Generic  names  must  be  given  in  full, 
ecEPTiNG  where  immediately  BEFORE  USED.  The  Editor  is  not  responsible  for 
msed  MS.,  neither  can  he  undertake  to  return  it,  unless  especially  asked  to 
»  so.  Contributors  of  the  more  important  articles  receive  six  copies  of  such 
tides.  NOTICES  of  EXCHANGE  (inserted  without  charge)  must  contain 
(thing  more  than  the  specific  names  of  the  duplicates  and  desiderata,  except 
lien  two  insects  are  known  by  the  same  specific  name,  and  must  be  clearly 
fitten  on  one  side  only  of  the  paper. 


Now  Ready.— THIRD  EDITION. 

HE    LEPIDOPTERIST'5   GUIDE. 

Considerably  Enlarged,  Freely  Illustrated,  and  brought  to  Twentieth  Century  Date. 

PRICE    ONE    SHILLING. 
FBLiSHED  BY  GURNEY  &  JACKSON,   1,  Paternoster  Row,   E.C. ;  also 
Sold  by  WATKINS  &  DONCASTER,  36,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 


EXCHANGE. 

Duplicates. — L.  Sericea  (a  few),  fine,  and  black  pins.  Desiderata. — Ashworthii 
good;  Sesidae,  or  good  Pseudo-Bomb^'ces. — A.  G.  Wallington  :  10,  Arthur  Sti-eet 
Warrington. 

Du-iilicates,  —  Can  offer  several  verj'  rare  species  and  some  good  varieties,  fo 
rarities  and  good  forms.  Can  also  oft'err  Lychnitis,'''-  Asteris*,  Cinxia,"^  Rhamnata, 
Curtula,'"  Ednsa,'"  Sinapis,  Tiliie,''-  Suffusa,  Rubricosa,'"  Juniperata,  Elutata  (goO( 
bilberry  form),  Spartiata,  Advenaria,  Isogrammata,-'^  Pnlchellata,"'-  Hebrides,  fo 
local  species. — W.  G.  Sheldon;  '■'  Heimath,'"  Friends  Load,  Croydon. 

Duplicates. — W-Album,'''  Trigrammica,  Neustria,  Comma,  Flavago,  Affinitata 
Isogrammata.  Desiderata. — Promissa,  Sponsa,  Russula,  Galii,  Bombyliformi; 
(Narrow-bordered  Bee  Hawk-motli),  and  many  others. — A.  Pike;  16,  Exete 
Road,  Sherwood  Bise,  Nottingham. 

Du])licates.  —  Numerous.  Send  list.  Desiderata. — Larvae  of  C-Album,  an- 
other  larvae,  ova  and  pnpie. —  V.  E.  Sliaiv ;  8,  Moss  Hall  Grove,  North  Finchley 
Middlesex. 

Duplicates.  —  Larvae  :  Potatoria.  Pupae  :  Stellatarum,  Porcellus  (a  few 
Hirtaria,  Pennaria.  Desiderata. — Fertile  ova  and  pupae  (especially  P.  Populi).- 
L.  ^4.  Spencer ;  52,  Biirgldeij  Road,  Highgate  Road,  London,  N.W. 

Duplicates.  —  Cinxia,  Graphia,  Valezina,  Aglaia,  Adippe,  Galatea,  Sibylla 
Adonis,  Agestis,  Corydon.  ^Egon,  Actieon,  Ambigua,  Literosa,  &c. ;  larvae  of  Villica 
Desiderata. — Northern  species  and  local  larvae. — A.  Ford;  "  Hillside,''  Sminyhit 
Road,  Pohesdoiun,  near  Bournemouth. 

Duplicates.  —  Adippe,  Aureola,  Monacha,  Sponsa,  Promissa,  Cj'tisaria,  &c. 
larvae  of  Limacodes  and  Oleracea.  Desiderata. — Larvte  and  pupte. — A.  M.  Smalt 
piece ;  Field  Lodge,  Barley,  Ringivood,  Hants. 

Duplicates. — Larvai  of  Caia.  Desiderata. — Ova  and  larvte  of  many  species.- 
{Rev.)  C.  F.  Thornewill;   Calverhall  Vicarage,  Whitchurch,  Salop). 

Duplicates. — Tiliaria,*  Falcula,''',  Argiolus,''-  Punctaria,"'-  Porata,*  Aversata, 
Fagi,'''  Camelina,-"'=  Subsequa,'''  Fuscantaria,"'  Chamomillae,"'  Smaragdaria,'--  Fnrcxila 
Vetulata,"'  lo,*  Castrensis,'''  Rhamnata,"'  Unifasciata,*  Rusticata,  ^Egon,  Lineok 
Irrorella,  Aureola,  Minos,  &c.,  Biundularia '''  (N.  Wales).  Desiderata.  —  Ovs 
larvae  and  pupie  :  P.  Populi,  T.  Crat;«j,'i,  Dolabraria,  Lunaria,  Orbicularia,  Imitarif 
Pulveraria,  Plumaria.  Succentm'iata,  Scabiosata,  Jassioneata,  Fraxinata,  Campanr 
lata,  Albipunctata,  Dodoneata,  A.  Urticte,  Chaouia,  Dodonea,  Trepida,  and  man 
others. — -Colonel  Partridge  ;  72,  St.  John's  Park,  Blacklieath. 

Duplicates. — Trej^idaria,  Brunneata,  Fumata,  Obfuscata,  Davus,  Blandint 
Chi,  and  Caesiata.  Desiderata. — Formicaeformis,  Muscaiformis  and  other  Sesida 
and  offers. — E.  A.  Cockayne ;  6,  Tapton  House  Road,  Sheffield. 

Duplicates. — Corydon,  Jj]gon  (set  and  unset),  Icarus,  Galatea,  Seniele,  EdusE 
Napi,  lo,  Atalanta,  V.  Urticae,  two  B.  Rubi,  Clathrata,  Mensuraria,  larvae  c 
Jacobaeae,  and  one  larva  of  Ligustri.  Desiderata.  —  Pruni,  Betulae,  Cinxia 
Alsus,  Athalia,  C-Album,  Artemis,  Sibylla,  L-is,  Actason,  H.  Comma,  Atropos,  Hen 
Fuliginosa,  Bombyliformis  (narrow-bordered).  All  Sesidae,  Leporina,  Pyralins 
and  Tiliae. — C.  A.  Johnstone;  Rosslyn,  Marlborough  (after  September  8th:  l'^ 
Henleaze  Road,  Wesihury-on-Trym,  Bristol). 

Duplicates. — Tryphaena,  Subsequa.  What  offers  ? — F.H.  Fisher  ;  Cranhorn 
Vicarage,  Salisbury. 

Duplicates. — M.  Artemis,  L.  Salmacis,  P.  Geryon,  N.  Elymi,  M.  Expolita,  1 
Biinidularia,  G.  Papilionaria,  E.  Venosata,  Centaureata,  and  many  otheri 
Desiderata. — Very  niimerous. — John  E.  Robson  ;  15,  Norfhgate,  Hartlepool. 

Dup)licates. — Fine  bred  Moneta.  Desiderata. — Sphegiformis,  Asellus,  Form: 
caeformis,  Arundiuis,  Muscerda,  Conspicuata,  Rubricata,  Strigillata,  Consignatf 
Irriguata,  Lapidata,  Ulvae,  Albivenosa,  Si^arganii,  Auricoma,  Strigosa,  Abject; 
Caliginosa,  Albipuncta,  Exigua,  Brevilinea,  Pyrophila,  Ravida,  Subsequa,  Ditr£ 
pezivun,  Ashworthii,  Venustula,  Peltigera,  Armigera,  Dipsacus,  Cordigera,  Lychnitii 
Interrogationis,  Abietaria,  kc.  Either  kind  of  pin,  if  perfect  a:]d  well-set.  Accepte 
offers  only  answered. — M.  Phipips ;  Woodside  View,  Victoria  Road,  Southborougl 
Tunbridge  Wells,  Kent. 

Duplicates. — Aglaia,  W-album,  Sylvanus,  Bembeciformis,  Vetulata,  Anachorets 
Verbasci,  Popularis,  Valligera,  Tritici,  Umbro^a,  Carpophaga.  Desiderata.  - 
Numerous. — D.  Couldwell ;  1,  Park  Avenue,  Cave  Street,  Hull. 

Duplicates. — Pupae  of  Templi  and  Myricae ;  also  iniagos  of  Furva,  Cursorif 
Nigra,  Fialiginosa*  (var.  Borahs),  Furcula,*  Carpiin,"'  Versicolor,"  Fascelina, 
Solidaginis.  Desiderata. — Pupae  of  many,  and  species  Carmelita,  Populi,  Cucuhif 
Ridens,  Dictaeoides,  and  any  of  sharks  (except  Verbasci). — A.  Gray  ;  Moun 
Pleasant,  la.  Canal  Street,  Aberdeen,  N.B. 


ra,&c.;  black  pins -^tF  S^ZZ!'   lcF7f^  ^c^''.  Convolvuli,  Arion. 
^^,  LocA-..;oo.Z.ir»,?^.,^;?iS'*  pupte.-C/^«W..   Mos% ;    20,   Moor  End 

Duphcates.~^YelUet  Caniola  iu  good  condition,  not  perfect-    also  few  Ann 

igillana,  Denvata,  Badiata,  Impluviata,  SufTumata,  Corylata,^:^  Betularia  1  kck^' 
>derata.-Ch^rnomM^,  Straminea,  Albicillata,  Firmata,  c4.  Acce^d  o^^^^^^ 
^veied  within  a  week.-/.  Arkle ;  2,  George  Street,  Chester.  "^'''^'^^"^  ""^''^ 
Du2,l,caies.  -  AshwoTthn.-  Desiderata. -Braciea.  Liberal  exchange  for 
?le  specimens  if  good.-./.  Arkle;  2,  George  Street,  Chester.  ^^'''^"^'  ^""^ 
Dnplicates.-iDmgox^mes)  L.  Dubia,  Grandis,  Juncea.  Desiderata -Gom- 
sjulgatissimus,   and    other   local  dragonflies.-./   Arkle;    2,    George  Str^t, 

DujMcates.-Gna^h^lii:-.  (one),  Brevilinea,-  Sphegiformis,=:=  Moneta,-  Cannae  — 
Uohinson,  4,  St.  Paul's  Road,  CUftonville,  Margate. 

Dhange  OF  ADDRESS.-Bev.  A.  Miles  Moss,  Ao»ri2rGi^eenside,   Kendal,   to 
Close,  Norwich.  ' 


MEETINGS    OF    SOCIETIES. 

ilNTOMOLoGicAL  SOCIETY  OF  LoNDON  (11,  Chandos  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  W.). 
JouTH  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society  (Hibernia 
mbers,  London  Bridge,  S.E.).— Meetings  on  the  2nd  and  4th  Thiirsdavs  in 
I  month  at  8  p.m. 

)iTY  OF  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society.— The 
tings  of  this  Society  (held  at  the  Loudon  Institution,  Finsbury  Circus".  E.G.) 

take  place  on  the  1st  and  3rd  Tuesdays  in  each  month,  from  7.30  to  10  p.m. 
ToRTH  London  Natural  History  Society.— Meetings  are   held   on    the   Ist 

3rd  Thursdays  in  each  month  at  the  Sigdon  Road  Board  School  (close  to 
kney  Downs  Station,  G.E.R.),  at  7.45  p.m. 

foNPAREiL  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society  (17,  Rahere  St., 
pell  Road,  E.G.).— Meeting  nights,  1st  and  3rd  Thursdays  in  each  month. 

OVA,    LARV^,    and    PU  P>eT~ 

■ge  and  Varied  Stock  all  the  year  round,  including  many 
Rare  Genuine  British  Species. 

rice  List  on  application  to  L.  W.  Newman,  Bexley,  Kent. 

N.B. — Lepidoptera  reared  from  the  Ova  to  the  Pup^,  on  Commission. 
Now  Beady.     Thirty-seven  Pages  and  Four  Plates.     Price  4s. 

iPSIS  OF  EXPERIMENTS  IN  HYBRIDIZATION  AND  TEMPERATURE  MADE 
WITH  LEPIDOPTERA  UP  TO  THE  END  OF  1898. 

By  Prof.  Dr.  MAX   STANDFUSS, 

(Translated  from  the  Gervian  by  Edward  Martin  Dadd). 

Reprinted  from  the  'Entomologist,'  1900-1901. 

a  few  Copies  of  this  Reprint  are  on  Sale,  and  Orders  should  l)e  sent  promptly^ 
LONDON  ;   WEST,  NEWMAN  &  CO.,  54,  HATTON  GARDEN. 


A.     LIONEL     CLARK  K, 

NATURAL-HISTORY  AGENT,  BARTON  STREET,  GLOUCESTER, 

JjUPPLIES  Collectors  with  every  kind  of  apparatus  for  the  various  branches  oi 
►3     Natural  History  :  Cabiuets,  Store  Boxes,  Butterdy  Nets,  &c. 

BIEDS"    EGGS,    SKINS,   LEPIDOPTERA  and   COLEOPTERA,  kc,  kept 
in  stock  iu  large  quantities. 

The  largest  stock  of  Eggs  iu  England  to  select  from,  including  many  very  rare 

species.     List  of  clutches  sent  if  desired.     Large  buyers  liberally  dealt  with. 

Revised  List  of  British  Lepidoptera.  noiv  ready,  post  free. 

NEW    AND    SECOND-HAND    BOOKS. 

Taxidermy.  Birds  skinned  and  prepared  for  Cabinets  or  mouuted  by  skilled  .issistauts. 

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N.B. — No  agents,  and  only  one  address  as  above. 
THE      PRACTICAL      CABINET      MAKERS. 

J.   T.  CROCKETT   &   SON, 

(Establighed  1847,) 

jyi.AKERS  of  every  Description  and  Size  of  Cabinets,  Cases, 
*•'■*  Store-Boxes,  Apparatus  and  Applu.vces,  and  Dealers  in  all  kinds  of 
Specimens  for  Entomologists,  Botanists,  OuNirHOLOGisTS,  Geologists,  Miner- 
alogists, Numismatists.  Conchologists,  &c.,  and  for  the  use  of  Lecturers,  Science 
Teachers,  Colleges,  Students,  &c.  iluseums  fitted  and  arranged.  Specially  made 
Cabinet  for  Birds'  Eggs  and  Skins.  The  Drawers  graduate  in  depth  and  are  all 
interchangeable.     All  Best  Work.     Estimates  given. 

All  goods  at  Store  Prices,     Qreat  advantages  in  dealing  direct  with  MaJters. 
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itralunaria,  Anachoreta,  4d.     Dispar,  3d. 

HEALTHY  PUP/E.— J?((i7(.— Ocellatus,  Elpenor,  Vinula,  var.  Doubledayaria,  3d. 
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L  Catalogue  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  Ireland, 

By  W.  F.   DE  VISMES   KANE. 

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"HIS  IMPORTANT  LIST  of  the  Lepidopterous  Fauna  of  Ireland, 

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WORKS   ON     tN  I  OMOLOUY 

BY    THE    LATE 

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BRITISH      PYRALIDES 

INCLUDING    THE 

PTEROPHORIDiC. 

AN  ILLUSTRATED  LIST  and  Aid  to  the  Identification  of  the 
-^  DELTOIDS,  PYEALIDES,  CRAMBI,  and  PTEROPHORID^ 
occurring  in  the  BRITISH  ISLANDS. 

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Vol.   XXXIV.j  OCTOBER,    1901.  ir^o.  461. 


THK 


ENTOMOLOGIST 


lllustrateb  lourual 


GKNKKAJ.     ENTOMOLOGY. 


EDITED      BY      RICHARD     SOUTH,     F.E.S. 

WriH     THK     ASSISTANCE     OK 

ROBERT   ADKIN,  F.E.S.  j    W.  F.  KIRBY,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 

W.  L.  DISTANT,  F.E.S.,  &c.  |    G.  W.  KIRKALDY,  F.E.S. 

EDWARD  A.  FITCH,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.  j    W.  J.  LUCAS,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

F.W.FROHAWK.  F.E.S.,  M.B.O.U.  j    Dr.  D.  SHARP,  F.R.S.,  F.E.S.,  &o 

MARTIN  JACOBY,  F.E.S.  I    G.  H.  VERRALL,  F.E.S. 

"  By  mutual  confidence  and  mutual  aid 
Great  deeds  are  done  and  great  discoveries  made." 


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EXCHANGE. 

.  DHpUvates.-C-A\hnm,  Sinapis,  Argiolus,  Paphia,  Sibylla,  Geryon,  Abbreviata 
Limosa  Halterata  Silaceata,  ova  of  Autumnaria.  Z)..zi.ra^«.4^ery  numei^us' 
[Bev.)  A.  Day  ;   The  Vicarage,  Malvern  Linh.  ^  uumeious. 

Daphcates.—C&n  offer  several  very  rare  species  and  some  good  varieties  for 
rarities  and  good  forms.  Can  also  offer  Lychnitis/:=  Hyale,*  Cinxia  *  Ehamna'ff  >^ 
Cartula.^=  Edusa,  :=  Sinapis,  Tili.,=:^  Suffusa:Kubricosa,^?Jm;ipe;:t"NStta  (t'o'd 
bilberry  form),  bpartiata,  Advenana,  Isogrammata,=:-  Pulchellata,*  Hebrides  for 
local  Species.— TF.  G.  Sheldon;  "  Reimath;'  Friends  Boad,  Croydon 

Duphcates.-Zy^mia,  Trifolii,- Mendica,- Miniata,  Irrorella,  Statices,  Ornata,* 
Citraria,  \  alhgera,  Saucia,  Serena,  Fuscula,  Costalis,  and  many  other  odd  specimens. 
Vestderata.— Many  moderately  common  species,  especially  if  pale  or  dark  — /  P 
Barrett ;   3,  St.  John's  Villas,  Margate.  •       •     . 

i)»./7Zica^es. -Blandina,  Umbratica,  Viridata,  Tincta,  Rumicis,  Trilinea,  Davus 
.hi,  Imbutata  Fagi,  not  good.  Desiderata.—^.  W- Album,  Villica,  Galatea,' 
uardamines. — G.  Porsythe  ;  County  Asijlum,  Lancaster. 

Duplicates.— Ueny&nt\nAis,  Suspecta,  Vaccinii,  Chi,  Protea,  Glauca,  Pilosaria 
Cambnca,  Ulmata,  Boreata,  Nanata,  Laricata,  Populata,  Testata,  Atrata  Desi- 
ierrti«.— Numerous.— ^.  Broadley ;  20,  North  View,  Beechclife,  Keighley. 

Duplicates.— Machaon,  Pinastri,  lUustraria  (2),  Neustria,  Tersata,  Lithoxylea 
Luctuosa,  Pyramidea,  and  others  ;  also  larvae  of  Quercifolia  and  Rubi,  and  pupse 
Df  Lanestris.  Desiderata.— Yery  numerous.— L.  M.  Setli-Smith;  Alley ne,  Cater- 
ham  Valley,  Surrey. 

Duplicates. — Atropos  and  pupae ;  Dispar  and  ova  ;  Autumnaria  and  ova ; 
aastaria,  Aurantiaria,  Ulmata,  Polychloros,  Chi,  Chrysitis,  &c. ;  larv£e  of  Caia! 
Desiderata. — Trepida,  Sicula,  Hamula,  Leporina,  Interrogationis,  Cucubali,  Gono- 
itigma,  Testudo,  Aureola,  Helveola,  Ditrapezium,  and  offers. — W.  Brooks;  Grange 
Hall,  Rotheram. 

Duplicates.— ^C\ic\i\\&  (CucuUina),  Fagi  (and  dark  var.).  Desiderata. — Helice, 
[ris,  Arion,  Muscerda,  Harpagula.— TF.  E.  Butler ;  Hayling  House,  Oxford  Road, 
Reading. 

Duplicates.— Ednsa,  Adonis,  Caniola,  Hera,  Muralis,  Promissa.  Desiderata. — 
!^umerous, — G.  H.  Heath;  34,  Victoria  Crescent,  Deiushury. 

Duplicates.  —  Sponsa,  Promissa,  Strigula,  Monacha,  Derasa,  T.  Quercus, 
?aphia,  Valesina,  Polychloros,  Piniperda.  Desiderata.  —  Numerous. — G.  Lyle  ; 
Brookley  Road,  Brockenhurst. 

Duplicates. — Larvae  of  Villica,  and  pupae  of  S.  Ligustri  and  Jacobaeae  ;  imago 
)f  Semele  and  Galatea.  Desiderata. — Antiqua,  Lubricipeda,  Menthastri,  Sambu- 
ata,  Viridata,  Rhomboidaria,  Amataria,  Petraria,  Vinula,  Lithoxylea,  Lucipara, 
lera,  and  many  others,  especially  Noctuae. — C.  A.  Johnstone ;  14,  Henleaze  Road, 
Ourdha77i  Doivn,  Bristol. 

Duplicates. — Paphia,  Sibylla,  Galatea,  Davus,  ^Egon,  Agestis,  Alexis  (females), 
)cellatus,  Populi,  Mundana,*  Pygmseola,  Dominula,  Salicis,  Macularia,  Augu- 
aria,''=  Cinctaria,  Punctulata,  Exanthemaria,  Liturata,  Plumaria  (males),  Piuiaria, 
Jitraria,  Gilvaria,  Subtristata,  Bipunctaria,  Lineolata,  Falcula,  Duplaris,  Perla, 
klegacephala.  Comma,  Arcuosa,  Suffusa,  Saucia,  Porphyrea,  Cerago,  Trapezina, 
/hi,  Protea,  Maura,'''  Pastinum,  Nupta,  Flammealis,  Carbouariella,  «&c.  Deside 
ata. — A  few  chrysahds  of  Machaon  (British)  and  imagos  of  many  species.—^.  H. 
Shepherd;  81,  Corinne  Road,  Tufnell  Park,  London. 

Duplicates.— Lycisna.  Dolus,  a  few.  Desiderata.  — Msinj  Norwegian,  and  the 
arer  Southern  butterflies. — H.  Rowland  Brown;  Oxhey  Grove,  Harroiv  Weald. 
Duplicates. -Cowiigaavis,,  Inornata,  Ambigua,  Anachoreta  (St.  Leonard's),  Radiata, 
,nd  other  extreme  forms  of  Lubricipeda  ;  Rubidata,  Autumnaria  (Dover),  Fuscan- 
aria  (dark  Yorkshire),  Saucia,  Neglecta,  Illustraria,  Betulella,  and  many  others, 
)esif?em^a.— Apiformis,  Asellus,  Helveola,  Rotundaria,  Conspicuata,^Constrictata, 
)odoneata,  Coronata,  Stevensata,  Auricoma,  Caliginosa,  Pyrophila,  Semibruuuea, 
■"lexula,  Deutalis,  Terreahs,  StachydaUs,  Costaestrigalis,  Lineolalis,  Resinalis, 
Spinalis,  Verbascalis,  Straminalis,  Lancealis,  Myelins,  Fascelinellus,  Farrella, 
tlucronellus,  Gigantellus,  Caruella,  Achatinella,  Bistriga,  Angustella,  Abietella, 
Ldelphella,  Genistella,  Auella,  Festahella,  Pilosella,  Tetradactyhs,  kc.  —  G.  T. 
^orritt;   Crosland  Hall,  near  Huddersfield. 

Duplicates.— Agsithina,  Exulans,  Davus,  Artaxerxes,  Cinxia,  Adippe,  Poly- 
hlorobs  Iris,  Alsus,  Alveolus,  Bombyliformis,  Meliloti,  N.  Strigula,  Quadra, 
)uercifolia,  Callunie,  Carpini,  Fuliginosa  var.  Boreahs,  Menthastri  var.  Ochracea, 
^elleda,  Trepidaria,  Saiicata,  Multistrigaria,  Repaudata  var.  Sodorensuun  Pusil- 
ita,  Fumata,  Carbonara,  Grossulariata  (good  vars.),  Pic^ria,  Mumtata,  Mbulata- 
ar.   Thules,    Hastata  var.   Hastulata,  Sociata  var.   Suffusa,  Gucullma,  bobrina, 


Orbona  var.  Cnrtisii,  &c.      Desiderata. — Numerous,  especially  varieties. — Arthut 
Home;   TJgie  Bank,  Beaconsfield  Place,  Aberdeen,  N.B. 

Duplicates. — Larvte  or  pupae  of  Vitalbata.  Desiderata.  — Very  numerous 
especially  pupae  of  Arctia,  Urticae,  Zonaria,  Hispidaria,  aud  numerous  imagines 
carefully  set  on  black  pins,  with  full  history.  —  G.  B.  Garland ;  94,  SedgwicJ 
Boad,  Leyton,  Essex. 

Duplicates.  —  Machaon,'"  Sinapis,  Edusa  (few),  Rhamni,  Paphia,  Valesina 
Aminia,  Sibylla,  Astrarche,  Argiolus,'''  Porcellus  (few),  Bombyliformis  (narrow 
one).  Desiderata.  —  Semiargus,  Palaemon,  Apiformis,  Crabroniformis.  —  P.  E 
FreTce  ;  7,  Limes  Boad,  Folkestone,  Kent. 

Duplicates. — Auachoreta*  (St.  Leonard's-on-Sea),  Autumnaria"'  (Folkestone) 
Desiderata.  —  Numerous,  especially  Noctiiae ;  good  specimens,  black  pins  only 
{Miss)  A.  D.  Edwards;    The  Uit-Span,  Onsloiv  Gardens,  Wallington. 

Duplicates. — Smaragdaria,'''  Falcula,""  Unguicula,='-  Hamula,'"  Argiolus,*  Punct 
aria,'"'  Porata/'-  Aversata,  ^Egon,  Lineola,  Fuscata,  Camelina,""  Irrorella,  Fuscan 
taria,''-'  Aureola,  Rusticata,"'  Holosericata,'"  Rhamnata,'"  Vetulata,*  Fimbria,"'  lo,' 
Elymi,*  Unifasciata '■'  and  pupie,  Interjectaria,  Subciiiata,  Betulae,  Stellatarum 
Castrensis,'''  &c.  Desiderata. — Numerous  in  the  early  stages;  Artemis  (Irish) 
Epiphron,  Typhon,  from  all  parts  ;  ^Ethiops,  Salmacis,  Artaxerxes,  Apiformis 
Myopiformis.  Only  accepted  otfers  replied  to. — Colonel  Partridge  ;  72,  5"^.  John\ 
Park,  Blackheath,  '^S.E. 

Duplicates.  —  lo,'''  Atalanta,"'  Paphia,  Aglaia,  Egeria,  Cardamines,  Argiolus 
Thaumas,  Phlceas,  Corydon,  Adouis,  S.  Ligustri,*  Oceliatua,"-  S.  Populi,"  Antiqua,' 
Vinula,  Pronuba,  Filipendulte,  Monacha,*  Nupta,''=  and  a  few  others.  Mostl;5 
black  pins.  Desiderata. — Athalia,  C-Album,  Betulse,  Palaemon,  &c.  Black  pins 
F.  A.  Oldaker ;  Parsonage  House,  Dorking. 

Duplicates. — Euphrosj'iie,  Selene,  Artemis,  lo,'''  Atalanta,'''  Tages,  Linea,  Syl 
vanus,  Filipendulae,'''  Jacobaeae,'''  Rumicis,  Lithargyria,  Graminis  (fair),  Trilinea, 
Glareo=a,  Brunnea,  Gothica,  Instabilis,  Stabilis,  Cinda,  Rufina,  Litura,  Silago,  Chi 
Nebulosa,  Typica,*  Wavaria,  Petraria,  Progemmaria  (males),  Ehitata,  Badiata 
Palumbaria.  Desiderata. — Very  numerous,  Black  pins. — G.Fleming;  9,  Fair 
vieiv  Terrace,  Merthyr  Tydfil. 

Duplicates. — T.  Rubi,  Lacertula,  Dispar,  Duplaris  (dark),  Fulva,  Phragmitidis 
Lutosa,  Trigrammica,  Tenebrosa,  Suspecta,  Graminis,  Lubricipeda  var.  Radiata 
Desiderata. — Apiformis,  Bombyliformis,  and  many  others. — A.  G.  Wallington 
10,  Arthur  Street,  Warrington. 

Duplicates. — Fine  bred  specimens  (this  season)  ;  Gortyna,  Flavago  (Ochracea) 
also  Lunosa,  Diluta,  Litura,  Cerago,  Silago,  lUustraria  and  var.  Delunaria,  lUu 
naria  var.  Julyaria,  Syringaria  (and  ova),  Tiliaria,  Crepuscularia,  Betularia,  Curtuli 
(both  broods),  Munda,  Oeellatus,  S.  Populi,  S.  Ligustri,  D.  Pinastri,  Candidata 
Taminata,  Piniaria  (males),  Palpina,  &c.  Desiderata. — Larvae  or  pupae  of  Myrtilli 
Batis,  Derasa,  Aceris,  Orion,  Aprilina,  Ridens,  Rectiliuea,  &c. ;  ova  of  Nupta 
Sponsa,  and  Promissa ;  and  imagos  (on  black  pins)  of  many  other  common  specie 
(especially  D.  Oo). — A.  J.  Lawrance  ;  Bromley  Conunon,  Kent. 

Duplicates. — Glandifera*  and  var.  Suffusa,  Fimbria  (2),  Sponsa  (2),  Promissi 
(2),  Corj'don,  Perla,  Polychloros,  Polj'ommata,  Viliica  (4),  Orbona.  Desiderata.— 
Numerous. — C.  W.  Colthrup  ;  127,  Barry  Boad,  East  Duhvich,  S.E. 

Duplicates. — Paphia,  Velleda,  Filipendulae,'-  Lubricipeda,*  Ferrugata,  Badiata 
Comes,"'  Chi,  Verbasci,  Glauca,  Tj'pica,^''  Festiva,="  Pisi,*  Fulva,  Capsincola,- 
Perla,  Haworthii,  Pilosaria,  Affiuiata,  and  Impluviata  (dark).  Desiderata.— 
Nmnerous. —  W.  G.  Clutten  ;  10,  Hallivell  Street,  Burnley. 

Duplicates. — Aglaia,  Adippe,  Euphrosyne,  Io,="  Semele,  Argiolus,  Thaumas 
Lurideola,  Rotatoria,*  Micacea,  Trigrammica,  Suffusa,  Fimbria,  Tragopogonis 
Rufina,  Pistacina,  Litura,  Gilvago,  Oxyacanthae,  Proteus,  Thalassina,  Umbratica 
Abraxas  Sylvata,  aud  many  others.  Desiderata. — Many  common  Noctuae  am 
Geometrae. — A.  S.  Tetley  ;  Neivtoivn,  North  Wales. 

Duplicates. — Larvae  of  Hera  (S.  Devon).  Desiderata. — Ova  of  Moneta  am 
many  other  species. — F.  C.  Woodforde  ;  Market  Drayton,  Salop. 

Duplicates. — Sobrina,  Dahlii,  Glareosa,  Chi,  Rectilinea,  Cursoria,  Tritici,  Valli 
gera. — Charles  Catto  ;  10,  Cottoum,  Bridge  of  Don,  by  Aberdeen. 

Duplicates. — Hyale  (2),  Betulae  (2,  male  and  female),  Ligustri,  Hera,  Puta 
Viminalis,  Oxyacanthae,  Pennaria,  Ocbrearia  (Citraria)  and  Dilutata.  Black  pins 
Desiderata.  —  Cinxia,  Athalia,  C -Album,  Epiphron,  Typhon,  Pruni,  Minima 
(Alsus),  Miaua,  Palaemon,  Paniscus,  &c.  (especially  foresters),  Sesiidas,  Lithoridse 
Promissa  and  Moneta. — Reginald  V.  Solly ;    40,  West  Southernhay,  Exeter. 

Duplicates. — Hyale,  Quercus*  (3),  Polychloros,*  Corydon,  Lucina,  Luctuosa,^ 
&c.  Desiderata. — T.  Betulae,  Myopaeforme,  Conspersa. — W.  A.  Carter;  Bari 
Villas,  Bexley  Heath. 


\ i~..:. 


..6..n-...a,  ^^.•.aemw.—j.upa  and  well-set  imagos.— L.  A  Svencer  •  -59  R«,.«7, 
?ij  Boad,  Highgate  Road,  N  W  ojJejicer ,   ol,  Burgh. 

)cai  micios.— ii.  A.  Atmore ;  King's  Lynn,  Norfolk.  ^ 

Duplicates  -Cinxi^^^   Duplaris,--    Potatoria,*   Triplasia,    Festuc^e  -    Cm,!. 

Sh  JmpS^^tff  °^t"V'°?^  sexes),  Lunos^,  M^' S  FSea,SSa^ 
ma  la,  Implmiata  Sutfumata,  Corylata,*  Strigillaria  (both  sexes),  Badiata 
^oMa"  V?l'  '•  ,^^|,*.^^'-«^«;-Firmata,  Dolobraria,  Pictaria,  Spar  kta  PW 
It  r.^F  ^'  ^^"^P";'^"^*^'  Valerianata,  Subnotata,  O 'biculariaf  Unifo  - 
ata.     Good  inserts  only.-/.  ArMe ;  2,  George,  Street,  Chester. 

Duphcates.-T.Quevcns,*  T.  W-Albnm,-  Suspecta,  Cerago,  ^Gilva-o  *Ferru- 
mea,;- Viminalis,  Oleracea,*  Fibrosa,  Vinula,  Eubricosa,  H^wortbirOuercifolia 
ndonna,  Subtusa,  T.  Crat^gi,  Persicaria.,  lanthina.  Fimbria,  UncXcomS^^^^ 
tramineola,  Papilionaris.     Desiderata.-Bicu.pis,  Bifida,  Alni  Dapli dice    Prm5 

!^^i*:^^;^^^^:J^is^d^si^^ 

Entomological  Socie^f  London  (llTch^ndos^treet,"c^^;;,:ldish^Sq;^ 
r)  Wednesday  Ocober  2nd,  at  8  p.m.  Paper  to  be  read:  "  Lepidoptera 
eterocera  from  Northern  Chma,  Japan  and  Corea,"  part  v.:  by  the  late  John 
enry  Leech,  B.A.,  F.L.S.,  &c. ;  communicated  by  E.  South,  F.E  S 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society  (Hibernia 
lambers,  Loudon  Bridge,  S.E.).— Meetings  on  the  2nd  and  4th  Thursdays  in 
.ch  month  at  8  p.m.  "^ 

To  MUSEUMS,  PEIVATE  COLLECTOKS,  and  OTHEKS. 
nportant  Auction  Sale  of  Natural  History  Specimens 

TUESDAY,   OCTOBER  29th,  at   12.30. 
\R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  offer,  at  his  Eooms,  38,  King 

Street,  W.C,  iu  a  special  sale,  about  300  Lots  of  EGGS,  compris- 
g  many  beautiful  specimens  in  perfect  condition.  Authentic  data  with  all 
ts.  This  sale  will  offer  a  splendid  opj)ortunity  to  Collectors  wishing  to 
quire  particularly  clean  and  many  rare  examples. 

Also  to  be  offered  in  the  same  Catalogue,  the  Unique  Collection, 
mprising  about  50  Lots,  of  ALBINO,  PIED,  and  other  Eare  Varieties  of 
•itish  and  other  Birds,  as  formed  by  the  late  Mr.  WM.  ATKINSON,  of 
ammersmith.  There  are  many  Rare  Varieties  seldom  offered  for  sale.  All 
ese  specimens  are  beautifully  mounted  in  bow-fronted  cases. 
Catalogues    post-free    on     application. 

MAGNIFIOENT  NEW  WOEK  on' BUTTERFLIES  &  MOTHS. 

JUST     PUBLISHED,     price    6s. 

AMILIAR  BUTTERFLIES  &  MOTHS 

By   W.   F.    KIRBY,    F.L.S.,   F.E.S. 

Assistant  in  the  Zoological  Department,  British  Museum  {Natural  History). 

[LLUSTRATED    WITH  EIGHTEEN   MAGNIFICENT   COLOURED    PLATES. 

"  The  whole  book  is  remarkably  well  got  up.  .  .  .  We  can  commend  it 
the  notice  of  those  desirous  of  making  a  cheap,  handsome,  and  useful 
Bsent." — Nature. 

SSELL  &  COMPANY,  Ltd.,  LONDON,  PARIS,  NEW  YORK,  &  MELBOURNE 

L/ANTED. — Information  as  to  the  occurrence  of  TAFIXOSTOLA 
^  HELLMANNl  in  Monk's  Wood,  Hants.  Specimens  from  this 
ality  also  wanted.— Francis  Gayner,  20,  Queen  Square,  W.C. 


A.     LIONEL     CLARKE, 

NATURAL-HISTORY  AGENT,  BARTON  STREET,  GLOUCESTER, 

SUPPLIES  Collectors  with  every  kind  of  apparatus  for  the  various  branches  o 
Natural  History :  Cabinets,  Store  Boxes,  Butterfly  Nets,  &c. 

BIEDS'    EGGS,    SKINS,   LEPIDOPTERA  and   COLEOPTERA,  &c.,  kep 
in  stock  in  large  quantities. 

The  largest  stock  of  Eggs  in  England  to  select  from,  including  many  very  ran 

species.     List  of  clutches  sent  if  desired.     Large  buyers  liberally  dealt  with. 

Revised  List  of  British  Lepidoptera,  noio  ready,  post  free. 

NEW    AND    SECOND-HAND    BOOKS. 

Taxidermy.  Birds  skinned  and  prepared  for  Cabinets  or  mouuted  by  skilled  assistautfi 

Full  general  Catalogue  and  Special  List  of  Eggs  and  Skins,  post  free. 

N.B. — No  agents,  and  only  one  address  as  above. 
THE      PRACTICAL      CABINET      MAKERS. 

J.   T.  CROCKETT   &   SON, 

(Established  1847.) 

MAKERS  of  every  Description  and  Size  of  Cabinets,  Cases, 
Htouk-Boxks,  Apparatus  and  Appliances,  and  Dealers  in  all  kinds  ol 
Specimens  for  Entomologists,  Botanists,  Ornithologists,  Qeolgqists,  Minbr- 
ALoQisTS,  Numismatists,  Conchologists,  &o.,  and  for  the  use  of  Lecturers,  Science 
Teachers,  Colleges,  Students,  &o.  Museums  fitted  and  arranged.  Specially  made 
Cabinet  for  Birds'  Eggs  and  Skins.  The  Drawers  graduate  in  depth  and  are  ali 
interchangeable.    All  Best  Work.     Estimates  given. 

All  goods  at  Store  Prices.     Great  ad/vcmtagea  in  dealing  direct  with  Makera. 

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Faotoriea :  34,  Biding  House  Street  and  Ogle  Street.  W. 

ESTABLISHED    1851. 

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CURRENT    ACCOUNTS 

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DEPOSIT     ACCOUNTS 
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STOCKS    AND     SHARES 

Stocks    and    Shares    purchased    and    sold    for    customers 

The    BIRKBECK  ALMANACK,  with  full  particulars,  post  free. 

FKANCIS   EAVENSCKOFT,   Manage. 

HERBERT    W.    MARSDEN, 

NATURAL     HISTORY    AGENT     AND     BOOKSELLEI 
40,    TRIANGLE   West,  CLIFTON,  BRISTOL. 

Largest  and  best  Stock  in  England  of   EUEOPEAN   LEPIDOPTERA,   moderate  price 
Exotic  Lepidoptera,  Coleoptera,  Orthoptera,  &c. 
Preserved   Larvae   of  Rare    British    Lepidoptera. 
Cabinets  and  Apparatus  for  Entomologists,  Oologists,  Ornithologists,  Botanists,  &c 
Botanical  Cases,  Drying  Paper,  &c. — British  &  Exotic  Shells. 
The  most  reliable  Stock  of  BIRDS'  SKINS  and  BIRDS'  EGGS  in  Britain. 
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Ornithological  Catalogue,  August,  1897,  now  ready  ;  also  Shell  Catalogue  ;  Entomologio 

Catalogue  in  preparation. 
N.B. — Mr.  Marsden's  business  ivas  entirely  removed  from  Gloucester  in  1889. 


r 


rib     MAIURAUSrs     MONTHLY    REVIEW   of 

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■ated,  Is.  per  annum,  post  free.  Small  Advertisemeuts,  Sales  and 
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len  Copy  free  from  J.  &  W.  DAVIS. 

STORE  BOXES.  —  Second-hand,  16  x  11,  '{s.  each ;  new  ditto,  best  make  only, 
J  X  12,  Os. ;    16  X  11,  OS. ;  14  x  10,  4s.  ;    10  x  8,  2s.  6d. ;   postage,  4d. 

FERTILE  OVA.— P<'/-  <:?o^.— Apiciaria,  Fuscantaiia,  Erosaria,  Castrensis,  Cratffigi, 
.     Angularia,  Ahiiaria,  Tiliaria,  4d.         Dispar,  3d.     Antiiiua,  2d. 

HEALTHY  PUP/E.  —  Eae/;.— Machaon,  Ocellatus,  Ligustri,  Elpenor,  Carpini, 
issimilis,  Dicta,  Lucina,  Strataria,  Anachoreta,  Viniila,  3d.  Tiliae,  Binaria,  Double- 
ijaria,  Consortaria,  Scrophularia,  Umbra,  4d.  Curtula,  Camelina,  Ziczac,  Munda, 
irata,  Prasinana,  Betiilaria,  Crepuscularia,  Pendularia,  Taminata,  Adustata,  Tetra- 
naria,  Vulgata,  Juniperata,  Oxj'acanthaj,  2d.  Falcula,  Chenopodii,  Oleracea,  Pigra, 
irtaria,  l^d.  Palpina,  Rhizolitha,  Omicronaria,  2^d.  Chaonia,  9d.  Versicolor, 
ctieoides,  Sinuata  (Cncullata),  6d.     Porcellus,  Absynthii,  5d.     Box  and  Postage,  2d. 

BRITISH  LEPIDOPTERA,  6d.  each.  Hyale,  Alternata,  Asiliformis,  Aurago, 
?tula',  Carmelita,  Cassiope,  Cordigera,  Cuculla,  Dipsacea,  Euphorbias,  Flammea, 
abraria,  Melanopa,  Ochrata,  Obelisca,  Papilionaria,  Pastiuum,  Porcellus,  Promissa, 
iboraria,  Bubiginata,  Sponsa,  Stigmatica,  Strameola,  Togata,  Trepida,  Venustula, 
ridata.     Is.  6d.  each — Helice,  Arniigera,  Sobrina,  Irriguata,  Exulans. 


J.    &   W.    DAVIS, 

31-33,    Hythe    Street,    Dartford,    Kent. 

L  Catalogue  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  Ireland, 

By  W.  F.  DE  VISMES  KANE. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  EIGHTY-FOUR  PAGES  AND  A  COLOURED  PLATE. 

^HIS  IMPORTANT  LIST  of  the  Lepidopterous  Fauna  of  Ireland, 

instalments  of  which  have  appeared  in  the  pages  of  the   '  Entomo- 
GiST  '  since  1893,  will  be  issued  in  separate  form  early  in  October. 

Pkice    Ten     Shillings. 
EST,   NEWMAN,   &  CO.,   54,  HATTON   GARDEN,   LONDON,  E.G. 

THE^^RAD\^^ABIN  ET. 

NTOMOLOaiOAL  CABINETS  on  an  IMPEOVED  PRINCIPLE. 

Ten   Shilliinis  per  Drawer. 
pHESE  welUknown  CABINETS  are  Mantifacttired 

^       of  well-seasoned  Mahogany,   with  wood  or  plate-glass 

mels  to  doors.     Letters  of  recommendation  can  l)e  sent  it 

isired. 

C.  BRADY  &  SONS,  Lower  Pore  Street,  Edmonton,  G-E.R. 

^OUNQ    MAN   (23)    desires  Appointment  with  NATURALIST  GOING 
ABROAD    Collecting  Lepidoptera,  &c.     F.  W.  Sh..w,   99,  Tcttenhall  Road, 
olverhampton. 


WORKS   ON    LEPIDOPTERA 

BY    THE    LATE 

JOHN     HENRY    LEECH. 


Demy   Quarto,   complete,   11  Parts    in   10.      Price   £12   12s.   Net. 

Forty-three  exceedingly  fine  Coloured  Plates, 

Butterflies  from  China,  Japan,  and  Corea. 

Treats  of  the  Butterfly  Fauna  of  Central  and  Western  China,  up  to  the 
border  of  Thibet ;  and  the  countries  of  Japan  and  Corea.  All  the  species 
known  to  inhabit  the  region  dealt  with  are  included,  and  in  nearly  every 
case  the  original  description  of  each  species  is  given.  The  coloured  plates 
are  acknowledged  to  be  masterly  examples  of  the  chromo-lithographer's  art ; 
the  figures  thereon,  some  hundreds  in  number,  are  remarkably  accurate  and 
true  to  nature.  All  the  species  described  in  the  book  are  figured,  and  some 
others,  where  necessary  for  the  convenience  of  the  student,  are  also 
represented. 

There  are  Four  Plates  of  Views,  showing  parts  of  the  Countries  investi- 
gated; and  a  Map,  the  latter  specially  prepared  for  this  work. 

"  We  can  congratulate  Mr.  Leech  on  having  brought  out  a  most  valuable  work, 
which  will  remain  the  standard  authority  on  the  districts  dealt  with  for  many  years 
to  come." — Journ.  Bomb.  Nat.  Hist,  Soc. 

Crown  Octavo,  Cloth.    Price  Sixteen  Sliillings  Net. 
Eighteen  Hand -coloured  Plates  (over  Two  Hundred  Figures). 

BRITISH      PYRALIDES 

including  the 

PTEROPHORID>E. 

AN  ILLUSTRATED  LIST   and  Aid  to  the   Identification  of  the 
DELTOIDS,    PYRALIDES,    CRAMBI,    and    PTEROPHORIDiE 
occurring  in  the  BRITISH  ISLANDS. 

ONLY  A   FEW  COPIES   REMAIN    UNSOLD. 


May  be  ordered  tiirougJi  a  booicseller,  or  obtained  direct  from  Mr.  South, 
96,  Draiiefield  Road,  Upper  Tooting,  London.  S.W. 

DR.  STAUDINQER  &.  BANQ  =  HAAS,  Blasewitz- Dresden,  in  their 
new  Price  List,  No.  XLIV.,  offer  more  than  15,000  Species  of  well-named 
LEPIDOPTERA,  set  or  in  papers,  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  in  finest  condition  ; 
1300  kinds  of  PREPARED  LARViE  ;  numerous  LIVING  PUPiE,  &c.  Separate 
Price  Lists  for  COLEOPTERA  (20,000  species),  for  HYMENOPTERA  (3000 
species),  DIPTERA  (1900),  HEMIPTERA  (2000),  ORTHOPTERA  (1000), 
NEUROPTERA  (550).     Discount  for  Cash-orders.     Prices  low. 

JAMES     GARDNER, 

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29  (late  426),  OXFOKD    STKEET 
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PRICED  LISTS    ON   APPLICATION. 

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are  reqneflted  to  note  tlie  Address,  as  mistakes  occur  daily. 


Vol.  XXXIV.]        NOVEMBER,    1901.  [No.  462. 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST 


IHustraleb  |ourual 


GKNEKAL    ENTOMOLOGY. 


EDITED     BY     RICHARD     SOUTH,     F.E.S. 

WITH    THE    ASSISTANCE     OK 

ROBERT   ADKIN,  F.E.S.  \V.  F.  KIRBY,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 

W.  L.  DISTANT.  F.E.S. ,  &c.  \  G.  W.  KIRKALDY,  F.E.S. 

EDWARDA. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S.  i  W.  J.  LUCAS,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

F.  W.FROHAWK,  F.E.S.,  M.B.O.U.  j  Dr.  1).  SHARP,  F.R.S.,  F.E.S..  Ac. 

MARTIN  JACOBY,  F.E.S.  '  G.  H.  VERRALL,  F.E.S. 

"By  mutual  contidence  and  mutual  aid 
Great  deeds  are  done  and  great  discoveries  made." 


LONDON : 

WEST,  NEWMAN    &    CO.,    54,    HATTOK     GARDEN  ; 
SIMPKIN,    MARSHALL.   HAMILTON,   KENT   &   CO.,   Limued. 

Price   Sixpence. 


NVATKINS     &     DONCASTER 

Naturalists  aii«l  NMiiufacturers  of  Kii(oinoios;ifal  Apparatus  and  fabineU. 

Plain  Ring  Nets,  wire  or  cane,  including  Stick,  Is.  3d.,  'is.,  'is.  6d.  Folding  Net 
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Zinc  Relaxing  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d.,  'is.  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  7d.  per  four  dozei 
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to  83.  Sugaring  Tin.  with  brush,  Is.  Gd.,  28.  Sugaring  Mixture,  ready  for  us 
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Boards,  flat  or  oval,  1  in.,  6d. ;  1  i  in.,  8d. ;  2  in.,  lOd. ;  2^  in.,  Is. ;  3^  in.,  Is.  4d, 
4  in.,  Is.  6d. ;  5  in.,  Is.  lOd. ;  Complete  Set  of  fourteen  Boards,  10s.  Gil.  Settin 
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Notv  read!/.— The  EXCHANGE  LIST  and  LABEL  LIST.  Compiled  I 
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tAUHANGE. 

DupUcates.-Cvihrxim  Cmet'^ri^  Ambigua,  Chlorana,-  Deplana,  Adveuaria 
)omi,mla,  -Polychlai-os  -  Aaippe.>.=  Desiderata.-AlhnMis,  Ceutonalis,  Muscerda' 
itZ  ''''^'''  ^'^^^''''^'  °''   otfers.-./.  Hy.  Foioler ;    Poulner,   Eingwood, 

Daplicates.-Cojr^^olxnU  Hippocastinaria.  Desidemta.-Nnmerous.-W.  G 
looker;  12o,  Old  Christ  Church  Road,  Bournemouth. 

Duplicates.— Ov^iFuscantiivm,  Tiliaria,  Angularia,  Popularis,  and  Nupta 
upte:  Cousortana,  Hirtaria  and  Illnnaria.  Desiderata.— Fuv<b  and  well-set 
magines.  Accepted  offers  only  replied  to.— L.  A.  Spencer;  52,  Burohlei/  Road 
ixghgate,  N.W.  •'  ' 

Duplicates.— Bdnsa,  W-Album,  Semele,  Blandina,  Corydon,  Luctnosa  Desi 
lerata.—Mnclmon,  Athalia,  Artemis,  C-Album,  Pauiscus,  and  other  Rhopalocera  • 
lumerous  Heterocera.— TV.  A.  Carter;  Burr  Villas,  Bexley  Heath. 

Duplicates.— Cya^ihc'Vignm,  Cyanea  (1),  Mixta  (2),  Annulatus  (1),  Tenellum  (2) 
Iserulescens  (4),  Flaveolum  (1),  Pratense  (1),  Pulcliellum  (1),  Quadrimaculata  (1)' 
)epressa  (1).  Otters  of  imagines  and  ])\\^-3i.—Sta)ileij  A.  Blenkarn;  Clifton 
louse,  East  Duhvich  Road,  S.E. 

Duplicates. — T.  W-Album,*  Dispar-  and  ova,  Monacha,*  Antiqua,-  S.  Populi,- 
limacodes,*  Phragmitidis,  Xerampelina,*  Leucographa  (fair),  Upsilon,-  Capsin- 

ola,-    Verhasci"    and    pupae,    Amataria,"  Ulmata,     Sordidata.=:=     Desiderata. 

umerous.— /.  W.  Boult ;  50,  Washington  Street,  Beverley  Road,  Hull. 

Duplicates. — Lignata,-  Lnrideola,  Derasa,  Triangulum,  Angularia,-  Dotata, 
-ugur,  Associata,  Flammealis,  Costalis,  Purpuralia,  Cribrella,  Perlellus,  Latistrius, 
reuiculeus,  Dispar."  Ambigua,  Luuosa,  Fuscantaria,-  Lithoxylea,  Cerago,  Eos- 
•alis. — {Rev.)  W.  Claxton  ;  Navestock  Vicarage,  Romford. 

Duplicates.  —  Fine  bred  Chrysidiformis  ;  also  Hyale,  Albulalis,-  Helveola, 
.utumnaria"-  (Margate),  Ochrata,  Australis,  Lutulenta,  Vetusta,  Nemoralis,  Lan- 
3alis,  Alpinellus,  &c.  Desiderata.  —  Apiformis,  Arundinis,  ^sculi,  Asellus, 
estudo,  Smaragdaria,  Viridata,  Rubidata,  Psittacata,  Pandalis,  Scoparise,  Cram- 
ites,  &c. — /.  P.  Barrett;  St.  John's  Villas,  Margate. 

Duplicates. — Psi,  Conigera,  Impura,  Pallens,  Nictitans,  Sublustris,  Cythera, 
uflfusa,  Saucia,  C-Nigrum,  Fimbria,  Lutulenta,  Lucipara,  Libatrix,  Syringaria, 
ngularia,  Ornata,  Procellata,  Rivata,  Palumbaria,  I.ineolata.  Desiderata. — 
espertaria,  Fasciaria,  Dolobraria,  Lunaria,  Erosaria,  Hispidaria,  Glabraria,  Punc- 
ilaria,  Orbicularia,  Pendularia,  Abietaria,  Cinctaria,  Roboraria,  Consortaria, 
iundularia,  Extersaria,  Trepidaria,  Pruinata. — H.  B.  Adkins ;  6,  St.  Martin's 
'lace,  Dover. 

D uplicates .—V .  Machaon  pupse.  Desiderata. — Very  numerous. — L.  M.  Seth- 
■mith ;  11,  Saxon  Street,  Dover. 

Duplicates. — Atropos,='=  Lutosa,  Suasa,  Ocellatus,*  Alcines,  Gemina.  Desi- 
erata.  —  Leucophaia,  Putris,  Tridens,  Argeutula,  Unca,  Sulphuralis,  Peltigera, 
bsynthii,  Asteris,  Gnaphalii,  Lychnitis,  Petrificata,  Ehizolitha,  Perspicillaris, 
tripilis,  Empyrea,  Nigra,  Dysadea,  Barrettii,  Conspera,  Albimacula,  Ochroleuca, 
iffinis,  Citrago.  Well  set.  Black  pins.  Full  data. — R.  Chapman;  1,  Francis 
'errace,  Chiltern  Street,  Hull. 

Duplicates. — Polychloros,"  Fimbria,  Ehizolitha,  Aprilina.  Desiderata. — Pupie 
'  Pavonia  and  many  imagines. — G.  T.  Lyle  ;  Brookley  Road,  Brockenhurat. 

Duplicates. — Machaon, =■=  Sinapis,  Edusa  (few),  Rhamui,  Paphia,  Valesina, 
urinia  (Irish),  Sibylla,  Astrarche,  Argiolus,-  Porcellus  (few),  Bombyhformis 
larrow,  one).  Black  pins.  Desiderata. — Pruni,  Palaemon,  Apiformis,  Crabroni- 
rmis. — P.  E.  Freke ;  1,  Limes  Road,  Folkestone,  Kent. 

Duplicates.— i^a^i,  Rhamni,  Adippe,  Blandina,  Corydon,  Stellatarum,  Cuculla- 
11a,  Jacob«£e,  Antiqua,  Apiciaria,  Biundularia,  Candidata,  Adustata,  Marginata, 
ilutata,  Nanata,  Variata  v.  Obehscata,  Testata,  Griseata  (few),  Phramitidis,  Petu- 
tes,  Flavocincta,  Protea,  Libatrix,  Palumbella,  Lotella,  &c.,  and  many  of  last 
onth's  list.  Desiderata.— 'i!inmevons.  A.  H.  Shepherd;  81,  Corinuc  Road, 
iifnell  Park,  London. 

' Duplicates.— ^evicesi.  Desiderata.— Mnscer da.— B.  H.  Crabtree;  The  Acacias, 
evcnshulme,  Manchester. 

Duplicates.— Con\o\\\\\i  (this  season),  Lutosa,  Lunosa,  Flavocincta,  Oxyacanthie 
ark  brown),  Rhi/.olitha.  Desiderata.— Y^w^ia.,  Promissa,  Sponsa,  or  offers.— 
.  P.  Lawson;  Southvieiv,  Clcvedon,  Somerset.  .      at     j-        t. 

Duplicates.— Sina]iis,  Miuiata,  Sorocula,  Prasinana,  Falcataria,  Mendica.  Du- 
aris.  Fimbria,  C-Nigrum,  Ambigua,  Puta,  Vestigialis,  Pyramidea,  Hepatica,  Baja, 
orata,   Advenaria,    Omicronaria,   Badiata,   Galiata,   Lundata,   Ulmata,   Luteata, 


Velleda,  Gonostigma,  Dominula,  Fuliginosa,  Urticae,  Fascelina,  Cultraria,  Dictaea 
Pigra,  Eidens,  Aiboveiiosa,  Turca,  Littoralis,  Impudens,  Rufa,  Scolopacina,  Con 
nexa,  Unauimis,  Caliginosa,  Ciirsoria,  Glareosa,  Iiiterjecta,  Opima,  Suspecta 
Citvago,  Glauca,  Nana,  Asteris,  Solidaginis,  Hispidaria,  Sniaragdar  a,  Emutaria 
Limbaria,  Pictaria,  Sagittata  and  others. — H.  A.  McNaught ;  Chatley  Villas 
Claines,  Worcester. 

Duxilicates. — Davus,  T.  Rnbi,  Di-omedarius/''  Autiqua,  Menthastri,  V-Aureum 
Festucae,  Thalassina,'''  Silago,"  Ceiago,*  Piniperda,"  Myrti  li,  Jinea,  Bidentata,' 
Caesiata,  Imuianata,  Firmata,  Implu\iata,*  Fumata,  Variata  (dark),  Alchemillata 
Albulata,  Suffnmata,  Nanata,  Satyrata  var.  Callunaria,  Virburnaua,  Miuistrana 
Conwayana,  Picaua,  Octoniaculana,  Opbthalmicana,  Monticolana,  Hobenworth 
iana,  Favellaceana.  Desiderata. — Numerous. — W.  Smith;  13,  St.  Mirren  Street 
Paisley. 

Duplicates. — Iris,  T.  Qnercus,  P.  Argiolus,  Puta,  Asinalis,  Pastinum,  Ferru 
ginea,  Testata,  Dilutata,  Thalassina,  Vaccinii,  Aurago,  Oculea,  Zantbograpba 
Saucia,  Siiffusa,  Pistacina,  Uxyacauthae  and  dark  variety.  Desiderata. —  Nu 
merous. — G.  W.  Williams;  'Observer''  Office,  Hickman  Boad,  Penarth. 

Duplicates. — Pupae  of  Atropos.  Desiderata. —  Pup*  of  Trepida,  Cbaonia 
Dodonsea,  Lychnitis,  Cousonaria,  Furcula,  &c. — G.  F.  Matheiv ;  Dovercourt,  Essex 

Duplicates. — Cristulatis,  Novata,  Rumicis,  Hepatica,  Paliunbaria,  Bipuncturia 
Albicillata,  Strigillaria,  Popubiris,  Tenebrosa,  Nictitans.  Desiderata.— Agtxthiua 
Rhoniboidea,  Ditrapezium.  Oo,  Dysodea,  Lj'chiiits,  Pictaria;  also  ova  and  pupae  o 
many  species. — (Rev.)  Charles  F.  Thorneivill;  Calverhall  Vicarage,  White 
church,  Saloi). 

Duplicates. — Can  offer  several  rai'e  species  and  some  good  varieties  for  raritie 
and  good  forms.  Also  Hyale,  Curtnla,*  Edusa,"  Suffusa,  Rubricosa,  Juniperata 
Elutata  (good  bilberry  forms),  Isograiumata,"'  Pnlchellata"'-  (Hebrides),  Salicata 
Luctuosa,  and  many  others.  Lists  exchanged. —  IF.  0.  Sheldon;  "■  Heimath,' 
Friends  h'oad,  Croydon. 

Duplicates.  —  Illustraria,"-'=  Fuscantaria,'''  Syrfngaria,'''  Vitalbfita,"'  Tersata,' 
Saucia  (light,  Lewes),  Obsenrata,  Osteodactylus,  Galactodactylus  (fine).  Pupie  o 
Illustraria,  Cousortaria,  Badiata,  E.  Unifasciata,  Isograminata.  Ova  of  Fuscan 
taria.  Desiderata. — Pupae  and  ova  of  many  species,  especially  Bifida,  A.  Urticte 
and  the  Eupitheciae. —  Thos.  Salvage  ;  Arlington,  Berivich,  Sussex. 

Duplicates. — Few  of  each  of  tlie  following: — Sinapis,  Edusa,  C-Album,  Prasi 
nana,  Miniata,  Mesomella,  Griseola,  Hera  (8.  Devon),  Ambigua,  Falcataria,  Vesti 
gialis,  Puta,  Suffusa,  Gracilis,  Rufina,  Aurago,  Protea,  Lutulenta,  Advenaria 
Luridata,  Papilionaria,  Obliterata,  Straminata,  Mnrinata,  Linariata,  Galiata 
Virgata,  and  others.  Desiderata. — Myopaeformis,  Globulariie,  Rubricollis,  Die 
taeoides,  Scabriuscula,  Scolojiacina,  N.  Reticulata,  Agathina,  Aquilina,  Oo,  Ochro 
leuca,  Chamomillae,  Melanopa,  Cordigera,  Castrensis,  Notata,  Flexula,  Maritima 
H.  Porphyrea,  Adnata,  and  offers. — W.  H.  Edwards  ;  May  Villas,  Watertvorh 
Boad,  Worcester. 

Duplicates. — Imagines:  Polychloros,"  x\bsinthii=''  (few).  Pupae:  Absinthii 
Ziczac,  Anachoreta,  Verbasci.  Only  accepted  offers  replied  to.  Desiderata. — Ovi 
and  pupae  of  many  species.  —  (Bev.)  J.  S.  Puchridge ;  Castlemartin  Vicaragt 
Pembroke. 

Duplicates. — Anachoreta"  (St.  Leonards-on-Sea),  Autumnaria'"  (Folkestone) 
Pupae  of  Palpina.  Desiderata.— ll^umexows,  especially  Noctuae  ;  good  siaecimeus 
Black  pins  onl3\ — (Miss)  A.  D.  Edwards;  TJie  IJit-Span,  Onsloiv  Gardens 
Wallington. 

Duplicates. — Elymi,  Ochracea,'"  Solidaginis  (4),  Umbrosa,  Nictitans,  Literosa 
Gytherea,  Nota,  Velleda,  Hectus,  Cai'Sincola,'''  Megacephala/'=  Cerago,"'  Silago,' 
Lutulenta  (4),  Viminalis,  Betularia'''  (type  and  black),  Camiirica,  Heparata,  Luteola 
Tristata,  Cas>igata,  Implnviata,  Ocellata,  Cervinata,  Antunmaria,=!=  Fumata,  Afiini 
tata,  Maculata,  Statice,  T.  Rnbi,  &c.  Desiderata. — Crataegi,  Iris,  Sericea,  Querci 
folia,  Auroraria,  Strigilata.  Obfiiscata,  Contiguaria,  Circellata,  Succenturiata 
Sparsata,  Straminata,  Simulata,  CucuUata,  Abietaria,  Helveola,  Pygmeola,  Culici 
formis,  Chrjsidiformis,  Formicaeformis,  Furcula,  Cucullina,  Convolvuli,  Galii 
Gonostigma,  Ligniperda.  Plnmigeia,  Ridens,  Fluctuosa,  Orifm,  Conspersa,  Pas 
tinum,  Petrificata,  Semibrunnea,  Rufa,  Straminea,  Albovenosa,  &c. —  T.  Ashto7i , 
Lofthouse,  The  Croft,  Linthorpe,  Middlesbrougli. 

Duplicates. — Argiolus. =-  Biu'idularia*  (Welsh),  Tiliaria,"'  Trilinearia,''' Falcula,- 
Aversata,''^  Fimbria,'"  Rhanmata."'-  Smaragdaria,''^  Unifasciata,'''  Holosericata,'- 
Elymi,'''  Unguicula,*  Rusticata,'''  Caroelina,'''  lo,'''  Sobrinata'"  (Scotch  and  Southern) 
Brevilinea,  Lutosa,  Petrificata,  A.  Dilntaria,  Aureola,  ^Egon,  Linea,  Minos  (Welsh) 
Irrorella.      Desiderata. — Ova,    larvae,    or    pupae.      Testudo,    Rubricollis,    Coryli 


offers  only  answered. 


Janthina,  Fimbria  Lo  a   Se^;^^^^^^^^^^  Ambigua,  Pnta,  Stigmatica 

Dleracea;  ova  of  Monacha.  Poi^nlaJis,  A  n-Hi'nt^'jnsrAniS^'Td"  Cen^" 
lana.     De.,.7.;-af«.     Athalia,  Epiphron,  iltluo^s.  H.  Comma: Arax'erxes     ovlof 

i)«^;Z/ca^es.-Aurago     Lutule-ita   (not  all   perfect),   Protea,   Oxyacantha^    var 

^lof.'If,!'f  ^"aT^"""^'  Co";:o1^»1"s  (pairs),  Ligustri,  Csruleocephala,  Populeti 
'  lavocmcta,  Macilenta,  Spadicea,  Oxyacanth*,  Macularia,  Wavaria,  AssSta 
Ltrata,  &c.  Desiderata^^  -  A.  Crat^gi,  Iris,  Cinxia,  ^thi^ps,  CassiopeT  Davus' 
rum  Arion,  Pamscus,  Sesiicte,  Minos,  Eevayana,  Centonalis,  Albulalis  ilicifolia 
.imola,  Fag,,  Dod..mea,  Versicolor.  Any  local  species,  South-East  Eas  oi- 
lorth.— ./a7Hes  Douglas  ;  Dmwllie,  Sherborne,  Dorset 

Dnphcates.-T.  Quercus,^:=  T.  W-Album,*  Cinxia,^  Khamni,  Alniaria*  (fine) 
-ngularia,^-  01eracea,==  Janthina, =:^  Fimbria,^;^  Cerago,*Gothica,  Eubricosa,  Persicari* 
uspecta  Pinastn,  Plecla,  Gilvago^  (tine),  Ferruginea,-  Csruleocephala,  Pudorina' 
[egacephaL%  Derasa  (tew),  Minos,  Mimata,Trrorella,  Potatoria.  Lucipara,  Stabilis 
Qdothers.  Desiderata.-}^imieroxis.—  W.E.Baher;Ta,icj/ All  Saints.  Kmq's Lynn 

Dii phcates— Edusn,  Aglaia,  Adonis.  Corydon,  Tili*.  Trifolii,  Irorrella  Domi- 
nla.  ( hrysorrhcea,  Flavicornis,  MyrtiUi.  Tritici,  Pnta,  Serena,  Paithenias  Id- 
3naria,  Hispidana.  Hutaria,  Piniaria,  Taminata,  Citraria.  Desiderata.— mime- 
)us.— C.  Levett ;  107,  Brockley  Road,  London,  S.E. 

Du2)Ucates.—'Pai->hiii.  Aglaia,  Atalanta.^:^  Seiuele.  Galatea,  Cardamines,  Adonis 
orydon,  Agestis,  Minima.  Argiolus,  H.  Comma,  Malvae,  S.  Ligustri,  Stellatarum,* 
ispar,*Chrysorrljoea,  Anachoreta  (2),  Prasinana,-  L.  Comma,  C-Nigrum,  Pallen's 
unosa,  Pistacina,  Macilenta,  Vaccinii.  Umbratica,  Salicis,  Suffusa,  Couigera,' 
nceps,  Matura,  Dominula,  Taminata,  Plagiata,  Ornata,  ^scularia,  Clathrata,' 
ilvaria,  Alniaria  (Autumnaria"),  and  single  specimens  of  other  kinds.  Desiderata. 
ndulanus,  Strigula,  Albulalis,  Arundinis.  Testudo,  Asellus,  Fascelina,  P.  Populi,' 
uctuosa,  Ridens,  Orion,  Leporina,  Turca,  Hispidus,  Pragcox,  Abjecta,  Opima, 
•omissa,  and  many  others.— if.  Douglas  Stockwell;  2,  Albert  Road,  Dover. 

Duplicates. — Exulans,  Puta,  Suffusa,  Corticea,  Nigricans,  Glareosa,  Triangulum, 
estiva,  Sobrina.  Neglecta,  Xanthographa  (dark),  Tragopogonis,  Suspecta,  Maci- 
ata,  Litura,  Vaccinii,  Circellaris,  Chi,  Aprilina,  Exoleta,  Solidaginis,  Autumnaria,- 
jscnraria  (pale),  Fumata,  Humiliata  (few).  ^Escularia  (males),  Salicata,  Tenuiata,"'- 
iitata,  Bicolorata,  &c.  ;  all  well  set  and  on  black  pins.  Desiderata. — Albimacula, 
iteago.  Irregularis,  Chrsozona,  Lichenea,  Succenturiata,  Plumbeolata,  Pygma?ata, 
elveticata,  Egenaria,  Jasioneata,  Trisiguata,  Virgaureata,  Fraxinata,  Valerianata, 
riguata,  Campanulata,  Indigata,  Constrictata,  Abbreviata,  Dodoneata,  Coronata, 
retata,  &c. ;  must  be  well  set. — /.  P.  Mutch  ;  405,  Hornsey  Road,  London,  N. 
Dujiltcates. — Piniperda,  Irrorella,  Castrensis,=-  Autnmuaria,''  Triangulum, ='= 
onacha,'"  Exoleta,  Solidaginis,  Neustria.'"  Miniata,  Ziczac.  Desiderata.  — 
imerous. — B.  W.  Adkin  ;  Brandon  House,  Morden  Hill,  Leioisham,  S.E. 

DuJJUc'-^--  "l^       -1 •■      CI" -■-  T^J -5T„1__.-.-.  /-I       111 --       TT 

:estis. 


teata, 

)es  of  many 


jes  oi  man3^  jjesiaerata. — r^emoeciiormis,  ocoiiairoriuis,  L^enconans,  (..orticea, 
rina,  Arundinis,  Maritima,  Palustris.  Circellata,  Fluctuosa,  Irriguata,  Dodoneata, 
hiogramma,  Crambidae,  and  Pterophorid;?.    Accepted  offers  answered  by  rotiirn. 


Edwards  ;  Alni,  Malvern. 


A.     LIONEL     CLARKE, 

NATURAL-HISTORY  AGENT,  BARTON  STREET,  GLOUCESTER, 

SUPPLIES  Collectors  with  every  kind  of  apparatus  for  the  various  branches  of 
Natural  History :  Cabinets,  Store  Boxes,  Butterfly  Nets,  &c. 

BIRDS'    EGGS,    SKINS,   LEPIDOPTERA  and   COLEOPTERA,  &c.,  kept 
in  stock  ill  large  quantities. 

The  largest  stock  of  Eggs  in  England  to  select  from,  including  many  very  rare 

species.     List  of  clutches  sent  if  desired.     Large  buyers  liberally  dealt  with. 

Revised  List  of  British  Lepidoptera,  noiu  ready,  post  free. 

NEW    AND    SECOND-HAND    BOOKS. 

Taxidermy.  Birds  skinned  and  prepared  for  Cabinets  or  mounted  by  skilled  assistants. 

Full  general  Catalogue  and  Special  List  of  Eggs  and  Skins,  post  free. 

N.B. — No  agents,  and  only  one  address  as  above. 
THE      PRACTICAL      CABINET      MAKEKS. 

J.   T.  CROCKETT   &   SON, 

(Established  1847,) 

yyiAKERS  of  every  Description  and  Size  of  Cabinets,  Cases, 
^'*-  Stork-Boxks,  Apparatu.s  and  Appliances,  and  Dealers  in  all  kinds  of 
Specimens  for  Entomologists,  Botanists,  Ornithologists,  Geologists,  Minsk- 
ALOGisTS,  Numismatists,  Conchologists,  (fee,  and  for  the  use  of  Lecturers,  Scienoa 
Teachers,  Colleges,  Students,  &c.  Museums  fitted  and  arranged.  Specially  made 
Cabinet  for  Birds'  Eggs  and  Skins.  The  Drawers  graduate  in  depth  and  are  all 
interchangeable.    All  Best  Work.     Estimates  given. 

All  goods  at  Store  Prices,     Great  advantages  in  dealing  direct  toith  Makert. 

Send  for  full  detailed  Price  List  before  ordering  elsewhere. 

7 A,    PRINCES    STREET,    CAVENDISH    SQUARE.     LONDON,    W. 

Faotories:  34,  Riding  House  Street  and  Ogle  Street.  W. 

ESTABLISHED    1851. 

:oi3fi.i5l:^E3c::ji5L     :B.A.jxris. 

SouiHAJiPToN  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  W.C. 

CURRENT     ACCOUNTS 

20/      on   the   miniiTiuni    nionthly    balances,  when      ^^°/ 
/o  not    drawn     below    £100.  dLi  /o 

DEPOSIT     ACCOUNTS 

^r^      /  on     Deposits,    repayable    on    denianci.  ^TTi     I 

STOCKS     AND     SHARES 

Stocks     and     Shares    purchased    and    sold    for    custoixiers. 

The    BIRKBECK  ALMANACK,  with  full  particulars,  post  free. 

FKANCIS    RAVENSCEOFT,   Manager. 

HERBERT    W.    MARSDEN, 

NATURAL     HISTORY     AGENT     AND     BOOKSELLER, 
40,    TRIANGLE   West,  CLIFTON,   BRISTOL. 

Largest  and  best  Stock  in  England  of   EUEOPEAN   LEPIDOPTEKA,   moderate  prices, 

Exotic  Lepidoptera,  Coleoptera,  Orthoptera,  &c. 

Preserved    Larvse    of  Rare    British    Lepidoptera. 

Cabinets  and  Apparatus  for  Entomologists,  Oologists,  Ornithologists,  Botanists,  Ao. 

Botanical  Cases,  Drying  Paper,  Ac— British  &  Exotic  Shells. 

The  host  reliable  Stock  of  BIRDS'  SKINS  and  BIRDS'  EGGS  in  Britain. 

New  and  Second-hand  Books. — Exchange  and  Label  Lists. 

Ornithological  Catalogue,  August,  1897,  now  ready  ;  also  Shell  Catalogue  ;  Entomological 

Catalogue  in  preparation. 
N.B. — Mr.  Marsden's  business  lyas  entirely  removed  from  Gloucester  in  1889. 


r*HE     NATURALiSrs    MONTHLY    REVIEW   of 

New  Books,  Publications,  Records,  and  Captures.  Illus- 
rated,  Is.  per  annum,  post  free.  Small  Advertisemeuts,  Sales  and 
i^ants,  twelve  words,  4d.  Exchange  Notices  free  to  Subscribers.  Speci- 
len  Copy  free  from  J.  &  W.  DAVIS. 


or  Second-hand  Store  Bo.vcs,  Entomohniical  Hooks,  dr.,  for  Sale  and  Wanted, 
see  .wiall  A<liu'rtisrments  in  the  '  Naturalist's  Monthly  Keview,'  ax  above. 

FERTILE  0\ A. — Per  doz.— Ajiiciaiia,,  Fuscantaria,  Pennaria,  Erosaria,  Castrensis, 
rata?gi,  6d.  Angularia,  Alniaria,  Tiliaiia,  Elinguana,  Jnniperata  (Perthshire),  Oxy- 
santhiB,  Pistacina,  -id.     Dispar,  .3d.     Antiqua,  '2d 

HEALTHY  PUP/E.— i-^ic/i.— Machaon,  Ocellatus,  Ligustri,  Elpenor,  Anachoreta, 
issimilis,  Viuula,  Carpini,  Dietsva,  Strataria,  3d.  Tiliffi,  Consortaria,  Scrophularia, 
mbra,  4d.  Versicolor,  DictsBoides,  Siimata,  Porcellus,  6d.  Chaonia,  9d.  Palpina,  2Jd. 
igra,  Oleracea,  Chenopodii,  Falcula,  lid.  Omicronaria,  aid.  Camelina,  Ziezac,  Betu- 
ria,  Tetralunaria,  Curtula,  Porata,  Prasiuana,  Crepuscularia,  Taminata,  '2d.  Bucephala, 
icoba;a?,  Brumata,  Pulverulenta,  Stabilis,  Lubricipeda,  Id.  Box  and  Postage,  2d. 
ther  species  cheap. — List  free. 

BRITISH  LEPIDOPTERA.— 4d.  each.— Absynthii,  Actieon,  Adveaa,  Anachoreta, 
5teris,  Australis,  Coraplana,  Consortaria,  Elpenor,  Emntaria,  Geminipnncta,  Hastata, 
neola,  Luctuosa,  Lanaria,  Ridens,  Phiraigera,  Polyommata,  Scolopacina,  Solidaginis, 
mbra,  Unifasciata,  W-.\lbum.  Is.  each. — Alni,  Ditrapezinm,  Ichneumoniformis,  Musei- 
rmis,  Neurica,  Obsoleta,  Orichalcea,  Peltigera.  4s.  Gd.  each. — Acis,  Albipuncta,  Exigua. 
i.  6d.  each. — Sphegiformis,  Simulans.Eubiginea.  -is.  6d.  each. — Scolin'formis,Leucophaea. 


J.    &   W.    DAVIS, 

31-33,    Hythe    Street,    Dartford,    Kent. 


3RITISH    Lepidoptera,  Coleoptera,  and  Preserved 
Larvae.      M;iny  Rare  and  Local  Species.      2.5  to  75  per  cent,  below 
•dinary  rates.    Selections,  on  approval,  post  free.     Also  a  few  living  Pup^. 

Apply  "ENTO."  c/o  West,  Newman  &  Co.,  54,  Hatton  Garden,  E.G. 

THE    BRADY    CABINET. 

NTOMOLOGIOAL  CABINETS  on  an  IMPROVED  PRINCIPLE. 
Ten  Sliilliiigs  per  Drawer. 
HESE  weII  =  known  CABINETS  are  Manufactured  of 
well-seasoned  Mahogany,  with  wood  or  plate-glass  panels 
'  doors.  Letters  of  recommendation  can  be  sent  if  desired. 
C.  BRADY  &  SONS,  Lower  Pore  Street,  Edmonton,  G.E.R. 


r 


Now  Ready.— THIRD  EDITION. 

HE    LEPIDOPTERISrS   GUIDE. 

Considerably  Enlarged,  Freely  Illustrated,  and  brought  to  Twentieth  Century  Date. 
;•     .  PRICE    OS'E    SHILLING. 

Iblished  by  GURNEY  &  JACKSON,  1,  Patkrnostkr  Row,  E.G. :  aiso 

Sold  by  WATKINS  &  DONCASTER,  36,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 


C  O  N  T  K  N  T  ^^. 

On  Names  applied  to  Certain  Species  of  the  Pierid  Genus  Catasticta,  Arthur  O. 
Butler,  301.  Lepidoptera  in  Central  Germany,  /.  Jiiger,  303.  Four  Months' 
Collecting  in  the  Isle  of  Lewis,  305.  Variation  in  the  Genus  Erebia,  Geoffrey 
Smith,  806.  Notes  on  the  Division  Veliiaria  [Rhynchota]  (=Subfam.  Velidse, 
Leth.  &  Sev.),  G.  W.Kirkaldy,  308. 

Notes  and  Observations,  310.        Captures  and  Field  Eeports,  313. 

Societies,  321. 

Entomological  Society  of  London  (11,  Chandos  Street,  Cavendish  Square 
W.). — Wednesday,  November  6th,  at  8  p.m. 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society  (Hibernit 
Chambers,  London  Bridfje,  S.E.). — Meetings  on  the  2nd  and  4th  Thursdays  ir 
each  month  at  8  p.m.     Nov.  28th,  Annual  Special  Exhibition. 


A  Catalogue  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  Ireland, 

By  W.  F.  DE  VISMES  KANE. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  EIGHTY-FOUR  PAGES  AND  A  COLOURED  PLATE. 

TTHIS  IMPORTANT  LIST  of  tlie  Lepidopterous  Fauna  of  Ireland, 

■      instalments  of  which  have  appeared  in  the  pages  of  the  '  Entomo- 
logist '  since  1893,  is  NOW  KEADY  in  separate  form. 

Price  10s.     By  post,  10s.  3d. 

WEST,   NEWMAN,   &  CO.,   54,  HATTON   GARDEN,   LONDON,  E.G 


OVA,    LARV/E,    and    PUP^E. 

Large  and  Varied  Stock  all  the  year  round,  including  man) 
Rare  Genuine  British  Species. 

Price  List  on  application  to  L.  W.  Newman,  Bexley,  Kent. 

N.B. — Lepidoptera  reared  from  the  Ova  to  the  Pup^,  on  Commission. 

PUP/E. — Prasinana,  Crepuscularia.  Porata,  Taminata,  Trihnearia,  Badiata,  Falcula 
Vinula,  Curtula,  Reclusa,  Camelina,  "id.  each.  Pudibunda,  Prodromaria,  Betularia 
Ulmata,  Omicronaria,  Palpina,  3d.  each.  Machaon,  Tihse,  Elpenor,  Illustraria 
Vitalbata,  id.  each.  Extersaria,  Hamula,  Opima,  Undulata,  Asteris,  Unifasciata,  5d 
each.  Consortaria,  GeaistsB,  6d.  each.  Polycommata,  Alternata,  7d.  each.  Orion 
Porcellus,  8d.  each.  Absinthii,  Dictffioides,  9d.  each.  Hybrid  Curtula  female  x  Reclust 
male,  Hybrid  Curtula  male  x  Reclusa  female,  Black  var.  Menyanthidis,  Is.  each.  Hybri( 
Ocellatus  x  Populi,  10s.  each. 

Price  List,  Fertile  Ova,  d;c.,from  L.  W.  NEWMAN,  Bexley,  Kent. 

r\R'  STAUDINQER  &  BANG-HAAS,  Blasewitz- Dresden,  in  theii 

*-^  new  Price  List,  No.  XLIV.,  ofier  more  than  15,000  Species  ol  well-named 
LEPIDOPTERA,  set  or  in  papers,  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  in  finest  condition 
1300  kinds  of  PREPARED  LARV^  ;  numerous  LIVING  PUPiE,  &c.  Separate 
Price  Lists  for  OOLEOPTERA  (20,000  species),  for  HYMENOPTERA  (300C 
species),  DIPTERA  (19U0),  HEMIPTERA  (2000),  ORTHOPTERA  (1000), 
NEUROPTERA  (550).     Discount  for  Cash-orders.     Prices  low. 

JAMES     GARDNER, 

MANUFACTURER  of  ALL  KINDS  of  ENTOMOLOGICAL  APPARATUS 

29  (late  426),  OXFORD    STREET 
(Nearly    opposite    Tottenham    Court    Road). 

PRICED   LISTS    ON   APPLICATION. 
All  Articles  Guaranteed ;  exchaused  if  not  approved  of.     Friends   and  Ouslomen 


u>^MjaKy±iijr±jii^i\o     run    lyui     liAVK    EXFIHED. 
DOUBLE    NUMBER. 


Vol.  XXXIV.]       DECEMBER,    1901.  [No.  463. 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST 


|ll«straleb  |ournal 


GENEKAL    ENTOMOLOGY. 


EDITED     BY     RICHARD     SOUTH,     F.E.S. 

WITH    THE    ASSISTANCE    OF 

ROBERT   ADKIN,  F.E.S.  |  W.  F.  KIRBY,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 

W.  L.  DISTANT,  F.E.S.,  <fec.  |  G.  W.  KIRKALDY,  F.E.S. 

EDWARD  A.  FITCH,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.    I  W.  J.  LUCAS,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

F.W.FROHAWK,  F.E.S.,  M.B.O.U.  Dr.  D.  SHAIiP,  F.K.S.,  F.E.S.,  Ac. 

MARTIN  JACOBY,  F.E.S.  I  G.  H.  VERRALL,  F.E.S. 

"By  mutual  confidence  and  mutual  aid 
Great  deeds  are  done  and  great  discoveries  made." 


LONDON: 

WEST,  NEWMAK    &    CO.,    64,    HATTON    GARDEN; 
SIMPKIN,   MARSHALL,   HAMILTON,   KENT  k  CO.,  Limited. 


Price  One   Shilling.     4:/i^^"^     ' 


WATKINS     &     DONCASTEI 

latnralists  and  Manufacturers  of  KnUmological  Apparatus  and  Cabinet! 

Plain  Ring  Nets,  wire  or  cane,  including  Stick,  Is.  3d.,  2s.,  2s.  6d.  Folding  N 
8s.  6d.,  4s.  Umbrella  Nets  (self-acting),  7s.  Pocket  Boxes,  6d.,  9d.,  Is.,  Is. 
Zinc  Relaxing  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is.  6d.,  2s.  Nested  Chip  Boxes,  7d.  per  four  do; 
Entomological  Pins,  assorted  or  mixed,  1.,  Is.  6d.  per  oz.  Pocket  Lanterns,  2s, 
to  8s.  Sugaring  Tin,  with  brush,  Is.  6d.,  2s.  Sugaring  Mixture,  ready  for 
Is.  9d.  per  tin.  Store  Boxes,  with  camphor  cells,  28.  6d.,  4s.,  5s.,  6s.  Setl 
Boards,  flat  or  oval,  1  in.,  6d. ;  l^in.,  8d. ;  2in.,10d.;  2iin.,  Is. ;  3ii>i-il8'' 
4  in..  Is.  6d. ;  5  in..  Is.  lOd. ;  Complete  Set  of  fourteen  Boards,  10s.  6d.  Set 
Houses,  9s.  6d.,  lis.  6d. ;  corked  back,  14s.  Zinc  Larva  Boxes,  9d.,  Is.,  Is. 
Breeding  Cage,  2s.  6d.,  4s.,  5s.,  Ts.  6d.  Ooleopterist's  Collecting  Bottle,  with  ti 
Is.  6d.,  Is.  8d.  Botanical  Cases,  japanned,  double  tin.  Is.  6d.,  2s.  9d.,  3s.  6d.,  43. 
Botanical  Paper,  Is.  Id.,  Is.  4d.,  Is.  9d.,  2s.  2d.,  per  quire.  Insect  Glazed  Ca 
28.  6d.  to  lis.  Cement  for  replacing  Antennae,  4d.  per  bottle.  Steel  Fore 
Is.  6d.,  2s.,  2s.  6d.  per  pair.  Cabinet  Cork,  7  by  3  J,  best  quality.  Is.  4d.  per  dc 
sheets.  Brass  Chloroform  Bottle,  2s.  6d.  Insect  Lens,  Is.  to  8s.  Glass-top 
Glass-bottomed  Boxes  from  Is.  per  dozen.  Zinc  KiUing  Box,  9d.,  Is.  P 
Digger,  in  leather  sheath.  Is.  9d.  Taxidermist's  Companion,  containing  r 
necessary  implements  for  skinning,  10s.  6d.  Scalpels,  Is.  3d. ;  Scissors,  2s. 
pair;  Egg-drills,  2d.,  3d.,  9d;  Blowpipes,  4d.,  (id.;  Artificial  Eyes  for  Birds 
Animals ;  Label-lists  of  British  Butterflies,  2d. ;  ditto  of  Birds'  Eggs,  2d.,  3d.,  i 
ditto  of  Laud  and  Fresh-water  Shells,  2d.;  Useful  Books  on  Insects,  Eggs,  &c. 

Noto  ready.— The  EXCHANGE  LIST  and  LABEL  LIST.  Compiled 
Mr.  Ed.  Meyrick,  B.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  according  to  his  recent  '  Handboo 
British  Lepidoptera.'  Exchange  Lists,  ^d.  each ;  4d.  per  doz. ;  Label  I, 
9d.  each. 

Our  new  Label-list  of  British  Macro-Lepidoptera,  with  Latin  and  Eng 
names.  Is.  6d.  Our  new  Complete  Catalogue  of  British  Lepidoptera  (every  spe 
numbered).  Is. ;  or  printed  on  one  side  for  labels,  2s. 

The  "  Dixon"  Lamp-net  (invaluable  for  taking  moths  off  street-lamps  witl 
climbing  the  lamp-posts),  recently  improved,  3s.  6d. 

SHOW      ROOM       FOR      CABINETS 

Of  every  description  for  Insects,  Birds'  Eggs,  Coins,  Miorosoopioal  Obje 
Fossils,  &c.     Catalogue  (96  pp.)  sent  on  application,  post  free. 

A   LARGE    STOCK    OF    INSECTS    AND    BIRDS'    EGG 

(BRITISH,    EUROPEAN,    AND    EXOTIc). 

Birds,  Matnmala,  Sc,  Preserved  and  Mounted  by  First-claas  Worktnen. 
Only  Address : — 
36  STRAND,  W.C.,  LONDON  (5  doors  from  OnARiNa  CROt 

NATURAL     HISTORY     AGENT    AND     BOOKSELLER 

W.    LONG  LEY, 

ENTOMOLOGICAL    CABINET    AND    APPARATUS    MAKl 
SOUTH     BENFLEET,    R.S.O.,    ESSEX. 


NETS,  BREEDING -CAGES,  and  Apparatus  of  every  descripti 
CABINETS  for  lusects;   Birds'  Eggs;    Minerals;    Shells;   Coins;  &c., 
Pocket  Boxes,  Store  Boxes,  and  Book  Boxes.     Sheets  of  Cork  any  size. 

OVA,     LARV/^,     AND     PUP/E. 

A  Large  Assortraeut  always  on  hand.     Send  for  Price  List  to 

H,   W.    HEAD,    Entomologist,    SCARBOROUG 

The  Largest  Breeder  of  LEPIDOPTERA  in  the  British  Isles. 

TPnll      T.^of     nf     T.li'.PT'nnPT'P.T?  A        Adoicatitc      Patstmhto      Arf>         aa-ni.    rvn     orinlipftf, 


EXCHANGE, 

inctata    (2),  Fulvata,  InstX'^'Llli'    '^^^^^   (1)'    Lactearia    (good)    Eufi 

.OceJlatusr:^  Vinula,=:=Putatoria,*  QifeS    (1)  T^^     f '",'  S-  Populi,-  S.  Ligustri,- 
ibatrix,  Bruimea,  Hepatica,  Genist^  ^9^'  tT  ^'''^'^^'P'^^' i'^™l^i'''a,  Thalassina 
omnia,    Casruleocepljala,    Aurago    (2)     CernVn  '  o^  "^'^^V  ^'*'"'^'   Tenebrosa,  L 
aaris,  Puta    PJecta,   N. c titan  ,  Cn    a    Iltkx?    F^'  ^^^^t"^^\T^^"^«  (1^'  C"bi- 

^».*™(„.-Ova  orEro:a,?rFtcrS.t  ^,"',f-™"t  D""'-*-  «.=<i  Ami,™, 
miaiia,  or  pupaj  of  uiajiy  s,  ecies  -r  Z?M,f  r  ^i",*'  *°-  ^"™  "*  Syi"«aria, 
iddle»bonugk.  y'l'e<=«s.     1 .  A,]dt,n  Lofthcnse ;   Tie  Croft,  Li„thorpe\ 

Cerago,'" 
Umbrosa, 

.llata,   Macula^;  &c7"":b^;;:z;T;'^«"Xr'"'''\  "^^T"*"'    Separata,  I'Sa; 
ia,  Alternata,   y'rin;arm    Dokb  t"    r    '^''^;    ^^^^^^"^'    Pulveraria,   Qrbicu: 

'ginep^ncti^l  rT?!';'  W'^'  ^f^.^"*^^'^^'.  ^I'-^gi^ta,  Ornata,  Dilutata/strSa, 
aa  XlL  '  ?  i ,  1  '  -^^P"f  f  a"^' Cervmata,  Badiata.  Desiderata.-Kuxini^ 
ost'i^mr  S  C-Albuni,  Betuhe,  Statices,  Sesiid^,  Plantaginis,  FuliSnosa' 
ia  Sh^S'^^'  ^t'^^^  Octogesima,  Eidens,  Apiciaria:  Prmaria^So  o.' 
la,  iamaua  Hn-taria,  Luridata,  Belgiaria,   Ulmata,  Sagittatk,  Rumicis    Am-? 

r^  AnH  ''"'''  f  r*^^'  ^'^J'^^*"'  ^^^^"^^'  C^-^li*'  Parth;ntrand  many 
IS      Any  stage.-.4.  E.  Tonge;  "  Glen  Boyd,"  RedliiU,  Surrev  ^ 

lanatrM*".  f  *"t'*'  V;  Aiireum,  Chrysitis,  Iota,  Anomala,  Blandina,  Cinxia  ^:= 
SSiLS-  '"''"'  .L^g:?^^^^'7^^f  ^t^.  Albulata,  Alchemillata,  Spartiata,  Prunat  , 
jstijgana,  Pnosaria   Nanata,  Arcuosa,  Fulva,  Conigera,  Octomaculaua.     Desi 
f«.— iNumerous.— ^.  M.  Steimrt ;  38,  Ferguslie,  Paisleij,  N.B. 
'uplicates  —Comgeiii,   Cythera,   C-Nigrnm,    Oxyacanthse,    Vetusta    (4),   &e 
aetata.— Many  common  Geometers.— i?.  £.  AdMns  ;  6,  Si^,  i¥ar^ms's  P^ace! 

•J<i.?^/caies.— Galatea,    Lineola,   Helveola.      Desiderata.  — Local   species —.4 
'';  i-56,  Albert  Boad,  Leyton,  Essex. 

uphccites.  —  Oxy ncanth-^,  Enfina,  Ferruginea,  Litm-a,  Vaccinii,  Spadicea 
Litia,  JJilutata,  Immanata,  Comitata,  Stabilis,  and  a  few  of  each  of  the  follow- 
-impm-a,  Brassicie,  Brunaea,  Xanthographa,  Gothiea,  Lota,  Macilenta, 
;o,  yentma,  Uleracea,-  Ilkmaria,  Repandata,  FUipendulie,-  Caia,-  Euphro- 
AU  on  black  pins.  Desiderata. — Numerous.  G.  Fleming  ;  9,  Fairview 
^ce,  Merthyr  Tydfil. 

uplicates. — Fine  C.  Hera-  fi-om  Starcross.  Desiderata.— 1,.  Ariou,  in  fine 
tion  only  wanted. — M.  A.  Sitman;  11,  Park  Lane,  Norwich, 
uplicates. — Adippe,  iE.goD,  Artemis  (Cumberland,  fine),  xictajou  (fair),  Chry- 
Ba,-=  Villica*  (males),  Castrensis,*  Taminata,*  Linariata,''-  Eectaugulata  var. 
cericeata,  Cervinaria,*  Alfinis,':=  Flavocincta,  Chi  var.  Oleracea,*  Sponsa.- 
em^a.— Edusa  (teinales  only),  Hyale  (females  only),  Cassiope,  Davus  (Cum- 
id),  Pruui. — ilf.  A.  Sitman;  11,  ParJc  Lane,  Norwich. 

iplicates.  —  Atropos,*   Convolvuli.      Desiderata.  —  Valesina,    Cinxia,   Iris, 
,   Betulas,   Palaemon,    Exulans,    Eussula,    S.    Urticse,    Castanete,    Fascelina, 


Cratsegi,  P.  Populi,  Trifolii,  Versicolor,  Furcula,  Bifida,  Plumigera,  Dromedari 
A.  Braxenor ;  89,  Lewes  Boad,  Brighton. 

Duplicates. — Edusa,  Convolvuli,  B.  Quercns,  Hispidus,  Corticea,  Puta,  SufPi 
Saucia,  Ferriiginea,  fSpadicea,  Pistacina,  Lichenea  (types)  and  larvae,  Degenerj 
(types).     Desiderata. — Numerous. — /.  T.  Hyde  ;   The  Grove,  Portland. 

Duplicates. — Luciua,  Edusa,  Hj^ale,  Cardui,  Galatea,  Ligustri,  Caeruleocephi 
Derasa,  Lithoxylea,  Corticea,  Puta,  Oxyacanthse,  Lota,  Spadicea,  Cercellaris,  Pj 
inidea,  Macularia,  Badiata,  Petraria,  Atrata,  &c.  Desiderata. — Iris,  Polycblo: 
Sesiidae,  Exulans,  Eevaj'aua,  Centonalis,  Albulalis,  Fagi,  Dodonea,  Versicol 
any  local  species  south-east,  north,  or  east. — James  Douglas;  Dunollie,  SI 
home,  Dorset. 

Duplicates.  —  H.  Comma  (a  few),  Juniperata,  Serena  (a  few),  S.  Popu 
Betularia,*  Gamma,  Meticulosa,  Polyodon,  Pistacina,  Menthastri,  Brumata:  i 
ova  of  Juniperata.  Desiderata. — Numerous. — J.  B.  Morris;  Maldon  Hoi 
Maldon  Boad,  Wallington,  Surrey. 

Duplicates. — W-Album,'''  Blandina,  Phloeas,"  Suasa,"=  Cruda,"''  Upsilon,*  C 
sincola,"'-  Alsines,''=  Atiinis,=''  Filipendulae,*  Fuscantaria,='=  Amataria,*  Vetulal 
Triliuearia,"-''  Cervinaria,"  Ruberata."  Lithargyria,  Spadicea,  Caesiata,  S.  Pop 
Duplaris.  Desiderata. — Very  numerous.  Well  set  on  black  pins. —  John  Port 
(30,  Tadman  Street,  Hessle  Boad,  Hull. 

Duplicates. — A  few  each — Sinapis,  Megacephala,  C-Nigrum,  Ambigua,  Pi 
Fimbria,  Bidentata,  Luridata,  Ochi'earia,  Badiata,  Bicolorata,  Ulmata,  Galii 
Ouiicronaria,  Virgata,  Hera  (South  Devon,  fair).  Desiderata. — Cinxia,  Luci 
T.  Betulte,  ^gon.  Minima,  Tiliie,  Cultraria,  Putris,  Ochracea,  Vetusta,  ExoL 
Promissa,  Pastinum,  Wavaria,  Decolorata,  Miata,  Nigrofasciaria,  UnanguL 
Ornata,  Spartata,  Hippocastanaria,  and  many  others. — H.  A.McNaught ;  Chat 
Villas,  Claines,  Worcester. 

Duplicates. — Semibrunnea  (a  few),  Pyralina,  Octogesima,  Subciliata,  Sph 
(males),  P.  Populi  (males),  Advena,  &c.  Desiderata. — Aquilina,  Asteris,  Ai 
coma,  Caliginosa,  Captiuncula,  Connexa,  Conspicillaris,  Dipsacea,  Emortua 
Exulis,  Fulinaria,  Gnaphalii,  Luteago,  Lychnitis,  Nubeculosa,  Ochroleuca,  Orbo 
Orion,  Peltigera,  Porphyrea,  Rufa,  Salicalis,  Scutosa,  Simulans,  Socia,  Vitelli 
Bractea. — E.  H.  Thornhill ;  Boxworth,  Cambridge. 

Duplicates. — Smaragdaria,'"  Uuifasciata"''  and  pupae,  lo,-'' Rhamnata,'''  Fimbr: 
Brevilinea  (few,  fair),  Irrorella,  ^gon,  Lineola,  Rusticata,  Interjectaria.  Des', 
rata. — In  earlj'  stages  the  following  : — A.  Urticae,  Lunaria,  Orbicularia,  Alterni 
Pulveraria,  Salicata,  Succeuturiata,  Valerianata,  Subumbrata,  Pygmaeata,  I 
veticata,  Insignata,  Virgaureata,  Fraxinata,  Albipunctata,  Campanulata,  Exp; 
data,  Assimilata,  Hastata,  Jasioniata.  Accepted  offers  only  answered. — (Lt.-C 
C.  E.  Partridge ;  72,  St.  John's  Park,  Blacfcheath. 

Duplicates. — T.  Quercus,"  T.  W-Album,'-  Alniaria,  Angularia,'''  Lutosa,  Plei 
Pudorina,  Janthina,  Fimbria,  Cerago,*  Gilvago,*  Gothica,  Eubricosa,  Oleracf 
Suspecta,  Pinastri,  Ferruginea,''=  Caeruleoceijhala,  Megacephala,  Derasa  (f€ 
Minos,  Minuta,  Irrorella,  Potatoria,  Stabilis,  Leporina  (2),  Cassinea  (2),  Querc 
(2).  Desiderata. — Very  numerous. — W.  E.  Baker;  Tilney  All  Saints,  Ly 
Norfolk. 

Duplicates.  —  Aurinia  var.  Praeclara  (Irish).  Desiderata. — P.  E.  Fre 
7,  Limes  Boad,  Folkestone,  Kent. 

Waiited. — To  correspond  with  an  Oologist  or  Lepidopterist,  with  a  \ie\i 
exchanging  Lepidoptera  for  British  Birds'  Eggs. — C.  W.  Colthrup ;  127.  Ba 
Boad,  East  Dulwich,  S.E. 


TO  CONTRIBUTORS.  — Papers,  Notes,  and  Communications,  on 
branches  of  Entomology,  are  solicited.  Contributors  are  requested  to  confoi-m 
far  as  possible,  to  the  following  rules:  —  All  Communications  must  be  clea 
written  on  one  side  only  of  the  paper.  Generic  names  must  be  given  in  fi 
EXCEPTING  WHERE  IMMEDIATELY  BEFORE  USED.  The  Editor  is  not  responsible 
unused  MS.,  neither  can  he  undertake  to  return  it,  unless  especially  asked 
do  so.  Contributors  of  the  more  important  articles  receive  six  copies  of  si 
articles.  NOTICES  of  EXCHANGE  (inserted  without  charge)  must  cont 
nothing  more  than  the  specific  names  of  the  duplicates  and  desiderata,  exc 
when  two  insects  are  known  by  the  same  specific  name,  and  must  be  clea 
written  on  one  side  only  of  the  paper.  All  notes,  papers,  books  for  review,  i 
and  notices  of  exchange  should  be  sent  to  the  Editor — 

RICHARD   SOUTH,  96,   DRAKEFIELD  ROAD,   UPPER   TOOTING,   SW. 


IS»  SPECIAL  INDEX  for  1901.  —  This  will  be  issued  gratis  with 
the  'Entomologist '  for  Jauuary,  1902,  and  should  be  added  to  the  General 
Index  issued  with  the  present  Number.     Binder  will  please  note  this. 

Entomological  Society  of  London  (11,  Chandos  Street,  Cavendish  Square 
TV). — Wednesdaj',  December  4th,  at  8  p.m.  ' 

South  London  Entomological  and  Natural  History  Society  (Hibernia 
Chambers,  London  Bridge,  S.E.).— Meetings  on  the  2nd  and  4th  Thursdays  in 
each  month  at  8  p.m.     December  3rd,  Annual  General  Meeting. 

QUEENSLAND     INSECTS^ 

BUTTERFLIES,  including  Ornithoptera,  Cassandra,  Ogyris  hewitsoni,  O.genoveva 
(blue  and  violet  vars.  of  female),  0.  oroetes,  Arhopala  eupolis,  P'dipsas  digglesi,  Holo- 
chila  subpallidus,  Euschemon  rafflesia. 

MOTHS,  including  the  splendid  Hepialidas  (Enetus  mirabilis,  Charagia  ramsayi,  C. 
daphnandras  (scotti),  C.  cyanochlora  (green  and  brown  vars.  of  female),  Antherea  loranthi, 
k.  eucalypti,  A.  janetta.  All  these  species  and  many  others  bred,  and  therefore  in  perfect 
condition.  No  damaged  specimens.  Heavy-bodied  insects  carefully  stuffed.  Micros, 
larva  in  formalin  or  blown,  living  pupa3,  Mantids,  Phasmids,  Antlions,  Bees,  &c. 
F.  P.  DODD,  Warburton  Street,  Townsville,  Queensland,  Australia. 

THOMAS    SALVAGE,    Arlington,    Berwick, 

Has  for  Sale,  cheap,  fine,  well-set  specimens  of  British  Lepidoptera,  including 
Hera,  Minos,  Exulans,  Aureola,  Stramineola,  Monacha  (vars.),  Obscurata  (light  forms), 
Smaragdaria,  Notata,  Polyommata,  Sinuata,  Hastata,  Orion,  Brevilinea,  Geminipuncta, 
Ambigua,  Rubiginea,  Advena,  &e.  A  fine  lot  of  healthy  pupje,  ova  of  Populi,  Fuscan- 
taria,  Pennaria,  Dilutata,  &c.     For  Prices  and  Particulars  apply  to  above. 

Thos.  Salvage  will  work  North  Ireland  for  six  months,  season  1902,  collecting  all 
fcinds  of  Lepidoptera,  if  sufficient  Subscribers  are  forthcoming.    Apply  as  above. 


A  Catalogue  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  Ireland, 

By  W.  F.   DE    VISMES    KANE. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  EIGHTY-FOUR  PAGES  AND  A  COLOURED  PLATE. 

THIS  IMPORTANT  LIST  of  the  Lepidopterous  Fauna  of  Ireland, 
instalments  of  which  have  appeared  in  the  pages  of  the   '  Entomo- 
logist '  since  1893,  is  NOW  EEADY  in  separate  form. 

Price  10s.     By  post,  10s.  3d. 
WEST,   NEWMAN,    &  CO.,    54,  HATTON   GAEDEN,   LONDON,  E.G. 

0VA7n^RV>€,    ancFPUP/E. 

Large  and  Varied  Stock  all  the  year  round,  including  many 
Rare  Genuine  British  Species. 

Price  List  on  application  to  L.  W.  Newman,  Bexleij,  Kent. 

N.B.— Lepidoptera  reared  from  the  Ov.4  to  the  Pup^,  on  Commission. 
Thirty-seven  Pages  and  Four  Plates.     Price  4s. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  EXPERIMENTS  IN  HYBRIDIZATION  AND  TEMPERATURE  MADE 
WITH  LEPIDOPTERA  UP  TO  THE  END  OF  1898. 

By  Prof.  Dr.  MAX  STANDFUSS, 

{Translated  from  the  German  by  Edward  Martin  Dadd). 

Reprinted  from  the  'Entomologist,'  1900-1901. 

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in  stock  iu  large  quantities. 

The  largest  stock  of  Eggs  in  England  to  select  from,  including  iuaiiy  very  rare 

species.     List  of  clutches  sent  if  desired.     Large  buyers  liberally  dealt  wifcli. 

Bevised  List  of  British  Lepidoptera,  now  ready,  post  free. 

NEW    AND    SECOND-HAND    BOOKS. 

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Largest  and  best  Stock  in  England  of   EUEOPEAN   LEPIDOPTEEA,   moderate  prices. 
Exotic  Lepidoptera,  Coleoptera,  Orthoptera,  &c. 

Preserved    Larvse    of  Rare    British    Lepidoptera. 

Cabinets  and  Apparatus  for  Entomologists,  Oologists,  Ornithologists,  Botanists,  &o. 

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-'  u  i\  s 


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ngularia,  Alniaria,  Tiliaria,  Elinguaria,  Juniperata  (Perthshire),  Oxyacantha;,  Pista- 
na,  4cl.     Dispar,  3d.     Anticjua,  2d,    Promissa,  9d.     Nupta,  4d. 

HEALTHY  PUP/G.— i?((c/(.— Machaon,  Ocellatus,  Ligustri,  Elpenor,  Anachoreta, 
issimilis,  Vimila,  Carpini,  Strataria,  3d.  Tiling,  Consortaria,  Scrophularia,  Umbra,  4d. 
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alcula,  IJd.  Omicronaria,  2M.  Camelina,  Ziczac,  Betularia,  Tetralunaria,  Curtula, 
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BRITISH  LEPIDOPTERA.— 4d.  each.— Absynthii,  Acta-on,  Advena,  Anachoreta. 
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mbra,  Unifasciata,  W-Album.  Is.  each. — Alni,  Ditrapezium,  Ichneumoniformis,  Musci- 
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3RITISH   Lepidoptera,  Coleoptera,  and  Preserved 
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Apply  "ENTO."  c  0  West,  Newman  &  Co.,  55,  Hatton  Garden,  E.G. 

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Now  Ready.— THIRD  EDITION. 

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Considerably  Enlarged,  Freely  Illustrated,  and  brought  to  Twentieth  Century  Date. 
PFdCE    ONE    SHILLING. 
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WORKS   ON    LEPIDOPTER/^ 

BY    THE    LATE 

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Butterflies  from  China,  Japan,  and  Corea. 

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PTEROPHORID>E. 

AN   ILLUSTRATED  LIST  and  Aid  to  the   Identification  of  th 
DELTOIDS,    PYRALIDES,    CRAMBI,    and    PTEROPHORID^ 
occurring  iu  the  BRITISH  ISLANDS. 

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A    Small   Collection    of   EXOTIC  RHOPALOCERA 

^^  in  which  CHARAXES,  WEST  AFRICAN  GENERA,  an 
"  MIMICRY  "  are  well  represented.  For  Sale,  either  as  a  whole  or  i 
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SPECIAL     INDEX. 


New  Genera  and  Species  are  marked  with  an  asterisk. 


COLEOPTERA. 


Aleochaia  brevipennis,  133 

Anchomenusm«stus,  133  ;  quadripunc- 
tatus,  313  ;  viduus,  133 

Anthia  sexmaculatus,  19  ;  venator,  19 

Apion  jeneum,  20 ;  iethiops,  20 ;  affiue, 
20 ;  apricans,  20  ;  assimile,  20  ;  car- 
duorum,  20 ;  cerdo,  20 ;  dichroum, 
20  ;  ebeninum,  20  ;  ervi,  20  ;  gyllen- 
hali,  20  ;  ha-malodes,  20 ;  humile,  20 ; 
hydrolapathi,  20;  loti,  20;  marchi- 
cum,  20  ;  nigritarse,  20 ;  ononis,  20 ; 
onopordi,  20 ;  punctigeium.  20  ;  radi- 
olus,  20  ;  seniculum,  20  ;  spencei,  20  ; 
stolidum,  20  ;  striatum,  20 ;  ulicis, 
20;  viciffi,  20;  violaceum,  20 ;  virens, 
20 

Aroinia  moschata,  95,  181,  815 

Callomorpha  wahlbergi,  205 

Calosoma,  132 

Carabus  auratus,  204 

Chrysomela  variens,  319 

Cicindela  campestris,  91,  —  var.  fune- 
bris,  356 

Cistela  luperus,  319 

Clythra  quadripunctata,  96,  253 

Clytiis  arietis,  206,  316  ;  mysticus,  206 ; 
sp.,  230 

Coccinellidffi,  255 

Corymbites  seneus,  356  ;  cupreus,  356  ; 
pectinicornis,  133 

Cossyphodes  bewickii,  253 

Crioceris  asparagi,  316 

Cryptocephalus  bipunctatus,  319  ;  vit- 
tatus,  254 

Curculionidie,  132 


Dinoderus  minutus,  96 ;  substriatus,  96 

Dytiscus  marginalis,  95 

Elaphidion  villosum,  254 

Endomychidfe,  131 

Heliocopris,  204 

Hispid!^,  131 

Lampyris  noctiluca,  356 

Leiopiis  nebulosus,  316 

Lochniiea  cratsegi,  319 

Magdalis  armigera,  319  ;  pruni,  319 

Megilla  maculata,  132 

Melolontha  vulgaris,  356 

Myrmedonia  collaris,  314 

Odontria  striatum,  11 ;  zealandica,  11 

Oodes  helopioides,  319 

Oriiia  cacalisB,  96;  speciosissima,  96 

Orochares  angustatus,  360 

Pachyta  sexmaculata,  313 

Phyllopertha  horticola,  356 

Phytoecia  eyliudrica,  319 

Plagionotus  speciosus,  254 

Ptinus  fur,  133 

Eagium  bifasciatum,  181,   206,  356, — 

var.,  316;  inquisitor,  356 
Rhizotrogus  festivus,  254 
Sagra,  159 

Saperda  populnea,  206 
Scarabffiidffi,  255 
Scarites  striatus,  19 
Sinodendron  cylindricum,  316 
Sitones  cambricus,  113 
Spilopyra  sumptuosa,  205 
Strangalia  armata,  316 
Tenebrionida\  131 
Trogophlceus  anglicanus,  313 


Achias  longividens,  96 
Anopheles,  133,  180,  218,  363 
Asilus  cralDroniformis,  21 
Asphondylia  mentzeli^,*  Cock., 
Ceratitis  frenicillatus,  251 
Chamfesyrphus  scffivoides,  314 
Chilosia,  98  ;  chrysocoma,  314 
Culex,  134,  220,  363 
Dioctria  atricapiella,  318 
Eretmoptera.  349 
Eristalis,  160  ;  teuax.  132 


DIPTERA. 

Laphria  flava,  314 

Leptogaster  cylindrica,  21 ;  guttiventris 
;        318 
302  '    Microdon  devius,  314 

Miltogramma  conica,  133 

Piophila  casei,  22 

Stomphastica  flava,  314 

Syrphus,  133 

Trypeta   onotrophes,  318  ;  tussilaginis, 

;        318 

I, 


11 


INDEX. 


HYMENOPTEEA. 


Agenia  variegata,  98 

Anachoreta,  40 

Andrena   flessae,  254 ;    pulchella,  217  ; 

retusus,  314 
Anthidium  paroselae,  243 
Anthophora    vallarum,    218 ;     retusus, 

314 
Calicurgus  hyalinatus,  98 
Calliopsis  coloradensis  coloratipes,  64 ; 

flavifrons,  64 
Centris    hoffmanseggiie,    243 ;     lanosa, 

243 ;  ihodopus,  243 
Chelonus  inanitus,  253 
Cleptes  pallipes,  133 
Colletes  algarobiffi,*   CocA.,  244  ;  daleie, 

245  ;  prosopidis,  244  ;  texana,  244 
Crabro  pubescens,  160 
Dasypida  hirtipes,  50 
Diadasia  rinconis,  245 
Diprion,  40 
Elampus  auratus,  180 
Eulema  dimidiata,  19 
Formica  fusca,  245,  360  ;  rufa,  96,  230, 

245,  253 ;  sanguinea,  245,  253,  360 
Halictus  lajvigatus,  98 ;    pectoraloides, 

217 
Hypomferotera  callops,  64  ;  persiiuilis,* 

Cock.,  64 
Lasius  tiavus,  245  ;  mixtus,  245 
Leptothorax  acerdorum,  230 
Lithurgus  gibbosus,  244 
Lophyrus,  40,  41 
Megachile    chilopoidis,    243;     cleomis. 

243  ;    lidelis,  244  ;    lippiae,  243  ;  new- 

berryas,*     Cock.,    244  ;     occidentalis, 

218  ;    populi,    245  ;    prosopidis,  245  ; 

pugnata,   244 ;     sidalcese,   243,   245 ; 

vallorum,  245 
Megalodontes,  40 
Milissodes  agilis,  217  ;  tristis,  218 


Monoctenus,  40 

Myrmica,  314 

Neoperdita,  62 

Nesoprosopis,  23 

Nycteridium,  40 

Odynerus,  24 

Osmia  fulviventris,  314 

Perdita  albipennis,  217 ;  asteris,  63 
baccharidis,*  Cock.,  61 ;  bigelovise 
62  ;  chama'sarachse,  62  ;  helianthi 
217;  helioiropii,*  Cock.,  63,  217 
heterothecte,*  Cock.,  62;  ignota,  63 
mellina,*  Cock.,  62  ;  rhodura,  62 
semicrocea,  62  ;  sidie,  62  ;  sphajralcea; 
217;  stottleri,  62;  townsendi,  62 
zebrata,  62 

Pheidola  megacephala  var.  punctulata, 
253 

Podalirius  retusus,  314 

Prestwichia  aquatica,  253 

Prosacantha,  247 

Ptilodontis  palpina,  224 

Eliyssa  persuasoria,  313 

Sapyga  clavicornis,  98 

Selandria  atra,  22 

Sirex  gigas,  19,  21,  248,  307,  315,  354  ; 
juvencus,  17,  354 ;  melanocerus,  18 

Sphffirophthalma  arizouica,*  Cock.,  65; 
dugesi,  65 ;  foxi,  65 ;  heliophila,* 
Cock.,  65 ;  heterochroa,  65;  occiden- 
talis, 65 

Stelis  aterrima,  314 

Teleas,  247 

Thalessa  lunator,  254 

Trigona,  159 

Xenoglossa  angustior,*  Cock.,  64;  pa- 
tricia,  64 

Xylocopa  arizonensis,  218 

Xyphidria  camelus,  313 


LEPIDOPTEKA. 


Abraxas  grossulariata,  22,  47,  97,  145, 
316,  356  :  sylvata,  M56  ;  ulmata,  22 

Acantliopsyche  opacella,  42,  253 

Achffia  lienardi,  205 

Acherontia  atropos,  13, 17,  49,  132,  144, 
247,  250,  269,  270,  302,  304,  306,  318, 
319,  329,  348,  351,  353 

Achroia  grisella,  30 

Acidalia  aversata,  146,  185 ;  bisetata 
var.  fimbriolata,  198  ;  dimidiata,  146  ; 
humiliata,  31i) ;  imitaria,  16, 146,  357; 
immutata,  16 ;  inornata,  16 ;  mar- 
ginepunctata,  146,  327  ;  remutata,  16, 
227  ;  rubricata,  39  ;  subsericeata,  146 ; 
trigeminata,  146,  198 


Aciptilia  pentadactyla,  130,  147 

Acontia  catena,  322;  luctuosa,  16,  48, 
326 ;  Solaris,  322 

Acrsa  buxtoni,  229  ;  doubledayi,  229 ; 
uohara,  229  ;  petrsea,  229 

Acrolepia  granitella,  193 

Acronycta  aceris,  16,  49,  318,  332  ;  alni, 
22,  248,  249,  271,  319 ;  euphorbias 
var.  montivaga,  332 ;  leporina,  144, 
248,  332,  356;  ligustri,  15,  16,  45; 
megacephala,  16,  48,  332 ;  menyan- 
thidis,  44,  332;  psi,  16,  45,  93,  95, 
130.  144,  186 ;  rumicis,  16,  45,  144, 
308,  327  ;  tridens,  lb,  332 

Actias  isabellag,  340 


INDEX. 


Ill 


Adela   cuprella,    158 ;    degeerella,  153 ; 

riifimitrella,  153  ;  viiidella,  153 
Adelpha  iphicla,  190 
Agapetida\  1'22 
Agdistis,  84 

Ageroeonia  glauconome,  11)0 
Aglais  urticae,  310 
Aglossa  cuprealis,  19 
Agriopis  aprilina,  14,  46,  145 
Agrophila  sulphuralis,  19,  39  ;  trabealis, 

19,  39 
Agrotides,  120 
Agrotis,  100 
Agrotis   agathiiia,    17,    204 ;    amatura, 

205  ;  aquilina,  317  ;  ashwoithii,  319; 

cinerea.  Hi,  18,  21  ;  corticea,  16,  48, 

145,  186, 198,  319  ;  cursoria,  319,  357  ; 
decipieny,  205  ;  exclaniationis,  15, 16, 
21,  45,  48,  92,  94,  145,  306,  308; 
lunigera,  94,  319  ;  munda,  205  ;  nigri- 
cans, 357  ;  porphyrea,  46  ;  prajcox, 
94  ;  puta.  16.  327  ;  pyiophila,  319  ; 
rimosa,  205  ;  ripie,  319  ;  saucia,  145, 
327,355;  segetum,  94,  145,  205,  327; 
spinifera,  205  ;  strigula,  145  ;  suffusa, 
17,  45,  94,  145,  327,  357 ;  tritici,  94, 
357 ;  upsilon,  6  ;  valligera,  357 

Aleucis  pictaria,  307 
Alucita  hexadactyla,  147,  227 
Amauriss  echeria,  229 
Amblyptilia  acanthodactylus,  357 
Amphidasys  betulana,    16,   22,  47,  94, 

146,  185,  227  ;  prodroraaria,  47,  182, 
202,  227  ;  strataria,  146,  182,  198 

Ampliipyra  pyramidea,  145,  198,  227  ; 

tragopogonis,  48,  145,  327,  357 
Amphysa  gerningana,  31 ;  prodromana, 

31 
Amynthia  clorinde,  191 
Anacampsis  authyllidella,  192 ;    tsnio- 

lella,  192 
Anaitis  plagiata,  147,  227 
Anarsia  spartiella,  193 
Anarta  myrtilli,  44 
Anartta  fatima,  190  ;  iatioplia\  190 
Anchinia,  85 
Anchocelis  lituia,  46,  355  ;  lunosa,  46, 

93,  145,  327;  pistacina,  21,  93,  145, 

355  ;  rufina,  327 
Anerastia  lotella,  30 
Angerona  prunaria,  315 
Anisopteryx  aescularia,  46,  47,  91,  147, 

182 
Anosia  bolina,  7  ;  erippus,  7 
Anthocharis  belemia,  69  ;  belia,  69, 105  ; 

cardamines,  69,  91, 105,  226  ;  euphen- 

oides,    105;    simplonia,    105;    tages, 

105 
Anthrocera  filipendulffi,  19 
Anticlea  badiata,  182,  204;   berberata, 

16  ;  derivata,  47,  92,  182  ;  uigrofasei- 

aria,  92  ;  rubidata,  16,  307,  319  ;  sinu- 

ata,  225,  319 
Antithesia  salicella,  32 


Apamea  basilinea,  15,  45,  48, 145  ;  didy- 
ma,  48,  145 ;  fibrosa,  358  ;  gemina, 
45,  145  ;  occulea,  45 ;  ophiogramma, 
48,  49,  333  :  unanimis,  15 

Apatuia  iris,  20,  226,  233,  234,  236,  303 

Aphoraia  sociella,  30 

Aplecta  herbida,  16 ;  nebuiosa,  15,  16, 
4s,  145,  186;  occulta,  271,  308,  316; 
l^rasina,  145 

Aporia  crattegi,  19,  33,  42,  43,  45,  251 

Aporophila  lutulenta  var.  luneburgen- 
sis,  18,  — var.  sedi,  18 

Arctia  caia,  16,  19,  47,  90,  93,  103,  144, 
181,  319;  fuliginosa,  16,  44,  45;  lu- 
bricipeda,  132  ;  menthastri,  16,  46, 
132 ;  plantaginis,  319 

Ar-ynnis  adippe,  35,  69,  107,  249,  281 ; 
aglaia.  35,  49.  107,  143,  234,  235,  281, 
303,  317,  319,  358,— var.  charlotta, 
350  ;  amathusia,  107  ;  artoois,  256  ; 
clio,  25() ;  cybele,  256  ;  daphne,  107  ; 
dia,  107,  360;  diana,  256;  edwardsi, 
256  :  elisa,  107,  165  ;  euphrosyne,  35, 
47,  107,  226,  355;  eurynome.  256; 
lathonia,  35,  107  ;  latonia,  107,  155  ; 
monticola,  256  ;  myrina,  256  ;  niobe, 
35. 155  ;  pales,  35, 159  ;  pandora,  107  ; 
paphia,  14,  19,  35,  69,  93,  94,  102, 
103,  107,  143,  233,  234,  308,— var. 
valesina,  17,  235,  266  ;  selene,  107, 
355  ;  semiramis,  256 

Argyresthia  albistria,  193 ;  arceuthina, 
194;  brochella,  194  ;  conjungella,  193; 
curvella,  194;  ephippella,  193;  goe- 
dartella,  194  ;  mendica,  193 ;  nitidella, 
193  ;  pygniffiella,  194  ;  retinella,  194  ; 
semitestacella,  193 

Argyritis  pictella,  l')2  ;  tarquiniella,  192 

Argyrolepia  enicana,  126  ;  hartmanni- 
ana,  126 

Argyrotoza  couwayana,  32 

Asphalia  flavicornis,  182,  332  ;  ridens, 
17,  21,  47,  227 

Aspilates  citraria,  327,  359 

Aspis  udmanniana,  32 

Asteroscopus  sphinx,  93,  130 

Asthena  candidata,  47 

Asychna  niodestella,  196 

Atella  phalanta.  229 

Audea  ochripennis,  205 

Aventia  Hexula,  16,  93 

Axylia  interstriata,  205  ;  putris,  16, 130, 
144,  323 

Bracotia  sepium,  18 

Bactra  furfurana,  80  ;  lauceolana,  80 

Bankia  argentula,  19 

Bapta  taminata,  47,  227 ;  temerata,  47, 

226,  227 
Basiana  postica,  302 
Batodes  angustiorana,  81 
Batrachedra  praangusta.  195 
Biston  hirtarius,  342  ;  pomonarius,  342  ? 

hvbr.  pilzii.  342 

/;  2 


iv 


INDEX. 


Blapophanes   ferruginella,    127 ;    lusti- 

cella,  1-27 
Boarmia  cinctaria,  17, 146  ;  consortaria, 

229  ;  repandata,  18,  44,  146,  185,  317, 

856;  roboraria,  16,  95,  217 
Boletobia  fuliginaria,  179 
Bombycides,  121 
Bombyx  callunfe,  205;    castrensis  var. 

venata,  340 ;  franconia,  340  ;  neustria, 

93,  94,  198,  331,  340  ;  rubi,  44, 45, 48, 

144,  315;  trifolii,  17,  319;    quercus, 

103,  206,  316 
Botys  urticalis,  356 
Brachmia  mouffetella,  155 
Brachycrossata  cinerella,  193 
Brephos  parthenias,  182,  204 
Bryophila  algae,   178,  322  ;    glandifeia, 

178  ;  muralis,  327  ;  perla,  93,  358 
Bryotropha  affinis,  192  ;  desertella,  155  ; 

domestica,  192  ;  mundella,  192  ;  poli- 

tella,  192  ;  terrella,  155  ;  umbrosella, 

192 
Bucculatrix  crataegifoliella,  197  ;  mari- 

tima,  197 
Bupalus  piniaria,  130,  266,  817,  356 
Butalis  fuscoaanea,  193  ;   grandipennis, 

193 

Cabera  pusaria,  45,  146,  226,  227,  856  ; 

xanthemaria,  206,  227,  356 
Calamia  phi'agmitidis,  357 
Caligo  prometheus,  190 
Callinaga,  22 
Callarctia,  252 
Callicore  pitheas,  190 
Callidryas  philea,  191  ;  sennas,  191 
Calligenia  miniata,  16,  17,  48,  234 
Callimorpha  dominula,  206,  252,  342, — 

var.  persona,  342  ;  hera,  252, 326 
Calocampa  exoleta,  44,  46,  ^27  ;  vetusta, 

145 
Calophasia    linariiv,    322 ;     platyptera, 

322 
Calpodes  nyctelius,  191 
Calymnia  pyralina,  93 ;  trapezina,  93, 

145 
Camptogramma  bilineata,   38,   39,   45, 

147,  185,  356  ;  fluviata,  147 
Camptopleura  thrasybulus,  191 
Caradrina  alsines,  17,  93  ;  ambigua,  17, 

272,  327,  328,  355,  357 ;  blanda,  16 ; 

cubicularis,  16,  46  ;  morpheus,  16, 17, 

93  ;    quadripunctata,   145  ;    taraxaci, 

17,  145 
Carpocapsa  pomonella,  15,  82  ;  splen- 

dana,  82 
Carsia  imbutata,  319 
Castnia  futilis,  191 
Catochrysops   mahallokoffina,   2 ;    stra- 

bo,  1 
Catoptria  albersana,  125  ;    cana,  125  ; 

fulvana,  125  ;  hypericana,  125;  scopo- 

liana,  125  ;  ulicetana,  125 
Cebrene  cheli,  228  ;  junonia,  228 


Celffiua  haworthii,  198 
Cemiostoma  spartifoliella,  197 
Cerastis     erithrocephala,     179 ;     ligula 
(spadicea),  355  ;  vaccinii,  40,  47,  49, 
94,  145,  182,  203,  204,  355 
Cerigo  cytherea,  16,21,  93,  357  ;  matura, 

93 
Cerostoma  costella,  153  ;  radiatella,  153 ; 

vittella,  153 
Cerura  vinula,  48 
Cethosia  cyanea,  359 
Charffias  graminis,  46,  145 
Charaxes,  121 ;  nanthes,  229  ;  varanes, 

229 
Chariclea  delphini,  322;  umbra,  146, 198 
Charis  argyrodines,  190 
Chauliodiis  chierophyllellus,  195 
Cheimatobia  boreata,  130  ;  brumata,  47, 

93,  94,  147 
Chelaria  hiibnerella,  193 
Chelonia  villica,  308 
Chesias  spartiata,  49 
Chilades  trochilus,  2 
Chlorippe  laure,  190 
Chlosyne  callianira,  190  ;  hyperia,  190; 

inelanarge,  190 ;  saundersi,  190 
Chcerocampa  celerio,  178  ;  elpenor,  17, 
93,    144,  270;    porcellus,    144,    319; 
nerii,  305,  352 
Choreutes  mylerana,  125 
Chortodes  arcuosa,  16 
Chrysocoris  festaliella,  196 
Chi'ysoclysta    aurifrontella,    196 ;     lin- 

neella,  196  ;  schrankella,  196 
Chrysophanus  dispar,  155 ;  phloeas,  8, 
132,  268,  317,  351 ;  salustius,  8  ;  vir- 
gaurae,  8  (see  also  Polyommatus) 
Cidaria  associata,  93, 184  ;  corylata,  16, 
47,    227,   308;  dotata,  184;   fulvata, 
46  ;  immanata,  46  ;  miata,  44,  147  ; 
piceata,  44,  327  ;  populata,  147  ;  pru- 
nata,  147  ;  pyraliata,  184  ;  reticulata, 
179  ;  russata,  48  ;  siderata,  147  ;  sila- 
ceata,    44,  808;  suffumata,  44,  147, 
182 ;  testata,  46,  147  ;  truncata,  147 
Cilix  glaucata,  47,  227  ;  spinula,  16,  47, 

92,  226,  227 
Cirrhcedia  xerampelina,  92,  855 
Cleoceris  (Epunda)  viminalis,  47 
Cleodora  cytisella,  198 
Cleora  glabraria,  22,  317 
Clepsis  rusticana,  80 
Clisiocampa   castrensis,    231 ;    disstria, 

254,  321 ;  neustria,  231 
Clostera  reclusa,  12 

Cnephasia  musculana,  79 ;  politana,  79 
Cnethocampa  pityocampa,  317 
Coccyx  tffidella,  81  ;  ustomaculana,  81 ; 

vacciniana,  81 
CcEnobia  despecta,  357  ;  rufa,  333 
Coenonymphaarcania,  36,  108  ;  corinna, 
108  ;  davus,  38,  108,  159  ;  pamphilus, 
36,   46,  47,  108,  143,  226,  248,  268, 
356  ;  typhon,  21,  829 


INDEX. 


Coleophora  alcyonipenuella,  liiii ;  albi- 
costella,  195 ;  anatipennella,  195 ; 
apicella,  195 ;  argentula,  195  ;  arte- 
misieollela,  195;  cajspititiella,  195; 
deauratella,  195 ;  discordella,  195  ; 
fabriciella,  195  ;  gryphipennella,  195  ; 
laricella,  195  ;  laripennella,  195 ;  lin- 
eola,  205  ;  lutipennella,  180  ;  nigri- 
cella,  195  ;  olivaceella,  195  ;  vibicella, 
195  ;  viminetella,  195  ;  virgaureella, 
195 ;  vitisella,  195 

Colias  edusa,  14.  34,  94,  105,  143,  225, 
228,  229,  234,  235,  250,  273-280,  306, 
308-313,  315-319,  327,  328,  348,  352, 
353,  354,  356,  358 ;  hyale,  18,  33,  91, 
105,  225,  250,  273-280,  306,  309,  313, 
315,  316,  327,  Ux,  352,  353,  358; 
marnoana,  18 ;  nilgherriensis,  18 ; 
phicomone,  33  ;  simoda,  18 

Conchylis  francillana,  126 ;  straminea, 
126 

Coremia  designata,  160  ;  ferrugata,  99, 
227  ;  propugnata,  227,  308  ;  quadri- 
fasciaria,  130,  225,  249,  272;  uni- 
dentaria,  93,  147,  227,  308 

Coriscium  brongniartellum,  194  ;  cuculi- 
pennella,  194  ;  sulphurellum,  194 

Corycia  temerata,  308 

Cosmia  affinis,  48,  93,  327  ;  diffinis,  93, 
327 ;  pyralina,  315 ;  trapezina,  16, 
227 

Cosmodes  elegans,  6 

Cosmophila  erosa,  205  ;  xanthyndyna, 
205 

Cosmotriche  potatoria,  315,  316 

Cossus  ligniperda,  17,  48,  95,  97,  99, 
128,  132,  158,  177,  224,  236,  331; 
pyrini,  225;  robiniffi,  221 

Crambus  contaminellus,  358  ;  culmellus, 
30 ;  dumetellus,  29  ;  geniculeus,  30 ; 
hamellus,  29  ;  hortuellus,  30  ;  inqui- 
natellus,  30  ;  margaritellus,  29  ;  pas- 
cuellus,  29 ;  peiiellus,  29,  358  ;  pi- 
nellus,  130  ;  selasellus,  29  ;  sylvellus, 
29  ;  tristellus,  29  ;  warringtonellus, 
29,  358 

Crenis  natalensis,  229 

Crocallis  elinguaria,  94,  146 

CucuUia  abrotani,  322  ;  absinthii,  179  ; 
asteris,  308 ;  chamomillaj,  16,  19, 
318  :  gnaphalii,  179  ;  lyehnitis,  16  ; 
umbratica,  15,  16,  146,  323 ;  verbasci, 
16,44 

Cupido,  1,  124 

Cyaniris  argiolus,  199,  230,  315,  317 

Cycnus  aufidena.  191 

Cymatophora,  22 ;  duplaria,  15,  332 ; 
fluctuosa,  21,  332 ;  occularis,  306 ; 
octogesima,  21 ;  or,  332 

Cynthia  (Vanessa)  cardui,  47,  48 

Cythserias,  168 

Danaidae,  122 

Danais  chrysippus,  228 


Dasycampa  rubiginea,  249,  308 

Dasycera  sulphurella,  193 

Dasychira  fascilina,  17,  45,  331 ;  pudi- 

bunda,  16,  46, 144  (see  also  Orgyia) 
Dasypodia  selenophora,  6 
Deilephila  euphorbiffi,  178,    M2 ;  galii, 
98,  178,  270  ;  lineata,  178  ;  livornica, 
19,  305,  329  ;  vespertilio,  342 
Deiopeia  pulchella,  178 
Demas  coryli,  16,  95,  130, 144 

Depressaria  alsticemeriana,  154  ;  angeli- 
cella,  154  ;  applanella,  154  ;  arenella, 
154;  assimilella,  154;  badiella,  130, 
154;  capreolella,  154;  ciliella,  154; 
conterminella,  154  ;  costosella,  154  ; 
discipunctella,  154  ;  douglasella,  154 ; 
flavella,  154 ;  heracleana,  154 ;  ner- 
vosella,  154 ;  ocellaua,  154  ;  pallor- 
ella,  154 ;  propinquella,  154 ;  pur- 
purea, 154  ;  rhodochrella,  154  ;  ro- 
tundella,  154  ;  scopariella,  154  ;  sub- 
propinquella,  154 ;  umbella,  154 ; 
yeatiana,  154 

Deva  natalensis,  205 

Diacrissia  russula,  252 

Dianthoecia  c;esia,  198 ;  capsincola,  16, 
145  ;  capsophila,  145 ;  carpophaga, 
16,  18;  conspersa,  16;  cucubali,  16, 
45,  145,  305  ;  luteago  var.  ficklini,  18, 
96, — var.  lowei,  18  ;  irregularis,  40, 
96 

Dichelia  grotiana,  31 

Dicranura  bifida,  332 ;  furcula,  332 ; 
vinula,  95,  144,  184 

Dicrorampha  acuminatana,  82 ;  alpi- 
nana,  82  ;  herbosana,  82  ;  petivorana, 
82  ;  plumbagana,  82  ;  plumbana,  82 

Dictyopteryx  bergmanniana,  32  ;  forska- 
leana,  32 ;  holmiana,  32 ;  loetlingi- 
ana,  32 

Dicycla  oo,  249,  250 

Didonis  aganissa,  190 

Dione  juno,  190  ;  vanillffl,  190 

Diloba  casruleocephala,  94,  227,  333 

Dioryctria  abietella,  30 

Diphthera  aprilina,  14 

Diplodoma  marginepunctella,  126 

Dipterygia  pinastri,  16,  17,  47,  48,  93 ; 
scabriuscula,  17,  29 

*Dircenna  barrettii,  sp.  n.,  299  (fig.)  ; 
euchytma,  189 

DismorphiadfB,  122 

Diurnea  fagella.  126,  182 

Dordura  retraeta,  205  ;  tegulata,  205 

Drepana  falcataria,  47,  227,  331 ;  harpa- 
gula,  179 ;  lacertinaria,  227  ;  lacer- 
tula,  93  ;  sicula,  179 

Drymonia  chaonia,  19,  227 

Dysgona  faber,  205 

Dysthymia  (Acontia)  luctuosa,  16 

E  arias  chlorana,  19 

Elachista  argentella,  atricomella,  bed- 
ellella,  dispunctella,  tlaviconaella.  kil- 


VI 


INDEX. 


munella,  luticomella,  mouticola,  ni- 
giella,  obscnrella,  perplexella,  poUi- 
nariella,  rhynchospoiella,  rufoeinerea, 
subalbidella,  subnigi-ella,  taeniatella, 
196 

EUopia  fasciaria,  46  ;  prosapiaria,  146 

Ematurga  atomaria,  146 

Emmelesia  affinitata,  308 ;  albulata, 
147  ;  alcliemillata,  147,  308 ;  decolor- 
ata,  48  ;  unifasciata,  147 

Emydia  cribrum,  17,  67,  309,— var.  bi- 
vittata,  68, — var.  Candida,  68, — var. 
rippertii,  68  (see  also  Eulepia) 

Endopisa  nigricana,  82 

Endrosis  fenestrella,  193 

Ennomos  alniaria,  92,  306  ;  augularia, 
227  ;  erosaria,  92  ;  fuscantaria,  48,  92 ; 
tiliaria,  16,  49,  93  (see  also  Eugonia) 

Ephestia  elutella,  30 ;  kiiliniella,  184 ; 
splendidella,  22 

Ephippiphora  brunnichiana,  cirsiana, 
inopiana,  ptiugiana,  populana,  simu- 
lana,  trigeminana,  81 

Ephyra  omicronaria  (Epione),  15,  226, 
227,  308;  porata  (Epione),  15,  47, 
227  ;  punctaria,  47,  227 ;  trilinearia. 
226,  227,  308 

Epichnopteryx  puUa,  42 

Epinephele  hyperanthes,  36,  108,  143, 
308,  319,  351 ;  lanira,  :)6,  38, 108, 143, 
224,  308,  356;  ida,  108;  lycaon,  36, 
108 ;  pasiphae,  108 ;  tithonus,  14, 
108,  143,  198,  227,  350 

Epione  apiciaria,  93.  146 

E^jirrita  (Oporabia)  autumnata,  323 

Epunda  lichenea,  317  ;  lutulenta,  92, 
96,  160,  300,  327,  360  ;  nigra,  17.  46, 
271,  306,  308,  327 

Erastria  fuscula,  19 

Erebia  sethiops,  19  ;  blandina,  20,  46, 
157,  319;  cassiope,  319,  329;  ceto, 
35,  97  ;  christi,  19;  ephiphron,  19,  97, 
329 ;  epistygne,  107 ;  erynis,  86 ; 
euryale,  35,  97,  107;  evias,  107; 
flavofasciata,  19,  97  ;  glacialis,  19,  36, 
359  ;  goante,  36,  97  ;  gorge,  19,  36, 
97  ;  gorgone,  159  ;  ligea,  36,  97  ;  lap- 
pona,  19,  36,  97  :  nianto,  35 ;  me- 
dusa, 97  ;  melas,  359  ;  melampus,  35, 
97  ;  mnestra,  19. 97  ;  ceme,  35  ;  pharte, 
35 ;  pronoe,  97  ;  pyrrha.  35 ;  spodea, 
36  ;  stygne,  36, 107 ;  tyndarns,  36,  97 

Eremobia  ochroleuca,  359 

Ericeia  unangulata,  205 

Eriocephala  aruncella,  127  ;  aureatella, 
127  ;  calthella,  127  ;  seppella,  127 

Eriogaster  lanestris,  230 

Eriopsela  fractifasciana,  79 

Eronia  cleodora,  229 

Eubagis  mylitta,  190 

Eubolia  bipunctaria,  16,  359 ;  cervi- 
naria,  21 ;  limitata,  147 :  lineolata, 
327  ;  palumbaria,  l(i,  147,  227,  356  ; 
pcribolata,  254  ;  plumbaria,  147,  356 


Euchelia  jacobff>»,   91,    144,  160,   227. 

308 

Euchloe  belia  var.  simplonia,  33  ;  car- 
damines,  19,  33,  47,  129,  143,  226, 
230,  355  (see  also  Anthocharis) 

Eucliromia  purpurana,  79 

*Euchrysops,  gen.  nov.  1 

Euchrysops  cnejus,  contracta,  cyclop- 
teris,  ella,  hapalina,  hippoerates, 
lochina,  lois,  naidina,  nicola,  pan- 
dava,  theseus,  trifracta,  2 

Euclidia  glyphica,  356  ;  mi,  45,  48, 146, 
226 

Eueosmia  undulata.  130,  147 

Eucymatoge  nionticolans,  100 

Eugonia  alniaria,  17, 146 ;  autumnaria, 
160 ;  fuscantaria,  17,  205,  206 ;  quer- 
cinaria,  146  (see  also  Ennomos) 

Eulaphygma  abyssinia,  205 

Eulepia  cribrum,  319 
„    Eupisteria  heparata,  16;  obliterata,  130 

Eupithecia  abbreviata,  16, 147,  203,  204, 
227  ;  absinthiata,  16,  147  ;  assimilata, 
10,  147  ;  castigata,  147  ;  centaureata, 
16  ;  coronata,  16,  147,  313  ;  debiliata, 
147,  198  ;  dodoneata,  16 ;  exiguata, 
16;  indigata,  16;  isogrammata,  16; 
lariciata,  45,  147 ;  linariata,  1(J  ;  na- 
nata,  16,  44,  147 ;  oblongata,  130, 
147 ;  oxydata,  147 ;  plumbeolata,  16, 
147, 198  ;  pulchellata,  16,  147  ;  pumi- 
lata.  147  ;  pusillata.  16,  147 ;  rect- 
angulata,  16,  147 ;  satyrata,  147 ; 
scabiosata,  147  ;  subfulvata,  16,  147  ; 
subnotata,  16  ;  sobrinata,  16,  47  ;  sub- 
umbrata,  16;  valerianata,  147 ;  veno- 
sata,  16,  147  ;  virgaureata,  147  ;  vul- 
gata,  16 

Euplexia  lucipara,  16,  45,  48,  131,  145, 
226, 356 

Eupoecilia  angustana,  125  ;  atricapitana, 
125 ;  ciliella,  126 ;  dubitana,  125 ; 
implicitana,  125 ;  maculosana,  125  ; 
mussehliana,  125 ;  nana,  125  ;  palli- 
dana,  125  ;  roseana,  125 

Euralia  tarquinia,  229 

Eurrhypara  urticata,  160 

Eurymene  dolobraria,  16,  146 

Eurytela  hiarbas,  228 

Euvanessa  antiopa,  207,  320 

Everes  argiades,  317 

Fidonia  atomaria,  44, 47,  227 ;  piniaria, 

45,  47 
Fumea  betulina,  18  ;  intermediella,  126 ; 

salicolella,  18 ;  sepium,  18 

Galleria  mellonella,  30 

Gelechia  diffinis,  ericetella,   mulinella, 

sororculella,  155 
Geometra   paijilionaria,  16  ;    pruinata, 

146 ;  vernaria,  17,  205,  356 
Glutophrissa    ilaire    var.   neumoegenii, 

191 


INDEX. 


Glyphipteryx  cladiella,  equitella,  tisliei- 
iella,  haworthaiia,  thrasonella,  193 

Gnophos  obscuraria,  146.  180,  317,  327 

Gnophria  quadra,  144,  198,  227,  331; 
rubricoUis,  144,  331 

Gonitis  sabulifera,  205 

Gonoptera  libatrix,  93,  130,  146,  305, 
355 

Gonopteryx    (Gonepteryx)   rhamni,   34, 

91,  94,  177,  204,  206,  226,  235,  319, 
329, — var.  f arinosa,  314  (see  also  Eho- 
docera) 

Gortyna  ochracea,  333 

Gracilaiia  alcliimiella,  auroguttella, 
elongella,  phasianipennella,  stigma- 
tefla,  syringella,  tiingipennella,  194 

Grammesia  trigrammica,  21,  48,  145 ; 
trilinea,  16 

Graphium,  168 

Grapholitha  geminana,  na;vana,  nigro- 
maeulana,  nisella,  penkleriana,  ra- 
mella,  subocellana,  trimaculana,  80 

Grapta  c-album,  20,  318,  351 

Gyntecia  dirce,  190 

Habrostola  tripartita,  146 ;  triplasia, 
146 ;  urticse,  16 

Hadena  adusta,  16  dentina,  15,  16,  45, 
48,  93,  145 ;  dissimilis,  145 ;  cheno- 
podii,  16,48,  358;  gemina,l6;  genis- 
ta, 16,  47,  48,  230 ;  oleracea,  15,  45, 
48,  93,  145  ;  pisi,  15  ;  protea,  17,  46, 
355  ;  thalassina,  15, 145 

Halia  wavaria,  93 

Halias  bicolorana,  227;  prasinana,  15, 
47,  95,  144,  227,  247  ;  quercana,  94, 
227 

Harpella  geofl'rella,  193 

Harpipteryx  nemorella,  xylostella,  153 

Hecatera  serena,  16,  46,  105,  130,  198 

Hedya  aceriana,  dealbana,  neglectana, 
ocellana,  32 

Heliconidffi,  122 

Heliconius  cliaritonia,  petiverana,  zule- 
ika,  190 

Heliodes  arbuti,  21 

Heliopiaobus  popularis,  327 

Heliothis  armigera,  201,  317,  327;  dip- 
saceus,  40 ;  marginatus,  16 ;  pelti- 
gera,  198  ;  scutosa,  306 

Hemerophila  abruptaria,  92,  186 

Hemithea  strigata,  91  ;  tliymiaria,  16, 
47,  204,  227 

Hepialus  hectus,  37,  48;  hethlandica, 
8  ;  hamuli,  8,  38, 144,  3oo  ;  lupulinus, 

92,  144,  227,  331,— var.  fuscus,  331 ; 
velleda,  37,  91,  144  ;  virescens,  8,  9, 
188 

Hetffira,  168 

Himera  pennaria,  17,  47,  94,  146,  227 
Hipparchia  semele,  19 
Homoesoma  nimbella,  30 ;  senecionis,  30 
Homoptera  edusina,  205  ;   glaucinans, 
205 


Hybernia  aurantiaria,  47,  227 ;  defoli- 
aria,  94,  227 ;  leucophEearia,  44,  46, 
160,  227  ;  progemmaria,  44,  47.  182, 
183,  186,  227;  marginaria,  93,  147, 
182,  204 ;  rupicapraria,  44,  91,  227 

Hybocala  deflorata,  205 

Hydrelia  uncula,  19 

Hydrocanipa  stagnalis,  360 

HydrcEcia  micacea,  144 ;  nictitans,  16, 
48,  93,  144,  327,  357 

Hylophila  j)rasinana,  227 

Hymenitis  oto,  189 

Hypauis  ilitliyia,  229 

Hypercallia,  85 

Hypermecia  cruciana,  81 

Hypenaprobocidalis,  146  ;  obsitalis,  322 

Hypenodesalbistrigalis,  130;  altivolans, 
100 

Hypolycffina  buxtoni,  229 

Hypouomeuta  cognatella,  153 ;  evony- 
mella,  153  ;  padellus,  153 

Hypsipetes  elutata,  46,  47,  48  ;  fureata, 
56 ;  impluviata,  37,  45,  182  ;  sordi- 
data,  56,  147  ;  trifasciata,  147 

Ilythyia  semirubella,  30 

Incurvaria  muscalella,  127 ;    pectinea, 

127 
Ino  statices,  144,  308 
lodis  lactearia,  146,  227,  356  ;  vernaria, 

16,  19,  48 

Kricogonia  lyside,  191 

Livlia  coenosa,  178 

Lachis  (liriogaster)  lanestris,  231 

Lampronia  luzella,  prrelatella,  quadri- 
punctella,  rubiella,  127 

Laniprotes  atrella,  192 

Laphygma  exigua,  144,  198,  205,  317, 
327,  333 ;  orbicularis.  205 

Larentia  caasiata,  46 ;  didymata,  46, 147 ; 
multistrigaria,  44,  46,  147,  182 ;  oli- 
varia,  327;  pectinitaria,  37,  45,  47, 
226,  227,  356 :  viridaria,  147,  356 

Lasiocampa  ilicifolia.  178;  quercifolia, 
16  ;  quercus,  19,  316 

Laverna  atra,  epilobiella,  hellerella,  sub- 
bistriella,  195 

Lematophila  phryganella,  126 

Leptogramma  literana,  31 

Leucania  albipuncta,  250,  317,  327 ;  al- 
bovitta,  205  ;  aniens,  205  ;  comma,  15, 
16,  21,  45,  93,  144 ;  conigera,  357 ; 
extranea,  144,  198,  333 ;  impura,  48, 
144,  357 ;  interciliata,  205 ;  lithar- 
gyria,  15,  16,  45,  48,  93,  144 ;  littora- 
lis,  336 ;  loryi,  205  ;  monosticta,  205 ; 
pallens,  15,  45,  93,  144;  putrescens, 
39,  326;  rhabdoplioia,  205;  stram- 
inea,  20,  333  ;  tacuna,  205  ;  torren- 
tium,  205 ;  turca,  17,  234,  333  ;  uni- 
puncta,  333 ;  vitellina,  178,  306,  317, 
327 


Vlll 


INDEX. 


Leucoma  salicis  (Liparis),  l(j,  48,  '6'dl, 

Leucophasia  duponcheli,  105 ;  sinapis, 
19,  33,  105,  129,  229,  307,  319,  328 

Libythea  celtis,  106 

Libytheidffi,  122 

Ligdia  adustata,  10,  15,  48,  226,  227, 
308 

Limacodes  testudo,  48 

Limenitis  Camilla,  35,  106 ;  sibylla,  17, 
35,  43,  93,  227,  228,  233,  234,  235, 
272 

Limnadidae,  122 

Lipaiis  aurifiua,  227;  chrysorrhu'a.  16, 
307,  356,  358;  monacha,  94,  236; 
salicis,  16 

Lipoeta  epaphrus,  190 

Lita  artimisiella,  fiaternella,  instabi- 
lella,  leucomelanella,  niaculella,  mar- 
morea,  plantaginella,  t'ricolorella,  192 

Lithosia  aureola,  16 ;  caniola,  317,  326  ; 
complana,  48  ;  griseola  var.  strami- 
neola,  17,  19,  49 ;  helveola,  49  ;  luri- 
deola,  48,  93,  331;  pygmajola,  356, 
357  ;  quadra,  236 ;  sericea,  178 

Lithostege  griseata,  40 

Lithocolletisalnifoliella,  197;  bremiella, 
196;  coryli,  19<i ;  corylifoliella,  197; 
cramerella,  197  ;  faginella,  196  ;  bee- 
geriella,  197 ;  irradiella,  196  ;  messa- 
niella,  197  ;  nicellii,  197  ;  pomifoli- 
ella,  196  ;  quercifoliella,  197  ;  salici- 
colella,  196  ;  schreberella,  197 ;  spini- 
colella,  196 ;  trifasciella,  197 ;  ulmi- 
foliella,  197 

Lobophora  lobulata,  204 ;  viretata,  16, 
147 

Lomaspilis  marginata,  47,  93,  146,  226, 
227,  356 

Lophopteryx  camelina,  48,  93 

Lozopera  francillonana,  252 

Luperina  cespitis,  145,  333 ;  testacea, 
93,  145,  248 

Lycaena  acis,  43,  155 ;  aegon,  34,  106, 
309,  319  ;  agestis,  46  ;  alexis,  46,  356  ; 
alsus,  47 ;  altissima,  200,  223  ;  argi- 
ades,  105,  317 ;  argiolus,  14,  47,  106, 
202,  20:{,  226,  229,  269,  303,  309,  351, 
358 ;  argus,  34,  106  ;  arion,  34,  102, 
106,  156 ;  artaxerxes,  46 ;  asiatica, 
223 ;  astrarche.  34,  106,  130,  358  ; 
bffitica  (bcetica),  20,  229,  268 ;  baton, 
106 ;  bellargus.  34,  106,  160,  281,  303, 
352;  corydon,  17,  34,  49,  104,  106, 
157,  358,  359  ;  cyllarus,  106  ;  damon, 
34 ;  eros,  34,  106 ;  escheri,  106  ;  eu- 
medon,  34,  106;  hylas,  34,  106; 
icarus,  14,  34,  38,  47,  48,  91,  106, 143, 
226,  281,  350;  lehana,  199,223;  me- 
don,  49;  melanops,  105,  106;  me- 
leager,  106 ;  minima,  34,  106,  143, 
318 ;  ottomanus,  314  ;  orion,  106 ; 
pheretes,  199,  223 ;  ripartii,  106 ; 
sebrus,  106  ;  semiargus,  34,  106,  314 ; 


sikhima,  199,  223  ;  telicanus,  105  (see 
also  Cyaniris,  Everas,  Plebius,  and 
Polyonimatus) 

Lycffinida',  122 

Lycorea  atergatis,  189 

Lymantria  monacha,  315 

Lymnas  cephisa,  120  ;  pixe,  190 

Lyoneta  clerckella,  197 

Macaria  liturata,  16,  146,  227,  248 

Macrogaster  castanea,  331 

Macroglossa  bombyliformis,  144,  227, 
330 ;  fuciformis,  226  ;  stellatarum,  14, 
17,  44,  45,  93,  94,  129,  132,  144,  181, 
182,  249,  304,  308,  319,  351,  352,  357  ; 
trochilus,  229 

Malcosoma  (Clisiocampa)  castrensis, 
323  ;  neustria,  231 

Mamestra,  6,  22 ;  abjecta,  333 ;  albi- 
colon,  333 ;  brassicae,  45,  48,  145, 
327  ;  furva,  31,  44,  92, 145,  333 ;  persi- 
cariffi,  16,  48,  145,  198 ;  sordida,  33:i 

Mania  maura,  6,  48,  93 ;  typica,  45, 
145 

Meganostoma  cesonia,  191 

Megathymidiv,  122 

Melanargia  galatea,  35,  107,234,  358; 
lachesis,  107  ;  syllinus,  107 

■^lelanchra,  6 

Melanippe  fluctuata,  19,  20,  58,  92,  97, 
132,  147,  315,  316  ;  galiata,  16,  49,  94, 
308,  327,  359 ;  hastata,  21,  319  ; 
montanata,  37,  39,  45,  47,  147,  226, 
356  ;  procellata.  16,  249,  272  ;  rivata, 
16,  45,  308,  359  ;  sociata,  147,  356 ; 
subtristata,  45,  227 ;  tristata,  40, 
307 ;  unangulata,  16 

Melanitis  leda,  229  - 

Melanthia  albicillata,  16, 147,  319  ;  ocel- 
lata,  45,  93,  147,  226,  308,  356 

Melitffia  athalia,  35,  91,  107,  143,  315; 
aurinia,  107,  329 ;  deione,  107  ;  dic- 
tynna,  35 ;  didyma,  35,  107  ;  cinxia, 
107,  319  ;  parthenie,  35,  107  ;  phcebe, 
35,  107 

Mesosemia  lamachus,  190 

Mesotype  lineolata,  316  ;  virgata,  316, 
357 

Metacrias,  7 

Metrocampa  margaritata,  15,  46,  146 

Miana  ffithiops,  48  ;  bicoloria,  145,  333  ; 
fasciuncula,  16,  45 ;  furuncula,  16, 
48,  327,  357  ;  literosa,  45,  145  ;  stri- 
gilis,  16,  45,  48,  145 

Micropteryx  semipurpurella,  sparman- 
nella,  subpurpurella,  unimaculella. 
152 

Microtia  elva,  190 

Mimaeseoptilus  bipunctidactylus,  359 

Miselia  (Physelia)  oxyacanthae,  47,  355 

Moma  orion,  316 

Morphidas,  122 

Morpho  hyacinthus,  189 ;  montezuma, 
189 


INDKX. 


IX 


Mj-calesis  safitza,  229 
Mylotlu'is  agathina,  228 
Mjrina  deimapteia,  229 
Myseelia  pattenia,  190 
Mysoria  Venezuela,  191 

Nasnia  typica,  48 

Nannodia  stipella,  192 

Nemeobius  lucina,  21,  22,  106,  226,  318 

Nemeophila  russula,  331 

Nemophoia  metaxella,  schwaiziella, 
swammerdammella,  152 

Nemoria  viridata,  17 

Neolycffina,  2 

Nephele  argentifera,  229  ;  hespeius,  229 
302 

Nephopteryx  spissicella,  30 

Nepticula  acetosa?,  anomalella,  argenti- 
pedella,  aurella,  gratiosella,  ignobi- 
lella,  maiginicolella,  oxyacanthella, 
plagicolella,  septembrella,  197 

Neptis  maipessa,  229 

Neui-ia  saponarise,  16,  20 

Neuionia  popularis,  144,  205 

Nisoniades  tages,  329,  356 

Noctua  augur,  16,  93 ;  baia,  15,  44,  46, 
48,  94,  145 ;  brunnea,  15,  17,  44,  46, 
145  ;  castanea,  17,  270,  305,  317,  327  ; 
c-nigrum,  15,  16,  45,  94,  145,  327  ; 
dahlii,  15  ;  depuncta,  46  ;  festiva,  15, 
46,  92 ;  glaieosa,  145,  327 ;  neglecta, 
226,  227,  271,  317,  327  ;  plecta,  45, 
145,  327  ;  rhomboidea,  15,  250  ;  rubi, 
16,  145,  327 ;  stigmatica,  17 ;  sub- 
rosea,  179 ;  triangulum,  15,  16,  17, 
44, 145  ;  uuibiosa,  17, 94, 145 ; xantho- 
grapha,  46,  145,  327 

Nola  centonalis,  178 ;  confusalis,  330 ; 
stiigula,  48,  227 

Nonagria  aiundinis,  17,  144 ;  lutosa, 
327,  333  (Calamia),  357 

Notodouta  bicolor,  178 ;  camelina,  16, 
94,  144  ;  chaonia,  202,  227,  332  ;  cu- 
cuUina,  319 ;  dictffia,  16,  247  ;  dicta?- 
oides,  16,  130,  305,  332 ;  dodonea, 
16 ;  dromedarius,  95,  332 ;  tiepida, 
19,  47,  95  ;  ziczac,  144,  247 

Notolophus  leucostigma,  254 

Nudaiia  muudana,  16,  144 ;  senex,  16, 
330,  357 

Numei'ia  pulveraria,  308 

Nyctemera,  252 ;  annulata,  7 ;  double- 
dayi,  7 

Nymphalidffi,  122 

Nyssia  hispidaria,  158,  182  ;  zouaria, 
315 

Ochsenheimeria  birdella,  126 
Ocnerastoma  piniariella,  194 
Odonestis  potatoiia,  10, 14,  49, 181,  315, 

•■!16  (see  also  Cosmotiiclie) 
Odontopera  bidentata,  16,  37,  39,  45,  92, 

94,  146,  227 
CReogenia  quadripunctata,  193 


a5eophorafulviguttella,fuscescens,lamb- 

della,  minutella,  pseudospietella,  193 
(Ems  aello,  21 
CEnophlla  v-flava,  195 
Oligostigma  arasalis,  252 
Olindia  ulniana,  81 
Ophiodes  lunaris,  179 
Ophiusa    griseimargo,    melicerta,  mor- 

moides,  selenaiis,  205 
Opoiabia,  22;  autumnata,  53,  88,  323; 

christyi,  59,  60;  dilutata,  21,  47,  49, 

54,  147,   227  ;  liligrammaria,   54,  88  ; 

gueneata,  54,  67,  60  ;  inscripta,    60 ; 

melana,  60  ;  nebulata,  57  ;  obscurata, 

58,    60 ;    sandbeigi,    57 ;    schneideri, 

58 ;  typica,  58  ;  viigata,  57 
Opoiina  croceago,  21 
Oiesia  aigyrostigma,  emaiginata,  provo- 

cans,  205 
Orgyia  antiqua,  17,  48,  91,  97,  144,  227, 

229 ;  (Dasychira)  fascelina,  45  ;  gono- 

stigma,  91 ;   (Dasychira)  pudibunda, 

16 
Ornix   anglicella,    194  ;  betulse,  guttea, 

scoticella,  195 
Oithosia  lota,  21,  47,  49,  145, 355 ;  maci- 

lenta,  145  ;  suspecta,    92 ;    (Cerastis) 

vaccinii,  202 
Orthotagnia  antiquana,  eiieetana,  79 
Oithotelia  sparganella,  154 

Pachetra  leucopha3a,  19 

Pachnobia  lubricosa,  145,  182,  203, 
204 

Pachythelia  (Psyche)  villosella,  42 

Pcedisca  bilunana,  corticana,  ophthal- 
micana,  semifuscana,  solandriana, 
81 

Pamplusia  meicuriana,  81 

Pamphila  hottentota,  mohopaani,  229 

Panagra  petraria,  146,  226,  227 

Pandesma  fugitiva,  umbrina,  205 

Panolis  piniperda,  182,  202,  204 

Panthiades,  191 

Papilio,  22  ;  ajax,  162;  alcamedes,  191; 
alexanor,  104 ;  belesis,  191 ;  cenea, 
229;  epidaus,  191;  hospiton,  165, 
166  ;  machaon,  33,  105, — var.  auran- 
tiaca,  105  ;  numitor,  191 ;  panares, 
191 ;  podaliiius,  104,  164,  165,  166, 
288, — var.  zanclasus,  165  ;  thoas,  191 ; 
thymbrffius,  191 

Pararge  achine,  36 ;  egeria,  108,  143, 
163,  226,  319,  351;  egerides,  319; 
hiera,  359 ;  majra,  36,  108,  359  ;  me- 
gffira,  36,  108,  143,  226,  359 ;  xiphia, 
319 ;  xiphiodes,  319 

Parasia  carlinella,  metzneriella,  193 

Parnassiidiv,  122 

Parnassius  apollo,  33,  105,  165,  282  ; 
delius,  33,  105 

Pechypogon  barbalis,  226,  227 

Pelurga  comitata,  48,  93,  147 

Penthjna   betulpetana,  dimidiana,  mar. 


INDEX. 


ginana,  ochioleucaua,  piuniaua,  sau- 
ciana,  sororculana,  vaiiegana,  ;-!'2 

Pempelia  palumbella,  80 

Pericallia  syiingaria,  48,  216 

Peridromia  guatemalena.  190 

Peronea  aspersana,caledoniana,  comaii- 
ana,  comparana,  31 ;  cristana,  31, 
179 ;  ferrugana,  hastiana,  maccana, 
mixtana,  peimutana,  perplexana, 
shepherdana,  sponsana,  variegana,  31 

Phaleia  bucephala,  49,  93,  95,  144,  227 
356 

Phaloesia  saucia,  191 

Phibalapteryx  polygrammata,  179;  ter- 
sata,  16,  48  ;  vitalbata,  16;  vittata,  147 

Phibalocera  queicana.  1-54 

Phigalia  pedaiia,  13,  46,  146,  182.  186. 
227  ;  pilosaiia,  13,  182,  227 

Phlogophoia  meticulosa.  13,  46,  48.  92, 
94,  14r,,  355 

Phcebis  aigante,  cipris,  191 

Phorodesma  bajulaiia,  227  ;  smaiag- 
daria,  319 

Phyciodes  ptolyea,  190  ;  theona,  190 

Phycis  dilutella,  30  ;  fusca,  30 

Phytometra  senea,  44,226  ;  viridaria,  146 

Pieiididae,  122 

Pieris  alba,  229;  brassicse,  33,  46,  47, 
105,  143,  184,  351,  355  ;  callidice,  33  ; 
calydouia,  191  ;  chaiina,  229  ;  dapli- 
dice,  42,  69,  105,  155,  164,  306,  328  ; 
feronia,  191  ;  gidica,  229 ;  josepha, 
191 ;  kruepeii,  314  ;  napi,  19,  33.  47, 
105,  129,  143,  162,  181,  226,  355,— 
var.  bryonia),  19, — ab.  flava,  328  ;  phi- 
leta,  191  ;  lapa?,  19,  33,  47,  105,  130, 
143,  203,  22Li,  268,  316,  351,  355,  360, 
— var.  metra,  328  ;  severina,  229 

Platypteryx  falcula,  95;  lacertula,  95; 
unguicula,  15,  95 

Platyptilia  acanthodactyla,  19  ;  ochro- 
dactyla,  147 

Plebius  a?gon,  217 

Pleurota  bicostella,  193 

Plodia  inteipunctella,  .80 

Plusia  aurifera,  322  ;  biactea,  146  ;  chal- 
cites.  6 ;  chrysilis,  6,  146  ;  festucie, 
10,  146,  306;  gamma,  6,  130,  146, 
202,  2.50,  273,  307,  315,  318,  3.56,  3.58, 
359,  360 ;  iota,  6  ;  moneta,  16, 19,  93, 
249,  272,  305,  318,  319;  pulchrina, 
14:1,  356  ;  verticillata,  322 

Plutella  annulatella,  cruciferarum,  dal- 
ella,  porrectella,  153 

Pcecilocampa  populi,  144,  227,  231 

Polia  chi,  186,  327;  flavicincta,  327, 
355 

Polygonia  c-album,  224 

Polyommatus  adonis,  10 ;  segon,  234, 
317  ;  agestis,  235  ;  alciphron,  34,  105  ; 
amphidamus,  164,  188,  189  ;  aigia, 
317  ;  argiolus,  235,  269 ;  bellargus, 
19 ;  corydon,  300,  316  ;  dorilis,  105  ; 
hippothoe,  34,  105 ;  icarus,  19,  315, 


316,   317;  phlceas,    14,    34,  46,    105, 

143.   163,  226,  358,   358;    virgaurea, 

34,  105 
Pontia  alcesta,  229 
Poiina,    6,    188 ;     cervinata,    despecta, 

umbiaculata,  signata,  8 
Poithesia    (Liparis)    chrysorrhoea,    16, 

307,  356,  358 ;  similis  (Liparis)  auri- 

flua,  227 
Prays  curtisella,  153 
Precis  elgiva,  229  ;  genoveva,  190 ;  tuk- 

uoa.  229 
Prorilia  betulina,  18;  salicolella,  18 
Protogonius  cecrops,  190 
Pseudophia  tirrhcea,  205 
Pseudoterpna  pruinata,  146 
Psilura  monacha,    227,    315    (see    also 

Liparis) 
Psychoides  verhuellella,  126 
Pterophorus,   82  ;    galactodactylus,  83  ; 

raonodactylus,  147,  359 
Pterourus,  168 

Ptilodontis  palpina,  16,  224,  332 
Ptycholnma  lecheana,  32 
Pygivra  curtula,  pigra,  reclusa,  19 
Pyrameis  atalanta,  268,  316;  cardui,  20, 

315,  316,  319,  358 
Pyrausta,  100 :  purpuralis,  227,  359 
Pyrgus  vindex,  229 
Pyrisitia  proterpia,  191 
Pyrodes  rheediella,  82 

Recurvaria  leucatella,  192 

Retinia  buoliaua,  81  ;  pinivorana,  82 

Rhacodia  caudaua,  32 

Rhodocera  cleopatra.  105  ;  rhamni,  105, 

165 
Rhodopha?a  consociella,  30 
Riodinidffi,  122 
Rumia  cratsgata,  45,  92,  227  ;  luteolata, 

47,  146,  204,  356 
Rusina  tenebrosa,  16, 17,  93,  145 

Salamis  anacardii,  229 

Saturnia  pavonia,  19,  317,  340,  341, 
343  ;  pyri,  340,  341,  343 ;  .schaufussi 
(hybr.),  345;  schUrmbergeri  (hybr.), 
345  ;  spmi,  340,  341.  343 

Satmniades,  121 

Satyridffi,  122 

Satyrus  abdelkader,  198  ;  actea,  36  ; 
alcyone,  21,  36  ;  antiielea,  97  ;  aris- 
tffius.  108  ;.aurantiaca,  98  ;  bischolifi, 
97  ;  circe,  21,  108  :  fidia,  108  ;  hermi- 
one,  21,  36,  108  ;  ianira,  46 ;  josephi, 
97  ;  neomiris,  108,  165  ;  pamirus,  98  ; 
parisatis,  98  ;  semele,  36,  43,  97,  108, 
143,  235,  267  ;  staudingeri,  97 

Scardia  arcella,  cloacella,  granetella,  127 

Schoenobius  forficellus,  mucronellus,  29 

Sciaphila  chrysantheana,  79 ;  colqu- 
hounana,  80  ;  conspersana,  79  ;  hybri- 
dana,  79 ;  subjectana,  79  ;  virgaure- 
ana,  79 


INDEX. 


XI 


Scodiona  belgiaria.  17 

Scopaiia,  100  ;  alpina,  110:  ambigualis, 
109-114  ;  atomalis,  109.  110,  111,  113, 
114  ;  basistrigalis,  109-113  ;  conspicu- 
alis,  109,  113,  114;  cratiBealis,  110, 
112  ;  delunelia,  114  ;  dubiella.  111  ; 
dubitalis,  113,  114  ;  ingratella,  113 ; 
mercurella,  110,  112-114 ;  pallida, 
114;  phcpoleuca,  113;  resinea,  114; 
ulmella,  109,  110,  113,  114 

Scopelosoma  satellitia,  40,  145,  204, 
227 

Selenia   bilunaria,  146  ;    illunaria,   93, 

94,  182,  183;  illustraria,  45;  (Enno- 
mos),  16  ;  lunaria,  48,  94  :  juliaria, 
93 

Selidosoma  ericetaria,  146 

Semasia  ianthinana,  lufillana,  wcebeii- 
ana,  81 

Semioscopis  avellanella,  12(5 

Seiicoris  cespitana,  flugiana,  lacunana, 
rivulana,  uvticana,  79 

Serrodes  inara,  205 

Sesia  andreniformis,  178;  asiliformis, 
203,  315  ;  culiciformis,  254,  330  ;  cyni- 
piformis,  303, 315 ;  ichneumoniformis, 
315 ;  myopiformis,  330  ;  philanthi- 
formis,  319  ;  scoliiformis,  315,  330  ; 
sphegifonuis,  21,  178,  •'ilo ;  tabani- 
formis,  178  ;  vespiformis,  178 

Setina  inoiella,  331 

Sisyrophyta,  100 

Smerinthus  ocellatus,  19,  93,  95,  144, 
329,  340,  342  ;  populi,  12,  19,  47,  48, 

95,  144,  234,  340,  342  ;  tilia;,  19,  48, 
202,  319, 330 

Smyrna  blomfildia,  190 

Solenobia  inconspicuella,  wockii,  20 

Sphajnogona  boisduvaliana,  191 

Sphaleropteia  ictericana,  80 

Sphiugides,  121 

Sphingomorpha  monteironis,  205 

Sphinx  convolvuli,  6,  49, 91,  270  ;  ligus- 

tri,  43  ;  pinastri,  250 
Spilodes  palealis,   308  ;    sticticalis,   40, 

272,  308 
Spilonota  incarnatana,  roborana,  rospe- 

colana,  trimaculana,  32 
Spilosoma,  7  ;  dorsalis,  131 ;  fuliginosa, 

144  ;  lubricipeda,  49,   131,   144,  250, 

316,  323, — var.  radiata,  316  ;  mendica, 

47,    144,    227,    253,    331,    342,— var. 

rustica,  331,  342;  menthastri,  21,  92, 

144,  356;  urticse,  323,  331  (see  also 

Arctia) 
Spilothyrus  althaea,  108 ;  lavateras,  36, 

108 
Stauropus  fagi,  16,  308,  332 
Sterrha  sacraria,  146,  198 
Stilbia  anomala,  14,  17,  46,   145,  317, 

327 
Stigmonota     compositella,    germarana, 

perlepidana,  ravulana,  regiana,  82 
Strenia  clathrata,  314 


Swammerdammia  conibinella.  griseocap- 
itella,  pyrella,  spiniella,  153 

Syniffithis  oxyacanthella,  125 

Synia  maculosa,  178 

Syrichthus  alveolus,  314 ;  alveus,  36, 
108  ;  andromeda,  36  ;  carthami,  36, 
108  ;  cirsii,  108  ;  fritillum,  36  ;  lineo- 
la,  37  ;  malva;,  37,  47,  226,  329  ;  sao, 
37,  108 ;  serratulffi,  37  ;  tages,  37 ; 
thaumas,  37 

Tachyptilia  populella,  temerella,  192 
Tasniocampa  cruda,  44,  182,  204,  227 
gothica,  44,  92,   145,   182,  183,  202 
319 ;    gothicina,    319  ;    gracilis,    145 

203,  204  ;  incerta,  145,  204,  849 ;  in 
stabilis,  44,  182,  349  ;  miniosa,  202 

204,  227  ;  munda,  204  ;  pulverulenta 
145,  182,  198  ;  rubricosa,  44  ;  stabilis 
46,  92, 93, 145, 182,  202,  203,  204,  227 

Tanagra  atrata  (chasrophyllata),  356 
Tapinostola  bondii,  113  ;  concolor,  179  ; 

fulva,  144,  198 
Tasitia  eresimus,  189 
Teinopalpidffi,  122 
Teleia  dodecella,  humeralis,  proximella, 

triparella,  vulgella,  192 
Tephrosia  biundularia,  202  ;  crepuscu- 

laria,   47,    182,  203;  extensaria,  20; 

punctularia  (ata),  47 
Teracolus  annaj,  229 ;  evippe,  228 ;  jo- 

bina.  228 ;  theogone,  228 
Teras  contaminana,  32 
Terias  regularis,  zoe,  229 
Tethea  retusa,  20 
Thais  canteneri,  166,  167 :  cerisyi,  166, 

288  ;  deyrollei,  166,  288  ;  medesicaste, 

105  ;  ochracea,    167 ;  polymnia,   167  ; 

polyxena,  166,  167 ;  rumina,  166 
Thalpochares  ostrina,  parva,  179 
Thanaos  tages,  226 
Thecla,    191;  betulre,   17,  94,  95,  168; 

ilicis,  34,  104 ;  pruni,   168 ;  quercus, 

94,  143,  168,  198,  227,  229,  235,  319, 

329;  roboris,  105;  rubi,  47,  48,  105, 

143,  226,  308;    spini,   34,    105,  168; 

w-album,  20,  202,  269,  308 
Thera  juniperata,  49,  356  ;  variata,  44, 

45,  47,  49,  147 
Thyatira  batis,  15,  46  ;  derasa,  15,  144 
Timetes  chiron,  190 
Tinea  confusella,  fuscipunctella,  lapella, 

merdella,  misella,  nigripunctella,  pal- 

lescentella,    pellionella,    semifulvella, 

tapetzella,  127 
Tineola  biselliella,  127 
Tischeria  complanella,  marginea,  196 
Tortrix  costana,  30  ;  donelaua,  31  ;  fos- 

terana,    31;    heparana,    30;     minis- 

trana,  31 ;  palleana,  31 ;  podaua,  31 ; 

ribeana,  30  ;  rosana,  30  ;  unifasciana, 

30 ;    viburnana,    31 ;    viridana,    31 ; 

xylosteana,  30 
Trichiura  cratsegi,  94,  231,  331 


Xll 


INDEX. 


Tiigonodes  obtusans,  205 

Triphana  comes,  327, — var.  curtisii,  18  ; 
fimbria,  15,  17,  44,  46,  48,  97,  204, 
236,  251,  318,  357 ;  ianthina,  17,  44, 
48,  93 ;  interjeeta,  16,  20  ;  orboua, 
15,  44,  46,  182,  183;  pronuba,  15,  45, 

r\48,|204,  327,  357  ;  subsequa,  15, 17,  44 

Triphosa  dubitata,  227,  316 

Tiochilium  ciabroniformis,  330 

Trycheiis  auiana,  125 

Tyiia  jacobajae,  252 

Uropteryx  sambucaria,  16,  47,  94,  99, 
146 

Vanessa  antiopa,  107, 155,  166,  167,  250, 
267,  268,  283,  288,  304,  354,— var. 
hygiffla,  288 ;  atalanta,  7,  13,  14, 17, 
20,  :i5,  38,  44,  46,  48,  49,  92,  94,  101, 
103.  129,  188,  290,  304,  351,  355; 
c-album,  35, 107, 164. 167,  290  ;  cardui, 
7,  14,  107,  143,  229,  250,  283.  288. 
290,  304,  308,  351,  354;  egea,  1U6 ; 
gonerilla,  7,  188 ;  io,  13,  14,  17,  35, 
48,  87, 107, 130, 143, 166, 198,  268,  283, 
304,  316,  329  ;  levana,  162,  164,  286, 
289,- — ab.  porima,  289, — var.  prorsa, 
288 ;  polychloros,  20,  35, 93,  107,  166, 
182,  203,  22d,  235,  283,  289,  304,— ab. 
testudo,  289:  mticfe,  17,  35,  46,  lol, 
103,  107, 143,  164,  166,  167,  181,  224, 
283,  288,  2110,  316,355,— var.  ichnusa, 
164, — ab.  ichnusoides.  288, — var.  po- 
laris,  164  (see  also  Aglais,  Cynthia, 
Eu Vanessa,  Polygonia,  and  Pyrameis) 


Venilia  maculata,  47, 146, 179, 198,  227 ; 

quadrimaculata,  179 
Venusia  cambrica,  186 
Victorina  steneles,  190 

Xanthia  aurago,  308 ;  cerago,  47 ;  cir- 
cellaris,  145,  327 ;  ferruginea,  307, 
355  ;  flavago,  145 ;  gilvago,  305, 
307 

Xanthosetia  hamana,  zcfgana,  126 

Xyiina  ornithopus,  145  ;  socia,  145 ; 
zinckenii,  179 

Xylocampa  areola,  145 ;  lithorhiza,  47, 
93,  202,  203,  204 

Xylophasia  alopecurus,  45 ;  combusta, 
248 ;  hepatica,  15 ;  infuscata,  45  ; 
lithoxylea,  16,  45,  48, 144,  204  ;  mono- 
glypha,  92,  144,  308,  356 ;  polyodon, 
15,  45,  92,  186,  356,  357 :  rurea,  45, 
144,  248 ;  sublustria,  16,  333 

Zanclognatha  grisealis,  146;  tarsipen- 
nalis,  146 

Zaretes  isidora,  190 

Zelleria  phillyrella,  194 

Zephyrus,  168 

Zeritis  thysbe,  360 

Zeuzera  assculi,  16 ;  d'urvillei,  221  ; 
pyrina,  254 

Zonilia  accentifera,  302 

Zonosoma  porata,  317  ;  punctaria   317 

Zygasna  filipendula;,  17,  94,  144,  178, 
340.  343;  lonicerffi,  178,  330;  pilo- 
sellffi,  330 ;  tnfolii,  17,  178,  316,  330, 
340,  343  (see  also  Anthrocera) 


ODONATA    (Neuroptera,  Liun.  partim). 

Many  of  the  following  references  to  Odonata  occur  under  little-known  synonyms, 
for  which  see  pp.  41,  74,  174,  215,  -259,  338. 


.^schna,  350 ;  affinis,  52  ;  caerulea  (bore- 
alls),  41,  51,  138,  338,339;  cyanea, 
41,  74,  88,  91,  138,  142,  206,211,  212, 
216,  225,  257,  258,  259,  298,  338,  339, 
350;  dolobrata,  43;  grandis,  41,  74, 
88,  137,  174,  175,  216,  298,  316,  338, 
339  ;  isosceles  (rufescens),  51,  216, 298, 
338,  339 ; juncea, 41, 88, 139, 141,  216, 
298,  338,  339;  mixta,  19,  41,  .50,  138, 
140,  216,  298,  307,  316,  317,  338,  339 

Agriocnemis  inversa.  43 

Agrion,  142,  174,  183,  259 ;  hastulatum, 
52,  339;  mercuriale,  141,  142,  201, 
228,  339  ;  puella,  41,  74,  88,  137,  212, 

215,  228,  260,  297,  298,  339  ;  pulchel- 
lum,  50,  137,  141,  215,  260,  297,  298, 
339 

Anax  imperator,  51,  88,  140,  174,  175, 

216,  258,  298,  338,  339 
Atoconeura,  43  ;  biordinata,  43 
Brachytron  pratense,  41,  140,  216,  228, 

298,  316,  338,  339 


Calopteryx,  52,  142, 174 ;  splendens,  42, 

137,  141,  216,  298,   338,  339 ;    virgo, 

42,  74,  141,  175,  216,  228,  298,  338, 

339  ;  virgo  var.  anceps,  42,  216,  298 
Cordulegaster   annulatus,  41,   75,  138, 

140,  174,  175,  216,  228,  298,  316,  338, 

339 
Cordulia,  259 ;  senea,  41,  74,  137,  141, 

174,  175,  216,  260,  298,  338,  339 
Enallagma  cyathigerum,  41,   137,  138, 

139,  141,  158,  215,  260,  298,  339 
Epitheca  bimaculata,  350 
Erythromma  naias,  137,  141,  212,  216, 

230,  260.  298,  339 
Gomphus,  255;  flavipes,  216,  298,  338; 

vulgatissimus,  74,  132,  141,  174,  175, 

216,  228,  298,316,  338,  339 
Ischnm-a  elegans,  50,  137,  139,  141,  215, 

225,    228,    230,    260,    297,   298,    339; 

pumilio,  201,  215,  228,  260,  297,  298, 

315,  317,  339 ;  pumilio  var.  aurantiaca, 

201,  215,  260,  315 


INDEX. 


xm 


Lestes,  174 ;  barbara,  339  ;  dvyas  (nym- 
pha),  51,  298,  339  ;  sponsa,  137,  138, 
141,  142,  143,  175,  216,  29S,  339; 
uncifer,  43  ;  virens,  339  ;  viridis,  339 

Leucoirhinia  dubia,  137,  138,  260,  299, 
338,  339 

Libellago  consueta,  43 ;  trifaria,  43 

Libellula,  259 ;  depressa,  74,  174,  175, 
217,  227,  259,  298,  316,  318,  338,  339  ; 
fulva,  42,  75,  174,  217,  260,  298,  338, 
339 ;  pulchella,  350 ;  quadrimaculata, 
42,  74,  137,  130,  174,  206,  210,  217, 
227,  247,  248,  259,  298,  316,  338,  339, 
350  ;  quadrimaculata  var.  prjenubila, 
217,  259,  298 

Lindenia  forcipata,  338 

Mecistogaster  ornatus,  191 

Notogomphus  stuhlmanni,  43 

Orthetrum  cserulescens.  50,  75,  140, 174, 
217,  228,  260,  298,  316,  338,  339  ; 
cancellatum,  75,  140,  174,  217,  260, 
298,  315,  338,  339 ;  pollinosum,  43 

Oxygastra  curtisii,  216,  260,  298,  338, 
339 


Pantala  flavescens,  260 

Platycuemis  pennipes,  142,  143,  216, 
228,  260,  298,  338,  339  ;  pennipes 
var.  albicans,  216 

Pseudagrion  gerstteckeri,  43 

Pyrrhosoma  nymphula  (minium),  41, 51, 
74,  137,  138,  139,  141,  175,  215,  228, 
260,  298,  315,  339;  tenellum,  141, 
215,  297,  317,  339 

Khinocyphea  fulgidipenuis,  204 

Somatochlora  alpestris,  52 ;  arctica,  138, 
338,  3.S9 ;  metallica,  19,  97,  138,  216, 
260,  298,  338,  339 

Sympetrum  flaveolum,  139,  217,  260, 
272,  299,  338,  339  ;  fonscolombii,  338, 
339  ;  meridionale,  338  ;  sanguineum, 
42,  139,  217,  260,  272,  299,  316,  338, 
339  ;  scoticum,  75,  137,  138,  139,  140, 
174,  217,  260,  299,  316,  338,  339; 
striolatum,  42,  50,  74,  132,  137,  138, 
139,  140,  142,  143,  157,  174,  217,  260, 
272,  299,  307,  316,  338,  339  ;  vicinum, 
350  ;  vulgatum,  140,  206,  338,  339 

Trithemis  furva,  43  ;  pruinata,  43 


PLANIPENNIA    (Neuroptera,  Linn,  partim). 
Chrysopa  flavifrons,  354  |    Hemerobius  stigma  (limbatus)  49 


ORTHOPTERA. 


Acridium  segypticum  (tartaricum),  4 
Anisolabis  annulipes,  2,  158,  301 ;    co- 

lossa,  360 ;  maritima,  2 
Apterygida   albipennis,    2,    4,    76,    77 ; 

arachidis,  2,  158 
Barbitistes  serricauda,  4 
Blabera  gigantea,  3 
Blatta  americana,  3,  97,  129,  160  ;  aus- 

tralasiaB,  3,  160  ;  orientalis,  3 
Capnoptera  quadrimaculata,  159 
Chelidura  acanthopygia,  2 
Chelisoches  morio,  2 
Conocephalus,  4 
Copiopbora,  4  ;  brevirostris,  4 
Decticus  albifrons,  4  ;  verrucivorus,  4 
Ectobia  lapponica,  2,  266  ;     livida,  2 ; 

panzeri  (ericetorum),  2,  11,  301 
Ephippigera  vitium,  4 
Forficula   auricularia,  2,  87,  301,  317 ; 

decipiens,  76,  77;   lesnei,  2,  76,  77; 

pubescens,  76 
Gampsocleis  glabra,  4 
Gomphocerus  maculatus,  4  ;    rufus,  4  ; 

sibiricus,  4 
Gryllus  bimaculatus,    4 ;    brunneri,  4  ; 


campestris,  4,  49,  132 ;    capensis,  4 ; 

domesticus,  4 
Gryllotalpa  didactyla,  4  ;  vulgaris,  4 
Idolium  diabolicum,  18 
Labia  minor,  2 
Labidura  riparia,  2,  4,  75 
Leptopbyes  punctatissima.  4,  12,  266, 

301,  315 
Leucophfea  surinamensis,  3 
Locusta  viridissima,  4,  19,  301,  316 
Mantis  religiosa,  3 
Meconema  varium,  4,  12,  301 
Mecostethus  grossus,  4 
Melanoplus  femurrubrum,  256 
Nemobius    fasciatus,    225 ;     sylvestris, 

4 
Nyctibora  holosericea,  3 
ffidipoda  caerulescens,  4 
Pachytylus    danicus    (cinerascens),    4  ; 

migratorius,  4 
Phaneroptera  falcata,  4  ;  privata,  4 
Phyllodromia  germanica,  3,  129,  160 
Platycleis  spp.,  364  ;  bicolor,  4  ;  bracliy- 

ptera,    4,    11;    grisea,    4,   315,    316; 

ru3selii,  4 


XIV 


INDEX. 


Psophus  stridulus,  4 
Ehyparobia  madeiae,  S,  307 
Schistoceica  peregrina,  i 
Stenobothrus  bicolor,  4,  '601,  doo;    bi- 

guttulus,  4: ;  dorsatus,  4  ;  elegans,  4  ; 

hffimorrhoidalis,  4  ;  lineatus,  4 ;  paral- 


lelus,  4  ;   rufipes,  4 ;    stigmaticus,  4  ; 

vagans,  4  ;  viridulus,  4 
Tettigonia,  262 

Tettix  bipunctatus,  4  :  subulatus,  4,  316 
Thamnotrizon  cinereus,  4,  92,  315,  316 
Xiphidium  dorsale,  4,  11,  158,  301 


KHYNCHOTA. 


Acanonicus,  240 

Acanthaspis,  241 

Acauthia,    148,    262,    263;    saltatorius, 

264  ;  zosterae,  264 
Acanthie,  265 

Acanthoceius,  264  ;  sanctus,  240 
Acanthosonia,  265  ;  dentatum,  10 ;  hai- 

monhoidale,  265 ;  iuteistinctum,  10 
Achilus  flammeus,  264 
Acocephalus  striatus,  118 
Aciilla  adipata,  242 
Acutalis  dorsalis,  302 
^galeus   bechuana,*    Kirk.,    77,    131 ; 

inermiventris,  78 
^Elia  acuminata,  263 
.Elie,  265 

^Ethalion,  334  ;  reticulatum,  118,  264 
^Etalia,  264 
Agapophyta,  240 
Ageuia  lamii.  265 

Alcletha,'  Kirk.,  241 ;  tiicoruis,  241 
Aleria  asopoides,  242 
Alyde,  265 

Alydus  calcaratus,  263 
Amorgius,  232 
Amyotea,  240 
Aneurus  Isevis,  265 
Anisops  pallipes,  72 
Anisoscele,  265 
Anotia  bonnetii,  26,  265 
Antestia  cruciata,  77 
Antiloclius  coquebertii,  295 
Anthocoris,  264 
Ai^hana  farinosa,  336 
Aphauopneuma  biloba,  240 
Aphanus  rolandi,  241 
Aphelocheirus  sestivalis,  151 ;   montan- 

doni,  151 
Aphrophoia,  265 ;  alni,  117,  265;  spu- 

maiia,  265 
Aprophore,  265 
Aptus,  242 

Aquarius  canalium,  263  ;  paludum,  263 
Arade,  265 
Aiadus  betulffi,  263 
Arseopus  crassicornis,  169 
Aretocorisa  carinata,  28 
Asiraca,  263  ;  clavicornis,  264 
Asiraque,  265 

Asopus   anchorago,   239  ;    argus,   239 ; 
cayenneusis,  239;  dianaj,  239;  gibbus, 
239 ;  inalabaricus,  239 
Aspongopus  nepalensis,  251 
Astemma,  265 


Atella  peracuta,  242 

Autonoe  albigera,  243 

Bagrada  picta,  77 

Balclutha,*  Kirk.,  243 

Basileocorixa,  28 

Belostoma,  232,  256;  testaceopallidum, 

264 
Belostome,  265 

Berytinus,*  Kirk.,  241 ;  clavipes.  241 
Berytus  clavipes,   26,  241 ;    tipularius, 

26, 263 
Blissus,  241 
Boisduvalia,  85 
Bothriocera,  169 
Bothronotus  grandis,  10 
Callidie,  265 
Calliscelis  bonellii,  169 
Calyptopnotus  rolandri,  241 
Calyptoproctus  stigma,  169,  172 
Canopus  obtectus,  263 
Cantao  ocellatus,  131 
Cantharodes  casnosa,  240 
Canthecona   cognata,    295 ;    furcellata, 

295 ;  insularis,  295 
Capse,  265 
Capsus  ater,  263 
Carystus  viiidicans,  243 
Castra,*  Kirk.,  242;  productus,  242 
Cenestra  circulata,  296 
Centroproctus,  243 
Centrote,  265 

Centrotus,  263 ;  cornutus,  118,  264 
Centruchus  perdita,  302 
Ceratocoris  bucephalus,  240 
Cercopis,  262  ;  atra,  237  ;  carnife.x,  263  ; 

nigra,  237  ;  sanguinolenta,  236 ;  spu- 

maria,  27,  263 ;  vulnerata,  236 
Ceresa  turbida,  302 
Ceroplastes  irregularis,  201 
Cerynia  albata,  296  ;  deplana,  296 
Cetalion,  264 
Chionaspis,  232 
Chiroleptes,  241 
Chlorochroa,  240 
Cicada,  262  ;  aurifera,  242  ;  laternaria, 

262 ;     marginata,    242 ;     orni,    263 ; 

plebeja,  263 ;  pruinosa,  117  ;  septen- 

decim,  321 
Cimbus  productus,  242 
Cimex,  262  ;  bidens,  263 
Cixius  nervosus,  199,  264 
Cobax  stoUii,  265;  winthemi,  265 
Coelidia,  2(;5 
Coleopterodes,  241 


INDEX. 


XV 


Colgar,*  Kirk.,  242;  peracuta,  242 

Conorhinus,  241 

Copicerus  irroratus,  2G3 

Copium,  265 

Copius  cornutus,  265 

Corpus,  264 

Coree,  265 

Coieus,  240  ;  scapha,  263 

Coriomeris  denticulatus,  241 :  pilicornis, 

241 
Coriscus  calcaratus,  263  ;  dauci.  263 
Corise,  265 
Corixa  geoffroyi,  28,  262;  hieroglyphica, 

10;    kollarii,  72;    lateralis,  lo" ;   pyg- 

miea,    72;    striata,   262;    substriata, 

320 
Corizus  hyoscyami.  264 
Craspedum  phyllomoiplium,  242 
Crinoceius,  240 
Cryptinglisia,*  Cock..  173:  lounsburyi, 

173 
Cydnus  tristis,  263 
Cylindrostethus  pioductus,  241 
Cyrene  guttulata,  242 
Dactylopius,  87 
Darbanus,  242 
Darnis,  335  ;  lateralis,  263 
Darthula,*  Kirk.,  242;  hardwickii,  242 
Dedra,  264 

Deinostoma  dilatatiuu,  135,  152 
Delphax,  263 ;  striata,  264 
Deltocephalus  fusconervosus.  302 
Derba  264 

Derbe  htemorrhoidalis,  263 
Derephysia  foliacea,  316 
Dictyonota  crassicornis,    241 ;    eryngii, 

241 ;  strichnocera,  241  ;  tricornis,  241 
Dictyophara  europfea,  169 
Diedrocephala  kalidasa,*  Kirk.,  294 
Diospolis  elongatus,  243 
Diplacodus,*  Kirk.,  242 
Diplodus,  242 

Diplosis  partheuiicola,*  Cock..  201 
Discocera,  239 
Distantidea  vedda,  131 
Dolichomerium,*  Kirk.,  242 
Dolichomerus,  242 
Dolycoris  baccarum,  10 
Domitia  basistriella,  243 
Dryptocephala,  240 
Dundubia,  363  ;  mannifera,  297  ;  iiiina- 

hassfe,  297 
Dysdereus  cingulatus,  295 
Dysodius  lunatus,  241,  265 ;  lunulatus, 

241,  265 
Ectricbodia   cruciata,    239,    242,   265  ; 

crux,  239,  242 
Ectrychotes,  241 
Edessa  ceruus,  263 
Edesse,  265 

Edwardsiastes,*  Kirk.,  243 ;  proceps,  243 
Elapheozygum  goetzei,  206 
Emesa  precatorius,  263 
Enithares  brasiliensis,  It);  indica,  10; 

templetoiiii,  10;  triangularis,  10 


Epiclines,  243 ;  plauata,  336 

Epirodera,  241 

Euagoras  speciosus,  242 

Eumenotes,  240 

Eupelix  cuspidata,  265 

Eurybrachys  westwoodii,  294 

Eurydema  ornatum,  77 

Eurymela  fenestrata,  265 

Eutettix  pulchella,  302 

Evacanthus  interruptus,  265 

Evagoras,  242 

Eysarcoris  melanocephalus,  315 

Flata,  294  ;  ocellata,  263 

Elate,  265 

Flatoides  dealbatus,  301 

Flosshilda,*  Kirk.,  243;  albigera,  243 

Fulgora,  334 ;  ocellata,  169  ;  phos- 
phorea,  262  ;  lateriiaria,  262,  263 

Fulgore,  265 

Galgule,  265 

Galgulus  oculata,  263 

Geisha,'  /wrA;.,  296  ;  distinctissima,  296 

Gelastocoris,  149 

Geocoris,  264 

Germaria  cucuUata,  243 

Gerris  caraiba,  176 ;  elongatus,  320 ; 
guerini,  72 ;  jankowskii,  176 ;  lacus- 
tris,  26,  263,  355;  marginatus,  72; 
productus,  241 

Glieouocorisa,  28 

Globiceps  capito,  265 ;  sphajgiformis,  265 

Globocoris,  243 

Glyptocephalus  proceps,  243 

Gnathodus,  243 

Gonocere,  265 

Graphocritrus  ven trails,  315 

Gypona,  265;  glauca,  265;  Kirbyi,* 
Kirk.,  294;  prasina,  294;  Walkeri,' 
Kirk.,  294 ;  striata,  294 

Gypone,  265 

Halobates,  265 

Halys  dentata,  263 

Harpactor  augulosus,  242 

Hebrus,  241 

Hecalus,  293 

Hemichionaspis,  232 

Hemityphlus,  264 
Hepa,  262 
Heteroscele,  265 
Heterotoma,  265 
Heterotome  spissicornis,  265 
Hilda,*  Kirk.,  243;  undata,  243 
Hindola,*  Kirk.,  243;  viridicans,  243 
Holhymenia  latreillei,  265 
Holhymenie,  265 
Holoptile  16 
Holoptilus-ursus,  265 
Hydrobates  lieberi,  241 
Hydrometra   cariaba,  176  ;   jankowskii, 
176;   lineata,    175;   martini,'  Kirk., 
175;  stagnorum,  176,  263 ;  vittata,  176 
Hydrometre,  20 
Hydroessa,  28 
Hymeniphera  crucifer,  240 
Hymenopliora,  24U 


XVI 


INDEX. 


Hypselonotus,  '24:'S 

lassus  neruosus,  263 

Idiocerus  albicans,  316 ;  alteinatus,  302 ; 

confusus,  316 ;  laminatus,  316 ;  populi, 

118,  316;  tremulae,  316;  vitreus,  316 
Ilyocoris,  150 
Inglisia,  173 
Ischnorhynchus,  239 
Issus  coleoptratus,  169,  263 
Isthmia  unclata,  243 
Jamaicastes,*   Kirk.,   243  ;   basistriella, 

243 
Kalidasa,*  Kirk.,  243;  sanguinalis,  243 
Kleidocerus,  239 
Kleidocerys,  239 

Krisna,'  Kirk.,  243;  strigicollis,  243 
Larymna,  241 
Latei'naria  phosphorea,  262 
Ledra  aurita,  118,  172,  263,  336 
Ledre,  265 
Leptocoi'ise,  265 
Leptomeris  picta,  242 
Leptope,  265 

Leptopus,  242  ;  littoralis,  264 
Liburnia  limbata,  169 
Limnotrechus  elongatus,  320 
Lioderma,  240 
Listre,  265 

Loricerus  hEematogaster,  241 
Lybas,  240 

Lybastes,*  Kirk.,  240  ;  annulipes,  240 
Lydda  elongatus,  243 
Lygffiosoma  reticulata,  241 ;  sardea,  241 
Lygaeus  ijunctatoguttatus,  254 ;  valgus, 

263 
Lystra  lanata,  263 
Macha3rota,  117,  171 
Macrocephale,  265 
Macrocephalus,  241,  262;  arizonicus,* 

Cock,  66  [uhleri,  201] ;  cimicoides,  262 ; 

infequalis,  66 ;   lepidus,  66  ;   prehen- 

silis,  66  ;  pulchellus,  66  ;  uhleri,  201 
Macrocorisa  geoffroyi,  28 
Macrophthalmus,  241 
Macrops,  241 
Macrothyreus,  241 
Matinus,  135 
Mecomma  ambulans,  315 
Meganulus  notula,  169 
Megymenum,  240 
Melicharia,*    Kirk.,    294 ;    sinhalana,* 

Kirk.,  295 
Membracis,  262  _;   atrata,  27,  263;   cor- 

nuta,  263  ;  foliata,  264  ;  tectigera,  118 
Merocoris,  240 
Messena  westwoodii,  294 
Micro velia,  27 

Mictis  crucifera,  264  ;  profana,  264 
Mindura  hemerobii,  10 
Miris  dolabratus,  263 
Monanthia,265;  amplicata,  315;  cardui, 

315 ;  ciliata,  317 
Monecphora,  117,  266 
Mpnonyx,  135,  149 
Murgantia  histrionica,  77  ;  niunda,  77 


Myctis,  264 

Myodocha,    241 ;  serripes,  264  ;    tipuli- 

oides,  264 
Myodochus,  264 
Myodoque,  265 
Nabicula,  242 

Nabis,  263  ;  guttula,  242,  264 
Nffiogaeus,  241 
Nfeogeus,  241 
Naucore,  265 
Naucoris,  150 ;  cimicoides,  282 ;  macu- 

lata,  262 
Neides,  263 ;  clavipes,  26, 241 ;  tipularius, 

26,  264  ;  stripularius,  264 
Nepa,  262  ;  cinerea,  263 
Nepe,  265 
Nertha,  135 
Nirvana,*  Kirk.,  293;  pseudommatos,* 

Kirk.,  293 
Notocyrtus,  264 
Notonecia,  263 
Notonecta  262  ;  abbreviata,  10 ;   ameri- 

cana,  10;  albida,*  Kirk.,  70;    glauca, 

70,  263;  indica,    10;    maculata,    70; 

selene,*  Kirk.,  70;  simplex,  10;  tem- 

pletonii,  10  ;    triangularis,  10;   undu- 

lata,  70,  72  ;  unifasciata,  10 
Notonecte,  265 
Ochtherus,  264 

Ochterus,  264  ;  marginatus.  149 
Odontoptera  spectabilis,  336 
Oliarus  panzeri,  315 
Oncomeris  tiavicornis,  240 
Opinus,  241 
Ormenis,  295 
Orthotylus  marginalis,  10 
Otiocere,  265 
Otiocerus,  265 
Oudablis  lauri,  85 ;  parietarise,  85 ;  piceae, 

86  ;  quadricaudata,  85 
Pachlyde,  265 
Pachylis,  265 
Pachymerus,  265 
Pfeciloptere,  265 
Parlatoria  victrix,  131 
Paropia  scanica,  118 
Paroudablis,*  Cock.,  87;  helianthi,  87; 

piceae,  87 
Pelogone,  265 

Pelogonus,  264  ;  marginatus,  149 
Peltophora,  240 
Peltopterus,  135 
Pendulinus  hasticornis,  265 
Pentatoma,  240,  262 ;  rufipes,  263 ;  bac- 

carum,  10 
Pentatome,  265 

Penthima  atra,  265  ;  nigra,  265 
Penthimie,  265 
Petalocera  bohemanni,  336 
Petalochere,  265 
Petalocheire,  265 

Petalocheirus,  264  ;  variegatus,  265 
Phenacoccus  aceris,  87  ;  helianthi,  86 ; 

nivalis,  86 ;   mespili,     7  ;   pruni,  87 ; 

socius,  87  ;  yuccte,  87 


INDEX. 


XVll 


Pliilfenus,  337  ;  spumarius,  117,  263 

Phintius,  135 

Phlaea  cassidioides,  265  ;  corticata,  265  ; 

livida,  240 
Phorastes,*  Kirk.,  243;  femoratus,  243 
Plioronastes,*  Kirk.,  242  ;  crassifemur, 

242 
Pboroneus,  242 
Phoronis,  243 
Phorus,  243 
Phromnia  flaccida,  296 
Phymata   crassipes,    26,  263 ;   fasciata, 

66  ;  salicis,*  Cock.,  66 
Physoderes,  241 
Physorhynchus,  242 
Phytocoris,  264 
Fiesma,  265 

Pilophorus.  243  ;  perplexus,  317 
Plataspis,  206  ;  biloba,  204  ;  cienosa,  240 
Platymeris  horrida,  297 
Plea  leachi,  264  ;  minutissima,  264 
Plinthisus,  241 
Ploiaria,  262  ;  domestica,  262 
Ploiera,  264 
Ploiere,  265 

Podicerus  tiijulaire,  265 
PoiJcilloptera,  265 
Poeciloptera,    264 ;    distinclissma,    296, 

321 ;  quadiata,  295 ;  phalisnoides,  169, 

172,  321 
Poekilloptera,   263,    296  ;   phalffinoides, 

264 
Proconia,  265 
Promecopsis,  264 

Proranus,  243  ;  adspersipennis,  336 
Prostemma,  242 
Ptyelus,  265  ;  eburneus,  297  ;  tlavescens, 

297 ;  grossus,  297 
Pulvinaria  innumerabilis,  254  ;  ribesifB, 

230 
Punaise,  265 
Pycna  limbata,  297 
Pygolampis  bidentata,  264  ;  denticulata, 

264 
Pyiops  tenebrosus,  296 
Pyrrhocoris  apterus,  264 
Ranatva,  263 ;  linearis,  181,  230,  253, 263 
Ranatre,  265 
Reduve,  265 

Reduviolus  inscriptus,  242 
Reduvius,  262  ;  cruciatus,  239  ;  person- 

atus,  263 
Rhagovelia  augustipes,  71 ;  collaris,  73  ; 

femoralis,  71 ;  distincta,  73  ;  plumbea, 

72 ;  tayloriella,*  A'n7i.,  72  ;  tenuipes,  71 
Rhiginia,  241 
Rhynoeoris  cruentus,    242 ;   iraciindus, 

242 
Rhytidolomia  senilis,  240 
Ricane,  265 

Ricania,  169,  264  ;  feuestrata,  295 
Riptortus,  321 
Salda,  248  ;  zosterai,  263 
Salde,  265 


Sassula  hemerobii,  10 

Scaris  ferruginea,  265 

Scaipanta  latipennis,  295 ;  tennentina, 
295 

Scbyzops,  240 

Scraulia,  241 

Scutellere,  265 

Scutellera  nobilis,  263 ;  perplexa,  263 

Scutiplioia,  240 

Seylaecus,  135 

Serphus  dilatatum,  135 

Sigara  geoffioyi,  262 ;  striata,  262 

Sigera,  263 

Siva,  243 

Sminthus,  241 

Solenostoma,  241 

Sorglaua,*  Kirk.,  241;  pallens,  241 

Spangbergiella,  293 

Spartocerus,  240 

Sronachlachar,*  Kirk.,  24:2;  asopoides, 
242 

Staliastes,*  Kirk.,  241;  riifus,  241 

Stenocephale,  265 

Stenocranus  minutus,  321 

Stenotoma,  240 

Sthienera,  242 

Stiretrus,  239,  240 

Storthia  livida,  240 

Strachia  geometrica,  77 

Syromaste,  265 

Syrtis  erosa,  263 

Talaiuga  blnghami,  210 ;  chinensis,* 
Dist.,  209 

Tapeinus  pictus,  241 ;  rufus,  241 

Tapinus,  241 

Tessaratome  papillosa,  265 

Tetigonia,  262 ;  albida,  294 ;  cornuta, 
263  ;  ferruginea,  118,  296 ;  kalidasa,* 
Kirk.,  291;  obtusa,  118;  spumaria, 
263  ;  tibicen,  263  ;  viridis,  265 

Tetigometra,  264,  334 ;  acephala,  264 ; 
eostulata,  169 ;  virescens,  264 

Tetrura,  86 

Tetroxia,  241 

Tettigonia,  Tettigone,  Tettigometra,  and 
Tettigometre  (see  Tetigonia  and  Teti- 
gometra) 

Tetyra  arcuata,  263 

Thamnotettix  coquiletti,  302 

Thaiimastopsaltria,*/^*?-/:.,  242 ;  adipata, 
242 

Thomsoniella  kirschbaumii,  294 

Thracia,  242 

Thyreocoris,  263  ;  globus,  264 

Tibicen  plebeia,  265;  septeudecim,  321, 
363 

Tingis  cardui,  263 

Titia,  294 

Tomaspis  sanguiuolenta,  266 

Tonga,*  Kirk.,  242;  guttulata,  242 

Tongorma,*  Kirk.,  242  ;  phyllomor- 
phum,  242 

Trepobates,  pictus,  71 

Triatoma,  241 


Xvill 


INDEX. 


Triecphora,  117 ;  arcuata,  287  ;  mactata, 
237,  266;  sanguinolenta,  236,  266; 
vulnerata,  236,  266 

Trochopus  marinus,  70 ;  plumbeus,  70 

Typhloeyba  candidula,  317  ;  rosse,  118, 
172 

Tyreocoiis,  264 


Ulopa,  264,  265  ;  reticulata,  118 

Urophora,  242 

Velia,  264  ;    rivulorum.  264 

Zaitha,  152,  232,  256;  fluminea,  135 

Zelus  longipes,  263  ;  speciosus,  242 

Zoraida,*  Kirk.,  242;  sinuosa,  242 

Zyzza,'  Kirk.,  243;  cucuUata,  243 


Varieties  of  Lepidoptera,  chiefly   Bkitish,   figured  in  the  *  Ento- 
mologist '    SINCE   its   foundation    IN    1840. 


Abraxas   grossulariata,   xix.   43 ;    xxvi. 

145 ;  XXX. 25 
Agrotis  cursoria,  xvii.   3,  pi.  i.  figs.  2, 

3 
Argynnis  euphrosyne  (Melitaea),  vi.  497  ; 

xxvii.  1,  181  ;  xxxi.  1 
A.    adippe,    vii.   49 ;    (aglaia   in  error), 

XV.  50,  142,  pi.  i.  figs.  2,  2a;    xxxiii. 

281 
A.  aglaia,  v.  447 ;    vi.  369 ;    (adippe  in 

error),  xv.  49;  xxvii.  182,  329 
A.  latonia,  vi.  392  ;  xiv.  25 
A.  paphia,  vi.  1,  145  ;  xv.  50,  pi.  i.  figs. 

3,  4,  5  ;  xxvi.  97  ;    xxix.  317  ;    xxxiii. 

102,   pi.   iii.    fig.   3 ;    (valesina   ab.), 

xxxi.  25 
A.  selene  (JVIelitfea),  vii.  97;  viii.  25 
Acidalia  contiguaria,  xii.  65 
Adopaa  thaumas  (gynandromorphous), 

xxxi.  51 
Arctia  caia,  xxi.  73  ;    xxv.   1 ;    xxix.  1 ; 

xxxiii.  103,  ])1.  iii.  fig.  9 

A.  villica  (Chelonia),  vi.  297 ;  xi.  73 

Boarmia  cinctaria,  xxix.  145 

B.  repandata  var.  conversaria,  xiv.  304, 
pi.  i.  fig.  14 ;  var.  sodorensium,  xiv. 
304,  pi.  i.  figs.  12,  13 

Bombyx   quercus,    xxxiii.    103,   pi.    iii. 

fig.  8 
Bryophila  muralis  (par.),  xiv.  304,  pi.  i. 

fig.  18 

Callimorpha  dominula,  vi.  321 ;  xvi.  1 

C.  hera,  vi.  33 ;  ix.  25 
Camptogramma  bilineata,  xiii.  291,  pi.  iv. 

fig.  8 
Choerocampa  elpenor,  vi.  81 
C.  porellus,  xi.  170,  pi.  ii.  fig.  3 
Chrysophanus  phlceas  (Folyommatus), 

xi.  25  :    xxvi.  305 ;    xxix.  191 
Cidaria  fulvata,  x.  120 
C.  suffumata,  xi.  97 
Cleora  glabraria,  x.  289 
Clostera  curtula,  xi.  170,  pi.  ii.  fig.  1 ; 

(hybrids),  xxxiii.  pi.  viii. 
Colias  edusa,  xi.  52  (col.  plate) 
Coremia   muuitata,    xiii.    290,    pi.    iv. 

fig.  9 


Dianthoecia  nana  (conspersa),  xiii.  290, 

pi.  IV.  figs.  12.  13 
Drepana  (hybrids),  xxxiii.  pi.  viii. 

Emnielesia    albulata   var.    thules,    xiii. 

290,  pi.  iv.  figs.  4,  5 ;    var.  hebndium 

(hebridium),  xiv.  304,  pi.  i.  fig.  17 
Emydia  cribrum,  xxxiii.  67,  68 
Ennonios  angularia,  ix.  49 
Epinephelehyperanthes(-tlius),  vi.  417  ; 

xxiv.  281 ;  xxx.  49 
E.  ianira  (Satyrus),  xi.  1 
E.  tithonus,  vi.  441 ;  xxx.  253 
Epione  vespertaria,  xi.  170,  pi.  ii.  figs. 

8,  9 
Erebia  asthiops,  xxvii.  301 
Eucosmia  undulata,  xix.  200 
Eupithecia   angelicata,    xi.  170,  pi.   ii. 

fig.  4 
E.  satyrata  var.  curzoni,  xiv.  303,  pi.  i. 

figs.  2,  3  ;  (nanata  var.),  xvii.  3 
E.  venosata,  xiii.  290,  pi.  iv.  fig.  7 
Eupoecilia  thuliana  (ciliella  var.),   xiii. 

292,  pi.  iv.  fig.  3 

Hadena  exulis,  xvii.  2,  pi.  i.  figs.  5,  6,  7 

(Unst),  4  (Kannoch) 
Hepialus  humuli,  xiii.  292  (col.  plate) 
H.  velleda,   xiii.  289,   pi.   iv.  figs.   16, 

17 
Hydrcecia  nictitans,  xxi.  289  (col.  plate) 

Leucania  conigera,  xi.  170,  pi.  ii.  fig.  2 
Lomaspilis  marginata,  xiii.  169 
Lycivna  arion,  xxxiii.  102,  pi.  iii.   figs. 

6,  7 
L.  astrarche  (agestis),  xii.  185 
L.  bellargus,  corydon,   and  icarus,  xx. 

(two  col.  plates) ;    bellargus,   xxxiii. 

281 
L.  corydon  var.  fowleri,  xxxiii.  104,  pi. 

iii.  figs.  4,   5 ;    var.   lucretia,  xx.  73, 

pi.  i.  fig.  1 

Melanargia   galatea,   vi.   57;    ix.   192; 

X.  265 
Melanippe   fluctuata,    xiii.   291,  pi.  iv. 

fig.  6 
M.  hastata,  xiv.  1 


INDEX. 


XIX 


M.  montanata  var.  shetlandica,  xiii.  290, 
pi.  iv.  figs.  10,  11;  (melanic  var.)  xiv. 
a04,  pi.  i.  fig.  20 

M.  sociata  var.  obseurata,  xxi.  27 

Melanthia  albicillata,  xiv.  73 

Melitiva  aurinia  (artemis),x.  l'J3 ;  xxvii.  1 

M.  athalia,  x.  145     . 

M.  cinxia,  xxix,  225 

Noctua  festiva,  xvii.  2,  pi.  i.  figs.  8,  9, 10 
N.  glareosa,  xvii.  2,  pi.  i.  fig.  1 

Ocneria  (Liparis)  dispar,  xi.  170,  pi.  ii. 

fig.  7 
Oporabia  aiitumnata,  xxxiii.  pis.  i.  ii. 
O.  dilutata,  xxxiii.  pi.  ii. 
0.  filigrammaria,  xxxiii.  pi.  ii. 

Pachnobia  alpina  (hyperborea),  xiii.  290, 

j)l.  iv.  figs.  14,  15 
Papilio  hospton.  xxxiii.  165,  pi.  v.  tig.  1 
P.  podalirius,  xxxiii.  288,  pi.  v.  fig.  7 
Pararge  megasra,  vi.  129;  xxii.  289 
Polia  nigricincta,  xii.  161 
Polyomniatus  amphidamus,  xxxiii.  288, 

pi.  V.  tig.  10;  pi.  vi.  tigs.  2,  3 
Psilura  (Liparis)  monacha,  vi.  145 
Pterophorus  nemoralis?,  xiv.  304,  pi.  i. 

fig.  19 
Pygasna  (Clostera)  curtula,  xi.  170,  pi.  ii. 

fig.  1 

Saturnia  carpini,  x.  1 ;  pavouia  x  spini, 

pavonia  x  pyri  (hybrids),  xxxiii.  345, 

pis.  vii.  viii 
Scoparia  alpina,  xiii.  291,  pi.  iv.  fig.  12 
Smerinthus  popnli  x  ocellatus  (hybrid), 

xiv.  217 
S.  tilise,  viii.  193  ;  xxvii.  50 
Spilosoma  (Arctia)  lubricipeda,  vii.  169  ; 

xxvi.  257:  xxvii.  205 


S.  (Arctia)  mendica,  vi.  321 
S.  urticse,  xxi.  97 
Strenia  clathrata,  x.  241 

Tephrosia  biundularia,  xxxii.  241 
Thais  cerysyi,  xxxiii.  166,  288,  pis.  v.  vi. 
T.  rumina,  xxxiii.  166,  288,  pis.  v.  vi. 
T.  polyxena,  xxxiii.  166,  288,  pis.  v.  vi. 
Triphffina  comes,  xxii.  145  (col.  plate) 

Uropteryx  sambucaria,  xxix.  25 

Vanessa  antiopa,  v.  423  ;  (ab.  hygiaea), 

xxii.  219,  pi.  viii.  fig.  4 ;    xxxiii.  288, 

pi.  vi.  figs.  5,  6 
V.   atalanta,   ix.  170,  pi.  ii.  figs.  5,  6 ; 

xxvi.   27;    xxxiii.   101,  pi.   iii.   fig.  2; 

(ab.  klemensiewiczi),  288,  pi.  vi.  fig. 

8 
V.  c-album,  xxii.  217,  pi.  viii.  figs.  5,  6 
V.  (Pyrameis)  cardui,  vi.  345 ;  xiii.  73 ; 

xxvii.  277;    (ab.  elymii,  xxxiii.   288, 

pi.  vi.  fig.  7 
V.  io,  vi.  105  ;  xxii.  218,  pi.  viii.  figs.  7, 

8;   (ab.  belisaria),  xxxiii.  288,  pi.  vi. 

fig.  11 
V.  levana,    xxxiii.    288,   pi.   v.    fig.    11 ; 

pi.  vi.  fig.  4;  (prorsa  ab.),  289,  pi.  vi. 

figs.  13,  14 
V.  polychloros  (ab.  testudo),  xxiii.  289, 

pi.  vi.  fig.  12 
V.  urticte,  xiv.  169 ;   xxii.   217,  pi.  viii., 

ichnusoides  ab.,  fig.  2,   ab.  connexa, 

fig.  3 ;    xxix.  73;    xxxiii.   101,   pi.  iii 

fig.  1 ;    (ab.  ichnusoides),  288,  pi.  vi. 

tigs.  9,  10 

Zonosoma  (Ephyra)  pendularia,  ix.  217 
Zygaena  tilipendulse  var.  hippocrepidis, 

XXX. 181 
Z.  trifolii,  xxvii.  253  ;  xxix.  341 


EEEATA,    &c. 

99,  fourth  line  from  bottom,  for  "  50  "  species  read  "  57." 
100,  delete  first  line. 

133,  third  line  from  bottom,  for  "  sypical  "  read  "  typical." 
206,  third    line    from    bottom,    for  "an    hermaphrodite"    read   "gyuandro- 

morphous." 
232,  footnote,  lines  2  and  4,  for  "  Montaudon  "  read  "  Montandon." 
238,  line  15  of  third  paragraiA,  for  '•  avirous  "  read  "  avirons." 
238,  first  footnote,  line  3,  for  "  devous  ''  read  "  devons." 

238,  second  footnote,  line  1,  for  "  pratiquerous  "  read  "  pratiquerons." 

239,  line  4  of  third  paragraph,  for  "  avous  "  read  "  avons." 

239,  footnote.       N.B.  —  This   refers    to    the    "  Iconographie,"    not   to    the 

"Hemipteres." 
264,  footnotes   12,    13,    and   14   have    been   transposed ;    12  should    be   18, 

13  should  be  14,  and  14  should  be  12. 


PLATES. 

I. — Oporabia  autdmnata. 
II. —         ,,  ,,  filigrammaria,  and  dilutata. 

III. — Aberrations  of  British  Lepidoptera  (coloured). 
IV. — A.  Sympetrum  striolatum.    B.  Platycnemis  pennipes. 

C.  Lestes  sponsa.     (Structural  details.) 
V. — Standfuss'  Temperature  Experiments. 
VI.— 
VII. —        ,,  Experiments  in  Hybridzation. 

VIII.— 


ILLUSTKATIONS    IN 

THE    TEXT 

page 

Nyctibora  holosericea 

3 

Emydia  cribrum  vars.     . 

67,  68 

SCOPARIA    AMBIGUALIS 

109,  112, 

114,  115 

,,         atomalis  . 

110,  115 

„            BASISTRIGALIS     . 

.      112, 

114,  115 

,,            ULMELLA    . 

114,  115 

Talainga  chinensis,  sp.  n. 

.     209 

Argynnis  adippe     . 

.     281 

Lyc^na  bellargus 

.     281 

Dircenna  barrettii 

.     299 

4  11  •